Milenge District Integrated Development Plan 2024-2034

1.0 Introduction and Background......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 District Background ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Chiefdoms ........................................................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Geographical Position and Location ........................................................................................ 2

1.4 Topography Elevation and Climatic Conditions .................................................................... 4 PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT .............................................................................................. 6

2.0 Demographic Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Population and Population Growth........................................................................................... 6

2.2 Population Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 11

2.3 Projected Population and Likely Characteristics ................................................................ 15 2.4 Assessment of Existing Land Use and Settlement Pattern in The District ............ 21

2.5 Assessment of the Impact of The Continuation of Population Growth on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns.............................................................................................. 27

3.0 Sectoral And Thematic Analysis .................................................................................................... 29

3.1 Education Sector............................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level....................................... 29

3.1.2 Description of The Existing State of Development................................................................ 32

3.1.2.1 Availability of Service ............................................................................................................ 32 3.1.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance .................................. 36

3.1.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process ............................................................. 41

3.1.3.1 Availability of Service........................................................................................................... 41 3.1.3.2 Quality of Services Including Key Indicators of Performance ................................ 42

3.1.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years .......................................... 43 iv 3.1.4.1 Population Changes – Future Demand for Services and Facilities........................... 43 3.1.4.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes ....................... 44

3.1.5 The Impact of The Environment and Climate Change on The Sector .................... 44 3.1.5.1 The Impact of The Sector on Climate Change and Environment ............................ 44 3.1.6 Issues Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups ............................................ 44

3.1.6.1 Women and Girls .................................................................................................................... 45

3.1.6.2 Men and Boys .......................................................................................................................... 45

3.1.6.3 Persons with Disabilities: ........................................................................................................ 45

3.1.7 Sector Summary ............................................................................................................................ 46

3.2 Health Sector ...................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented at Local Level. ............ 47

3.2.2 Description of The Existing State of Development................................................................ 48

3.2.2.1 Availability of Service .......................................................................................................... 48 3.2.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance .................................. 55

3.2.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process ......................................................... 56

3.2.4 Impact of Change Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................................. 57 3.2.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities ...................... 57 3.2.4.2Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes ...................... 57

3.2.5 Environmental and Climate Change Analysis ...................................................................... 58

3.2.5.1 Impact of The Sector on The Environment and Climate Change ....................... 58 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 Impact of The Environment and Climate Change on The Sector ................. 58 3.2.6Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groupsand Vulnerable Groups .................................. 58

3.2.6.2 Men and boys ......................................................................................................................... 59

3.2.7 Sector Summary ...................................................................................................................... 59

3.3 Agriculture Sector ............................................................................................................................. 60 3.3.1 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented at Local Level ................ 60

3.3.2 Description of The Existing State of Development ............................................................ 61 v

3.3.2.1 Availability of Services ......................................................................................................... 61

3.3.2.2 Quality of Services Including Key Indicators of Performance ................................ 65

3.3.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process ............................................................. 69

3.3.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years .............................................. 69 3.3.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities ............................ 69 3.3.4.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes ....................... 70

3.3.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis .......................................................................... 70 3.3.5.1 The Impact of Existing Trends on The Environment and Climate Change ............. 70 3.3.5.2 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector ............ 71 3.3.6 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups ................................. 72

3.3.6.1 Men and Boys .......................................................................................................................... 73

3.3.7 Sector Summary ............................................................................................................................. 73

3.4 Fisheries And Livestock Sector ....................................................................................................... 74 3.4.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At A Local Level ................................. 74

3.4.2 Description of The Existing State of Development ............................................................ 77

3.4.2.1 Availability of Services ......................................................................................................... 77 3.4.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance ................................ 79

3.4.3 Issues Arising From Public Participation Process..................................................................... 81

3.4.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................................... 81 3.4.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities ...................... 81

3.4.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes .................. 82

3.4.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis .......................................................................... 82 3.4.5.1 Impact Of The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change .................... 82 3.4.5.2 Impact Of Environment And Climate Change On The Sector ............................. 83 3.4.6 Issues Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups .......................................... 83

3.4.7 Sector Summary ............................................................................................................................. 84

3.5 Community Development And Social Welfare Sector .......................................................... 85 vi 3.5.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At A Local Level................................ 85

3.5.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development ............................................................... 87

3.5.2.1 Availability Of Service ............................................................................................................ 87 3.5.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance ................................ 92

3.5.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process ........................................................ 93

3.5.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................................... 94 3.5.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities ............................ 94

3.5.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes ................ 94

3.5.5 Environmental and Climate Change Analysis ...................................................................... 95

3.5.5.1 Impact Of The Environment And Climate Change On The Sector ................... 95

3.5.5.2 The Impact of Development Trends In The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change ................................................................................................................................. 95

3.5.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups ................. 95

3.5.7 Sector Summary ............................................................................................................................. 96

3.6 Infrastructure, Transport, Telecommunication And Energy Sector ................................... 97

3.6.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level ............... 97

3.6.2 Description of the Existing State Of Development.............................................................. 98

3.6.2.1 Availability Of Services ........................................................................................................ 98

3.6.2.2 Quality Of Service ............................................................................................................... 101

3.6.3 Issues Arising From Public Participation Process .............................................................. 108

3.6.4 Impact Of Change Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years ......................................... 108 3.6.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities ......................... 108

3.6.4.2 Proposed Investment And Development Programmes .................................. 109

3.6.5 The Impact of Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns .............................................................................................................................. 109

3.6.6 Environment And Climate Change Analysis .................................................................... 110 3.6.6.1 Impact Of The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change ....................... 110

3.6.6.2 Impact Of The Environment And Climate Change On The Sector. .................. 110 vii

3.6.7 Issues Relating To Gender And Vulnerable Groups ....................................................... 110

3.6.8 Sector Summary ........................................................................................................................... 111

3.7 Environmental and Forestry Sector ............................................................................................ 112

3.7.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level ............... 112

3.7.2 Description Existing State Of Development ...................................................................... 112

3.7.2.1 Availability Of Service ........................................................................................................ 112 3.7.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance ............................... 116

3.7.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process....................................................... 117

3.7.4 Impact Of Change Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years ......................................... 117 3.7.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities .................... 117

3.7.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes ................ 117

3.7.5 Environment And Climate Change Analysis ........................................................................ 118

3.7.5.1 The Impact Of Existing Trends On The Environment And Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................................ 118 3.7.5.2 The Impact Of Environment And Climate Change Issues On The Sector . 118

3.7.5.3 The Impact Of The Forest Sector On The Environment And Climate Change Issues On The Sector ........................................................................................................................ 118

3.7.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups ................ 119

3.7.7 Sector Summary .......................................................................................................................... 119

3.8 Governance, Law And Security Sector .................................................................................... 120

3.8.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level .............. 120

3.8.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development ............................................................ 120

3.8.2.1 Availability Of Services ...................................................................................................... 120 3.8.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance ............................. 122

3.8.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process ....................................................... 124

3.8.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years ........................................ 124 3.8.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities .................... 125

3.8.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes ................ 126 viii

3.8.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups .......................... 127

3.8.7 Sector Summary ........................................................................................................................... 128

3.9 Water And Sanitation ..................................................................................................................... 129

3.9.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level .................................. 129

3.9.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development ........................................................ 130

3.9.2.1 Availability Of Service ........................................................................................................ 130 3.9.2.2 Quality Of Services Including Key Indicators Of Performance ............................ 134

3.9.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process ....................................................... 134

3.9.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years ........................................ 135 3.9.4.1 Population change – future demand for services and facilities ............................. 135

3.9.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes ................ 135

3.9.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis ........................................................................ 135

3.9.5.1 Impact Of Development Trends In The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change ............................................................................................................................... 135 3.9.5.2 Impact Of Environmental And Climate Change Issues On The Sector .... 136

3.9.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender And Vulnerable Groups ......................................... 137

3.9.7 Sector Summary ............................................................................................................................. 137

4.0 Development Framework ............................................................................................................. 138

4.1 Vision ................................................................................................................................................... 138

4.2 Policies To Direct Development ................................................................................................ 138

4.3 Development Objectives, Priorities, And Strategies .............................................................. 139

4.3.1 Water And Sanitation Sector ................................................................................................ 139

4.3.2 Fisheries And Livestock Sector .............................................................................................. 142

4.3.3 Health Sector ............................................................................................................................ 145 4.3.4 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector ................................... 149

4.3.5 Forestry And Environmental Sector ..................................................................................... 152

4.3.6 Education Sector ..................................................................................................................... 154

4.3.7 Community Development And Social Welfare Sector ................................................. 156 ix

4.3.8 Governance, Law And Security Sector ............................................................................. 159

4.3.9 Agriculture Sector .................................................................................................................... 161

4.4 Spatial Development Framework............................................................................................... 165

4.4.1 Linear Development Planning Concept: Scenario One .......................................... 165 4.4.2 Multi-Nodal Growth Spatial Development Concept: Scenario Two ...................... 167 4.4.3 Environmental Protection Approach To Development: Scenario Three......... 170 4.4.4 Chosen Spatial Development Scenario Multi Nodal Development Strategy ..... 172

4.5 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals To Improve, Maintain Or Protect The Environmental, Social And Economic Aspects Of Development;....................................... 174

4.6 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For The Protection Of National And Regional Interests, Policies And Guidelines; ............................................................................... 176

4.7 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For Informal Settlements With A Description Of Improvement Inputs Or Other Management Responses Required And The Appropriate Building And Land Use Controls To Be Applied In Those Areas; ......... 176

4.8 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For Areas Under The Jurisdiction Of Traditional Authorities AndProposed Policies And Proposals For Those Areas ................. 177

5.0 Implementation Programme ....................................................................................................... 178

5.1 Capital Investment Plan................................................................................................................ 178

5.1.1 Water And Sanitation Sector.............................................................................................. 179

5.1.2 Fisheries And Livestock Sector ........................................................................................... 181

5.1.3 Health Sector ........................................................................................................................... 184 5.1.4 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector ................................ 187

5.1.5 Forestry Sector ......................................................................................................................... 190

5.1.6 Education Sector .................................................................................................................... 191

5.1.7 Community Development and Social Welfare Sector ................................................. 192

5.1.8 Agriculture Sector ................................................................................................................... 195

5.1.9 Governance, Law And Security Sector ............................................................................. 197

5.2 Local Authority Financial Plan .................................................................................................. 198

5.3. Programme For Preparation Of The Local Area And Other Detailed Planning Activities ................................................................................................................................................... 202 x

5.4 Monitoring & Evaluation Plan ....................................................................................................... 203

5.4.1 Water And Sanitation Sector.............................................................................................. 204

5.4.2 Forestry And Environmental Sector..................................................................................... 206

5.4.3 Health Sector ............................................................................................................................ 207

5.4.4 Education Sector .................................................................................................................... 209 5.4.5 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector ................................ 211

5.4.6 Fisheries And Livestock Sector .............................................................................................. 214

5.4.7 Agriculture Sector ................................................................................................................... 217

5.4.8 Community Development Sector ..................................................................................... 221

5.4.9 Governance, Law And Security Sector .......................................................................... 224

6.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 225 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................. 226 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................. 229 xi Table of Figure FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP OF MILENGE DISTRICT, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT 2024. .............................. 3 FIGURE 2: POPULATION DENSITY MAP, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT, 2024............................................ 11 FIGURE 3: URBANISATION FOR MILENGE DISTRICT ...................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 4: POPULATION PYRAMID ............................................................................................................ 13 FIGURE 5: YOUTH POPULATION PROPORTION............................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 6: DEPENDENCY LEVEL ................................................................................................................ 14 FIGURE 7: AGE DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................. 19 FIGURE 8: NUMBER OF POOR PEOPLE ....................................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 9: MILENGE DISTRICT DEPRIVATION RATE ....................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 10: MILENGE DISTRICT LAND USE MAP, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ......................................... 22 FIGURE 11: MILENGE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT LAYOUT PLAN, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ..................... 22 FIGURE 12: SETTLEMENT PATTERN, ILLUSTRATED USING THE HAMLETS (SMALL SETTLEMENTS), SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ........................................................................................................................... 24 FIGURE 13: EXISTING MAIN GROWTH NODES, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ........................................... 26 FIGURE 14: LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION FACILITIES, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ............ 33 FIGURE 15: LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH FACILITIES, SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ................. 49 FIGURE 16: POTENTIAL ARIABLE AREAS FOR AGRICULTURE, SOURCE: MILENGE DACO. ..................................... 60 FIGURE 17: AGRICULTURE CAMPS, STORAGE SHEDS AND STORAGE SLABS, SOURCE MILENGE DACO. ................... 64 FIGURE 18: MAJOR ACCESS ROADS. SOURCE: MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT. ........................................................ 99 FIGURE 19: EAST - 7 AND LWELA AIRSTRIPS. ........................................................................................... 100 FIGURE 20: KAPALALA ND LWELA PONTOON CROSSING POINTS. .................................................................. 101 FIGURE 21: MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION COVERAGE, SOURCE: INFRATEL AND IHS TOWER DATABASE. ......... 103 FIGURE 22: FOREST PROTECTED AREAS ................................................................................................... 114 FIGURE 23: LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER POINTS, SOURCE: MILENGE WATER AND SANITATION UNIT. . 132 FIGURE 24: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK SCENARIO 1, MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT............................... 166 FIGURE 25: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK SCENARIO 2, MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT............................... 170 FIGURE 26: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK SECNARIO 3, MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT............................... 172 FIGURE 27: CHOSEN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK, MILENGE DPU GIS UNIT .................................... 173 xii List Of Acronyms CBO Community Based Organisation CDF Constituency Development Fund CSO Central Statistics Office DACO District Agricultural Coordinating Officer DPU District Planning Unit ECT Emergency Cash Transfer FBO Faith Based Organisation FOREX Foreign Exchange FSP Food Security Pack GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia GIS Geographical Information System HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ICT Information Communications Technology IDP Integrated Development Plan LA Local Authority (Council) MFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MGEE Ministry of Green Economy and Environment MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PWAS Public Welfare Assistance Scheme PWDs People Living with Disabilities SCT Social Cash Transfer WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WDC Ward Development Committee ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency ZICTA Zambia Information Communication Technology Agency xiii

1.0 Introduction and Background Milenge Integrated Development Plan (MIDP), has been formulated in line with the Urban and Regional planning Act No. 3 of 2015. The aim is to enable the district to achieve socio-economic growth and contribute to national economic development. The IDP is a crucial strategic planning tool that provides a framework for development in Milenge district. It will guide planning, budgeting and resource management, implementation and decision-making across all sectors within the administrative boundaries of Milenge district. The plan emphasizes the integration of socio-economic and spatial planning and has been developed through extensive consultations with various stakeholders, including input from district wards. In the development of this plan, a situation analysis was conducted to understand the district's current socio-economic status and future developmental goals. The IDP aims to ensure that residents receive essential services from government departments, with all departmental plans aligning with the IDP. Historically, planning in the district has been sector-focused, leading to coordination and integration challenges. The integrated development process seeks to address these issues by promoting alignment and coordination among stakeholders. Collaboration is essential to meet the district's needs, allocate resources effectively, and eliminate inefficiencies and duplications in development plans. The IDP will be in effect for ten years, from 2024 to 2034, with periodic reviews every five years to assess its performance.

1.1 District Background Milenge district is situated in the Luapula Province of the Republic of Zambia, and it is the southernmost district in the province. It was established as a separate district in 1997, having been carved out of Mansa district. Geographically, Milenge is located in the southwest part of Luapula Province and shares borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to the south, Chembe district to the northwest, Mansa District to the north, and Samfya district to the east. The district encompasses an area of approximately 6,140.8 square kilometers, making up about 9% of the total land area of Luapula Province. 1

1.2. Chiefdoms Milenge district consists of four chiefdoms: Milambo chiefdom, Sokontwe chiefdom, Kalasa Mukoso Chiefdom and Chief Kasoma Lwela. The district is organized into a single constituency, named Milenge, which encompasses the entire district and is further divided into 15 wards and 42 zones. As of the 2022 Census of population and housing, the district's total population is recorded as 56,543, with a population density of 9.2 persons per square kilometer. Approximately 10 percent of the district's population resides in urban areas, while the remaining 90 percent lives in rural areas, with concentrations along major roads and rivers. A notable challenge in the district is its road infrastructure, which comprises mainly gravel and earth roads. This presents transportation difficulties, particularly during the rainy season when road conditions can deteriorate.

1.3 Geographical Position and Location Milenge district lies in Luapula Province between longitudes 28 degrees east of the Greenwich Meridian and latitudes 11 degrees south of the Equator. 2 Figure 1: Location map of Milenge District, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit 2024. Milenge is located 682 kilometers from Lusaka, the national capital and 215 kilometers from Mansa the provincial capital. is bordered by three other districts: Chembe, Samfya, and Mansa. Additionally, Milenge shares an international boundary with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The major roads in the district include the Milenge-Kasanka road, which serves as the primary route to the district administrative center via the Samfya-Serenje road, commonly popularly referred to as Tuta road. Another significant road is the Mansa-Milambo Road, connecting the western part of the district to Mansa and Chembe districts’. 3

1.4 Topography Elevation and Climatic Conditions Milenge district is situated on the North Western plateau of Zambia, with an elevation ranging from 1,218 to 1,524 meters above sea level. The terrain is generally flat but does have some areas with undulations. This topography makes the district well-suited for various types of development, especially agro-tourism. The district lacks significant hills or mountains. It experiences relatively high rainfall, approximately 1,200 millimeters per year, during the rainy season spanning from November to May. Milenge district has three distinct seasons: the Rain season occurring from November to May, a Cold and Dry period from May to August, and a dry hot season from August to November. Despite these seasonal variations, the presence of large water bodies in the area helps moderate temperatures. In the coldest month, June, the average daytime temperature is around 16 degrees Celsius, while during the hottest month, October, temperatures rarely exceed 28 degrees Celsius. Soil Types and Suitability Analysis Milenge district is generally a plateau which is flat to gently undulating (slopes 0 - 5%). The two major types of soils which exist in the district are Acrisols and Leptosols. • Leptosols cover the area within 50km NE of Mumbotuta falls and 42km NW of the falls along the border with Democratic Republic Congo (DRC), PH ranges from 4-7; can be used for cultivation of crops but are best kept under forest (inability to hold water); and • Acrisols cover the rest of the district (MOA, 1991); are useful and become even better with proper soil management that allows different crops and 4 tree species to be cultivated. PH is usually around 5.5 to 6 for most of the year. Hydrology/Drainage Milenge district boasts several rivers and streams, with the Luapula River being the primary and most prominent one. Additionally, there are other significant water bodies such as the Lwela rivers. The Luapula River flows through various districts within the province, including Chembe, Mansa, Mwense, Mwansabombwe, and Nchelenge. The district's flat terrain, combined with ample surface and groundwater resources, renders it highly conducive for agricultural activities. This abundant water supply supports agricultural endeavors in the region Vegetation and Climate Milenge district features two primary types of forests: Local Forests and Forest Plantations. The district encompasses one forest plantation and three local forests. These local forests are: • Shamende Forest: Covering an area of 58,000.00 hectares. • Lunuka Forest: Encompassing an area of 37,000.00 hectares. • Katena Forest: Spanning an area of 32 hectares. These forests play a crucial role in environmental conservation, biodiversity, and potentially serve as valuable resources for the district's communities. 5 PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT

2.0 Demographic Analysis

2.1 Population and Population Growth The Planning Survey and Issues Report establishes the key issues that define the current situation and problems context for Milenge District. The key component of this part in the formulation of the Integrated Development Plan is that it will highlight all the key issues affecting different government, non-governmental departments and other stakeholders operating in the district. This process ensures innovativeness from ideas from stakeholders and ownership, focused on improving and strengthening service delivering, reducing poverty and through the delivery of well-planned infrastructure development in the district. Population is an important factor in development planning, it is essential for evidence-based planning and plays a critical role in policy formulation, decision making and distribution of services to meet the desired beneficiaries and development targets. According the 2022 Census of population and Housing, Milenge district has a total population of 56,638 people and a population density of 9.2 Persons per square Kilometers. The population composition by sex is 27,776 Males to 28,862 Females. With a population growth rate of 2.2 percent during the 2010- 2022 intercensal period against the provincial growth rate of 3.6 percent and the national grow th rate of 3.4 percent, Milenge’s population growth was slower than the provincial and national averages which stood at 52.63 percent 49.78 percent respectively. The population of Milenge increased by 30.47 percent to 56,543 from the 2010 population which stood at 43,337. This slowed growth is attributed to low immigration levels in the district as a result of poor accessibility, lack and deplorable infrastructure and limited economic activities in the district. There have been other push factors that have caused people to emigrate to other districts. These include inadequate social services primarily health, education, limited economic opportunities and high unemployment levels. Milenge’s fertility rate of 3.2 also contributed much to growth of the district population during the 2010 -2022 intercensal period. This rate is higher than both the provincial and national figures which stood at 3.1 and 2.7 respectively. It can be seen from the table below that Milenge’s population density at 9.2 persons per square kilometer is also lower than the provincial and national 6 averages which stand at 29.94 and 26.06 respectively. Table 1 Population Trends, ZamStat 2010 and 2022 2010 2022 2010 2022 GROWTH RATE (2010- PERCENT 2022) AGE POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION INCREASE IN POPULATIO DENSITY DENSITY ZAMBIA 13,092,666 19,610,769 17.4 26.06 3.4% 49.78% LUAPULA 991,927 1,514,011 19.62 29.94 3.6% 52.63% MILENGE 43,337 56,638 7.0 9.2 2.2% 30.47% As at 2010, the rural population stood at 40,218 while the urban population stood at 3,119. This means that more than 90 percent of the population resides in the rural areas of the district. Historic Population Levels Table 2 Historic population levels, ZamStat 2022 Census of Population and Housing Preliminary Report YEAR TOTAL MALE POPULATION FEMALE POPULATION POPULATION 2010 43,337 21,338 22,999 2022 56,638 27,776 28,862 District Population Projection Milenge’s population as at 2022 stands at 56,638 people. With a population growth rate of 2.2 percent, the district population is projected to grow to 64,429 by 2028 and 73,416 by 2034 as indicated below. This increase in population will increase demand of social services such as health and education. It will also lead to more demand for land for economic activities such as farming. Table 3: 10-year population projection YEAR 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 POPULATION 56,638 57,787 59,058 60,358 61,685 63,042 64,42 9 7 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 65,847 67,296 68,776 70,289 71,835 73,416 75,031 Population Distribution and Density at Ward Level The following tables shows the geographical areas for each ward and their population a n d p o p u l a t i o n densities. It also shows the projected population and population density per ward. Table 4: Dejure ward population, Milenge district 2022. ZamStat, 2022. MILENGE DISTRICT Total Both Sexes Male Female Milenge 56,638 27,776 28,862 Chipundu 2,171 1,063 1,108 Fibalala 2,598 1,268 1,330 Fishikwa 2,483 1,207 1,276 Kapalala 4,112 2,060 2,052 Katena 4,085 1,964 2,121 Lusumbwe 5,395 2,684 2,711 Lwela 4,306 2,165 2,141 Matontola 3,853 1,872 1,981 Mikula 6,396 3,158 3,238 Milambo 6,628 3,203 3,425 Mulumbi 2,839 1,374 1,465 Mumbotuta 2,839 1,374 1,465 Nsaka 1,734 903 831 Nsunga 2,913 1,406 1,507 Sokontwe 5,051 2,411 2,640 8 Table 5: Ward size and population density, ZamStat, 2010 and 2022 WARD NAME AREA (KM²) POPULATION POPULATION 2010 2022 DENSITY DENSITY 2010 (PER 2022 (PER KM²) POPULA TION POPULAT ION KM²) Chipundu 854.1 0.9 2.5 792 2,171 Fibalala 494.4 11.3 5.3 5,590 2,598 Kapalala 94.82 13.7 43.3 1,297 4,112 Lusumbwe 230.8 10.5 23.4 2,420 5,395 Lwela 924.6 5.2 4.6 4,770 4,306 Matontola 295.9 7.1 12.9 2,112 3,853 Mikula 192.2 50.5 33.3 9,695 6,396 Milambo 687 5.6 9.6 3,877 6,628 Mulumbi 154.7 14.9 13.4 2,307 2,839 Mumbotuta 477.9 6.1 5.9 2,930 2,839 Nsaka 854.4 0.3 2.0 298 1,734 Nsunga 807.2 2.6 3.6 2,123 2,913 Sokontwe 108.9 47.1 46.3 5,126 5,051 Katena* 0 0 0 0 4,085 Fishikwa* 0 0 0 0 2,483 TOTAL 7.0 KM² 43,337 56,638 NB: Data for Katena and Fishikwa wards for 2010 is missing because the two wards were formed in 2019. In 2022, Milambo ward recorded the highest population of 6,621, closely followed by Mikula ward at 6,393, while Lusumbwe ward ranked third with 5,400 residents. Conversely, Nsaka ward held the lowest population count of 1,716, alongside Chipundu and Mulumbi wards at 2,155 and 2,073 inhabitants, respectively. Notably, wards situated along the Mansa-Milambo, Kasanka-Milenge roads, and adjacent to major rivers such as Luapula and Lwela, boasted of larger 9 populations compared to centrally located areas like Nsaka ward, signifying better a c c e s s t o services i n these r e g i o n s . Milambo and Mikula wards experienced higher populations, attributed to factors like the district boma's presence in Mikula ward and increased agricultural activities in Milambo ward. Regarding population density, Sokontwe ward ranked highest at 46.3 people per square kilometer due to the concentration of residents along the Luapula River for fishing purposes. Following closely were Kapalala at 43.3 people per square kilometer and Mikula ward at 33.3 people per square kilometer. Conversely, Nsaka ward held the lowest population density at 2.0 people per square kilometer, with Chipundu at 2.5 people per square kilometer, indicating sparser populations in these areas. Table 6: Number of households by sex of head of household, Milenge 2022. ZamStat, 2022 District/ Total Constituency Box Sexes Male Female Milenge 10,550 7,986 2,564 Chipundu 388 291 97 Fibalala 494 378 116 Fishikwa 512 375 137 Kapalala 770 603 167 Katena 724 504 220 Lusumbwe 925 743 182 Lwela 859 621 238 Matontola 753 585 168 Mikula 1,227 856 371 Milambo 1,301 1,040 261 Mulumbi 426 316 110 Mumbotuta 504 409 95 Nsaka 300 254 46 Nsunga 484 422 62 10 Sokontwe 883 589 294 Figure 2: Population density map, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit, 2024

2.2 Population Characteristics Milenge district is predominantly rural and 93 percent of its population resides in the rural areas. Only 7 percent of the population lives in urbanised areas of the district. This is predominantly in Mikula ward which houses the Boma area. The rest of the wards are all rural and lacking sufficient economic activities to support more people. The implication of this situation is that there is need for more interventions that benefit the rural populations. These include interventions that promote growth in the agriculture sector as most of the district population is engaged in agriculture as their main occupation. There is need to implement interventions that promote growth in the agriculture sector in order to support the livelihoods that depend on the sector in the district. These include increasing the 11 number beneficiaries of government inputs support. Further there is also need to employ more extension officers in the agriculture sector to support the local farmers. The pie chart below shows the urbanisation statistics for Milenge district. It can be seen that the majority of Milenge residents constituting 93 percent reside in the rural parts of the district. Only 7 percent of the population resides in the urban areas of the district. Figure 3: Urbanisation for Milenge district Age And Sex Characteristics of Population at Base The population pyramids below indicate the characteristics of the district population as at 2022 2022 POPULATION PYRAMID 80+ -136 93 -143 99 70-74 -214 289 -276 306 60-64 -419 515 -549 510 50-54 -813679 -998 1,024 40-44 -1,188 1,222 -1,352 1,719 30-34 -1,310 1,779 -2,158 2,138 20-24 -2,837 2,995 -3,326 3,380 10-14 -4,664 4,882 -5,877 6,051 0-4 -6,784 6,903 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 MALE 0 FEMALE 4,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 12 Figure 4: Population pyramid The district has a predominantly young population with more than half of the residents aged 14 years old and below. This age group accounts for 52 per cent of the total district population. In addition, 30 percent of the population are youths who are aged between 15 to 34 years old while 16 percent of the population is aged between 35 and 64 years. Further only 2 percent of the population is aged 65 years and above. This distribution of the population entails that more services that cater for the needs of young people are needed. These include increasing the number of schools and reducing the distances children cover to access schools. Recreation facilities are also needed in order to aid social and physical development of this active age group. 13 Figure 5: Youth population proportion. Dependency The population of dependents is higher than that of economically active population at 54 percent and 46 percent respectively. With 46 percent of the population lying between 15 and 65 years old, there is need for more jobs and other economic opportunities as this is the age group that is most productive and accounts for most of the district labour force. This is indicated in the pie chart below; Figure 6: Dependency level 14 Population By Gender According to the 2022 population, the population of Milenge has slightly more females at 51 percent than males who account for 49 percent as indicated in the pie chart below. This population composition by gender is projected to remain the same by 2030. This informs us that more services and interventions that address challenges faced by women and girls are required. These include increased maternity services at health facilities, reduced distances to water points and increased number of market infrastructure.

2.3 Projected Population and Likely Characteristics Estimate Of the Future Population of The IDP Area in Five to Ten Years The population of Milenge is projected to increase from 56,638 people in 2022 to 67,296 people in 2030 as indicated in the table below. The implication of this trend is that more services need to be provided to cater for this growing population. These include the following; More schools need to be constructed in order to cater for the increased numbers of school going children. This should be accompanied by employing more teachers to man these schools. There is need to also increase the number and capacity of health facilities in order to handle the increased numbers of people who will need medical services. This will ultimately improve health care in the district. The local authority also needs to create more area for settlement in order to 15 minimize unplanned settlements as a result of the growing population. Other services include planning for solid waste management and expansion of the water reticulation systems. Table 7: Population projections at 2035, Zamstats, 2022 YEAR 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 PROJECTED POPULATION 56,638 57,787 59,058 60,358 61,685 63,042 64,429 65,847 67,296 YEAR 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 PROJECTED POPULATION 68,776 70,289 71,835 73,416 75,031 Age And Sex Characteristics At 2025 16 Figure 10 projected population segregated by age and sex characteristic as at year 2023 It can be seen from the population pyramids above that there is a consistent pattern of the district population from 2010 to 2030. It indicates high fertility in the district and equally high mortality. There are many factors that lead to this scenario. This scenario has resulted into a predominantly young population for the district. There is need to address the factors that lead to high fertility in order to slow down the rate of population growth. Equally, factors that bring about high mortality in the district must be addressed in order to ensure socio-economic development. Fertility Causes of high fertility can be categorised into cultural, religious and social factors. cultural and religious beliefs promote bearing of many children. Culturally people believe that having many children commands respect from society. The cultural push towards high fertility must be addressed through sensitisations and engagement with traditional leaders. Religious leaders must also be engaged to teach their followers on the importance of minimising the number of children owing to the challenging economic environment. Mortality The high mortality recorded in the district over the years arises from several factors which, includes lack of adequate health facilities and coupled with high disease burden. This is compounded by the high poverty levels prevailing in t he district. People die in large numbers from illnesses that can be prevented and cured due 17 to inadequate health services. The serious lack of maternal services and facilities in most areas of the district has led to high rates of maternal mortality. Age And Sex Characteristics of Population at Base Total Population By (5-Year Age Groups) For Milenge District Table 8: Age group population by (5-year age groups) for Milenge District Ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ & Yea r 2011 9,846 7,091 6,294 4,951 3,417 2,931 2,470 2,143 1,529 1,204 953 578 580 421 314 166 122 2012 10,400 7,542 6,383 5,268 3,626 2,942 2,590 2,226 1,636 1,257 1,008 629 582 452 324 175 134 2013 10,887 8,092 6,468 5,573 3,880 2,951 2,710 2,305 1,750 1,316 1,060 688 584 485 335 185 144 2014 11,310 8,713 6,604 5,836 4,160 2,988 2,813 2,390 1,863 1,383 1,113 750 594 513 349 194 155 2015 11,676 9,371 6,840 6,036 4,451 3,078 2,887 2,490 1,969 1,464 1,167 808 620 533 369 202 167 2016 12,037 10,004 7,193 6,167 4,754 3,231 2,927 2,608 2,063 1,561 1,222 862 664 542 396 208 179 2017 12,420 10,580 7,656 6,252 5,068 3,444 2,941 2,740 2,146 1,672 1,278 912 724 544 427 214 192 2018 12,823 11,089 8,222 6,334 5,371 3,705 2,953 2,872 2,225 1,792 1,339 961 794 546 458 220 205 2019 13,246 11,535 11,535 6,469 5,633 3,994 2,994 2,987 2,311 1,911 1,409 1,009 865 557 485 230 217 2020 13,687 11,929 11,929 6,706 5,832 4,295 3,090 3,071 2,410 2,022 1,493 1,059 933 582 503 243 229 As can be seen in the table above, Milenge population has been steadily growing. This has been due to high fertility in the rural parts of the district. In addition, migration of people into the district from other districts has contributed to the growth of the population. This is evident especially around the boma area and other growth centers in the district. There are many implications that result from this growth. Firstly, there is need for more land for settlements and agricultural activities. This can lead to deforestation as people clear more land for this purpose. Secondly there is pressure on existing social services such as health, education, water and sanitation and waste management. This calls for increased infrastructure and human resource to offer these services to the growing population. 18 Figure 7: Age distribution 19 Poverty Incidence and Deprivation Rates The poverty rates are quite high in the district. This is caused by high unemployment levels in the district which results from limited economic activities. Most households’ major occupation is subsistence farming and fishing. The table below shows the number of poor people per ward in Milenge. It can be seen that the highest number of poor people in Mikula ward and seconded by Sokontwe ward. There is need to put in place measures that address poverty in these areas. Figure 8: Number of poor people The Deprivation Rate for each ward is indicated in the table below. It can be seen that Nsunga ward is the most deprived ward in the district (percentage of poor people) with 98.7 percent of the people being poor. It is seconded by Chipundu ward at 94 percent and Mumbotuta at 93 percent. These wards need special interventions to address the causes of poverty. Key among these interventions opening up these areas with proper roads as lack of road infrastructure hinders development in these areas. Lack access to clean drinking water is also a big challenge especially in Nsunga and Mumbotuta wards. 20 Figure 9: Milenge district deprivation rate

2.4 Assessment of Existing Land Use and Settlement Pattern in The District Milenge district spans approximately 6,141 square kilometers, with over 96 percent of its land under customary tenure, while less than 4 percent is designated for leasehold tenure. The district attained its status in 1997. Within its planning boundaries, various land uses have been designated to ensure the efficient provision of municipal services to residents. These include residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional zones. The district's settlement pattern follows a linear trajectory, marked by community expansion along the Luapula and Lwela rivers, as well as the Kasanka-Milenge and Mansa-Milambo roads. 21 Figure 10: Milenge district land use map, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. Figure 11: Milenge land use development layout plan, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. 22 The table below depicts the disaggregated land uses existing in Milenge Township. TABLE OF LAND USES AND COVERAGE IN MILENGE DISTRICT Table 9: Land uses and estimated area coverage NO. Land Use Area (Square Kilometres) 1 Commercial 0.172 2 Open Spaces 0.092 3 Institutional 0.564 4 Industrial 0.037 5 Residential 1.089 6 Forests 738.83 7 Game Management 1,796.99 8 Resettlement Farmland 360 9 Agricultural 3,363.22 Overall Settlement Pattern The overall settlement pattern of Milenge district can be analysed in the context of the district topography. Milenge district is predominately a rural district; it is also important to note that, topography of Milenge district is two folded, namely Milenge East and Milenge West. Furthermore, the district has two main rivers, namely the Luapula River, forms the international boundary on the southern part of the district, where we share the boundary with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), while in the central western part of the district, the Lwela River traverse from north to south and flows into the Luapula River. Based on this physical environment, the settlement pattern of Milenge district on the eastern and western part, is along the Luapula and Lwela Rivers, this is because the majority of the population sustain their livelihood activities through fishing and agriculture on the banks of the two rivers. In the central part of the district, there is the Mansa Game Management Area and a forest -protected area. Because of these two Land Uses, the settlements in the central part of the district are sparsely. However, there is also a considerable number of settlements away from the two major rivers, these are concentrated along the D79 Samfya – 23 Serenje road and they are engaged in other economic activities such as farming, trade. Figure 12: Settlement pattern, illustrated using the Hamlets (small settlements), Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. Urbanising Villages and Growth Nodes Urbanising Villages Milenge was declared a district in the year 1997, before then it was under the municipal administration of Mansa district, as a satellite township. surrounding the Central Business District, of Milenge, are the strategically located villages and they are within the planning boundary. These nearby village settlements are Talayi, Hellena Musonda, Nyembe, Morton, Kapande, Malupande and Mununshi slowly moving away from rural characteristics and progressively, adopting urban features, like having access to supply of treated water, connection to the national electricity grid network and the local authority is offering municipal services. The metamorphosis of these villages, is that of increased population, greater 24 demographic density, and higher percentage of non-agricultural employment and moderately increase in economic significance. Growth Nodes Settlement’s growth in Milenge is linear development, which is along Luapula and Lwela Rivers, and the major truck roads such as the Mansa – Milambo, Milenge – Kasanka, and Samfya – Serenje roads. Another main growth node is Lwela Mission, located on the Mansa – Milambo road, Kasanka settlement, located at the Junction of Milenge – Samfya road, Kafwanka and Kapalala settlement, which is strategically located, as it can serve as a shorter route from Milenge to Ndola via Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), at Sakania settlement. However, among all these growth points in the district, the main one, situated in Mikula ward. The following factors are influencing the aforementioned growth nodes; Lwela Mission centre – the few requisite colonial and post-colonial infrastructure by the white missionaries such as the schools, airstrip, health centre, local building, many other structures, located along the D101 road providing easy accessibility to Chembe district and also proximity to the Lwela river offering great opportunities for fishing. Lwela mission is not a planned settlement and it is entirely in customary land; however, it is progressively adopting urban features. Milenge Town Council has plans of establishing municipal administrative sub-centre at Lwela by taking advantage of the already existing physical infrastructure developments and signing planning agreements with the traditional leadership. Milenge BOMA – just like Lwela mission early colonial and post-colonial infrastructure which were developed when it was under the administration of Mansa district and established district administration centre. Have been the main factors influencing growth, further the traversing Luapula river, had been the main factor, providing fishing opportunities to the residents. Kasanka – the settlement is greatly benefitting from the economic activities along Samfya – Serenje road. Kapalala - strategically located, as it can serve as a shorter route from Milenge to Ndola via Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), crossing the Luapula river. However, growth has been slow due to the non- operational of the pontoon on the Luapula river. 25 Figure 13: Existing main growth nodes, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. Urban Expansion/ Peri-Urban Areas Mikula ward is the most populated and developed ward with regard to infrastructure in district, and this is where the district administrative centre is situated; hence, in this context, it has assumed the urban status of Milenge district . Mikula ward has seen an increase in built-up areas. The demand for land for housing and other requisite infrastructure development in Milenge urban is projected to increase, with regard to population growth and an influx of professionals such as teachers, nurses and other trained and specialized personnel who have been employed, both in the public and private service. This development, will subsequently lead to urban expansion. Informal Settlements Milenge district, akin to numerous other districts in Zambia, faces the challenge of informal settlements, and this issue isn't uncommon. One contributing factor is the positioning of the township, enclosed by various chiefdoms. The proliferation of 26 unplanned settlements occurs predominantly at the outskirts of the planning boundary, alongside certain conventional settlements within the planned area. Notably, settlements like Kampande, Malupande, Hellena Musonda and Mununshi exemplify this trend. Other Land Uses Milenge district has estimated total surface area of 6,261 square kilometres. The district has major land uses other than the traditional one found within the planning boundary. Protected forest areas, which are Shamende, Lunuka and Lukangaba, has an estimated land use mass of 738.83 square kilometres. The district has also Mansa Game Management area, accounting for an estimated land use mass of 1,796.99 square kilometres. The Katena forest plantation has a total 0.394 square kilometers of pine plantation.

2.5 Assessment of the Impact of The Continuation of Population Growth on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns Assessment Of the Impact of The Continuation of Population growth On Overall Settlement Pattern Milenge district has high population growth rate in the province, and this is likely to continue during this IDP timeframe, supported by other factor such as favourable climatic condition to support agricultural related activities. The linear and nucleated spatial development patterns is also likely to continue along the two major rivers. However, with time the spatial development pattern, is likely to be distorted with the emergence of dispersed settlement pattern, with agriculture as alternative mean of livelihoods, because the fish stocks have drastically reduced in number in the two main rivers. Assessment of the Impact of The Continuation of Population Growth on Urbanising Villages and Growth Nodes The population of the district has steadily been increasing. The impact of the continuation of population growth on the growth nodes will both be positive and negative impacts. The positive impact is that this population growth will result into increased economic activities and enhanced agriculture production and productivity, the expansion of farming land and establishment of farming blocks, to support the needs of the population. Furthermore, there will be need an expansion social services and amenities to correspond with service population ratio. 27 However, this population increase on the two growth nodes, namely Lwela mission and Milenge BOMA area will also have some negative impacts such as high crime rate, increased generation of solid waste fast depletion of natural resources e.g, fish stocks in the Luapula and Lwela rivers. Additionally, the displacement and urbanisation settlements in the nearby villages Assessment of The Availability of Land for Planned Urban Expansion The central business district (CBD) has a radius of approximately 1.4km and it’s surrounded by villages under the jurisdictions of the traditional leadership. However, approximately after 8km, within the proposed planning boundary, not yet signed by His Royal Highness chief Sokontwe, there is land which can be available for further urban growth and expansion. Assessment of The Impact of The Continuation of Population Growth on Informal Settlements New, Expanding and Densifying Population has continued to rise at major growth nodes, including the surrounding settlements such as Talayi, Hellena Musonda, Lunga and Nyembe. This has led to the increased demand for housing. The absence of consented and planning boundary for the district, will result in the further expansion and densifying of the unplanned settlements. Reason being that, if unplanned, such areas offer relatively cheap land for development. Furthermore, these densifying settlements will continue to exert pressure on already overburdened social services such as health, education and many other. Assessment of the Impact of The Continuation of Population Growth on Other Land Uses The continued population growth, has contributed to an increased land encroachment in forest reserves such as the Lukangaba, Lunuka and Shamende protected forest areas, Mansa Game Management area, as the residents seek alternative land away from the densified linear settlements along the Luapula and Lwela rivers. 28

3.0 Sectoral And Thematic Analysis

3.1 Education Sector The education sector in Milenge district endeavors to provide qualitative, accessible, equal opportunities and effective education to all the learners.

3.1.1 Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level The education sector just like in any other district, is currently implementing various policies and strategies aimed at improving the quality of education services offered in Milenge district. Some of the policies being implemented are; I. Re-entry Policy. Introduced in 1997, this policy is aimed at providing opportunities to girls, who drop out of school as a result of pregnancy, to be able to go back to school after delivery. The District Education Board (DEB) implements this policy because of its importance. This policy contributes to gender parity by enabling young mothers to go back to school, complete their education and have a better future. II. Free Education Policy. Introduced in 2021, the free education policy took effect on 10th January, 2022 providing free education from early childhood to secondary school level; with Government paying tuition fees through a compensatory grant and Constituency Development Fund (CDF) under the secondary boarding school bursary. This policy has shown an increase in enrolment rates in Milenge district, from 18, 288 learners in 2021, to 20, 634 learners in 2022 and 21, 473 learners in 2023. III. Inclusive Education Policy. First adopted in 1996, this policy is viewed as a process of integrating children whose learning disabilities are mild and moderate into ordinary schools. Inclusive education is also viewed as an equity issue for all children, especially for girls and those orphaned by HIV and AIDS. Through implementation of this policy, the department of education has adopted strategies to enhance inclusion for all learners, taking into account factors such as their age, gender, disability and geographical location. Children with special education needs (CSEN) include the hearing, visually, physically and the intellectually impaired. Through the directorship of Education Standards Officer (ESO) – Special at the DEBS, the boards seek to meet its target by recruiting more teachers with the adequate qualifications to teach these learners. IV. Early Childhood Education (ECE) Policy. Since the integration of early childhood education (ECE) into the mainstream education system and also government 29 desire to achieve universal education for all age group. The department of education in Milenge district has equally increased the focus on early childhood education, through the introduction of early childhood education in all schools. V. School feeding program . This is the initiative aimed at reducing the impact of hunger on the primary school going learners. This program has been sponsoring schools with maize (cereal) and beans (pulses) proportional to the number of pupils or learners enrolled. VI. Stocking and Re-stocking of School Desks. Through the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, government has directed that all government schools should have desks to accommodate all the learners. This program is being implemented using the Constituency Development Fund (CDF). Key Priorities Of The 8th National Development Plan And How They Are To Be Implement At Local Level Under the strategic development area of human and social development in the Eighth National Development Plan, government placed equal emphasis to improve education and skills development. Government focus is also on expanding access and improving quality of early childhood, primary and secondary education as well as tertiary education. To achieve this some of the key priorities that will be implemented in Milenge district during the IDP period are, Enhance Access to Quality, Equitable and Inclusive Education. The district will actualize this strategic priority during the IDP period, through the continued provision of CDF secondary boarding school bursary to the vulnerable and deserving s t u d e n t s u s i n g t h e d e c e n t r a l i z e d a p p r o a c h o f the w a r d development committees (WDCs) and local authority. Furthermore, the education sector working together with the local authority will m a k e a v a i l a b l e d e s k s f o r all l e a r n e r s b y D e c e m b e r 2 0 2 4 . On infrastructure development, more school-related infrastructure would be available through CDF community projects. In addition, the district in collaboration with other cooperating partners like CAMFED will continue to implement programs aimed at increasing and keeping girls in schools. Further, recruitment and placement of more teachers in needy areas by the District Human Resource Committee will be done. 30 Increase Access to Higher Education. Under skills development, identification of students that need skills development will continue During the IDP period, through the provision of CDF and skills development bursary. Improve Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Skills The sec to r will prioritize establishment of a skills training center in Milenge district, this achievement will bridge the skills gap currently existing within the district. The local authority continues to award skills development bursaries to vulnerable youths identified by the WDCs. Enhance Science, Technology and Innovation. In order to implement this priority at local level, computer lessons will continue to be compulsory in all schools. To achieve this, the sector and local authority will work towards stocking of desktop computers as well as the installation of solar powered electricity in all the schools in Milenge district. The district will also revamp and strengthen school clubs such as JETS in all secondary schools. The district will also upgrade one secondary boarding school to offer and promote science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education, in order to promote research, innovation and technology. Key Priorities Of Sector Specific National Plans/Strategies And How They Are To Be Implemented At Local Level Education For All Policy The provision of free education from early childhood education to secondary school level affords an opportunity to hundreds of learners in Milenge district who have been unable to afford school fees – especially the disadvantaged from low- income families – to access education. The implementation of this policy during the IDP period will focus on; Lobby of Teaching Staff: Through the decentralized recruitment of staff at district level, staff audits will be conducted to ascertain the exact number of required teaching staff so as to lobby for the ascertained staff shortages. School Infrastructure Development: Construction of extra classroom blocks and teachers’ houses will be conducted using the community project component of the CDF. At each proposed school to be constructed, there has to be a staff house and water borne ablution block. 31 Additional infrastructure is being implemented through the World Bank – Zambia Education Enhancement Project (ZEEP). Kabange and Mumbotuta Secondary School is one of the infrastructure projects that have been funded under ZEEP. Further the plans to construct the examination strong room for securing examination materials. Provision of School Desks. The ‘Education for All’ policy has resulted in an increase in enrolment rates, leading to insufficient desks in schools. Milenge district as at the year end of 2022 had an estimated 5,080 shortfall of desks. In implementing this policy, the sector and local authority will use CDF to procure all the desks required in schools. As at the year 2022, government had procured 2,000 desks using the CDF. Provision of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) Secondary Boarding School Bursaries. Apart from the provision of the compensatory grants for schools, government has also introduced CDF bursaries to vulnerable pupils. This policy strategy has removed the monetary obstacle that made it inaccessible to the majority of school learners in Milenge district, who depend on boarding schools due to the long distances they have to cover. However, with this policy, they have an opportunity to be in school. Currently, the district only has two schools offering secondary school boarding facilities. However, plans are underway to construct another secondary boarding school in Mumbotuta ward, to bring the service closer to the learners and subsequently reduce travel time. Promote Equitable Opportunities for All. To promote equitable opportunities for quality education, government through the education sector, will continue expanding the Keeping Girls in School programme to address challenges that the girl child faces, such as walking long distances to school, early marriages, menstrual hygiene management. During the IDP period, the GEWEL project and cooperating partners like CAMFED will be instrumental in implementing this policy.

3.1.2 Description of The Existing State of Development

3.1.2.1 Availability of Service As of January, 2023, the district had a total of 63 schools (3 schools are treated as combined schools encompassing both primary and secondary sections though they receive funding at their separate education levels). The above-mentioned statistic represents 41% infrastructure availability status. The district currently has 32 325 Primary school teachers and 210 Secondary school teachers. This brings the total number to 568 teachers. The recent recruits in the last recruitment exercise included 20 ECE teachers, 86 Primary teachers and 77 Secondary teachers respectively. The district was therefore allocated a total of 183 from 30, 000 recruited teachers nationwide, representing 0.61%. Figure 14: Location and distribution of education facilities, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. The diagram depicts that in Nsunga, Mumbotuta and Nsaka wards, there are few schools, for this reason the learners are covering more than the recommended distance of 5 kilometers which was ascertained by assessing catchment areas where most populated areas were located in relation to the closest school. Furthermore, in areas were, there are more schools, the number of learners has increased. This has necessitated the need to expand the capacity of existing schools with regard to construction of more classroom’s blocks, modern ablution blocks and recreation facilities as well as staffing. 33 TABLE OF SCHOOLS IN MILENGE DISTRICT SCHOOL GENERAL DATA – WARD, ZONE, LEVEL OF SCHOOL AND TYPE OF SCHOOL S/N NAME OF SCHOOL WARD ZONE MANAGING LEVEL OF TYPE OF SCHOOL AUTHORITY SCHOOL GRZ/ (ECE/PRIM/ (DAY/BOARDING) COMMUNITY SECONDARY) BUTIMBWE 1 COMBINED CHIPUNDU MASHIKA GRZ ECE/PRIM/SEC DAY 2 BUTUTE PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT GRZ PRIMARY DAY CHABUKABAUSHI 3 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY CHANGWELUNGO 4 PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA LUNGOMUKUTA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 5 FISHIKWA PRIMARY MULUMBI LWELA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY CHIBENDE DAY 6 SECONDARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ SECONDARY DAY 7 CHIBENDE PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 8 CHISWISHI PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY CHILIMABWE 9 PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 10 KABANGE PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY KABANGE 11 SECONDARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT GRZ SECONDARY DAY 12 ITEMBA PRIMARY ITEMBA LWELA GRZ PRIMARY DAY KAFWANKA DAY 13 SECONDARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA GRZ SECONDARY DAY KAFWANKA 14 PRIMARY FIBALALA MIKULA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY KAPALALA ECE & PRIM & 15 COMBINED KAPALALA MILENGE GRZ SEC DAY 16 KASEPA PRIMARY KAPALALA MILENGE GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY KALALI RESSETTLEMENT 17 PRIMARY LUSUMBWE KAFWANKA GRZ PRIMARY DAY 18 LUNGA PRIMARY MIKULA MILENGE GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY LUNGOMUKUTA 19 PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 20 LWELA PRIMARY ITEMBA LWELA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY ECE & PRIM & 21 MAPULA COMBINED ITEMBA LWELA GRZ SEC DAY 22 MASHIKA PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 34 23 MILAMBO PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ ECE & PRIM DAY 24 MILENGE PRIMARY MIKULA MILENGE GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 25 MILULU PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 26 MOFFAT PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY MULUMBI 27 SECONDARY MULUMBI MULUMBI GRZ SECONDARY DAY 28 MULUMBI PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY MULUNGUSHI 29 PRIMARY NSAKA MULUMBI GRZ PRIMARY DAY 30 MUMANSE PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA GRZ ECE & PRIM DAY MATONTOLA 31 PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT GRZ ECE & PRIM DAY MUMBOTUTA 32 PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI GRZ PRIMARY DAY 33 SHITAMBULI PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 34 SOKONTWE PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 35 TANDE PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI GRZ PRIMARY DAY 36 LWELA SECONDARY ITEMBA LWELA GRZ SECONDARY DAY, BOARDING MILENGE 37 SECONDARY MIKULA MILENGE GRZ SECONDARY DAY, BOARDING 38 KATENA PRIMARY KAPALALA MILENGE GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 39 TWATASHA PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 40 RIVERSIDE PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA GRZ PRIMARY DAY BUYANTANSHI 41 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY CHANG`WENA 42 PRIMARY MIKULA MASHIKA GRZ ECE &PRIM Day 43 KASHILA PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA GRZ PRIMARY DAY CHILENGWA 44 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY 45 LUPIYA PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA GRZ PRIMARY DAY KASANGASHI 46 PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA GRZ ECE & PRIM DAY 47 KAFUMBA PRIMARY NSUNGA SHITAMBULI GRZ PRIMARY DAY MUKUMBWA 48 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO GRZ PRIMARY DAY MWANSABANTU 49 PRIMARY LUSUMBWE KAFWANKA GRZ ECE &PRIM DAY MUNWA COMMUNITY 50 SCHOOL FIBALALA MASHIKA COMMUNITY ECE &PRIM DAY CHITUBA COMMUNITY 51 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE COMMUNITY PRIMARY DAY 35 KAPUTA COMMUNITY 52 SCHOOL MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI COMMUNITY ECE &PRIM DAY BOMBA COMMUNITY 53 SCHOOL MULUMBI MULUMBI COMMUNITY ECE &PRIM DAY CHANSAMBA COMMUNITY 54 SCHOOL FIBALALA KAFWANKA COMMUNITY ECE &PRIM DAY MUNUNSHI COMMUNITY 55 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE COMMUNITY ECE &PRIM DAY FOYAC PRIVATE 56 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE PRIVATE ECE &PRIM DAY DOKAMWE PRIVATE 57 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE PRIVATE ECE &PRIM DAY

3.1.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance After the introduction of the ‘Free Education Policy’, the pupil enrollment has gradually increased in all government schools. Consequently, this has brought pressure on the existing school infrastructure, particularly for a rural district like Milenge, were most schools have 1x2 or 1x3 available class room blocks. The table below shows the enrolments for the past three-year period in the district prior to and after the introduction of the Free Education Policy. Table 10: 2020 - 2022 Enrolment, Source: Milenge DEBS. 2020 2021 2022 GRADE BOYS GIRLS BOYS GIRLS BOYS GIRLS ECE – 2 3105 3302 3397 3581 3815 4251 3–5 2980 3039 3089 3133 3197 3265 6–7 1397 1448 1242 1403 1409 1595 8–9 723 624 700 640 796 924 10 – 12 551 426 635 468 771 611 TOTAL 8756 8839 9063 9225 9988 10646 36 The table below displays the current Key performance Indicators for Milenge district and recommended (standard) education service ratios at National level: Table 11: Education service ratio, Source: Milenge DEBS. EDUCATION SERVICE RATIOS Performance Indicators Current (District Level) Standard (National Level) Pupil Desk 1:3 1:2 Pupil Teacher (Primary) 1:50 1:40 Pupil Teacher (Secondary) 1:17 1:35 Pupil Toilet 1:100 Boys 1:25 Boys 1:92 Girls 1:20 Girls Classroom Ratio 1:91 1:40 It is evident that there is a deficit in the number of desks, teaching staff and supporting infrastructure such as ablution blocks. Consequently, this compromises the quality of service. Pupil/Teacher Ratio (PTR) The recommended staffing levels are based on the pupil/teacher ratio that is calculated as the number of pupils/teachers. Primary school level At this level we have 17, 910 pupils/358 teachers = 50.02 = 50 Therefore, the current PTR is 1:50. The recommended PTR is 1:40. By interpretation, this means we currently have 1 teacher to 50 pupils when the recommended is 1 teacher to 40 pupils at this education level. Secondary school level At this level we have 2, 098 pupils/210 teachers = 9.99 = 10 Therefore, the PTR is 1:10 The recommended PTR is 1:35 Currently, we have 1 teacher to 17 pupils when the recommendation is 1 teacher to 35 pupils at this level. The interpretation is that the district has an average number of pupils enrolled at Secondary School level because the lower pass rate from grade 37 9 to grade 10 and high drop out amongst the girls due to early marriages and early pregnancies. District Teaching Staffing Level The provision of quality education anchors on many factors, critical among them is the national target and international target of the teacher – pupil ratio. With the introduction of compulsory free education, subsequently increasing the enrolment rates for learners - Milenge district, through the department of education, has continued to lobby for more teaching staffs to keep pace with the rapid increase in enrolments. Staff/ Teacher Levels in the District Table 12: Staff/ teacher levels in the district, Milenge DEBS Office, 2023 SCHOOL MALE FEMALE TOTAL CATEGROY ECE 7 26 33 PRIMARY 190 135 325 SECONDARY 138 72 210 School Infrastructure Development and Furniture Table 13: School infrastructure and furniture development, Milenge DEBS office, monthly school returns, 2023 S/N Item needed Current Short fall 1 DESKS 4, 735 2, 330 2 STAFF HOUSES 93 334 3 SCHOOL LABORATORIES 2 16 4 WATER BORNES ABLUTION BLOCKS 7 55 5 SCHOOL LIBRARIES 1 56 6 RECREATION FACILITIES 114 228 38 Projected educational requirements (by 2030) Table 14: Estimated educational requirements by 2030, Milenge DEBS office, 2023. Males Females Total Pupils 4, 422 4, 776 9, 198 Classrooms 110 120 230 Desks 2, 211 2, 388 4, 599 Toilets 177 239 416 Teachers 120 129 249 SCHOOL GENERAL DATA – WARD, ZONE, LEVEL OF SCHOOL AND TYPE OF SCHOOL S/N Name of School Ward Zone Source of Source of Water Access Road Power BUTIMBWE Main Power Borehole (Hand 1 COMBINED CHIPUNDU MASHIKA Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) Well/Borehole Earth Road 2 BUTUTE PRIMARY MATONTOLA BUTUTE No power (Hand Pump) CHABUKABAUSHI CHABUKA Borehole (Hand 3 PRIMARY MILAMBO BAUSHI No power Pump) Gravel (Bad) CHANGWELUNGO CHANGWE Earth Road 4 PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA LUNGO No power Well 5 FISHIKWA PRIMARY FISHIKWA FISHIKWA No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) CHIBENDE DAY Main Power Borehole (Hand 6 SECONDARY MILAMBO MILAMBO Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) Main Power Borehole (Hand 7 CHIBENDE PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) 8 CHISWISHI PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) CHILIMABWE 9 PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI No power Nil Gravel (Bad) 10 KABANGE PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT Genset Borehole Gravel (Bad) KABANGE 11 SECONDARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT Solar/Genset Well/Borehole Gravel (Bad) Main Power Borehole (Hand 12 ITEMBA PRIMARY ITEMBA LWELA Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) KAFWANKA DAY Main Power Borehole (Hand 13 SECONDARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA Grid/Genset Pump) Gravel (Bad) KAFWANKA Main Power Borehole (Hand 14 PRIMARY FIBALALA MIKULA Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) KAPALALA Main Power Borehole (Hand 15 COMBINED KAPALALA MILENGE Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) 16 KASEPA PRIMARY KAPALALA MILENGE No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) 39 KALALI RESSETTLEMENT 17 PRIMARY LUSUMBWE KAFWANKA Solar Borehole Gravel (Bad) 18 LUNGA PRIMARY MIKULA MILENGE No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) LUNGOMUKUTA 19 PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA No power Well Main Power Borehole (Hand 20 LWELA PRIMARY ITEMBA LWELA Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) 21 MAPULA COMBINED ITEMBA LWELA No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) 22 MASHIKA PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA Solar Borehole Gravel (Bad) Main Power Borehole (Hand 23 MILAMBO PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) Main Power Piped/Borehole 24 MILENGE PRIMARY MIKULA MILENGE Grid (Hand Pump) Gravel (Bad) 25 MILULU PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) 26 MOFFAT PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT Solar Borehole Gravel (Bad) MULUMBI 27 SECONDARY MULUMBI MULUMBI Solar Borehole Gravel (Bad) 28 MULUMBI PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) MULUNGUSHI 29 PRIMARY NSAKA MULUMBI No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) 30 MUMANSE PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA Solar Well Gravel (Bad) MATONTOLA 31 PRIMARY CHISWISHI MOFFAT Solar Borehole Gravel (Bad) MUMBOTUTA 32 PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI No power Stream Gravel (Bad) SHITAMBULI 33 PRIMARY MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI Genset Borehole SOKONTWE 34 PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA No power Well 35 TANDE PRIMARY MULUMBI MULUMBI No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) Main Power Piped/Borehole 36 LWELA SECONDARY ITEMBA LWELA Grid (Hand Pump) Gravel (Bad) MILENGE Main Power Piped/Borehole 37 SECONDARY MIKULA MILENGE Grid/Genset (Hand Pump) Gravel (Bad) 38 KATENA PRIMARY KAPALALA MILENGE No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) Main Power Borehole (Hand 39 TWATASHA PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) 40 RIVERSIDE PRIMARY SOKONTWE MASHIKA No power Borehole BUYANTANSHI Borehole (Hand 41 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO No power Pump) Gravel (Bad) CHANG`WENA 42 PRIMARY MIKULA MASHIKA No power Well 40 43 KASHILA PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA No power None CHILENGWA Main Power Borehole (Hand 44 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO Grid Pump) Gravel (Bad) 45 LUPIYA PRIMARY NSUNGA LUNGOMUKUTA Solar River KASANGASHI 46 PRIMARY FIBALALA KAFWANKA No power Borehole Gravel (Bad) 47 KAFUMBA PRIMARY NSUNGA SHITAMBULI No power None Gravel (Bad) MUKUMBWA 48 PRIMARY MILAMBO MILAMBO No power Well MWANSABANTU Borehole (Hand 49 PRIMARY LUSUMBWE KAFWANKA No power Pump) Gravel (Bad) MUNWA COMMUNITY 50 SCHOOL FIBALALA MASHIKA No power Well CHITUBA COMMUNITY Borehole (Hand 51 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE No power Pump) KAPUTA COMMUNITY 52 SCHOOL MUMBOTUTA SHITAMBULI Solar Borehole BOMBA COMMUNITY 53 SCHOOL MULUMBI MULUMBI No power None CHANSAMBA COMMUNITY 54 SCHOOL FIBALALA KAFWANKA No power Well Gravel (Bad) MUNUNSHI COMMUNITY 55 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE No power Well Gravel (Bad) FOYAC PRIVATE Well 56 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE No power Gravel (Bad) DOKAMWE PRIVATE Well 57 SCHOOL MIKULA MILENGE No power Gravel (Bad)

3.1.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process

3.1.3.1 Availability of Service Several challenges affect education in the district: • Long distances to nearby schools: Pupils from schools such as Mulungushi Primary School, Chiswishi Primary School, and others must walk more than 5km to 41 access education, posing a significant challenge. Inadequate classroom blocks: Schools like Chituba Primary School, Mwansabantu Primary School, and others face a shortage of classroom blocks relative to the student population and Inadequate staff accommodation. • Insufficient learning and teaching materials: Many schools, particularly in remote areas, lack adequate resources, impacting the quality and effectiveness of learning. • Lack of laboratories: The absence of laboratories hampers science education quality and limits students' practical skill development and scientific research opportunities. • Transportation challenges for education staff: The lack of transport inhibits education staff's ability to monitor teaching and learning quality, student and teacher attendance and performance, and the implementation of school policies and programs. • Impact of fishing activities: Fishing activities in the district disrupt pupils' attendance and academic performance as they follow their parents to fishing camps during fishing seasons, resulting in missed instructional time and poor academic outcomes. • Absence of technical schools: The lack of technical schools’ limits students' opportunities to acquire skills and knowledge relevant to the digital economy and society. • Inadequate number of specialized teachers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). • Absenteeism, early marriages and pregnancies amongst the learners.

3.1.3.2 Quality of Services Including Key Indicators of Performance • The district lacks a skills training centre. • The district does not meet the national standard of one school within the radius of 5 kilometres. Furthermore, in some wards the learners are covering the distance of over 5 kilometres to access quality education. • The district has only one Secondary School with reaccommodated boarding facility servicing the eastern part of the district which is always overcrowded due to CDF bursary. • The district also has some learners who still learn under makeshift classrooms and thatched roofs in Lusumbwe ward and mikula ward. • The district has two unreliable motor vehicles which make it had for the standard officers to go around and conduct monitoring in all the schools in the district. 42

3.1.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The projected population of school going age by 2030 will require the district to have 15 Secondary schools and 74 primary schools. The secondary enrollment will be 3,874 while 26,059 will be for early child and primary schools. This growth will occur in the following Milambo, Chiswishi, Mwansabantu and Mumanse Communities respectively. In the above identified communities, they will need to expand the schools to accommodate more learners both at junior and senior level in Secondary Schools. This in turn will boost the numbers in secondary schools. It will also be important to construction skills development Centres one the East and one on the west to provide the youth access to tertiary education in the district. This will enable the district to have a young population that is equipped with skills. The projected doubling of the population in Milenge district within ten years will place a significant strain on the district's education service delivery capacity. To accommodate this growth, additional staff houses will be required in most schools, along with boarding facilities at Lwela Secondary School and Kafwanka Secondary School. As a result of the population increase, overcrowding at Milenge Boarding Secondary School is expected to rise due to the bursary scheme being offered. To alleviate this issue, there is a need for the expansion of boarding facilities at Lwela Secondary School, Kafwanka Secondary School, and Lwela Secondary to accommodate the growing number of students.

3.1.4.1 Population Changes – Future Demand for Services and Facilities As Milenge is predominantly rural, many schools are situated on customary land. To ensure the security of this crucial public infrastructure, there is a need to undertake land tenure conversion in the future. Additionally, due to the planned construction of numerous schools and supporting infrastructure, a total of 210 hectares will be required for this development. Under infrastructure development initiatives, the education sector, in collaboration with the Local Authority and through the implementation of the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), aims to complete the construction of Munushi Primary School and Munwa Primary School. Furthermore, desks in deficit schools like Mununshi Primary School, Chansamba Primary School, Munwa Primary School, and Chituba Primary School will be restocked. 43

3.1.4.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes The sector is in the process of building the district examination strong room for safe keeping of exam materials. Additionally, among the programmes that which the sector is currently implementing the ‘’Keeping Girls in School’’, aimed at safeguarding the welfare of the girl child.

3.1.5 The Impact of The Environment and Climate Change on The Sector The district experiences the effects of climate change, including altered rainfall patterns and extreme weather events. Water Scarcity: The district may experience water scarcity due to prolonged droughts. Streams dry and the water level in the Luapula River reduces during summer hence affecting human survival resulting in learners missing school as they go in search of food and water. As a results of Water scarcity, this brings about water borne diseases such as diarrhea which leads pupils missing classes. Infrastructure Damage: Increased runoff from heavy rains and strong winds has always led to flooding in the district. This impacts the school-going children especially those in lower sections by washing away of bridges resulting pupils being cut off. In the case of the 2023 – 2024 rainy season which resulted in the brown-off roof of 5 schools among them Mashika Primary School and the damage of Mulumbi Bridget on the West which saw the learners on the other side of the river being cut off.

3.1.5.1 The Impact of The Sector on Climate Change and Environment On the other hand, there is an increase in the construction of schools leads to clearing of huge land and displacement of people. In addition, increase demand for Timber for school desk and fire wood have also contributed to deforestation in the district.

3.1.6 Issues Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups In the education sector in Milenge, various groups face distinct challenges and some of these issues faced by women and girls, men and boys, and persons with disabilities are: 44

3.1.6.1 Women and Girls o Access: Despite progress, gender disparities persist in access to education. Girls always face barriers such as early marriage, cultural norms, and household responsibilities that limit their enrolment and attendance as they progress in their education. o Quality: Girls often encounter lower-quality education due to inadequate infrastructure e.g., showers in the ablution, lack of female teachers, and gender stereotypes affect curriculum content and delivery. o Safety: Safety concerns, including harassment and violence, do discourage girls from attending school, especially in places where they have to go long distances in the case of school-going girls walking from Fishikwa to Mapula and back every day. o Retention: Girls drop out due to pregnancy, family pressures, or economic reasons and those who return to school through return policy are fewer than those who refuse to go back to school.

3.1.6.2 Men and Boys o Disengagement: Boys sometimes disengage from education due to factors like societal expectations, lack of male role models, and limited relevance of the curriculum. o Behavioural Challenges: Boys exhibit behavioural issues that affect their learning experience, hence stopping school and resorting to marriage or venturing into fishing and charcoal burning. o Gender Stereotypes: Stereotypes around masculinity have impacted the boys’ educational choices and performance.

3.1.6.3 Persons with Disabilities: o Physical Accessibility: Lack of accessible infrastructure in the district (ramps, elevators, etc.) has hindered persons with disabilities from accessing schools. So far, only one out of 63 schools have accessible infrastructure for disabilities. o Inclusive Curriculum: Most schools have not adapted teaching methods that accommodate diverse learning needs in public schools. o Social Stigma: Discrimination and stigma have led to learners with disabilities being isolated. o Resource Constraints: Limited resources for specialized support (assistive devices, trained teachers) have also affected their participation. Hence efforts to address these challenges should focus on gender equality, inclusive policies, teacher training, and community awareness. 45

3.1.7 Sector Summary While the education sector has seen some improvements in various spheres of providing quality education, the sector still has a lot of gaps in form adequate infrastructure, lack of transport, low staffing levels, poor access to education facilities. Other issues affecting the sector include gender, culture and traditional briefs. The above mention issue affecting the sector have led to Poor access to quality, equitable and inclusive education as the core issue affecting the sector. 46

3.2 Health Sector The sector will endeavor to prioritize and enhance the provision of quality primary health care in the district.

3.2.1 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented at Local Level. The guiding policy for the operations of this sector are government policies, during the IDP period the key priorities will include and not limited to the following; 1. Health education and promotion 2. Maternal healthcare 3. Family planning 4. Epidemic preparedness and control 5. Health security and surveillance 6. Mental health and substance abuse management 7. Comprehensive Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health 8. Disease prevention and control 9. Increase access to health services through the construction and rehabilitation of health facilities Key Priorities of the 8th National Development Plan and How They Are to Be Implemented at Local Level In its quest to improve and achieve universal health coverage for all as envisioned in the year 2030. Some of the key government priorities in the Eighth National Development Plan, will focus on strengthening public health, increasing access to quality health care, strengthening integrated health systems and enhancing food security and nutrition. Strengthening Public Health. In the IDP area the local District Health Department working together with the Local Authority governance sub-structure such as the WDC identify health facilities without water borne sanitation and also construction of hygiene facilities at public institutions as a mechanism to disease prevention and control. Another strategy of strengthening public health in the IDP area is through the construction and rehabilitation of maternity wings for all the facilities. Which will enhance maternal healthcare, family planning and child survival development, both at antenatal and postnatal care. 47 Increase access to quality health care. Increasing access to quality health care among the population in the IDP area will be a priority, just as it is in the Eighth National Development Plan. The Local Administration will continue to lobby from the national government for medical equipment be made available in our local health facilities. Prudent and fair management of the decentralization policy by recruitment and placement of health personnel in facilities and areas where there is greatest need. Another strategy of ensuring the timely availability and distribution of medicines and medical supplies in all facilities in Milenge east and west. The district health office will also establish a pharmacy sub-center at Lwela in Milenge west. Enhance Food Security and Nutrition. In the IDP area, food security and nutrition will be a priority. The district health office working in collaboration with other district stakeholders such as the department of agriculture will endeavor to eliminate all forms of malnutrition through the support of appropriate feeding practices and sensitization in communities and schools on various food types.

3.2.2 Description of The Existing State of Development

3.2.2.1 Availability of Service Milenge district has at the year 2022 has (18) health facilities in operation. Among these 18 facilities, one (1) is a district hospital namely Milenge District Hospital situated in Mikula ward east of Milenge district, and four (4) health centers while the rest are designated health posts.in terms of health infrastructure coverage, the district is currently standing at 50% based on the standard. The sector provides the following services in the IDP area; in patient curative care, outpatient curative care, HIV counselling and testing, ART, antenatal and family planning services including public health and other minor surgical procedures. The complicated health procedures and patients who may need specialized treatment are referred to Mansa General Hospital, which is 214 km from Milenge district, for further attention. There also exist a gender-based violence (GBV) one stop centre located at Milenge district hospital. The district has three ambulances, one stationed at Lwela mini-hospital and two at Milenge district hospital. Due to the size of the district and how spread the location of facilities, the three ambulances are not adequate. At the rural health post and centers, activities and services offered include diagnosis and treatment of patients. These efforts are complemented at community level by the SMAGs, NHCs and community health workers (CHW). Below is a map showing the 48 distribution of health facilities in IDP area. Figure 15: Location and Distribution of health facilities, Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. The required distance between facilities should be between 5km and 10km with the coverage population of 3,000 to 5,000 for a health post, while 5,000 to 10,000 for a health centre. However, in ward like Mumbotuta and Nsunga ward residents have to cover a distance of over 25 kilometers to access the nearest health facility. 49 Health Facility Population Table 15: Health facility service population, Milenge DHD, 2023. S/N NAME OF FACILITY WARD CATCHMENT AREA POP. 1 LWELA RURAL HEALTH CENTRE LWELA 5849 2 KAPALALA RURAL HEALTH CENTRE KAPALALA 4497 3 EAST 7 RURAL HEALTH CENTRE MIKULA 9284 4 MILENGE DISTRICT HOSPITAL MIKULA 5 CHIBENDE RURAL HEALTH POST MILAMBO 3031 CHANGWE LUNGO RURAL HEALTH 6 POST MUMBOTUTA 2813 7 SHITAMBULI RURAL HEALTH POST MUMBOTUTA 1644 LUNGO MUKUTA RURAL HEALTH 8 POST NSUNGA 3447 9 MILAMBO RURAL HEALTH POST MILAMBO 3658 10 KUYAFYA RURAL HEALTH POST FISHIKWA 1088 11 MOFFAT RURAL HEALTH POST MATONTOLA 1302 12 KABANGE RURAL HEALTH POST MATONTOLA 3157 13 KAFWANKA RURAL HEALTH POST FIBALALA 2031 14 Sokontwe RURAL HEALTH CENTRE SOKONTWE 3360 15 MUMANSE RURAL HEALTH POST FIBALALA 2649 16 MILULU RURAL HEALTH POST LUSUMBWE 2649 17 MULUMBI RURAL HEALTH CENTRE MULUMBI 5609 18 CHIPUNDU RURAL HEALTH FACILITY CHIPUNDU 4093 Current Health Facility Staffing Levels Table 16: Health facility staffing levels as @ year 2023, Milenge DHD, 2023. S/N Facility Doctors Medical CO Nurses EHT Mid- Lab Physio Nutrit. CHA Psych. Pharm Dental Name Licentiate Wife Tec. 1. Milenge 1 1 4 19 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 District Hospital 2. Lwela Mini 0 1 3 7 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 Hospital 3. East 7 RHC N/A N/A 4 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 4. Mulumbi N/A N/A 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 RHC 50 5. Kapalala N/A N/A 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHC 6. Lungo N/A N/A 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mukuta RHP 7. Sokontwe N/A N/A 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHP 8. Chipundu N/A N/A 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHP 9. Milulu RHP N/A /N/A 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 10. Kafwanka N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHP 11. Mumanse N/A N/A 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHP 12. Shitambuli N/A N/A 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHP 13. Kuyafya N/A N/A 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 RHP 14. Moffat N/A N/A 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 RHP 15. Kabange N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 RHP 16. Changwe N/A N/A 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Lungo RHP 17. Milambo N/A N/A 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 RHP 18. Chibende N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 RHP The table above show the staffing levels in the district for the year 2023 which plays a critical role in highlighting areas of strengths and weakness in providing the require d patient to health providers ratio. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Table 17: Infrastructure development, Milenge DHD 2023. S/N Facility No. of Labour Laboratory Mortuary Blood Staff Incinerator Placenta Pharmacy Name Admission Ward/ Bank Houses Pit Wards Maternity Wing 1. Milenge 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 District Hospital 51 2. Lwela 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Mini Hospital 3. East 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 RHC 4. Mulumbi 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 RHC 5. Kapalala 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 RHC 6. Lungo 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mukuta RHP 7. Sokontwe 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 RHP 8. Chipundu 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 RHP 9. Milulu RHP 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 10. Kafwanka 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 RHP 11. Mumanse 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 RHP 12. Shitambuli 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 RHP 13. Kuyafya 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHP 14. Moffat 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 RHP 15. Kabange 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 RHP 16. Changwe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lungo RHP 17. Milambo 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 RHP 18. Chibende 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHP Table 16 District infrastructure plan, Milenge DHO, 2023. Inadequate infrastructure remains a top challenge affecting the smooth provision of health service in a conducive environment. Most health facility lack the basic 52 infrastructure recommended to offer responsive health services such as maternity wings, postnatal rooms and waiting spaces The following table displays the top ten causes of morbidity (all ages) Table 18: Causes of mordidity (all ages), Milenge DHIS2, 2023. 2020 2021 2022 No. Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 Malaria Malaria Malaria 1 874 731 946 (Confirmed) (Confirmed) (Confirmed) Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Infection: Non- Infection: Non- Infection: Non- 2 Pneumonia 394.2 Pneumonia 366.4 Pneumonia 410.9 Muscular skeletal and connective Diarrhoea (non- Diarrhoea (non- 3 tissue (not 89.7 bloody) 65.5 bloody) 76.1 trauma) Muscular skeletal and Diarrhoea (non- connective Skin Diseases 4 bloody 82.5 tissue (not 38.5 38.4 (not infectious trauma) Muscular Digestive Digestive skeletal and connective 5 system: not 69.4 system: not 35.3 tissue (not 30.5 infectious infectious trauma) Respiratory Respiratory Digestive Infection: Infection: 6 Pneumonia 44.6 Pneumonia 24.5 system: not 27.7 infectious Trauma: Other Skin Diseases Trauma: Other 22.3 7 injuries, wounds 33.7 23.7 injuries, wounds (not infectious Respiratory Skin infection - Trauma: Other Infection: 8 not Infectious 28.1 injuries, wounds 18.6 Pneumonia 19.5 53 2020 2021 2022 No. Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 Disease Incidence/1000 9 Dental Caries 18.8 Dental Caries 15.6 Dental Caries 18.9 Trauma: Other Skin infection - Skin infection - 10 injuries, wounds 13.3 Infectious 10.5 Infectious 16 Malaria remains the top cause of both morbidity and mortality in the district for the past 5 years. This situation has been caused by among other factors high vector density coupled with high presence of the malaria parasite in the region. The presence of large water bodies has also contributed to the status at hand as they act as breeding sites for the vector. Respiratory tract infections have been high owing to poor housing and low economic status of the people. Other disease of concern includes skin infections caused inadequate water in some catchment like Lungo Mukuta. TOP TEN (10) CAUSES OF MORTALITY (ALL AGES) 2020 TO 2022 Table 19: District Health Information Services (DHIS2) Milenge DHD,2023. 2020 2021 2022 Disease Deaths/1000 Disease Deaths/1000 Disease Deaths/1000 Tuberculosis 1.3 Tuberculosis 1.9 Tuberculosis 3.4 Malaria 2.3 Malaria 22.2 Malaria 56.7 Hypertension 4.3 Hypertension 3.6 Hypertension 3.4 Cardio- 166 Cardio- 67 Cardio- 111 vascular vascular vascular diseases diseases diseases Severe 82 Severe 66 Severe 76 Diarrhoea Diarrhoea Diarrhoea with with with dehydration dehydration dehydration Delivery 0 Delivery 0 Delivery 53 complications complications complications Anaemia 48 Anaemia 68 Anaemia 105 54 Sickle cell 105 Sickle cell 0 Sickle cell 53 anaemia anaemia anaemia Respiratory 394 Respiratory 366 Respiratory 411 infection: infection: infection: pneumonia pneumonia pneumonia During the period 2020 to 2022 TB remained as the number 1 cause of death in the district with a mortality ranging from 1.3 to 3.4. while the rates have remained very high for the period under consideration, the district mortality rates are below the national rates which stands at 30/1000.other other hand mortality rate for malaria which is in the range 2.3 to 57 per 1000 admission remains above nation rate which stands at 10 deaths per 100,000 population.

3.2.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance • The district has only one first level referral facility/ district hospital, which is also only servicing the eastern part of the district. • The district does not meet the national standard of one health facility per 5,000 population. Furthermore, in some wards the residents are covering the distance of over 5kilometres to access health services. • The district also has an average of 2 maternity beds per 1,000 pregnant women, contrary to the national and world Health Organisation (WHO) standards of 10 maternity beds per 1,000 pregnant women. • The district has two (2) doctors for the 52,285 population, contrary to national and WHO standard of one physician/ doctor to every 5,000 persons. Key Performance Indicators DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL Table 20: Disease prevention and control, performance indicator, Milenge DHD, 2023. Indicators 2020 2021 2022 Target Achieved Target Achieved Target Achieved Fully immunized 88 82 90 85 96 80 coverage under 1 year % BCG 88 82 90 82 96 75 coverage % of teenagers attending 25 48 28 50 23 first ANC visit 55 % Antenatal 1st 42 54 48 64 50 50 visits coverage before 14 weeks % Pregnant women 42 27 48 28 50 26 accessing at least 8 visits of focused care % Delivered by skilled 75 68 80 61 80 58 personnel % Of women attending 73 60 75 70 80 58 post-natal within 48hrs % HEI receiving prophylaxis at birth Number of 698 660 651 People on ART In line with the national strategies, the district health office was proactive in mitigating the COVID -19 pandemic. The five (5) golden rules of COVID – 19 preventions were adhered to; the district has so far managed to vaccinate over 85 % against the required 70% required by the ministry of health at district level. Table 21: Distirct Information Services, Key performance indicators, Milenge DHO, 2023 2020 2021 2022 No. % No. % No. % Total 55874. 2.4 57160. 2.3 58494. 2.2 Population Population 1351 2.4 1314 2.3 1338 2.2 Growth rate Expected 5.4 Pregnancies 3028. 3098. 5.4 3169. 5.4 Expected 5.3 Deliveries 2938. 3005. 5.3 3074. 5.3 Expected 5.2 Live Births 2882. 2947. 5.2 3014. 5.2 BN

3.2.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process • Lack of health facilities in some areas such as Kashila, Mulungushi, Kalali and Chipela resulting in long distances to some health facilities • Poor service provision. 56 • Inadequate transport. • Increased disease (malaria) burden in certain areas like Nsunga ward. • According to the District Health Office (DHO), Milenge falls in the high malaria transmission region with very high transmission rate of 946 cases per 1,000 population as of 2022 compared to 731/1000 in 2021. • Lack of standard maternity wings at most facilities. • Inadequate medical equipment.

3.2.4 Impact of Change Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years

3.2.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities I. More staff houses will be required and mortuary and other requisite infrastructure at recently upgraded Lwela mini hospital. II. Within the ten years, the population of Milenge district is projected to double, this projected increase will continue to place an increased burden on the district’s health service delivery capacity. III. Consequently, the projected population increase, will result in increased referral cases. Henceforth, to reduce on this, there will be need for provision and expansion of services at the three health centres namely; Lwela, Mulumbi and East 7 facilities. IV. The demand for preventive, curative health services by health centres will also increase.

3.2.4.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes Under the infrastructure development, the health sector working together with the local authority, through the implementation of the constituency development fund (CDF) has planned to rehabilitate all the dilapidated maternity wings and construct new ones in the health facilities as per need. In addition, the sector is collaborating with the local authority has a period of up to December 2024 to have all health facilities in Milenge connected to electricity, have safe and clean-piped drinking water and installed modern sanitation facilities. Furthermore, the health sector will continue with vector management through indoor residual spraying and other malaria control intervention mechanism. 57

3.2.5 Environmental and Climate Change Analysis

3.2.5.1 Impact of The Sector on The Environment and Climate Change The health sector like many other sectors through its operation has several impacts on both the environment and climate change. In providing various health service the sector produces different kinds of waste some of which are harmful to the environment. For instance, the Process of burning waste produce guesthouse gases which pollute the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. Furthermore, domestic waste from the facilities if not well managed can produce ethanol which contributes to global warming. Other waste like small bottles containing mercury can pollute underground water if they are not managed according to standards. 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 Impact of The Environment and Climate Change on The Sector The environment and climate change have significant impacts on human health such as causing an increase in water born disease like cholera, typhoid and diarrhea due to changes in precipitation and water cycles. Furthermore, climate change alters the distribution and prevalence of disease carrying insects such mosquitoes, tick and fleas resulting in an increase in disease like malaria, dengue fever and Zikas Virus. Finally, climate change can impact on agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and malnutrition, particularly in vulnerable populations.

3.2.6 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Poor health care in Milenge district has severe and far-reaching effects on girls and women, boys and men and the disabled such as the following;

3.2.6.1 Women and girls Maternal mortality: Limited access to quality healthcare increases the risk of maternal death during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum. Reproductive health complications: Inadequate healthcare leads to untreated reproductive tract infections, fistulas, and other complications. Sexual and gender-based violence: Poor healthcare exacerbates the physical and emotional trauma experienced by survivors of sexual and gender-based violence. Unintendedpregnancies and unsafe abortions: Limited access to contraception and safe abortion services leads to unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions. 58

3.2.6.2 Men and boys 1. Lower life expectancy: Men have a lower life expectancy than women, partly due to poor healthcare and lifestyle choices. 2. Poor health behaviors: Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and unhealthy eating habits. 3. Limited access to healthcare: Men may face barriers to healthcare access, including cultural or linguistic barriers. 4. Delayed diagnosis and treatment: Men may delay seeking medical attention, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment of health issues.

3.2.7 Sector Summary Limited access to quality health services. The sector like other has seen some improvements in various areas such like staffing, infrastructure, health promotion and disease prevention, However, the sector still has a lot of gaps in form inadequate infrastructure, lack transport, lack of medical equipment, low staffing levels, poor access to health facilities. Other issues affecting the sector include gender, culture and traditional briefs. The above mention issue affecting the sector have led Poor access to quality health services as the core issue. This is evidenced by low coverage for some key performance indicators indicated above. 59

3.3 Agriculture Sector Milenge District is primarily characterized as a rural area, with agriculture serving as the cornerstone of its economy, complementing the predominant fishing activity. Abundant arable land and wetlands in Milenge create a conducive environment for both crop cultivation and irrigation-based agriculture. The district boasts a substantial farming community, with approximately 37,490 registered farmers actively participating in subsistence farming practices. Figure 16: Potential ariable areas for agriculture, Source: Milenge DACO.

3.3.1 Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented at Local Level • Implementation of the Comprehensive Agriculture Support Programme • (CASP). • Agriculture pest and disease management • Provision of extension and technical services to enhance and improve crop 60 productivity and land use. • Agriculture mechanization and commercialization of agriculture, through Agro- marketing linkages. • Promotion and supporting of conservation and climate smart agriculture. Assessment of the Overall Performance of the District The primary crops cultivated in Milenge district include Maize, Cassava, Groundnuts, and Sorghum. Approximately 15% of the land is under cultivation, reflecting a shift from a historical emphasis on fishing to a current focus on farming. This transition is prompted by the depletion of fish stocks due to population growth and the implementation of sound agricultural policies. While the district is endowed with abundant water resources, the majority of farmers still rely on rain-fed farming cycles. However, in collaboration with JICA, the district has initiated an irrigation scheme involving 400 participating farmers, marking a positive step towards diversifying and enhancing agricultural practices.

3.3.2 Description of The Existing State of Development

3.3.2.1 Availability of Services Milenge district is organized into four Agricultural blocks – Central, East, South, and West – further divided into 23 Agricultural camps. Presently, only 14 camps are staffed, each with at least eight extension officers equipped with well - maintained motorbikes, while the remaining extension officers lack motorbike access. The total farmland in the district is estimated at 900,080 hectares. • There are 15 agricultural c amps i n t h e district, including 8 subdivided camps. • The estimated small-scale farmer population is 37,490, and settlement patterns are predominantly along roads and rivers. • Milenge resettlement scheme is the sole settlement scheme in the district. • Hoe cultivation is the primary production system, although some farmers in the western part use animal draft power. Services are offered in the district include: 1. Extension Services: The agriculture department, through extension officers, provides vital extension services. 2. Training of Farmers: The department conducts training sessions to educate farmers on various farming methods. 61 3. Agriculture Information Services: Information collection and dissemination to farmers is facilitated by agriculture information services. 4. Agribusiness and Marketing: The department plays a role in agribusiness and marketing of the district's agricultural produce. Major crops cultivated include maize, cassava, groundnuts, sweet potatoes, cowpeas, soya beans, and sorghum. Additionally, horticultural crops such as citrus and vegetables are grown in selected camps, particularly those supported by JICA. Key activities undertaken by the sector encompass FISP distribution and monitoring, farmer registration and register updates, agricultural shows and field days across camps, monitoring and backstopping of field officers, the establishment of keyhole gardens in camps, training farmers in agronomic practices and improved farming methods, household follow -ups, irrigated farming, farmer field schools, demonstration plots, land demarcations, farm power and mechanization, as well as planning and review meetings. Table 22 summarizes the information on the availability of services in comparison to the number of farmers in Milenge District: 62 Availability of Service in Comparison to the Number of Farmers Table 22: Extension officer to farmer ratio, Milenge DACO, 2023. S/N BLOCK CAMP NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NO. OF STAFF AVERAGE No. of BLOCK CAMP HOUSE RATIO REGISTERED OFFICER OFFICERS OFFICER FARMERS TO FARMER 1 Milenge Central Mikula nil 0 0 0:1000 900 2 Milenge 1 1 1:1500 668 Central 3 Sokontwe 1 0 1:2500 421 4 Kasonde 0 0 1:1000 400 5 Lwimbe 1 1 1:2000 521 6 Milenge South Kapalala nil 1 1 1:2500 1281 7 Shitambuli 1 2 1:1000 355 8 Changwe 0 0 1:500 150 Lungo 9 Lungo 1 0 0:500 120 Mukuta 10 Lupiya 0 0 0:500 80 11 Milenge East Ng’omba nil 0 0 1:1000 370 12 Kalali 0 0 0:2000 272 13 Mupita 1 0 1:2500 520 14 Fibalala 0 0 0:2500 940 15 Kafwanka 1 0 1:2000 650 16 Kabumba 0 0 0:1500 302 17 Kapomfya 0 0 0:1000 181 18 Mumanse 1 1 0:1500 1214 19 Milenge West Chabuka 1 0 0 0:1000 252 Baushi 20 Chibende 0 0 0:1000 510 21 Milambo 1 1 1:3000 1321 22 Mulumbi 1 1 1:2500 262 23 Kabange 1 0 1:3000 2412 63 Figure 17: Agriculture camps, storage sheds and storage slabs, Source Milenge DACO. The map above depicts key details about agriculture camps and storage facilities in Milenge district, including their locations, associated camps. These facilities, such as storage sheds and slabs, are essential for preserving and distributing agricultural produce 64 District Storage Facilities The table below depicts key details about agriculture storage facilities in Milenge district, including their locations, associated camps. These facilities, such as storage sheds and slabs, are essential for preserving and distributing agricultural Produce. The only standard shade is the one in Central Camp under FRA. The rest are smaller and are satellites which need expansion to standard storage shades especially in the following areas; Mapula, Mumanse, Kapalala and Mumbotuta. Table 23: Available storage facilities, Milenge DACO 2023 S/N Storage Shed/ Slab Camp Remarks Condition Location 1 Mikula Storage Shed Central camp FRA Good 2 Kapalala Slab Kapalala Local authority Good 3 Chipundu Slab Chipundu Local authority Fair 4 Sokontwe Slab Sokotwe Ngubwe Fair Cooperative 5 Mununshi Slab Mikula Mikula Good Cooperative 6 Shitambuli Slab Shitambuli Shitambuli Good Community 7 Chibende Slab Chibende Chibende Good Cooperative 8 Chiswishi Slab Mulumbi Mulumbi Good Cooperative 9 Lwela Slab Lwela Cooperative Fair

3.3.2.2 Quality of Services Including Key Indicators of Performance Farmers in the district are increasingly adopting modern farming techniques, including mechanization through the use of Animal Draught 65 Power (ADP). A comprehensive inventory on farm power and mechanization has revealed that over 20 farmers in the district, particularly in Milenge West, are actively utilizing ADP. This shift aligns with the overarching strategy of embracing innovative agricultural technologies. Furthermore, approximately 10,000 farmers in the district have undergone training in post-harvest handling and storage techniques. This initiative aims to enhance the efficiency of post- harvest processes, ensuring better preservation and storage practices within the agricultural community. Ratio Of Extension Officers to Farmer 1. The officer to farmer ratio is currently at 1:2,500 against the standard of 1:400 and this makes it challenging to service the farming population. 2. Camps are vast and lack of transport for field officers hinders the provision of quality services as it makes it difficult to reach all farmers in the camp. 3. There is poor network connectivity which hinders ease communication and access to information required for the provision of services. Farmer Practicing Smart Agriculture Currently, only a few farmers are engaged in fruit production and agroforestry. Efforts to promote fruit trees include the establishment of nurseries for avocados and citrus in Milenge, east of Kafwanka Camp, and in Mapula, west of Milenge, albeit on a small scale. Additionally, farmers in the Kafwanka and Kabange agriculture camps have received training in budding technologies to enhance fruit quality. However, only a small number of camps—5 out of 23—have begun using green manure crops, such as velvet beans and sunhemp, to improve soil fertility and grow fruit trees. Agriculture Infrastructure Development. • Dilapidated, inadequate accommodation and lack of offices for field officers hinder provision of quality services to the farming community which is currently standing at 35%. • Rehabilitation of shitambuli, lwimbe, mulumbi house and milambo camp houses done through the government funding. This was done in order to enhance service delivery.5 out 23 field officers have accommodation. Agricultural Mechanization An inventory for farm power and mechanization conducted at the time of preparation of the planning survey and issues report, it was established that, only 20 farmers in the district are using ADP especially in Milenge west and Only 3 farmers in the district are using tractors for their production. Majority of the farmers depend on the hand hoe making it difficult to expand the fields and increase the yield. However there is potential for farmers to the technology as the department of agriculture is 66 providing extension services on the advantages of mechanized agriculture. Also farmers are being linked to SARO and othe agricultural mechanization players. Irrigation Development Inadequate Knowledge On Wetland Utilization Very few camps have irrigation facilities to improve irrigated farming. There is promotion of free gravitational irrigation through establishment of weir in some camps such as kapalala, mupita, kafwanka Milambo and kabange camps. The programme which is supported by JICA ware farmers in the mentioned camps are producing high value crops like tomatoes, okra and onion. In addition the district needs weir dams as water harvesting technologies in Mulumbi, Kalali, Lungo Mukuta and Milambo to support irrigation farming. Quantity of Farming Inputs Distributed To The Farmers The district agriculture office has been implementing the farmer input support program in the district benefiting 4,600 farmers. The program has helped in increasing production of farmers as farmers benefiting under FISP have been able to increase their areas under cultivation as they are able to access subsidized inputs through the same program. Productivity has been improved as farmers are able to access certified improved seed varieties through the program. These seed varieties have higher yields per unit area and farmers benefiting from FISP are trained in good agricultural practices which enhance higher yields per unit area. Adoption Rate Of New Agriculture Technologies There is demo installation which is done yearly to demonstrate on the improved methods of farming in all the camps on which field days are conducted. The district has farmer field schools in all the camps on climate smart agriculture and encourages farmers on the importance of using certified seed and drought resistant crops. The following performance indicators that measure services in the sector. 1. Crop production per hector or area 2. Total area of land under crop production 3. Number of farmers engaged in crop production 4. District yield performance per hector 67 The table below provides information on farming productivity levels in the district, including the past 5-year average yield, last year's yield (2022), and the expected yield for the current season (2023) measured in tons per hectare (tons/ha): Table 24: Productivity levels, Crop Focused Survey, 2023. E1 E2 E3 Past 5-year Last year’s yield Yield expected average yield this season (2023) (2022) (tons/ha) (tons/ha) (tons/ha) Maize 5tons/ha 5tons/ha 4tons/ha Sorghum 2tons/ha 2tons/ha 2tons/ha Rice 2tons/ha 2tons/ha 2tons/ha Crops Produced In The District The table outlines information on crops produced in the district, including the area planted (in hectares), current yield (in hectares), baseline productivity (in metric tons per hectare), and the target for the year 2023 (in metric tons per hectare). Furthermore, the information provides a comprehensive overview of the cultivation areas, current yields, baseline productivity, and targeted yields for various crops in the district, facilitating assessment and planning for agricultural development. Table 25: Major crops produced in Milenge, DACO 2023 Crop Productivity Area planted Current Baseline 2023 Target (ha) Yield (ha) (MT/ha) Maize 6,243 5,399 2.14 2.5 Sorghum 160 155 0.42 0.65 Rice 36.8 36.8 1.33 1.60 Cassava 4,310 4,156 35.54 38 68 Distance To The Market Market for field crops such as ground nuts, sorghum, soya beans and rice is still small partly due to poor accessibility owing to bad state of the roads in the large parts of the district. Currently the district has no proper market structures and there is need to have proper markets in the following areas; Mikula, Kapalala, Lusumbwe (Kasanka), Fibalala (kafwanka), Chipundu, Matontola, Mulumbi and Lwela. Value Addition On Agricultural Produce Normally much of value addition is on maize milling in most areas of the district. However more value addition can be done in rice which is largely produced in Mumbotuta and Nsunga wards.

3.3.3 Issues Arising from The Public Participation Process • Inadequate transport at District, block, and camp levels. • High farming labor costs due to manual hoeing • Lack of farmer Training Centers. • Inadequate storage facilities • Lack of processing equipment • Low adoption of agricultural technologies • Poor market linkages for agricultural produce. • Lack of irrigation facilities and mechanization. • Low crop diversification • Low staffing levels

3.3.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years

3.3.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities As the population grows there is to be more demand for land for agricultural purposes and the increase in population will lead to high food insecurity at household level. There will be large scale environmental degradation. There will be more greenhouse gas emission as a result of livestock manure, burning of trees and emission from mechanized farming. There will be pressure on food products. Further, a growing population will put a strain on extension services, (resources including personnel, funding and infrastructure). As extension agents will be required to cover more clients the quality of their services will reduce. 69

3.3.4.2 Existing and Proposed Investment and Development Programmes Over the next 10 to 15 years, it is crucial to allocate increased resources to alternative economic livelihoods such as farming, Bee keeping, Fish farming and trading. Moreover, there is a pressing need for investment in infrastructure development that adheres to minimum standards. To enhance agricultural productivity sustainably, promoting conservation agriculture techniques is imperative. These practices not only lead to higher yields but also contribute to long-term cost reduction and climate change mitigation. Conservation Agriculture revolves around three principles: Minimum tillage, Residual retention, and crop rotation. Addressing the challenges posed by shorter rainy seasons in the agriculture sector requires a strategic focus on promoting the utilization of dambos and wetlands in Nsunga and Mombututa wards. This approach can serve as a proactive measure to mitigate the impact of changing climate patterns on agricultural activities in the region.

3.3.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis

3.3.5.1 The Impact of Existing Trends on The Environment and Climate Change The environmental and climate change issues have a substantial impact on the agricultural sector. Changes in climatic patterns, temperature fluctuat ions, and environmental degradation pose significant challenges to sustainable agricultural practices. Here is an analysis of the impact: Weather Variability: Fluctuations in weather patterns, such as irregular rainfall and temperature changes, directly affect crop growth cycles, leading to unpredictable yields. Water Scarcity: Changing climate conditions contribute to water scarcity, impacting irrigation practices and potentially reducing overall crop production. Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and storms, poses a threat to crop cultivation, livestock, and overall farm infrastructure. Shifts in Pest and Disease Patterns: Changes in climate create favorable conditions for the emergence of new pests and diseases, affecting crop health and productivity. Soil Degradation: Environmental changes contribute to soil degradation, reducing fertility and hindering agricultural productivity. 70 Impact on Livestock: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect the well-being and productivity of livestock, leading to challenges in animal husbandry. Adaptation Strategies: The sector must adopt adaptive strategies, such as crop diversification, water-efficient farming techniques, and the use of climate- resistant crop varieties. Resource Management: Sustainable resource management practices are crucial to mitigate the environmental impact, including proper waste disposal, efficient water use, and soil conservation measures. Policy Considerations: The sector needs robust policies addressing climate change resilience, sustainable farming practices, and the promotion of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies. Community Engagement: Involving local communities in climate-smart agricultural practices and raising awareness about environmental conservation is vital for long-term resilience. Understanding and addressing these environmental and climate change challenges are essential for the agricultural sector to build resilience, ensure food security, and contribute to sustainable development in the face of evolving climate conditions.

3.3.5.2 The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector The agricultural sector significantly influences climate change and the environment through various practices and processes. Here is an analysis of the sector's impact: 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Agricultural activities, such as enteric fermentation from livestock, rice cultivation, and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, contribute to the release of greenhouse gases, including methane and nitrous oxide. 2. Land Use Change: Expansion of agricultural land often involves deforestation, leading to the release of stored carbon in trees and impacting biodiversity. 3. Water Usage and Pollution: Intensive irrigation practices and the use of agrochemicals contribute to water scarcity and pollution, affecting aquatic ecosystems. 4. Soil Degradation: Unsustainable farming practices, such as excessive tilling and monoculture, contribute to soil degradation, leading to reduced fertility and increased vulnerability to erosion. 5. Deforestation: Clearing land for agriculture, especially for large-scale farming, contributes to deforestation, reducing carbons equestration and disrupting ecosystems. 6. Biodiversity Loss: Monoculture and the use of certain agricultural practices can lead t o the loss of biodiversity, affecting ecosystems and disrupting natural 71 balances. 7. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies: Adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices, agroforestry, and sustainable land management are essential for mitigating the sector's impact on climate change. 8. Resource Efficiency: Improving resource efficiency, such as water and energy use, and adopting precision farming techniques can minimize the sector's environmental footprint. 9. Carbon Sequestration: Implementing agroforestry and reforestation initiatives within agricultural landscapes can contribute to carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 10. Policy and Regulation: Enforcing and promoting policies that encourage sustainable agricultural practices, agroecology, and environmental conservation is crucial for minimizing the sector's negative impact. Balancing the need for increased agricultural productivity with environmental sustainability is paramount. The sector has the potential to be a part of climate change solutions through the adoption of eco-friendly practices and the integration of climate-smart technologies.

3.3.6 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups The agricultural sector often presents unique challenges and opportunities for different gender and vulnerable groups. Here is an analysis of the issues arising in this context. • Gender Disparities in Access to Resources: Women, compared to men, may face challenges in accessing key resources such as land, credit, and technology, limiting their participation in productive agricultural activities. • Limited Participation in Decision-Making: Gender imbalances persist in decision-making processes related to agricultural activities, with women and vulnerable groups having limited representation and influence. • Unequal Access to Agricultural Extension Services: Women and vulnerable groups may encounter barriers in accessing crucial agricultural extension services, limiting their exposure to new technologies and knowledge. • Land Tenure Insecurity: Vulnerable groups, including women, may experience land tenure insecurity, limiting their ability to invest in long-term agricultural activities. other issues include limited access to market information and technologies. 72

3.3.6.1 Men and Boys Lack of education and training hinder men from adapting modern agricultural practices as men need best practices, climate technics and market trends. skilled development is critical for increasing productivity. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that involves promoting gender equality, ensuring inclusive decision-making processes, and implementing targeted interventions that consider the unique needs and vulnerabilities of different groups within the agricultural sector.

3.3.7 Sector Summary The sector is growing due to the increased numbers of farmers participating in agriculture activities. While there is this increase in the number of people participating in agricultural activities, production and productivity has remain low due to the following reasons; low staffing levels of agricultural extension staff, inadequate transport, lack of mechanization, lack of irrigation infrastructure and poor road network. Therefore, low production and productivity is core affecting the sector. 73

3.4 Fisheries And Livestock Sector Agriculture remains the key source of livelihood and the center of economic activity in Milenge district. Livestock and fish farming has proved to be a very sustainable source of income with attractive profit margins. Therefore, with high production and productivity, high profits could be scored among other benefits such as food security attainment.

3.4.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At A Local Level Through National Livestock Development Policy, we are going to promote sustainable livestock production and productivity, establish standards and quality of livestock, livestock products and by products. Promotion of routine fisheries and livestock extension services Utilization of Second National Agricultural Policy 2016 (SNAP) – Through this policy, we intend to mainstream promotion of production of fish and livestock as business in our extension messages to all our farmers in order to attain financial and food security at household level. Fisheries and aquaculture development: There is need for a holistic approach to fisheries management, focusing on several key actions. This includes, community awareness campaigns regarding the significance of utilizing legal fishing gears and enforcing regulations to deter illegal gear usage. Moreover, there should be a strong emphasis on educating communities about conserving natural fishery habitats. Additionally, efforts aimed towards establishing market connections for fish farmers, ensuring sustainability and market access for their produce, have to be strengthened. Livestock development: The comprehensive approach to livestock development must be promoted. Central to this strategy is community awareness campaigns, aimed at emphasizing the significance of livestock rearing within communities. The promotion of livestock smart technologies, including innovative methods like pasture and forage production, is underscored to enhance the efficiency of livestock farming. Equally crucial to this development, is the provision of disease control services, ensuring the health and well-being of the livestock. Research and development: Carrying out simple on-farm research works especially in animal nutrition aimed at addressing the issue of animal nutrition during dry season Early warning and surveillance systems: Conducting scheduled and emergency animal disease surveillance and delivering timely disease warning messages to communities. 74 Agribusiness development: Training farmers in livestock and fisheries value chains, promoting farming as a business, and providing market linkages for both fisheries and livestock. Advocating for construction of slaughter slabs and livestock bulking centers in all the fifteen (15) wards of the district • Implementing Livestock stocking and restocking • Implementing Zambia Aquaculture Enterprise Development Programme (ZAEDP) Implementing Enhanced Smallholder Livestock Investment Programme (ESLIP) • National Livestock Development Policy – This policy aims to promote sustainable livestock production and productivity, establish standards and quality of livestock, livestock products and by products. • Promotion of routine fisheries and livestock extension services • Second National Agricultural Policy 2016 (SNAP) – The policy highlights the potential of the agriculture sector and has identified the fisheries and livestock sector at the heart of agricultural development priorities. We intend to mainstream promotion of production of fish and livestock as business in our extension messages to all our farmers in order to attain financial and food security at household level. key priorities of the 8th national development plan and how they are to be implemented at a local level In the Eighth National Development Plan, under the strategy of increasing agricultural production and productivity, some of the programmes to be implemented in the sector will be to; • Enhance market information provision; • Enhance its collaboration with key partners in the market linkage players. • Enhance implementation of capacity building initiatives in entrepreneurship, value chain development and trade facilitation. • Enhance development of fodder and pasture production and conservation of natural pasture • Enhance collaborative and sustainable management of Capture Fisheries resources; and • Enhance Promotion of aquaculture development programmes. • Enhance promotion of Technological Developments by: • Promotion of adherence to Legal Developments Fisheries and aquaculture development – Milenge district has a number of water bodies. Which are suitable for fisheries development. Under this programme, the sector will continue to enforce the annual fishing ban, through routine patrols on the Luapula, Lwela rivers and other major water bodies. This will allow for fish breeding and 75 development of varieties of fish stocks. Additionally, sector will enhance sensitization in communities to encourage them access CDF empowerment grants and loans for investment into fish farming. Livestock Development – the sector will continue to promote routine livestock extension services. Status of Implementation of Existing Plans And Strategies In The District Livestock And Fisheries Deve lopment The fisheries and Livestock sector at local level is doing the following: - i. Enhanced development of fodder and pasture production and conservation of natural pasture. This strategy is aimed at improving animal nutrition to the livestock especially during dry periods of the year. This would be achieved through the Enhanced Small holder Livestock Investment Programme (ESLIP) which is in the district, under the component of Pasture Production subcomponents namely Forage Production, Conservation and Utilization and Rangeland Management and Utilization. Also, such a strategy would be achieved through implementation of Livestock Production and Extension as a Programme under the department of Livestock Development. ii. Enhanced collaborative and sustainable management of Capture Fishery resources. This strategy would be achieved through implementation of Capture Fisheries Development as a program under the department of Fisheries iii. Enhanced Promotion of aquaculture development programmes. This strategy would be achieved through implementation of Zam bia Aquaculture Enterprise Development Programme which s in the district as well as implementation of Aquaculture Development as a program under the department of Fisheries. Social Developments Prioritised and intensified sensitization initiatives for HIV/AIDs, gender mainstreaming as well as nutrition education in communities and households particularly. Enhanced its collaboration with partners involved in nutrition programmes such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Community Development and Social Services (CDSS) and Ministry of Health. 76 Technological Developments I. The fisheries sector has been promoting climate smart fisheries and livestock production technologies, one way has been promotion of integrated fish and livestock farming as a climate smart technology, this is being promoted in all the wards. II. Promoting the use of E-extension services in livestock production and animal health services (all the wards). We have utilized Kob o Collect and MFLAIS as well as E-MFLAIS in livestock extension services in all the wards. Apart from that, as a department we have created a WhatsApp platform called Livestock Quora Digest where farmers ask questions on most livestock issues and responses are provided to them. We also do provide extension services through SMSs MMSs to livestock and fish farmers.

3.4.2 Description of The Existing State of Development

3.4.2.1 Availability of Services The fisheries and livestock subsectors in Milenge district are characterized by low production and productivity. Tables 25 below depicts the current situation in terms of figures from Livestock and Fisheries subsectors in the district against the population of about 57,000. Out of 57,000 people in Milenge district, the current numbers of fish farmers are 40 whose percentage is only 0.07%, which is very low and need to do more fish farming promotion through extension and advisory services. Aquaculture Data Depicting Current State of Development Vet Camp or Area No. of Fish No. of No. of Total Surface No. of Groups No. of Individual ponds stocked fish unstocked Area (m²) (Fish Farmers) Fish Farmers ponds fish ponds Kapalala 07 05 02 2, 900m2 02 01 Shitambuli 00 00 00 00 00 00 Fibalala 59 09 50 8,060m2 02 31 Mulumbi 10 10 00 1, 370m2 03 04 Kabange 09 07 02 2,200m2 03 04 Total 85 31 54 13, 330m2 10 40 Table 26: Aquaculture Development trends, MFL, 2023 77 The table depicts the current situation in terms of figures from Livestock and Fisheries subsectors in the district against the population of about 57,000. Out of 57,000 people in Milenge district, the current numbers of livestock keepers is 42,750 at 75%. However, more needs to be done as the numbers of livestock still remain low against the numbers of farmers keeping them by promotion of livestock production as business through extension and advisory services. Livestock Data Depicting Current State of Development YEAR CATTLE GOATS SHEEP PIGS CHICKENS TURKEYS DUCKS FOWLS GUINEA CATS DOGS RABBITS 2020 498 5,988 407 1,600 39, 433 135 3,200 542 301 453 113 2021 501 6, 423 389 1,653 40, 501 135 3,200 501 321 432 276 2022 524 6, 700 410 1,753 43, 598 135 3,200 632 231 467 287 Table 27: State of livestock development, (MFL 2023) The table below depicts the current situation in terms of essential veterinary infrastructure, equipment and tools as the current status quo Animal health facilities in terms of dip tanks are needed as well as equipment and tools for carrying out animal health services. Essential Veterinary Infrastructure, Equipment and Tools Depictng Current State of Development No. of Staff No. of Dip Tanks No. of Bailer No. Veterinary No. of Incubators Equipment Kit 10 1 Nil 1 2 Table 28: Veterinary infrastructure, equipment and tools, MFL 2023 Current Staffng at District Level Veterinary/ Number of Staff Livestock Camp Livestock Dept Vet Dept Fisheries Dept Admin TOTAL Mikula (DISTRICT) 1 1 1 5 8 78 Veterinary/ Number of Staff Current Estimated Livestock camp Livestock Dept Vet Dept Fisheries Dept Livestock Population Mikula 1 Katena 1 table Kapalala 1 Refer to the livestock population Sokontwe Mumbotuta Nsunga Nsaka Milambo 1 Lwela Fishikwa Mulumbi Matontola 1 above Fibalala Lusumbwe Chipundu Table 29: Staffing at field level, (MFL 2023)

3.4.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance The quality of extension services which is currently standing at 45% is not so impressive, due to the various factors, which include: I. Lack of abattoir facilities both by the sector and local authority to carry out meat inspections. II. Lack of laboratory facilities for disease diagnosis. III. Lack of quarantine facilities for isolation sick animals to prevent spread disease spreading. IV. Inadequate staff, office building and office equipment’s. V. Lack of community-centred demonstration fish ponds and livestock service centres. VI. Lack of dip tanks. 79 In measuring the quality of service provided in this sector, the livestock and fisheries production has to be assessed with regard to the number of farmers involved in this sector. • Extension services are not adequately provided because of abnormal officer to famer ratio which stands at 1:2000 as opposed to the standard 1:400. we only have 7 field staff against the needed 30, this means only 7 veterinary camps are manned whereas 23 are not manned. As a result, 7officers have to cover the 23 veterinary camps, resulting in inefficiencies in extension delivery. • Pasture and forage production has been fair as the district has a lot of natural forages for livestock; in addition, many dambos available provide forages during dry season as well; looking at the numbers of the livestock numbers in reference to table 25, the district has a sustainable carrying capacity for the livestock; through ESLIP, the district is implementing forage production conservation and utilization to enhance provision of adequate nutrition to livestock especially in the dry season. • Looking at the numbers of livestock types in table 26, we are scoring relative growth generally at 12% over 2022 figures, however, the district lacks livestock structures such as livestock service centres and dip tanks to control diseases. This has potential to slow down the population growth for livestock. • Out of 43000 farmers in Milenge district, the current numbers of fish farmers are 40 with estimated quantity of 12 tonnes per year whose percentage is only 0.09%, which is very low and need to do more fish farming promotion through extension and advisory services. • Out of 43000 people in Milenge district, the current numbers of livestock keepers are 42,750 at 75%. However, more needs to be done as the numbers of livestock still remain low against the numbers of farmers keeping them by promotion of livestock production as business through extension and advisory services. 80

3.4.3 Issues Arising From Public Participation Process The following were the issues identified from the public process; 1. Inadequate office space 2. Lack of tools and equipment for training 3. High cost of stock feeds and vaccines for livestock. 4. Lack of dip tanks in the district. 5. Lack of animal identification and traceability system 6. Lack of abattoir facilities both by the sector and local authority to carry out meat inspections and lack of laboratory facilities for disease diagnosis. 7. Poor Attitude/mindset toward rearing of livestock and keeping fish 8. Lack of quarantine facilities for isolation sick animals to prevent spread disease spreading. 9. Illiteracy levels are high being a recipe for poor or low adoption of technological innovations. 10. Lack of fish breeding centre 11. Lack of livestock service centres where to carry out farmer training for practicals. 12. Lack of fisheries and livestock input supply centers 13. Inadequate transport 14. Inadequate staff accommodation 15. Inadequate staff

3.4.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years

3.4.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities Demand for Livestock Extension and Advisory Services has been about 75%. Anticipated for these services for the next ten (10) years would rise to 85% of the total district population. During this period of ten (10) years from now, the demand for fish in Milenge district will increase. This will put pressure on the existing 40 fish ponds and Luapula river. Further, the huge demand will increase the use of unsustainable fishing methods putting more stress on the existing production facilities. Increased agricultural land use: Investments in livestock and fisheries may lead to the expansion of agricultural land, potentially encroaching on natural habitats and forests. Population growth and migration: Development programs may attract people to Milenge, leading to population growth and changes in population distribution patterns, potentially straining local resources and infrastructure. Urbanization of Milenge town: Investments in fisheries and livestock processing industries may contribute to the growth of Milenge town, altering population distribution patterns and putting pressure on urban infrastructure. 81 Environmental impacts: Intensive aquaculture and livestock production may lead to environmental degradation, such as water pollution and soil degradation, affecting local ecosystems and human well-being. Increased pressure on natural resources: Because of growing population and agricultural activities Expansion of irrigation schemes: Development programs may lead to the expansion of irrigation schemes, altering land use patterns and potentially affecting local water sources and aquatic ecosystems.

3.4.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes The following are the proposed development programmes in the district under the sector; • Construction of 6 large ruminant dip tanks in the veterinary camps as shown below: ➢ Matontola (2) ➢ Fibalala (2) ➢ Lusumbwe (1) ➢ Kapalala (1) • Construction of district laboratory for easy diagnosis of animal disease. • Recruitment of additional staff and acquisition of motor bikes to easy movements of staff. • Construction of housing units for field staff • Finishing up the construction of the livestock service centre. • Completion the office block for office space. • Providing motorbike and vehicle • Provision of extension and advisory services • Construction of slaughter slabs. We do not have any slaughter slabs in the district. The plan is to have a slaughter slab in each ward.

3.4.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis

3.4.5.1 Impact Of The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change The detrimental effects of the sector on environment will likely be overgrazing, habitat loss, overfishing, and more. Livestock rearing contributes to greenhouse gases from cow dung. The creation fish ponds, will require substantial quantity of land to be cleared, mainly this happens in wetlands or dambo areas. This activity will 82 disturbance the ecosystem in those areas.

3.4.5.2 Impact Of Environment And Climate Change On The Sector In Milenge district, the fisheries and livestock sub-sector has been faced with a number of environmental developments. The major issue has been the changing rainfall pattern that has led to incidences of dry spells and floods. These changes have affected fish and livestock production. Coupled with high levels of land degradation due to deforestation and soil erosion which in return has affected; • fisheries nesting grounds, • migration of migratory fish species, • worsened mortality, incidences of disease and pest outbreaks contributing to erratic fisheries and livestock production.

3.4.6 Issues Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups Milenge District faces specific challenges related to gender and vulnerable groups in the Fisheries and Livestock sector, including: Limited access to fishing gear and boats: Women in Milenge District face difficulties in accessing fishing gear and boats, restricting their participation in fishing activities. Cultural barriers: Traditional gender roles and stereotypes limit women's involvement in decision-making processes and leadership positions in the sector. Lack of training and education: Women have limited access to training and education in fisheries and livestock management, hindering their ability to improve their livelihoods. Unpaid labor: Women in Milenge District often perform unpaid labor in fisheries and livestock production, such as processing and marketing. Gender-based violence: Women in the sector may face violence and harassment, particularly in isolated fishing camps and markets. Vulnerable Groups: Small-scale fishers and farmers: Small-scale producers in Milenge District lack access to markets, credit, and technology, making them vulnerable to market fluctuations and environmental changes. Indegenous communities: Indigenous peoples in the district, such as the Batwa and Bena Lulua, face marginalization and displacement from their traditional fishing and hunting grounds. Youth and children: Children in Milenge District may be involved in child labor in the sector, and youth lack opportunities for education and employment. People with disabilities: Individuals with disabilities in the district face barriers in 83 accessing the sector, including lack of accessible infrastructure and equipment. Orphans and vulnerable children: Orphans and vulnerable children in Milenge District may be forced into child labor or exploitative situations in the sector.

3.4.7 Sector Summary Milenge district has great potential in Fisheries and Livestock Production. The sector has delivered Fisheries and Livestock Extension and advisory services to promote increased production and productivity. This has resulted in an increase in numbers of Livestock keepers, fish farmers, and fisher adherence to capture fisheries regulations. However, Issues such as expensive and lack of fisheries and livestock inputs, poor road network have attributed to low livestock and fisheries productivity and production as the core issue for the sector. 84

3.5 Community Development And Social Welfare Sector The government has a strong realization that to attain economic development, there is need to harmonize and strengthen social protection programmes and systems at district and community level in order to address the causes of poverty and vulnerability. For this reason, the community and social welfare sector, is a very critical sector in alleviating poverty levels in the country.

3.5.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At A Local Level The following priorities are being implemented in the district. I. Food Security Pack to provide seed packs and fertilizer to marginalized population. II. Social Cash Transfer III. Non-formal education and skills training IV. Provision of child protection and juvenile justice services. V. Gender and development (women empowerment, support women livelihood and village banking VI. Rehabilitation, care and protection of juveniles and children in need in order to reduce delinquency. Key Priorities Of The Eighth National Development Plans And How They Are To Be Implement At Local Level Social Cash Transfer Program The Government has been implementing the Social Cash Transfer Programme and Public Welfare Assistance Scheme at district level. The scheme provides beneficiaries with cash transfer every two months to support their livelihood. The beneficiaries are identified through the established structures known as the Community Welfare Assistance Committees (CWACs). These sub -committees have the mandate to identify would-be –social cash transfer and assisting the pay point managers in making payments. Food Security Pack Program The Food Security Pack (FSP) is one of the Social Safety Net programmes identified in the National Social Protection Policy that targets the poor and vulnerable but viable farmers’ households especially the female-headed holds with agricultural inputs and accompanying services. The department of community development in the IDP area of Milenge district will continue to implement this government policy. 85 This programme consists of three (3) major components indicated here as follows; • Wetland cropping; • Rain Fed cropping and • Alternative Livelihood Intervention (ALI). Status Of The Implementation Of Existing Plans And Strategies In The District Milenge district had a total of 2,117 vulnerable but viable farmers who benefitted in the year 2022 from the Food Security Pack (FSP) programme, that is 1, 517 Rainfed and 600 Wetland components. The district didn’t benefit from the Alternative Livelihood Intervention. In 2021, 2,200 farmers benefited from the FSP all were on the rainfed cropping. In 2020, 300 farmers benefited from the FSP who were weaned off in 2022 for they had benefited in the 2 consecutive seasons of 2020/2021 and the 2021/2022 according to the FSP guidelines. The FSP programme has been implemented in all the 15 wards of the district, targeting households categorized as: • Female headed houses, • Households Keeping Orphans, • Aged Headed Households, • Terminally Ill Headed Households, • Disabled Headed Households, • Child Headed Households, • Unemployed Youth Headed Households, The programme structure is that after giving households farming inputs, has a guideline on paybacks which require the districts to open District Recoveries Accounts (DRAs). The paybacks are as follows: 86 Paybacks Table 30: Food Security Packs, paybacks 2022, (Milenge DCDO) Recoveries or Payback Guide Quantity Unit Weight Recoveries or Payback on Wetland cropping Input type Maize 1 5Kg 1 and ½ x 25Kg bags of green Maize cobs by volume or equivalent in monetary terms Rice 1 5Kg 15Kg grain or equivalent in monetary terms Vegetables (Green Beans, 3 Sachets Local market cost of vegetable seed Okra, Spinach, Onion, Pumpkin, Watermelon, Butternut, Recoveries or Quantity Unit Recoveries or Payback Payback Guide on Weight or Rainfedcropping Input type Volume Maize 1 10Kg 2 x 50Kg or (3 buckets i.e. 3 x 20 Liters by volume) or equivalent in monetary terms Sorghum 1 5Kg 10Kg grain or equivalent in monetary terms ffffffffffff Rice 1 10Kg 10Kg grain or equivalent in monetary terms Groundnuts 1 10Kg 1 x 50 Kg bag by volume, unshelled or equivalent in monetary terms Beans 1 10Kg 10Kg grain or equivalent in monetary terms Soya Beans 1 5Kg 10Kg grain or equivalent in monetary terms Cowpeas 1 2.5Kg 10Kg or 15kg grain or equivalent in 5Kg monetary terms Cassava 105 Nil 1 x 25kg bag dried cassava by volume cuttings or equivalent in monetary terms Sweet Potato 20 bags 50 kg bags 1 x 25kg sweet potatoes by volume or of vines by volume

3.5.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development

3.5.2.1 Availability Of Service The district is also benefiting from the Social Cash Transfer and Food Security Pack programmes, being implemented by the government. The Social Cash Transfer, is the dominant social protection program, with regard to poverty alleviating and reducing of poverty at household level. 87 Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS) The Public Welfare Assistance Scheme program is aimed at providing support to poor and most vulnerable households and individuals in times of acute stress in order to mitigate the impact of shock, reduce destitution as well as contribute to reduction in poverty. The program provides Public Welfare Assistance Scheme services which include; social support, access to health, education support, repatriation of stranded persons and eligibility assessment to tertiary education bursaries. Currently coverage for the above mention scheme stands 34 %. Social Cash Transfer The Government has been implementing the Social Cash Transfer Programme and Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS) at district level. The scheme provides beneficiaries with cash transfer every two months to support their livelihood. The beneficiaries are identified through the established community structures known as the Community Welfare Assistance Committees (CWACs). These sub-committees have the mandate to identify would be Social Cash Transfer beneficiary households and assisting the Pay Point Managers in making payments Bi-Monthly. 1. Increased number of beneficiaries on the social cash transfer programme from 1,534 in 2012 to 9,409 in 2022. 2. An estimated 7,734 female beneficiaries are on the programme and 1,675 males. 3. Increased the transfer amount from K120 in 2012 to K400 in 2022 for able bodied beneficiaries 4. Increased the transfer amount from K280 in 2014 to K800 in 2022 for disabled beneficiaries 5. Increased on the number of CWACs from 25 in 2012 to 52 CWACs in 2022 Table of Beneficiaries District Type of Model Un-Disable Male Disabled Male Un-Disabled Disabled Female Total Female Beneficiaries Milenge Inclusive 1,405 270 7,242 492 9,409 Model Table 31: Social cash transfer beneficiaries, (MCDO, 2023) 88 Among other social protection programmes, in the district is Food Security Pack (FSP). This is the programme through which the department of community development, provides farming inputs to the vulnerable but viable farmers. Allocation of Inputs by subcentres for 2022/2023 Farming Season Cropping Programme Input Pack Allocation for 2022/2023 Farming Season Province Beneficiaries Compound D Urea Cereal Legumes Seed (50Kg) (50Kg) Seed (10Kg) (10Kg) T G/N B MIKULA 257 514 257 257 257 100 157 KATENA 80 160 80 80 80 40 40 KAPALALA 160 320 160 160 160 80 80 SOKONTWE 80 160 80 80 80 30 50 MUMBOTUTA 90 180 90 90 90 25 65 NSUNGA 60 120 60 60 60 25 35 CHIPUNDU 50 100 50 50 50 25 25 LUSUMBWE 130 260 130 130 130 55 75 FIBALALA 80 160 80 80 80 30 50 MULUMBI 90 180 90 90 90 25 65 NSAKA 80 160 80 80 80 30 50 MATONTOLA 90 180 90 90 90 25 65 FISHIKWA 90 180 90 90 90 40 50 LWELA 100 200 100 100 100 40 60 MILAMBO 80 160 80 80 80 30 50 Totals 1,517 3,034 1,517 1,517 1,517 600 917 Table 32: Inputs allocation by subcentre for 2022/ 2023 farming season (MCDO, 2023 89 Wetland cropping Milenge district in 2022, had a total of 600 beneficiary households on the Wetland component. Rainfed Cropping Milenge district had a total of 1,517 FSP vulnerable but viable households in the year 2022/2023 farming season, leaving a balance of 683 as carry over in the 2023/2024 season from the number 2,200 who benefited in the 2021/2022 season. These are households that must benefit in the two consecutive seasons then weaned off. Women Empowerment and Self-Help In enhancing the well-being and the livelihoods of the citizenry the government encourages people to form clubs and community groups which are assisted with grants for them to undertake income generating ventures and self-help projects. The government of late funds the clubs and community groups through Constituency Development Funds (CDF)at the Councils. Milenge district has also benefited from the grants through CDF, which previous were disbursed through the department of Community Development under the Women Empowerment and Self-Help unit. Supporting Women’s Livelihood (SWL) Project This is one of the components of the GEWEL project, which aims at increasing access to livelihood support for women by way of providing them with productivity grants, training in business and life skills as well mentorship. Currently the department of community development is implementing the GEWEL project in Milenge district, targeting 448 SWL women. Since the inception of GEWEL project in Milenge district in 2018, under the component of Supporting Women’s Livelihoods (SWL, 1, 772 women will have benefited the productivity grants of US $225 each. 90 The table below shows the numbers of women who benefited according to the phases shown: PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4 PHASE 5 TOTAL # of women 491 490 343 448 1, 772 # CWACs 18 19 11 14 (repeated CWACs) 48 Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 Table 33: GEWEL beneficiaries (MCDO, 2023) Functional Literacy The 45 functional literacy classes in Milenge district are non-operational due to lack of teaching and learning materials and funds to pay Literacy Volunteer Instructors (LVI) allowances. The department in the district still owes the Literacy Volunteer Instructors about K18,144.00 as allowances from 2012 to 2015 when they stopped teaching the classes. The sector in collaboration with the local authority, has developed a training plan and identification criteria of the Literacy Volunteer Instructors (LVI) in order to revamp the Functional Literacy Classes in the district. The District Community Development Office, proposes that in each ward, the Council through ward development committees identifies Literacy Volunteer Instructors (LVI) and help with formation of Functional Literacy classes which will be taught by a volunteer who can read, write and do simple arithmetic. The illiteracy levels in the district which is at 80% is verified by many people who can’t write their names during GEWEL, Social Cash Transfers payments and when voting. 91 NAME OF PROGRAM NO. OF BENEFICIARIES TOTAL Area of Operation Male Female Women 0 400 400 52 CWACs Empowerment Food Security 500 1,700 2,200 All Wards Support Adult Literacy 205 609 814 52 CWACs Community Self- 6 9 15 ALL CWACs Help Initiative Social Cash 9,409 ALL CWACs Transfer Table 34: Social protection programme, (MCDO, 2023)

3.5.2.2 Quality of Service Including Key Indicators of Performance Provision of service in the sector has been challenging due to the inadequacies in human resource in the two departments of community development and social welfare. In 2022, Milenge district’s recoveries were as follows: MILENGE FSP PAYBACKS REPORT- 2022 EXPECTED ACTUAL 2021 BAGS BAGS 50 EXPECTED ACTUAL S/N SUBCENTRE PACKS 50kg kg FUNDS FUNDS BALANCE Milenge 1 Central 300 600 600 75,000 75,000 0 2 Katena 100 200 180 25,000 22,500 2,500 3 Kapalala 250 500 460 62, 500 62,500 0 4 Mashika 200 400 277 50,000 34,638 15,362 5 Mumbotuta 100 200 195 25,000 16,200 625 Table 35: Food Security Programmes as @ 2022, (MCDO, 2023) 92 Lungo 6 mukut 100 200 130 25,000 16,250 8,750 7 Butimbwe a 100 200 120 25,000 16, 000 0 8 Milulu 200 400 398 50,000 50,000 0 9 Fibalala 150 300 300 45,000 45,000 0 10 Mulumbi 100 200 200 30,000 30,000 0 11 Mulungushi 100 200 235 30,000 30,000 0 12 Kabange 150 300 204 37,500 25,553 11,947 13 Fishikwa 100 200 200 30,000 30,000 0 14 Lwela 150 300 300 57,000 0 0 15 Milambo 100 200 169 28,000 23,660 4,340 TOTALS 2,200 4,400 3,968 595,000 477,301 43, 524 The table above shows the investment made in the AFSP program in milenge district in 2023 season. Going by the funding profile and achieved results against set target. The programme is fairing very well with 80% payback on investment. Some of the achievement from paybacks include procurement of 9 hammer mills, construction of 1 storage slab and a house. The investments are given back to various wards. Note that not all AFSPCs sold their bags of paybacks to FRA but to also Local Millers at different prices.

3.5.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process 1. Inadequate knowledge on eligibility and grievance redress Mechanism 2. Lack of alternative payment modalities 3. Low staffing levels at sub district 93 4. High illiteracy levels 5. Lack of social recreation centers 6. Gender discrimination in social cash transfer programmes with men feeling excluded.

3.5.4 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years

3.5.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities The population of Milenge district is projected to double and this will in turn place an increased burden on the district Social Protection service delivery capacity. In the next 10 years due to population increase, the district anticipates increased demand for social protection services offered by programs like Social Cash Transfer (SCT) Programme and Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS). Increased demand on Social Protection Services will require an increase in the staffing levels at the district office from 2 to 4 and 2 other staff to be based at the satellite office in Milenge West for smooth delivery of Social Protection Services. The increase in staff will require more office for Smooth Office operations. To reduce on this, there will be need to increase Staff, Office Space, beneficiary transfer amount and inputs, increase on the number of beneficiaries on all the Social Protection services programmes.

3.5.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes In the next 10 years due to population increase, the district anticipates increased demand for social protection services offered by programs like SCT and PWAS. However, as macro and micro economic parameters improves in the district, demand will begin to steady decline. The Ministry of Community Development and Social Services working together with the local authority, through the implementation of the constituency development fund (CDF) plans to construct a Social Recreation Centre and Shelter for Survivors of Gender Based Violence (GBV) which will include offices for some Staff for smooth Social Service Delivery. In addition, the district also plans to construct a recreation center for the general public. In order to enhance skills among the youths, the district plans to establish a skills training center. 94

3.5.5 Environmental and Climate Change Analysis

3.5.5.1 Impact Of The Environment And Climate Change On The Sector The environment is a source of livelihood for most poor and vulnerable households/people. Increase in social protection programs such as Social Cash Transfer, Public Welfare Assistance Scheme, Food Security Pack and others have reduced the pressure exerted on the environment to sustain beneficiary categories of social protection. Therefore, reduced investment by way of caseloads, funding and periodization may result in increased deforestation through charcoal burning; environmental degradation arising from soil erosion and destroyed carbon sinks (trees). Fauna and flora will also be lost. The harsh weather conditions have made it difficult for some local people to engage in farming and other economic activities that depend on the environment thereby increasing the number of vulnerable people in the district. The same conditions have also caused some beneficiaries to over stay on the Social Cash Transfer program making social protection very expensive.

3.5.5.2 The Impact of Development Trends In The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change The enhanced stability and rise in income through initiatives like the social cash transfer and food security packs have empowered more families to engage in agriculture. However, this increased agricultural activity has led to the clearing of significant areas of land, resulting in adverse effects on the environment.

3.5.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups The Social Protection or Social Safety-Nets programs are meant to give assistance to vulnerable but viable people to improve their living standards. Acknowledging how gender in engraved in poverty and vulnerability, the majority of beneficiaries of social protection programs have been women. The thematic area has embraced gender as cross cutting issue in all its programs. Women, girls, children (child headed households), people living with disabilities, chronically ill on palliative care and households with elderly members above 65 years have been prioritized in all social protection interventions. 1. Poor access to adult literacy programmes, especially for girls and women. 2. Poor access for information on empowerment programmes. 95

3.5.7 Sector Summary The number of beneficially for social protection programmes like social cash transfer and food security pack has increased over the years. However, the district has continued to experience high poverty levels which is currently standing at 64% according to GEWEL supporting women livelihood SWL report obtained from the ministry website. Therefore, High poverty levels at households’ level is the core issue affecting the sector. 96

3.6 Infrastructure, Transport, Telecommunication And Energy Sector Improved infrastructure development is indispensable for enabling rural economic growth, furthermore, it plays an essential role in improving rural livelihoods and enhancing sustainable development. Milenge district, has had minimal infrastructure development recorded in the previous years, hence the relationship between rural infrastructure plays in enhancing the livelihoods cannot be underestimated.

3.6.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level Some of the key government priorities to be implemented at local level will be; I. The Public Roads Act no. 12 of 2002, which will be spearheaded by the Road Development Agency (RDA). The authority will spearhead the rehabilitation of the district roads, construction and rehabilitation of feeder roads in the district during the IDP period. II. The Local Government Act No. 2 of 2019, which has given the mandate to the local authorities for maintenance of urban and feeder roads within the administrative boundaries of that respective local authority. In implementing this mandate, the local authority, is utilizing the CDF community project component to undertake holding maintenance of township and selected feeders. III. Rural Electrification Master Plan. Through CDF, financial resource has been allocated, towards the electrification of identified public institutions of critical socio-economic importance. This is been done in collaboration with the rural electrification authority (REA). The objective of this policy, is to provide electricity to unserved communities especially in rural areas like Milenge. The implementation of this policy commenced in the year 2023. Key Priorities Of The 8 th National Development Plans/ Strategies In eighth national development plan the government has made some commitments towards the maintenance, development, modernization and integration of the road, rail, air and water transport infrastructure. This will contribute to opening up of rural areas like Milenge for development. 97

3.6.2 Description of the Existing State Of Development

3.6.2.1 Availability Of Services Milenge relies solely on road transport for accessibility, with the D100 providing connectivity to neighboring districts such as Samfya, Chembe, and Mansa. However, the district faces challenges during the rainy season, with occasional cut-offs due to the poor state of the roads. Major crossing points at Kafubashi, Mpolo, and Butimbwe often get flooded, exacerbating the situation. The district's road network, comprising major district and feeder roads, spans approximately 375 kilometers but lacks bituminous standard. Access to Milenge district primarily relies on the D100 road, also known as the Milenge – Kasanka road, which not only connects it to neighboring districts like Samfya and Chembe but also links it further to Mansa, the provincial headquarters of Luapula province. Transport Infrastructure Since 2022, under the Expanded Constituency Development Fund (CDF), the district, through the local authority, has been undertaking routine maintenance of the Kasanka – Milenge road. However, due to inadequate financial resources, these maintenance works are currently limited to spot improvements on critical sections of the 74-kilometre stretch. 98 Figure 18: Major access roads. Source: Milenge DPU GIS Unit. Aviation Development In Milenge, there is currently two air strips, which unfortunately are non-functional. Previously, these air strips were mostly utilized by Zambia Flying Doctors to serve the health facilities in Milenge district and respond to medical referral cases to Ndola. Situated in Katena ward, the airstrip is located in the Mpande and Lukwesa area and Lwela mission area. 99 Figure 19: East - 7 and Lwela Airstrips. Inland Water Development And Maintenance Milenge has one pontoon crossing point along the Milenge – Kasanka (D100) road at Kapalala in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Currently the pontoon is non- functional. This service may be revamped, as these services have been devolved to the local authorities through Cabinet circular number 2 of 2023. 100 Figure 20: Kapalala nd Lwela pontoon crossing points.

3.6.2.2 Quality Of Service The road network throughout Milenge district is in a dire state, necessitating urgent construction and rehabilitation efforts. Specifically, the D100 road requires maintenance. Moreover, the district's two airstrips are also in a deplorable condition, significantly limiting air transport options and hindering the provision of essential services such as Zambia Flying Doctors. The two inland pontoons namely: the Kapalala and Lwela pontoons are also non-functional. 101 The table below shows the status of the district and feeder roads in Milenge Road Name Road Name Road Status and Ward and Distance Category Condition (KM) Milenge – D100 District Gravel Lusumbwe/ Chipundu/ (75Km) road Katena Kapalala/ Mikula kasanka (Bad) Mumanse – D100 District Gravel Mulumbi/ Fibalala/ Mulumbi (46Km) road (Bad) Milambo – R87(27Km) Feeder Gravel Lwela/ Fishikwa/Milambo Chembe road (Bad) Totolo – Nsaka 80Km Feeder Gravel Chipundu/Lusumbwe/Nsaka road (Bad) Malenga – 101Km Feeder Gravel Mumbotuta/Nsunga Ponga Ponga road (Bad) Lwela – D101(45Km) District Gravel Matontola/Fishikwa Milambo road (Bad) Kapala and 20km Feeder Earth Road Kapalala/sokontwe ward changwena- road katena (Bad) Totolo- 35km Feeder Gravel mulumbi- road nsonga and (Bad) kalali Talayi- 15km Feeder Gravel Mikula/sokontwe sokontwe road (Bad) Table 36: District and feeder roads, (Local authority, 2023) 102 Communication Infrastructure Existing State of Development in the District Mobile telecommunication services in the district are provided by Airtel, MTN, and Zamtel. In the urban area of Mikula ward, there is a more reliable and extensive network coverage offered by all three service providers. However, wards such as Nsaka and Nsunga lack mobile telecommunication coverage from any of the service providers. Additionally, several other wards experience limited network coverage, which significantly affects communications in those areas. Figure 21: Mobile telecommunication coverage, Source: INFRATEL and IHS tower database. . 103 Availability Of Services Zamtel is the predominant telecommunication network in Milenge. However, despite this, 95 percent of the Zamtel towers operated by INFRATEL ar e solar- powered. This reliance on solar power presents a challenge as it often leads to weak signal strength, resulting in poor network coverage even in areas where these towers are situated, such as Matontola, Fishikwa, Mumbotuta, Mulumbi, and Milambo wards. Moreover, the majority of solar-powered telecommunication towers in Milenge experience intermittent network connectivity issues during the evening and night hours, further exacerbating the challenges faced by users in the district. S/N Ward Name Network Coverage 1 Mikula Airtel/MTN and Wider Zamtel 2 Katena Airtel/ Zamtel Fair 3 Kapalala Airtel/ Zamtel Fair 4 Chipundu Airtel/ Zamtel Fair 5 Mumbotuta Zamtel Fair 6 Nsunga Non 7 Sokontwe Airtel/MTN and Fair Zamtel 8 Nsaka non 9 Lusumbwe Airtel/ Zamtel Fair 10 Fibalala Airtel/ Zamtel Fair 11 Mulumbi Zamtel Fair 12 Fishikwa Zamtel Fair 13 Lwela Zamtel/ Airtel Good 14 Milambo Zamtel Good 15 Matontola Zamtel Fair Table 37: Mobile telecommunication coverage Table 37 summarizes areas where mobile telecommunication network is available and which type of network. From the information in the table, it can be observed that Zamtel network is present in all the 14 wards except Nsunga ward. Radio Station The district plans to construct a radio station in order to ease communication with the members of the public. Currently there is no radio signal coverage in 104 most parts of the district. Quality Of Service The quality of service of all the IHS operated telecommunication towers is fair. For calls about 57% of the district receive high quality services. In term of internet capability, only 27 % of the district receive average quality internet services. Additionally, the quality of service provided by a network tower is typically dependent on its coverage radius. Zamtel has a broader coverage compared to Airtel and MTN. This is attributed to the higher number of towers and their distribution across the district. Energy Infrastructure Existing State Of Development In The District Development of the energy sector has been identified as one critical sector which can accelerate socio-economic development. It is worth noting that, despite Milenge been given a district status in 1997, it was only connected to the national electricity grid in 2018. In the IDP area the following strategy will be implemented as guided in the eighth national development plan. Strategy: Enhance Generation, Transmission And Distribution Of Electricity Programmes I. Electricity transmission and distribution II. Energy efficiency promotion III. Off-grid energy solutions IV. Green and renewable energy Electricity Transmission And Distribution Milenge district was connected to the electricity national grid in the year 2018, through the rural electrification project. Despite this development, a number of the critical infrastructure such as schools and health facilities have not been connected to electricity. However, some facilities are using solar powered electricity. 105 Table depicting school infrastructure with regard to electricity connection S/N NAME OF SCHOOL WARD STATUS 1 BUTIMBWE COMBINED CHIPUNDU Connected 2 KAFWANKA DAY SECONDARY FIBALALA Connected 3 KAFWANKA PRIMARY FIBALALA Connected 4 KAPALALA COMBINED KAPALALA Connected 5 LWELA PRIMARY LWELA Connected 6 MILENGE PRIMARY MIKULA Connected 7 LWELA SECONDARY LWELA Connected 8 MILENGE SECONDARY MIKULA Connected 9 TWATASHA PRIMARY SOKONTWE Connected 10 BUYANTANSHI PRIMARY MILAMBO Connected 11 DOKAMWE PRIVATE SCHOOL MIKULA Connected Table 38: Electricity connection to schools - (DEBS, 2023) Table 38 summarizes the schools within the district which are connected to the electricity national grid, this is out of the 57 schools. Table depicting health facilities with regard to electricity connection S/N NAME OF FACILITY WARD STATUS LWELA RURAL 1 HEALTH CENTRE LWELA Connected KAPALALA RURAL HEALTH CENTRE 2 KAPALALA Connected EAST 7 RURAL HEALTH CENTRE 3 MIKULA Connected MILENGE DISTRICT HOSPITAL 4 MIKULA Connected CHIBENDE RURAL HEALTH POST 5 MILAMBO Connected MILAMBO RURAL 6 HEALTH POST MILAMBO Connected CHIPUNDU RURAL 7 HEALTH FACILITY CHIPUNDU Connected Table 39: Health facilities connected to the national electricity grid - (DHO 2023) 106 Table 39 summarizes the health facilities within the district which are connected to the electricity national grid., this out of the 17 available facilities. Table depicting electricity connection % Of Commercial % Residential % Health Facilities % Schools % Agriculture facilities households connected to connected to Camps connected to connected to national grid national grid national grid national grid connected to national grid 21/52 (40%) 151/7594 (1.98%) 4/17 (23.5%) 5/57 (8.7%) 4/23 (17.4%) Table 40: Electricitry connection to residential and other critical public infrastructure, (ZESCO 2023) A total of 185 residential customers are currently connected to the power grid, which represents approximately 1.98% of households in the IDP area. This indicates a significant gap in connectivity, highlighting the necessity for expanding the electricity network to reach the underserved and unserved rural population within the IDP area. Availability Of Services Despite the district been connected to the electricity national grid, a greater part of the district and many public infrastructures still remains un-serviced. Milenge experiences frequent intermittent power outages due to the insufficient voltage supply in Luapula province. The province relies on a single 66-kilovolt transmission line from Kasama in the Northern Province, which maybe inadequate to meet the rapidly growing demand needs of entire province. However, the grid line servicing Milenge district, stretches from Samfya district, covering an approximate distance of 150 kilometers. While hydroelectric power remains the primary energy source in the district, there is a rising demand for solar energy, particularly within the water sector. Therefore, investing in solar energy is seen as a viable alternative for future energy needs. Fifteen (15) of the health facilities in the district have water schemes powered by solar energy. Quality Of Service The line connecting Milenge to the national grid is the 33 kilovolts, constructed of wooden poles from Samfya to Milenge and covering approximately 150 107 kilometers. The quality of service is adversely affected; • A good number of the wooden poles used to construct this line, were of poor/ low quality. They are frequently falling off the grid, causing intermittent power supply to the district. Hence, they urgently need to be replaced. • The power voltage is inadequate to support industrial growth and development. • Since the majority of the population in the Milenge are not connected/ unable to afford this service. Most household depend and rely on wood fuel, leading to an increase in cutting of trees for charcoal production.

3.6.3 Issues Arising From Public Participation Process • Need to upgrading of the Kasanka – Milenge (D100) and Mansa – Milambo (D101) to bituminous standard • Un-completed and inadequate district infrastructure projects in the district like the police stations, district administration e.t.c. • Non-operation of the Kapalala pontoon. • Inadequate telecommunication network and lack of network coverage in certain areas of the district, specifically Milenge resettlement scheme, Nsunga, Nsaka and Kabange wards • Deplorable airstrips at East 7 and at Lwela. • Thirteen (13) health facilities, forty-three (43) schools and Milenge resettlement scheme have not been connected to the national grid. • Frequent power outages in the district. • Enhance rural electrification.

3.6.4 Impact Of Change Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years

3.6.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities Transport Infrastructure As the population of Milenge continues to grow, it's imperative to recognize that road infrastructure will play a pivotal role in the district's economic development in the coming years. Improved road infrastructure will facilitate easier access, reduce travel time, and free up substantial funds currently allocated to routine gravelling and maintenance for allocation to other infrastructure needs. Under the Zambia Devolution Support Programme (ZDSP), of which Milenge district 108 is a beneficiary, the local authority plans to invest a portion of $200,000 in upgrading the transport infrastructure, with a specific focus on enhancing the road network. Communication Infrastructure As the population grows, a significant portion will rely on mobile telecommunication services, underscoring the importance of improving and expanding network coverage by establishing more towers, even in currently underserved areas. The proposed increase in the number of telecommunication towers will not only enhance ICT activities but also stimulate the growth of mobile money businesses and facilitate improved communication channels. Moreover, the enhancement of ICT infrastructure will attract more residents to areas with better connectivity. This, in turn, will drive the expansion of the electricity grid to previously underserved areas, creating a positive cycle of development and connectivity in Milenge district. Energy Infrastructure With the Mumbotuta hydro-power feasibility study underway and government ambition to increase the generation capacity and be electricity regional hub, it is expected that during the period of the IDP, this project will be developed. This will bring unprecedent development at settlement like Changwe Lungo, Kapalala and Butimbwe.

3.6.4.2 Proposed Investment And Development Programmes Upon conclusion of the feasibility study at proposed Mumbotuta hydro- power station. The project will have to commence and this is likely to result into the damming of the site, consequently leading to settlements displacement at Mumbotuta and other nearby villages. With the possibility of upgrading the Kasanka – Milenge road insight during the IDP period, the Kapalala pontoon will be made operational and the landing bay has to expanded. This development will require the displacement of people and/ or service facilities close to Kapalala. The trends will prompt preparation of a Local Area Plan through a Planning Agreement with the Local Chief of the area.

3.6.5 The Impact of Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns The entire road network (feeder and district roads) is constructed of gravel, for this 109 reason during the dry season, these roads tend to produce a lot of dustpollution, which may increase respiratory diseases along the settlements where they traverse through. When the proposed Luapula hydro-power station commences, construction of the dam will possibly disturb the ecosystem of the river at the proposed site of the project. Radiofrequency radiation, emitted by telecommunications infrastructure, can be absorbed by nearby body parts, potentially causing heat- related damage to tissues. This highlights the importance of locating telecommunicationfacilities in areas prioritizing resident safety. Additionally, these radiations may affect animals like birds. Therefore, environmental considerations are crucial in establishing and operating such infrastructure.

3.6.6 Environment And Climate Change Analysis

3.6.6.1 Impact Of The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change The energy and transport sector contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. The transport sector is responsible for about 25% of the greenhouse gas emission, with the largest contributor been road transport. Other impact include deforestation during the construction of road and other infrastructure and provision of energy at household level using charcoal.

3.6.6.2 Impact Of The Environment And Climate Change On The Sector. Extreme weather patterns and climate change have had a detrimental impact on road infrastructure in the district. Bridges are frequently washed away during floods, and gravel feeder roads become excessively muddy during the rainy season, hindering traffic movement. The district faces challenges common to adverse weather conditions, resulting in infrastructure damage and necessita ting the allocation of limited resources towards rehabilitation efforts. Consequently, road transport, especially in rural areas with inadequate drainage systems, is severely affected by these conditions.

3.6.7 Issues Relating To Gender And Vulnerable Groups Anticipated positive developments in the district include increased technological literacy among women, leading to easier communication through cell phones and improved access to services like mobile money, thus enhancing economic well-being. However, caution is advised, especially concerning young girls 110 vulnerable to online risks such as exploitation, highlighting the importance of responsible internet usage to protect their welfare. The lack of clean energy sources has resulted in women and girls spending significant time collecting firewood and preparing meals at home. This has led to decreased performance in schools as girls have less time for academic activities. During road construction, youths may engage in inappropriate behavior, including sexual activities, influenced by the increased number of people at construction sites. Disabled individuals may face challenges due to blocked roads, hindering movement. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS infection rates tend to rise during large construction projects. Limited access to energy services women with disabilities face barriers in accessing energy services such as cooking, lighting and electricity due social and cultural norms Inadequate transport infrastructure: Lack of accessibility features such as ramps and accessible seating.

3.6.8 Sector Summary While the district is expanding in terms of both population and infrastructure, the district is still lagging behind in term of vital infrastructure like roads, various government infrastructure like class roam block, health facilities and recreation facilities. Most of the available infrastructure is in a deplorable state due to been old. Energy coverage inform of hydro power connectivity is still low with connection limited mostly to the boma areas and some parts of Lwela mission area. Therefore, poor and deplorable infrastructure, telecommunication and energy coverage is the core issue affecting the sector, making the district unattractive for investment. 111

3.7 Environmental and Forestry Sector Economic growth will be undermined without adequate environmental safeguards, and environmental protection particularly for ecologically sensitive areas such as forests and water bodies. it is imperative to note that, socio - economic development in the IDP area, cannot be attained without regard to environmental protection. The core function of this sector is to attain sustainable management of the environmental resource such as the protected forest areas and other ecologically sensitive areas in Milenge district.

3.7.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level 1. The Forest Act No. 4 OF 2015. Provides for sustainable forestry management through stakeholder participation and diversification. Further, the Act provides for various local community participation. 2. Sustainable land and forest management through the licensing of timber harvesting programs, issuance of timber concession licenses and beekeeping program. 3. Community based natural resources management, through the involvement of local communities in afforestation and rehabilitation of forest areas. 4. Promotion of tree plantations by involving both private and government institutions at local level. 5. Dissemination of information in order to create awareness of impending environmental disasters. 6. Conduct forest sensitization programs to promote awareness on the importance of forests to the community. 7. Building Capacity for Disaster Preparedness, Response, Disaster Prevention, Disaster Mitigation, Rehabilitation, Recovery and Restoration and Coordination.

3.7.2 Description Existing State Of Development

3.7.2.1 Availability Of Service Milenge district has a total surface area of 6,177 square kilometers, of which approximately 869 square kilometers are forest reserves and game management area, this makes up 14.1% of the forest coverage of the total district. The forestry department is one of the earliest departments to be established in 112 Milenge district, before attaining the district status in 1997 from Mansa district, the department had a satellite office under the administration of the main office in Mansa district. The following are the forest reserves and game management areas in the district I. Mansa Game Management area (No. 31) – 17.4 Square Kilometers II. Lunuka Local Forest (No. 68) 259. Square Kilometers III. Shamende Local Forest (No. 424) 585 Square Kilometers IV. Kapalala Local Forest (No. 236) 7.6 Square Kilometer V. Katena Plantation 31.5 hectare The aforementioned listed areas contain indigenous and exotic tree. The department records a total annual production with the volume equivalent to 130 Cubic for both indigenous and plantation trees.in term sustainab le logging practices, the district coverage is at 47%. 113 Figure 22: Forest protected areas Names of timber concessionaires; S/N TYPE OF NO. OF DURATION OF LOCATION CONCESSION CONCESSION CONCESSION 1. SMALL SCALE 1 2 Years LUNUKA LOCAL FOREST NO. 68 2. MEDIUM SCALE 1 3 Years LUNUKA LOCAL FOREST NO. 68 Table 38 Timber consessions as @ 2023, Milenge DFO. As displayed in the table above, the district has two timber concessions with the expected annual production with the volume of 250 cubic of timber. Both concessionaires operate within 3,000 hectares’ operation space in Lunuka local forest. 114 During the three years’ time of operation, the department of forestry will realize average revenue amounting to K 93, 750.00 government revenue. Programmes being and to implemented in Milenge district. S/N Existing Programs 1. Nursery Establishment-The sector has a target to raise assorted plants ranging from Pine tree, Eucalyptus, Citrus tree plants, assorted fruit tree plants and exotics. 3 Extension Programs- Beekeeping training programs, forest sensitization programs. 4 Bee Keeping- Mounting of adequate beehives for improved production of honey in the district and monitoring of cooperatives dealing with bee keeping. 5 Silviculture programs- Conduct Forest boundary maintenance, plantation management programs, and tree planting programs. 6 Forest patrols- To conduct forest patrols in order to curb illegal activities as well as forest produce being conveyed at awkward hours. 7 Training of satellite heads committee towards environmental issues 8 Conduct risk and vulnerability assessments. 9 Plan and coordinate the implementation of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation projects and programs in the district. 10 Develop a standard format for monitoring and evaluation. 11 District Sensitization and Publicity 12 Setting up of an emergency operation center. 115 The sector has the following services 1. Promotion of afforestation and re-afforestation through the expansion of forestry nursery 2. Revenue generation through licensing of major forest products both indigenous and exotic tree species. Eucalyptus and pine are harvested from the Katena forest. 3. Extension services and awareness through sensitization on the importance of preserving forestry areas through the discouragement of illegal timber harvesting and charcoal burning. 4. Education campaigns on climate change with the department of Agriculture as well as Fisheries and Livestock. 5. Collect and disseminate timely warning information in the district. 6. Conducting public education on preparedness and prevention on the hazards common in the district. 7. Conduct rapid impact assessments. 8. Providing relief services to disaster affected communities in the district. 9. Domesticated activities from the national development plan includes beer keeping and establishment of planatations However, there has been some encroachment within these forest reserve areas, due to varying reasons such as demand for agriculture land, Charcoal production, rampant timber harvesting, and residential developments. Hence forth, the government through the ministry of green economy and environment is in the process to evict who will be illegal settlers in the affected areas. There has been a challenge of transportation in carrying out assessments of disaster related reports, educational campaigns as well as rendering relief programs to the affected communities in the district.

3.7.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance Just like any other sector, the forestry sector has inadequate trained staff for provision of extension service for a vast forest reserve area of Milenge. Currently the department has one (1) officer and two office assistants. currently the sector has 3 against 5 required staff. Inadequate forestry rangers, to help in enforcing the afforestation and prevent deforestation. Currently the sector has 0 out 10 forest rangers. Inadequate transport for monitoring and evaluation. Currently the sector has one (1) motor bike. Currently the sector has 1 runner out of 2 required 116 Lack of forestry satellite offices in the western part of the district so as to curb illegal timber and charcoal production. Inadequate office space and storage shed for office/ relief materials. Currently the sector has one office space against the expected 5 office space.

3.7.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process 1. Inadequate tree plantations for revenue purposes and job creation within the district. 2. Low staffing level 3. Depletion of animals in the Mansa game management areas 4. Inadequate resources to construct standard housing infrastructure by the community. 5. Inadequate information about environmental related issues, need for a community radio station. 6. Indiscriminate cutting of trees resulting in climate change

3.7.4 Impact Of Change Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years

3.7.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities Demand for agricultural land, charcoal production and timber as many people shift their livelihood from fishing to agriculture dependents. Furthermore, the forest sector will be under pressure, as many people rely on the forest products (charcoal, timber and fire wood) for sustenance.

3.7.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes The sector has plans of increasing public awareness on the environment conservation. This will result in the mitigation of disasters in the district like bushfires, damage to infrastructure and flooding. 117

3.7.5 Environment And Climate Change Analysis

3.7.5.1 The Impact Of Existing Trends On The Environment And Climate Change The degradation of the environment and loss of biodiversity as there are a lot of human activities that are greatly disturbing the ecosystem. A lot of disasters such as forest/bush fires as well as change of weather temperatures (climate change) and many other disasters related items.

3.7.5.2 The Impact Of Environment And Climate Change Issues On The Sector The effects of global warming have been felt in the district, this is evidenced from bush fires, spring droughts and prolonged maturity of trees which are been replanted (soil degradation and erosion), and the change in normal weather/ rain patterns in the district. Disasters caused by climate variability such as heavy storms [flooding of farming fields, roads (crossing points, etc.)], dry spells, and droughts (that is during rainy season as a result impacting food security among the citizens). Excessive heat thereby bringing about the wide outbreak of diseases (epidemics) among the citizenry. Hazards such as diminishing grazing pastures due to floods and siltation from floods

3.7.5.3 The Impact Of The Forest Sector On The Environment And Climate Change Issues On The Sector The impact of the forest sector on the environment and climate change are contribution to oxygen production and carbon sequestration. Secondly forest contribute to soil conservation and water cycle regulation. Further the forest sector contributes to climate regulation and moderation. Finally, the forest sector contributes to noise reduction and aesthetic value. On the other hand, the forest department affect the environment in the negative way by causing pollution through logging. Management of forests also contributes to climate change and greenhouse emissions. Finally, activities like logging contribute to deforestation and habitat destruction . 118

3.7.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups

3.7.6.1 Women and girls 1. Women are frequently disadvantaged by insecure access and property right to forests and land resources 2. Women are excluded in decision marking on matters relating to forest utilization and management at district and household level limiting their ability to benefit from forest resources 3. Discrimination and male bias in service provision like credit and technology which can hinder women participation in forestry

3.7.6.2 Men and boys 1. Livelihood: Forest and natural resources provide income and employment opportunities for men and boys through activities like logging 2. Education and skills: Men and boys may have limited access to education and skill training, perpetuating dependence on natural resources and limiting alternative livelihood options.

3.7.6.3 Persons with disabilities. 1. Limited access: Inaccessible terrain, lack of ramps and inadequate transportation hinder people with disabilities from accessing forests and natural resources 2. Increased vulnerability people with disabilities may face higher risks during natural disasters like flood or landslides due to limited mobility.

3.7.7 Sector Summary The increase in the number of people participating in activities like agriculture has increase the amount of land which is cleared for crop production. Further population growth has pushed the demand for timber and timber product up resulting in deforestation. While efforts are in place to mitigate the widespread clearing of forest, the rate at which the forest is cleared is far greater than the rate at which replacement is done. Therefore, Unsustainable use of forest and environmental areas. 119

3.8 Governance, Law And Security Sector The administrative structure of the district is two folded, namely Central Government and Local Government. The District Administration is headed by the District Commissioner, whilst the Local Government is a composition of elected Councilors and Officers, of which the Chief Executive Officer is the Council Secretary. Currently the Milenge district has (15) Wards, with (15) Councilors, headed by the Council Chairperson. Furthermore, through the Constitution Amendment Act No. 2 of 2016, the lowest governance structures at local level are, the Ward Development Committees’ (WDCs’). The WDCs’ are therefore the initiators of projects, which are eventually funded using the Constituency Development Fund (CDF).

3.8.1 Key Government Priorities Being And To Be Implemented At Local Level 1. Zambia Decentralization Policy – The primary objective of this policy is to facilitate the efficient delivery of service and promote accountable and transparent governance. 2. Zambia Devolution Support Programme – is currently being implemented in local authorities in the districts, with a focus of strengthening devolution. 3. Preserving peace and maintain law and order in the district (Public Order). 4. Provide timely justice and legal services 5. To facilitate and regulate the movements of persons leaving or entering the country and to control the stay of immigrants in order to contribute to the maintenance of internal security.

3.8.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development

3.8.2.1 Availability Of Services Security The security services in the district are offered by the Zambia Police Services. The district has two police posts, one located at Milenge East in Mikula ward and the other at Lwela Mission in Lwela ward. This development is against the population of 56,543 people and a population density of 9.2 Persons per square Kilometers. Moreover, these two police posts are operating in old dilapidated structure which do not even meet the minimum standard of been police posts. Additionally, there is 120 no Correctional Facility (Prisons) in the district. In term of coverage for policing and access to justice, the district currently stands at 25%. Milenge district is located on the southern part of Luapula province, it is bordering with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with an estimated border line of 156.95 kilometers. With this status quo, the district has the Immigration Department which is responsible mainly for controlling and monitoring the entry and exit of individuals at border crossing. However, there are no office facilities to operate from hence, the department rent a single room office space. Law And Order For conflict resolution and dispute management, the district, has the two Local Courts, one Local Court is situated in Milenge East, while the other is situated at Lwela Mission. For matters above the jurisdictions of the Local Courts, they are referred to the Subordinate Courts in Samfya and Mansa districts. Due to vast distances, there is a need to construct a magistrate court for criminal offences. Governance The district administration is headed by the District Commissioner, Local Government is headed by the Council Chairperson. However, during the IDP period Government will focus on devolving sector functions to local authorities to enhance public service delivery. This will be in line with the National Decentralization Policy. Traditional Governance Milenge is a rural district and the state land is surrounded by traditional land. For this reason, chiefs are equal partners with regard to socio- economic development issues in the district. S/N Chiefdom Number of Villages 1 Senior Chief Milambo 280 2 Chief Sokontwe 82 Table 41: Milenge Chiefdoms, District Administration Office, 2023 121

3.8.2.2 Quality Of Service Including Key Indicators Of Performance The sector in the district is currently operating under challenging circumstances and it has not performed as per required standard due to the following reasons. Security 1. The department has Inadequate human resource; currently the district has only 12 police officers against required 20 police officers as 2023. 2. The immigration department has no office building and it lacks transport for conducting border patrols. S/N Name Location Catchment Established Number of Deficit Population Officers Estimates Present 1 Milenge Main Milenge 29,951 1997 10 0 Police Post East 2 Lwela Police Post Lwela 34,973 1997 3 7 Mission Table 42: Summary table of police posts in Milenge 122 As at year 2023, the current police to citizen ratio stand at 1: 4,991, against the required minimum national standard 1: 1,000.in order to operate effectively and efficiently the district will require 7 more facilities consisting of a main police station plus 6 police posts. S/N Name Location Established Number of Officers Deficit Present 1 Milenge Milenge 1997 3 8 Immigration Department East Table 43: Immigration department Law and Order 1. The current state of the district's judicial infrastructure reveals glaring inadequacies, notably the insufficient number of court buildings and the absence of subordinate courts to handle cases beyond the jurisdiction of the Local Courts. Presently, only one fully functional local court operates within the district, whereas there is a requirement for at least one more. Furthermore, there is a notable absence of subordinate courts equipp ed to adjudicate on matters exceeding the local court's jurisdiction. This deficiency has led to a scenario where criminal cases falling outside the jurisdiction of the local courts are referred to Samfya, which invariably grapples with a substantial backlog of cases. Consequently, the quality of justice is compromised, and there are significant delays in the legal process. The anticipated population growth will exacerbate the demand for justice services, necessitating the establishment of a subordinate court to address this pressing need. 2. Inadequate staff at the two Local Courts, namely Milenge and Lwela local courts 3. The sector lacks transport for its administrative activities. 123 S/N Name Location Established Number of Officers Deficit Present 1 Milenge District Milenge 1997 5 3 Local Court East 2 Sokontwe Local Milenge 1997 4 2 Court East 3 Milambo Local Lwela 1997 2 4 Court Mission Table 44: Court infrastructure The table above shows the court infrastructure profile with year of establishment, number of officers per court and the staff deficit. Milambo Local court has the highest deficit of 4 followed by sokontwe and lastly milenge district local court. All the three courts were established in 1997 and this could entail less expansion in the number of court facilities in the past years. Compromised service provision is the main implication associated with inadequate staffing.

3.8.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process I. Lack of police posts at Kabange, Kafwanka and Kasanka and surrounding communities. II. Lack of Immigration Post at Kapalala border post. III. Lack of subordinate courts. IV. Limited public participation in decision making

3.8.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years As earlier mentioned, Milenge district is geographically divided into two parts these include, Milenge East and West. Due to this unique situation, the Local Authority plans to establish a satellite office in the western part of the district so that some services could easily be provided to the communities. With the increasing population, it will certainly result in the increased number of cases such as gender- based violence, theft among others. The two Local Courts and two police posts will not be adequate hence, need to upgrade these two institutions in the district. There is need also to establish a police post at Kafwanka in order to maintain law and order in the central part of the district. 124

3.8.4.1 Population Change – Future Demand For Services And Facilities As the population grows over the next ten years, it is anticipated the demand for justice and immigration services will grow and put pressure on 125 the existing in the district. Further crime rate is also likely increase which put pressure on existing detention facilities

3.8.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes When the Kapalala border post is fully operational, there will be need to construct an immigration office and other security facilities. For this reason, it is expected that there will be need for more land for these facilities.

3.8.5 The Impact Of The Continuation Of Existing Trends On Land Use The continuation of existing trends in land use in Milenge, Zambia, may have significant impacts on the governance, law, and security sector in the following ways: Increased conflicts: Continued encroachment on communal land by large-scale farmers and ranchers may lead to increased conflicts between local communities and investors, potentially straining governance and law enforcement resources. Displacement and resettlement: Ongoing trends in land acquisition for agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development may result in the displacement and resettlement of local communities, posing challenges for governance, law, and security agencies. Environmental degradation: Unchecked expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and resource extraction may lead to environmental degradation, potentially compromising ecosystem services and human well-being, and creating new security concerns. Inequality and social injustice: Perpetuation of existing land use trends may exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities, potentially fueling social unrest and straining governance and law enforcement capacities. Challenges to traditional governance: The continued erosion of communal land and natural resources may undermine traditional governance structures and cultural practices, potentially leading to social and political instability. 126

3.8.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender Groups And Vulnerable Groups Boys and men face gender related issue in relation to law and security including 1. high rate of incarceration and harsher sentencing compared to women 2. limited representation and voice in legal and pollical systems 3. limited support of victim of sexual assault and domestic violence women and girls face gender related issue in relation to law and security including 1. Gender - based violence: Domestic violence and sexual assault and harassment 2. Higher rate of victimization and marginalization 3. Limited political and decision-making power. Persons living with disabilities face gender related issue in relation to law and security including 127 1. Stigma and discrimination: stigma and harmful practices against person with disabilities including those with albinism persist. This has led to bullying, hate crimes and other forms of violence 2. Access to justice: people with disabilities often encounter barriers in accessing justice like physical obstacles in court roams or communication barriers with legal professionals. This has resulted. This has resulted in their voices not been heard. 3. Accessibility and accommodation: There is need for more accessible facilities and services for the people with disabilities including the security sector. Ensuring that public space, services and information are accessible for the safety and security

3.8.7 Sector Summary The district is undergoing expansion both in term of population and economic activity like farming and trade. This growth and expansion unfortunately have not been matched by the growth in the infrastructure and staffing levels. This miss match has led to the Compromise in public safety and limited access to justice as the core issue in the sector. 128

3.9 Water And Sanitation Water and sanitation are vital for reducing the burden of disease and improving the health, welfare and productivity of populations. Poor water, sanitation and hygiene are the main causes of infections like cholera and diarrhea. Achieving universal, adequate, and equitable access to safe and sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene services is at the core of sustainable development and reduces stunting, improves education quality and learning outcomes, and is essential for a child’s health and well-being.

3.9.1 Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level 1. Provision of ease access to safe water and also rehabilitation of existing water points from India Mark II to Afridev. 2. Identify and protect potential water resources to enhance water security III. Ensure equitable and adequate distribution of water among all t he population cohorts, be it the poor, rich and vulnerable communities. 3. Conduct research on water development and management and water 4. supply and sanitation in order to provide a framework for implementing policies and programs 5. Provide sustainable water reticulation and sanitation systems in all growth centers 6. Increased collaboration with national and international stakeholders on the development and management of water resources. Key Priorities Of The 8 th National Development Plan And How It Will Be Implemented At Local Level The eighth national development plan, will promote investments in water supply and sanitation for attainment of sustainable development. Some of the strategies are; Improve Access To Clean And Safe Water Supply Under this strategy in the eighth national development plan, Government priorities the provision of safe water and improved sanitation across the country. In Milenge the Government has partnered with cooperating partners like UNICEF, 129 the development of mechanized water supply systems Mulumbi, Lwela and other growth points. Additionally, using the CDF, the local authority is supplementing this effort by constructing more mechanized water supply schemes not covered under the UNICEF projects. Further, 30 boreholes with already existing Afridev pumps will be rehabilitated to increase access to safe water. Improve Sanitation Service Under this strategy, Government will strengthen sewerage and solid waste management. In Milenge district, the Government through the local authority, has adopted a strategy of incorporating improved sanitation facilities in all the green field infrastructure projects such as schools and health facilities which are practicing onsite sanitation. Key Priorities Of Sector Of National Plan/ Strategies And How It Will Be Implemented At Local Level In order to improve and achieve access to clean and safe water and improved sanitation. In the area of sanitation, Milenge district, has focused on community led total sanitation (CLTS) program, beginning with chief Sokontwe chiefdom. In order to attain the open defecation free (ODF) status by 2030, the district with cooperating partners, has so far managed to trigger 87 villages in the targeted chiefdom. The chiefdom has 87 villages which gives us a 100 percent of triggered villages where CLTS. On water supply, enhanced allocation of CDF on mechanized water supply schemes in all major growth nodes of the district, will be developed and implemented using CDF, by the year 2024 as directed by the Ministry of Local Government.

3.9.2 Description Of The Existing State Of Development

3.9.2.1 Availability Of Service Unlike other districts in the province, Milenge district has no single water and sanitation treatment plant. In the township, there is a small solar powered piped water scheme which was developed with the assistance of Japan International Cooperation (JICA), with the holding water capacity of 43,000 liters. This has been supplemented by another 20,000 liters capacity, which was developed by the local authority under Equalization funds in capital project im plementation with 130 supplement from CDF. Recently, using the CDF 2022 funding the local authority has developed one 20,000 liters solar powered mechanized water scheme at Changwe Lungo in Mumbotuta ward and one 10,000 liters at Kafwanka in Fibalala ward. Furthermore, another two solar powered mechanized water schemes, will be developed at Lwela Mini Hospital and Mulumbi Rural Health Centre both with a holding capacity of 10,000 liters under UNICF. The two water schemes each will supply the secondary, primary, and health posts in the designated areas with a distribution line of 2,000 meters. 131 Source: DPU GIS Database, 2023 Figure 23: Location and distribution of water points, Source: Milenge water and sanitation unit. 132 Water Sources Distribution By Ward AVAILABLE BOREHOLE S/N Ward Afridev India Funct Non- Function Non- No. Pop. @ ional Function Functional Water Mark II al al Scheme 2022 1 Mikula & 24 15 20 4 13 2 1 21,118 Katena 2 Kapalala 14 15 14 0 13 2 0 2,307 3 Chipundu 10 15 8 2 5 10 0 1,245 4 Sokontwe 15 0 15 0 0 0 1 8,060 5 Lusumbwe 3 2 3 0 2 0 0 3,805 6 Fibalala 11 9 7 4 5 4 1 8,789 7 Matontola 17 10 12 5 2 8 0 3,321 8 Fishikwa 7 0 5 2 0 0 0 2,568 9 Lwela 46 0 30 16 0 0 2 7,500 10 Milambo 31 8 26 5 6 2 1 6,096 11 Mulumbi 28 11 24 4 7 4 1 3,627 12 Nsunga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,338 13 Nsaka 4 2 4 0 2 0 0 469 14 Mumbotuta 8 1 8 0 1 0 1 4,607 Tot 218 88 176 42 58 30 8 al Table 45: Summary table of water sources in the district as @ 2022 The table above provide statistics on available boreholes and by ward in the 2022. Total of 234 boreholes out of 306 are functional representing 76% functionality. The district also has water schemes located 7 out 15. The implication for this is that water supply is still a challenge resulting in people using unclean and safe water. 133

3.9.2.2 Quality Of Services Including Key Indicators Of Performance The coverage rate of access to safe water in the district is 59%, this has been exacerbated by the fact that out of the 306 boreholes in the district, 72 are non- functional. Additionally, the district has a lot of iron content, which has affected the quality of water supplied from these water boreholes, leaving the community to seek for other alternative water sources. In some areas like Nsunga ward (lupiya, Lungo mukuta, Amos, Thomas and muke), large population cover, long distances more than 500 meters required standard to access water, this is evidenced the by fact that one water point is serving more than 25 households and people take more than 30 minutes for a water fetching round trip. Some of the contributing factors to the aforementioned quality of service can be attributed to the following. 1. Few cooperating partners in the water and sanitation sector to complement government effort 2. Inadequate mechanized water schemes and water boreholes. 3. Inadequate treatment of water points and over-crowding at the few available water points. 4. Inadequate capacity building for Area Pump Menders (APMs) to attend to minimal maintenance of damaged water boreholes. Currently the district has 15 pump menders against the required 52 pump mender. 5. Poor road accessibility by drilling rigs in certain areas of the district, these areas are Nsunga and Nsaka ward, and Changwena Community in Katena ward. 6. Lack of behavioral change in communities were open defecation.

3.9.3 Issues Arising From The Public Participation Process 1. Inadequate resources for rehabilitation of broken-down/ non-functional boreholes in all the fifteen (15) wards 2. Lack of a Solid Waste dumping site for the district. 3. Inadequate capacity by the Area Pump Menders (APMs) 4. Long distances to nearest water points. 5. Lack of toilets at households in some communities, leading to increase in open defection, contamination of underground water and available water sources. Currently people have access to proper sanitation facilities in the district is at 36% 6. Lack of modern sanitary facilities at most public infrastructure such as 134 schools, markets and health facilities.

3.9.4 Impact Of Changes Anticipated Over The Next Ten Years

3.9.4.1 Population change – future demand for services and facilities Due to population increase in the next 10 years, a lot of people will have limited access to water points. Further the residents will resort to doing their domestic chores like washing in the streams and other water bodies, eventually leading to pollution of these water bodies downstream.

3.9.4.2 Existing And Proposed Investment And Development Programmes There will be need for establishment of sewerage treatment plant to service the Milenge township. Failure to do that will greatly lead to underground water contamination as the population increases. Upgrading and construction of water schemes at all major growth centers. Additionally, in the sanitation sector, there is need to increase the funding for development of sanitary facilities and sensitization to reduce the knowledge gap on effects of open defecation, which causeenvironmental contamination, leading to water borne diseases.

3.9.5 Environment and Climate Change Analysis

3.9.5.1 Impact Of Development Trends In The Sector On The Environment And Climate Change In the event that the majority population have no access to water points, the residents will resort to doing their domestic chores like washing in the streams and other water bodies, eventually leading to pollution of these w ater bodies downstream. Additionally, in the sanitation sector, there is need to increase the funding for development of sanitary facilities and sensitization to reduce the knowledge gap on effects of open defecation, which cause environmental contamination, leading to water borne diseases. 135

3.9.5.2 Impact Of Environmental And Climate Change Issues On The Sector The rising temperatures increase water demand and scarcity, which adversely impacting water levels in the streams and other water sources. Furthermore, when there are floods, human waste spreads and contaminates water sources used for drinking, immediately leading to a higher incidence of infectious diseases, childhood mortality and contributing to delayed child development. Long-term drying of some climate-sensitive regions necessitates drilling ever deeper bore holes and wells to access declining aquifers. This increases infrastructure and pumping costs, lowers the water table which takes time to replenish, impacts water quality, and compounds the drying effect on surrounding 136

3.9.6 Issues Arising Relating To Gender And Vulnerable Groups Women and Girls ✓ Disappropriate responsibility for water collection and management leading to time poverty and limited education and economic opportunities. ✓ Limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities, particularly in rural areas, leading to increased risk of water-borne illness and disease. ✓ Limited privacy and dignity in water and sanitation facilities Boys and Men 1. Limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities especially in rural areas 2. High rate of waterborne illnesses and disease due to limited access to clean water and sanitation Persons Living with Disabilities 1. Inclusive WASH programmes: water sanitation and hygiene programmes do not address the specific need for people with disabilities leading to their exclusion from benefit that are critical for their well been. 2. Access to safe water: person with disabilities have difficulties access safe drinking water due to physical barriers or long distance to water point 3. Adequate sanitation: lack of accessible sanitation facilities is a major concern without proper toilets that accommodate their needs. People with disabilities may face challenges in maintaining personal hygiene.

3.9.7 Sector Summary The district has achieved an estimated 59 percent of functional water points which is providing clean and safe water to the communities. However, with the increasing population the current number of bores is not adequate to meet the demand. In addition, the district has some words has no water points such as Nsunga ward and parts of Mumbotuta ward. Hence, inadequate access to Clean and safe Water and Sanitation Infrastructure and Services are core issues for the sector. 137

4.0 Development Framework The development framework for Milenge District encompasses long-term goals, objectives, strategies, and programs tailored to address identified priority issues across various sectors. It also includes a Spatial Development Framework guiding decisions regarding land use and development within the district, outlining desired spatial forms to achieve defined objectives and strategies

4.1 Vision The vision for the district is “Improved socio-economic status of the people of Milenge anchored on quality infrastructure development and environmental sustainability by 2035”. This outlines a vision for the future of Milenge, focusing on enhancing the socio- economic well-being of its people. The goal is to achieve this through the improvement of quality infrastructure and the promotion of environmental sustainability by the year 2035. Additionally, the focus will be to promote socio - economic transformation in order to uplift the livelihoods of the people of Milenge district.

4.2 Policies To Direct Development The following are the policies guiding development in the district: I. To enhance access to clean and safe water, sanitation infrastructure and practices. II. To improve production and productivity through development of livestock and fisheries infrastructure and resources. III. To improve accessibility to health services. IV. To have improved and adequate district infrastructure and road network. V. To promote sustainable use of forests and environmental areas. VI. To improve the quality of education in the district. VII. To reduce poverty at household level. VIII. To enhance Public Safety, Access to Justice, and Public Participation in Governance. IX. Improved Agricultural production and productivity 138

4.3 Development Objectives, Priorities, And Strategies

4.3.1 Water And Sanitation Sector Goal To enhance access to safe water and sanitation services by 2034 Objective 1 To improve access to clean and safe water from 59 to 95 percent by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) Increase the Water Construction 10 wards 13 Boreholes with Afridev 14 Boreholes with 13 Boreholes with 15 12 Boreholes capacity of water infrastructure of boreholes Pump Afridev Pump Afridev Pump Boreholes with Afridev supply development with Afridev Pump systems/schemes Pump 7 water schemes at Lwela, 5 water schemes 4 water schemes 4 water 3 water Lunga, Lungomukuta, at Moffat, Kafwanka schemes at schemes at Lupiya, Mumanse, Mulumbi,Kapalala, and Mulungushi Kabange, Kashila and Kasangashi and boma Mununshi, Kasanka, Chipun du and Kasangashi and Mashika and Chabuk a Matontola Chibende Baushi Construction Construction of Water of Water Treatment Treatment Plant at Plant at Lwela Mikula Rehabilitation All the 15 15 boreholes to be 15 boreholes to 15 boreholes to be 15 12 boreholes of Boreholes wards rehabilitated in the district be rehabilitated in rehabilitated in the boreholes to to be the district district be rehabilitated rehabilitated in the district in the 139 district Upgrade of In all the 18 boreholes to be 18 boreholes to 18 boreholes to be 18 16 boreholes boreholes 15 wards upgraded in the district be upgraded in upgraded in the boreholes to to be from India the district district be upgraded upgraded in Mk II to in the the district Afridev 88 district Community Stake Holder All the 15 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards sensitisations engagement wards meetings Enhance Water quality Procurement Mikula 1 Monitoring of control of Porter lab ward water quality Objective 2 To improve sanitation services from 36 percent to 80 percent by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location Responsible (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) Enhance Sanitation and Community 15 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards LA & cooperating community personal sensitizations partners engagements on hygiene proper sanitation promotion Trigger all 15 3 3 3 3 3 3 practices Ward in CLTS Provision of Sanitation Stakeholder 15 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards LA water borne Infrastructure engagement sanitation development meetings facilities in all critical public Construction 15 wards 2 water borne toilets The 2 waters borne 2 water borne 1 water LA institutions and of water District Administration toilets Lwela and toilets at Kapalala borne toilet facilities borne toilets and Milenge market Kasanka junction and Lwela at Mulumbi Secondary School and Chibende 140 Sch School Improve solid Infrastructure Stake Holder All 15 Conduct stakeholder Conduct Conduct Conduct Conduct LA waste development engagement wards engagement meetings in 3 stakeholder stakeholder stakeholder stakeholder management in meeting wards engagement engagement engagement engagement the district meetings in 3 meetings in 3 meetings in meetings in 3 wards wards 3 wards wards Development All 15 1 Development Plan Plan developed LA planning wards Construction 15 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards LA of refuse bays Dump site 2 1 1 LA construction Waste Provide solid 2 wards 1 1 LA management waste management services 141

4.3.2 Fisheries And Livestock Sector Goal Fisheries and Livestock production and productivity enhanced by 2034 Objective 1 Improve Fisheries and livestock extension service provision from 45% to 80% by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Departmen priority) t Increase human Fishers and Recruitment of 25 Throughout 5 5 5 5 MFL/MOA/MLGRD resource, Extension and LivestockTechni staff the district advisory services cal Services Increase human Fishers and Conduct continuous All 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards MFL/MOA/MLGRD resource, Extension and LivestockTechni capacity building to advisory services cal Services farmers on technological innovations To increase fisheries and Fishers and Procurement of tools District 2 vet kits 2 Aquaculture 2 livestock - MFL/MOA/MLGRD livestock extension tools LivestockTechni and equipment for office kits tools and equipment cal Services practical training of farmers To increase fisheries and Procurement of 1 District 1 motor livestock extension motor vehicle Office vehicle transport fleet To increase fisheries and Procurement of 5 5 motor bikes livestock extension motor bikes transport fleet Increase awareness of Animal Sensitisations and All 15 wards All wards All wards All wards All wards MFL/MOA/MLGRD animal identification and Identification visitations to the traceability system and farmers on Animal Traceability identification and Traceability 142 Increase on Animal Livestock Sensitization and All wards All wards All wards All wards MFL All wards All wards disease surveillance Disease visitations system Control Objective 2 To improve livestock and fisheries infrastructure from 6 percent to 70 percent by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Departmen priority) t Increase fisheries & Smart Construct forage Milenge 1 - - - MFL livestock infrastructure Livestock seed bank district (install forage seed bank) Technologies (promote forage Production, conservation and utilization) Increase fisheries & Livestock Construct small Milenge Install small 1 MFL livestock infrastructure Development Livestock breeding district Livestock (Livestock bulking) centre breeding (multiplication Center) Increase Livestock Fisheries and Renovate 1 and Renovate 2 Bulking Centres(install Livestock construct 1 Livestock Kapalala and small Livestock breeding/ Marketing bulking centres construct multiplication centre) Kabange Increase fisheries & Fisheries and Construction of 1 Mikula ward 1 - - - MFL livestock infrastructure Livestock office block Infrastructure Development Construction of 6 dip Matontola, 2 1 1 - MFL tanks Fibalala, Lusumbwe,a nd Shitambuli 143 Construction of 10 10 wards 3 3 2 2 MFL slaughter slabs Construction of 2 Kapalala 1 1 - - - MFL livestock quarantine and Fibalala facilities Construction of 1 fish Fibalala - 1 - - - MFL breeding centre Construction of 1 Matontola - 1 - - - MFL livestock service center Construction of 12 12 wards 2 3 3 2 2 MFL staff houses 144

4.3.3 Health Sector Goal Access to health services improved by 2035 Objective 1 To increase health infrastructure from 50 to 80% by 2034 Responsible Location (by Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Depart priority) ment Construct new Infrastructure 8 Health Chipela, 2 Health post 2 Health post 2 Health post 2 Health post Health post Milenge district health facilities development Facilities constructed at constructed at constructed at lupiya constructed at constructed at council/health Kalali, and other health constructed chipela and kasepa and and Butute Mununshi and Chilimabwe and department Milenge associated Kasepa, kalali Mbobola lunga upgrading of East infrastructure. 7 RHC Mbobola, Lupiya, Butute, Munushi, Chilimabwe Expansion of 1.East 7 2 2 2 Milenge district health council/health 2.Sokontwe department Milenge facilities 3.Mulumbi 4.kapalala 5.milambo 6.lwela 145 Infrastructure Construction of 1. Milambo, 2. 2 maternity 2 maternity 2 maternity annexes 2 maternity 3 maternity Milenge district development 11 Maternity Kuyafya, 3. Milulu, annexes built annexes built at built at Chipundu and annexes built annexes built at council/health Annexes 4.Mumanse, 5. at Kuyafya Mumanse and Changwe lungo at Kapalala shitambuli, department Milenge Chipundu,6. and Milambo Milulu and Moffat Mulumbi and Changwelungo, 7. Fishikwa Moffat, 9. Shitambuli, 10, Mulumbi, 11.Fishikwa Infrastructure Construction of 1. Lwela mini 1 Theatre Milenge district development 1 Theatre at hospital constructed at council/health Lwela Mini Lwela Mini department Milenge Hospital Hospital Infrastructure Construction of 1. Lwela mini 1 Mortuary Milenge district development 1 Mortuary hospital constructed at council/health Lwela Mini Lwela Mini department Milenge Hospital Hospital Construction 1.East 7 2 2 2 2 Milenge district of 8 youth council/health friendly 2.kabange department Milenge spaces 3.lwela 4.chibende 5.kapalala 6.kafwanka 7.mulumbi 8.milambo 146 Infrastructure Construction 1. Kapalala, 2. 2 placenta 2 placenta pits 2 placenta pits and 2 placenta 1 placenta pit Milenge district development placenta pits Changwelungo, 3. pits and and incinerators incinerators built at pits and built at council/health and Sokonkwe, 4. incinerators built at Sokontwe Mulumbi and Fishikwa incinerators Mulungushi department Milenge incinerators at Chibende, 5. built at and chibende built at lungo 11 Health Mulumbi, 7. Changwe mukuta and facilities Fishikwa, 8. lungo and milenge Mulungushi, 9. Lwela district Milenge District hospital Hospital Infrastructure Construction of 1.Changwe Lungo, 2 1 1 1 1 Milenge district development staff houses 6 2. Kalali, 3. council/health Chipela, 4. department Milenge Milambo, 5.Kashila, 6. Mulungushi 7.lungo mukuta Objective 2 Increase coverage for quality health services from 60% to 90% by 2034 Responsible 1. Location Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Depart (by priority) ment Increasing the medical Procurement of All the 18 health 3 health 3 health facilities 4 health facilities 4 health 4 health facilities Milenge district number function equipment new equipment facilities facilities facilities council/health medical department Milenge equipment. Maintenance of All the 18 health 3 health 3 health facilities 4 health facilities 4 health 4 health facilities Milenge district health facilities facilities facilities council/health equipment department Milenge Increasing the Ambulance Procurement of Milenge District 1 ambulance 1 ambulance Milenge district number of services 2 ambulances procured for procured for council/health functional fleets patient patient department Milenge referral referral services services 147 Procurement of Milenge district 4 motorbikes 4 motorbikes 4 motorbikes procured 4 motorbikes 4 motorbikes LA/health 20 motor bikes procured for procured for for procured for procured for department Milenge shitambuli, Chibende, Kabange,Mumanse, Mbobola and shitambuli, lungo lungo mukuta, Milambo, milulu Kalali and Chipela Butute mukuta, kashila kashila and and and Fishikwa Changwelungo Changwelungo Procurement of Milenge district 95 bicycles 95 bicycles 95 bicycles procured 95 bicycles 95 bicycles Milenge district 475 bicycles procured procured procured procured council/health department Milenge 148

4.3.4 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector Goal To have improved and adequate district infrastructure and road network Objective 1 To rehabilitate 344 KM of roads by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Rehabilitation of Milenge- Kasanka Kasank a- Kabange- Chabukaba Kasang ashi- Mulumbi, Mulung ushi- Kapalala- Kasep LA/RDA source for funds for 344 Kilometers Road, Kabange- Mileng e ushi (90 KM) Mulumb i- Kalali (39 KM) and Katena- a- Boma (17 roads development of roads Chabukabaushi (75KM) and Totolo (40 Sokontwe-Masheto (17 KM) Km) Road, Kasangashi- Kapalala- Km) and Mulumbi-Totolo Pontoon Road Malenga- Road, Malenga- (1.5 KM) Ponga Ponga Ponga Road, Ponga (36 Mulumbi- KM) Mulungushi-Kalali Road, Katena- Sokontwe- Masheto Road, Kapalala- Pontoon Road, Kapalala- Kasepa-Boma Road Drainage Milenge boma Milenge boma (3KM) LA construction (3KM) Intallation of Milenge boma, Milenge boma and Lwela (3KM) Kapalala (2KM) Kasanka LA street lights Kapalala, Lwela Hospital (5KM) Junction (2Km) and Kasanka Junction (12KM) Construction of 10 bridges at Mpolo, Nkufi and Mulumbi Chiswishi at Lwela and Mulungushi Bwingimilonga LA/RDA bridges Chiswishi at Kafubashi, Chilengwa and Kalali Chilengwa, Chipundu and Mapula Bwingimilonga, Chipundu, Lwela, Mulumbi, Mapula, Nkufi, Mulungushi, 149 Chipundu, Mpolo, Kafubashi and Kalali Objectives 2 To upgrade 100 KM of road from gravel to bituminous standard by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority Agency/Department Upgrading of Kasanka- Milenge Kasanka- Milenge LA/RDA 100KM (100KM) Kilometers of roads Objective 3 To Construct and rehabilitate 25 houses, 2 social amenities and 1 public library respectively by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority Agency/Department The Local Authority to Rehabilitation of Mikula 3 3 3 3 3 LA construct and public houses rehabilitate public and lodges infrastructure Construction of 2 Wards 2 2 2 2 2 LA 10 public houses Construction of 2 sports grouds in Mikula Lwela LA social amenities Mikula and Lwela wards Construction of 1 Library in Mikula Mikula LA a public library ward Objective 4 To increase mobile telecommunications networks coverage from 57% to 85% by 2034 Strategies Programme Location (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible 150 priority) Agency/Department Local Authority to Erection of Nsunga, Nsaka, Nsunga Nsaka and Katena Kapalal a Matontola Mulumbi LA/ZICTA engage mobile service communication Kapalala, Katenam providers or IHS to erect towers Matontola and telecommunications Mulumbi towers and improve network coverage Construction of Mikula Construction of 1 LA/Ministry of a radio station radio station informatiom Objective 5 To increase energy coverage from 40% to 95% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Providing Mulumbi and Mulumbi Shitambuli LA/REA/Zesco engage REA and Zesco to alternative Shitambuli connect all public sources of facilities to the national energy grid Rural Matontola, Matontola Fishikwa and Mulumbi Nsunga Mumbotuta Nsaka LA/REA/Zesco electrification Mulumbi, Fishikwa,Nsaka, Mumbotuta and Nsunga Objective 6 To operationalise the pontoon by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The local Authority to Servicing of the Kapalala Servicing of the Operationalization of LA operationalize the Pontoon Pontoon at the pontoon pontoon Kapalala 151

4.3.5 Forestry And Environmental Sector Goal To promote sustainable use of forests and environmental areas by 2034 Objective 1 Improve sustainable logging practices from 47% to 80% by 2034 Location (by Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Department priority) Enforce Sustainabl e Undertake Kapalala, Katena, Kapalala, Kapalala, Kapalala, Kapalala, Kapalala, Forestry department regulations land and patrols Chipundu and Katena, Katena, Katena, Katena, Katena, and laws on forest Matontola Chipundu and Chipundu and Chipundu and Chipundu and Chipundu and logging managem ent Matontola Matontola Matontola Matontola Matontola practices Procure 5 All wards 2 1 1 1 Forestry department motor bikes Procure a District office 1 Forestry department Motor Vehicle Objective 2 Promote conservation and Re-afforestation from 58% to 85% by 2034 Location (by Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Department priority) Tree planting Nature based Establish ment Mikula ward Mikula ward Forestry department exercise solutions of nursaries Tree planting All 15 wards Kapalala, Matontola, Mikulam Nsunga, Fibalala, Forestry department Katena, and Fishikwa and Mumbotuta and Nsaka and Lweand Chipundu Mulumbi Sokonkwe Lusumbwe Milambo Community All 15 wards All 15 wards Forestry department Sensitisation Objective 3 To increase climate change adaptation rate from 22% to 75% by 2034 Location (by Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Department priority) 152 Strength en Strength en Water All 23 agricult ure 5 5 5 5 5 Forestry department climate climate harvestin g camps change change adaptat ion adaptat ion Irrigation All 23 agricult ure 5 5 5 5 3 Forestry department develop ment camps Climate smart All 23 agricult ure 5 5 5 5 3 Forestry department agricultur e camps 153

4.3.6 Education Sector Goal Improved access to quality, inclusive and equitable education by 2034 Objective 1 To Improve educational infrastructure from 41 to 65 by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase Infrastructure Construction of Milenge district Construct 1 school Construct 1 Construct 1 Construct 1 - MOE/ LA educational development school laboratory at secondary secondary secondary school at infrastructure laboratories Kapalala and school at school at Kabange complete 1 at Mumbotuta and Milambo and Mulumbi and School school lab at central laboratory at Lwela examination Kafwanka strong room construct 9 Milenge district Construct 2 Construct 2 Construct 2 Construct 2 primary Construct 1 MOE/ LA Primary schools primary schools at primary schools primary schools schools at Kafumba primary Munwa and at Kaputa and at Kashila and and Mukumbwa schools at Changwena Chituba Lupiya Tande construct 1 Milenge district Construction of MOE/ LA skills training 1 skills training Centre centre at Milenge BOMA construct staff At all the - Ministry of Education/LA houses schools that have no teacher houses Construct 1 Mumbotuta - Construct 1 girls - - - Ministry of Education & girls secondary secondary cooperating partners boarding boarding school school in in Mumbotuta Mumbotuta ward ward 154 Construction of Milenge district Construct 2 Construct 2 Construct 2 school Construct 1 MOE/LA 7 libraries all schools school libraries school libraries libraries at Kapalala school libraries at Milenge and at Kafwanka and and Butimbwe at Kabange Lwela Mulumbi Construction of Mikula Construct 1 MOE/LA examination examination strong room strong room Objective 2 Improve service provision from 55 to 85 percent by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase the ICT skills Distribution of All schools in - Distribute 100 Distribute 100 Distribute 200 Distribute 200 MOE/LA quantity of development 600 school Milenge computers to 10 computers to 10 computers to 20 computers to learning computers for schools schools schools 20 schools materials and ICT learning equipment Staff Train Milenge district 5 5 5 5 5 Ministry of Education development specialized all schools teachers Numeracy and Procurement All schools 500 500 500 500 500 Ministry of Education& literacy and cooperating partners development distribution of learning and teaching materials 155

4.3.7 Community Development And Social Welfare Sector Community Development Framework Goal 1 Reduced poverty levels at the household level by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household food security and access to food all year round by the year 2034 Location (By Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Dept priority) increase the Food Security Distribution of All 15 wards in 1,517 3,034 4,551 6,068 7.585 Department of Community Development. Number of Food support food security the district. beneficiaries. beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries Security Pack pack Beneficiaries Identification All 15 wards in All 15 wards Identify 2,117 Identify Identify 2,117 I Identify Department of Community Development of potential the district. in the district households 2,117 households 2,117 beneficiaries households households Objective 2 To improve technical and business skills in Milenge from 34 % to 75 % by 2034 Location (By Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Dept. priority) To improve Technical Training 2500 All 52 CWACs Train 500 Train 500 Train 500 Train 500 Train 500 Department of Community Development/ technical, education Women in 15 Wards in women in 10 women in 10 women in women in 10 women in 12 World Bank vocation and vocation and CWACs the district CWACs CWACs 10 CWACs CWACs CWACs entrepreneurship entrepreneurship skills training Objective 3 To improve literacy levels in the district from 34 % to 75 % by 2034 Location (By Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible Agency/Dept priority) 156 Enhance access Adult education Formation of All 15 Wards in Form 15 Form 15 classes Form 15 Form 15 Form 15 Department of Community Development. to quality adult literacy the district. classes per per year. classes per classes per classes per equitable, classes year. year. year. year. inclusive and education Social Welfare Services Sector Goal Reduced poverty levels in households by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household income from 65% to 90% by 2035 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) increasing the Social cash Scaling up social cash All 52 10,136 12,136 13,136 14,136 15,880 Department of social welfare number of social transfer transfer CWA Cs in beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries cash transfer the beneficiaries district Objective 2 To improve participation for persons living with disability from 45% to 75% by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) Improvin g the Disability Identifyin g unregiste All 15 Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Department of Social Welfare/Zambia involve ment of services red persons with wards in unregistered unregistered unregistered unregistered unregistered Agency for Persons with Disabilities person with disabilitie s the distric persons with persons with persons persons with persons with disabiliti es in t disability disability with disability disability decision making disability Objective 3 To promote children’s well-being from 50% to 80% by the year 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsible (by 157 priority) Agency/Department Juvenile Justice To conduct All the Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Department of Social Welfare/Zambia Community wards in Community Community Community Community Community Police Sensitization Meeting the sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitization on Delinquencies and district programme programme programme programme programme services for Juvniles in conflict with the law Conduct counselling All 15 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Department of Social Welfare, Zambia and facilitate wards in counseling counseling counseling counseling counseling Police, The Church, Traditional leaders, mentorship linkages the distric sessions and sessions and sessions and sessions and sessions and local authority, and Judiciary to reform behavior of t facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate juveniles in conflict linkages linkages where linkages linkages linkages with the law where applicable where where where applicable applicable applicable applicable Case to assess and All 15 Assess 2 Assess 2 cases Assess 2 Assess 2 Assess 2 Department of Social Welfare and Management facilitate alternative wards in cases for for alternative cases for cases for cases for Judiciary care services for the distric alternative care alternative alternative alternative children in need of t care care care care care 158

4.3.8 Governance, Law And Security Sector Goal Enhance Public Safety, Access to Justice, and Public Participation in Governance by 2034 Objective 1 To Strengthen Community Policing and access to Justice from 25% to 75 % by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 (by priority) Agency/Department Strengthen Crime Construction Milenge Completion Establish 2 Establish 2 Police - - Zambia Police and Local Authority criminal and prevention, of police post BOMA, of Milenge Police Post at Post at Kabange justice system detection and Kafwanka, Police Post at Lwela and and Kasanka Turn prosecution Kasanka Turn Milenge Kafwanka Off Off, Lwela and BOMA Kabange Construction Kapalala Establish 1 - - Immigration Department of Immigration Boarder post immigration post post at Kapalala Construction Milenge Establish - - Judiciary of the Republic of Zambia of subordinate District subordinate courts courts at Milenge BOMA Hold Milenge Conducting 2 - - Stakeholder District stakeholder meetings meetings at Lungo Mukuta, Mulungushi and Milambo Objective 2 To provide a conducive environment for inclusive governance and public engagement from 0% to 100% by 2034 To enhance Decentralise construction of Milenge Construct 3 Construct 3 Construct 3 Construct 3 Construct 3 Local Authority decentralisaon of governance WDCs office District in the WDCs offices WDCs offices at WDCs offices at WDCs WDCs offices public institutions 15 wards at Lwela, Kapalala, Matotola, offices at at Katena, governance Fibalala & Milambo & Nsunga & Chipundu, Fishikwa & systems and Mikula Mulumbi Lusumbwe Mumbotuta Nsaka Construction of & additional office 159 block at Civic Sokontwe centre and Sub- Office at Lwela 160

4.3.9 Agriculture Sector Goal production and productivity levels improved by 2034 Objective To enhance food and nutritional security at both household and district levels from 45% to 75% by 2034 Location(by Strategie Responsible Programme Activity priority) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 s Agency/Department Camps Provision of Enhanced farmer support Field days-farming All 23 60 Field days 60 Field days 60 Field days 60 Field days 60 Field Department of Agriculture crop technologies transfer Agricultural held held held held days held production camps Advisory and Farmer training in All 23 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500 Department of Agriculture technical agricultural practices Agricultural farmers farmers farmers farmers farmers services through Farmer Field camps trained trained trained trained trained Schools Establish field All 23 Camps 1 Demo field 1 Demo field 1 Demo field 1 Demo field 1 Demo LA, MoA demonstrations and established established established established field trials per camp per camp per camp per camp established per camp Community meetings All 23 720 720 720 720 meetings 720 Department of Agriculture Agricultural meetings meetings meetings held meetings camps held held held held Promotion of Farm Kabange, 180 farmers 180 farmers 180 farmers 180 farmers 180 Department of Agriculture Power and mulumbi, trained trained trained trained farmers Mechanization Lwimbe and trained Central Promotion of land Milambo, Mupit 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 Department of Agriculture conservation and Kapalala trained trained trained trained farmers trained Recruitment of 30 All camps 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers Department of Agriculture extension officers 161 Procurement of 15 All camps 3 3 3 3 motorbikes 3 Department of Agriculture motor bikes motorbikes motorbikes motorbikes motorbikes Procurement of 1 1 vehicle Department of Agriculture vehicle Capacity building of officers. Holding of 20 Milenge Central 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly LA, MoA Officers trained in early Capacity Building workshop workshop workshop workshop workshop warning and surveillance workshops on early held held held held held system and Climate Risk warning and assessment & Climate Smart surveillance system Agriculture and Climate Smart Agriculture Training small holder farmers Holding of 960 All 23 Camps 4 trainings 4 training 4 trainings 4 trainings 4 trainings LA, MoA in Climate Smart Agriculture educational meetings per Camp per Camp per Camp per Camp per Camp conduct awareness on Conduct 30 All 4 Agricultural 2 2 2 2 Stakeholder 2 LA, MoA Climate Change Mitigation Stakeholder Blocks Stakeholder Stakeholder Stakeholder sensitization Stakeholde and Adaptation measures in sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitization meetings per r the district meetings meetings meetings meetings block sensitizatio per block per block per block n meetings per block Promote Enhance gravity irrigation Establishment of Mumanse, 1 permanent 1 permanent 1 permanent 1 permanent 1 LA, MoA investment practices, low-cost permanent Weirs in 5 kabange, Weir Weir Weir Weir permanent in community irrigation camps Milambo, Constructed Constructed Constructed Constructed Weir appropriate facilities. Kafwanka and Constructe and cost- Mulumbi d effective irrigation Training farmers Milambo,mulum 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 MOA,COMDEV technologie infield irrigation bi,mumanse,cen trained trained trained trained farmers s in Milenge tral,kafwanka trained district and kabange Food and Nutrition training Conduct 960 farmer All 12 Camps 4 trainings 4 trainings 4 trainings 4 trainings 4 trainings LA, MoA, MoH on high nutrition value crops training workshops in per Camp per Camp per Camp per Camp per Camp nutrition sensitive agricuture Agriculture Information Agricultural All 23 60 news 60 news 60 news 60 news 60 news Department of Agriculture Information, Agricultural items and items and items and items and items and 162 Services Collection and Camps articles articles articles articles articles Dissemination produced produced produced produced produced Agricultural Shows All 23 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 Department of Agriculture Agricultural District District District District Shows District Camps Shows held Shows held Shows held held Shows held Agribusiness Promotion and Farmers accessing All 23 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,600 farmers 4,600 Department of Agriculture Marketing agricultural inputs, Agricultural farmers farmers farmers supported farmers FISP Camps supported supported supported with inputs supported with inputs with inputs with inputs with inputs Entrepreneurship All 23 3000 3000 3000 3000 farmers 3000 Department of Agriculture Training and Agricultural farmers farmers farmers trained farmers Development Camps trained trained trained trained Objective To improve agricultural infrastructure from 35% to 80% by 2034 2 Strategie Programme Activity Location (by Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 s priority) Agency/Department Increase Agricultural Infrastructure Office block Complete District Department of Agriculture agricultural development completion District Office office block infrastructu block completed re Block officer’s houses Construct 4 construct 1 construct 1 construct 1 construct 1 Department of Agriculture construction Block Extension Block Block Block Block Officers houses extension extension extension extension (Mulumbi, house house at house at house at Kapalala, constructed Mulumbi Kafwanka Kapalala Kafwanka & at Mikula Mikula) 163 Camp houses Construct 16 construct 3 construct 3 construct 3 construct 3 V 4 camp Department of Agriculture construction camp houses camp camp camp camp houses houses (Kabange, houses houses houses (Ngomba, (Lungo Sokontwe, (Kabange, (Chibende, (Chabuka Lupiya & Mukuta, Chibende, Kalali & Mupita & Baushi, Fibalala) Kabumba Ngomba, Mikula) Sokontwe) Changwe Kafwanka Chabuka Baushi, Lungo, & & Lupiya, Milkula, Kasonde) Kapemfya) Kasonde, Mupita, Kalali, Kapemfya, Fibalala, Kafwanka, & Kabumba Rehabilitation of Rehabilitate 3 Rehabilitate Rehabilitate Rehabilitate Department of Agriculture,LA Camp houses Camp houses Kapalala Central Mumanse (Kapalala, camp house camp house camp house Mumanse & Central) Construction of a Construct 1 Construct 1 Department of Agriculture and Farmer Training Farmer Training Farmer ministry of fisheries and livestock Centre Centre at Training Ngomba Centre at Ngomba Construction of weirs Construct 5 2 weirs 1 weir 1weir 1 weir LA,MOA permanent constructed constructed constructed constructe weirs d 164

4.4 Spatial Development Framework The Spatial Development Framework (SDF) will establish a comprehensive vision and framework for the physical development and land use within Milenge's central business district (CBD) and the entire district. Its primary aim is to guide and manage physical development in a coherent and sustainable manner. The spatial development scenarios outlined within the SDF are as follows:

4.4.1 Linear Development Planning Concept: Scenario One The term "Linear Development Planning Concept" refers to a planning approach focused on development along a linear corridor or axis, often associated with transportation or infrastructure projects. In Milenge district, development and settlement patterns have followed linear corridors, such as the Kasanka -Milenge Road and the Mansa-Milambo Road along the banks of the Luapula and Lwela rivers, respectively. Urban growth is concentrated around these main arteries, with transportation, electricity, communication, social amenities, and residential developments evolving accordingly. Key areas like Lwela, Kapalala, and Milenge BOMA serve as the busiest hubs, prioritized for development to maintain and enhance their vibrancy. These areas highlight the district's networks and connectivity, as well as its public facilities. The advantages of this concept are that it; • Follows a natural development pull; • Simple economic form of traffic segregation; • Movement and location comprehensive to the average citizen; • The town grows in proportion to the demands of both residential and industrial expansion; and • Subsequent possibility of growth to absorb the potential population growth. The primary difficulty associated with this concept is that it may not adequately serve individuals located away from the transportation system, potentially 165 resulting in a concentration of activity and development along the main transportation routes. Figure 24: Spatial Development Framework Scenario 1, Milenge DPU GIS Unit. The Linear Development Planning Concept has both advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: 1. Efficient Land Use: Development along linear corridors optimizes land use by concentrating infrastructure and services in a defined area, reducing sprawl. 166 2. Infrastructure Efficiency: Concentrating development along linear routes allows for more efficient provision of infrastructure such as transportation, utilities, and public services. 3. Connectivity: Linear development fosters connectivity between different areas, promoting accessibility and facilitating transportation and communication networks. 4. Environmental Protection: Concentrated development may help preserve natural habitats and open spaces outside of the linear corridors. As depicted on the map the forest protected areas and game management areas are relatives free of encroachment. Disadvantages: 1. Limited Flexibility: Linear development may constrain future expansion and development options, particularly if growth patterns change. 2. Social Inequity: Development concentrated along linear corridors may exacerbate social disparities, with peripheral areas receiving fewer resources and services. This is evidenced to minimal infrastructure development in Nsunga and Nsaka wards. 3. Environmental Degradation: Intensive development along linear routes can lead to environmental degradation, including habitat loss, pollution, and disruption of ecosystems.

4.4.2 Multi-Nodal Growth Spatial Development Concept: Scenario Two The Multi-Nodal Growth Spatial Development Concept proposes a strategy to address uneven development in Milenge district by focusing on existing nodes such as Lwela Mission, Milenge BOMA, Kafwanka, Kapalala, and Kasanka Turn- off. This approach aims to promote balanced growth, enhance service delivery, and improve long-term viability by providing essential services and infrastructure to sustain established growth centers. It seeks to rectify historical imbalances, foster inclusivity, and address the diverse needs of communities acros s the district through a coordinated multi-sectoral approach. Advantages: 1. Balanced Development: By concentrating development around existing nodes, the concept promotes balanced growth across different areas of the district, reducing disparities and enhancing overall socio-economic development. 2. Utilization of Existing Infrastructure: Leveraging existing nodes allows for 167 efficient use of infrastructure and resources, maximizing their potential and reducing the need for new infrastructure investments. 3. Enhanced Service Delivery: Establishing key development hubs equipped with essential services improves access to healthcare, education, agriculture, and communication throughout the district, benefiting residents across various sectors. 4. Long-Term Viability: By focusing on sustaining and enhancing established growth centers, the concept aims to improve the long-term viability of villages in the district, making them more attractive for residential, commercial, and agricultural purposes. 5. Addressing Historical Imbalances: The approach seeks to rectify historical imbalances in development by providing equal access to high-quality infrastructure and services across the district, promoting inclusivity and equity. Disadvantages: 1. Potential Displacement: Concentrating development around specific nodes may lead to displacement or marginalization of communities located outside these areas, if not adequately addressed. 2. Infrastructure Strain: Intensive development in selected nodes may strain existing infrastructure and services, requiring additional investments to meet growing demands. 168 3. Economic Dependence: Over-reliance on specific nodes for economic activities may lead to vulnerabilities in case of disruptions or downturns in those areas. 4. Governance Challenges: Coordinating multi-sectoral development efforts across various nodes may pose governance challenges, requiring effective collaboration and coordination among stakeholders. This has been evidenced in the distance covered to offer or access the service by the residents of Milenge west. 5. Environmental Impacts: Intensive development around nodes may have environmental implications, such as increased pollution, habitat fragmentation, and loss of green spaces, if not managed sustainably. The following locations have been pinpointed as potential growth centers: Area Category Milenge BOMA Fishing and Timber Harvesting Lwela Mission Agriculture, Fishing, Manganese mining potential at Nsaka and Butute areas Kafwanka Agriculture and Trade Kapalala Fishing, Agriculture and Cross border trading Table 46: Potential growth centres in Milenge 169 Figure 25: Spatial Development Framework Scenario 2, Milenge DPU GIS Unit

4.4.3 Environmental Protection Approach To Development: Scenario Three Milenge district is endowed with many natural resources, such as water bodies, swamps, ideal for agriculture use, Mansa game management area and many other similar features. This approach adopts the protection concept, a spatial strategy aimed at preserving valuable natura resources like agricultural land, wetlands, local and national forests, forest plantations, game management 170 areas, and settlements. It involves various development control policies, including the creation of buffer zones around water bodies, the implementation of effective planning practices, and the demarcation of agricultural land to prevent the spread of settlements, restocking and effective control of game management areas. In the context of Milenge, this concept holds significant potential for fish farming, rice production in Nsunga and Mumbotuta wards, agriculture, expansion of the Katena plantation. Developing requisite support infrastructure in farming blocks such as Milambo resettlement. When all these local economic potentials are properly harnessed, it can enhance the district's economic growth and fulfilment of its development goals by the end of the IDP period. Some of the dis-advantage of this concept will be 1. Economic Constraints: Strict development control policies and buffer zones may limit economic activities and opportunities for growth in certain areas, potentially hindering local livelihoods and economic development. 2. Limited Land Use: Demarcation of agricultural land and protection of natural resources may restrict the available land for settlement, agriculture, and other developmental purposes, leading to land use conflicts and constraints. 171 Figure 26: Spatial Development Framework Secnario 3, Milenge DPU GIS Unit

4.4.4 Chosen Spatial Development Scenario Multi Nodal Development Strategy The Milenge District Integrated Development Plan will be aligned with the Multi- Nodal Spatial Development Strategy, which prioritizes district development through strategically located growth nodes. The identified growth nodes, will be Lwela Mission, Milenge BOMA, Kafwanka, Kapalala and Kasanka turn-off. This framework is suitable for immediate implementation and aligns well with Milenge vision, goals, and strategic objectives, which aims at achieving an equitable 172 distribution of development and enhancing and easing accessibility of services in all parts of the district. Figure 27: Chosen Spatial Development Framework, Milenge DPU GIS Unit The justification for these identified nodes is that of: 1. Infrastructure and Services: Adequate infrastructure and services are provided within and around the nodes to support the increased population and economic activity, including transportation, utilities, and public amenities. 173 2. Concentration of Development: The strategy promotes concentrated development within these nodes, encouraging higher population density and economic activity in these areas. 3. Mixed Land Uses: Nodes often feature a mixed land use, including residential, commercial, creating vibrant and self-contained communities. 4. Improved Accessibility: Nodes are designed to be accessible, making it easier for residents’ services within a shorter commute. The chosen Spatial Development Framework (SDF) will seek to advance the following: I. Support Local Economic Development and investment. II. Improved education provision. III. Improved transport, telecommunication and infrastructure development. IV. Support farming. V. Enhance access to health services. VI. Safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. VII. Protect the environment and natural resources. VIII. Improved security services in the district. IX. Promote gender equality and youth empowerment

4.5 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals To Improve, Maintain Or Protect The Environmental, Social And Economic Aspects Of Development; Milenge District has three Protected Forest Areas, which are Lunuka, Shamende and Katena Forest areas, in addition to this, the district has the Mansa Game Management Area, as well as extensive wetlands in Nsunga ward. Government of the Republic of Zambia, is implementing the devolution system of governance, henceforth, the local authority has maintained a strong collaborative relationship with the devolved Department of Forest, now part of the Ministry of Green Economy, tasked with safeguarding forest protected areas. Several policies are employed for land use planning within these protection zones and environmentally sensitive areas, these are; 174 The Forestry Act of 2015 In accordance with the Forestry Act of 2015, Milenge Town Council has mapped all designated forest protected areas within the district. This has been done for the specific purpose of preventing any land administration activities within these protected zones. Additionally, Milenge district boasts rich natural resources like forests, streams, rivers, swamps, underground water, Mumbotuta water rapids and fertile soils. Notably, it has the Luapula, one of Zambia's major rivers. The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) places a high priority on preserving such vital areas for the sake of environmental conservation, cultural heritage, historical, environmental and economic significance. Several national statutes provide the legal framework for this endeavour, including the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 14 of 2015, the national policy on wetland of 2018, the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act of the Laws of Zambia and the keep Zambia Healthy, Green and Clean Programme. To achieve these conservation objectives, the Milenge IDP proposes the following measures: Enhanced Public Participation: Encouraging active involvement of the public in decision-making processes through committees like WDCs (Ward Development Committees), NGOs, women's groups and Neighborhood Watch Committees. Identification and Protection: Identifying, demarcating, and officially designating areas of environmental, cultural, and historical significance through collaboration with relevant departments and ministries. This includes safeguarding forests, water sources, palaces, graves, and other significant sites. 175 Partnerships and Synergy: Strengthening partnerships and cooperation between the Local Authority, Luapula Provincial Planning Authority and Traditional leadership through Planning Agreements and Local Area Plans. These agreements provide formal support for the protection of significant areas and prevent conflicting land uses from encroaching into these protected zones. These proposed measures aim to ensure the sustainable preservation of natural and cultural resources in Milenge district, balancing development needs with environmental and cultural conservation goals.

4.6 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For The Protection Of National And Regional Interests, Policies And Guidelines; Integrated Development Planning strives to transition from isolated or compartmentalized planning to comprehensive integration of planning across all levels. Similarly, Milenge district recognizes the importance of safeguarding both national and regional interests. The Milenge Integrated Development Plan is fully aware of and respects national laws and policies, which have served as the fundamental framework for the plans and recommendations presented in this document.

4.7 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For Informal Settlements With A Description Of Improvement Inputs Or Other Management Responses Required And The Appropriate Building And Land Use Controls To Be Applied In Those Areas; The Urban and Regional Planning Act offer legal solutions to tackle the challenges posed by informal development. In line with this legal framework, the Milenge Integrated Development Plan has incorporated strategies to address the issues associated with informal settlements. Milenge district, being a recently established district, exhibits a mix of traditional homesteads and limited urban infrastructure. Settlements like Talayi, Nyembe, Lunga and Hellena Musonda with traditional homestead that need urgent attention with regard to municipal service improvements. To address these development dynamics, the IDP will adopt the strategy of Planning Agreements and Local Area Planning as tools to ensure coordinated spatial development throughout the district. 176 Furthermore, the IDP advocates for various forms of land development, including: Parks and Greenbelt Development: Creating and preserving green spaces and park areas within the district to enhance the environment and recreational opportunities. Densification: Encouraging higher population density in urban areas to optimize land use and infrastructure efficiency. Infill Development: Filling in vacant or underutilized spaces within existing urban areas to promote compact and sustainable development. Nodal Development: Focusing on the growth and development of specific nodes or centers within the district to channel resources and services efficiently. Corridor Development: Promoting development along transportation corridors to improve connectivity and accessibility.

4.8 Land Use Planning Policies And Proposals For Areas Under The Jurisdiction Of Traditional Authorities And Proposed Policies And Proposals For Those Areas Customary leasehold is recognized in the Laws of Zambia, including in the Lands Act, Forestry Act, the Urban and Regional Planning Act and in the National Land policy 2021. Milenge Integrated Development Plan, will focus on progressive strategy such as the Planning Agreements stipulated in the Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015, to administer and manage development of land under customary leasehold. Additionally, the local authority will identify settleme nt for declaration as improvement areas. 177

5.0 Implementation Programme The implementation plan is structured into four sections: 1. Capital Investment Plan: This outlines the capital projects to be implemented, detailing their costs and the responsible agency overseeing each project. 2. Local Authority Financial Plan: This section provides budget projections for the next five years from the start of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), highlighting anticipated financial allocations and expenditures by the local authority. 3. Programme for Preparation of Local Area Plans: Here, a program is outlined for the preparation of Local Area Plans, identifying proposed areas for development and urban expansion within the district. 4. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan: This section defines key indicators of performance for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the development initiatives outlined in the IDP, ensuring accountability and effectiveness in implementation.

5.1 Capital Investment Plan All the costs attached to implementation of the programmes in this document are outlined in the capital investment plan. The tables on the next page shows the capital investment plans for each sector. 178

5.1.1 Water And Sanitation Sector Goal To enhance access to safe water and sanitation services by 2034 Objective 1 To improve access to clean and safe water from 59 to 95 percent by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase the capacity of Water Construction of boreholes 10 wards 640,000 640,000 640,000 640,000 640,000 LA water supply infrastructure systems/schemes development Construction of Water Schemes 15 wards 2,850,000 2,850,000 2,850,000 2,850,000 2,850,000 Construction of Mini-Water 50,000,000 30,000,000 Treatment Plant at Mikula and Lwela Rehabilitation of Boreholes All the 15 72,000 72,000 72,000 72,000 72,000 wards Upgrade of boreholes from India Mk In all the 15 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 II to Afridev 88 wards Monitoring water quality Water quality Procurement of Porter lab Mikula ward 650,000 LA monitoring Objective 2 To improve sanitation services from 36 percent to 80 percent by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Provision of water borne Sanitation Construction of water borne toilets 15 wards 2000,000 2000,000 2000,000 2000,000 2000,000 LA sanitation facilities in all Infrastructure critical public institutions development and facilities Improve solid waste Infrastructure Construction of refuse bays 15 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 LA management in the development Dumpsite construction 2 265,000 265,000 LA 179 district 180

5.1.2 Fisheries And Livestock Sector Goal Improved livestock & fisheries production and productivity by 2034 Objective 1 Improved service provision from 45% to 80% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department To increase Fisheries Technical Services Procurement District office 25,000 25,000 25,000 - MFL and Livestock of tools and Extension tools and equipment for equipment practical training of farmers To increase Fisheries Procurement District office 1,700,000 MFL and Livestock of 1 motor Extension transport vehicle fleet To increase Fisheries Procurement Kapalala, - 5 - - - MFL and Livestock of 5 motor Matontola, Extension transport bikes Milambo, fleet Fibalala and Lusubwe Objective 2 To improve livestock and fisheries infrastructure from 6 percent to 70 percent by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase Fisheries and Fisheries and Construct Milenge district 800,000 MFL Livestock Livestock small infrastructure (Install infrastructure Livestock small Livestock Development breeding breeding centre centre (multiplication Center) 181 Increase fisheries & Fisheries and Construct Milenge district 800,000 MFL livestock infrastructure Livestock forage seed ( Install Forage Seed infrastructure bank Bank) Development (CLIMATE SMART Livestock technologies) Increase fisheries & Fisheries and Renovate 1 Renovate 750,000 MFL livestock infrastructure Livestock and construct Kapalala and (Livestock bulking infrastructure Livestock construct 1 centres) Development bulking centre Matontola (Fisheries and Livestock marketing) Increase fisheries & Construction of Construction Mikula ward 3,500,000 - - - - MFL livestock infrastructure fisheries and of 1 office ( diptanks) livestock block infrastructure Construction Matontola, 1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000 800,000 500,000 MFL of 13 dip tanks Fibalala, (3 large Lusumbwe, ruminant Shitambuli, diptanks and Chipundu and 10 small Mumbotuta Livestock diptanks) Construction All 15 wards 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 MFL of slaughter slabs Construction 1.Kapalala, 2. 650,000 650,000 - - - MFL of 2 livestock Fibalala quarantine facilities Construction Fibalala MFL of 1 fish breeding 182 centre Construction Matontola - 820,000 - - - MFL of 1 livestock service center Construction 12 wards 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 1,800,000 MFL of 12 staff houses 183

5.1.3 Health Sector Goal Access to health services improved Objective 1 To increase health infrastructure from 50 to 80% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Improving health Infrastructure 8 Health, 1. Chipela, 2. 2,880,000 2,880,000 2,880,000 2,880,000 2,880,000 Milenge district council/health Infrastructure development Facilities Kalali, department Milenge constructed 3. Kasepa 4.Mbobola, 5. Lupiya, 6. Butute, 7. Mununshi, 8.Chilimabwe Expansion of 1.East 7 500000 5000000 500000 500000 600000 Milenge district council/health health department Milenge 2.Sokontwe facilities 3.Mulumbi 4.kapalala 5.milambo 6.lwela Infrastructure Construction of 1. Milambo, 2. 2,800,000 2,800,000 2,800,000 2,800,000 3,800,000 Milenge district council/health development 11 Maternity Kuyafya, department Milenge Annexes 3. Milulu, 4. Mumanse, 5. Chipundu, 6. 184 Changwelungo, 7. Kapalala, 8. Moffat, 8. Shitambuli, 9. Mulumbi ,10. Fishikwa, 11 kalali Infrastructure Construction of 1 1. Lwela mini 1,200,000 - - - - Milenge district council/health development Theatre at Lwela hospital department Milenge Mini Hospital Construction of 8 1.East 7 600000 600000 600000 600000 600000 Milenge district council/health youth friendly department Milenge spaces 2.kabange 3.lwela 4.chibende 5.kapalala 6.kafwanka 7.mulumbi 8.milambo Infrastructure Construction of 1 1. Lwela mini 1,820,000 Milenge district council/health development Mortuary Lwela hospital department Milenge Mini Hospital Infrastructure Construction 1. Kapalala, 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 300,000 Milenge district council/health development placenta pits and department Milenge incinerators at 11 2. Changwelungo, Health facilities 3. Sokontwe, 4. Chibende, 5. Mulumbi, 6. Fishikwa, 7. Lungomukuta, 185 8. Mulungushi 9. Milenge District Hospital Infrastructure Construction of 1.Changwe 1,500,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 Milenge district council/health development staff houses 7 Lungo, 2. Kalali, 3. department Milenge Chipela, 4. Milambo, 5. Kashila, 6. Mulungushi 7. Lungo mukuta, Objective 2 Increase coverage for quality health services from 60% to 90% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Improving Increase the Procurement of All the 18 health 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 Milenge district council/health availability and quantity of medical new equipment facilities department Milenge functionality of equipment medical equipment Maintenance of All the 18 health 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 Milenge district council/health health equipment facilities department Milenge Improving transport Expansion of Procurement of 2 Milenge District 2,000,000 2,000,000 Milenge district council/health system transport fleet ambulances department Milenge Procurement of Milenge district 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 300,000 LA/Health department Milenge 20 motor bikes Procurement of Milenge district 475,000 475,000 475,000 475,000 475,000 Milenge district council/health 475 bicycles department Milenge 186

5.1.4 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector Goal To have improved and adequate district infrastructure and road network by 2034 Objective 1 To rehabilitate 344 KM of roads by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Road Rehabilitation of 344 Milenge 300,000,000 300,000,000 300,000,000 300,000,000 300,000,000 Local Authority source for funds for development Kilometers of roads district roads development and maintenance Drainage construction Milenge boma 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Local Authority Installation of street lights Milenge boma 2,175,000 1,305,000 870,000 Local Authority Hospital road ,Lwela Kapalala and Kasanka Junction Construction of 10 bridges Milenge 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 Local Authority district Objective 2 To upgrade 100 KM of road from gravel to bituminous standard by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Road Upgrading of 100 KM road Mikula 900,000,000 900,000,000 900,000,000 900,000,000 900,000,000 Local Authority/RDA source for funds for development to bituminous standard roads development and (Kasanka-Milenge) Katena maintenance Kapalala Chipundu Lusumbwe 187 Objective 3 To Construct and rehabilitate 25 houses, 2 social amenities and 1 public library respectively by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Infrastructure Construction, expansion Milenge 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 Local Authority construct and development and rehabilitation of public district rehabilitate public houses and lodges infrastructure Construction of social Boma 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Local Authority amenities Construction of a public Boma 500,000 500,000 500,000 - - Local Authority library Objective 4 To increase mobile telecommunications networks coverage from 57% to 85% by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Responsible priority) Agency/Department Local Authority to ICT Erection of communication Nsunga ward 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Local engage mobile service Infrastructure towers and Nsaka Authority/ZICTA/HIS providers to erect development ward telecommunications towers and improve network coverage Local authority to Communication Construction of a radio Mikula 2,500,000 LA/ZICTA construct a radio station Infrastructure station development Objective 5 To increase energy coverage from 40% to 95% by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department The Local Authority to Rural electrification 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Local Authority engage REA and Zesco to connect all public facilities to the national 188 grid Objective 6 To operationalise the pontoon by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Responsible priority) Agency/Department The local Authority to Servicing of the 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Local Authority operationalize the Pontoon pontoon 189

5.1.5 Forestry Sector Goal To promote sustainable use of forests and environmental areas Objective 1 Promote responsible and sustainable logging practices by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Forestry department to enforce regulations Sustainable land and Undertake forest Milenge district 844,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 Department of and forest management patrols Objective 2 Promote Agroforestry, Afforestation and Re-afforestation by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity priority) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department Department of forestry to undertake tree Nature based solutions Establishment of Milenge district 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 63,260 Department of Forest planting exercise nurseries Objective 3 To increase climate change adaptation rate from 22% to 75% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity priority) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department Department of Forestry to conduct Community Milenge district 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 8,500 Department of Forest community sensitizations on sustainable sensitizations logging practices 190

5.1.6 Education Sector Goal Improved access to quality, inclusive and equitable education by 2034 Objective 1 Improve educational infrastructure 41 to 65 by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase educational Infrastructure Construction of school Milenge district 4,030,000 4,030,000 4,030,000 4,030,000 4,030,000 MOE/ LA infrastructure development laboratories construct 9 Primary Milenge district 6,300,000 6,300,000 6,300,000 6,300,000 6,300,000 MOE/ LA schools construct 1 skills Milenge district 25,000,000 MOE/ LA training Centre construct staff houses At all the schools 26,000,000 26,000,000 26,000,000 26,000,000 26,000,000 Ministry of Education/LA that have no teacher houses Construct 1 girls Mumbotuta 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 Ministry of Education & secondary boarding Milenge district all cooperating partners school in Mumbotuta schools MOE/LA ward Construction of 7 libraries Construction of 1,000,000 MOE/LA examination strong room Objective 2 Improve service provision from 55 to 85 percent by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Increase the quantity of ICT skills Procurement of 600 All schools in 840,000 840,000 840,000 840,000 840,000 MOE/LA learning materials and development school computers for Milenge 191 equipment ICT learning

5.1.7 Community Development and Social Welfare Sector Community Development Goal Reduced poverty levels in households by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household food security and access from 65% to 90% by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) Increasing the number of food security pack beneficiaries Food security Distribution All 15 10,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 Department of support of food wards in Community security pack the Development district. Identification All 15 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Department of of potential wards in Community beneficiaries the Development district Objective 2 To improve technical and business skills in Milenge from 34% to 75% by 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) To improve technical, vocational and entrepreneurship skills Technical Training All 52 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Department of education 2,500 CWACs Community vocation and women in 15 Development entrepreneurship CWACs wards in training the district Objective 3 To improve literacy levels in the district from 34% to 75% by the year 2034 Location Responsible Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department priority) Enhance access to quality, equitable and inclusive education Adult education Formation of All 15 95,000 95,000 95,000 95,000 95,000 Department of adult literacy wards in Community classes the Development/ Local district Authority 192 Social Welfare Goal Reduced poverty levels in households by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household income from 65% to 90% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department increasing the number of Social cash Scaling up social cash All 52 CWA Cs in 90,000,000 90,000,000 90,000,000 90,000,000 90,000,000 Department of Social social cash transfer transfer transfer the district Welfare beneficiaries Objective 2 To improve participation for persons living with disability from 45% to 75% by 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Improvin g the involve ment Disability services Identifying unregister All 15 wards in the 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Department of Social of person with disabiliti es in red persons with distric Welfare/Zambia Agency decision making disabilities t for Persons with Disabilities Objective 3 To promote children’s well- being from 50% to 80% by the year 2034 Location (by Responsible Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 priority) Agency/Department Juvenile Justice To conduct All the wards in 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Department of Social Community the district Welfare/Zambia Police Sensitization Meeting on Delinquencies and services for Juvniles in conflict with the law Conduct counselling All 15 wards in the 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 Department of Social and facilitate distric Welfare, Zambia Police, mentorship linkages t The Church, Traditional to reform behavior of leaders, local authority, juveniles in conflict and Judiciary with the law Case Management to assess and facilitate All 15 wards in the 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 Department of Social alternative care distric Welfare and Judiciary 193 services for children in t need of care 194

5.1.8 Agriculture Sector Goal Improved Agricultural production and productivity Objective 1 To enhance food and nutritional security at both household and district levels 45% to 75%by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Location (by priority) Responsible 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department Provision of Enhanced farmer Procurement of 1 Milenge District 2,000,000 Milenge district crop Support vehicle council/ministry of production Agriculture Advisory and technical Procurement of 15 Milenge district 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 LA/MOA services motor bikes Objective 2 To improve agricultural infrastructure from 35% to 80% by 2034 Responsible Strategies Programme Activity Location (by priority) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Agency/Department Increase Agricultural Office block Complete District Office block 2,000,000 Department of agricultural Infrastructure completion Agriculture infrastructure development Block officer’s houses Construct 4 Block Extension 750,000 750,000 750,000 750,000 Department of construction Officers houses (Mulumbi, Agriculture Kapalala, Kafwanka & Mikula) Camp houses Construct 16 camp houses 2,250 2,250 2,250 2,250 3,000 Department of construction (Kabange, Sokontwe, Chibende, Agriculture Ngomba, Chabuka Baushi, Lupiya, Milkula, Kasonde, Mupita, Kalali, Kapemfya, Fibalala, Kafwanka, & Kabumba Rehabilitation of Camp Rehabilitate 3 Camp houses 250,000 250,000 250,000 Department of houses (Kapalala, Mumanse & Central) Agriculture,LA 195 Construction of a Construct 1 Farmer Training 5,000,000 Department of Farmer Training Centre Centre at Ngomba Agriculture and ministry of fisheries and livestock Construction of weirs Construct 5 permanent weirs 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 LA,MOA 196

5.1.9 Governance, Law And Security Sector Goal Enhance Public Safety, Access to Justice, and Public Participation in Governance by 2034 Objective Strengthen Community Policing and access to Justice from 25% to 75 % by 2034 Strategies Programme Activity Locati on (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Responsibl e Strengthe n criminal and Crime prevention Constru ction of priority Agency/D epartment Mileng e BOMA, police post Kafwa nka, Kasank Zambia Police and Local 2,000,000 2,000,00 - - - a Turn Off, Lwela Authority and Kabange Construc tion of Kapal ala Board er 2,000,000 - - - - Immigratio n Departme nt Immigrati on post post Construc tion of Judiciary of the Republic Mileng e District - - 2,500,00 - - subordin ate courts of Zambia Objective 2 To provide a conducive environment for inclusive governance and public engagement from 0% to 100% by 2034 To enhance decentralisation Decentralise construc tion of WDCs Mileng e District in 750,000 3,500,000 1,500,000 750,000 750,000 Local Authority of public governance governance office the 15 wards systems To enhance institutions decentralisaon of public governance systems and Construction of additional office block at Civic centre and Sub- Office at Lwela 197

5.2 Local Authority Financial Plan Financial plans are important because they give a measurable goal to work towards. Outlined in the section are the revenue estimates for Milenge district in the next five (5) years, 2023 – 2027. Significant Findings Within Milenge district, fees, charges and levies are the primary sources of own revenue. It is found in most cases that tax and non-ta revenue is recorded to perform below targeted annual estimates. The farm produce levies, rentals from council houses, communication mast levies and business levies are considered as major components of fees and charges and levies which contribute the highest proportion to the internally generated funds. Nevertheless, the local authority is financed mainly with the support from the Treasury through the Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF) which accounts for 90% and 10% from own- source and disbursement of Constituency Development Fund (CDF). Revenue collection by Milenge Town Council is characterized by low collection effectiveness and efficiency resulting from; I. Collection efficiency and effectiveness (how much is to be collected). II. Revenue tax base (what is to be taxed). III. Tax coverage (who should pay and how much). IV. Capacity gaps (human and financial resources). V. Weak enforcement in revenue mobilization. VI. Low administrative capacity for the Local Authority. 198 The Local Authority has potential to raise additional own resource revenue, such as charcoal levies, health permits, liquor licences etc owing to increase in commercial activities within the district, enforcement of fines, penalties to illegal developers and unlicensed businesses and proposal to fully operationalize the commercial ventures by fully operating the council lodge with all the required amenities such as conference facilities bar, accommodation and restaurant. The revenue assessment revealed that there are substantial gaps between reported and projected revenues, leaving room for further analysis on why projected revenues differ from reported actuals and how this affects budget implementation by the Local Authority. Assessment of Overall revenue – raising efforts The major contributor to revenue mobilization consists of OSR, LGEF and CDF from the National Treasury. The Local Authority prescribes and sets levies, permits, licenses and fees and charges taking into account planned expenditure and forecast of LGEF and other grants from government. Specifically, the higher the fiscal capacity of a local authority, the higher its potential to raise revenue. In practice, the amount of revenue that a local authority can actually raise from its community depends on what the community wishes its local authority to do. District Collection Efficiency % Milenge 89 The revenue mobilization effort (collection efficiency) shows that the local authority had collected 89% in 2022 which includes LGEF, CDF and OSR. Assessment of uncollected revenue Milenge Town Council has been facing challenges in collecting revenue especially on levies, permits and licenses that have adversely affected the ability of the local authority to operate at full capacity. Poor collection of revenue has 199 been impacted by inadequate revenue database and weak enforcement of revenue collection. Consequently, the Local Authority has been locally collecting 30% of its overall targeted revenue to finance its activities.

5.2.3 Assessment of revenue potential Generally, the local authority has potential to raise additional revenue. Increase in revenue mobilization and innovation efforts would lead to the local authority being financially independent in future. Revenue Projection and Financial Plan for the next 5 years (2023 – 2027) REVENUE TYPE B ASELINE 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 B UDGET 2022 Local Taxes –Personal levy 21,150.00 22,500.00 21,375.00 21,375.00 30,500.00 30,500.00 Fees & charges 1,552,800.00 1,215,421.00 1,154,650.00 1,154,650.00 1,276,192.05 1,276,192.05 Other Receipts/Income 508,000.00 805,509.00 765,234.00 765,234.00 845,784.45 845,784.45 Total Own Source Re ve nue 2,081,950.00 2,043,430.00 1,941,259.00 1,941,259.00 2,152,476.50 2,152,476.50 LGEF Funding 10,335,815.00 10,335,815.00 10,335,815.00 10,335,815.00 10,335,815.00 10,335,815.00 CDF Funding 25,739,911.00 28,313,902.00 30,635,641.91 30,635,641.91 30,635,641.91 30,635,641.91 Total National Support 36,075,726.00 38,649,717.00 40,971,456.90 38,649,717.00 38,649,717.00 38,649,717.00 Total Proje cte d Re ve nue 38,157,676.00 40,693,147.00 42,912,715.90 42,912,715.90 42,912,715.90 42,912,715.90 Table 47: Local authority revenue and financial projection Strategies To Increase Revenue Collection • Enforcement of revenue collection and mobilization mechanism • Additional of revenue collectors to collect revenue • Opening up and operationalization of more revenue collection points in the district • Engagement of ward development committees (WDCs) as revenue collection agents of the local authority in all the 15 wards. • Broadening up the sources of revenue by engaging in different commercial ventures such as poultry, block making and expansion of the council lodge. • Quarterly collection and updating of the revenue database in the district. • Preparation of the district valuation roll. 201 5.3 . Programme For Preparation Of The Local Area And Other Detailed Planning Activities The preparation of Local Area Plans is outlined in Section 21 of the Urban and Regional Planning Act (URPA) of the Laws of Zambia: A planning authority is mandated to utilize a local area plan as a planning instrument, providing detailed proposals for the development of an area designated for development under an integrated development plan.' Local Area Plans delineate key areas of interest where development is slated to occur to achieve community objectives. The proposed Local Area Plans will adopt a nodal development concept encompassing various sectors, including commerce, agriculture, tourism, timber harvesting, fishing and administration, aimed at fostering future development. The preparation of the LAPs will be synchronized with the implementation and financial plan, taking into account existing LAPs. Furthermore, the LAPs will adhere to District land use standards and regulations. The following table provides a description of the Local Area Plans:" District Nodes Milenge Kapalala Kasanka Lwela Kafwanka Milenge BOMA 202

5.4 Monitoring & Evaluation Plan The monitoring plan has been developed in order to periodically track progress of implemented programmes contained in this IDP. This will further help to assess the impact of the various programmes and interventions in communities through measuring actual performance against set targets. Data will be collected using various data collection tools and methods and analysed. A monitoring team will be established to undertake monitoring of projects and programmes contained in this IDP. 203

5.4.1 Water And Sanitation Sector Goal To enhance access to safe water and sanitation services by 2034 Objective 1 To improve access to clean and safe water from 59 to 95 percent by 2034 Location (by Source of Strategies Programme Activity 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome Indicator Frequency priority) information Increase the capacity of water Water infrastructure Construction of 10 wards 13 14 13 15 12 Number of boreholes LA Annually supply systems/schemes development boreholes constricted Construction of 15 wards 30 3 3 3 3 Number of water LA Annually Water Schemes schemes constricted Rehabilitation of All the 15 15 15 15 15 12 Number of boreholes LA Quarterly Boreholes wards rehabilitated Upgrade of In all the 15 18 18 18 16 45,000 Number of boreholes LA Quarterly boreholes from wards upgraded India Mk II to Afridev 88 Monitoring water quality Water quality Procurement of Mikula ward 1 Number of porter labs LA Annually monitoring porter lab procured Community Stake Holder All the 15 3 3 3 3 3 Number of community LA Quarterly sensitisations engagement wards wards wards wards wards wards sensitization conducted meetings Objective 2 To improve sanitation services from 36 percent to 80 percent by 2034 Location Source of Strategies Programme Activity (by 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome/Indicator Frequency information priority) Enhance community Sanitation and Community 15 wards 3 3 3 3 3 Number of community LA Quarterly engagements on proper personal hygiene sensitisations wards wards wards wards wards sensitizations sanitation practices promotion conducted 204 Trigger all 15 Ward 3 3 3 3 3 3 Number of wards LA Quarterly in CLTS triggered Provision of water borne Sanitation Stakeholder 15 wards 3 3 3 3 3 Number of stakeholder LA Quarterly sanitation facilities in all critical Infrastructure engagement wards wards wards wards wards engagement conducted public institutions and facilities development meetings Construction of 15 wards 2 2 2 2 2 Number of waterborne LA LA water borne toilets toilets constructed Improve solid waste Infrastructure Construction of 15 wards 3 3 3 3 3 Number of refuse bays LA Annually management in the district development refuse bays constructed Dumpsite 2 1 1 Number of Dumpsites LA Annually construction constructed Waste management Provide solid waste 2 wards 1 1 Number of wards LA Annually management serviced services 205

5.4.2 Forestry And Environmental Sector Goal To promote sustainable use of forests and environmental areas Objective 1 Promote responsible and sustainable logging practices by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome Sources of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Indicator Information Forestry department to Undertake forest Kapalala, Katena, Kapalala, Kapalala, Katena, Kapalala, Kapalala, Number of forest Department of quarterly enforce regulations and law patrols Chipundu and Katena, Chipundu and Katena, Katena, patrols conducted on logging practices Matontola Chipundu and Matontola Chipundu Chipundu Matontola and and Matontola Matontola Objective 2 Promote Agroforestry, Afforestation and Re-afforestation by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome/Indicator Sources of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 information Department of forestry to Establishment of Mikula ward Mikula Mikula Mikula Mikula Number of nurseries Department of Annually undertake tree planting nurseries established forest Tree planting Kapalala, Katene Matontola, Mikula, Nsunga, Fibalala, Number of trees Department of Annually and chipundu Fishikwa and Mumbotuta and Nsaka and Lwela and planted in forest Mulumbi Sokontwa Lusumbwe Milambo Objective 3 To increase climate change adaptation rate from 22% to 75% by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome Indicator Sources of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 information Department of Forestry to Community All 15 wards Number of community Department of Every 6 conduct community sensitizations sensitisations Forest Months sensitizations on sustainable conducted logging practices 206

5.4.3 Health Sector Goal 1 To improve accessibility to health services Objective 1 To increase health infrastructure from 50 to 80% by 2034 Outcome Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Frequency indicator information Improving health Infrastructure 2 Health post constructed 2 Health post 2 Health post 2 Health post Health post Number of health Department of Annual Infrastructure development at chipela and kalali constructed constructed constructed at constructed at posts built Health/LA at kasepa and at lupiya and mununshi and Chilimabwe and Mbobola Butute Lunga upgrading of East 7RHC Infrastructure Rehabilitation and 1.East 7 1 2 2 1 Department of development expansion of health Health/L facilities 2.sokontwe 3.Mulumbi 4.kapalala 5.milambo 6.lwela Infrastructure 2 maternity annexes built 2 maternity 2 maternity 2 maternity 3 maternity Number of Department of Annual development at kuyafya and Milambo annexes built annexes built annexes built at annexes built at Maternity annexed Health/LA at Mumanse at Chipundu Kapalala and shitambuli,Mulumbi built and Milulu and Changwe Moffat and Fishikwa lungo Infrastructure 1 Theatre constructed at Number of Department of Once off development Lwela Mini Hospital theatres built Health/LA Construction of 8 youth 1.East 7 2 2 2 2 Department of friendly corners Health/LA 2.kabange 3.lwela 207 4.chibende 5.kapalala 6.kafwanka 7.milumbi 8.kabnge Infrastructure 1 Mortuary Number of Department of Once off development(Co constructed mortuaries built Health/LA nstruction of 1 at Lwela Mini Mortuary) Hospital Construction of 2 Staff Houses repaired at 2 Staff houses 2 Staff 2 Staff houses 2 Staff houses built Number of houses Department of Annual 10 houses and sokontwe and kapalala built at houses built built milulu and Mulumbi and built Health/LA rehabilitation of Milambo and chibende and chipundu Kabange 5 house Mumanse kuyafya Infrastructure 2 placenta pits and 2 placenta 2 placenta 2 placenta pits 1 placenta pit built Number of Department of Annual development incinerators built at pits and pits and and at Mulungushi placenta pits and Health/LA Changwe lungo and Lwela incinerators incinerators incinerators incinerators built at built at built at lungo sokontwe and mulumbi and mukuta and chibende Fishikwa milenge district hospital Objective 2 Increase coverage for quality health services from 60% to 90% by 2034 Strategy Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome Sources of Frequency Improving Increase the 3 health facilities 3 health 4 health 4 health 4 health facilities Number of health Department of Annual availability and quantity of facilities facilities facilities facilities covered Health/LA functionality of medical medical equipment equipment 3 health facilities 3 health 4 health 4 health 4 health facilities Number of health Department BI Annual facilities facilities facilities facilities covered 208

5.4.4 Education Sector Goal Improved access to quality, inclusive and equitable education by 2034 Objective 1 Improve educational infrastructure 41 to 65 by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome indicator Source of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Information Increase Infrastructure Construct 1 school Construct 1 Construct 1 Construct 1 - No of Laboratory Ministry of Annually educational development laboratory at secondary school at secondary secondary Constructed Education/ Local infrastructure Kapalala and Mumbotuta and school at school at Authority complete 1 at School laboratory at Milambo and Kabange Mulumbi and Kafwanka school lab at central Lwela examination strong room Construct 2 Construct 2 primary Construct 2 Construct 2 Construct 1 primary No of School s Ministry of Annually primary schools at schools at Kaputa primary primary schools at Tande constructed Education/ Local Munwa and and Chituba schools at schools at Authority Changwena Kashila and Kafumba and Lupiya Mukumbwa Construction of 1 No of Skills Centres Ministry of Annually skills training centre constructed Education/ Local at Milenge BOMA Authority - Construct 1 girls - - - No of dormitory Ministry of Annually dormitory at Constructed Education/ Local Mumbotuta Authority secondary boarding school in Mumbotuta ward Construct 2 school Construct 2 Construct 2 Construct 1 school No of Libraries Ministry of Annually libraries at Milenge school libraries school libraries at Kabange constructed Education/ Local and Lwela at Kafwanka libraries at Authority and Mulumbi Kapalala and 209 Butimbwe Construction Construction of 1 Number of examination MOE/LA of 1 examination strong strong rooms examination constructed strong Objective 2 Improve service provision from 55 to 85 percent by 2034 Responsible Source of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Frequency Agency/Department Information Increase the ICT skills - Distribute 100 Distribute 100 Distribute 200 Distribute 200 No of Computers MOE/LA Annually quantity of development computers to 10 computers to computers to computers to 20 distributed learning schools 10 schools 20 schools schools materials and equipment Staff 5 5 5 5 5 No of Staff trained Ministry of Annually Development Education Numeracy and 500 500 500 500 500 Learning and teaching Ministry of Annually literacy Material Procured Education& development cooperating partners 210

5.4.5 Infrastructure, Transport, Communication And Energy Sector Goal To have improved and adequate district infrastructure and road network by 2034 Objective 1 To rehabilitate 344 KM of roads by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome indicator Sources of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 information The Local Authority to Construction and Kasanka- Kabange- Kasangashi- Mulumbi- Kapalala- Kilometers of roads LA, RDA 5 source for funds for rehabilitation of 254 Milenge Chabukabaushi Mulumbi- Mulungushi- Kasepa-Boma constructed roads development Kilometers of roads (75KM)an (75 KM) Totolo (40 Kalali (39 KM) (17 KM) gravel and 75 km to d Km) and and Katena- bituminous standard Kapalala- Malenga- Sokontwe- Pontoon Ponga Ponga Masheto (17 road (1.5 (36 KM) KM) KM) Drainage construction Milenge boma Kilometers of drainages LA 2 (3KM) constructed Installation of street Milenge boma Lwela Kapalala Kilometers of roads LA 3 lights & Hospital installed with street road lights Construction of 10 Mpolo, Nkufi and Chabuka Mulungushi Kalali Number of bridges LA 5 bridges Kafubashi Mulumbi baushi and constructed and Mapula Chipundu Objective 2 To upgrade 100 KM of road from gravel to bituminous standard by 2034 Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome indicator Frequency information The Local Authority to Road development and 900,000,0 900,000,000 900,000,000 900,000,000 900,000,000 Kilometers of road LA 5 source for funds for maintenance 00 upgraded roads development Objective 3 To Construct and rehabilitate 25 houses, 2 social amenities and 1 public library respectively by 2034 211 Strategies Programme Sources of 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome indicator Frequency information The Local Authority to Construction, expansion 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards 3 wards Number of houses LA 5 construct and and rehabilitation of constructed rehabilitate public public houses and lodges infrastructure Construction of social Mikula Lwela Number of social LA 2 amenities amenities constructed Construction of a public Mikula Number of libraries LA 1 library constructed Objective 4 To increase mobile telecommunications networks coverage from 57% to 85% by 2034 Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome indicator Frequency information Local Authority to engage Erection of Nsunga Nsaka and Kapalala Matontola Mulumbi Number of ZICTA/HIS/LA/Mo 5 mobile service providers communication towers Katena communication towers bile to erect erected telecommunicati telecommunications on providers towers and improve network coverage Construction of radio Construction of 1 radio Mikula Number of radio LA/ZICTA 1 stations station stations constructed Objective 5 To increase energy coverage from 40% to 95% by 2034 Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome indicator information Frequency The Local Authority to Rural electrification Matontola Fishikwa and Nsunga Mumbotuta Nsaka Number of public REA/ZESCO 5 engage REA and Zesco to Mulumbi facilities electrified connect all public facilities to the national grid 212 Objective 6 To operationalise the pontoon by 2034 Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome indicator Frequency information The local Authority to Servicing of the Pontoon Servicing Operationalizat Servicing of pontoon LA 1 operationalize the of the ion of the done pontoon Pontoon pontoon at Kapalala 213

5.4.6 Fisheries And Livestock Sector Goal Fisheries and Livestock production and productivity enhanced by 2034 Objective 1 Improve service provision from 45% to 80% by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome/Indicate Sources of Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 information Enhance Extension and Technical Services 10 12 12 12 12 No. of sensitizations MFL Quarterly Advisory Services and visitation missions in a quarter of the year Increase Fisheries and Fisheries and Livestock Technical 2 2 2 vet kits - Number of tools, MFL Annual Livestock Extension tools Services Livestock Aquaculture equipment and and equipment kits kits transport fleet procured Increase Fisheries and Fisheries and Livestock Technical 1 Vehicle procured MFL Annual Livestock Extension Services transport fleet Increase Fisheries and Fisheries and Livestock Technical 5 motor No of motorbikes Livestock Extension Services bikes procured transport fleet To improve fisheries and Enhanced provision of livestock 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards Number of wards MFL Annual livestock extension and and fisheries extension and sensitised advisory services advisory services To improve fisheries and Enhanced provision of livestock 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards 15 wards Number of wards MFL Annual livestock extension and and fisheries extension and trained advisory services advisory services Increase awareness of Animal identification and 15 wards 8 10 10 10 No. of sensitizations MFL Quarterly animal identification and Traceability and visitation missions Traceability system in a quarter of the year Increase on Animal Livestock disease control 15 wards 10 12 12 12 No. of sensitizations MFL Quarterly Disease surveillance and visitation missions 214 Activities in a quarter of the year Objective 2 To improve livestock and fisheries infrastructure by 60 percent by 2034 Sources of Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome/Indicate Frequency information Increase fisheries & Livestock climate smart 1 The forager seed bank MFL Annually livestock infrastructure technologies constructed (forage seed bank) Fisheries and Livestock 1 The small Livestock MFL Annually Infrastructure Development breeding / Increase fisheries & (small Livestock breeding centre) multiplication centre livestock infrastructure ( constructed small Livestock breeding / multiplication centre) Fisheries and Livestock 1 1 1 No of Livestock bulking MFL Annually Infrastructure Development centres constructed Increase fisheries & (Livestock bulking centre) and renovated livestock infrastructure (Livestock bulking centre) Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 1 - - - - Number of office blocks MFL Quarterly livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure constructed Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 6 2 3 2 Number of dip tanks MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure constructed Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 3 3 4 3 Number of slaughter MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure slabs constructed Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 1 1 - - Number of quarantine MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure facilities constructed Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 1 1 - - Number of fish MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure breeding centers constructed 215 Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 1 - - - Number of livestock MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure service centers constructed Increase fisheries & Construction of fisheries and 3 3 3 3 Number of staff houses MFL Annual livestock infrastructure livestock infrastructure constructed 216

5.4.7 Agriculture Sector Goal Improved Agricultural production and productivity Objective To enhance food and nutritional security at both household and district levels 45% to 75%by 2034 Outcome Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Sources of information Frequency Indicator Provision of Enhanced farmer 60 Field days held 60 Field days 60 Field days 60 Field days 60 Field days Number of Department of quartery crop support held held held held fielddays Agriculture/farmers production Advisory and 13,500 farmers trained 13,500 farmers 13,500 13,500 farmers 13,500 Number of Department of Quarterly technical trained farmers trained farmers farmers Agriculture/farmers services trained trained trained 1 Demo field established 1 Demo field 1 Demo field 1 Demo field 1 Demo field Number of LA, MoA Quarterly per camp established per established established per established Demo fields camp per camp camp per camp established 720 meetings held 720 meetings 720 720 meetings 720 meetings Number of Department of Quarterly held meetings held held meetings held Agriculture/farmers held 180 farmers trained 180 farmers 180 farmers 180 farmers 180 farmers Number of Department of quartery trained trained trained trained farmers Agriculture/farmers trained 120 farmers trained 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers Number of Department of Quarterly trained trained trained trained farmers Agriculture/farmers trained 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers 6 officers Number of Department of Quarterly officers Agriculture/farmers/JICA recruited 3 motorbikes 3 motorbikes 3 3 motorbikes 3 motorbikes Number of Department of Quarterly motorbikes motorbikes Agriculture/farmers 1 vehicle Number of National Agricultural Quarterly vehicles 217 procured Information Services Capacity building of 1 Quarterly workshop 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly 1 Quarterly Number of Department of Quarterly officers. Officers held workshop held workshop workshop held workshop workshop held Agriculture/farmers trained in early held held warning and surveillance system and Climate Risk assessment & Climate Smart Agriculture Training small holder 4 Trainings per Camp 4 trainings per 4 trainings 4 trainings 4 trainings Number farmers in Climate Camp per Camp meetings per per camp trainings Smart Agriculture Camp conduct awareness 2 Stakeholder 2 Stakeholder 2 2 Stakeholder 2 Stakeholder Number of Ministry of Agriculture Quarterly on Climate Change sensitization meetings sensitization Stakeholder sensitization sensitization meetings Mitigation and per block meetings per sensitization meetings per meetings per Adaptation measures block meetings block block in the district per block Promote Enhance gravity 1 permanent Weir 1 permanent 1 permanent 1 permanent 1 permanent Number of Ministry of annually investment irrigation practices, Constructed Weir Weir Weir Weir weirs Agriculture/Buildings in low-cost community Constructed Constructed Constructed Constructed constructed department/procurement appropriate irrigation facilities. department and 120 farmers trained 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers 120 farmers Number of Ministry of Quarterly trained trained trained trained farmers Agriculture/Buildings trained department/procurement department Food and Nutrition 4trainings per Camp 4trainings per 4trainings 4 trainings per 4 trainings Number of Ministry of Quarterly training on high Camp per Camp Camp per Camp trainings Agriculture/Buildings nutrition value crops conducted department/procurement department Agriculture 60 news items and 60 news items 60 news 60 news items 60 news Number of Ministry of Quarterly Information Services articles produced and articles items and and articles items and news items Agriculture/Buildings articles articles department/procurement 218 produced produced produced produced produced and department 4 Block & 1 District 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 4 Block & 1 Ministry of Quarterly Shows held District Shows District District Shows District Shows Agriculture/Buildings held Shows held held held department/procurement department Agribusiness 4,600 farmers supported 4,600 farmers 4,600 4,600 farmers 4,600 farmers Number of Ministry of Agriculture/Agro Seasonal Promotion and with inputs supported with farmers supported with supported farmers dealers/farmers Marketing inputs supported inputs with inputs supported with inputs 3000 farmers trained 3000 farmers 3000 3000 farmers 3000 farmers Number of MOA/LA Quartery trained farmers trained trained farmers trained trained Objective To improve agricultural infrastructure from 35% to 80% by 2034 2 Outcome Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Sources of information Frequency Indicator Agricultural District office block Number of MOA/LA Quartery Infrastructure completed office block development completed construct 1 Block construct 1 construct 1 construct 1 Number of MOA/LA Quartery extension house Block Block Block housed constructed at Mikula extension extension extension constructed house at house at house at Mulumbi Kafwanka Kapalala construct 3 camp houses construct 3 construct 3 construct 3 4 camp Number of MOA/LA Quartery (Kabange, Kalali & camp houses camp camp houses houses houses Mikula) (Chibende, houses (Ngomba, (Lungo constructed Mupita & (Chabuka Lupiya & Mukuta, Sokontwe) Baushi, Fibalala) Kabumba Changwe Kafwanka & Lungo, & Kapemfya) 219 Kasonde) Rehabilitate Kapalala Rehabilitate Rehabilitate Number of MOA/LA Quartery camp house Central camp Mumanse houses house camp house rehabilited Construct 1 Farmer Number of MOA/LA Quartery Training Centre at FTCs Ngomba constructed 2 weirs 1 weir 1weir 1 weir Number of MOA/LA Quartery constructed constructed constructed constructed weirs constructed 220

5.4.8 Community Development Sector Goal 1 Reduced poverty levels at household level by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household food security and access to food all year round by the year 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome Source of information Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Indicator increase the Number Food Security 1,517 3,034 4,551 6,068 7.585 Number of FSP Department of Community Bi-annual of Food Security Pack support beneficiaries. beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries Development. Beneficiaries. supported All 15 wards in Identify 2,117 Identify Identify 2,117 Identify 2,117 Number of Department of Community Bi-annual the district households 2,117 households households households Development. households identified Objective 2 To improve technical and business skills in Milenge from 34 % to 75 % by 2034 Outcome Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Source of information Frequency indicator To improve technical, Technical education Train 500 women Train 500 Train 500 Train 500 Train 500 Number of Department of Community Bi-annual vocation and vocation and in 10 CWACs women in 10 women in 10 women in 10 women in 12 women trained Development/ World Bank entrepreneurship entrepreneurship CWACs CWACs CWACs CWACs skills training Objective 3 To improve literacy levels in the district from 34 % to 75 % by 2034 Outcome Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Source of information Frequency indicator Enhance access to Adult education Form 15 classes Form 15 Form 15 Form 15 Form 15 Number of Department of Community Bi-annual quality equitable, per year. classes per classes per classes per classes per adult literacy Development inclusive and year. year. year. year. classes formed education 221 Social Welfare Services Sector Goal Reduced poverty levels in households by 2034 Objective 1 To improve household income from 65% to 90% by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome Source of information Frequency 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Indicator increasing the Social cash transfer 10,136 12,136 13,136 14,136 15,880 Number of SCT Department of social welfare Bi-annual number of social beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries beneficiaries cash transfer increased beneficiaries Objective 2 To improve participation for persons living with disability from 45% to 75% by 2034 Outcome Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Source of information Frequency Indicator Improving the Disability services Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Identify 50 Number of Department of Social Bi-annual involvement of unregistered unregistered unregistered unregistered unregistered persons living Welfare/Zambia Agency for person with persons with persons with persons persons with persons with with disabilities Persons with Disabilities disabilities in disabilities disabilities with disabilities disabilities identified decision making disabilities Objective 3 To promote children’s well-being from 50% to 80% by the year 2034 Strategies Programme 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Outcome Source of information Frequency Juvenile Justice Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Conduct 1 Number of Depart of Social Bi-annual Community Community Community Community Community communities Welfare/Zambia Police sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitization sensitised programme programme programme programme programme Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Conduct 4 Number of Department of Social Bi-annual counseling counseling counseling counseling counseling counseling Welfare, Zambia Police, The sessions and sessions and sessions and sessions and sessions and sessions and Church, Traditional leaders, 222 facilitate linkages facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate facilitate local authority, and Judiciary where applicable. linkages where linkages linkages linkages linkages applicable. where where where conducted applicable. applicable. applicable. Case management Assess 2 cases for Assess 2 cases Assess 2 Assess 2 cases Assess 2 Number of Department of social welfare/ Bi-annual alternative care for alternative cases for for alternative cases for cases assessed The Judiciary care alternative care alternative for alternative care care care 223

5.4.9 Governance, Law And Security Sector Goal Enhance Public Safety, Access to Justice, and Public Participation in Governance by 2034 Objective 1 Strengthening Community Policing and access to Justice from 25% to 75 % by 2034 Strategies Programme Outcome Source of 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 information Indicator Strengthen Crime Completion of Establish 2 Police Post at Lwela Establish 2 Police Post at - - Number of police posts Zambia Police criminal and prevention, Milenge Police Post and Kafwanka Kabange and Kasanka constructed and Local justice system detection and at Milenge BOMA Turn Off Authority prosecution Establish 1 immigration post at - - Immigration post Immigration Kapalala constructed Department Establish subordinate - - Subordinate court Judiciary of the courts at Milenge BOMA constructed Republic of Zambia Conducting 2 stakeholder - - Number of stakeholder - meetings at Lungo Mukuta, meetings held Mulungushi and Milambo Objective 2 To provide a conducive environment for inclusive governance and public engagement from 0% to 100% by 2034 To enhance Decentralise Construct 3 WDCs Construct 3 WDCs offices at Construct 3 WDCs offices Construct 3 Construct Number of WDC offices Local Authority decentralisaon governance offices at Lwela, Kapalala, Milambo & Mulumbi at Matotola, Nsunga & WDCs offices at 3 WDCs constructed of public institutions Fibalala & Mikula Lusumbwe Chipundu, offices at governance Mumbotuta & Katena, systems Sokontwe Fishikwa & Nsaka 224

6.0 Conclusion The new approach to local governance in Milenge District must prioritize development and address the shortcomings of past planning efforts. Integrated Development Planning is the chosen method, involving active participation from both the municipality and its residents to identify optimal solutions for long-term progress. The primary goal of the Milenge District Integrated Development Plan is to establish an overarching framework for development. It seeks to harmonize the efforts of various government sectors at the local level to enhance the quality of life for all district residents. This plan takes into account existing conditions, challenges, and available resources within Milenge. The plan for Milenge encompasses economic and social development, land utilization guidelines, infrastructure requirements, and environmental preservation strategies. Leveraging the district's geographical advantages is a key aspect to stimulate development through multiple channels, ultimately creating a sustainable, environmentally friendly, healthy, educated, and socio-economically prosperous environment for all Milenge residents. The active involvement of dedicated stakeholders committed to project and program success is duly recognized and valued. The plan ensures the inclusion of all relevant stakeholders, making its implementation more manageable. The incorporation of key performance indicators will aid in monitoring the proposed development strategies. The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for the Milenge District goes beyond being a mandatory decennial document; it serves as the strategic framework guiding the achievement of key district pillars such as Health, Agriculture and Livestock, Security, Education, Community Development and Social Welfare, Water and Sanitation, Mining, Forestry, Housing, and Infrastructure. 225 Bibliography Republic of Zambia. National Assembly. Urban and Regional Planning Act, 2015 (No. 3 of 2015). Republic of Zambia. National Assembly. Lands Acquisition Act Cap 189 of the Laws of Zambia Republic of Zambia. National Assembly. Lands Act (No. 29 of 1995) (Cap. 184) Republic of Zambia. National Assembly. The Environmental Management Act, 2011. Act No. 12 of 2011 Republic of Zambia. National Assembly. National Heritage Conservation Act Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia Republic of Zambia. National Decentralization Policy, 2002. Republic of Zambia. Ministry of Tourism and Arts, National Tourism Policy (2015) Republic of Zambia. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, National Agriculture Policy (2004-2015) Republic of Zambia. Ministry of Health. National Health Policy (2012) Zambia Statistics Agency, 2010. 2010 Census of Population and Housing: National analytical Report. Lusaka: CSO. Available at http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/ Zambia Statistics Agency. Zambia Population and Demographic Projections, 2011-2035. Available at https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/ Lusaka: CSO. Zambia Statistics Agency, 2010. 2010 Census of Population and Housing: Population Summary Report: Agriculture Census Analytical Report. Lusaka: CSO Page 195 226 Ministry of National Development Planning ,2019, Zambia 2010-2017 Sub National Analysis, GRZ Zambia World Bank, 2015, Poverty AnalysisCentral Statistical Office (2012) Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population Summary Report, Lusaka Census Executive Monitor 2023 Central Statistical Office and MNDP (2019) ZIFLP Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report ECZ (2019) 2019 Delimitation of Constituencies, Wards and Polling Districts, Lusaka Ministry of Education. Milenge District Education Board, 2023. Education Bulleting. Ministry of Health. Milenge District Health office, 2023. Environmental Management Act of (2011) Forestry Act No. 4 of 2015. Governance in Education board Government of the Republic of Zambia. National Climate Change Response Strategy. Gov. Of Zambia, Lusaka 2010 GRZ (2015) Ministry of General Education standards and Evaluations Guidelines GRZ (2016) Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015. Lusaka GRZ (2019) Integrated Development Plan (IDP) Guidelines. MLG, Lusaka GRZ (2019) Milenge Annual School Census Forms GRZ, (2006). Local authorities (Finance Manual), Lusaka: GIZ Juvenile Act Cap 53 of the laws of Zambia MLG (2012) Guidelines for the Introduction of Strategic Planning and 227 Management in Councils, Lusaka. MLG (2018) Local Government Performance Assessment Guide. 1 st Edition, Lusaka. MLG (2019) Guidelines for Integrated Development Planning Vol 1-4, Lusaka. MOFAL Cartography by National Livestock epidemiology and information. National Agricultural extension and advisory service strategy (2017-2020) National Disability Policy National Forestry Policy (2015) National Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan (2017- 2021) National Policy on community Development Draft Operational Guidelines for food Security Pach 2018 Road Development Agency (2017) Second National Agricultural Policy (NAP) 2016 -2020. Second National Agricultural Policy Implementation Plan (2016-2020) Second National Agriculture Policy (2016) Social Welfare Cash transfer guidelines Social welfare policy The Lands Act, (1995) Lands Act, Government Printers, Lusaka. The Urban and Regional Planning Act No. 3 of 2015. Ward Development committee Guidelines of (2013) Zambia National Health Strategic Plan (2017-2021) 228 Appendices

Appendix 1: Notice to the General Public on the Preparation of the MIlenge IDP 229

Appendix 2: 60 days’ Notice of Public Scrutiny of the MIlenge IDP for First Week 230

Appendix 3: 60 days’ Notice of Public Scrutiny of the MIlenge IDP for Second Week 231

Appendix 4: 60 days’ Notice of Public Scrutiny of the MIlenge IDP for Third Week 232