National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy

MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT AND SANITATION SEPTEMBER 2024 NATIONAL RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Table of Contents i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................V List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. VI Strategy Overview ................................................................................................................ VIII 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Context ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Rationale for the Rainwater Harvesting Strategy ---------------------------------------- 2 1.3 Policy and Development Framework --------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.4 Strategy Development Process ---------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2. Status of Rainwater Harvesting in Zambia ..................................................................... 8 2.1 Overall Situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.2 Rainwater Harvesting Technologies and Practices ------------------------------------- 8 2.3 Issues and Challenges --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.3.1 Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development -------------------- 10 2.3.2 Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services ------------------------- 11 2.3.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ----------------------------------------- 11 3. Vision, Goal and Objectives ............................................................................................ 12 3.1 Definition and Scope of RWH ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 3.1.1 Definition --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Definition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.1.2 Scope of RWH Strategy ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 3.2 Vision, Goal and Strategic Objectives ------------------------------------------------------ 13 3.2.1 Vision ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.2.2 Goal --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.2.3 Strategic Objectives ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.3 Strategies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.3.1 Enhance Management and Development of RWH Infrastructure --------- 13 3.3.2 Enhance Management of Water related Ecosystems ------------------------- 14 3.3.3 Strengthen Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework for RWH ----------- 14 4. Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development ......................................... 15 4.2 Develop RWH Infrastructure for Socio-economic Development ------------------- 16 4.2.1 Formulate programmes for RWH infrastructure development -------------- 16 4.2.2 Undertake Strategic Environmental Assessment for Critical Areas ------- 16 4.2.3 Design and Construct new RWH infrastructure in critical areas ----------- 16 4.2.4 Implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4.3 Promote the adoption of rooftop RWH Infrastructure ---------------------------------- 17 4.3.1 Building regulations and standards for urban and rural households ------ 17 4.3.2 Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop RWH ------------------- 17 4.3.3 Construct demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure -------------------------- 17 4.3.4 Design a financial incentives scheme for households RWH systems ---- 18 4.4 Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas ----------------------- 18 Table of Contents ii 4.4.1 Diagnostic study of storm water management issues in the country ----- 18 4.4.2 Develop a strategic action programme on storm water management ---- 18 4.5 Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 4.5.1 Review and document RWH techniques and practices in Zambia -------- 19 4.5.2 Prepare information packages on technology and practices of RWH ---- 19 5. Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services ................................................ 20 5.1 Strategic Objective --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 5.2 Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting -------------------------------------------------------- 20 5.2.1 Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting ----------------- 21 5.2.2 Develop demonstration sites in all zones ------------------------------------------ 21 5.2.3 Develop and implement awareness raising programmes -------------------- 21 5.3 Develop and implement projects for in-situ RWH and Conservation ------------- 21 5.3.1 Project identification in all agroecological zones -------------------------------- 21 5.3.2 Develop and implement a programme for in-situ RWH for agriculture --- 22 5.3.3 Develop and implement programmes of managed groundwater recharge 22 5.4 Catchment Protection and Restoration ----------------------------------------------------- 22 5.4.1 Develop a catchment protection programme for the affected areas ------ 22 5.4.2 Construct check dams in most vulnerable catchments. ----------------------- 23 5.4.3 Construct bunds, terraces and trenches in prioritised areas. --------------- 23 5.4.4 Implement tree planting programmes in critical areas ------------------------- 23 5.4.5 Implement Agroforestry programmes ----------------------------------------------- 23 5.5 Integrated Landscape management --------------------------------------------------------- 23 5.5.1 Pilot landscape approaches in the three agroecological zones ------------ 24 6. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework .................................................................... 25 6.1 Strategic Objective --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 6.2 Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting ------------------ 25 6.2.1 Formulate and promulgate the SI on rainwater harvesting ------------------ 26 6.2.2 Accelerate the formulation of the SI on Water Users Association --------- 26 6.2.3 Enhance RWH provisions in the Integrated Development Plans ---------- 26 6.3 Strengthen the Institutional framework ----------------------------------------------------- 26 6.3.1 Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils ----------------- 27 6.3.2 Establish Water Users Associations ------------------------------------------------- 27 6.3.3 Strengthen institutional framework for RWH in MWDS ----------------------- 27 6.3.4 Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management ------- 27 6.4 Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH --------------------------------- 27 6.4.1 Capacity Assessment --------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 6.4.2 Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities ---------- 28 6.4.3 Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities ------------ 28 6.4.4 Establish a Centre of Excellence for RWH ---------------------------------------- 28 6.5 Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication ---------------------------------- 28 6.5.1 Develop a multi-pronged awareness raising programmed ------------------- 29 Table of Contents iii 6.5.2 Develop communication materials for RWH -------------------------------------- 29 6.5.3 Conduct awareness raising campaigns in communities ---------------------- 29 6.5.4 Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal education system ------------------ 29 6.6 Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions ---------------------- 29 6.6.1 Undertake gender assessments ------------------------------------------------------ 30 6.6.2 All inclusive engagement of all beneficiaries in RWH activities. ----------- 30 6.6.3 Ensure inclusive community driven interventions in RWH programmes 30 6.7 Enhance financing for RWH -------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 6.7.1 Increase government funding for RWH --------------------------------------------- 30 6.7.2 Develop sustainable financing mechanisms for RWH systems ------------ 31 6.7.3 Enhance partnerships and collaboration to support RWH interventions 31 6.7.4 Formulate Innovative Financing Mechanisms ------------------------------------ 31 7. Rainwater Harvesting Strategic Framework................................................................. 32 8. Implementing the Strategy .............................................................................................. 37 8.1 Implementation Arrangements ---------------------------------------------------------------- 37 8.2 Implementation Plan ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 8.3 Strategy Financing Arrangements ------------------------------------------------------------ 38 8.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework ----------------------------------------------------- 38 9. Implementation Framework ............................................................................................ 39 References ............................................................................................................................. 44 Annexes .................................................................................................................................. 45 Acknowledgement iv FOREWORD In the 2023/2024 season, Zambia experienced the driest rainy season in more than 40 years. The late onset of rain combined with dry spells and high temperatures associated with the El Nino phenomenon caused severe rainfall deficits over seven out of the ten provinces in the country. This resulted in widespread crop failure, where 1 million out of approximately 2.3 million hectares of maize failed throughout the country. This left approximately 6.6 million people (representing more than one third of the national population) in dire need of food assistance. Livestock and wildlife were equally affected by destruction of pasture, rangeland and related ecosystems, and drinking water systems for animals. The drought caused a drop in river flows, a drastic drop in water levels in rivers, lakes, and ponds, as well as groundwater table in boreholes and shallow wells. This severely reduced access to domestic water supply and affected the health and hygiene of rural and urban communities, particularly women and children. The drastic reduction in stream flows and the declining water levels in all major hydropower reservoirs drastically reduced power generation thus leading to severe energy deficits. This unprecedented situation that led His Excellency the President of the Republic of Zambia, Mr. Hakainde Hichilema, to declare the drought a National Disaster and Emergency on 29th February 2024. The President further directed the implementation of immediate and long-term measures to address the situation. One of the long-term measures is “to enhance water harvesting mechanisms to enable irrigation development to stimulate agricultural production.” It will also enhance overall water security, benefitting various water users and building resilience against climate shocks. In this context, my Ministry, the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation, began mobilizing stakeholders and resources to develop the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy (NRWHS) with its Implementation Plan. The National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy is aimed at addressing one of the major problems of the water sector – the lack of water security. Zambia was not able to cope with the drought because of inadequate water storage for the available and normally abundant water resources, whether from surface water, or from rainwater. Therefore, the vision of the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy is “A water secure Zambia,” while the goal is “Sustainable harvesting and utilisation of rainwater for national food security, socio-economic development and environmental protection, as well as building resilience to climate change and variability.” Furthermore, the Strategy consists of sets of measures: (i) to enhance integrated management and development of rainwater harvesting infrastructure for socio-economic development; (ii) to enhance water-related ecosystems and ecosystem services through rainwater harvesting; and (iii) to strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for rainwater harvesting. I call upon all stakeholders, especially those in the sectors of water, environment, agriculture, energy and natural resources, to work together to implement these measures for Rainwater Harvesting, so that Zambia may move towards a water secure future, which in turn, would enhance food security, energy security and sustainable ecosystems services. Hon. Eng. Collins Nzovu, MP Minister of Water Development and Sanitation Acknowledgement v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The preparation of the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy with its Implementation Plan involved the participation of multi-sectoral and multi-institutional stakeholders at various stages in the development process. Consultative workshops were held at the inception of the exercise, prior to the drafting of the Strategy, and at validation of the Draft Rainwater Harvesting Strategy and Implementation Plan. Stakeholders consisted of heads of departments and senior officials in the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation, the Ministry of Green Economy and Environment, and water related line ministries dealing with agriculture, natural resources, fisheries and livestock, science and technology and Cabinet Office, Gender Division, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, and regulatory agencies for environment and water resources. Others included the University of Zambia, Copperbelt University, National Remote Sensing Centre and cooperating partners including German Development Cooperation, the African Development Bank, the World Bank, the European Union, and Worldwide Fund for Nature. On behalf of the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation, I would like to thank all stakeholders who participated at one stage or another for their invaluable contributions in reviewing the intermediate outputs and participating in the consultative meetings. The largest stakeholder grouping was the Validation Workshop. Please accept our deep appreciation for your contributions in the extensive critical review of the draft Rainwater Harvesting Strategy and Implementation Plan. The development of the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy with its Implementation Plan was supported by the Integrated Water Catchment Management and Landscape Protection (AWARE II) Project implemented by GIZ with financing from the European Union and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). We are very grateful for the continuing support to the water sector in general and the water resources sub-sector, in particular. The Ministry calls upon all stakeholders, in both the water and other relevant sectors, to collaboratively execute this strategy and its accompanying implementation plan. The recurring drought, which significantly impacts our food and energy security, necessitates a unified response. Eng. Romas Kamanga Permanent Secretary Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation List of Abbreviations vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AfDB African Development Bank BMZ Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development) CC Catchment Councils CMP Catchment Management Plan CP Co-operating Partners DMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit DPI Department of Planning and Information DWRD Department of Water Resources Development DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sanitation EMA Environmental Management Act ENSO El Nino/Southern Oscillation EU European Union GD Gender Division, Office of the President GDC German Development Cooperation GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation) IDPs Integrated Development Plans ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LA Local Authority MCDSS Ministry of Community Development and Social Services MGEE Ministry of Green Economy and Environment MoE Ministry of Energy MoJ Ministry of Justice M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoA Ministry of Agriculture MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MMEWD Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MTL Ministry of Transport and Logistics MWDSEP Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection MWDS Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRWHS National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy NWP National Water Policy PES Payment for Environmental Services RDA Road Development Agency RWH Rainwater Harvesting List of Abbreviations vii SADC Southern African Development Community SCC Sub-Catchment Councils SI Statutory Instrument TOR Terms of Reference UN United Nations WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WUA Water Users Association WRM Act Water Resources Management Act, No. 21 of 2011 ZAMCOM Zambezi Watercourse Commission ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency ZMD Zambia Meteorological Department ZRA Zambezi River Authority ZSA Zambia Statistics Agency Strategy Overview viii STRATEGY OVERVIEW Vision A water-secure Zambia Goal Sustainable harvesting and utilisation of rainwater for national food security, socio-economic development and environmental protection, as well as building resilience to climate change and variability. THEME THEME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development Enhance Integrated Management and Development of rainwater harvesting infrastructure for socio-economic development. 1. Develop rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure for improved water security and socio- economic development. 1. Develop RWH infrastructure for improved water security for socio-economic development: • Formulate programmes and projects for RWH infrastructure development. • Undertake strategic environmental assessments for critical areas. • Design and construct new RWH in critical areas. • Implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure. 2. Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure. 2. Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure: • Develop building regulations and standards for rooftop RWH • Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop RWH. • Establish demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure. • Design a financial incentives scheme for households RWH systems. 3. Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas 3. Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas: • Diagnostic study of storm water management issues in the country. • Develop a strategic action programme on storm water management. Strategy Overview ix 4. Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices 4. Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices: • Review and document RWH techniques and practices in Zambia. • Prepare information packages on technology and practices of RWH THEME THEME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Water related ecosystems and ecosystem services. Enhance water related ecosystems and ecosystem services through sustainable rainwater harvesting. 1) Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting. 1) Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting: ▪ Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting in Zambia and in the region. ▪ Establish demonstration sites in all the agro-ecological zones. ▪ Develop and implement awareness-raising programmes. 2) Develop and implement projects for in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation. 2) Develop and implement projects for in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation: ▪ Project identification throughout all agroecological zones. ▪ Develop and implement a programme for in-situ RWH for agriculture. ▪ Develop and implement a programme on managed groundwater recharge. 3) Catchment protection and restoration 3) Catchment protection and restoration: • Mapping of Key water recharge zone • Develop a catchment protection programme for the affected areas. • Construct check dams in priority areas. • Construct bunds, terraces and trenches to control soil erosion. • Implement a tree planting programme. • Implement an agroforestry programme. 4) Integrated Landscape Management 4) Integrated Landscape Management • Pilot Integrated landscape management in each Agro Ecological zone THEME THEME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework. Strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for Rainwater Harvesting. 1. Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting. 1. Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting: • Formulate and promulgate a Statutory Instrument (SI) on RWH • Accelerate the formulation of an SI on Water Users Association (WUA). • Enhance RWH provisions in Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) for IDPs) for Local Authorities (LAs). Strategy Overview x 2. Strengthen the Institutional framework. 2. Strengthen the institutional framework: • Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils. • Establish WUAs. • Strengthen the institutional framework for RWH in the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation (MWDS). • Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management. 3. Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH. 3. Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH: • Capacity-assessment and development of appropriate training programmes. • Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities. • Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities. • Feasibility study for establishing a sector-wide water resource management (WRM) centre of excellence. 4. Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication. 4. Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication: • Develop a multi-media awareness-raising programme. • Develop communication materials for RWH. • Conduct awareness-raising campaigns for communities. • Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal educational system. 5. Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions. 5. Integration of Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH interventions: • Gender assessments to inform the implementation of RWH activities. • All-inclusive engagement of all beneficiaries in RWH interventions. • Ensure inclusive community-driven interventions in RWH programmes. 6. Enhance financing for RWH. 6. Enhance financing for RWH: • Increase government funding for RWH. • Develop sustainable financing mechanisms for RWH systems. • Enhance partnerships and collaboration to support RWH interventions. • Formulate innovative financing mechanisms. Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Context 1.1.1 The climate of Zambia is characterised by three distinct seasons: (i) hot and dry season from mid-August to mid-November; (ii) rainy season from mid-November to April; and (iii) cool dry season from May to mid-August. Zambia experiences one rainy season whose duration varies from four to five months across the country. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 1400 mm in the north to 600 mm at the southern tip of the country; with an average precipitation of about 1,000 mm over the whole country. The rainfall is strongly influenced by the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as well as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The movement of the ITCZ causes large variations in the rainfall received; and the ENSO causes more inter-annual variations, further compounded by climate change. The hot and dry season also coincides with the highest mean monthly temperatures, with October being the hottest month of the year. 1.1.2 Zambia has experienced recurrent droughts in the last 30 to 40 years: in 1987/1988; 1991/1992; 1994/1995; 1997/1998; 2001/2002; 2004/2005; 2011/2012; 2015/2016; 2018/2019, and more recently 2023/2024 (SADRI, 2019). Whereas the severity and spatial extent vary, droughts have become a common feature of Zambia’s climate, and have had severe socio-economic impacts on large portions of the population. The 1990 drought directly affected 1.7 million people; the 1995 one directly affected 1.273 million people in five provinces. More recently, the 2023/2024 drought directly affected 6.6 million people in all but three of Zambia’s ten provinces (DMMU, 2024). On the other hand, flooding occurs annually in the flood prone areas in the Zambezi catchment (Barotse Flood Plains), the Kafue catchment (Kafue Flats) as well as the Luapula and Chambeshi catchments. Besides these areas, flash flooding occurs in various small valleys all over the country, and even in large urban areas (such as Lusaka City) where there is no proper drainage to control stormwater. 1.1.3 In the 2023/2024 rainy season, Zambia experienced significant rainfall deficits in seven out of the ten provinces in the country, namely: Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Lusaka, North-Western, Southern and Western Provinces. According to the DMMU (2024), the 2023/2024 season was the driest agricultural season Zambia has experienced in more than 40 years. The late onset of rains combined with dry spells and high temperatures associated with the El Nino phenomenon caused severe rainfall deficits over a large part of the country. This had a severe impact on agriculture, energy, water availability, livestock, wildlife, and ecosystems. INTRODUCTION Introduction 2 1.1.4 The climate change-induced drought in the 2023/2024 season had devastating impacts on agricultural production. It caused widespread crop failure, loss of seed crops, and drying of household small gardens that are a source of livelihood and nutrition in rural and urban areas. DMMU reports that nearly 1 million hectares out of approximately 2.3 million hectares of maize failed throughout the country. This left approximately 6.6 million people (representing more than one third of the national population) in 84 of 116 districts in dire need of food assistance. Crop failure was most pronounced in the traditionally maize growing areas of Southern, Central, Eastern and Muchinga Provinces (DMMU, 2024). Livestock and wildlife were equally affected through destruction of pasture, rangeland and related ecosystems, and drinking water for the animals. Consequently, there have been frequent outbreaks of animal diseases, and high mortality due to lack of animal fodder. 1.1.5 The drought caused a drop in river flows, a drastic drop of water levels in rivers, lakes and ponds, as well as groundwater table in boreholes and shallow wells. This severely reduced access to domestic water supply, affected health and hygiene of rural and urban communities, particularly women and children, who constitute more than half of Zambia’s population standing at 19,693,423 in 2022 (ZSA, 2024). A more ominous consequence has been the impact of low water levels and reduced river flows on Zambia’s major hydropower reservoirs. The country’s major hydropower reservoirs, Lake Kariba and Upper Kafue Gorge recorded the lowest inflows and water levels in the reservoirs. In December 2023, the Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) announced that the annual water allocation to Zambia and Zimbabwe would be pegged at 16 billion cubic litres. However, by February 2024 this allocation was reduced by 50%. This drastic reduction in water allocation, and the declining water levels in all major hydropower plants severely reduced power generation, thus necessitating unprecedented power rationing throughout the country. 1.2 Rationale for the Rainwater Harvesting Strategy 1.2.1 Rainfall is the primary source of water resources in the country, feeding rivers, lakes, ponds, dambos, marshes and swamps. It recharges shallow aquifers, and even the deep artesian aquifers. According to the National Water Resources Master Plan (NWRMP) of 1995, the 30-year average annual rainfall over Zambia was estimated at 1,001mm. The annual runoff as a percentage of annual rainfall varied from 4.7 in the Lower Kafue to 22.6 in the Upper Kafue, and was 13.8 in the Luapula Catchment, 14.9 in the Chambeshi Catchment, and 16.7 in the Luangwa (YEC, 1995). This implied that as little as 4.7% of annual rainfall ends up as runoff in the Lower Kafue Catchment, and no more than 22.6% ends up as annual runoff in the Upper Kafue Catchment. Estimates for groundwater recharge are also outdated, although the NWRMP estimated that groundwater recharge was about 8% of the annual rainfall. (YEC, 1995). There is, therefore, tremendous potential for RWH across all catchments to enhance ground and surface water availability. 1.2.2 Rainfall is a very critical input in the agricultural production of the country’s staple crop, maize. Over 80% of maize production in the country is by small scale farmers, Introduction 3 who rely entirely on rainfall. Therefore, if the rainy season fails to deliver the right amounts of rainfall and is well distributed throughout the growing season, the result is failed crop production in that season, as the case was during the 2023/2024 agricultural season. Equally, widespread flooding during the growing season leads to crop failure. 1.2.3 About 83% of Zambia’s electricity generation capacity is hydropower (MoE, 2024). Therefore, any reduction of river flows, and any drop in water levels significantly affects power production. Furthermore, Zambia’s grasslands and forests, which are the main habitats of wildlife and fauna, the cornerstone of Zambia’s tourism industry, are all sustained by rainfall. 1.2.4 According to the 2018 Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS 2018), 36.4% of rural households access safe water from tube wells or boreholes, 14.0% from dug wells, and 0.7% from protected springs. These three sources are classified as improved or safe water supply sources. However, only 0.3% of the rural population access water from rainwater, which is also classified as an improved water source. Thus approximately 52% of rural households access safe water from groundwater sources. Additionally, 42.0% of rural households draw water from unimproved water sources—unprotected dug wells (25.1%), unprotected springs (4.2%) and 12.7% from surface water. Combining the data on improved and unimproved sources, approximately 81% of the rural households access water from groundwater sources, which are recharged by rainwater. This clearly demonstrates the importance of rainwater in the sustenance of the rural population. 1.2.5 Rainwater is, therefore, critical for the livelihood of the rural population. It sustains agriculture, drinking water, livestock, wildlife, fisheries and the environment. The vulnerability of rain-fed agriculture on Zambia’s staple crop, maize, and the reliance on hydro power triggered a realisation of the importance of rainwater for the nation’s food and energy security. The performance of the rainy season in any single year is critical to the food and energy security in the country. Rainwater harvesting could provide one of the solutions to Zambia’s declining water stock. If rainwater was managed effectively, it would sustain livelihoods, mitigate against climate change variations, and enhance water, food and energy security. In response to these challenges, on 29th February 2024, Republican President, H.E Mr. Hakainde Hichilema declared the drought a National Disaster and Emergency and directed the preparation of measures for effective water harvesting. This is the context and rationale for the development of this Rainwater Harvesting Strategy and Implementation Plan. 1.3 Policy and Development Framework 1.3.1 The unprecedented drought of the 2023/2024 season highlighted the inadequate water security that encompasses almost the whole country. The country suffered from Introduction 4 a single year’s drought because of water insecurity. The core problem regarding Zambia’s inability to cope with the drought was inadequate water harvesting and storage infrastructure. Literally, Zambia did not “save rainwater for a rainy day.” Rainwater harvesting is, therefore, an important contribution to Zambia’s water security. 1.3.2 Water resource development and management, including rainwater harvesting, play a vital role in achieving Zambia’s Vision 2030, which outlines the country's aspiration to become “a prosperous middle-income country by 2030.” Vision 2030 is realized through national development plans, with the current plan being the 8th National Development Plan (8NDP) for 2022-2026. This plan is based on four Strategic Development Areas (SDAs): (i) Economic Development and Job Creation; (ii) Human and Social Development; (iii) Environmental Sustainability; and (iv) Good Governance Environment. In three of these SDAs, water is essential for achieving key strategic objectives, including increasing agricultural production and productivity; enhancing the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity; improving the management and productive use of water resources; ensuring access to clean and safe water supply; improving sanitation services; and promoting sustainable environmental and natural resource management. 1.3.3 The National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy will be guided by the policy and legal framework established in the National Water Policy 2010, the Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011, the National Water Resources Strategy 2022, and the Zambia Water Investment Programme 2022-2030, among others. The National Water Policy provides a clear definition of rainwater harvesting and encourages the development of plans for rainwater harvesting in rural schools and communities as a supplementary source of water supply during the rainy season. The Water Resources Management Act stipulates, in Section (71. (g), that rainwater harvesting by means of a dam, weir, or barrage requires a permit, similar to other waterworks infrastructures. However, when rainwater harvesting is conducted for non- commercial purposes, obtaining water permits is not required. The National Water Resources Strategy acknowledges rainwater harvesting as one of the strategies for water resources management. 1.3.4 The National Agricultural Policy 2012 includes provisions for boosting agricultural production and productivity through efficient water use, sustainable farming practices, and enhancing the climate resilience of agriculture. However, it does not specifically recognize rainwater as a resource. The Irrigation Policy and Strategy of 2004 outlines provisions for the development of the irrigation sector but does not sufficiently address rainfed agriculture in general or rainwater harvesting in particular. 1.3.5 The National Climate Change Policy 2016 highlights the threats posed by climate change to socio-economic development and promotes policy measures for climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and mitigation. because the policy indicates increased rainfall intensity and variability are expected in the future due to climate change. However, there are no specific policy measures addressing rainwater management. The Green Growth Strategy promotes ways to enhance resilience in agriculture and improve the water sector's resilience to climate change through soil Introduction 5 and water conservation, water harvesting systems, and improved hydrological monitoring and early warning systems. The National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) advocates for measures that should be adopted in the water sector to enhance climate resilience. The National Adaptation Plan 2023 promotes interventions to address risks and vulnerabilities in priority sectors, including agriculture (crops, livestock, and fisheries), water, energy, and forestry. Specifically, the measures for agriculture, water, and the environment involve rainwater harvesting. 1.3.6 The Forests Act 2015 includes statutory provisions for the sustainable management and conservation of national, local, and traditional forests. It also provides for the protection and management of watersheds, particularly the headwaters of the country’s rivers and streams. 1.3.7 The National Gender Policy 2023 emphasizes that low investments in water and sanitation services, coupled with the limited participation of women in decision- making regarding the construction and management of water and sanitation infrastructure, have constrained the effectiveness of water programs. The policy, therefore, calls for gender mainstreaming to ensure sustainable provision of water and sanitation services. Since rainwater harvesting (RWH) primarily occurs at the household or community levels, gender mainstreaming is one of the guiding principles for providing RWH. 1.3.8 The National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy will be informed by the principles outlined in water-related policies and strategies, particularly the principles of integrated water resources management specified in the Water Resources Management Act. In particular, the following principles will be highlighted: i. Water resources are managed in an integrated and sustainable manner. ii. Water is a basic human need; therefore, domestic and non-commercial water supply needs receive priority. iii. Environmental use is a legitimate water use and shall have second priority (i.e., measures for rainwater harvesting for environmental purposes should be identified). iv. Building climate resilience. v. Environmental sustainability. vi. Financing and mobilization of resources for water investments. Additionally, gender should be mainstreamed in the planning, implementation, institutional development, capacity building, management, and monitoring of RWH interventions. Introduction 6 1.4 Strategy Development Process 1.4.1 The development of the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy involved several key activities. Inception Phase An introductory meeting was held with the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation (MWDS) and senior technical officers from the technical directorates to set expectations, clarify roles and responsibilities, and establish a timeline for the execution of the assignment. Prior to that, a brainstorming meeting was convened by the Ministry in which the scope and roadmap for developing the Strategy with its Implementation Plan were agreed by stakeholders. An online search was initiated for relevant documents on rainwater harvesting in Zambia, the Eastern and Southern African regions, as well as international development and UN agencies. A preliminary review of the assembled documents began simultaneously with the document collection. An Inception Report was prepared and presented at a one-day multistakeholder meeting, during which substantive discussions were held, and consensus was reached regarding the definition of rainwater harvesting, and the vision and goals of the strategy. Baseline Assessment This involved a desk study of relevant documents related to Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), water resources, agriculture, irrigation, the environment, and national policies, strategies, laws and regulations, as well as national development plans. Additionally, interviews were conducted with senior government officials in water-related ministries to assess their understanding and experiences with RWH and identify potential issues and challenges in adopting these practices. The consultant also undertook a field visit to selected areas near Lusaka where RWH structures have been constructed, interviewing community-level stakeholders and beneficiaries about their experiences. Furthermore, focused group discussions were held in a consultative workshop regarding practices, technologies, and examples of RWH in Zambia. This was followed by the strategy formulation process. Strategy Formulation A PowerPoint presentation was delivered at a multi-stakeholder workshop attended by senior government representatives from the Cabinet Office, Finance and National Development, and various line ministries (environment, agriculture, livestock, and technology, among others). There were also representatives from related projects supported by cooperating partners like the World Bank (WB), Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), African Development Bank (AfDB) and universities. The presentation provided a summary of the existing body of knowledge and practices of RWH in Zambia and the region, the rationale for RWH, and the issues and challenges associated with implementing RWH in Zambia. Introduction 7 Working groups conducted an objective analysis and formulated the strategic goals, objectives, and key activities for the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy with its Implementation Plan. Furthermore, the workshop reached a consensus on the strategic framework, which serves as an overview of the National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy. Subsequently, drafting of the NRWH Strategy commenced based on the approved strategic framework. The draft strategy was then presented at a multi-stakeholder workshop for validation, followed by the finalization of the NRWH Strategy with its Implementation Plan. Status of Rainwater Harvesting in Zambia 8 2. STATUS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN ZAMBIA 2.1 Overall Situation 2.1.1 Zambia’s National Water Policy (2010) defines Rainwater Harvesting as “a process of capturing rain from surfaces such as roofs and land.” However, the policy and legal documents do not provide further elaboration or guidance on its implementation, intended use, regulation, or existing applicable techniques and technologies. Additionally, there is very little written documentation regarding Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) in Zambia. Overall, RWH is not widely or systematically practiced in the country. Consequently, the information available about RWH in Zambia is based on limited interviews with officials from water-related ministries and focused group discussions held during two consultative meetings /workshops organized in Lusaka with a select number of stakeholders. An association for rainwater harvesting exists only on paper but was not reachable. 2.1.2 In contrast to Zambia, there is a considerable amount of literature on RWH in the Eastern and Southern African regions, produced by various countries and development banks (including the African Development Bank, World Bank, European Union,) and UN agencies. Countries such as Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Rwanda have been practicing RWH for domestic water supply and agricultural purposes for a significant period. Notably, Rwanda has formulated a RWH Strategy, while three other countries have developed guidelines for RWH but lack comprehensive strategies. Some countries, including Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi, have documented RWH technologies applicable to their respective contexts. 2.2 Rainwater Harvesting Technologies and Practices 2.2.1 Annex 1 presents examples of various technologies and practices for rainwater harvesting, compiled from regional and international sources. This body of knowledge will inform the development of the RWH Strategy for Zambia and serves as a benchmark for assessing the status of RWH in the country. 2.2.2 The common technologies and practices currently in use in Zambia are presented below. However, there has never been a systematic survey to assess the extent of use of these technologies. The information provided shows what exists now. STATUS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN ZAMBIA Status of Rainwater Harvesting in Zambia 9 RWH Technologies 1) Rooftop Collection systems: Rainwater is collected from the corrugated iron roofing sheets of individual or institutional houses and channeled into storage tanks, either above or below ground. The storage tanks are typically made of reinforced plastic, reinforced concrete, or masonry. The collected water is primarily for domestic use. 2) Small Dams and Ponds: Small multi-purpose dams and ponds are constructed to capture runoff primarily for agricultural purposes and livestock. Currently, there are more than 2,000 small multi-purpose dams that are privately or community-owned across the country. 3) Check Dams and Gully Plugs: These structures are constructed primarily to control erosion while providing limited storage for surface runoff. Presently, there is no precise knowledge of the number, types, or locations of these structures in the country. 4) Stormwater Collection: Stormwater is collected and stored in ponds for reuse, especially for irrigation. However, there is no large-scale use of this technology. 5) Trenches, Ditches, and Ponds: These are used to enhance infiltration and groundwater recharge, but this practice is not widely adopted. RWH Practices: 1) Soil/Stone/Vegetation Bunds: constructed along the contour to harvest rainwater and slow down runoff. This practice is not systematically implemented. 2) Conservation Tillage: Minimizes disturbance of soil structure during cropping, conserving soil structure, reducing soil erosion, and enhancing soil health and water retention. This method is widely practiced throughout the country. 3) Contour Farming: Involves planting crops along the natural contour, which slows down surface runoff and enhances soil infiltration. Although a well-known technology, it is not systematically practiced. 4) Mulching: This involves covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic material to prevent soil moisture loss and reduce erosion. It is a well-known soil and moisture conservation practice largely adopted by smallholder farmers. Status of Rainwater Harvesting in Zambia 10 2.3 Issues and Challenges Arising from the literature review and multi-stakeholder consultations, several issues were highlighted for consideration in the development of the NRWH Strategy. These issues were clustered into three interdependent thematic areas or categories to facilitate objective analysis and the formulation of strategies and strategic actions. 1) Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development – Issues related to the management and development of infrastructure for capturing, conveying, and storing rainwater and surface runoff for intended purposes. 2) Water related ecosystems and ecosystem services – Issues that influence the capture and conservation of rainwater at the point where it falls, facilitating soil and water conservation and enhancing infiltration to sustain grasslands, forests, and aquatic systems to enable them to provide ecosystem services. 3) Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework – Issues that impact the effectiveness of the policy, legal, and institutional framework for rainwater management. This includes capacity building, research, and financing mechanisms for rainwater harvesting. 2.3.1 Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development A summary of key issues is outlined below: • Lack of storage infrastructure for rainwater. • Zambia experiences 8 to 9 months of dry weather. • Dilapidated infrastructure • High investment costs for infrastructure at both the household level (above ground and underground water tanks) and the community level (dams, boreholes). • Poor knowledge of rainwater harvesting and storage technology at the household and village levels. • Traditional roofs made of grass-thatch do not adequately capture rainwater; if any water is collected, it is often too little and of low quality. • Lack of deliberate plans to raise awareness or promote sensitization about rainwater harvesting. • Insufficient official data regarding the suitability of rainwater harvesting infrastructure in specific areas. • Absence of standards or guidelines for rainwater harvesting infrastructure. • Underutilization of stormwater collection and reuse from drainage systems, especially for irrigation. • No stormwater management plans for urban areas. • Lack of incentives for the adoption of rainwater harvesting in both urban and rural areas. • Poor water quality of stored rainwater. Status of Rainwater Harvesting in Zambia 11 2.3.2 Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services • Degradation of catchments due to the removal of vegetation cover. • Limited awareness and knowledge of ecosystem services, as well as the potential benefits of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and ecosystems. • Inadequate technical capacities at the community, district, and national levels for implementing RWH activities. • Widespread soil erosion resulting from uncontrolled runoff. • Lack of plans for ecosystem protection and preservation. • Low levels of technical and technological capacity for implementing mitigation and adaptation measures. • Limited knowledge and capacity for implementing nature-based solutions. • Uncoordinated implementation of natural resource management programs. • Lack of catchment management and protection plans. • Ecologically sensitive areas and water bodies remain largely unprotected. 2.3.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework • The Water Policy, along with other water-related policies, does not include detailed provisions for Rainwater Harvesting. • There is a lack of policy and sensitization programs to encourage the adoption of Rainwater Harvesting. • The legal and institutional framework for implementing community-based interventions is inadequate. • Technical and institutional capacities for Rainwater Harvesting are weak. • Financing mechanisms for community-based interventions have not been developed or disseminated. • There is a lack of extension services for Rainwater Harvesting. • Gender and social inclusion are not systematically integrated into water resource management and Rainwater Harvesting programs. Vision, Goal and Objectives 12 3. VISION, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 Definition and Scope of RWH 3.1.1 Definition A more comprehensive definition of Rainwater Harvesting was adopted at a consultative stakeholder meeting to replace what was stated in the National Water Policy 2010. It is as follows: Definition 3.1.2 Scope of RWH Strategy Rainwater is an integral part of the hydrologic cycle and a key component of integrated water resources management. Therefore, it is harvested to serve multiple uses as specified by statute. Section 60 (2) of the Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011 lists 11 categories of water use. The first priority is domestic or non- commercial use; the second is for environmental purposes, followed by municipal purposes and agriculture, in that order. This statutory requirement defines the scope of the Rainwater Harvesting Strategy. The RWH Strategy shall encompass multiple uses of water, namely: • Domestic water supply in urban and rural areas including institutions such as schools, health centres and administrative centres; • Agriculture, livestock and fisheries. • Water/moisture for sustaining the environment and ecosystems Rainwater harvesting is a process of capturing, conveying and storing rainwater and the resulting runoff from roof or ground surfaces for socio-economic and environmental use. VISION, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES Vision, Goal and Objectives 13 3.2 Vision, Goal and Strategic Objectives 3.2.1 Vision A water secure Zambia The core problem regarding Zambia’s inability to cope with recurrent droughts and floods is that the country is facing economic water scarcity. This economic water scarcity arises from a lack of investment in infrastructure and technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers, and other sources, including rainwater. It also reflects poor water resource management and insufficient human capacity to meet the demand for water. The National Rainwater Harvesting Strategy is an important tool in the quest for water security in Zambia. 3.2.2 Goal Sustainable harvesting and utilisation of rainwater for national food security, socio- economic development and environmental protection, as well as building resilience to climate change and variability. 3.2.3 Strategic Objectives The analysis of issues and challenges pertaining to rainwater harvesting in Zambia as outlined in the three thematic areas led to the adoption of Strategic Objectives for each thematic area. These are stated below. 1) Enhance Integrated Management and Development of Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure for socio economic development 2) Enhance water related ecosystems and ecosystem services through sustainable rainwater harvesting 3) Strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for Rainwater Harvesting 3.3 Strategies A consultative workshop involving multiple stakeholders analyzed the issues and challenges impacting rainwater harvesting. From this analysis, strategies were derived, and strategic interventions/actions were formulated to address those issues. These strategies are summarised below for each thematic area. 3.3.1 Enhance Management and Development of RWH Infrastructure 1) Develop RWH infrastructure for improved water security for socio-economic development. 2) Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure at public and private buildings. Vision, Goal and Objectives 14 3) Improve storm water collection, storage and utilisation in both urban and rural areas. 4) Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices. 3.3.2 Enhance Management of Water related Ecosystems 1) Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting. 2) Develop and implement projects for in-situ RWH and conservation. 3) Catchment protection and restoration. 3.3.3 Strengthen Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework for RWH 1) Strengthen the policy and legal framework for RWH. 2) Strengthen the Institutional framework for RWH. 3) Strengthen technical and institutional capacities for RWH 4) Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication 5) Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions 6) Enhance financing for RWH Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development 15 4. RAINWATER MANAGEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 4.1 Strategic Objective 4.1.1 The Strategic Objective under this theme is stated as follows: “Enhance Integrated Management and Development of Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure for Socio-Economic Development.” The overall goal is to increase and improve the capacities of rainwater harvesting infrastructure in both urban and rural areas, thereby enhancing water security throughout the country. This strategic area will promote the development of infrastructure to capture, convey, and store rainwater and surface runoff for multiple uses. Consequently, it will support the development of dams, ponds, off-site storage, ground tanks, and associated infrastructure, as well as rooftop rainwater harvesting at both household and community levels. 4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting infrastructure management and development is constrained by several factors, including a lack of development plans for RWH, inadequate knowledge of RWH technology and practices, and insufficient promotion and support for RWH. To address these challenges, the following strategies have been adopted: 1) Develop RWH infrastructure for improved water security for socio- economic development. 2) Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure at public and private buildings. 3) Improve storm water collection, storage, and utilisation in both urban and rural areas. 4) Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology, and practices. RAINWATER MANAGEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development 16 4.2 Develop RWH Infrastructure for Socio-economic Development To address the inadequate capacities of RWH infrastructure, the planning and development of these facilities should be integrated into the development plans for integrated water resources development and management. The following activities or strategic interventions will be implemented. 1) Formulate programmes and projects for development of RWH infrastructure. 2) Undertake Strategic Environmental Assessments in Critical Areas. 3) Design and construct new RWH infrastructures in identified critical areas. 4) Develop and implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure. 4.2.1 Formulate programmes for RWH infrastructure development Formulate nationwide programmes and projects for the development of rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure as an integral component of integrated water resources development and management. This should include targets for increasing the capacities of rainwater storage in small dams, ponds, and off-site storage. RWH occurs at the local or community level; therefore, the programmes should extend to catchment, sub-catchment, and community levels. Ensure meaningful engagement of women in decision-making regarding infrastructural development. 4.2.2 Undertake Strategic Environmental Assessment for Critical Areas Undertake Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) (IISD, 2004) in critical areas to inform the proposed RWH infrastructure development. 4.2.3 Design and Construct new RWH infrastructure in critical areas The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) has identified the risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change events across all provinces. In contrast, the Food Security Drought Response Plan (DMMU, 2024) has mapped the districts that have been critically affected by drought and floods. These areas have suffered significantly due to their insufficient rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure. It is essential to prioritise the planning, design, and construction of suitable RWH infrastructure, such as multi-purpose dams (both large and small), ponds, sand dams, trenches, and infiltration wells, in these regions. 4.2.4 Implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure Drawing upon the Food Security Drought Response Plan, develop and implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure for multiple uses, including domestic water supply, agriculture, livestock watering, and wildlife. This should encompass Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development 17 desilting and repairs of dams and auxiliary structures, ponds, trenches, bunds, check dams, and gully plugs. 4.3 Promote the adoption of rooftop RWH Infrastructure Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) holds potential for increasing water security at local levels, including households, markets, schools, health centres, and both public and private buildings in urban and rural areas. The adoption of RWH will require appropriate regulatory incentives, financial support, and technical assistance for the planning, design, and implementation of RWH infrastructure. The following activities are proposed for this purpose: 1) Revise building regulations and standards for urban and rural housing to incorporate rooftop rainwater harvesting. 2) Develop design manuals and standards for use by households, institutional housing, and communities. 3) Construct demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure at household level, schools and clinics, and public/ private buildings. 4) Design a financial incentives scheme for households to acquire RWH systems. 4.3.1 Building regulations and standards for urban and rural households Currently, building regulations regarding urban housing do not address provisions for rainwater harvesting (RWH). Local authorities should be engaged and encouraged to enact building regulations that incorporate specific provisions for rooftop rainwater harvesting. 4.3.2 Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop RWH Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) in residential housing, institutional buildings, and private properties. This initiative would be particularly beneficial in high-density peri-urban areas, where the quality of drinking water is adversely affected during the rainy season, as well as in rural regions where water sources may be far away. Consequently, this would reduce the burden of collecting water during the rainy season. Additionally, it would conserve treated municipal water for activities such as car washing. 4.3.3 Construct demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure Construct demonstration rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure at the household level, in schools and clinics, and in public buildings. The direct costs of these demonstration units should be properly documented to assist households and property owners in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of the technology. Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development 18 4.3.4 Design a financial incentives scheme for households RWH systems The cost of conventional rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems may be too high for most households. Therefore, there is a need to provide financial incentives for those who wish to install rooftop RWH infrastructure. This strategic initiative aims to develop a sustainable financial incentives scheme to assist various households in installing rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. 4.4 Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas For a long time, stormwater has been neglected as a water resource. Consequently, there have been no deliberate plans or programmes to integrate stormwater into overall water resources management and to enhance its productive use. The following activities are proposed: 1) Undertake a diagnostic study of storm water management issues in the country. 2) Develop a strategic action programme on storm water management. 4.4.1 Diagnostic study of storm water management issues in the country In most large urban areas, stormwater is primarily a public health concern and a seasonal nuisance for motorists. In smaller urban centres, the significance of stormwater varies depending on its duration and areal extent. On major and minor highways, stormwater invariably raises safety concerns. While the negative impacts of stormwater are generally understood, there are also benefits to managing it as an integral part of overall water resources. These benefits may include storing stormwater for firefighting purposes in large urban areas, collecting stormwater in retention ponds for use in parks and recreational areas, harvesting stormwater from major and minor highways to increase greening in rural areas, and enhancing infiltration and groundwater recharge. It is proposed to undertake a diagnostic study of stormwater management issues throughout the country and to recommend measures for effective management of stormwater. 4.4.2 Develop a strategic action programme on storm water management Based on the diagnostic study, develop a short, medium, and long-term strategic action programme with indicative costs to address the issues identified above and exploit the beneficial aspects. 4.5 Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices The knowledge of RWH technology and practices in Zambia is inadequate. It is poorly documented, resulting in a lack of practitioners. Therefore, before any large-scale promotion effort is initiated, it is essential to establish the current state of knowledge regarding RWH infrastructure, practices, and applicability. To this end, the following activities will be undertaken. Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development 19 1) Document the state of knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practice throughout the country. 2) Prepare information packages on technology and practices for use in awareness raising and training campaigns. 4.5.1 Review and document RWH techniques and practices in Zambia Conduct a nationwide survey, along with field investigations, to document and map the rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure and practices for domestic water supply, agricultural, and environmental use. 4.5.2 Prepare information packages on technology and practices of RWH Prepare information packages on the technology and practices of rainwater harvesting (RWH) for use in awareness-raising and training campaigns. Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 20 5. WATER RELATED ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 5.1 Strategic Objective 5.1.1 The Strategic Objective is “Enhance water related ecosystems and ecosystem services through sustainable rainwater harvesting.” Rainwater is primarily responsible for sustaining ecosystems, including landscapes, forests, grasslands, wetlands, and associated organisms. The overall objective of this theme is to harvest rainwater to enhance the health of water-dependent ecosystems, ensuring they continue to provide essential ecosystem services such as food, raw materials, freshwater, medicines, and fodder for livestock and wildlife 5.1.2 Water-related ecosystems, particularly in the southern half of the country, have been severely degraded due to drought, high temperatures, overgrazing by livestock and wildlife, and certain agricultural practices. To address these issues, the following strategies have been formulated: - 1) Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting. 2) Develop and implement projects for in-situ rainwater harvesting across the country. 3) Catchment protection and restoration. 5.2 Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting In-situ Rainwater Harvesting is the capture and conservation of rainwater at the point of its fall, aimed at facilitating soil and water conservation, enhancing infiltration into the ground to recharge aquifers, and storing water in the ground to minimise excessive evaporation. Many in-situ RWH practices are employed in the region, but they are much less common in Zambia. To promote and encourage the adoption of in-situ RWH techniques, the following activities will be undertaken: 1. Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques and practices in Zambia, in the region, and elsewhere RWH is widely practiced. 2. Develop demonstration sites in all the agroecological zones. 3. Develop and implement awareness-raising programmes regarding in-situ rainwater harvesting. 4. Promote the implementation of in-situ rainwater harvesting and soil and water conservation techniques amongst various stakeholders (NGOs, WATER RELATED ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 21 cooperating partners, private sector, local authorities, communities and government) 5.2.1 Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting Carry out field studies in all agroecological regions of Zambia to document existing practices of in-situ RWH; interview users and beneficiaries to assess their knowledge and experience and make recommendations about the suitability of various practices under prevailing conditions. Additionally, conduct an online search for in-situ RWH in the Eastern and Southern African region, as well as in other areas (India may be a suitable example) where RWH is widely practiced. Draw conclusions regarding practices that may be adopted or adapted for Zambia and the prevailing conditions under which they would be effective. 5.2.2 Develop demonstration sites in all zones Construct demonstration centres across the country in various agroecological zones and provide training to communities on the implementation of applicable techniques for in-situ RWH. Link these demonstration centres to research institutions to generate knowledge and drive innovation. 5.2.3 Develop and implement awareness raising programmes Conduct awareness-raising campaigns through TV, radio, and posters to disseminate technical information on in-situ RWH. Additionally, provide hands- on experience at demonstration sites in the construction of structures for in-situ RWH. 5.3 Develop and implement projects for in-situ RWH and Conservation In the past, Zambia did not experience systematic implementation of projects for in- situ rainwater harvesting. The severe drought of the previous rainy season has revealed Zambia’s unpreparedness for coping with such disasters. This highlights the need for dedicated planning, programming, and implementation of projects for in-situ RWH to improve water security. The following activities will be carried out. 1) Project identification throughout all agroecological zones. 2) Develop and implement a programme for soil and water conservation for agricultural purposes. 3) Develop and implement area-wide programmes of managed groundwater recharge in drought prone areas. 5.3.1 Project identification in all agroecological zones Carry out a project identification exercise across all agroecological zones to map areas suitable for various techniques of in-situ rainwater harvesting Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 22 (RWH). A combination of field surveys and GIS-based evaluation techniques should produce a map indicating potential sites and appropriate techniques. 5.3.2 Develop and implement a programme for in-situ RWH for agriculture Based on the project identification exercise, develop and implement a programme for soil and water conservation for agricultural purposes. The programme should combine physical infrastructure at the farm level with coordinated extension services to enhance agricultural practices for soil and water conservation. 5.3.3 Develop and implement programmes of managed groundwater recharge In target areas construct infrastructure (infiltration ponds, trenches, terraces) to capture surface runoff and allow it to recharge the local aquifers. 5.4 Catchment Protection and Restoration Catchments in lower rainfall areas have suffered varying degrees of degradation due to overgrazing, land clearance for the cultivation of staple food crops, soil erosion, stream bank erosion, and deforestation. Measures will be implemented to protect the catchments, prevent further degradation, and restore degraded areas. The following activities will be undertaken: 1) Develop a catchment protection plan and programme for the affected areas 2) Construct check dams in priority areas to control streambank erosion. 3) Construct bunds, terraces and trenches to control soil erosion 4) Implement Tree planting programmes in critical areas 5) Implement Agroforestry programmes 5.4.1 Develop a catchment protection programme for the affected areas Carry out physical surveys coupled with GIS/Remote Sensing analysis to assess the condition of catchments in drought-prone areas. Formulate a catchment protection programme with clear objectives and criteria for selecting target areas for intervention. The programme must include a list of priority intervention areas. Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 23 5.4.2 Construct check dams in most vulnerable catchments. With the full participation of beneficiary communities, including women, and under the guidance of established governance structures (water users associations), construct check dams to control soil erosion and protect stream banks in the most vulnerable areas. 5.4.3 Construct bunds, terraces and trenches in prioritised areas. Construct bunds (earth, stone, and grass), terraces, and trenches in areas where this technology is deemed most appropriate. These are local-level activities that will involve the full participation of beneficiary communities in the planning and implementation of these initiatives. 5.4.4 Implement tree planting programmes in critical areas Tree planting refers to a deliberate and systematic act of establishing trees in strategic locations. To enhance catchment protection and restoration, it is important to review ongoing tree planting programmes and assisted natural regeneration, as well as to expand the scope and coverage to improve outcomes. The full participation of beneficiary communities, with specific responsibilities assigned to women and children in schools, is essential for the success and sustainability of the programme. 5.4.5 Implement Agroforestry programmes Agroforestry refers to the integrated cultivation and use of trees and shrubs alongside crops and livestock within a sustainable ecosystem. A programme of this nature requires greater coordination across various disciplines, including the water sector, agriculture, livestock, and the environment. The main activity is to formulate and implement an integrated agroforestry programme that encompasses agriculture, livestock, forestry, and water supply. The benefits include safeguarding or regenerating the environment, conserving soil and moisture, and ensuring water supply through protected shallow wells. 5.5 Integrated Landscape management Sustainable development and ecosystem management require integrated landscape management to optimize ecosystem goods and services. Rising demand due to population growth, ecosystem degradation, and extreme weather from climate change has complicated past development strategies. Soil, land, water, and human societies are interconnected and can no longer be sustainably managed in “silos.” This calls for adopting landscape approaches—“a set of concepts, tools, methods and approaches deployed in a landscape to achieve multiple economic, social, and environmental objectives (multifunctionality) through processes that recognize, reconcile, and Water Related Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 24 synergize the interests, attitudes, and actions of multiple actors” (GIZ, 2019). A strategic intervention will pilot these landscape approaches across the country. 5.5.1 Pilot landscape approaches in the three agroecological zones In each agroecological zone, implement landscape approaches in one carefully selected drought-affected area. Practicing Integrated Landscape Management (ILM) and the Herding for Health (H4H) model will transform the nation’s sustainable development efforts. This strategy promotes ILM principles—multi- stakeholder cooperation, sector coordination, resilience to climate and livelihood impacts, and ecosystem services—alongside H4H pillars like healthy rangelands, animal well-being, thriving livelihoods, and supportive policies. By harnessing and conserving rainwater, this approach enhances water security and equitable access for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. This also improves ecosystem health by recharging groundwater, reducing soil erosion, and supporting biodiversity. Agricultural productivity gains are significant, as rainwater harvesting secures irrigation, boosts crop yields, strengthens food security, and uplifts farming communities. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 25 6. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 6.1 Strategic Objective 6.1.1 “Strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for Rainwater Harvesting” is the strategic and thematic objective of this document. Rainwater is superficially addressed in the national water policy and legal framework as a component of water resources management. The 2010 National Water Policy provides only a narrow definition of rainwater harvesting, while the Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011 makes a casual reference to the need for permits for rainwater harvesting infrastructure. Other water-related policy and legal documents offer no further elaboration on how rainwater harvesting is conducted, the intended purposes of use, or how it is regulated. There are weaknesses in community-level governance structures and systems, as well as in financing modalities for community-led interventions. Furthermore, there are inadequacies in technical and institutional capacities for implementing RWH at national, district, and community levels. 6.1.2 To address these weaknesses, the following strategies have been adopted, and are elaborated here below: - 1) Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting 2) Strengthen the Institutional framework 3) Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH 4) Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication 5) Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions 6) Enhance financing for RWH 6.2 Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting To strengthen the policy and legal framework and make it more effective for implementing rainwater harvesting activities, the following activities will be carried out: 1) Formulate and promulgate the SI on Rainwater Harvesting 2) Accelerate the formulation of the SI on Water Users Association 3) Enhance RWH provisions in the Integrated Development Plans for Local Authorities POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 26 6.2.1 Formulate and promulgate the SI on rainwater harvesting The legal framework on RWH may be expeditiously and effectively strengthened by either enhancing the draft SI on water harvesting that is currently under preparation by the MWDS or develop separate SI on Rainwater Harvesting. Therefore, review the draft SI and ensure strengthening and incorporation of provisions on RWH. This would include formal definition of RWH, setting out applicable standards, clarifying roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, and financing mechanisms for RWH. 6.2.2 Accelerate the formulation of the SI on Water Users Association The SI on Water Users Associations has been under preparation for some time by MWDS through WARMA. It is essential for this development process to be completed. However, since the SI has not yet been issued, support for the exercise is necessary. To this end, critically review the draft and ensure the incorporation of adequate provisions on RWH, and lend support to the drafting process to bring the matter to a successful conclusion. 6.2.3 Enhance RWH provisions in the Integrated Development Plans RWH should be an integral part of the Integrated Development Plans of local authorities. In this manner, RWH would justify allocation of resources and not be left out of the planning framework. In the forthcoming annual plans, incorporate RWH in the Integrated Development Plans of local authorities. 6.3 Strengthen the Institutional framework Rainwater harvesting activities primarily take place at the community level. The Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011 mandates that the regulation and supervision of water use, catchment protection, water quality monitoring, and the promotion of community participation are the responsibilities of Water Users Associations (WUAs), which operate with the technical and financial support of Catchment and Sub-Catchment Councils. However, WUAs have not yet been established, as the statutory authority for their creation has not been enacted. Additionally, Catchment and Sub-Catchment Councils have not been established in all catchments. To strengthen the institutional framework for rainwater harvesting (RWH), the following activities need to be implemented: 1. Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils 2. Establish Water Users Associations (WUAs). 3. Strengthen institutional framework for RWH at all levels in MWDS. 4. Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 27 6.3.1 Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils Establish Catchment and Sub-Catchment Councils in all catchments to effectively support water resources management activities, including RWH, at the community level. The scope of this institutional development is significant, as it involves all six water catchments in the country; therefore, a phased programme for establishing these water resources management structures needs to be developed and consistently pursued. 6.3.2 Establish Water Users Associations Establish WUAs, particularly in areas where Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) activities are planned. Although the legality of establishing WUAs depends on the issuance of a Statutory Instrument (SI) regarding WUAs, some interim measures should be implemented to ensure that the execution of RWH activities is not hindered. 6.3.3 Strengthen institutional framework for RWH in MWDS Review the organisational structures, mandates, staffing and operations of technical departments within the MWDS and propose measures to strengthen the institutional framework, within MWDS, for sustainable development and management of RWH throughout the country. 6.3.4 Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management To improve information sharing and the exchange of experiences on RWH, explore existing platforms, including the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS), the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), the Score Card, and the Water Supply and Sanitation Management Organisation (WSSMO), to create an easily accessible web-based platform (website) for RWH. 6.4 Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH Technical officers in water-related ministries (water, agriculture, environment, local government) are generally qualified to manage the planning, design, and operation of high-end technologies encountered in their regular duties. However, there is inadequate capacity for dealing with low-level technologies for rainwater harvesting (RWH). Therefore, there is a need for capacity building at all levels – national, catchment, district, and down to community level – for the planning, design, construction, and operation of RWH installations. The following capacity-building activities will be implemented: 1. Undertake capacity assessment of central, catchment, district and local government staff to identify deficiencies and develop appropriate training programmes. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 28 2. Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities. 3. Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities. 4. Establish a Centre of Excellence of RWH 6.4.1 Capacity Assessment Capacity assessment of central, province, district, and local government staff is necessary to identify deficiencies in knowledge and skills for implementing rainwater harvesting (RWH) activities, covering the entire project cycle— planning, design, construction, operation, monitoring, and evaluation. Based on the capacity assessment, a specific training programme should be designed to suit all operatives at all institutional levels. 6.4.2 Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities Technical staff at national, provincial, and district levels will receive appropriate training to enable them to fulfil their designated responsibilities. They will receive training in the planning and design of RWH infrastructure, such as check dams, sand dams, rooftop structures, and ground and underground tanks. Staff at the district level will receive training in the construction of all facilities to enable them to supervise actual construction and operation in the field. 6.4.3 Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities Community-level training will be linked to the implementation of specific activities; it will consist of on-the-job training associated with technology and activities in a designated locality. For instance, if there is construction of check dams in a specific area, the training will be connected to that particular infrastructure or practice in the locality. 6.4.4 Establish a Centre of Excellence for RWH Establish a Centre of Excellence for RWH as part of sector-wide water resources management (WRM). Zambia requires a dedicated centre for knowledge and information on RWH to enhance advocacy and promote this grassroots technology. A feasibility study should be undertaken for a sector- wide WRM Centre of Excellence that encompasses all components of the water cycle, including rainwater. 6.5 Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication Rainwater harvesting is not systematically practiced in Zambia, primarily due to a lack of knowledge among the population regarding effective methods and the potential benefits it offers. To address this challenge, the following activities will be undertaken: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 29 1) Develop a multi-media awareness raising programme on RWH targeting key players, decision makers, and beneficiaries. 2) Develop communication materials for RWH for all target groups. 3) Conduct awareness raising campaigns for communities, community leadership and traditional leaders. 4) Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal educational system 6.5.1 Develop a multi-pronged awareness raising programmed Design a multi-media programme to raise awareness and disseminate information on rainwater harvesting to key players, decision makers, and beneficiaries. 6.5.2 Develop communication materials for RWH Develop, design, and create information and communication materials for use in campaigns to promote Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) to communities, leaders, traditional authorities, and households in both urban and rural areas. Integrate indigenous knowledge of RWH into these materials. 6.5.3 Conduct awareness raising campaigns in communities Conduct awareness-raising campaigns among communities, community leadership, and traditional leaders. The messaging should not only provide information on the technical merits of the various RWH infrastructure and the respective roles in sustaining that infrastructure, but also emphasise the importance of building resilience in an era of climate change and variability. 6.5.4 Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal education system In coordination with education authorities, integrate RWH knowledge into the formal educational system at appropriate levels. 6.6 Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions The prolonged drought currently affecting more than half the country has had a devastating impact on women and children. Maternal and child health have been severely affected by reduced nutrition, and the burden of fetching water for both humans and livestock has caused children to miss school. Additionally, the daily search for firewood during this period of severe forest and vegetation depletion has taken a toll on health and wellbeing. Floods have also disrupted the wellbeing of communities, particularly in drought-prone areas. For these reasons, gender considerations require attention in any efforts at drought and flood mitigation. Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 30 The following activities will be carried out: 1) Undertake gender assessments and collect gender disaggregated data to inform the implementation of RWH activities. 2) Engage both men and women, youths and persons with disabilities in the RWH plans and activities. 3) Undertake inclusive community driven interventions in RWH programmes 6.6.1 Undertake gender assessments Undertake gender assessments and collect gender-disaggregated data to provide an objective basis for the planning and implementation of RWH activities. The planning and execution of RWH activities should be grounded in observable facts and facilitate gender mainstreaming at all levels of the development cycle. 6.6.2 All inclusive engagement of all beneficiaries in RWH activities. Ensure adequate representation of both men and women, youths, and persons with disabilities in the planning, implementation, operation and maintenance of RWH facilities. 6.6.3 Ensure inclusive community driven interventions in RWH programmes Undertake preferential engagement of women and youths in community driven interventions in RWH programmes. 6.7 Enhance financing for RWH The financing of integrated water resources management activities in general as well as specifically community-led activities has been inadequate, erratic and unpredictable. RWH activities fall in the same category and will also suffer from the same limitations. To address this challenge, the following activities are proposed: 1) Increase central government and local government funding for RWH. 2) Develop financing mechanisms for community-based water resources development and management including rainwater harvesting. 3) Enhance partnerships and collaborate with other key stakeholders, namely NGOs and line Ministries including MGEE, MoA, MoFL and MOLGRD. 4) Formulate innovative financing mechanisms such as payment for ecosystem services, and Watershed Investment Program (WIP) 6.7.1 Increase government funding for RWH The line ministries (MWDS, MoA, MGEE and MLGRD) implementing RWH need to advocate for increased budget allocation from the treasury – from central and local government. A special window may be established, for example under the constituent development fund (CDF). Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 31 6.7.2 Develop sustainable financing mechanisms for RWH systems Develop financing mechanisms for community-based water resources development and management, including rainwater harvesting, environmental management, and sustainable ecosystem maintenance. This may involve incorporating the Water Development Trust Fund, as prescribed under Section 155 of the Water Resources Management Act, as an instrument for mobilising funds for "the development, conservation, and management of water resources." 6.7.3 Enhance partnerships and collaboration to support RWH interventions Enhance partnerships and collaboration with other key stakeholders, such as NGOs, corporate donors and private companies, and line ministries such as MWDS, MGEE, MoA, and MoLGRD to support multi-sectoral RWH interventions. 6.7.4 Formulate Innovative Financing Mechanisms In addition to financing from cooperating partners, explore mobilization of funds from a variety of funds such as climate finance, Watershed Investment Programs (WIP) water funds, and nature-based financing schemes such as payment for environmental services (PES). Rainwater Harvesting Strategy Framework 32 7. RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK The following pages present the framework for the Strategy. These include the logical flow of the strategy from the vision, goal, strategic objectives and strategies for each theme, as well as a summary of actions or strategic interventions. RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGY FRAMEWORK Rainwater Harvesting Strategy Framework 33 RAINWATER HARVESTING STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK Vision A water-secure Zambia Goal Sustainable harvesting and utilisation of rainwater for national food security, socio-economic development and environmental protection, as well as building resilience to climate change and variability. THEME THEME OVERALL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Rainwater Management and Infrastructure Development Enhance Integrated Management and Development of Rainwater harvesting infrastructure for socio-economic development. 1. Develop rainwater harvesting (RWH) infrastructure for improved water security and socio- economic development. 1. Develop RWH infrastructure for improved water security for socio-economic development: • Formulate programmes and projects for RWH infrastructure development. • Undertake strategic environmental assessments for critical areas. • Design and construct new RWH in critical areas. • Implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure. 2. Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure. 2. Promote the adoption of rooftop rainwater harvesting infrastructure: • Building regulations and standards for urban households. • Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop RWH. • Construct demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure. • Design a financial incentives scheme for households RWH systems. Rainwater Harvesting Strategy Framework 34 3. Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas 3. Improve storm water management in urban and rural areas: • Diagnostic study of storm water management issues in the country. • Develop a strategic action programme on storm water management. 4. Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices 4. Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices: • Review and document RWH techniques and practices in Zambia. • Prepare information packages on technology and practices of RWH THEME THEME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Water related ecosystems and ecosystem services. Enhance water related ecosystems and ecosystem services through sustainable rainwater harvesting. 1. Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting. 1. Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting: ▪ Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting in Zambia and in the region. ▪ Develop demonstration sites in all the agro-ecological zones. ▪ Develop and implement awareness-raising programmes. 2. Develop and implement projects for in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation. 2. Develop and implement projects for in-situ rainwater harvesting and conservation: ▪ Project identification throughout all agroecological zones. ▪ Develop and implement a programme for in-situ RWH for agriculture. ▪ Develop and implement a programme on managed groundwater recharge. 3. Catchment protection and restoration 3. Catchment protection and restoration: • Mapping of key water recharge zones • Develop a catchment protection programme for the affected areas. Rainwater Harvesting Strategy Framework 35 • Construct check dams in priority areas. • Construct bunds, terraces and trenches to control soil erosion. • Implement a tree planting programme. • Implement an agroforestry programme. 4. Integrated Landscape Management 4. Integrated Landscape Management • Pilot Integrated landscape management in each Agro ecological zone THEME THEME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGIES STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework. Strengthen the policy, legal and institutional framework for Rainwater Harvesting. 1. Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting. 1. Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting: • Formulate and promulgate a Statutory Instrument (SI) on RWH • Accelerate the formulation of an SI on Water Users Association (WUA). • Enhance RWH provisions in Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) for Local Authorities (LAs). 2. Strengthen the Institutional framework. 2. Strengthen the institutional framework: • Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils. • Establish WUAs. • Strengthen the institutional framework for RWH in the Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation (MWDS). • Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management. 3. Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH. 3. Strengthen human and technical capacities for RWH: • Capacity-assessment and development of appropriate training programmes. • Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities. • Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities. Rainwater Harvesting Strategy Framework 36 • Feasibility study for establishing a sector-wide water resource management (WRM) centre of excellence. 4. Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication. 4. Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication: • Develop a multi-media awareness-raising programme. • Develop communication materials for RWH. • Conduct awareness-raising campaigns for communities. • Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal educational system. 5. Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions. 5. Integration of Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH interventions: • Gender assessments to inform the implementation of RWH activities. • All-inclusive engagement of all beneficiaries in RWH interventions. • Ensure inclusive community-driven interventions in RWH programmes. 6. Enhance financing for RWH. 6. Enhance financing for RWH: • Increase government funding for RWH. • Develop sustainable financing mechanisms for RWH systems. • Enhance partnerships and collaboration to support RWH interventions. • Formulate innovative financing mechanisms. Implementing the Strategy 37 8. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY 8.1 Implementation Arrangements 8.1.1 The implementation of the RWH activities outlined in this Strategy will require the participation and coordination of various players and stakeholders, starting with line ministries and extending to members of beneficiary communities. These stakeholders include line ministries responsible for water, agriculture, environment, fisheries, livestock, natural resources, finance, and local government. The Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation will serve as the lead ministry and will be responsible for overall coordination. 8.1.2 The Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation will establish a framework for implementing and coordinating all activities. It is recommended that the MWDS form a technical steering committee comprising senior staff from the line ministries. This technical committee will provide overall oversight for the implementation of the RWH Strategy. 8.2 Implementation Plan 8.2.1 The RWH Strategy responds to Zambia's high vulnerability to floods and droughts resulting from the effects of climate change. This vulnerability has been exacerbated by the unprecedented drought during the 2023/2024 rainy season, which was declared a National Disaster and Emergency by the President on 29th February 2024. The Strategy is set for immediate implementation, with the first phase planned for the next three years. It is expected that implementation will commence at the beginning of the rainy season to ensure that rainwater harvesting proceeds in a systematic manner. However, some elements of the RWH Strategy are already being undertaken while implementing the Food Security Drought Response Plan formulated after the declaration of the National Disaster. These activities include ongoing water point assessments and the rehabilitation of small dams in some drought- affected areas. 8.2.2 All activities described in the previous chapters have been outlined in an implementation plan, presented in the following tables, grouped according to each thematic area. Each table provides a summary of activities, the expected time frame for implementation, resource requirements over a three-year period, the lead institution, and collaborating institutions. The time frame is categorised into Short (up to 12 months), Medium (13 - 24 months), and Long (25 - 36 months) terms. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY Implementing the Strategy 38 8.2.3 The total cost of implementing the strategy over the first three years (2024 – 2027) is estimated at ZMW 385,250,000. 8.3 Strategy Financing Arrangements 8.3.1 The proposed activities for RWH are at various scales and thus require varying amounts of financing. Short-term studies and surveys may not necessitate substantial funding; however, infrastructural development will require significant financial resources for consultancies related to design and supervision of construction, followed by the actual construction of the infrastructure. At the lower end, much of the infrastructure generally involves low-level technologies. There is also a high degree of community participation, which may further reduce capital costs, as well as operational and maintenance expenses. 8.3.2 The total financial requirements to implement the strategy are estimated at ZMW 385,250,000. An immediate source of funding is the Food Security Drought Response Plan currently being coordinated by DMMU. 8.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework The Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Rainwater Harvesting Strategy. The Ministry will establish a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework to oversee the implementation of all activities under this strategy. Implementation Framework 39 9. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK Strategy / Main actions RAINWATER MANAGEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Actions Short (S) 12 mon. Medium (M) 13 - 24 Long (L) 25 - 36 Resources ZMW Lead Institution Partners 1. Develop RWH Infrastructure for Socio-economic Development 1.1 Formulate programmes for RWH infrastructure development M 8,000,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLNR 1.2 Undertake a Strategic Environmental Assessment for critical areas M 3,000,000 MWDS MGEE ZEMA 1.3 Construct new RWH infrastructure in critical areas M 45,000,000 MWDS MoA MLGRD 1.4 Develop and implement a rehabilitation and maintenance programme for RWH infrastructure S 40,000,000 MWDS MoA MLGRD 2. Promote the adoption of rooftop RWH infrastructure 2.1 Building regulations and standards for urban households S 1,500,000 MLGRD LAs 2.2 Develop design manuals and standards for rooftop RWH S 1,250,000 MLGRD LAs 2.3 Construct demonstration rooftop RWH infrastructure S 3,000,000 MLGRD LAs 2.4 Design a financial incentives scheme for households to acquire RWH systems S 1,000,000 MLGRD LAs Implementation Framework 40 3. Improve storm water collection, storage, and utilisation in urban and rural areas 3.1 Diagnostic study of storm water management issues throughout the country L 4,500,000 MLGRD LAs 3.2 Develop a strategic action programme for storm water management L 4,500,000 MLGRD LAs 4. Improve and promote knowledge of RWH infrastructure, technology and practices 4.1 Review and document RWH techniques and practices in Zambia S 1,500,000 MWDS MoA MLGRD 4.2 Prepare information packages on technology and practices of RWH S 1,500,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD Implementation Framework 41 WATER RELATED ECOSYSTEMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 5. Promote in-situ rainwater harvesting 5.1 Survey and document existing in-situ rainwater harvesting S 2,000,000 MGEE MoA MWDS MLNR 5.2 Develop demonstration sites in all zones S 3,000,000 MoA MGEE MWDS 5.3 Develop and implement awareness raising programmes. S 2,000,000 MWDS MGEE MLGRD 6. Develop and implement projects for in-situ RWH and conservation 6.1 Project identification in all agroecological zones M 1,500,000 MoA MWDS, MGEE 6.2 Develop and implement a programme for in-situ RWH for agriculture M 3,500,000 MoA MGEE, MWDS 6.3 Develop and implement programmes of managed groundwater recharge M 3,000,000 WARMA MWDS, MoA, MGEE 7. Catchment Protection and Restoration 7.1 Develop a catchment protection programme for the affected areas M 3,000,000 MGEE MLNR, MWDS Communities 7.2 Construct check dams in most vulnerable catchments M 5,000,000 MGEE MoA, MWDS Communities 7.3 Construct bunds, terraces and trenches in prioritised areas M 3,000,000 MGEE MoA, MCDSS Communities 7.4 Implement a tree planting programme M 2,000,000 MGEE MCDSS Communities 7.5 Implement an Agroforestry programme M 2,000,000 MGEE MCDSS Communities 8. Integrated Landscape Management 8.1 Pilot landscape approaches in the three Agro-ecological zones M 7,500,000 MGEE MOA, MCDSS, Communities Implementation Framework 42 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 9. Strengthen policy and legal framework for rainwater harvesting 9.1 Formulate and promulgate SI on Rainwater Harvesting S 4,000,000 MWDS WARMA MoJ 9.2 Accelerate the formulation of SI on Water Users Association S 4,000,000 MWDS WARMA MoJ 9.3 Enhance RWH provisions in Integrated Development Plans for Local Authorities M 7,000,000 MLGRD WARMA. MWDS MGEE, MoA, CPs and others 10. Strengthen the Institutional framework 10.1 Operationalise the catchment and sub-catchment councils S 120,000,000 WARMA MWDS 10.2 Establish Water Users Associations S 60,000,000 WARMA MWDS 10.3 Strengthen institutional framework for RWH in MWDS S 2,500,000 MWDS 10.4 Enhance platforms for knowledge sharing and data management S 1,500,000 MWDS 11. Strengthen human and technical and institutional capacities for RWH 11.1 Capacity Assessment M 2,500,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD 11.2 Training of technical operatives in implementing RWH activities M 2,500,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD 11.3 Community-level training for implementation of RWH activities M 3,500,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD, 11.4 Feasibility study for establishing Centre of Excellence for RWH M 3,000,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE Implementation Framework 43 12. Enhance Advocacy, Education and Communication 12.1 Develop a multi-pronged awareness raising programme S 2,000,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD, 12.2 Develop communication materials for RWH S 1,500,000 MWDS MCDSS 12.3 Conduct awareness raising campaigns for communities S 2,500,000 MWDS MoA, MGEE, MLGRD 12.4 Integrate RWH knowledge in the formal education system M 1,500,000 MoE MWDS 13. Integrate Gender and Social Inclusion in RWH Interventions 13.1 Undertake gender assessments S 2,000,000 GD MWDS 13.2 All inclusive engagement of all beneficiaries in RWH activities M 1,500,000 GD MWDS 13.3 Ensure inclusive community driven interventions in RWH programmes M 2,000,000 GD MWDS 14. Enhance financing for RWH 14.1 Increase government funding for RWH S 4,000,000 MWDS MoFNP, MGEE, MoA 14.2 Develop sustainable financing mechanisms for RWH systems S 2,000,000 MWDS MoFNP 14.3 Enhance partnerships and collaboration to support RWH interventions S 1,500,000 MWDS MoFNP, MGEE MoA, MLGRD 14.4 Formulate innovative financing mechanisms 2,000,000 MWDS MoFNP TOTAL COST FOR THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THE PLAN 385,250,000 References 44 REFERENCES African Development Bank, 2008. Rainwater Harvesting Handbook. DMMU, 2024. Food Security and Drought Response Plan GIZ/AWARE, October 2023. Integrated Catchment Management Compendium: Experiences from the Lower Kafue Catchment. Government of Zambia. The Forests Act No. 4 of 2015 Government of Zambia. Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011 Joshua Black, Maimbo Malesu, Alex Oduor, Kipruto Cherogony, Meshack Nyabenge. 2012. Rainwater Harvesting Inventory of Kenya. An Overview of Techniques, Sustainability Factors and Stakeholders. World Agroforestry Centre(ICRAF).Nairobi, Kenya. MGEE, April 2024. National Green Growth Strategy 2024 – 2030 Ministry of Agriculture, 2022. Strategic Plan 2022 – 2026. Ministry of Finance and National Development, 2022. Eighth National Development Plan 2022 - 2026 Ministry of National Planning, 2016. National Policy on Climate Change Ministry of Water Development and Sanitation, June 2022. National Water Resources Strategy & Plan. MLNR, 2022. Strategic Plan, 2020 – 2026 MoTE&NR, 2010. National Climate Change Response Strategy MWDS, July 2022. Zambia Water Investment Programme 2022 – 2030 Nthara, M., 2020. Rainwater harvesting for improved food security and environmental conservation; Experiences from Malawi. IWA Publishing 2020. International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences. Towards Water Security. Editors: Jose Arturo Gleason Espindola, et. Al Republic of Zambia, 2010. National Water Policy. Republic of Zambia, 2023, National Adaptation Plan Republic of Zambia, 2023. National Gender Policy Rwanda, Ministry of Natural Resources, 2017. Rainwater Harvesting Strategy. Tanzania, Ministry of Water, April 2020. Guidelines for Rainwater Harvesting in Tanzania. WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)/UN-Water.2018. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-Based Solutions for Water. Paris, UNESCO Zambia Statistics Agency. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Annexes 45 ANNEXES Annex 1 – Examples of Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure A Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System [Source: IWA Rainwater Harvesting Management, 2024. International Maji Scientific Conference. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania] In-Situ Rain Harvesting [Source: AI] Annexes 46 Soil bund and contour trench [Source: AI] Annexes 47 Grass strip and Contour Trench [Source: GIZ Project- Integrated Water Catchment Management and Landscape Protection in Zambia, AWARE 2.0 ] Stone bund Annexes 48 Sand dam with harvested water. Source: Water Resources Institute, Uganda. Webinar on “Adopting Sand Dam Technology” 26 July 2024 Annexes 49 Integrated Water Catchment Management and Landscape Protection Area [Source: AI] Check dam under construction, Nangoma Catchment, Mumbwa District. [Source: GIZ Project-Integrated Water Catchment Management and Landscape Protection in Zambia, AWARE 2.0]