Kalabo District Integrated Development Plan 2024 -2034

1.1. Background .................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Methodology ................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Location .......................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Land scape Analysis Altitude .......................................................................... 2

1.5. Climate ........................................................................................................... 4

1.6. Drainage and Hydrology System .................................................................... 4

1.7. Geology and Soils........................................................................................... 5 PART 2: PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT ................................................. 7 2. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 7

2.1. Population and Population Growth ................................................................. 7

2.2. Population Distribution .................................................................................... 7

2.3. Kalabo Population Density from 2010-2022 .................................................. 11

2.4. The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Population Trends on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns ................................................................................ 12 PART 3: SECTORAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS .................................................... 14

3.1. HEALTH SERVICES .................................................................................... 14 3.1.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at local level .......... 14

3.1.2. Existing state of development ....................................................................... 14

3.1.3. Morbidity and Mortality .................................................................................. 16

3.1.4. Maternal and Infant Mortality Rate ................................................................ 20 3.1.5. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................... 22 3.1.6. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ........................... 23

3.1.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 25

3.2. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................... 25 3.2.1. External Factors Contributing to Health Sector Issues .................................. 27

3.3. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION .......................................................... 28 3.3.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at a local level ....... 28 3.3.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan................................ 28

3.3.3. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 29 3.3.4. Performance of water supply and sanitation in the district ............................ 29 3.3.5. Issues arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................... 33

3.3.6. Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................................ 34

3.3.7. Impacts of Environment and Climate change ............................................... 34

3.3.8. Issues relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ........................................ 34

3.3.9. External factors contributing to Sector Issues ............................................... 34 v|Page

3.4. EDUCATION ................................................................................................ 35 3.4.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level ..................... 35 3.4.2. Sectors Key Priority of the Eighth National Development Plan ..................... 37

3.4.3. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 38 3.4.4. Issues arising from community and stakeholder consultations ..................... 44 3.4.5. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ............................. 46

3.4.6. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 46

3.4.7. Issues relating to gender and vulnerable groups. ......................................... 47

3.4.8. External factors contributing to sector issues. ............................................... 47

3.5. LOCAL GOVERNANCE ............................................................................... 48 3.5.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at a local level ....... 48

3.5.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 48 3.5.3. Issues arising from community and stakeholder consultations ..................... 54

3.5.4. Programs being and to be implemented ....................................................... 54

3.6. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE .......................... 54 3.6.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level ...................... 55

3.6.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 57

3.6.3. Issues arising from the public participation process ...................................... 57 3.6.4. Assessment of the Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years 58

3.6.5. Environmental and Climate Change Analysis ............................................... 58

3.6.6. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................... 58

3.7. FISHERIES................................................................................................... 58 3.7.1. Key Government Priorities to be implemented at Local Level ....................... 58 3.7.2. Key priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan ................................ 59

3.7.3. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 59 3.7.4. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................... 60 3.7.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ........................... 60

3.7.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 60

3.7.8. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................... 61

3.8. LIVESTOCK ................................................................................................. 61 3.8.1. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan................................ 61 3.8.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan................................ 61 3.8.3. Existing State of Development Overall Performance of the District............... 62 3.8.4. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................... 63 3.8.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated over the Next Ten Years ............................ 63

3.8.6. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 63

3.8.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................... 63

3.8.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues ............................................. 64

3.9. TOURISM AND CULTURE .......................................................................... 64 3.9.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level ..................... 65 vi | P a g e 3.9.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan................................ 65

3.9.3. Key Priority Plans and Strategies ................................................................. 66

3.9.4. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 68 3.9.5. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultation ..................... 72 3.9.6. Impacts of Changes Anticipated over the Next Ten Years ............................ 73

3.9.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 73

3.9.8. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ....................................... 74

3.9.9. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues ............................................. 75

3.10. SAFETY, LAW AND ORDER ....................................................................... 75 3.10.1. Key Government priorities being implemented at the local level .................. 75

3.10.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 76

3.10.3. Issues from the Community and Stakeholders Consultations ....................... 78 3.10.4. Impact of Change Anticipated over the next Ten Years ................................ 79

3.10.5. Impact of Environment and Climate Change ................................................ 79

3.10.6. Issues relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ........................................ 80

3.10.7. External Factors Contributing to the Sector .................................................. 81

3.11. MINING......................................................................................................... 81 3.11.1. Key Government Priorities to be Implemented at Local Level ....................... 81

3.11.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 81

3.11.3. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................... 82

3.12. MANUFACTURING, TRADE AND COMMERCE ......................................... 82

3.12.1. Key priorities implemented at local level ....................................................... 83

3.12.2. Existing State of Development Key priorities ................................................ 84

3.12.3. Issues Arising from the Public Participation .................................................. 84 3.12.4. The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns..................................................................................... 84 3.12.5. Impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change ................ 85 3.12.6. The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector ..... 85

3.12.7. Gender Analysis ........................................................................................... 85

3.13. TRANSPORT ............................................................................................... 86 3.13.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level ..................... 87

3.13.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 88 3.13.3. Issues Arising from the Public Participation Process .................................... 93

3.13.4. Environmental and Climate Change Analysis ............................................... 93

3.14. COMMUNICATION ...................................................................................... 93 3.14.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented at Local Level ..................... 94

3.14.2. Existing State of Development ...................................................................... 94 3.14.3. Issues arising from the public participation process ...................................... 97

3.15. ENERGY ...................................................................................................... 97 3.15.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level ...................... 97 vii | P a g e

3.15.2. Existing state of Development ...................................................................... 97 3.15.3. Issues arising from the community participation process .............................. 98

3.16. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 98 3.16.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level ...................... 98

3.16.2. Existing State of Development .................................................................... 100

3.16.3. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................. 105 3.16.4. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ......................... 105 3.16.5. Analysis of Impact of Environment and Climate Change ............................ 105

3.16.6. Environmental & Climate Change Analysis Existing ................................... 106

3.16.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ..................................... 106

3.16.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues ........................................... 107

3.17. AGRICULTURE.......................................................................................... 108 3.17.1. Key Government Priorities to be Implemented at Local Level ..................... 108 3.17.2. Sector's Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development ........................ 108

3.17.3. Existing State of Development .................................................................... 109

3.17.4. Issues arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ................. 112 3.17.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years ......................... 112 3.17.6. Analysis of Impact of Environment and Climate Change ............................ 112

3.17.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups ..................................... 112

3.17.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues ........................................... 113 3.18. CORE ISSUES IDENTIFIED AND PRIORITY PROJECTS TO IMPLEMENTED IN THE IN IDP AREA ....................................................................... 114

3.18.1. A Cross Section of the Core Issues In Kalabo IDP ..................................... 114

3.18.2. Community Project Priorities....................................................................... 115 PART 4: DEVELOPEMNT FRAMEWORK .................................................................. 123 4. Overview..................................................................................................... 123

4.1. Vision of the Long-Term Development of the IDP Area .............................. 123

4.2. Policies to Direct Development Overview ................................................... 123 4.3. Presidential pronouncements on developmental programmes ................... 123 4.4. Development Objectives, Priorities and Development Strategies ............... 124

4.4.1. Health Services Sector ............................................................................... 124 4.4.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Health Services Sector ...................... 125

4.4.3. Education Sector ........................................................................................ 126

4.4.4. Local Governance Sector ........................................................................... 127

4.4.5. Community Development and Social Warfare ............................................ 129

4.4.6. Fisheries and Livestock Sector ................................................................... 130

4.4.7. Tourism Sector ........................................................................................... 131

4.4.8. Safey, Law and Order Sector...................................................................... 132

4.4.9. Forest and Environment Sector .................................................................. 134

4.4.10. Agriculture Sector ....................................................................................... 135

4.5. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (SDF) ..................................... 137 viii | P a g e

4.5.1. Scenario 1: Inclusive Growth and Development of Growth Poles- Decentralization. .......................................................................................................... 137 4.5.2. Scenario 2: Environmental Protection and Reserved Areas ....................... 139

4.5.3. Scenario 3: Provision of Social Infrastructure-Health, Education and Community Facilities.................................................................................................... 141

4.5.4. Chosen Spatial Alternative Development Scenario Decentralization. ......... 143

4.6. Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals ................................................ 143 4.6.1. Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of Development .................. 143 4.6.2. Protection Zones, Areas of Environmental Sensitivity, Cultural, Historical Importance and Disaster Management ........................................................................ 143

4.6.1. Protection of National and Regional Interests ............................................. 144 PART 5: IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME ............................................................. 146 5. CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN ................................................................. 146

5.1. Health Services Sector ............................................................................... 146

5.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ........................................................... 148

5.3. Education Sector ........................................................................................ 150

5.4. Local Governance Sector ........................................................................... 151

5.5. Community Development and Social Welfare Sector ................................. 154

5.6. Livestock and Fisheries Sector ................................................................... 155

5.7. Tourism Sector ........................................................................................... 156

5.8. Safety, Law and Order Sector..................................................................... 157

5.9. Forest and Environment Sector .................................................................. 159

5.10. Agriculture Sector ....................................................................................... 160

5.11. Local Authority’s Financial Plan .................................................................. 161

5.11.1. National Support Financing......................................................................... 161

5.11.2. Resource Mobilization ................................................................................ 162

5.12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN ................................................. 164

5.12.1. Health Services Sector ............................................................................... 164

5.12.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ........................................................... 166

5.12.3. Education Sector ........................................................................................ 168

5.12.4. Local Governance Sector ........................................................................... 170

5.12.5. Community Development and Social Welfare Sector ................................. 172

5.12.6. Fisheries and Livestock Sector ................................................................... 173

5.12.7. Tourism Sector Health Services Sector ...................................................... 174

5.12.8. Safety, Law and Order Sector Health Services Sector ............................... 175

5.12.9. Forest and Environment Sector .................................................................. 177

5.12.10. Agriculture Sector ....................................................................................... 178 6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 180 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 181 ix | P a g e ABBREVIATIONS IDP Integrated Development Plan GPS Geographic Positioning System PSIR Planning Survey and Issues Report WDC Ward Development Committee DDCC District Developing Coordinating Committee CSO Central Statistics Office KDHO Kalabo District Health Office IRS Indoor Residue Spraying RI Respiratory Infection ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome AIDS Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations GSB Government Service Bus CFMG Community Forest Management Group PIN People ln Need WASHE Water and Sanitation Health Education NACRO New Apostolic Church Relief Organization SOMAP Sustainable Operation Maintenance Project ICT Information Communication Technology ECE Early Childhood Education Centres UNDP United Nation Development Programme DEBS District Education Board Secretary CBD Central Business District GEWEL Girls Education Women Empowerment and livelihood FISP Farmer Input Support Programme FSP Food Security Pack SWL Supporting Women Livelihoods GPI Gender Party Index CSEN Children with Special Education Needs CDAs Community Development Assistants MFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock CATSAP Comprehensive Agriculture Transformation Support Programme NCFS National Crop Focused Survey WWSC Western Water Sewerage Company GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia ZAMSTAT Zambia Statistics Agency SNAP Second National Agriculture Policy HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency x|Page LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Population Distribution by ward.......................................................................... 8 Table 2: Population Distribution of Kalabo District by Constituency and Sex, 2010-2022 9 Table 3: Estimate of Population of Rural and Urban Areas 2010-2034 .......................... 11 Table 4: Population Density from 2010-2022 ................................................................. 12 Table 5: Top Ten Causes of Morbidity all Ages ............................................................. 16 Table 6: Top ten causes of morbidity under 5 years ...................................................... 18 Table 7: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (All Ages)............................................................ 19 Table 8: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (Under 5years) ................................................... 19 Table 9: Kalabo Baseline Nutrition Status ...................................................................... 20 Table 10: Overall Performance of the District key indicators .......................................... 21 Table 11: District Community Scorecard Performance for Fourth Quarter 2023 ............ 22 Table 12: Access to water and sanitation from 2007 to 2018 ......................................... 29 Table 13: Number Education facilities in Kalabo District ................................................ 38 Table 14: Number of teachers per category from 2020 to 2024 ..................................... 40 Table 15:School Enrolments from 2020 to 2024 ............................................................ 41 Table 16: Projected number of pupils from the year 2026 to 2030 ................................. 46 Table 17: List of Open Spaces in Kalabo District ........................................................... 49 Table 18: The status of urban areas is Kalabo District ................................................... 51 Table 19: The Performance on the Solid Waste Management ....................................... 53 Table 20: Number of Beneficiaries on Social Cash Transfer from 2020-2022 ............... 55 Table 21: Correctional Services Provided to Juveniles from 2020-2022 ........................ 56 Table 22: Social Protection Services provided from 2020 - 2022 ................................... 57 Table 23: Key priorities of fisheries sector in line with 8NDP ......................................... 59 Table 24: Key priorities of livestock sector in line with 8NDP ......................................... 62 Table 25: Key priority plans and strategies for Tourism sector ...................................... 67 Table 26: Wildlife population estimates for Liuwa Plain National Park ........................... 70 Table 27: Tourist Arrivals in Liuwa Plain National Park .................................................. 70 Table 28: Revenue generated from photographic tourism ............................................. 70 Table 29: Staff Strength and optimal resource protection labor force ............................ 73 Table 30: Judiciary infrastructure in the district .............................................................. 78 Table 31:Status of canals .............................................................................................. 90 Table 32:Status of Telecommunication networks........................................................... 94 Table 33: Key priority plans and strategies .................................................................... 99 Table 34:Non-Tax Revenue (2020-2024) .................................................................... 100 Table 35: Name of the Concession and Operation Areas ............................................ 100 Table 36:Shows the Levels of Encroachment of Gazetted Forests .............................. 102 Table 37: Crop yields (Mt/ha)....................................................................................... 109 Table 38:Inventory of storage facilities in the district .................................................... 110 Table 39: Key Performance Indicators ......................................................................... 111 Table 40: Prioritized Projects for the wards ................................................................. 115 Table 41: Shows the detailed Revenue Projected for the period 2024-2029 ............... 161 Table 42: Revenue Projection for the First Five Years of the Implementation Plan ..... 161 xi | P a g e LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Kalabo District in Western Province of Zambia............................... 2 Figure 2: Landscape and analysis altitude ....................................................................... 3 Figure 3: Drainage and Hydrology System ...................................................................... 5 Figure 4: 2020 Project Population Pyramid-Kalabo District (CSO, 2010) ......................... 7 Figure 5: 2020 Population Distribution Category.............................................................. 8 Figure 6: Map showing Population Distribution and Density by Ward ............................ 10 Figure 7: Percentages of Rural and Urban Population from 2010-2033......................... 11 Figure 8: Map showing the Impact of the Continuation of Existing Population Trends on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns ................................................................ 13 Figure 9: Map showing distribution of health services .................................................... 15 Figure 10: Graph Showing Health Staffing Levels in 2023 Kalabo District ..................... 16 Figure 11: Chart showing sources of water for the district ............................................. 30 Figure 12: Distances covered in search of water ........................................................... 31 Figure 13: Map showing the distribution of boreholes and surface water in the IDP area ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 14: Status of sanitation parameters in the district ............................................... 33 Figure 15: Map showing the education service gap in IDP area for Kalabo District ....... 42 Figure 16: showing pupils dropped out of school out of the total 65 pupils in 2019 ........ 43 Figure 17: Gender Parity Index ...................................................................................... 44 Figure 18: Market place distribution in Kalabo IDP Area ................................................ 50 Figure 19: Kalabo District Land Use Map ...................................................................... 52 Figure 20: Location of Liuwa Plain National Park........................................................... 69 Figure 21: Key Heritage Sites of Liuwa Ecosystem ....................................................... 71 Figure 22: Map showing the geological mapping status ................................................ 82 Figure 23: Water Transport Usage in Kalabo ................................................................. 87 Figure 24: Percent Road Coverage by type ................................................................... 88 Figure 25: Map showing Telecommunication tower distribution and service gaps ......... 96 Figure 26: Timber Volume Harvested .......................................................................... 101 Figure 27: Map showing in change in vegetation cover in Kalabo District for the years 2014-2024 ................................................................................................................... 103 Figure 28: Kalabo District Resource Map .................................................................... 104 Figure 29: 2020-2024 Crop production trends for Kalabo ............................................ 109 Figure 30: A Cross Section of the Core Issues in Kalabo IDP ..................................... 114 Figure 31: Inclusive growth and development of growth poles ..................................... 138 Figure 32: Environmental protection and reserved areas ............................................ 140 Figure 33: Provision of social infrastructure, health and community facilities ............... 142 Figure 34: Kalabo Township Landuse Map .................................................................. 145 xii | P a g e PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. INTRODUCTION An Integrated Development Plan (IDP) is a plan for an area that gives an overall framework for development. It aims to co-ordinate the works of the Local Authority with Government Departments and other Development Partners in a coherent manner to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area. The District Integrated Development Plan therefore, helps the Local Authority to focus on the immediate and most important local needs by taking into account the resources available in the community. The plan further provides cost-effective way of addressing problems and providing services in specific areas in the district. The IDP helps speed up service delivery in the most efficient and effective manner to the most impoverished areas without leaving anyone behind. It helps to attract additional funds, strengthen democracy through active participation of all the key stakeholders.

1.1. Background The Planning Area for this Integrated Development Plan (IDP) covers the entire Kalabo district with a total surface area of 9,016 square kilometers. Kalabo was declared as a district in 1969 by the first Republican President Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda. The name Kalabo, refers to a short paddle stick that was used to ferry people across the Luanginga River. Initially the district center was situated in Lukona, however, was relocated to the present site due to its centrality.

1.2. Methodology The methodology for collecting data and formulating the Planning Survey and Issues Report (PSIR) as provided for under section seventeen (17) of the Urban and Regional Act of 2015, encompassed reviews of other existing planning documents (National Development Plans, Strategic plans) and relevant government policies. To guarantee inclusivity and adequate responsiveness of the IDP to challenges encountered by the district, community discussions were conducted. The community structures involved included sector ministries, business associations, traditional leaders, Ward Development Committees (WDCs), District Development Coordinating Committees (DDCCs), and civil society organizations. Involved and consulted in the IDP's preparation process were additional parties like the provincial planning authority and the ministry of Local Government and Rural development. The IDP was further presented to council for adoption and approval which was done under the Council under minute number KTC/OC/35/04/21 in its meeting held on 28th April, 2021. 1|Page

1.3. Location In the Western Province of Zambia, Kalabo District is located about 75 kilometers to the west of Mongu District. Other shared district boundaries include, Mitete to the north, Limulunga to the east, Nalolo to the south, and Sikongo to the west. Along the wards of Siluwe and Likulundundu, it also shares a border with the Republic of Angola in the north-west. Its GPS coordinates are 22.735 and -15.004 decimal degrees, while its geographic location is 15 South and 22 East. Figure 1: Location of Kalabo District in Western Province of Zambia Figure 1: Location of Kalabo District in Western Province of Zambia Source: Kalabo Town Council The Kalabo IDP was necessitated by the Urban and Regional Planning Act No. 3 of 2015 of the Laws of Zambia which emphasizes IDPs as principle planning documents upon which expenditure for developmental programmes are based. The IDP plan will serve as guiding tool for socio-economic, spatial planning processes, and informative mechanism in planning decisions for the planning area. The IDP would also allow for collaboration and possible mergers in certain areas of interest with neighbouring districts. This is pivotal in directing development programmes, management of natural resources critical for enhanced local economic development and competitive advantages for the district.

1.4. Land scape Analysis Altitude The planning area landscape is generally flat with modest elevation changes (NASA, 2019). According to Advance Management Services, 2018, the planning area is 2|Page located at an altitude of between 1,008 and 1,080 meters above sea level. The Liuwa, Simunyange, Makoma, Barotse, and other flood plains scattered throughout the district make up the majority of the northern part of the Planning Area and are the principal land-scaping elements in the IDP region. The wide ranges of altitude (wetlands to upper) support a continuum of ecosystems that thrive on low to upper land environments supportive to livelihoods in the district. Figure 2: Landscape and analysis altitude Figure 2: Landscape and analysis altitude Source: Kalabo Town Council 3|Page

1.5. Climate A tropical savannah environment prevails in Kalabo District which include hot-wet season (November to April), cool-dry season (May to June) and hot-dry season (August to October. The temperatures range from average temperatures of between 5-6 degrees celcius to about 30-32 degrees celcius (Phiri et al., 2013). In addition, the district receives annual rainfall ranging between 750mm to 1000 mm.

1.6. Drainage and Hydrology System There are many rivers, perennial streams, and canals that drain the IDP region. The Luanginga River, the Luambimba River, and its perennial branches Lwakoi and Lwandilu, which drain the eastern interior of the Liuwa constituency, are the primary rivers in the IDP region. At normal flood levels, it is estimated that the flood plains store well over 8.5 billion cubic meters of water. It usually takes six months for flooding to subside after its peak between January and March. Floods, despite acting as a mode of transportation, typically impede the delivery of services, particularly in the Liuwa area. 4|Page Figure 3: Drainage and Hydrology System Figure 3: Drainage and Hydrology System Source: Kalabo Town Council

1.7. Geology and Soils The Muva super group's quartzite rocks, which make up the majority of the district's geology, weathered into unconsolidated deposits of alluvial soils (Kasumba et al., 2016). The resultant sands include the Kalahari sands of the Aeolian type classified as aerosols mostly prevalent in the basins. The sand soils are of various specifications and are less explored for their useful values in the district. Sandy soils have properties that are necessary for high-quality glass manufacturing. Generally, sandy soils prevalent in the district are leached acidic with low nutrients and poor water retention 5|Page capacity. Some parts of the district are endowered with sandy loam and clayey soils. The soils come from limestone found in lying regions like flood flats (Fanshawe, 2010). 6|Page PART 2: PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT 2. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

2.1. Population and Population Growth Kalabo District has a population of 112,673 of which 53,149 are males and 59,524 are females, (Zamstat, 2022). The average population growth rate of Kalabo grew by 2.5% between 2010 and 2020. It is also expected that the population of Kalabo district would be 139,711 by 2033 (Kalabo IDP Technical team, 2023).

2.2. Population Distribution Distribution by Gender According to the 2016 projected population by Zambia Statistical Agency, the population of Kalabo was at 93,293 broken down into 45,380 males and 47,913 females. This represented a distribution of 48.6% males and 51.4% females. The trend in the ratio of male to female has relatively remained the same, as at 2022 males represented 47.16% while females were at 52.84%. Distribution by Age Groups Kalabo projected population for 2020 was 99,708. The population distribution showed that the working population aged 20 to 64 years with 37% while the lowest was the aged 65 plus with 4% and the age range 0-19 is 59%. This was the same proportion which was observed in 2016 projected population, meaning that, even if the district recorded the increase in the population, age proportion was constant. The chart below gives details. Figure 4: 2020 Project Population Pyramid-Kalabo District (CSO, 2010) 2020 PROJECTED POPULATION PYRAMID- KALABO DISTRICT -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 80+ 70-74 60-64 50-54 40-44 30-34 20-24 10-14 0-4 Male Female Figure 4: 2020 Project Population Pyramid-Kalabo District (CSO, 2010) Source: Kalabo IDP technical team, 2023 7|Page Figure 5: 2020 Population Distribution Category 2020 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION CATEGORY 4% under 5 17% 37% Primary School Going Age Group (5 to 14 years) Secondary School Going Age Groups (15 to 19 years) 30% Working Population (20-64) 12% Old age (65+) Figure 5: 2020 Population Source: Kalabo Town Council, 2023 Table 1: Population Distribution by ward Kalabo Total Rural Urban Central Both Both Both Constituency Male Female Male Female Male Female Sexes Sexes Sexes Buleya 6,423 2,948 3,475 6,423 2,948 3,475 - - - Chilele 2,547 1,174 1,373 2,547 1,174 1,373 - - - Kandambo 3,864 1,822 2,042 3,864 1,822 2,042 - - - Liumba 5,115 2,384 2,731 5,115 2,384 2,731 - - - Luanginga 9,442 4,499 4,943 1,483 730 753 7,959 3,769 4,190 Lukona 5,060 2,343 2,717 5,060 2,343 2,717 - - - Lutwi 3,126 1,490 1,636 3,126 1,490 1,636 - - - Mapungu 4,125 1,891 2,234 4,125 1,891 2,234 - - - Mitwi 2,193 1,066 1,127 2,193 1,066 1,127 - - - Muchatanga 10,932 5,048 5,884 414 181 233 10,518 4,867 5,651 Namulilo 3,973 1,856 2,117 3,973 1,856 2,117 - - - Ndoka 7,810 3,594 4,216 7,810 3,594 4216 - - - Ng'uma 3,002 1,425 1,577 3,002 1,425 1,577 - - - Total 73,264 34,065 38,402 54,787 25,445 29,342 18,477 8,636 9,841 Liuwa Total Rural Urban Constituency Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Sexes Sexes Sexes Ng’unyama 4,855 2,525 2,330 4,855 2,525 2,330 - - - Kuuli 5,325 2,583 2,742 5,325 2,583 2,742 - - - Libonda 6,492 3,151 3,341 6,492 3,151 3,341 - - - Likulundundu 3,341 1,617 1,724 3,341 1,617 1,724 - - - Luola 3,032 1,448 1,584 3,032 1,448 1,584 - - - Mishulundu 3,437 1,626 1,811 3,437 1,626 1,811 - - - Salunda 4,056 1,910 2,146 4,056 1,910 2,146 - - - Siluwe 2,965 1,383 1,582 2,965 1,383 1,582 - - - Sishekanu 4,579 2,178 2,401 4,579 2,178 2,401 - - - 8|Page Kalabo Total Rural Urban Central Both Both Both Constituency Male Female Male Female Male Female Sexes Sexes Sexes Upangoma 1,327 647 680 1,327 647 680 - - - Total 39,409 19,068 20,341 39,409 19,068 20,341 - - - District 112,673 53,149 59,524 94,196 44,513 49,683 18,477 8,636 9,841 Totals Table 1: Population Distribution by ward Source: ZAMSTAT, (2022) Muchantanga and Luanginga are the only two wards with urban areas in the district and a relatively higher population density as shown in the table above. Population Distribution by Constituency The population of Kalabo District is disaggregated by constituency, sex and households. The data shows that Kalabo Central constituency is more populated than Liuwa constituency as it houses the district administrative structures. It is also home to major commercial activities, while much of Luiwa constituency encompasses the Barotse flood plains, Luiwa national park and game reserves, which limits human settlements. See table 2 and figure 6 below. Table 2: Population Distribution of Kalabo District by Constituency and Sex, 2010-2022 Constituency 2010 Population 2022 Population Male Female Total Male Female Total Kalabo Central 26,742 30,221 56,963 36,606 41,518 78,119 Liuwa 12,620 13,859 26,479 16,543 18,011 34,554 Table 2: Population Distribution of Kalabo District by Constituency and Sex, 2010- 2022 Source: ZAMSTAT, 2022 9|Page Figure 6: Map showing Population Distribution and Density by Ward Figure 6: Map showing Population Distribution and Density by Ward Source: Kalabo Town Council 2024 Urban and Rural Population About 16.4% of the inhabitants of Kalabo district are concentrated in the urban areas and compared to about 2.6 % in 2010 (CSO, 2010: Zamstat, 2022). The urban and rural population trends for 2010-2022 are highlighted in the table 3. 10 | P a g e Table 3: Estimate of Population of Rural and Urban Areas 2010-2034 Estimate of Urban Estimate of Rural Total Estimated Year Population Population Population 2010 2176 81,264 83,440 2022 18,477 94,196 112,673 Table 3: Estimate of Population of Rural and Urban Areas 2010-2034 Source: ZAMSTAT, 2022, IDP Technical team 2022 Figure 7: Percentages of Rural and Urban Population from 2010-2033 PERCENTAGE OF RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION FROM 2010-2033 120% 100% Percentage of Population 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2010 2020 2022 2027 2033 Years Rural Urban Figure 7: Percentages of Rural and Urban Population from 2010-2033 Source: Kalabo Town Council 2022 The data in the above chart shows that the total number of people in both rural and urban areas is increasing, however, it is important to note that the percentage of rural population is decreasing while that of the urban population is increasing mainly due to rural-urban migration and natural growth. Further, the key drivers to rural-urban migration include; better social amenities as well as in search of employment (Selod, H, Harris, Shilpi, 2021). The impact has both positive and negative effects on rural and urban population such as; limiting the rural economy due to migrants while, stressing the social economic services in urban area.

2.3. Kalabo Population Density from 2010-2022 The population density for Kalabo district, according to Zamstat, 2022, is 12.3 people per square kilometre. The areas that are densely populated are those along the upper land of Kalabo Central Constituency and this mainly includes; Luanginga, Muchatanga, Yuka and Mapungu (CSO, 2010). 11 | P a g e Table 4: Population Density from 2010-2022 Year Population Land Area (Km2) Population Density (Pop/Km2) 2010 83440 9066.5 9.2 2020 99709 9066.5 11 2022 112673 9066.5 12.3 Table 4: Population Density from 2010-2022 Source: CSO,2010

2.4. The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Population Trends on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns The increase in population has brought about various dynamics that have impacted the district in both positive and negative ways. Some of the positive impacts of the continuation of existing trends of land use include; ready market, skills diversity, and increased productivity, among others. On the other hand, increase in population has resulted in mismatch that emanates from the huge demand for service provision against the available resources. Further, continued population increase affects the land availability for agriculture, forests and water resources and poses a threat to the eco-systems. Additionally, demand for housing has increased over the recent past and has also affected land meant for other services. The challenges are also exacerbated by the fact that major part of the district is flood plain area, which is not suitable for housing infrastructure. Additionally, change of land use continues to take place in order to cater for the ever- increasing demand for agriculture, housing and other services such as health, education, roads and recreation facilities. At least 90% of land in the district is customary; hence it is difficulty in acquiring for developmental activities. With the demand for commercial activities, other facilities and services that come with an ideal town, the changing of land use will continue being a common phenomenon. 12 | P a g e Figure 8: Map showing the Impact of the Continuation of Existing Population Trends on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns Figure 8: Map showing the Impact of the Continuation of Existing Population Trends on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns Source: Kalabo Town Council-2023 13 | P a g e PART 3: SECTORAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS

3.1. HEALTH SERVICES The provision of health services is essential for maintaining people's wellbeing, which in turn promotes productivity in the home, district, and country as a whole. Based on predetermined requirements, the district needs human resource, medical supplies, health infrastructure, and equipment to provide high-quality health services.

3.1.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at local level In order to support the Vision 2030, the Ministry of Health in Kalabo District has put in place procedures to ensure that important government policies, programs, and objectives are executed at the local level. Under the Eighth National Development Plan Development Outcome 2: Improved Health, Food and Nutrition, the following strategies shall be implemented; • Strategy 1: Strengthen Public Health Programs being implemented as part of this strategy include maternal health care, child survival development, family planning promotion, disease prevention and control, health education and promotion, epidemic preparedness and control, mental health and substance abuse management, health security and surveillance. • Strategy 2: Increase access to quality health care This strategy includes programs such as Infrastructure development, medicines and medical supply chain management, equipment and transport procurement and maintenance, human resource development. • Strategy 3: Enhanced food security and nutrition On this strategy, only one program is being implemented which is Scaling Up Nutrition.

3.1.2. Existing state of development According to current trends in the distribution of health care infrastructure, hospitals, health centers, and health posts, among other facilities continue to be insufficient in the district. As a result, several populations continue to travel more than the necessary 5-kilometer distance to get medical care. The most severely affected wards are Ngunyama, Chilele, Kuuli, Upangoma, and Lutwi where residents travel farther to reach health facilities, hindering access to health care, compromising wellness, and eventually lowering productivity. The majority of the afflicted locations are currently visible as being in low-lying areas where flooding frequently affects access to medical services. Therefore, it would be essential to ensure the expansion of health infrastructure and services during the anticipated period in order to address any potential accessibility issues. 14 | P a g e Figure 9: Map showing distribution of health services Figure 9: Map showing distribution of health services Source: Kalabo Town Council-2023 15 | P a g e Additionally, the district lacks critical health service personnel. Only 350 positions for vital health professionals have been filled out of a total of 622 staff establishment needed to provide services. This implies that just 54% of the district's essential health service professionals are now working there, see graph below. Figure 10: Graph Showing Health Staffing Levels in 2023 Kalabo District GRAPH SHOWING HEALTH STAFFING LEVELS IN 2023- KALABO DISTRICT 180 160 140 120 Number 100 80 60 40 20 0 Clinical Doctor Nurse EHT CHAS Officer Require No of staff 11 170 42 38 38 Availablbe 4 119 21 15 19 Deficit by % 64 30 50 60 50 Figure 10: Graph Showing Health Staffing Levels in 2023 Kalabo District Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Based on the population of 2022, the doctor-to-patient ratio is 1: 27,942 as opposed to the recommended 1:10,000, and the nurse-to-patient ratio is 1:939 as opposed to the recommended 1:500. Additionally, the doctor-to-patient ratio exceeds the 1:12000 national average by a significant margin. Due to this trend, remote locations that are already understaffed and frequently avoided by employees due to lack of good social facilities (staff housing, electricity, and clean water) are most affected.

3.1.3. Morbidity and Mortality Mortality is the event of death, whereas morbidity is the state of having symptoms of or being unwell from a disease or illness. Usually, prevalence or incidence is used to estimate morbidity while mortality is measured through death rates. Table 5: Top Ten Causes of Morbidity all Ages 2021 2022 2023 No. Incidence/ Incidence/ Incidence/ Disease Disease Disease 1000 1000 1000 Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed 1 723 725 953 Malaria Malaria Malaria Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory infection 2 infection non- 456 infection non- 491 509 non- pneumonia pneumonia pneumonia 16 | P a g e 2021 2022 2023 No. Incidence/ Incidence/ Incidence/ Disease Disease Disease 1000 1000 1000 Muscular skeletal and Diarrhoea Diarrhoea 3 connective 101 113 120 (non-bloody) (non-bloody) tissue (not trauma) Muscular Muscular skeletal and skeletal and Diarrhoea 4 100 connective 112 connective 100 (non-bloody) tissue (not tissue (not trauma) trauma) Lower back Lower back Lower back 5 74 95 85 pain pain pain Dental 6 Dental carries 63 Dental carries 70 70 carries Pregnancy 7 complication: 44 Gastritis 50 Eye diseases 52 Abortion Pregnancy 8 Gastritis 42 complications: 43 Gastritis 51 Abortion Pregnancy Respiratory Pregnancy complications: 9 infection 39 36 complication: 44 Abortion pneumonia Abortion spontaneous Pregnancy Pregnancy complications complication: 10 37 Eye diseases 35 39 : Abortion Abortion spontaneous spontaneous Table 5: Top Ten Causes of Morbidity all Ages Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Malaria (953/1000) and Respiratory Infection (RI): Non-Pneumonia (509/1000) were the two top factors causing people to visit health facilities in 2023. This means that at least 6 out of 10 patients who visited health facilities were due to either malaria or RI: non pneumonia. Confirmed cases of malaria increased to 953 / 1000 in 2023 from 725 /1000 in 2022 with Buleya, Mapungu, Tapo, and Namatindi recording the highest rates. 17 | P a g e Table 6: Top ten causes of morbidity under 5 years 2021 2022 2023 No. Incidence/ Incidence/ Incidence Disease Disease Disease 1000 1000 /1000 Acute upper Malaria respiratory 1 334 685.3 Malaria 763 confirmed infections-Non pneumonia Acute upper Malaria Respiratory respiratory 2 439.4 Confirmed 585.2 infection non- 595 infection: non Cases pneumonia pneumonia Respiratory Clinical Diarrhoea 3 147.8 Infection: non- 321.0 273 malaria (non-bloody) pneumonia Diarrhoea Diarrhoea (non- 4 120.1 305.9 Eye diseases 57 (non-bloody) bloody) Malaria Clinical Allergic 5 Pneumonia 27.3 95.6 55 Cases conjunctivitis Respiratory Injuries/ 6 10.5 Pneumonia 44.7 infection 49 wounds pneumonia Conjunctivitis Allergic Nose 7 8.3 (Allergic 37.2 34 rhinitis diseases conjunctivitis) Skin diseases 8 Dysentery 7.3 Allergic rhinitis 18.4 (not 28 infectious) Moderate 9 acute 6.9 fungal infection 7.2 Gastritis 15 malnutrition Intestinal 10 Dental Caries 5.3 Dysentery 5.3 13 worms Table 6: Top ten causes of morbidity under 5 years Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Malaria was the main cause of morbidity in children under five years. On the other hand, there has been a decrease in the incidence of diarrhoea (non-bloody) with increase in the number of boreholes drilled through Constituency Development Fund and other WASH partners in various wards. In 2021, only 35% of households had access to clean drinking water while 14% had access to sanitation and hygiene facilities. Top Ten Causes of Mortality (All Ages) The top causes of death in 2023 were birth asphyxia and stroke, followed by nervous system disorders and snake bites. 18 | P a g e Table 7: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (All Ages) 2021 2022 2023 No Deaths/ Deaths/ Deaths/ . Disease Disease Disease 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. Birth 1. Meningitis 333 Meningitis 250 100 asphyxia 2. Stroke 200 Stroke 100 Stroke 100 Acute End stage Nervous ischaemic 3. 100 kidney 66.7 system 50 heart failure disorders disease Acute viral Cryptococca 4. 80 50 Snake bite 50 hepatitis l meningitis Digestive Urethral 5. system 80 Ectopic 50 50 stricture (infectious) Respiratory HIV infection Neonatal 6. 71 encephalopa 50 33.3 non- prematurity thy pneumonia Nervous Interstitial 7. system 67 pulmonary 33.3 Peritonitis 33.3 disorders unspecified Retroviral Cryptococca Substance 8. 50 diseases 33.3 33.3 l meningitis abuse (RVD) SARS CoV- Chronic liver 9. Eclampsia 50 28.6 27.3 2 CFR disease Acute Congestive 10. Eye injury 50 malnutrition 26.1 15.9 heart failure moderate Table 7: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (All Ages) Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Table 8: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (Under 5years) 2021 2022 2023 No. Deaths/ Deaths/ Deaths/ Disease Disease Disease 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. Genital- Acute Urinary 1 Eye injury 100 100 malnutrition 91.7 disease severe (except STI) Genital- Acute Acute Urinary 2 malnutrition 75 malnutrition 62.5 50 disease severe severe (except STI) Nervous 3 Haemophilia 50 system 10 Anaemia 33.3 disorders 19 | P a g e 2021 2022 2023 No. Deaths/ Deaths/ Deaths/ Disease Disease Disease 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. 1000 Adm. Severe Diarrhoea diarrhoea Poisoning 4 33.3 (non- 3 25 with other bloody) dehydration Nervous Respiratory Nervous 5 system 28.6 infection 1.6 system 22.2 disorders pneumonia disorders Malaria Respiratory Eye 6 12.5 under 5 1 infection 5.8 diseases years pneumonia 7 Malaria 5.4 Malaria 3.4 Respiratory Diarrhoea 8 infection 1.2 (non- 1.1 pneumonia bloody) Table 8: Top Ten Causes of Mortality (Under 5years) Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Table 8 above summarizes a trend study of the top 10 causes of mortality (under 5 years) from 2021 to 2023. Acute malnutrition has been the leading cause of mortality in the past three years, with 2023 recording the highest mortality (91.7/1000). The under-five population is considered to be the most vulnerable group where infant mortality is concerned because of low immunity levels. Therefore, there is need to undertake disease controlling measures in order to combat these diseases to reduce the under 5-mortality rate.

3.1.4. Maternal and Infant Mortality Rate Maternal mortality is the annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management during pregnancy and childbirth. Access to proper medical attention and hygienic conditions during delivery can reduce the risk of complications and infections that may lead to death or serious illness for the mother and/or baby. Currently, maternal mortality stands at 159 deaths per 100,000 live births while infant mortality is at 0.3 deaths per 1,000 live births. Table 9: Kalabo Baseline Nutrition Status Stunting 29.1% Underweight 7.3% Wasting 3.3% Exclusive breastfeeding 79% Low Women BMI 20.5% Households practicing essential nutrition actions 20.5% Modern family planning use 28.9% Households with access to basic drinking water services 16.5% 20 | P a g e Households practicing correct use of recommended HH water treatment technologies 2.5% Households with soap and water at a handwashing station used by family members 5.2% Households using improved Sanitation services 9.6% Women’s dietary diversity 2.6% Households with a recommended diet diversity 6.0% Households selling or bartering nutritious crops that they grow 35.7% Households producing safe and nutritious foods (Crops and Livestock) for Consumption 34.4% Table 9: Kalabo Baseline Nutrition Status Source: Kalabo District Health Office Table 10: Overall Performance of the District key indicators 2021 2022 2023 Indicator Target Achieved Target Achieved Target Achieved Fully immunized 88% 65.6% 95% 62.6% 95% 56% coverage under 1 year. % BCG coverage 90% 82% 95% 76% 95% 75% % of clients accessing long-acting reversible 41% 2.9% 60% 3.5% 60% contraceptives % of teenage attending 0% 16% 0% 25% 0% 25% first ANC visit % Antenatal 1st visits coverage before 14 55% 21% 60% 17% 60% 20% weeks % pregnant women Accessing at least 8 3/8 3.1/8 8 3.1/8 8 1.7 visits of Focused Antenatal Care % Delivered by skilled 75% 48% 80% 44.1% 100% 49% personnel % of women attending 75% 59% 80% 59% 100% 54% post-natal within 48hrs % HEI receiving 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Prophylaxis at birth. Table 10: Overall Performance of the District key indicators Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Table 10 above displays a trend in key performance indicators from 2021 to 2023. Most indicators, such as Bacille Calmett Guerin (BCG) fully immunized children under 1, and skilled delivery coverage, dropped in 2023. The above performance was due to low Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) outreach sessions and an erratic supply of essential commodities. 21 | P a g e Skilled delivery coverage was also low due to the unavailability of funded positions for midwives and clinical officers in some facilities. To address these concerns, the district plans to increase EPI outreach sessions, ensure proper motorbike maintenance, lobby for funded positions for midwives and clinical officers, strengthen sensitization meetings, enhance health education, and improve data quality.

3.1.5. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations Kalabo District Health Office utilizes community scorecard which signifies the demand side of service delivery, were the community gives feedback to the service providers according to their perspective of quality. The community scorecard is implemented using qualitative indicators through the Health Centre/Post Committees (HCC/HPC) quarterly meetings and the scores entered into the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) to be uploaded on the web-based tool as tabulated in table 11 Table 11: District Community Scorecard Performance for Fourth Quarter 2023 Element Behaviour Waiting Availability Water, Availability Infrastructure and time for of sanitation of transport attitude of provision essential and services for health of health drugs, hygiene emergencies service care supplies and referrals provider services and services Kalabo 90 86.7 80 60 76.7 60 Buleya HP 100 100 66.7 100 100 66.7 Liumba HC 66.7 100 100 66.7 66.7 66.7 Liyoyelo 66.7 66.7 66.7 33.3 66.7 33.3 HAHC Namatindi 100 66.7 66.7 66.7 100 66.7 HC Ndoka HP 100 100 100 66.7 66.7 66.7 Sihole HC 100 100 100 33.3 66.7 66.7 Tapo HC 100 100 66.7 66.7 100 66.7 Wenela HC 100 66.7 66.7 33.3 33.3 33.3 Yuka MCH 66.7 66.7 100 66.7 100 100 Table 11: District Community Scorecard Performance for fourth Quarter 2023 Source: Kalabo District Health Office, (2023) Best Practices of the using the Community Scorecard Generally, the implementation of the community scorecard has improved the behaviour and attitude of health care providers in the provision of quality health services. Furthermore, the use of scorecard has helped with the construction of temporal structures as highlighted in the following facilities; 22 | P a g e • Buleya Health Post – The community identified a problem using the community scorecard and have since contributed money per village to construct a temporal mothers’ waiting shelter. • Ndoka Health Post – The community identified a problem using the community score card and have contributed money per village to construct one staff house (procurement of building materials has been done). • There are a number of concerns that came out from the community engagement. The major one being the distances between health facilities in the district. In relation to distances the patients cover to access health care services, some patients have to cover over 25 kilometers to reach the nearest health facility. • Inadequate transport services for emergencies and referrals are a challenge in the district. The district only has one utility vehicle that is in poor condition that is catering for 31 health facilities. This coupled with poor road network becomes a challenge for patients seeking these services. The need for two ambulances is a dream of the public in the district. • Malaria disease burden came out as a major cause of sickness and reason for visiting health facilities. • Lack of consistent outreach services is a concern in the district. The community indicated the need for staff to reach out for services like antenatal and immunization. • Communities complained about limited access to clean and safe water.

3.1.6. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Implementation of strategic priorities outlined in the Eighth National Development Plan is expected to have significant impact. The changes can be categorized into various areas such as healthcare delivery, health outcomes, economic impacts, and social implications. Improved Healthcare Delivery • Enhanced Infrastructure: Upgraded and newly constructed health facilities will provide better healthcare services, reduce patient overcrowding and ensure timely medical interventions. • Technological Advancements: Implementation of digital health systems and telemedicine will improve diagnosis, treatment and monitoring especially in remote areas. • Increased Workforce Capacity: With more trained health professionals and improved retention, the quality of healthcare services will increase, reducing patient waiting time and improving care quality. Better Health Outcomes • Reduction in Communicable Diseases: Effective prevention and control measures for diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria will lead to lower infection rates and mortality. 23 | P a g e • Management of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Early detection and better management of NCDs will reduce prevalence and other associated complications hence improving the quality of life. • Lower Maternal and Child Mortality: Enhanced maternal and child health services, including better neonatal care and immunization coverage, will significantly reduce mortality rates. Economic Impacts • Increased Productivity: A healthier population will be more productive, contributing to economic growth. Reduced illness and absenteeism will enhance workforce efficiency. • Reduced Healthcare Costs: Universal health coverage and improved health services will reduce out-of-pocket expenditures for individuals, leading to financial stability and increased household savings. • Health Sector Investment: Upgrading health infrastructure and systems may attract investments both local and international, fostering economic development in the health sector. Social Implications • Improved Quality of Life: Better health services and outcomes will enhance the overall quality of life, promoting social well-being and happiness. • Greater Health Equity: Expanded access to healthcare services, especially in rural and underserved areas will reduce health disparities and promote social justice. • Community Empowerment: Involvement of communities in health programs will foster a sense of ownership and responsibility that will lead to more sustainable health practices and behaviours. Strengthened Health Systems • Resilient Healthcare Systems: Strengthened health systems will be more capable of responding to health emergencies and pandemics ensuring continuity of health care during crisis. • Data-Driven Decision Making: Robust health information systems will enable better monitoring, evaluation and planning will lead to more effective health policies and programs. • Integration with Other Sectors: Collaboration with sectors like education, water, and sanitation will address broader determinants of health which will create a holistic approach to public health. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention • Increased Awareness: Public health campaigns will lead to greater awareness of healthy behaviours and disease prevention which will reduce the burden of preventable diseases. 24 | P a g e • Improved Hygiene and Sanitation: Enhanced sanitation and hygiene 2practices will lead to a reduction in waterborne and hygiene-related illnesses. Overall, the anticipated changes Kalabo's health sector over the next ten years are poised to create a more efficient, equitable, and effective healthcare system, leading to substantial improvements in health outcomes and socio-economic development.

3.1.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The impact of environment and climate change on health in Kalabo is multifaceted and significant. As climate change alters weather patterns and environmental conditions, it directly and indirectly affects public health. Increased Incidence of Infectious Diseases • Vector-borne Diseases: Changes in temperature and rainfall can expand the habitats of vectors such as mosquitoes increasing the incidence of diseases like Malaria. • Waterborne Diseases: Flooding and changes in water quality can lead to the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and diarrhoea. Contaminated water supplies and poor sanitation during extreme weather events exacerbate these issues. Food Security and Nutrition • Crop Yields: Climate change affects agricultural productivity through altered rainfall patterns, droughts and extreme weather events. Reduced crop yields can lead to food shortages, hunger and malnutrition • Nutritional Quality: Changes in climate can affect the nutritional quality of crops, leading to deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals. Extreme Weather Events • High Temperatures: Increased frequency and intensity of high temperature can lead to heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like the elderly and children. • Floods and Storms: Extreme weather events can cause injuries, displacement, and disruptions to healthcare services. They can also lead to long-term mental health issues due to trauma and displacement.

3.2. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups In Kalabo, gender and vulnerable groups face a variety of issues that impact their health, socioeconomic status, and overall well-being. Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach that includes policy interventions, community-based programs, and international support. 25 | P a g e Women and Girls Women and girls face high rates of early marriage and teenage pregnancy, which impact health, education and economic opportunities. Women and girls have higher health risks due to reproductive health issues, Gender Based Violence, and limited access to healthcare. Men and boys Men and boys often face significant challenges related to mental health. Societal expectations and stereotypes about masculinity can discourage them from seeking help for mental health issues, leading to underreporting and inadequate support. Youths Access to quality health education remains a critical issue for many young people, with gender and socio-economic status playing significant roles. Young girls may face barriers to health education due to cultural norms, early marriage, and safety concerns. Mental health issues among youths are prevalent and often exacerbated by social pressures, academic stress, and identity-related challenges. Person with Disabilities Persons with Disabilities in Kalabo face Stigma and discrimination in society, limiting their opportunities for health education, employment and social participation. Furthermore, there is inadequate infrastructure and services to accommodate their needs, including accessible healthcare, transportation and buildings. HIV/AIDS Gender dynamics play a significant role in the transmission, treatment, and impact of HIV/AIDS. Women and girls, particularly in Kalabo, are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Biological factors, gender-based violence, and socio-economic inequalities contribute to their heightened vulnerability. Men and boys are also affected, but often face barriers to accessing testing and treatment due to cultural norms that discourage seeking healthcare. Certain groups are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS due to social, economic, and structural factors. Sex workers are at higher risk due to the nature of their work and often face barriers to accessing healthcare and support services. People who Inject drugs are at high risk of HIV due to sharing needles and often lacks access to harm reduction programs. 26 | P a g e

3.2.1. External Factors Contributing to Health Sector Issues The following are the external factors contributing to health sector; Economic Constraints Zambia's health sector is often underfunded, affecting the availability and quality of healthcare services and Kalabo District is not an exception. Economic instability can lead to budget cuts and reduced investments in health infrastructure. Furthermore, high levels of national debt can restrict government spending on health, as resources are diverted to debt repayment. Global Health Trends and Epidemics Global health issues and epidemics have direct and indirect effects on Kalabo's health sector. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS strains the healthcare system, requiring significant resources for treatment and prevention. Outbreaks of diseases like cholera, malaria, and COVID-19 put an additional pressure on the healthcare infrastructure, diverting resources from other health needs. Donor Dependency Reliance on international aid and donor funding can have mixed impacts on health sector. Changes in donor priorities and funding levels can lead to instability in healthcare programs and services. Sometimes, donor-funded projects may not align perfectly with local health priorities, leading to inefficiencies. Political Instability and Governance Issues Political factors and governance challenges can affect the health sector’s performance. Corruption and mismanagement of funds can lead to inadequate allocation of resources, reducing the effectiveness of health interventions. Frequent changes in health policies and leadership can disrupt on-going health programs and initiatives. Climate Change and Environmental Factors Environmental issues and climate change pose significant challenges to public health in Kalabo. Floods, droughts and other extreme weather events can disrupt healthcare services, damage infrastructure and increase the incidence of diseases. Changes in climate can affect the spread of vector-borne diseases like Malaria, putting additional strain on the health system. Global Economic Factors Global economic conditions influence the health sector. Fluctuations in global commodity prices, particularly for copper (a major export), can impact Zambia’s economy and consequently, its health sector funding. International trade policies and economic sanctions can affect the availability of medical supplies and equipment. 27 | P a g e Migration and Population Dynamics Migration patterns and population dynamics have implications for health service delivery. Urbanization and migration from rural to urban areas can lead to overcrowded cities and increased demand for urban health services, straining existing facilities. Influxes of mobile migrants from neighbouring countries (Angola) can increase the burden on health services, requiring additional resources and support.

3.3. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION The mandate of the Water Resources Development is to develop policy guidance on national water resources related issues and develop both surface and ground water resources of inland and transboundary water bodies in order to ensure adequate water resources availability and equitable access by all users to for sustainable national socio- economic development. Humans and animals need clean, safe drinking water and excellent sanitation in order to survive. It is necessary for both productivity and health condition.

3.3.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at a local level The sector prioritises inspection of water development, water supply and sanitation projects to ensure compliance to policies and regulations related to water and sanitation. Key activities implemented by the sector include; construction and rehabilitation of boreholes, water quality monitoring, aquifer mapping and promotion of sanitation and hygiene education, and sanitation infrastructure. The sector also maintains an inventory of water development and sanitation infrastructure. Government has prioritised construction of water supply and sanitation infrastructure as part of its efforts to actualize the sector’s vision of attaining equitable access to safe and clean water supply and improve sanitation for all by 2030. The strategies and policies the sector is implementing include; gender equality and social inclusion, enhanced water resources management sustainable water supply and sanitation for community resilience, building climate resilience, institutional and human capacity building as well as environmental sustainability and water investment for productive use and economic growth.

3.3.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan Improved Water Supply and Sanitation At National level access to improved water source and sanitation has increased. The table below shows access to Water and Sanitation in percentage (%) from 2007 to 2018. 28 | P a g e Table 12: Access to water and sanitation from 2007 to 2018 INDICATORS 2007 2013/14 2018 Access to an improved Water Source (Household) Total 41.1 64.7 72.3 Rural 19.2 46.9 58 Urban 82.5 89.6 91.8 Access to an Improved Sanitation Facilities (Household) Total 35.5 45.5 54.4 Rural 17.3 25.8 37.2 Urban 70 73.1 77.7 Table 12: Access to water and sanitation from 2007 to 2018 Source: Kalabo IDP Team • Strategy 1: Improve Access to Clean and Safe Water Supply We are prioritising the concept into action by developing and maintaining infrastructure as well as monitoring water quality. • Strategy 2: Improve Sanitation Services These include Infrastructure development and maintenance, Solid waste management as well as Sanitation and hygiene promotion.

3.3.3. Existing State of Development The main service providers for water supply and sanitation in the district are; District Water Resources Development (DWRD), Western Water Supply and Sanitation Company (WWSSC), the Local Authority and cooperating partners. The district has two major sources of water namely ground and surface water. Groundwater The water supply from boreholes stands at 35% across the district. Access to adequate safe water supply and sanitation services are partially met due to inadequate resources to construction and rehabilitation of water supply infrastructure. The sector is further constrained by inadequate transport and specialised equipment to undertake routine operations and reconnaissance survey. Surface Water The water supply from surface water stands under water utility company stand at 2% across the district. Most parts of Kalabo District are not suitable for earthfill dam construction. However, concrete dams are feasible for kalabo district. The construction of dams will improve the standard of living through an improvement in irrigation, fishing, livestock and domestic use.

3.3.4. Performance of water supply and sanitation in the district Western water supply and sanitation company limited (WWSC) is in charge of the piped water reticulation system that supplies Kalabo Township. Currently, the 29 | P a g e corporation only supplies 40% of the urban area with water (WWSC, 2023). Several line ministries and NGOs that deal with WASH interventions also support the periphery. Line ministries such local government, community development, the department of education, health, agriculture, and water development are examples of these. There are also few NGOs dealing with WASH activity such as African Parks, People in Need (PIN), NACRO, and Red Cross. In 2015, water supply coverage was 35% and sanitation facilities were 14% (Zamstat, 2015). This data implies that 86% of the population lacks access to sanitation facilities, while 65% of the population still lacks access to safe drinking water supplies. Figure 11: Chart showing sources of water for the district SOURCES OF WATER FOR THE DISTRICT Piped Water 2% Rivers Boreholes 13% 35% Shallow Wells 50% Figure 11: Chart showing sources of water for the district Source: Zamstat (2017) Baseline survey data. According to the statistics from the baseline survey above, 71% of the Kalabo population relies on wells, some of which are open wells without access to clean or safe drinking water. The 13% of people who still rely on rivers and are susceptible to water-borne illnesses like diarrhoea are the biggest cause for concern. This has additional effects on the delivery of health services. The district's water supply problems are caused by a number of factors, the most important of which are insufficient funding to guarantee complete coverage of water supply to the district's population, management of water supply services such as Sustainable Operation and Maintenance Project (SOMAP) and a culture of low sustainability values towards functionality of water points in our communities. 30 | P a g e Distance coverage in search of water According to CSO's 2017 baseline survey data, the majority of residents in the district (69.7%) continue to walk more than 500 meters to reach water sources, as opposed to the recommended 250 meters. The IDP team estimates at least 6.7% of people still walk more than a Kilometer to get to water sources. Longer distances to these water sources tend to have a negative impact on productivity and tend to disproportionately affect women that typically assume roles of fetching water and other household activities that require the resource. Figure 12: Distances covered in search of water DISTANCES TO SOURCES OF WATER 80% 70% 69.70% 60% Percent (%) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10.40% 10% 3.10% 10.10% 6.70% 0% < 50 Metres 50-100 100-500 500 <1KM >KM Kalabo 3.10% 10.10% 69.70% 10.40% 6.70% Figure 12: Showing distances covered in search of water Source: Kalabo IDP Team 31 | P a g e Figure 13: Map showing the distribution of boreholes and surface water in the IDP area Figure 13: Map showing the distribution of boreholes and surface water in the IDP area Source: Kalabo Town council Sanitation and hygiene practice status in the district The district continued to score poorly on most WASH indicators, as evidenced by trends revealed by the Zamstat, 2017 baseline survey on the conditions of sanitation facilities, which show that the majority of the district's population (63%) has not been using sanitary facilities (toilets). Factors, including limited awareness, a lack of traditional leadership engagement in ensuring sanitation issues are enforced, flooding, and unstable soil structures, make it difficult to build sanitation facilities (toilet) at the community level. 32 | P a g e Figure 14: Status of sanitation parameters in the district PERFOMANCE ON SANITATION PARAMETERS 100% 90% 93% 80% 70% 60% 50% 37% 40% 30% 20% 10% 6% 4% 0% 0% # H/H using Smooth Clean Adequate Latrine with lid Latrines with Toilet faciities floor supper structure Cover hand washing facilities Figure 14: Chart showing Sanitation states in the district Source: CSO 2017 Baseline Survey Data Low adoption of sanitation and hygiene practices has an impact on the productivity and health of community populations. Lack of access to safe water supplies and sanitation facilities can be caused by a variety of environmental, economic, structural, or cultural issues, but most importantly, by inadequate funding to WASH interventions.

3.3.5. Issues arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations The following issues were recorded from the community consultations conducted; • Increased diarrhoea cases from 120 in 2021 to 305.9 in 2022 due to use of unprotected water sources • Low knowledge levels on sanitation and hygiene. • Low capacity by the pump menders • Lack of field equipment such as GPS and water detection machines for siting. • Poor coordination between council and other sectors in terms of information flow which deters the progression of water projects. • Limited coverage and compromised quality/quantity of water from the utility company due to old machinery. • No sewerage system provided by the utility company. 33 | P a g e

3.3.6. Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Population change The district will experience future demand for services and facilities as well as expansion of existing facilities as the population is expected to grow. This is going to strain the current capacity on the district’s development on Water supply and sanitation leading to economic, social and environmental impacts.

3.3.7. Impacts of Environment and Climate change With regards to environmental and climate change issues on the water resources management in the district, boreholes become dry due to static water levels reducing down beyond the pump intakes and affecting the aquifers that result in having low borehole yield. Water is concentrated with iron when drilling deeper causing water not fit for human consumption. Temperatures and floods rise as a result of the harsh climate. From January through June, Kalabo usually floods for nearly six months. However, the district's WASH efforts are impacted by climatic extremes including high heat and excessive rains.

3.3.8. Issues relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Kalabo District has little or no provision of accessible water and sanitation infrastructure for persons with disabilities. Women and girls are the most affected by water scarcity because the responsibility of fetching water is often left to women and girls who have to travel long distances in search of the commodity. Due to the increased time spent bringing water for the household. Consequently, school going children who live far from a water source often chooses to drop out of school. People living with HIV/AIDS are equally affected by inadequate access to clean and safe water exposing them to water-borne diseases.

3.3.9. External factors contributing to Sector Issues Terrain The terrain, road network in the district is massively sandy affecting our currently drilling rig machine not to reach sites for potential borehole drilling. Additionally, soil formation increases risk of siltation of boreholes and collapse of sanitation infrastructure. Market Trends Variation in cost of drilling equipment and tools affects cost of operations. 34 | P a g e

3.4. EDUCATION The goal of the education sector is to increase equitable access to quality education and skills training to enhance human capacity for sustainable national development. The district has a total of 224 educational institutions as of 2024, which are divided into Early Childhood Education Centers (ECEs), Primary schools, Secondary schools, and one Tertiary institution. The same education institutions are owned by various agencies ranging from GRZ, Private and community. Population growth in Kalabo between 2010 and 2024 has increased demand for education at all levels. Government initiatives on Free Education and Re-entry were among the additional elements that contributed to the rise in demand. These have further constrained the already limited school infrastructure and human resource.

3.4.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level Enhance Access to Quality, Equitable and Inclusive Education The Government will ensure that all learners have access to equitable and inclusive quality education that prepares them to pursue higher education. This will be done through the recruitment and placement of more teachers in needy areas, provision of free education from early childhood to secondary school and provision of bursaries, using a decentralised approach. Additionally, establishment and construction of more ECE centres, secondary schools and other school infrastructure, including completion of incomplete classroom structures, and accommodation for teachers, especially in rural areas, will be undertaken. The delivery of education using ICT platforms will also be promoted. To ensure that schools are adequately equipped to deliver quality and relevant education, focus will be on enhancing the supply of educational requisites, including procurement of school desks and learning materials. Further, the education curriculum will be reviewed to ensure that it provides life relevant knowledge and skills and promotes the application of national values and principles. This will include building the skills of learners to increase their uptake of science and technology. The objective is, from an early age, to increase leaners’ interest in science and technology to facilitate innovation and entrepreneurship. At secondary school the two-tier education system will be promoted to provide TEVET skills to learners. This will be supported by skills development fund. Further, programmes will be implemented to ensure provision of education to Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN) at all levels of the education system so as not to leave anyone behind. In addition, to promote inclusive lifelong learning, adult literacy learning will be supported. Additionally, to ensure a lifecycle approach to education, priority will be given to nurturing and supporting early childhood development and facilitating a conducive learning environment to support early development of literacy, numeracy and problem- solving skills. The Government will continue supporting initiatives to improve the physical and cognitive health outcomes for children between aged 0-6, especially 35 | P a g e during the first 1,000 days of life, which are the critical years for a child’s cognitive and healthy long-term development, productivity, and social cohesion under early childhood development. Further, the Government will continue implementing initiatives aimed at keeping girls in school as well as enhancing readmissions of school drop- outs, including adult learners. Improve Technical, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Skills. The main focus will be on strengthening the regulatory and quality assurance frameworks that will also cover vocational skills training establishments in the private sector. Further, there will be regular upgrading of training equipment and expansion of training facilities. In addition, the qualifications for TEVET skills will be upgraded to allow for progression. To ensure that TEVET is relevant to industry, the curriculum will continuously be reviewed to ensure that it responds to the demands of industry. Additionally, learning pathways such as work-based learning, in particular internship and apprenticeship, will be promoted. The Government will also ensure sustainable financing of the TEVET system. In addition, the Government will scale-up and decentralise the skills bursary scheme to the local level. This will enhance the targeting of beneficiaries as they will be identified by the communities and will improve access to skills training by vulnerable youths. Increase Access to Higher Education To increase access to public universities and other higher learning institutions, the Government will reform the bursary and student loan system so that students who cannot afford to pay fees are supported. Further, to enhance the development of an innovative society, the bursaries and student loans will be steered towards science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Investment will also be made in infrastructure and education-industry linkages to ensure that graduates have relevant and employable skills. The Government will continue creating an enabling environment for the private sector to thrive in the delivery of higher education. Enhance science, technology and innovation To promote science, technology and innovation, investment for research and development will be enhanced, including in institutions of higher learning. This will be done through utilisation of various funds such as the Strategic Research Fund and the Science, Technology and Innovation Youth Fund. Further, partnerships between higher learning institutions and state and non-state actors will be promoted to enhance the uptake of research. STEM education that promotes research, innovation, productivity and competitiveness for national and international demands will be promoted. The development and application of digital skills to support the country’s transformation to a digital economy will also be promoted. 36 | P a g e

3.4.2. Sectors Key Priority of the Eighth National Development Plan The following are key priorities and strategies for the sector; • Creation of Early Childhood Centers’ (ECE) in all primary schools. So far, Kalabo has successfully managed to open a total number of 86 ECE Centres out of 102 primary and Community schools across the district. This will be achieved through establishing and constructing more ECE centres in all primary schools and opening standalone centres in some places. • Increase the literacy rates and work towards eliminating illiteracy by 2030. This can be achieved through opening more adult literacy learning centres in all primary schools. The district's illiteracy levels stand at 33% and this rate is higher than the national average of 12.5%. • Improve pupil/teacher ratio to 25:1 at Early Childhood Education, 40:1 at primary school and 35:1 at secondary school by 2030. This will be done through recruitment and placement of more teachers in needy areas more especially rural and remote areas. • Reduce the average distance to schools to 5 km radius to 80% of the potential learners by 2030. This will be achieved by constructing more schools in between distant schools so as to shorten the distances between schools and by gazetting community schools operating in such areas. • Construct, rehabilitate and maintain appropriate infrastructure in secondary schools, primary schools and Early Childhood Education centres, especially in rural areas so as to increase on access to education. This will include completion of incomplete class rooms and staff houses to accommodate more learners and teachers respectively. • Ensure inclusive and equitable access to quality education and promote life- long learning opportunities for all. This will be done through the promotion of ICT platforms. Education curriculum will be reviewed to ensure that it provides life relevant knowledge and skills to learners. Provision of free education, various form of bursaries to learners and introduction of Home-Grown School Meals Programme (HGSMP) in schools will also help learners to access inclusive and equitable education. • Upgrading of certain Primary Schools to Secondary Schools in order to increase access to secondary school education for learners in the initial 11 secondary schools. Most learners in the district are not accessing secondary education on account of not having secondary schools within their vicinities. • Constructions of classroom blocks for the recently upgraded secondary schools. The sector working in collaboration with the local government has so far embarked on the construction of classroom blocks in most schools in the district to increase on access to secondary education. • The district is also implementing the re-entry policy in all schools across the district. This policy is aimed at bringing learners back to school girls that dropped out of school after falling pregnant. The girls are counselled and given the necessary support for them to remain in school. 37 | P a g e

3.4.3. Existing State of Development The district observed a growth in educational institutions between 2020 and 2024 as shown in table 14 as part of its efforts to promote access to education. Table 13: Number Education facilities in Kalabo District S/N CATEGORY AGENCY 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 1 Early GRZ 29 59 67 76 86 Childhood Community 06 08 12 15 19 Education Private 03 03 03 03 03 2 Primary GRZ 72 72 72 72 72 Community 19 19 30 30 30 Private 3 3 2 2 2 3 Day GRZ 6 6 9 9 9 Secondary Community 0 0 0 0 0 school Private 0 0 0 0 0 4 Boarding GRZ 2 2 2 2 2 Secondary Community 0 0 0 0 0 school Private 0 0 0 0 0 5 Trade GRZ 1 1 1 1 1 Training Community 0 0 0 0 0 Institute Private 0 0 0 0 0 Total 141 173 198 210 224 Table 13: Number Education facilities in Kalabo District Source: Kalabo District Board Education Secretary Office The 86 Early Childhood Education (ECE) Centres are integrated into the Primary Schools across the District, therefore, although the table lists 224 as the overall number of educational institutions, it may not always tally with the summations of the data supplied. There is only one standalone Early Childhood Education (ECE) facility in the district at the moment. The early childhood education sector, in particular, has seen spectacular growth of over 80% in the last five years. Infrastructure constraints, though, have limited the numbers that are enrolled in schools. The planning area has one skills training institution, Kalabo Trades Training Institute, which was commissioned in 2020 and provides tertiary education. The majority of the educational institutions are concentrated in urban and peri-urban areas, leaving the majority of the most remote population unattended. This results in an inequitable geographical distribution of the educational facilities. Some learners in Upangoma, Kuuli, Libonda, Ngunyama, Mitwi, and Nguma wards commute for more than 9 kilometres to access primary school, which is against the recommended maximum distance of 5 kilometres. The poor progression rate to senior secondary, which stood at 60% at grade ten, has been attributed to the long distances to school and the scarcity of secondary schools. When allocating resources and services, the detected gaps should be taken into consideration in order to improve access and equity. 38 | P a g e According to 2024 District Staff Returns, Teacher–Pupil ratio for primary schools was at 1:52 while secondary schools stood at 1:51, which is way above the recommended standards of 1:40 and 1:35 respectively. 39 | P a g e Table 14: Number of teachers per category from 2020 to 2024 Description Number of Teachers 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total A) Pre-schools (early 3 9 12 03 09 11 03 19 22 6 23 29 6 23 29 childhood centres) B) primary schools 347 168 515 347 168 515 704 208 912 707 209 916 707 209 916 C) Secondary schools 87 171 258 87 171 258 129 156 285 129 157 286 129 157 286 Total 437 348 785 437 348 784 836 383 1219 836 366 1231 836 366 1231 Table 14: Number of teachers per category from 2020 to 2024 Source: Kalabo District Board Education Secretary Office The table below shows that between 2021 and 2024, enrolment at the primary and secondary levels increased by 4.2% and 31%, respectively. The bigger increase under secondary school is ascribed, among other things, to free education. In contrast to the ideal 100%, the district's net enrolment rate was at 62%, indicating that not all children of school-age are enrolled. Additionally, the district's 33% illiteracy rate is higher than the national average of 12.5%. The solution to the effects of the steadily growing number of school-age children is to renovate and expand the current school infrastructure as well as construct new school 40 | P a g e Table 15:School Enrolments from 2020 to 2024 Description Number of pupils 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Pre-schools 146 950 1,096 237 1,456 1,693 297 1,821 2,118 1,597 1,821 2.915 1,401 1,845 3,845 (early childhood centres) Children with 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 special needs (CSEN) - ECE Primary schools 2786 28,734 31,520 2,812 29,212 32,024 3,929 30,345 34,274 3,929 30,345 34,274 3, 112 30,345 33,457 Children with 28 13 41 31 16 47 25 15 40 31 25 56 37 35 72 special needs (CSEN) – primary school Secondary 1,089 2,008 3,097 1;723 2,342 4,065 2,236 3,065 5,298 2,061 2,512 4,573 2,661 3, 202 5, 863 schools Children with 12 8 30 15 9 24 18 31 51 22 35 57 20 36 56 special needs (CSEN) – secondary school Total 4,061 31,713 35,784 3,095 3,3035 3,7853 6,505 35,277 41,781 7,640 35,383 42,675 7,231 35,463 42,694 Table 15: School Enrolments from 2020 to 2024 Source: 2024 District Staff Returns. 41 | P a g e Figure 15: Map showing the education service gap in IDP area for Kalabo District Figure 15: Map showing the education service gap in IDP area for Kalabo District Source: Kalabo Town Council 42 | P a g e School pupils drop out and progression rates in the planning area The dropout rate in Kalabo was 1.9%, which was higher than the national average of 1.57% (Annual School Census Forms, 2019). Higher enrollments at the primary level and a low progression rate in grades 8 and 9 are other indicators of this. Among the reasons cited for reduced progression rates are vices such as early marriages, high poverty levels and teenage pregnancies. Figure 16: showing pupils dropped out of school out of the total 65 pupils in 2019 PUPILS DROPPED OUT 2019-KALABO Early Marriages 13% Illness 36% Pregnancy 38% Death 13% Figure16: Pupils dropped out of school out of the total 65 pupils in 2019 Source: 2019 Annual School Census Forms Gender Parity Index (GPI) The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male pupils. A GPI larger than one mean there are more females than males in school. A GPI smaller than one means there are less females than male in school. In contrast to the ideal, which is 1, the district's Gender Parity Index (GPI) for grades 1 through 9 was 0.95 in 2010. This indicates that there are more males than girls enrolled in schools. 43 | P a g e Figure 17: Gender Parity Index Figure 17: Gender Parity Index Source: Kalabo district education bulletin, 2010 Low enrollment levels for girls also exacerbate the GPI as can be seen in 2022, where the total number of enrolled pupils was 34,580 of which 16,422 were females, representing 47.5% while the rest was males accounting for 52.5%.

3.4.4. Issues arising from community and stakeholder consultations The following issues were captured during community stakeholder consultations; • Poor road infrastructure leading to schools • Access to any of the schools in the district is difficult as there is no proper road network to these schools. The only schools that can be easily accessed by road are the four that are in the central business area. The situation is worse in some schools in the low-lying lands especially in Liuwa constituency as the place gets flooded for a good part of the year and cannot be accessed by either by road or water. • Only 86% of primary schools have early childhood education (ECE) centre: • It was observed that not all primary schools in the district have early childhood education centres. This is against government policy which requires all primary schools to have ECE centres. • Long distance to schools against the required 5Kms: • Consultations with stakeholders also revealed that in some remote places learners still cover longer distances to reach to some schools. For instance, some learners in Upangoma, Kuuli, Libonda, Ngunyama, Mitwi, and Nguma wards commute for more than 9 kilometres to access primary school, which is against the recommended maximum distance of 5 kilometres. This situation is even bad in learners at secondary level where schools are not evenly distributed in the district. 44 | P a g e • Inadequate infrastructure for classroom and staff accommodation: • It is a fact that there is a serious shortage of both classroom and staff houses in all the schools. Actually, there is a shortfall of 684 and 591 staff houses and classroom accommodation respectively in the district. The shortages are more prevalent in rural and remote areas where temporary structures are used for both classrooms and staff accommodation. • High teacher -pupil ratio for Early Childhood education, primary and secondary schools. There is a high teacher – pupil ratio for ECE, Primary and Secondary schools in the district. According to 2024 District Staff Returns, Teacher–Pupil ratio for ECE was at 1: 133, primary schools was at 1:52 while secondary schools stood at 1:51, which is way above the recommended standards of 1:25, 1:40 and 1:35 respectively. • Insufficient facilities (play parks, appropriate chairs, desks, tables, toilets etc.) in early childhood education centres: • Most play parks in the established ECE centres have no play parks have play parks with insufficient accessories, have inappropriate chairs, desks, tables and toilets for ECE learners. The learners in these schools have no alternative but to use the facilities meant for the primary school learners. • Lack of adult literacy programs in some wards of the district. • The district's illiteracy levels stand at 33% and this rate is higher than the national average of 12.5%. Unfortunately, some wards still have no adult literacy programmes which is a solution to the prevailing illiteracy levels. • Only 86% of total number of schools are connected to clean and safe drinking water: • There is need to have all the schools connected to clean and safe drinking water. Some schools rely on boreholes, protected wells and unprotected wells for water supply. This puts the learners at high risk of contracting diarrhoeal diseases. • Only 17.4% of total number of schools have access to electricity. • There is increasing demand for schools to be connected to electricity because of the introduction of Computer lessons as part of the school curriculum. The current situation falls far short of the requirements as only 17.4% of the schools have access to electricity. • Only 12% of total number of schools have ICT equipment (computers used by learners). • Since ICT has become part of the subjects taught in schools, there is an increased demand for schools to have computers for pedagogical use. The prevailing state of the district of only12% of schools having computers leaves much to be desired. 45 | P a g e

3.4.5. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Population Change – Future Demand for Services and Facilities It is projected that the total learner from ECE, Primary and Secondary schools in 2026 and 2030 is projected to be 54,950 and 81,200 respectively. The anticipated changes will exert pressure on quality delivery of education as well as infrastructure development. Therefore, it is important to plan in view of anticipated changes. See the table below: Table 16: Projected number of pupils from the year 2026 to 2030 Description Projected number of pupils 2026 2030 Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Pre-schools (early childhood 450 3000 3,450 1200 7000 8200 centres) Primary schools 6000 36000 42000 12000 46000 58000 Secondary schools 4500 5000 9500 7000 8000 15000 Total 10950 44000 54950 20200 61000 81200 Table 16: Projected number of pupils from the year 2026 to 2030 Source: Kalabo IDP Team

3.4.6. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Education is essential to promoting climate action and environmental protection since it instills values and aids in societal development. Education equips people with the knowledge, abilities, values, and attitudes necessary to act as change agents, enabling them to comprehend and confront the effects of climate change and environmental degradation. It enables people to investigate environmental issues, work through issues, and take steps to better the environment. It has been found that teaching kids about environmental conservation and protection benefits both parents and guardians since they can then provide knowledge-based support. On the other hand, the effects of extreme weather events, such as heavy rains followed by flash floods, has resulted into flooded school infrastructure and limiting access to schools by pupils. Strong winds have led to destruction of education infrastructure such as roofs classrooms being blown off. Drought and rising temperatures cause bad harvests and food shortages, which have an adverse effect on scholastic achievement. Extreme weather events decrease the availability of clean drinking water, jeopardize sanitation, and increase the prevalence of weather-related illnesses like malaria and diarrhea, which can cause absenteeism and even cause kids to stop going to school (UNDP, 2017). In addition to its direct effects, climate change also has indirect effects on education, which result from the manner in which 46 | P a g e households choose to deal with and adapt to its effects, as seen by activities like migration and child marriages, which help households supplement their income.

3.4.7. Issues relating to gender and vulnerable groups. Social expectations on gender, family, job, and educational norms include the notion that women and girls should prioritize their families over their professional careers and pursuit of educational opportunities. Since they run the risk of getting education of poor quality, this is crucial for women and girls in Kalabo district. Girls who drop out of school are primarily affected by long travel times to educational institutions and a lack of infrastructure in the district. The number also declines with time as most girls drop out for a variety of reasons, including early pregnancies, marriages, a preference for domestic work, and childcare, among others. On the other hand, the youths are facing a lot of challenges in making their livelihoods better. This is because there are very few job opportunities for them as there are no industries in the district to absorb them either as skilled or unskilled labourers. Very few of the male youth manage to work as migrant workers outside the district. It is also a fact that the differently abled people find it very difficult to survive in the district as there are no opportunities for them to find jobs. Most schools and other public institutions in the district are not user friendly to the differently abled persons. This leaves the differently abled people fail to access services from such facilities. The other category of people that are highly disadvantaged are those infected by HIV/AIDS. Some cover long distances to access the lifesaving medicines as health facilities are far apart. In schools there are no health care facilities for learners that are HIV/AIDS positive and if known they are stigmatized.

3.4.8. External factors contributing to sector issues. Poverty levels among the people has been a major factor affecting the attendance of learners in the sector. Most of the parents are unable to send their children to school especially secondary and tertiary level owing to the fact that they do not earn enough income to send them to higher schools. Other factors like droughts and floods have led to more hunger amongst the people in the district. The parents will rather have their children stay away from school and help look for food than sending them to school. This will have a negative effect on the life of the learners in that girls are forced into prostitution, early pregnancies and early pregnancies. For boys, they usually end up migrating to urban areas to look for temporary jobs. Cultural practices also affect the attendance of learners ‘performance in schools. It has been noted that during the period when boys are taken for initiation camps, they are secluded there for a period of time during which they are not allowed to attend 47 | P a g e school. The issue is no different to the girls, they are equally secluded and are not allowed to attend school until such a time when they are perceived to be mature.

3.5. LOCAL GOVERNANCE

3.5.1. Key government priorities being and to be implemented at a local level This sector deals with a host of issues that lie at the very core of Local Authorities. Central government has decentralized eight (8) of its functions to the local government in the respective districts. The primary goal of the aforementioned measures is to enable local decision-making and to bring services closer to the people. The first phase devolved functions include; • Ministry of Transport and Logistics • Pontoons, ferries jetties and piers • Harbours • Vehicle licensing • Ministry of Youths and sports • Community sports • Ministry of Tourism • Cultural matters • Ministry of Home affairs and Internal Security • District archives • Ministry of Health • District health services • Ambulance services • Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock • Veterinary services The Local Government Act no. 2 of 2019 provides a host of services that are provided at local level which are inter-alia Housing, waste management including burials and cremation, markets and bus stations, sub-centres, roads/bridges/drainages, Ward Development Committees and Constituency Development Activities. One of the key policies is the industrialization policy, which establishes strategic guidelines to encourage industrial growth and create an environment that is conducive to private investments, domestic productive capacity growth, and increased international trade for Zambia.

3.5.2. Existing State of Development Cemetery Approximately 4 kilometers from the CBD, the council controls one cemetery. Even if there is ample area for the IDP period, the cemetery still needs some services. This site has to be enclosed by a fence in order to prevent encroachment. 48 | P a g e Recreation and Open Spaces in Kalabo District For the community's growth and well-being, recreation and open spaces are crucial. The district features a variety of poorly maintained parks and open spaces. Currently, drinking establishments and football facilities are the district's primary recreational activities. The absence of standard playground or stadium in the district is crucial to the social development of the community. To promote youth development and to offer alternatives to consuming beer as a form of recreation, the district's recreation sector needs to be greatly diversified. Table 17: List of Open Spaces in Kalabo District SN NAME OF FACILITY/OPEN SPACE LOCATION 1. Kalabo Secondary school ground Kalabo Secondary 2. Kalabo primary school ground Kalabo primary 3. Sunset ground Sunset residential area 4 Naliwonwa school ground Naliwonwa school 5. Freedom square Riverside Table 17: List of Open Spaces in Kalabo District Source: Kalabo Town Council Traditional Authority Her Royal Highness Senior Chieftainess Boanjikana, who resides in Libonda, is the only officially recognized traditional leader in the Kalabo area. Market and bus station services The district has one location designated as a bus station, called Kashitu bus station, and it is close to Kashitu market. Despite the area being available for bus station services, there is currently no infrastructure construction on the property. Within the area's central business district (CBD), there is a main market where most vendors set up shop to sell their goods. Aside from the main market, the district also has other trading centers at Yuka, Winela, Libonda, Mapungu, Lukona, and Sihole. 49 | P a g e Figure 18: Market place distribution in Kalabo IDP Area Figure 18: Market place distribution in Kalabo IDP Area Source: Kalabo Town Council 50 | P a g e Urban development Urban settlement growth is significantly impacted by the rise in the urban population, which went from 2,176 in 2010 to 3,302 in 2022. Over the past five years, there has been a rise in the number of unplanned settlements within urban areas as outlined in table below. Table 18: The status of urban areas is Kalabo District S/No Name of the area Status Comment 1. Riverside Planned area Needs more development control 2. Mulamba Planned area Needs more development control 3. Sunset Planned area Needs more development control 4. Hill Park Planned area Needs more development control 5. Green Wood Planned area Needs more development control 6. Sefula Planned area Some parts require re-planning 7. Namushakendi Planned area Some parts require re-planning 8. Winela A Planned area Some parts require re-planning 9. Kankola Planned area 40% developers not sitting according to the layout plan as it was being allocated by traditional leaders. 10. Malekwa Unplanned Area needs to be upgraded area 11. Kashitu Unplanned Located near Kashitu market area 12. Ulele Unplanned Area needs to be upgraded area 13. Winela B Unplanned Area needs to be upgraded area 14. Ubz/Copper Area Unplanned Area needs to be upgraded area Table18: The status of urban areas is Kalabo District Source: Kalabo Town Council Although 64% of the urban area is planned, as shown in the table above, some developers have not built in accordance with the approved layout plan. In addition, some traditional leaders continue to unlawfully divide land without acknowledging the approved layout plan. As a result, there is now more land dispute between developers who were given permits by local government and developers who were given permissions unlawfully by some traditional leaders. There is illegal development in some unplanned regions, and these places are also dotted with urbanizing settlements. 51 | P a g e Figure 19: Kalabo District Land Use Map Figure 19: Kalabo District Land Use Map Source: Kalabo Town Council Solid Waste Management Solid waste in the district is a potential resource for business to franchise investors. Currently there is no franchise or private company engaged in the management of solid waste. The management of solid waste in the district is solely done by Kalabo Town Council. Considering the 2022 population increase in the district which stands at 111,769 with an urban population of 3,302 (Zamstats, 2022), Solid waste disposal is one of the prominent environmental challenges the district is facing. The increased population trends within the central business district (CBD) have consequently attributed to an increase in waste generation. The generation of solid waste is mainly from markets, schools, and households. The increasing scale of wholesale and retail trading has attracted street vending, leading to an increasing amount of waste generation. In addition, the increased waste generation has been attributed to the construction of the Mongu-Kalabo road which has transformed the district by attracting high mobility, consumption and population growth. The table below shows generation rate of solid waste based on the population trends from 2020 to 2022 in the district. 52 | P a g e Table 19: The Performance on the Solid Waste Management Year Solid waste Solid waste collected Variance generated in tons and disposed in tons 2010 794.3 480 314.3tons 2020 950.1 480 470.1tons 2022 1205.23 480 725.23tons Table 19: The performance on the Solid Waste Management Source: Kalabo Town Council The above table shows the actual solid waste generated against the average solid waste collected in 2010, 2020 and 2022. In all the three (3) years mentioned above the solid waste collection/disposal efficiency stood at 60.4%, 50.5%, and 39.8% respectively. The main factor attributed to the decrease in solid waste collection and disposal is limited solid waste equipment. Apparently, the Council depends on one (1) multipurpose old tractor and trailer which does not operate consistently due to intermittent breakdowns, fuel shortages at times and lack of permanent and reliable driver for solid waste management. However, if the equipment improves in the future, the quantity tonnage of waste collection might also improve and consequently reduce the variance. The management of solid waste in the district uses the linear model which involves collection of garbage from refuse bins and bays placed by the local authority in strategic places around public places within the township. Later on garbage is transported for final disposal at the designated dump site. The solid waste generated from households is usually disposed in backyard refuse pits which poses great risk of polluting the environment. Additionally, indiscriminate waste disposal is extensive within residential areas due to limited provision of solid waste receptacles. The township only has one primary solid waste storage facility in the form of refuse bay situated at the Kashitu main market. The main areas where solid waste is collected include all the three markets namely: Kashitu, Yuka and Winela markets as well as the African Parks Institution. There is no waste segregation at any point and therefore, all waste is disposed of in a mixed form. Few informal waste pickers on the open dump are scavenging all sellable recyclables. Currently, the district doesn’t have an established permanent engineered dumpsite constrained by lack of state land for the undertaking. The alternative option which has been considered is the use of a temporal old sand mining borrow pit located about 4Km from the CBD along Kalabo-Mongu road. Once land is acquired, the local authority intends to construct a sanitary engineered dumpsite. Generally, there is less public awareness and participation on the health and environmental impact of waste management by the public. Littering and open burning of waste is prevalent on roadsides and dumpsite, posing severe risks of health and 53 | P a g e environmental consequences. This is linked to the fact that no fee is neither charged to the citizens for undesignated dumping and waste collection service. Among available streams of wastes is also electronic waste, which has a special role to play amid other streams of waste. This not only presents a risk on health if the hazardous content is not managed properly, but also an economic benefit due to the valuable materials found in it.

3.5.3. Issues arising from community and stakeholder consultations The following issues were recorded during stakeholder consultation meetings; • Lack of incentives to WDC members. • The Local Authority does not have a dumpsite. • No valuation roll, which has also contributed to low revenue base, thereby affecting service delivery. • Difficulty in accessing land for the extension of township boundary. • Lack of capacity on solid waste management. The council is using an obsolete equipment in solid waste management which has proven not to be very effective. • Indiscriminate waste disposal by the public. • Lack of improved recreation facilities in the district to promote personal health and wellness thereby reducing reliance on health care and other costly social services. • Some recreational facilities have been encroached by other land use. • Lack of fire management equipment

3.5.4. Programs being and to be implemented • Conducting community sensitization meetings with the public from time to time. • Continue engaging traditional leaders to acquire land and construct a sanitary engineered dumpsite • There is need to market the recreation sector as a business opportunity in order to engage the private sector to come on board and develop recreational facilities.

3.6. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE The goal of the Community Development and Social Welfare sector is to make it easier for fair Basic Social Protection services to be provided for inclusive, sustainable community and human development. Quality social services that alleviate poverty, lessen destitution, uphold family values, and lower juvenile delinquency are provided and promoted by the Department of Social Welfare. On the other hand, the Department of Community Development is responsible for the socio-economic empowerment of the poor and vulnerable but viable households with 54 | P a g e various Social Protection interventions to enhance their livelihoods for self- sustainability and poverty reduction. This is done through implementation of various livelihoods and empowerment programmes.

3.6.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level Social Cash Transfer Scheme Reducing extreme poverty and the transfer of poverty across generations among beneficiary homes and the society is the primary goal of the Social Cash Transfer Scheme. Bimonthly transfers are made to the beneficiaries and households with persons with disabilities receive double bi-monthly transfers. In 2022, there were 10,668 beneficiaries in the district, consisting of 2,598 men and 8,070 women. The program trend for the district since 2020 is displayed in the table below. Table 20: Number of Beneficiaries on Social Cash Transfer from 2020-2022 Programme Number of Beneficiaries 2020 2021 2022 Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Social Cash Transfer 4,910 5,319 10,229 2,781 8,554 11,335 2,598 8,070 10,668 Table 20: Number of Beneficiaries on Social Cash Transfer from 2020-2022 Source: Kalabo IDP Team Public Welfare Assistance Scheme With the goal of mitigating the adverse effects of socioeconomic shocks on the extremely poor and vulnerable, the government launched the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme. The program is designed to help the elderly, the disabled or chronically ill, single-headed households, those who are truly unable to support themselves, orphans and vulnerable children, victims of minor calamities, and others. Other vulnerable people, including those receiving health care, prison welfare, and repatriations, are not helped by the district because of a lack of financing under the public welfare aid program. To support PWAS programs on time, financing is thus required. Correctional Services Another responsibility of the district's social welfare department is to provide correctional services to juveniles in conflict with the law. Probation officers and social welfare officers are appointed by the courts to conduct investigations and provide recommendations on the appropriate sentencing for young offenders. The following table lists the cases that the district handled in 2020–2022; 55 | P a g e Table 21: Correctional Services Provided to Juveniles from 2020-2022 Number of Beneficiaries Services 2020 2021 2022 Offered Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Juvenile Justice 9 0 9 5 0 5 5 2 7 Table 21: Correctional Services Provided to Juveniles from 2020-2022 Source: Kalabo IDP Team Food Security Pack Programme In order to increase family and national food security, the Food Security Pack Programme (FSP) scheme primarily vulnerable but viable households. It does this by providing input and livelihood support. The district currently has 4,098 beneficiaries on the food security pack programme, of which 1,593 are rain-fed, 105 are on alternative livelihood and 2,400 are on emergency wetland cropping. One of the primary obstacles to the Food Security Pack Programme's execution is central planning and budgeting. This has made it challenging to carry out district-level initiatives including beneficiary identification, selection, and training. Transporting and distributing farming inputs with insufficient finance is another issue impeding the Program's execution. GEWEL (SWL) The district under the GEWEL (SWL) program has 1,469 beneficiaries supported since the inception of the project in 2021. The beneficiaries are supported through training in sexual reproductive health, savings, life skills and financial literacy. Beneficiaries also receive mentorship support and a one-off productivity grant to start up their businesses. Inadequate funding to support the implementation of the project is a barrier, consequently, additional funding is required. Adult Literacy Program The goal of the program is to reduce adulty illiteracy levels in communities. Currently, there are seven (7) adultu literacy classes in the district located in Libonda, Yuka Luanginga and Buleya wards. Inadequate funding is the major challenge for successful implementation of the program. Village Banking Currently, 18 beneficiaries are supported under the program. Notwithstanding the overwhelming response from the community, the main issue facing the program is insufficient funding. 56 | P a g e Table 22: Social Protection Services provided from 2020 - 2022 Programme Number Of Beneficiaries 2020 2021 2022 Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Education 30 22 52 35 22 57 0 0 0 Support Health Support 3 4 7 2 3 5 3 1 4 Prisons 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Welfare Repatriation 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 Table 22: Social Protection Services provided from 2020 – 2022 Source: Kalabo IDP Team

3.6.2. Existing State of Development The Public Welfare Assistance Scheme, Student Bursary, Social Cash Transfer, and Social Protection Legal Services, which primarily assist women and children, are just a few of the initiatives that the Kalabo district's Social Welfare department is coordinating. On the other hand, the Community Development Department is currently implementing the Food Security Pack program, Village Banking, Supporting Women's Livelihoods which are a part of the Girl's Education and Women's Empowerment and Livelihood (GEWEL) project. Inadequate staffing, poor housing and transport in centres affected extension services

3.6.3. Issues arising from the public participation process The following issues were recorded during stakeholder consultations; ▪ Low numbers of beneficiaries on social cash transfer, leaving the majority of destitute and incapacitated households in society not to meet their basic needs particularly health, education food and shelter. ▪ Inadequate programs on adult literacy through the education sector and community development. ▪ Low numbers of beneficiaries on Food Security Pack (FSP) to empower the poor and vulnerable but viable farmer households with agricultural inputs and livelihood skills to improve their productivity with the ultimate goal of enhancing their food, nutrition and income security for self-sustainability and poverty reduction. ▪ Low numbers of beneficiaries on tertiary bursary schemes (College and University) for the vulnerable in the district to help vulnerable youth fulfil their dreams and achieve their career goal. 57 | P a g e

3.6.4. Assessment of the Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Population is anticipated to increase in the next ten years, the current social mechanism is exacerbating dependence syndrome among community members. This will lead to abonnement of independent sources of livelihood for income generation thereby increasing the levels of poverty and food insecurity

3.6.5. Environmental and Climate Change Analysis Chemical fertilizers distributed as food security packs degrade the environment and the promotion of wetland cropping farming which disturb the ecological balances such as soil erosion and water conservation. Women spend more time in search of food and water to take care of their families. Girls are made to drop out of the schools to help their mothers take care of the families. On the hand, the sector is providing alternative livelihood which helps them to find other income generating activities other than degrading the environment.

3.6.6. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Women and girls Most Social protection programmes are centered on women and girls’ empowerment and livelihood. This improves the wellbeing of women and girls. Men and boys Social Protection Programmes offered are biased towards girls and women’s livelihood excluding boys and men. This results in an increase in the numbers of boys dropping out of school and men dealing in illegal activities.

3.7. FISHERIES Given the district’s water resource endowment, Kalabo has huge potential for development of a thriving fisheries sub-sector and contribute to poverty reduction and job creation in the district. The sub-sector is an important economic activity and source of animal protein. Even though fisheries’ contribution to Zambia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is small (1.24%), more than 20% of animal protein intake in the country is derived from fish (Musumali et.al. 2009). Its contribution to the total fish output for Zambia increased from 5,000 MT in 2006 to 30,000 metric tons in 2017 (Chapoto et al., 2019).

3.7.1. Key Government Priorities to be implemented at Local Level • Improved production and productivity of fisheries and aquaculture • Enhance natural resources management through sustainable fisheries management 58 | P a g e

3.7.2. Key priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan The key priorities of the sector in line with the Eighth National Development Plan are outlined in the table 23 Table 23: Key priorities of fisheries sector in line with 8NDP Sector Program Strategy Indicator Performance status Fisheries & Capture fisheries Improve Number of patrols Average aquaculture management production and & sensitizations development productivity done Aquaculture Improve Number of farmers Average development production & trained extension productivity Aquaculture Increase fish Tonnes of fish Less than 1 development production from produced tonne aquaculture Aquaculture Proportion of Percentage of 20% development farmers farmers accessing accessing fingerlings fingerlings Aquaculture Establish fish Number of 1 district facility development nursery nurseries done so far constructed awaiting stocking Table 23: Key priorities of fisheries sector in line with 8NDP Source: Department of Fisheries, Kalabo

3.7.3. Existing State of Development Capture Fisheries Fishing activities in the district are concentrated along the Luanginga and Luambimba rivers and along the Zambezi River in Libonda. Catfish is also harvested in known hotspots within the Liuwa National Park and Upper West Zambezi game management area. The district has one modern fish-drying facility run by Lewanika Community Resource Board within the park at Munde Primary School. The Department of Fisheries is mandated to implement conservation activities such as sensitization against the use of illegal fishing gear, surveillance patrols, conservation of fish stocks and the fishery ecosystem. However, effective and efficient implementation of these programmes is constrained by inadequate number of fisheries staff, inadequate land and lack of water transport. The fish stock in the district risk being depleted due to overfishing and use of illegal fishing gear such as mosquito nets and poisons. The annual fish ban is implemented in the district to allow for the fish to breed and replenishment of the fish stock. 59 | P a g e Aquaculture Aquaculture is a relatively new enterprise in the district. Currently, there are only 20 fish ponds in active production that is in Buleya (4), Yuka (2), Ng’uma (6), Ndoka (5) and Luanginga (3) agricultural camps. Although adoption of aquaculture as a food production option has been very slow, it is expected to play an important role in improving per capita consumption of fish from the current 6 kg per annum to 10 kg per annum. Aquaculture is often constrained by high initial investment costs of starting up especially where pumping of underground water is involved. As a result, most earthen ponds are confined to dambo areas and most upper land areas do not have earthen ponds.

3.7.4. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations Insufficient knowledge in fish farming and high initial investment costs leads to low adoption levels; difficulties in accessing good quality fingerlings and fish feed locally has also reduced the rate of adoption among farmers.

3.7.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The population of Kalabo is anticipated to grow over the next 10 years. Urbanisation will also increase with improved connectivity to Angola through construction of the Kalabo-Sikongo Road, demand for fish is expected to increase. Tourism activities also expected to increase due to proposed improvements in road infrastructure and bridges. Therefore, there is need to inject resources to scale up production of fish to meet the current and future demand of the commodity.

3.7.6. Future Demand for Services and Facilities The anticipated growth in fisheries sub-sector requires deliberate investment in hatcheries, feed production and cold chain facilities. Access to agricultural finance is also required to support fisheries enterprises interested in pond culture and cage fish farming. Improvements in fisheries extension will promote sustainable fisheries management and adoption of fish farming as a business.

3.7.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Drought A decrease in fish populations in natural water bodies is anticipated to result from fish breeds' habitats becoming less abundant due to drought. Additionally, this puts hatcheries' source of breeding stock at risk. Catfish, for example, need floods to initiate reproduction. Pollution Pollution has potential to kill aquatic life forms including fish. In addition, bioaccumulation of toxins in the aquatic food chains can affect humans who are at the apex of the food chain. Contaminated fish will fail to meet local and international standards. 60 | P a g e Increase in Temperature Fish do well in warm waters so there is positive impact on aquaculture sector; but if it leads to reduction of water levels it has a negative impact.

3.7.8. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups The majority of the farmers engaged in fish farming are male. This trend is likely to change with the interventions under the Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) project. The project supports mothers to give better nutrition to their offspring under the age of 2. These interventions include fish farming as a tool to improve protein intake in the communities. The introduction of Production Unit in schools presents an opportunity to promote aquaculture among boys and girls. This will enhance awareness of fish conservation. The department will also take advantage of support from the social protection sector in the area of alternative livelihoods to include fish farming in their interventions among persons with disabilities and those living with HIV/AIDS pandemic.

3.8. LIVESTOCK Livestock is an essential source of animal protein and revenue. Kalabo district has an abundance of grassland and water resources, making it well-suited for the raising of livestock. Although cattle is the most abundant type of livestock, the territory also produces goats, pigs, chickens, and sheep.

3.8.1. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan The Livestock Policy, Animal Health Policy and the 8NDP were reviewed and the following priorities were identified; • Establish and rehabilitate Livestock Service Centres. • Improve the efficiency of agricultural market for inputs and outputs. • Extension service delivery • Establish Artificial Insemination (AI) at the district

3.8.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan The key priorities of the sector in line with the Eighth National Development Plan are outlined in the table 24 61 | P a g e Table 24: Key priorities of livestock sector in line with 8NDP Sector Program Strategy Indicator Performance status Livestock Livestock Establishment Number of 2 built; 9 development of livestock livestock service required and productivity service centres centres for each vet constructed camp Infrastructure Construction of Number of Non built; 1 development a slaughter abattoirs required facility constructed Extension Rehabilitation & Number of Non built; 11 service delivery construction of houses required camp houses constructed Extension Procurement of Number of No vehicle service delivery pool vehicle and vehicles and procured; 4 motor bikes bikes procured bikes procured, 7 required Livestock Provide AI Number of 1 livestock development services at the livestock centres service center district doing A.I. with AI established status requires power connection Table 24: Key priorities of livestock sector in line with 8NDP Source: Departments of Veterinary and Livestock, Kalabo

3.8.3. Existing State of Development Overall Performance of the District At present the district has two (2) Livestock Service Centres located in Mapungu veterinary camp and Kalabo Farmer Training Centre (FTC). The center at Mapungu is currently dysfunctional due to the absence of water reticulation. There is a deficit of nine (9) centres to fully service the cattle population of about 55,000 in the district. One (1) centre is recommended per 5,000 herds of cattle. The current scenario disadvantages the improvement of livestock productivity and increases the disease burden in the district. Low staffing levels, inadequate transport, vastness of veterinary camps and steady increase in farmer population are some of the factors that limit the coverage for veterinary and livestock extension services. The district has an estimated farmer population of about 20,675 (2017-2018 Livestock Census Report) and about 58,500 herds of cattle. There are only five (5) veterinary extension workers against the requirement of 11, thus giving a ratio of extension worker to farmers of about 1:4000 against a target standard of 1:2000 (7NDP). 62 | P a g e

3.8.4. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations The following issues were recorded during stakeholder consultations; • Inadequate livestock Service Centres in the district. • Inadequate awareness on the services provided at the Livestock Service Centres. • Insufficient number of extension workers (Veterinary and Livestock Assistants). • Unsanitary slaughter slabs (inspections, diseases and pollution). • High disease burden.

3.8.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated over the Next Ten Years The future demand for poultry, meat and dairy products is expected to increase with population growth, urbanization and increased incomes both within and outside the district. Already at least, three (3) major meat companies in the country source some cattle from Kalabo. Thus, to meet this anticipated future demand, there shall be need to increase livestock production and productivity including small livestock.

3.8.6. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The following environmental risks are associated with increased future demand which will require mitigation; • Land degradation through overgrazing and deforestation which inevitably result in loss of biodiversity • Increased competition for water resources with other users • Water and land pollution arising from livestock processing industry • Increased production of methane which is a greenhouse gas leading to global warming and climate change On the other hand, the sector is affected by climate change and environmental risks which have a significant negative impact on production and productivity such as; • Increased temperatures, drought and floods may increase livestock disease burden and availability of pasture. • Drought and high temperatures will reduce the availability of water for livestock.

3.8.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Women and girls Gender roles in the rural communities are such that women are disadvantaged to own land and livestock. This translates into women and girls being more severely affected by poverty. Support from programmes like SUN are likely to mitigate this imbalance 63 | P a g e Men and boys Most properties are in the hands of men and this puts them at an advantage for opportunities to benefit from government, banks and donor support that requires collateral. This trend puts men and boys at an advantage in owning and benefitting from livestock production Youths The sector encourages youth participation and currently there are incentives for youths to engage in livestock production; this is through trainings and linking them to support. Person with disabilities The promotion of the production of small livestock will encourage more of the vulnerable or disabled to engage in livestock production as opposed to the more labour-intensive cattle production. HIV/AIDS The expected growth of the sector will attract outside traders and investors. The influx of outsiders comes with increased risks of infection among the locals.

3.8.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues The sector is prone to external factors such drought, theft of livestock. In anticipation of this the sector has put in place measures to prevent the negative impact of these external factors. The measures include promotion of the branding of animals and vaccination of livestock against diseases.

3.9. TOURISM AND CULTURE The sector is responsible for facilitating sustainable tourism development, wildlife conservation and management, and cultural development and preservation. Kalabo has considerable untapped natural resources for tourism development for it hosts many aspects of the lucrative tourism industry such as the abundant wildlife, natural heritage sites and rich culture. These aspects have a huge potential to spur sustainable economic growth of the district and nation. To fully contribute to the district and national development, there is need to have an environment conducive for both the public and private sector participation. The tourism industry is a labour-intensive industry and provides jobs for local people in urban and rural areas where most of the poor people live. In addition, it stimulates entrepreneurship and creates opportunities. The benefits of these additional resources can be channeled towards improved nutrition and food security, housing, health and education and, consequently, improve the communities’ standard of living. Construction of hotels and lodges stimulates the supply sub-sectors, service provision, construction and handcraft industry among others. Further, increased tourism activities encourage entrepreneurial skills development aimed at supplying goods and 64 | P a g e services to the investment areas. Above all, through increased revenues as a result of the growth of the tourism sector, council revenue is enhanced.

3.9.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level The Tourism sector in the district is keen to promote the stewardship and use of wildlife and other natural resources in a way and at the rate that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions that does not cause damage to other ecosystems. In this regard, the sector has prioritized the implementation of conservation, preservation and management of wildlife and cultural-heritage sites. Restoration and protection of at least 95% of wildlife resource and its habitat to historical levels in Liuwa ecosystem by the year 2030 is another priority of the sector. Therefore, robust and novel resource protection synergies such as patrols will be enhanced in Liuwa plain national park and the surrounding Upper West Zambezi Game Management Area (GMA) to reverse loss of biodiversity, wildlife habitat and other natural resources. The Implementation of fire management plan will be conducted with the full participation of the local communities such as the Community Resources Boards (CRBs), Village Action groups (VAGs) and the Barotse Royal Establishment (BRE). To promote eco-tourism, there will be need to have and maintain decent park infrastructure such as road networks, camp sites, airfields and lodges. In the face of rampant human-wildlife conflicts, implementation of the predator management plan, community sensitizations on animal behavior and coexistence, and implementation of local based solutions to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts will be conducted. This will be coupled with rapid response to human-wildlife conflicts by law enforcement staff. To prevent cross transmission of wildlife and domestic animal diseases, the local community within and around Liuwa plain national park will be sensitized to have their domestic pets vaccinated against zoonotic diseases such as rabies. Updating undocumented cultural heritage sites is another strategy the sector will use to unlock unexplored potential for eco-tourism.

3.9.2. Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Plan To create enabling conditions for effective tourism growth and conservation of wildlife and sustainable growth of the sector, various synergies will be employed at local level which include; Unlocking the economic tourism potential of wildlife and performance of the sector, infrastructure development and maintenance of roads, airfields and camping facilities. These are essential components to be established through various synergies such as Public Private Partnerships (PPP). To ensure perpetuation of fauna and flora species especially the endangered animal species, enhanced monitoring of wildlife and other natural resources through ground and aerial operations will be conducted. This will foster the reintroduction of wildlife species in protected areas using Ecosystem/Landscape Management Approach. Further, devolving wildlife user rights, costs and benefits to community and private 65 | P a g e land owners through active participation of CRBs and VAGs and individual game ranchers will be scaled up. On the other hand, local communities will be encouraged to establish cultural villages and tap from the rich local cultural diversity and heritage sites in the district. To minimalize human-wildlife conflicts, community capacity building through continuous sensitizations and awareness will be inculcated to ensure sustainable wildlife conservation in the sector. The integration of research activities will form nexus in the planning and management of the tourism sector. To mitigate climate change effects, the involvement of the conservation private sector and community participation in safe- guarding the wildlife habitats such as forests will be scaled up at local level.

3.9.3. Key Priority Plans and Strategies The sector will conduct regular resource protection operations in protected areas. The district will facilitate environmental conservation education and awareness through involvement of the local community in an effort to reverse loss of wildlife and habitat fragmentation. The recognition and integration of wildlife and nature-based by-laws enacted by local communities will foster sustainable resource use and management of the Liuwa ecosystem. The development of infrastructure in Liuwa Plain National Park and the surrounding GMA will unlock the tourism potential in the district through sustainable nature-based investments premised on the General Management Plan and Land Use Plan. The sector will issue permits for both consumptive and non-consumptive resource use and collect appropriate statutory fees. The rolling out of novel problem animal control strategies to the public through provision of extension services will mitigate the impacts of human-wildlife conflicts. The sector will also promote and facilitate wildlife research, monitoring, management and dissemination of information to various stakeholders and resource actors in the sector. Therefore, the successful integration and implementation of novel synergies will improve the tourism social economic sector (table 25). 66 | P a g e Table 25: Key priority plans and strategies for Tourism sector Program Strategy Indicator Performance status Number of roads constructed and Nil Infrastructure Improved maintained development access to the Number of airfields Two but in deplorable state (kalabo,matiamanene,) park Number of camp sites Five (katoyana,kwale,mukalabumbu,Liuwa,sikale,lyangu) Number of lodges One (King Lewanika lodge) Number of visitor information centers Nil Number of cultural villages Nil Tourism Promote Number of documented cultural heritage Nine (Mutata Wa Mulena, Mutata Wa Sienge, Lone’ Palm Tree, product tourism sites Mulubale Pool Burial Site, Muteata Woodland, Mianda Pool, Likubi’s development diversification ‘Sausage’ Tree, King’s Pool, Mambeti /Katesi Woodland Number of tourist arrivals About 1,100 annually (less 15% are local tourists) Number of operations 920 annually Number of patrol man days 19,500 annually Patrol coverage percentage 95% for the Liuwa & 40% for the surrounding GMA Wildlife Fostering Number of community sensitization 60 Human-wildlife conflicts sensitization meetings Management natural meetings on Human-wildlife conflicts and 20 fire management sensitization meetings resource fire management protection Number of wildlife research monitoring 12 research and monitoring reports Number of domestic dogs and cats 2,620 annually vaccinated Number of fire burn plans approved & 20 implemented Table 25: Key priority plans and strategies for Tourism sector Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo 67 | P a g e

3.9.4. Existing State of Development Kalabo district is a home to Liuwa plain national park (3,660km2) and Upper West Zambezi GMA (19,000km2). The Liuwa ecosystem is a sanctuary to a number of mammal species, most prominently the second largest blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) population in Africa. Other key ungulate species currently found in the park include: plains Zebras (Equus burchelli), common Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), Elands (Taurotragus oryx), Cape Buffalos (Syncerus caffer) and Red Lechwes (Kobus leche). Key predator species currently present in the park include: Lions (Panthera leo), Spotted Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus). Liuwa Plain National Park is currently the second stronghold for cheetah population in Zambia after Kafue National Park. The Park is also endowed with 357 species of birds and is known for the prolific numbers of several species. In the dry season, large flocks of Crowned Cranes, Wattled Cranes and Pelicans can be seen. When the pans fill up, Yellow-billed, Openbill, Saddle-billed and Marabou storks arrive, with grey herons, Spoonbills, egrets, Three-banded and Blacksmith’s lapwings, Spur-winged and Pygmy Geese, and many other water birds are seen throughout the park. Slaty Egrets are seen in flocks, with groups of 30 or more regularly recorded, a rare occurrence elsewhere (Lemon and Scarparolo 2014). Greater ongoing monitoring is required to confirm resident status of many species. The Park and the surrounding GMA have several archaeological, historical and cultural sites of symbolic, religious and traditional importance. These cultural resources are of great significance to the Lozi people who live within the area. Many of these sites were previously used to carry out traditional rites ceremonies and to remember forefathers. The preservation of these locations and the recording of their importance is conservation imperative. Appropriate measures should be taken to protect these resources from natural degradation as well as vandalism, while there is a great need to promote their value and importance. It is also necessary to seek ways to involve local communities in the management of these sites to reignite the interest in these places of traditional heritage. Wildlife The district is home of the Liuwa Plain National Park which is famously known for hosting the second largest wildebeest migration in the world next to Serengeti National Park in Tanzania and second largest cheetah population in Zambia. The Liuwa Plain National Park also hosts rare and endangered species such as African wild dogs and cheetah amongst many other species of animals, and several bird sanctuaries. The Park covers an area of 3,660 Km2 of seasonally inundated grasslands and wooded islands and is largely under water from January to April each year due to flooding in the Upper Zambezi Basin during the rainy season. This flooding constitutes the unique biological processes that maintain Liuwa’s distinct ecological features and human settlement patterns (African Parks, 2018). The Park is encompassed by the Upper 68 | P a g e West Zambezi Game Management Area (19,000 Km2), and flanked by the Luambimba and Luanginga Rivers to the north-east and south-west respectively. Figure 20: Location of Liuwa Plain National Park Figure 20: Location of Liuwa Plain National Park Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo The steady increase of blue wildebeest and other indicator species forms a significant tourist attraction and a source of foreign exchange (table 26 and 28). The aerial survey results and monitoring records show a clear increase in the numbers of species that can reasonably be counted evidencing ecosystem health as a result of effective law enforcement activities carried out in Liuwa and adjacent areas since the management of the park was outsourced to African Parks Zambia in 2004. The major wildlife animals present in the park estimated population since 2020 to 2023 is shown in table 26. 69 | P a g e Table 26: Wildlife population estimates for Liuwa Plain National Park Species 2020 Estimated 2022 Estimated 2023 Estimated Population Population Population Buffalo 139 180 200 Wildebeest 31,956 37,810 45,000 Zebra 3,789 4,160 4,500 Lion 13 16 21 Wild Dog 0 13 14 Hyena 350 450 500 Cheetah 15 17 20 Table 26: Wildlife population estimates for Liuwa Plain National Park Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo Table 27: Tourist Arrivals in Liuwa Plain National Park YEAR 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 International 830 935 155 309 416 583 Local 174 211 299 93 190 131 Total 1,004 1,146 454 402 606 714 Table 27: Tourist Arrivals in Liuwa plain National Park Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo Table 28: Revenue generated from photographic tourism YEAR 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 USD 114,184.23 141,055.95 37,212.07 64,487.93 68,512.21 101,049.94 ZMK 258,645.66 272,543.22 216,920.50 257,762.45 415,946.11 121,163.74 Table 28: Revenue generated from photographic tourism Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo Heritage Sites The district also has great potential for tourism related to heritage sites. These sites comprise archaeological, historical and cultural sites of symbolic, religious and traditional importance. These cultural resources are of great significance to the Lozi people who live within the area, and some of these are popular among tourists. However, only a few prominent heritage sites are known especially those located within the Liuwa Plain National Park. The majority of the heritage sites for tourism development remain unexplored. Therefore, research is required to identify unknown heritage sites. Below is a list of nine known significant cultural and heritage sites located within the Liuwa Plain National Park (Fig 22) 70 | P a g e • Mutata Wa Mulena • Mutata Wa Sienge • Lone’ Palm Tree • Mulubale Pool Burial Site • Muteata Woodland • Mianda Pool • Likubi’s ‘Sausage’ Tree • King’s Pool • Mambeti /Katesi Woodland Figure 21: Key Heritage Sites of Liuwa Ecosystem Figure 21: Key Heritage Sites of Liuwa Ecosystem Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo 71 | P a g e Culture The district has several major cultural festivals, of which the various traditions provide a rich tapestry to fascinate the tourists. In particular there are a number of dances and ceremonies to be seen which reflect this multi-faceted heritage. These are the Siyemboka traditional dance, Kayowe dance, Makishi dance, Kandemba dance, Lienya and Kuomboka traditional ceremonies. Cultural preservation is also another crucial not only for historic sites and artefacts, but also the spoken word and the arts. There can be no true district development without preserving peoples’ history and culture, particularly in a new, globalise environment where there is pressure for “sameness” in the country. Whilst culture can be a justification for tourism industry and employment, it is also an essential element in preserving and enhancing district pride and spirit

3.9.5. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultation The district offers a range of opportunities in the hospitality industry. However, despite the district having some lodges and guest houses, their capacity is not enough to carter for the multitude of people that visit the district. As such, the major issues emanating from community and stakeholder consultation include the following: • Illegal off take of wildlife which is not only unsustainable, but also affects some wildlife animal species. • Inadequate infrastructure: The underdeveloped road and waterways network, airstrips, telecommunications facilities, transportation, and inadequate tourist facilities have hampered the rapid growth of tourism. The Kalabo airstrip is dilapidated and the need for robust air fields in the national park. Hence the need for road networks from Kalabo to Liuwa National Park and Kalabo– Sikongo road linking Zambia to Angola. • Difficulties in acquiring land for infrastructure development thus, inhibiting investment in the sector. • Inadequate marketing of Kalabo major tourism sites to local tourists. • High-cost destination due to lack of domestic flight connections. • Inadequate health facilities for tourists. • Uncontrolled Wild fires leading to loss of biodiversity and habitat degradation. • Based on IUCN standards, the Department of National Parks and Wildlife have inadequate number of Wildlife Police Officers to manage the greater Liuwa plain National Park landmass (3,660Km2) and the surrounding Upper West Zambezi Game Management Area (19,000 Km2). Other constraints include; lack of housing units for wildlife staff accommodation and lack of office block for the Department of National Parks and Wildlife. • Low participation of locals in tourism e.g., Liuwa Plain National Park. • Limited investment in cultural tourism. • Limited packaging of tourism services. • Lack of institutional incentives due to cumbersome procedures such as bureaucratic delays in obtaining licenses, uncoordinated procedures on the part of the authorities, and the excessive number of licences required to run business. 72 | P a g e • Increase in Human-Wildlife Conflicts (HWC). • Lack of tourism information centre. • Lack of fuel station in the district to support tourism industry. • Lack of cultural villages to promote ecotourism. • Poor state of community camp sites and inadequate lodging facilities. • Effects of climate change-drought and floods. • High demand for game meat and other wildlife products Table 29: Staff Strength and optimal resource protection labor force Category Actual Required Variance Wildlife Police officers 43 300 257 Community Scouts 46 150 104 Total 89 450 361 Table 29: Staff Strength and optimal resource protection labor force Source: Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kalabo

3.9.6. Impacts of Changes Anticipated over the Next Ten Years The Tourism sector in the district has the potential to escalate to higher heights in the next ten years anchored on the improvement of infrastructure such as road networks, camping and lodging facilities, airfields and tourism information centres. As such, the influx of tourist arrivals and revenue generation is projected to surge. The wildlife population of indicator species such as Wildebeest, Red Lechwe, Roan Antelope, Buffalo, Lion, Cheetah, Wild dog and Hyena is likely to increase premised on robust management. With an increase in the number of Wildlife Police Officers, the illegal off take (poaching) trend will decrease. However, with the current staffing levels there is potential loss of wildlife species and its habitat. The Human-Wildlife Conflicts will reduce with increased community participation in conservation of wildlife and other natural resources. The local community will be able to derive more benefits from ecotourism through Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM).

3.9.7. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The quality of the tourism experience, the formation of unfavourable perceptions, and uncertainty regarding a destination's attractiveness are all ways that climate conditions have an impact on tourism demand (Semenza and Kristie 2019). In Kalabo district climate conditions may also have an indirect impact on tourism demand by influencing the quality of the tourism experience. The destination choice and the likelihood of repeat visits is limited to a specific period due climatic condition. Floods and droughts have disturbing effects on the wildlife ecological system which is a major tourism attraction in the district. The seasonal flooding of Liuwa ecosystem 73 | P a g e compels the closure of tourism business due to lack of accessibility by tourists and tour operators hence making tourism a seasonal business. Furthermore, wild animals are affected due to seasonal floods/droughts resulting into change of animal behaviour i.e. migrating to upper lands for fear of floods, lack of palatable pasture and inadequate drinking water resource which in turn increases the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The climatic variations have the potential to spike the frequency and intensity of wild fires due to high temperature leading to loss of biodiversity and natural habitat.

3.9.8. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Women and girls The participation of women and girls in the tourism sector in the district is relatively low. This could be attributed to cultural and traditional norms. As such, only a small proportion of local women and girls have secured employment from the tourism sector. The women folk are more vulnerable to human-animal conflicts (HWC) relatively to the men folk due to limited capacity to manage problem animals. Men and boys The men are actively involved in illegal extraction of wildlife resources as a source of livelihood. The young boys are sometimes used as carriers of game meat from the protected areas by their parents and guardians. The tourism sector has however employed some men in various fields such as wildlife police officers, community scouts, tour guides and environmental education extension officers. Youths The majority of the youths are actively involved in illegal resource use (poaching) as a source of livelihood due to high levels of youth unemployment. The Ministry of Tourism, Lewanika CRB and the local conservation NGO African Parks have however offered employment to few youths in the district. Persons with Disability Despite the sector having a policy on inclusiveness, persons with disabilities apparently have low influence on decision making and resource use in the district. Hence the need to scale up the participation and devolve the specific resource user rights to the disabled people. HIV/AIDS The HIV/AIDS pandemic has not spared the tourism sector hence affecting the productivity. The employees under the sector are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS pandemic due to an influx of tourists, hence affecting the working man days as workers spend some time accessing medical attention at hospitals. The surge in HIV/AIDS would be increased by tourists visiting the district. 74 | P a g e

3.9.9. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues The civil war that took place in the neighbouring Angola around 1970s decimated the wildlife populations that are now recovering after restocking of some animal species. The high poverty levels in the district have negatively affected the productivity of the sector. The situation is complex in the face of food insecurity and inadequate income among the locals residing within and around Liuwa National Park. Consequently, these surges illegal exploitation of wildlife and other natural resources. Pandemics such Covid-19 equally has the potential to affects tourist arrivals especially from foreign nations.

3.10. SAFETY, LAW AND ORDER Safety, Law and Order emphasizes on promotion, protection, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, observance of national values and principles, enhancing access to justice, and upholding the rule of law while strengthening democratic processes in a transparent and accountable manner. It also entails having strong and independent institutions for socio-economic growth and promoting human dignity, thereby safeguarding lives and livelihoods.

3.10.1. Key Government priorities being implemented at the local level Improved Rule of Law and Human Rights The provision of justice services in the district is of paramount important to the well- being of citizens, it promotes and protects the rights of members of the society, especially the marginalized like women and children. Pursuant to the country’s Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP), the sector is mandated to conduct speedy dispensation of justice and promote access to justice for all, through improved rates of civil and criminal cases management, and enhance human rights and fundamental freedoms awareness mechanisms. In reference to Zambia’s Vision 2030, which speaks to improved access to justice by improving cases disposal rates, as well as the 8NDP which provides direction to expedite dispensation of justice. The Judicial sector at the district level is implementing the following mechanisms to enhance promotion, protection, and respect for human rights, and fundamental freedoms. Improved Speedy Trials and Disposal of Cases Backlogs At the district level, the Judiciary of Zambia collaboratively with its sister institutions, the Zambia Police, National Prosecution Authority (NPA), and the Correctional Service conducts correctional facility and police cells visitations to track any violation of Human Rights. Such strategies, result in capturing suspects who have not appeared before the court for trial on alleged offences within the prescribed time frame of 48 hours of detention of suspects as per international human rights standards. 75 | P a g e On the other hand, the judiciary in the district is undertaking Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) which is a shorter procedure as compared to ordinary court litigation processes in order to promote timely dispensation of justice on civil cases. Children Friendly Court Mechanism Following the enactment of the Children Code Act No: 12 of 2022, the Judiciary and the sister institutions Social Welfare, Zambia Police, and NPA, undertake mechanisms that enables minor offenders to be represented by government legal parents from Social Welfare during court proceedings. The court and other court officials are dressed in children friendly prescribed dress code. This mechanism is aimed at conducting a friendly voir dire for minor witnesses and child offenders. Offender Management Offender management is crucial function of correctional facilities aimed at facilitating rehabilitation of offenders to become better citizens. Through offender management, counselling services are offered to inmates including cognitive behaviour therapy, restorative justice, academic education and vocational training. Follow up visits are conducted to inmates after discharge from the correctional facility to make sure all programmes under extension unit are implemented and ensure ex inmates are being monitored.

3.10.2. Existing State of Development Zambia Police Service The Zambia Police Service in Kalabo district plays a vital role in maintaining law and order, preventing crime, and ensuring public safety. The police service uses various aspects to implement crime prevention and detection efforts such as ccommunity policing, routine patrols, public awareness among others. These efforts are part of a broader strategy to ensure the safety and security of all citizens in the district. Currently, Kalabo district has one main central police station located within the Central Business District with five office space which is in a dilapidated state and not adequate. The main station only has one male custody cell, hence the need for provision of 3 more cells to accommodate female, male and juvenile suspects. The police camp at the main police station has 22 houses in a deplorable state and inadequate to accommodate the required staff establishment of 89 officers. Out of the 24 wards in the district, only Libonda has a gazetted police post which is also in a dilapidated condition without staff accommodation. The other main challenge the Zambia Police service in the district faces is inadequate transport for both road and marine operations to cover all the wards in the district. 76 | P a g e Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction Judiciary adjudicate two types of jurisdictions, civil and criminal litigations, and two courts handle the cases. The magistrate court and local court, the magistrate court adjudicate both civil and criminal cases and the local court adjudicate civil African customary law which are not repugnant to the rules of natural justice and are the most prevalent cases in the district. Criminal Cases Backlogs There has been relatively low rate of disposal of criminal cases in the district at the magistrate court largely due to its wide criminal territorial jurisdiction. The magistrate court has jurisdiction for two districts namely Kalabo and Sikongo. Most witnesses find it costly to travel to and from Sikongo and other parts of Kalabo where there are no means of public transport. This state of affairs, result in case being adjourned and disposal delayed. Civil Cases Backlogs Most civil jurisdiction cases are adjudicated by the local courts in the district. Appeals from local courts are however adjudicated by the magistrate court. A number of local courts are located in close proximity to communities in various wards of the district. However, three out of ten courts are not operational resulting in some litigants having to cover long distances to access operational courts. The foregoing increases the backlog of civil cases leading to abandoning of cases by litigants. Court Circuit The magistrate court is mandated to conduct circuit in a place where there is a non- operational magistrate court within a prescribed territorial jurisdiction. At present, However, Kalabo District magistrate court has not been authorized to conduct court circuit in Sikongo District, this status quo is working against the principles of access timely justice to the residents of Kalabo due to backlog of cases. Most accused persons in the district have been subjected to over detention in correctional facility as remandees due to the backlog it can lead to violation of human rights. Infrastructure The judiciary in the district is highly and negatively affected by inadequate and dilapidated court buildings and staff houses. The magistrate court operates in an old building which is leaking during the rainy season and prone to dust during wind. times. Additionally, out of ten local courts in the district only two have conducive court buildings; namely Kalabo Boma and Sishekanu Local Courts. Other three courts are dilapidated and need urgent rehabilitation. Furthermore, the other courts are operating under pole and mud buildings. The table below shows the status of the Local Courts in the district in term of operations and buildings status. 77 | P a g e Table 30: Judiciary infrastructure in the district Name of the S/N Constituency Ward Distance Status Building Local court 1 Kalabo Boma Kalabo Central Luanginga Operational Permanent 2 Salunda Kalabo Central Yuka 8km Operational Need Renovation 3 Buleya Kalabo Central Buleya 16km Operational Pole & Mud 4 Lutwi Kalabo Central Lutwi 45km Operational Pole & Mud 5 Ikatunamwa Kalabo Central Mapungu 20km Operational Pole & Mud 6 Liomboko Kalabo Central Lukona 65km Operational Pole & Mud 7 Kapondo Kalabo Central Ng’uma 80km Non operational Pole & Mud 8 Litulilo Kalabo Central Kandambo 80km Non operational Pole & Mud 9 Sishekanu Liuwa Sishekanu 30km Operational Permanent 10 Libonda Liuwa Libonda 50km Operational Needs Renovation 11 Litapuya Liuwa Siluwe 135km Non operational Needs Renovation Table 30: Judiciary infrastructure in the district Source: Kalabo IDP Team Zambia Correctional Services The district has only one correctional facility which accommodates both male and female inmates. It has three (3) dormitory cells with capacity to hold up to 150 inmates. Currently cells hold up to 60 inmates instead of the standard 30 inmates. While an additional dormitory cell is under construction to mitigate the current status, there is need for additional dormitories and rehabilitation of sanitation facilities which are in a deplorable condition. There is need to construct a classroom block, a clinic and workshop within the premises to ensure an improved quality of life of the inmates in the facility.

3.10.3. Issues from the Community and Stakeholders Consultations Several issues were raised by the community members and stakeholders concerning access to justice in the district. Notably, rising of crime levels in the district, in which some criminal cases emanate from civil allegations such as accusation of adultery, witchcraft, and land boundary disputes. Due to non-operational of local courts, some civil allegations consequently result into criminal cases of assaults and murder cases. Long distances to operational courts and police posts in the district is hindering access 78 | P a g e to justice and increases on the violation of human rights, most likely the marginalized and minority groups such as women, children, and persons with disabilities are the most disadvantaged. Other issues arising from community participation relating to correctional services is high stigma to ex-inmates and recidivism.

3.10.4. Impact of Change Anticipated over the next Ten Years The district population is projected to grow over time at the rate of 2.5%, due to modernization of rural and urban communities through business opportunities and job creation. To that effect, the need to improve access to justice, promotion and protection of human rights is paramount in the district. Failure to which, crime levels will drastically increase to alarming levels, and the marginalized groups will be the mostly affected. Hence, there is urgent need to fund for infrastructure development for the judiciary, Zambia Police and other sister institutions to promote access to justice and protection of human rights in the district.

3.10.5. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Drought On one hand, the decrease in rainfall patterns in the district has resulted in various environmental effects such as shortages of water points in Liuwa National Park. The shortage of water points in the park has brought in an increase of human animal conflicts. Wildlife in search of water which is available closer to residential areas, has made wildlife vulnerable to poaching. To that effect, the sector has continued receiving an increase in criminal cases of unlawful possession of government trophy and/or prescribed species, almost on a daily basis. On the other hand, the shortage of food due to drought has contributed to the increase in criminal cases in Kalabo Central Constituency. These cases include; cattle theft, theft of motorbikes, and financial fraud transaction by mobile money scammers. This new trend is in fraud mobile money transaction is increasing the cases backlog burden to the sector as cases are more complicated to handle. Winds Environment and climate change has been recording new phenomenon in the atmospheric weather conditions in the district, notably increases in windy weather conditions. The increase in the windy weather conditions have negatively impacted the sector in terms of infrastructure (buildings roofs) being blown off. This trend in the sector increases low rate of case disposal, as court buildings are abandoned and court operations suspended. Consequently, crime levels are likely to become high in the due course. 79 | P a g e

3.10.6. Issues relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups Justice in its natural sense is a concept of protection of individual rights, resolve dispute and control abuse of power in a given society. Rule of law gives birth to justice, when all members of society are treated equally before the law without any form of discrimination. The sector is alive to the facts that rights are only meaningfully protected in a justice system that enforces remedies available to aggrieved persons, regardless of the individual status in society. Sexual Violence Against Girls Kalabo has continued to record an increase in defilement cases. This situation is worrying to the sector especially for cases coming from rural areas. This is because in rural areas there are no medical doctors to authenticate police medical report on time to substantiate the evidence. However, in such cases the sector applies collaborative evidence as was held in the case of The People v. Manroe, protecting children against sexual violence and protect the interest of the child, pursuant to s. 3 of Act No: 12 of 2022. Property Grabbing against Women, Boys, and Girls Article 17 of the United Nation Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) states that every human being is entitled to own property alone or in association with others. Regrettably, the cases of property grabbing among women, boys, and girls are being recorded. When a head of the household dies, families left behind are subjected to property grabbing. Other scenarios recorded by the sector are those cases prior to official divorce where women are chased with a divorce letter from their matrimonial home without any share of reasonable property. However, the sector is applying principles held in the case of Chibwe v. Chibwe even women whose income is low in a marriage is, at divorce entitled to reasonable share to own property, as well as in the case of Charity Oparaocha v. Winfrida Mulambiwa in this case women are entitled to own property after the demise of the spouse. Rising awareness on women and children (boys and girls) rights to own property is important in the district to reduce such cases. The correctional facility in the district has no provision for circumstantial children (boys and girls) for safe custody. The facility also hosts juveniles who are on transit to main juveniles’ centres in country. Children Paternity Dispute Increase in women petitions for child paternity has been on the rise in the district where in most cases, men are appearing before the Victim Support Unit (VSU) as well as the courts to determine the paternity of the child. The sector is concerned with the trends where men are running away from their parental responsibility. This trend will possibly in future if not addressed, increase boys and girls as kids of the street. 80 | P a g e Parenting is naturally a responsibility of both parents to a child, women, boys and girls are more likely to be marginalized because parenting is becoming a burden to women alone. This trend in the district has come with increased costs to the women pursuing such cases. The key evidence to these cases is the test results for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) which is currently offered only in Lusaka. Increase on safe sex sanitization are critically important to be undertaken by health sector to avoid unplanned births amongst sexually active partners. HIV/AIDS The pandemic has been of great concern to the sector. Employees who are infected and not consistent with medication are often unproductive as they have to seek medical attention in most critical working days. In addition, employees with some children of members of staff are born with the infection pandemic, before the pandemic is known, most employee are ever on permission from duty to attend to children illness as children of such status, are prone to diseases.

3.10.7. External Factors Contributing to the Sector Increase in Illegal Fuel Trade Kalabo District being a boarder to the Republic of Angola which is endowed with crude fuels, the sector is receiving an increase in illegal fuel trade cases between Zambia and Angola famous known as black market of fuel. This increase, has two negative effects on the sector, that is increasing corruption and bribery, among officers handling cases before the court. There have been arguments of discrepancies in litres of commodities confiscated and commodities delivered for court disposal by accused person. In addition, the sector recommends for the establishment of boarder check points to enhance the regulations of unlawful trade practice between the two countries.

3.11. MINING

3.11.1. Key Government Priorities to be Implemented at Local Level Mining involves extraction of precious minerals and other geological materials from the natural environment and transformed into a mineralized form which serves an economic benefit to the prospector. Kalabo District is rich in terms of natural resource endowment. However, the district has had no investment in exploration of precious mineral deposits,

3.11.2. Existing State of Development The district has potential for mineral explorations for Iron Ore, Cobalt, Copper, Diamonds, Gold, Nickel, Uranium, Molybdenum, Zinc, Oil and Gas. Approximately 61% of the country has been geologically mapped and Kalabo is within the proportion of the unmapped area (Ministry of Mines & Minerals Development, 2022) 81 | P a g e Figure 22: Map showing the geological mapping status Figure 22: Map showing the geological mapping status Source: Ministry of Mines & Minerals Development, 2022 If the potential mineral deposits are explored and unearthed would benefit the people Kalabo and contribute to the district and national economic growth. Therefore, there is need for investment towards mineral exploration and mining of potential precious mineral deposits in the district.

3.11.3. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations ▪ Lack of investment in mineral exploration for potential precious minerals deposits in the district.

3.12. MANUFACTURING, TRADE AND COMMERCE The Government’s vision is for Zambia to become a prosperous middle-income country by 2030. In the 8NDP, government has prioritised investment in labour- intensive industries and light manufacturing as a means to enhance sustainable job creation, equitable growth, widespread and poverty reduction. It follows therefore that 82 | P a g e Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have an important role paly in achieving government’s vision. This will be through various activities in manufacturing, services and trading. Small firms in the manufacturing sector are involved in various activities from wood and textile production to light engineering and metal fabrication whereas service sector SMEs operate mainly in building and construction, restaurants, cleaning and personal care services, transport, telecommunications, financial services and business centres. Businesses in the trading sector focus on agricultural inputs and produce, industrial and consumable products, and printing (MTCI, ZDA). Environment, climate change and gender are critical cross cutting issues that can affect and be affected by these sectors.

3.12.1. Key priorities implemented at local level This section on manufacturing, trade and commerce is informed by the following policies and strategies; • National Trade Policy of 2018 • National Industrial Policy, 2018 • Environmental Management Act No. 12 of 2011 • 8NDP • Zambia Development Agency Act 17 of 2022 Key priorities identified for Kalabo include; • Promotion of value addition and light manufacturing • Facilitate increased domestic and foreign trade • Promote productivity and product quality • Joint ventures/out-grower schemes • Market infrastructure • Energy • Communication (feeder roads) Statistical data showing monetary value contributed by manufacturing, commerce and trade to the local economy is not available. Nonetheless, wholesale and retail trade in food and non-food items accounts for the larger proportion of jobs and incomes in the district. Though at small scale, value addition to a limited range of agricultural products and fisheries contributes to jobs and income. Trade normally takes place at gazetted markets and urban centres. It is regulated by the Local Authority. The district has an established association for marketeers that promotes and protect the interests of its members and market. Financial services are provided by the bank, mobile money service provides and increasingly village banking and savings groups thus enabling a wider group of persons to participate in economic activities. Trade and Commerce is constrained mainly by; poor communication and market infrastructure and low participation of cooperatives, limited entrepreneurship acumen and financial literacy. 83 | P a g e

3.12.2. Existing State of Development Key priorities The main activity is wholesale and retail trading in food and non-food items. Formal and informal trade contribute significantly to jobs and incomes in the district. Formal trading arrangement mainly occur at gazetted markets (Kashitu, Yuka, Libonda and Wenela) and around urban and growth centers. Trading activities at gazetted markets are regulated by the local authority. Items traded include; agro-products like, fish, livestock, groceries, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, new and used clothes, hardware and agricultural inputs among others. At present, the district is not involved in any manufacturing activities despite availability of raw materials from crops, livestock and fisheries subsectors. Only primary processing activities such as grinding maize to mealie meal and rice polishing are practiced. African Parks (AP) has made significant strides in promoting diversification and value addition. In 2021, AP opened a fish-drying facility at Munde Primary School. In addition, African Parks was able to produce and process about 1,220 kg of honey through 130 local beekeepers. Furthermore, 215 kg of dried mango chips was produced at the fruit-drying facility in Liuwa (African Parks, Field data 2022). Livestock, rice, cassava and cashew present similar opportunities for investment. Interventions to promote value addition and manufacturing in the cassava and cashew value chain are still in their nascent stage underway. Though not operational one cashew and one cassava processing plant has set up at Muyumbana in Buleya ward by the private sector. The presence of small and medium enterprises in various sectors facilitates availability of assorted goods and services in agro industry, food and beverages, construction. Although The National Credit and Saving Bank is the only bank in the district, financial inclusion is enhanced by the presence of mobile money services dotted around the district largely due to improved network service coverage by mobile telecommunication. Access to affordable credit remains a challenge although the CEEC has in the last year disbursed market booster and microfinance loans to marketers and Constituency Development Fund has disbursed grants and loans to clubs, cooperative, individual entrepreneur

3.12.3. Issues Arising from the Public Participation • Lack of rice processing plants • Lack of stock feed production facility in the district • Inadequate appropriate market facilities.

3.12.4. The Impact of the Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns The increase in population is likely to spur competition of land for settlement and trading. Currently, the local authority has limited land to carter for the current and future demand for residential and industrial investment future demand since most the available land is customary. There is risk of encroaching into fragile spaces such as 84 | P a g e banks of flood plains and streams for trading and commercial activities which can lead to land and water pollution.

3.12.5. Impact of existing trends on the environment and climate change Improper and inadequate sanitation and waste disposal facilities at markets and trading places as a negative impact on environment. Inadequate and improper toilets may lead to increased cases of street urinating, open defecation and use urine bottles (which are improperly disposed). These raises are a public nuisance and raise serious hygiene issues. Inadequate waste collection points in urban areas results in accumulation of solid waste around trading. This affects the aesthetic value of the environment. The demand for charcoal in urban area due to high cost of energy is a driver for deforestation while serving as a livelihood option for rural communities. Deforestation contributes to global warming and climate change.

3.12.6. The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector Agriculture is major supplier of raw materials in manufacturing and trading sector. Environmental degradation and climate change can reduce productivity and production of crops, livestock, fisheries and other raw materials. These disruptions can induce instability in commodity supply chain and prices. Further, market infrastructure including roads may be susceptible to weather and climatic factors which can result in damage or rendering the inaccessible. Poor waste management practices might result in solid waste pollution. Trading places become less attractive and less desirable for other plays to come in. However, some waste generated in manufacturing and trade can be beneficial. Poultry farmers in Kalabo are using maize bran (waste from maize milling) as stockfeed supplement; rice husks (waste from rice polishing) and saw dust (waste from carpentry industry) as bedding material for chickens. The waste from poultry is being used for soil improvement thus supporting crop production.

3.12.7. Gender Analysis Although the district has not yet established database for marketeers, observation from field data shows that there are more women involved sale of fish, rice, vegetables and other foods including clothes than men. The youth are mainly involved in mobile money services, business centers and sale of phones, accessories and electronic products. The men are involved in fishing, carpentry, charcoal production and metal fabrication. Men also tend to own more grocery stalls than women. Summary There is need to promote value addition, trade and establish the manufacturing points in selected areas with economical potential in raw materials for both agriculture and non-agriculture, this will enhance food security, job creation and income for Kalabo population. 85 | P a g e Key sector issues in Kalabo • Inadequate of access to finance. • Inadequate on knowledge on E- commerce. • Inadequate entrepreneurship skills. • Lack of gazetted land for manufacture. • Inadequate Training facilities for entrepreneurship. • No proper collection point for Waste and recycling. • Lack of Filling station. • Inadequate fender roads to agricultural production areas like Nguma. • Seasonal raw materials (fruits and crops). • Low income among population in Kalabo

3.13. TRANSPORT Transport and communication sectors play an important role in unlocking the entrepreneurial acumen, enhancing access to social services, and facilitating supply of goods and services through roads, inland drainage and air infrastructure in the district. The sectors through communication infrastructure further promote digital platforms which contribute to expanded Access to information, business Markets and employment opportunities especially among the youth in both rural and urban communities. Despite the vital roles the transport and communication sectors play, the infrastructure remains inadequate and underdeveloped thereby by impacting negatively on the growth of the sector, and overall socio-economic development in the district. Benefits of Water Transport to the People within Kalabo IDP area The study done in 2018 indicated that 46% of Kalabo rural areas depend on water transport as a source of employment or income, (Nasilele 2018). Transportation of reed mats (Mashasha) Canoes transporting passengers and goods across Luanginga River across Luanginga river 86 | P a g e Frequency of Water Transport Usage in Kalabo A study was done on the frequency of water transport usage in 2018. Out of 200 respondents, 21% daily and 35% weekly uses water transport, (Nasilele 2018). This implies that more still depend on water transport of which the sector needs particular attention to improve its services. Figure 23: Water Transport Usage in Kalabo Figure 23: Water Transport Usage in Kalabo Source: Kalabo IDP TEAM

3.13.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented At Local Level The following priorities will be implemented at the local level • Up grading township roads to bituminous standards. • Upgrading major roads to bituminous road standards. • Graveling of minor roads. • Roads programmes financing inclusion engagements. • Construction of bus and tax stations. • Canal clearing. • Awareness programmes of community roles on infrastructure maintained. • Deployment of specialized human resource to manage and utilize specialized canal equipment (dredgers). • Community Awareness on maintenance of canals. • Capacity building / employment of technical expertise in canal infrastructure. 87 | P a g e

3.13.2. Existing State of Development Road Transport The status of road transport sector in the district remains critical to assured services delivery in the district. Largely the district road transport subsector can be categorized into urban roads, township roads, intra (feeder) and inter district roads. The total distance of both intra and inter district priority roads is estimated at 745.528 Kilometers. The status quo of the roads however, shows that 87% of total roads are sandy, 7% are gravel while only 5% are tarred. The tarred road stretches from Tapo to Kalabo post office. See graph below; Figure 24: Percent Road Coverage by type PERCENT ROAD COVERAGE BY TYPE 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Tarred Gravel Sandy % coverage Figure 24: Road Coverage Source: Kalabo IDP Team The sandy status quo of the district roads has resulted in to inadequate district transport service providers confining services to graveled and tarred roads leaving 87% of the total roads unattended. The major factors hindering service provision mainly include the sandy nature of the roads requiring strong 4-wheel drive vehicles which most service providers do not have. Additionally, the terrain induces high maintenance costs on vehicles resulting in some who could service the community shying away from such engagements. 88 | P a g e As a consequence, the community has resorted to walking; use any available mode of transport such hired motor bikes, and ox-charts. The ox charts are the most preferred mode of transport owing to availability of such services at community levels. Poor transport services have also impacted the district in so many ways. It challenges access to health services especially in during flood seasons. Communities find it very difficult to easily access health services especially for emergency cases such as maternal cases among others. Service providers such as health and education workers take longer duration from the duty station to access other services thereby negatively impacting quality of service provision. The urban roads are also sandy in nature. The only residential areas that have access to tarred road are those along the stretch from Sikongo turn off to the post office. This also hinders easy movement and access to home steads and connectivity to social services such as health facilities. Inland waterways (canals) The inland drainage plays a significant role among the lower land communities. The district has an estimated total of 788 Km of all inland drainage. These can be categorized in two main categories of drainage canals and transport canals. Drainage canals with an estimate of 348 kilometers (44%) are mainly used for draining water to main river channels. These helps delay flooding, and consequently sustain ecosystems and livelihoods. Transports canals with an estimate distance of 440 kilometers (56%) serve both purposes of draining water and at the same time facilitate movement of goods and services between lower and upper lands. These serve as a major mode of transport during the rainy season when floods are at peak. Although the transport sector plays a critical role for lower land communities, the sector in the district remains challenged by a number of factors. A number of the canals are clogged and shallow posing a challenge of movement especially during the dry season. Despite, a dragger to service canals been procured and delivered to the district to service the canal infrastructures, 90% of canals are in deplorable state due to shortage of qualified human resources and inadequate funding to service. Similar to the road transport, there are low transport service providers in the sector owing to low service demands. Additionally, service demands fluctuate i.e., higher in the flood seasons and reduce with recession of floods. As a consequence, a majority of the communities have resorted to usage of paddled canoes that would take well up to 8 days in some cases to access or supply goods and services to the upper land communities and the central business district. Poor mode of transport also impacts negatively on efficient services delivery and other socio-economic factors challenging easy access to markets. 89 | P a g e Table 31:Status of canals S/n Names of Use of Wards Constituency Length Works required canal the canal 1 Mapungu – Transport Mapungu Kalabo 12km Machine dredging Shuku Central 2 Musiamo Drainage Buleya to Kalabo 85 km Manual clearing Lukona and Central Namulilo 3 Kalabo – Transport Muchatanga; Kalabo 20km Manual clearing Ngombe Yuka and Central Liumba 4 Ikatulamwa – Transport Ñunyama - Kalabo 18 km Machine dredging Mapungu Mapungu Central 5 Lukona – Drainage Lukona Kalabo 36km Manual clearing Siloloti Central 6 Ndoka – Drainage / Ndoka ; Kalabo 16km Manual clearing Lilambo transport Kandambo Central 7 Yeta Transport Libonda Liuwa 10 km Machine dredging 8 Nambufu – Transport Libonda Liuwa 10 km Manual clearing Lyangungwe 9 Ilute – Transport Mapungu Kalabo 7 km Manual clearing Simbuyu Central 10 Libonda – Transport Libonda Liuwa 26km Manual clearing Sishekanu 11 Ndoka – Drainage Ndoka Kalabo 20km Manual clearing Ilyangungwe Central 12 Libonda – Transport Libonda Liuwa 10km Manual clearing Namweti 13 Buleya – Drainage Mapungu Kalabo 15km Manual clearing Nalikolo Central 14 Lilengo – Drainage Muchatanga Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Kalenga Central 15 Sibanda – Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 10km Manual clearing Kalenga Central 16 Nalusheko Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 10km Manual clearing Central 17 Nalibebe – Drainage Muchatanga Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Muchatanga Central 18 Silamu Drainage Mapungu Kalabo 5km Manual clearing Central 19 Mulunduman Transport Mapungu Kalabo 10km Manual clearing o Central 20 Kataka Transport Mapungu Kalabo 10km Manual clearing Central 21 Muyumbana Drainage Buleya – Kalabo 16km Manual clearing – Sihole Kandambo Central 90 | P a g e S/n Names of Use of Wards Constituency Length Works required canal the canal 22 Mutalaiti – Transport Lukona Kalabo 27km Manual clearing Lukona Central 23 Lukena - Transport Likulundundu Liuwa 12km Manual clearing Siluwe 24 Lumei Transport Salunda Liuwa 10km Manual clearing harbour – Makoma canal 25 Lilengo – Drainage Yuka Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Ufufu Central 26 Kanchumwa Transport Yuka Kalabo 10km Manual clearing – Matondo / drainage Central 27 Ituya – Ufufu Drainage Yuka Kalabo 2km Manual clearing Central 28 Nayaka – Transport Libonda Liuwa 10km Manual clearing Libonda 29 Mulikita Drainage Buleya & Ndoka Kalabo 20km Manual clearing Central 30 Kalabo – Transport Salunda ; Luola ; Liuwa 145km Machine Makoma Likulundundu Dredging and Siluwe 31 Ikatulamwa – Transport Ñunyana Liuwa 18km Machine dredging Katele / manual clearing 32 Mundimunen Transport Libonda Liuwa 10km Machine dredging e / manual clearing 33 Lyahonga – Drainange Lukona Kalabo 10km Manual clearing Ndoka Central 34 Pyamulilo – Drainage Ñuma Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Nambinyi Central 35 Mulapo – Drainage Ñuma Kalabo 25km Manual clearing Sikamaba Central 36 Namachila – Drainage / Ñuma Kalabo 6km Manual clearing Nalupako transport Central 38 Namulume – Drainage / Ñuma Kalabo 4km Manual clearing Kapondo transport Central 39 Mazoka Drainage / Ñuma Kalabo 5km Manual clearing Mutungi transport Central 40 Siyongo – Drainage / Liumba Kalabo 12km Manual clearing Kayenge – transport Central Simbilu 41 Liumba – Drainage / Liumba Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Shambungo transport Central – Ngombe 42 Matondo – Drainage / Liumba Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Salalu transport Central 91 | P a g e S/n Names of Use of Wards Constituency Length Works required canal the canal 43 Keta – Drainage Chilele Kalabo 8km Manual clearing Chamemba Central 44 Chamemba Drainage Chilele Kalabo 5km Manual clearing – Kate Central 45 Kate – Drainage Chilele Kalabo 3km Manual clearing Chilele Central 46 Chilele – Drainage Chilele Kalabo 3km Manual clearing Ngundi Central 47 Ngundi – Drainage Chilele Kalabo 3km Manual clearing Lyatungu Central 48 Malasha Transport Mapungu Kalabo 8 km Machine dredging / drainage Central 49 Mukata Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 5km Manual drainage Central 50 Sakatengo Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 7km Manual drainage Central 51 Kankolola Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 7km Manual drainage Central 52 Simbwala Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 4km Manual drainage Central 53 Lundambuyu Drainage Luanginga Kalabo 4km Manual drainage Central 54 Muchatanga Drainage Muchatanga Kalabo 7km Manual drainage – Nengu Central 55 Nalikolo Drainage / Mapungu Kalabo 4km Manual drainage transport Central Table 31: Status of canals Source: Kalabo IDP Team Air Transport Air transport is a critical sector transport system of the district required for efficient travel and supply of goods and services systems. It is also key and among the development support interventions to the tourism and hospitality industries which contribute to employment in the district. The district currently has approved flights to support the developments in the districts, however, the air transport infrastructure and associated services remain poorly developed. The air transport infrastructure (Air- strip) in the district lacks basic required infrastructure such as fire equipment, water reticulation systems, communication and other buildings (waiting rooms) among others. It is also not fenced raising safety related challenges for both flight crews and general members of the community. Additionally, the air services are also constrained by low demand services to support the sustenance of the infrastructure services such as flights. Majority of the services 92 | P a g e are utilized mainly by tourists due to high flight fees for air transport compared to other available cheaper means of transport such as roads. There have been also lower engagements on modalities to ensure sustenance of the flight services through design of products that ensure local community inclusions by the district administration. To redress the eminent challenges, design of interventions redressing the eminent challenges would be critical.

3.13.3. Issues Arising from the Public Participation Process The following were the issues related to transport raised during stakeholder meetings; • Poor road networks (Sandy roads) • Low coverage of community serviced routes by both public and private transport service providers • Expensive and distance sources of ox- charts and associated accessories • Inadequate alternative transport such as motor cycles • Low numbers of community traveling to particular designated locations serving • Low engagements on inclusion of priority roads for funding considerations by the district. • Maintenance of (airport/ strip) infrastructure • Engagement of transport service providers for inclusions of community packages for sustainability issues of the flight • Raise awareness air transport utilization for services scale up. • Few alternative modes of transport such as motorized boats. • Lack of specialized human resource to manage and utilize specialized canal equipment (dredgers). • Water transport is expensive and unreliable. • Non- maintenance of canals. • Air transport is expensive • High comparable costs with other available modes of transport locally • Low engagements on local community and services inclusion by district administration • Low awareness on transport services to the district by the local communities.

3.13.4. Environmental and Climate Change Analysis Flash floods and heavy precipitation in the district damage roads, bridges and culverts.

3.14. COMMUNICATION The communication sector not only promotes easy access to information and markets, which is crucial for social economic growth in the district, but also helps increase 93 | P a g e employment levels, particularly through mobile money businesses and crypto currency businesses through digital solution platforms.

3.14.1. Key Government Priorities To Be Implemented at Local Level • Lobby for increased network towers. • Lobby for Quality network services

3.14.2. Existing State of Development Despite the crucial role that communication infrastructure plays, the district's infrastructure is still insufficient, with an average network coverage of only 50%. While Ng'uma, Liumba, and portions of Libonda wards experience very weak network, the situation is even worse in Mitwi, Kuuli, Upangoma, Namulilo, and Lutwi, where there is absolutely no network coverage. (IDP team 2022 field findings). This implies that out of the total 127 zones in the district, 63 which represent 50% have access to network. Further, some zones indicated that despite within network coverage, the network is intermittent. Although the coverage network area is seemingly considerable, the covered areas are compounded by poor quality of network provided. Further, education is highly affected in that teachers or students are unable to access internet services. Table 32:Status of Telecommunication networks Name of the No of No. of zones without access % of zones without access ward zones to any telecommunication to any telecommunication network (Mtn, Airtel, Zamtel) network (Mtn, Airtel, Zamtel) Buleya 5 1 20% Chilele 5 2 40% Kandambo 4 3 75% Liumba 6 2 33% Luanginga 3 - 0% Lukona 6 1 17% Lutwi 5 5 100% Mapungu 7 1 14% Mitwi 5 5 100% Muchatanga 4 - 0% Namulilo 5 5 100% Ndoka 8 7 88% Ng'uma 6 4 67% Ng'unyama 6 2 33% Yuka 6 1 17% Kuuli 6 6 100% Libonda 6 2 33% Likulundundu 5 2 40% 94 | P a g e Name of the No of No. of zones without access % of zones without access ward zones to any telecommunication to any telecommunication network (Mtn, Airtel, Zamtel) network (Mtn, Airtel, Zamtel) Luola 5 2 40% Mishulundu 5 1 20% Salunda 4 2 50% Siluwe 7 4 57% Sishekanu 4 1 25% Upangoma 4 4 100% Total 127 63 50% Table 32: Status of Telecommunication networks Source: Kalabo IDP Team 95 | P a g e Figure 25: Map showing Telecommunication tower distribution and service gaps Figure 25: Map Showing Telecommunication Tower Distribution and Service Gaps Source: Kalabo IDP Team 96 | P a g e

3.14.3. Issues arising from the public participation process • Few communications infrastructure. • Low network coverage. • Intermittent network

3.15. ENERGY Energy plays a critical factor in socio economic development. It facilitates and drives processes required to meet basic human needs such as food production, shelter, Transport, Health and education (NEP, 2019). Energy enhances growth of industries, and safety environments, through various forms of energy such as petroleum fuels, electrical, Gas, Solar, Biomass (wood fuel, Charcoal), among others. To respond to various livelihood and development needs eminent in the district therefore, the district requires access to various sources of energy critical for alternative choices, and cleaner forms of energy. Current energy sources mostly prevalent and utilized in the district comprise hydro power, Solar, Biomass (charcoal/ wood) and petroleum fuels.

3.15.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level • Promotion of clean and renewable energy • Scale up rural electrification (REA) • Scale up alternative energy infrastructure • Promote private participation – establishment of fuel service stations

3.15.2. Existing state of Development However, the status in Kalabo shows that as at 2022, only 13.2% of households had access to electricity (ZESCO, Kalabo branch 2022). This implies that majority of the households in the district still rely on Biomass (wood and charcoal) fuels as a source of energy. In the wake of population increase, utilization of forest resources is likely to increase thereby raising concerns of likely environmental degradation, with consequent impacts of climate change. Climate change negatively impacts livelihoods and socio-economic growth for the district. Additionally, out of a total of 31 health facilities, only seven (7) facilities have access to national grid representing 22.6%. this has negatively impacted on the health sector as it leads to vaccine spoilage, interruptions in the use of essential medical and diagnostic devices. The rural health centres and health post are the most affected in that they lack even the most basic lighting and communication for childbirth and emergency procedures. The situation is worse under education as only 19 out of 130 schools have access to electricity representing 14.6%. This implies that most schools 97 | P a g e have challenges to use the computers for learners. Perhaps it has contributed the low percentage of schools with computers for pedagogical use which is at 37.8%. The district also lacking filling service stations to assure easy access to petroleum fuels required for transport and other off grid economic activities such as milling among others. Most fuels are accessed in Mongu which is 75 kilometres away from the district. This results in increased cost of doing business in the district, high transportation cost and generally costs of living. To redress all these challenges in the wake of increasing population, there would be need to ensure responsive programmes to key challenges facing the district in the energy sector.

3.15.3. Issues arising from the community participation process • Fuel is expensive due to lack of filling service stations in the district. • Increasing usage of charcoal likely to contribute to climate change • Inadequate supply of solar utilities and expertise for solar installations.

3.16. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT The sector is mandated to promote the effective and sustainable use of the environment, while at the same, facilitating support for adaptation to, and mitigation of the effects of climate change. The environment serves as humans' primary means of survival. Living in peace and upholding the ideal balance between the natural and human environments is crucial and the only path to sustainability because environmental resources are limited. In order to support sustainable socio-economic growth in the district, environmental resources must be conserved and preserved because they are threatened by exploitation, pollution, and deterioration. However, the Kalabo area faces a number of environmental issues, the most notable of which are the negative effects of climate change, indiscriminate sand mining, forest deterioration, and the careless disposal of solid waste.

3.16.1. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at Local Level The key sector priorities plans and strategies in line with the 8th National Development Plan to be implemented are outlined in the table below; 98 | P a g e Table 33: Key priority plans and strategies SECTOR PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES S/N Programs/ Strategies Indicators Performance Activity Status 1 Forest Engage community forestry Clearance of at least Average Protection and management group 10km forestry boundary management annually. Promotion of beekeeping Above target and utilization of non- woody forest products. Formation of CFMGs Form two (2) Community Below Target Management Forest management groups Engage stakeholders in Raise and plant 12, 000 Above Target establishing the nursery and assorted species of tree encourage Forest concession seedling annually holder to establish a tree nursery in their respective operation area Conduct Joint Forest Conduct at least 20 Blitz Average Operations with other sectors patrols and Forest inspections annually. Engage Community Forest 3320ha hectares of Above Target Management Group (CFMG) forest controlled burned annually. 2 Forest Forest Zonation Demarcate the district in Average. Management five (5) Zones and Planning establish Forest Management plan for each Zone 3 Revenue Collect Revenue on Woody Collection of Non-Tax Average Collection Forest products and non- Revenue of about K696, woody forest products 000.00 annually enshrined in the Forest regulations. 4 Forest Collaborate with other sector Conduct 50 community Average Extension and for information dissemination. sensitization meetings on Organization Sustainable Forest Management annually. Table 33: Key priority plans and strategies Source: Kalabo IDP Team 99 | P a g e

3.16.2. Existing State of Development Non-Tax Revenue Collection As stipulated in the forest legislation, the sector's mission is to collect Non-Tax Revenue on all Woody Forest Products and Non-Woody Forest Products. The product for which revenue is collected includes; fuelwood, poles, honey, papyrus reeds, charcoal, cord wood, and timber production. Government service buses (GSB), bank deposits, and point of sale machines are the methods used for collecting. The district aims to collect K696, 000.00 in non-tax revenue annually. The table that follows displays the revenue that was collected in prior years. Table 34:Non-Tax Revenue (2020-2024) Year Annual Target Amount Variance Comments (K) Collected (K) (K) 2020 1, 566, 000.00 2,034,205.00 468,205 Above target 2021 1, 566, 000.00 4,378,326.00 2,812,326 Above target 2022 1, 566, 000.00 2,770,258.00 1,204,258 Above target 2023 1, 566, 000.00 1, 482, 894.00 -83,106 Decline attributed to expiry of the Forest Concession 2024 696, 000.00 - On going Table 34: Non-Tax Revenue (2020-2024) Source: Kalabo Forestry Office Forest Concessions In Shii open forests, the sector presently oversees one Medium Forest Concession. For the forest concession, 20m3 is the lowest output capacity and 200m3 is the maximum. The holder has been granted to harvest the following species; • Guibourtia Coleoperma (Rosewood) • Petrocarpus angolensis (Mulombe) • Afzelia Quanzensis (Mwande) Table 35: Name of the Concession and Operation Areas Names of Concession Operation Area Expiry Nalinamu General Dealers Shii Open Woodlands June 31st 2027 Table 35: Name of the Concession and Operation Areas Source, District Forestry Office, Kalabo 100 | P a g e Figure 26: Timber Volume Harvested TIMBER VOLUME HARVESTED 7000 5920 6000 5440 4940 5000 Volumes (M3) 4000 3260.5 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Years Figure 26: Timber Volume Harvested Source: District Forest Office-Kalabo 2023 Community Forest management group (CFMG) The distribution of the entire biomass stock among the provinces reveals that, with 831.2 million tons, representing 30.3% of the total, North-western Province holds the biggest share. With a return of 358.9 million tons, Western Province has the second- highest biomass stock (ILUA, 2016). Because the district's vegetation is still intact, this presents a possibility for investments related to the carbon trade. The sector intends to create at least two (2) community forest management groups and participate in carbon trading in this regard. The funds obtained from carbon trading offsets is crucial for community development, forest management, and other social activities. One (1) Community Forest Management Group has been constituted by the sector. Forest Boundary Maintenance The forest reserves in the district covers 3.3% of the total land area representing 30,094 hectares of the district’s forest. There are 11 local forests reserves in the district and they are subjected to encroachments due to expansion of farm fields, indiscriminate cutting down of trees for charcoal production and settlements. The threat has been attributed to undefined forest boundaries, consequently leading to forest degradation. The table below tabulates the levels of encroachment; 101 | P a g e Table 36:Shows the Levels of Encroachment of Gazetted Forests Name of 2020 2023 Protected Km2 (Ha) Level of Km2 (Ha) Level of Forest Encroachment (%) Encroachment (%) Kalamba 680 1% 680 2% Local Forest Lukona Local 1900 2% 1900 3% Forest Lushi Local 550 2% 550 2% Forest Lwenga Local 264 4% 264 2% Forest Muumbo 12050 2% 12050 3% Local Forest Nembwalushi 1363 2% 1363 5% Local Forest SHII 1550 1% 1550 2% Sisheta Local 550 2% 550 3% Forest Simuhonge 3200 2% 3200 2% South Simuhonge 3987 2% 3987 4% North Yaanga Local 4000 4% 4000 3% Forest Total 30,094ha 30,094ha Table 36: Shows the Levels of Encroachment of Gazetted Forests Source: ILUA, 2016 102 | P a g e Figure 27: Map showing in change in vegetation cover in Kalabo District for the years 2014-2024 Figure 27: Map showing in change in vegetation cover in Kalabo District for the years 2014-2024 Source: Kalabo Town Council 103 | P a g e Figure 28: Kalabo District Resource Map Figure 28: Kalabo District Resource Map Source: Kalabo Forestry department 2023 104 | P a g e

3.16.3. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations • Inadequate solid waste management by the local authority within the district. • Lack of solid management equipment. • Land degradation due to indiscriminate sand mining leading to soil erosion /siltation. • Low awareness on Forest sustainable conservation and management. • Inadequate community forest management areas. • Inadequate Forestry extension services due to understaffing

3.16.4. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The district's growing population patterns directly impact the amount of solid garbage produced. The current solid waste management system is finding it difficult to handle the current volume of waste because it lacks the necessary basic equipment and infrastructure. The amount of waste generated is predicted to increase significantly. Human activity puts pressure on forest resources as the population grows. The main causes of this are forest degradation, which include cutting down trees and other vegetation, search for undeveloped land for farming, expanding farmer plots, and using fuel wood for energy. Another factor contributing to the district's degraded forests is the manufacture of charcoal and settlements. The forest reserves and other environmentally sensitive places are impacted by this phenomenon

3.16.5. Analysis of Impact of Environment and Climate Change Impact of environment and Climate Change • Increased wildfires: Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns may lead to more frequent and intense wildfires, especially in the plains • Tree mortality: Drought, heat stress, and insect infestations may cause widespread tree death, altering forest composition and structure. • Changes in forest growth: Warmer temperatures may boost growth in some areas, but also lead to water stress and reduced growth in others. • Shifts in species distribution: As climate conditions change, some tree species may migrate to new areas, potentially outcompeting native species. • Disruptions to forest ecosystems: Climate change may alter the delicate balance of forest ecosystems, leading to changes in nutrient cycling, soil health, and biodiversity. • Increased risk of insect outbreaks: Warmer temperatures can facilitate the spread of insect pests. • Forest fragmentation: Climate-driven changes may lead to the breakdown of large forest areas into smaller, isolated patches, reducing habitat quality and connectivity. 105 | P a g e

3.16.6. Environmental & Climate Change Analysis Existing Due to the biological and ecological services they provide, forests have a significant impact on a range of environmental parameters. Climate, flood avoidance, air, water, and soil quality are a few other services. The bulk of the population in Kalabo district depends on the forests for agriculture, forestry, fuel, and subsistence living. The ecosystem has not been spared as a result of the widespread degradation of the forests. It is impossible to overstate the value of forests since they store and absorb carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses are released when a forest degrades. Roughly 10% of global warming is caused by forest loss and degradation (WWF, 2022). Fighting the climate change catastrophe will be impossible if deforestation and forest degradation go unchecked. For this reason, it is crucial to preserve forest reserves. The interventions to support sustainable practices that support the preservation of forests are called for. These interventions could involve offering financial incentives for conservation farming, promoting the use of firewood-efficient stoves (like rocket stoves) in the district, and motivating communities and stakeholders to plant trees. In addition, beekeeping should be promoted to people so they can make money from selling honey rather than relying on the sale of lumber, charcoal, or poles.

3.16.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups As most communities in Kalabo district dependent upon forests for their livelihoods, gender roles and relations can affect access to forest resources, income and food generating activities. Gender roles influence access to forest products which leads to different food security outcomes for women, men and children. Degradation of forests results in loss of the rich forestry biological diversity. This has a negative impact on food for poor families especially women and children that depend on wild fruits and other forest products. In Kalabo district women contributes to forest degradation by unsustainably cutting down trees for wood fuel and caterpillar collection. The male on the other hand tends to degrade the forest by cutting trees for charcoal, timber and poles for sale and construction of houses. The cutting down of trees through unsuitable farming is attributed by both gender from men, women and children. Women and girls Women may spend more time in collecting fuelwood, water, and other products. In Kalabo district women contributes to forest degradation by unsustainably cutting down trees for wood fuel and caterpillar collection. This has a negative impact on food for poor families especially women and children that depend on wild fruits and other forest products. 106 | P a g e Men and boys Men and boys on the other hand tends to degrade the forest by cutting trees for charcoal, timber and poles for sale and construction of houses. The cutting down of trees through unsuitable farming is attributed by both men and boys. Youths Many youths are increasingly engaged in environmental activism and advocacy for sustainable practices. Forest issues can inspire youth movements, fostering a sense of responsibility and agency in addressing environmental challenges. Additionally, youths are often aware that the decisions made today regarding forests will impact their future and that of generations to come. This awareness can influence their attitudes towards sustainability and conservation. Persons with Disability Forests may not offer inclusive recreation opportunities, such as, accessible campsites, picnic areas, which can limit the participation of individuals with disabilities in outdoor activities. Steep terrain, uneven surfaces, and dense vegetation can make it challenging for individuals with mobility impairments or those who use wheelchairs or mobility aids to navigate the forest. However, forest program and other environmental awareness takes into account of all vulnerable groups. HIV/AIDS Forest ecosystems provide food sources for many communities, particularly in rural areas. Malnutrition can exacerbate the health issues faced by people living with HIV/AIDS. Deforestation or degradation of forest resources can limit access to nutritious foods, affecting individuals' immune systems and overall health. Forest loss contributes to climate change, which can disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including those living with HIV/AIDS. Changes in climate can lead to more frequent and severe weather events, impacting agricultural productivity and increasing food insecurity.

3.16.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues Demand for Timber An increase in demand for timber both local market and export consumption has exerted pressure on forest resources. Coupled with influx of foreign timber merchants, the demand has contributed to decline and overexploitation of valuable commercial trees species in the district. Load Shedding With an increased crisis for energy both domestic and Industrial in Zambia. The government is rationing Electricity and Kalabo District is not an exception. The 107 | P a g e pressure for power has exacerbated high production of charcoal in the district, this poses huge threat on forest resources resulting in forest degradation and depletion. Indiscriminate Sand Mining The increase in population has resulted in rapid infrastructure development in the district. River sand is a resource that is on high demand for construction and block making. This has resulted in indiscriminate sand mining activities within the district. Sand mining activities are prominent near rivers and flood plains such as the Mushenyangu plain targeting the fine river sand suitable for the undertaking. The rampant indiscriminate sand mining has not spared the environment with unduly high degree of land degradation. The land degradation has resulted in loss of aesthetic value to the natural landscape, soil erosion which has led to increased levels of sedimentation and siltation of the water bodies. The severity, however of sand mining depends on the rate, type and execution of the extraction. When the extraction rate is higher than the rate of natural replenishment, problems arise (Hackney et al., 2020).

3.17. AGRICULTURE Agriculture is crucial to food and nutrition security in Kalabo. Maize, rice, cassava, sorghum, sweet potatoes, vegetables and cashew are widely grown. Currently, rice and cassava are the major cash crops produced in the district. Agricultural services to farmers are mainly facilitated by the Ministry of Agriculture and African Parks. Potentially, these services are available to at least 20,675 farmers (2017/2018 Livestock Census) located in19 Agriculture Camps.

3.17.1. Key Government Priorities to be Implemented at Local Level Crop production in the district is characterized by low output and productivity often resulting in food insecurity, low dietary diversity and low farm incomes. Strategies to increase uptake of climate smart agriculture, agriculture mechanization and irrigation will be prioritized in order to improve yields, increase production and resilience to climate change. Construction and rehabilitation of camp houses, procurement and improved maintenance of motorcycles will be prioritized as a means to enhancing delivery of agricultural services to farmers.

3.17.2. Sector's Key Priorities of the Eighth National Development Three (3) priority areas shall be implemented namely; • Improve Agricultural Production and Productivity • Improve Agribusiness • Strengthen Climate Change Adaptation. These priorities are in line with the Second National Agriculture Policy 2016 (SNAP), Strategic Plan (2022-2026), National Rice Development Strategy (2016-2020), 108 | P a g e National Agriculture Mechanization Strategy (2024-2028), Comprehensive Agriculture Transformation Support Programme (CATSP) and Eighth National Development Plan (2022-2026).

3.17.3. Existing State of Development Crop production and yield The National Crop Forecast Survey (NCFS) reports for the years 2021 to 2024 indicate a significant decline in crop production as illustrated in figure 29. Maize production dropped from 8,571Mt to 1,508 Mt between 2020/2021 and 2022/2023 farming seasons with rice falling to 967 Mt from 9,224Mt during the same period. Figure 29: 2020-2024 Crop production trends for Kalabo 2020-2024 CROP PRODUCTION TRENDS FOR KALABO 10000 9000 8000 Metric tons 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Maize Sorghum Rice 2020/21 8571 550 9224 2021/22 7502 1200 7416 2022/23 1807 0 967 2023/24 1508 15 10 Figure 29: 2020-2024 Crop production trends for Kalabo Source: Department of Agriculture, Kalabo Current maize for the district stands around 0.69 Mt/ha compared to the national average of 2.14 Mt/ha. For rice the average for district is about 1.12 Mt/ha compared to the national average of 1.33 Mt/ha as shown in table 37. Table 37: Crop yields (Mt/ha) Yield (Mt/ha) Crop National Average District Average District Target by 2034 Maize 2.14 0.69 1.6 Rice 1.33 1.12 1.8 Millet 0.59 0.28 1 Sorghum 0.42 0.56 1 Groundnuts 0.63 0.22 0.80 Table 37: Crop yields (Mt/ha) Sources: MoA Strategic Plan 2022-2026, 2021/22 NCFS Report 109 | P a g e Low coverage of agricultural extension services • Ratio of extension worker to farmer is about 1:1,375 against the required 1:600 as per target in the 7NDP, 2016-2021 Inadequate transport and accommodation for extension staff • 11 out of the required 22 motorcycles currently available, mostly in fair condition • 14 camp houses out the required 22 units. Rehabilitation and new construction required • Only 600 on the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) a population of 20,675 farmers (2017-2028 Livestock Census) i Agricultural infrastructure • 11 solar powered mini-irrigation schemes available in Liumba, Namatindi, Salunda, Mapungu, Buleya, Sishekano, Sihole, Kanchumwa, Imilangu and Luanginga camp • 1 irrigated nursey facility for cashew at Lilambo in Sihole. • 7 storage facilities Table 38:Inventory of storage facilities in the district S/N. Camp Location Ownership Remarks Government Used as main depot by Food 1 Luanginga Wenela Reserve Agency (FRA) Catholic Constructed by Catholic Church; 2 Sihole Sihole church requires rehabilitation Constructed under Rural 3 Lukona Lukona Cooperative Investment Fund; requires rehabilitation Catholic Constructed by catholic Church; 4 Namatindi Nang’umba church requires rehabilitation 5 Kanchumwa Kaande Cooperative Shed requires reconstruction Need expansion and 6 Ng’uma Nguma Cooperative rehabilitation Located at the Farmer Training Farmer Center; Constructed under the 7 Luanginga Training Government Cashew Infrastructure center Development Project (CIDP) Table 38: Inventory of storage facilities in the district Source: Kalabo District Agriculture Coordination Office Performance of the sector Performance of the sector in the district against key indicators is outlined in the table below; 110 | P a g e Table 39: Key Performance Indicators Plan Programme Strategy/Initiative Indicator Actual Target Climate Smart Hectares of land under Not Strengthen 10,483 Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture assessed Climate technologies and Area under conservation Not Change 10,483 Practices agriculture assessed Adaptation developed and Number of farmers trained disseminated 6,500 2652 in climate smart agriculture Area under Mechanized 12,580 127 Farming increased Number of small-scale Mechanized farmers accessing tractor 2000 80 farming enhanced mechanization services Number of small-scale farmers accessing animal 5000 612 Crop draught power production No. of irrigation schemes 9 out of and 30 fully operational 12 productivity Irrigation Area under Irrigation Not 480 increased assessed Enhance No. of extension officers 24 8 agriculture recruited extension services No. of motorbikes 40 7 purchased Farmer Input No. of beneficiary farmers Support accessing inputs under 2,400 600 Programme FISP Strengthen Climate Smart Hectares of land under Not 10,483 Climate Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture assessed Change technologies and Area under conservation Not 10,483 Adaptation Practices agriculture assessed developed and Number of farmers trained 6,500 2652 disseminated in climate smart agriculture Number of value chains 1(in Value chains 2 established progress) established Number of crop types 2 (in 3 produced in value chain progress) Agro-processing No of Agro-processing Agribusiness and Value Addition plants Established and 30 6 and Capacity Improved operationalized Development Number of Cooperatives Market Linkages 20 2 linked to Markets for Cooperatives Number of market linkages enhanced 20 1 established Number of farmers linked 6300 67 to markets Number of staff houses Camp house 13 2 Infrastructure constructed construction and Development Number of staff houses rehabilitation 12 4 rehabilitated Table 39: Key Performance Indicators Source: Kalabo District Agriculture Coordination Office 111 | P a g e

3.17.4. Issues arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations This section outlines the main issues captured during stakeholder consultations. • Extension services not adequate • Inadequate number of farmers accessing Farmer Input Support Programme Limited access to agricultural input • Inadequate Agriculture Infrastructure

3.17.5. Impacts of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years With projected increase population to 139,711 by 2034, an increase in demand for crop and crop products is anticipated in order to meet the future food and nutrition demands of the population. Continuation of the current bad agricultural practices has potential to degrade soils and further reduce crop yields. The search for productive soils will lead to clearing of forests for agricultural land thereby, effecting change of land use from forest to agriculture and settlements. These resulting changes may contribute to an increase in rural-urban migration in search of other livelihood options.

3.17.6. Analysis of Impact of Environment and Climate Change Impact on environment and climate change It is anticipated that perpetuation of the current bad farming practices such as burning, shifting cultivation and over-use of soils may lead to increased rates of deforestation or forest degradation, habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. Inappropriate use of agro chemicals and inorganics fertilizer also have potential to pollute the soils and aquatic environment. If left uncontrolled, loss of vegetation cover and burning may contribute to erosion of carbon sinks, thereby exacerbating global warming and climate change. Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector The impact of climate change manifested by increase in atmospheric temperatures and recurrent droughts and floods may contribute to low crop yields and quality of output often result in food insecurity, low dietary diversity and reduced incomes. Additionally, droughts and high temperatures reduce availability of water for irrigation including increased incidence of agricultural pests and diseases. Floods also increase the risk of crop failure.

3.17.7. Issues Relating to Gender and Vulnerable Groups The goal of agriculture at small scale level is food production for improved food and nutrition security, and income generation. However, gender and other vulnerabilities such as HIV/AIDS and disability impact and are impacted by agriculture. A brief outline of the interaction between agriculture and these vulnerabilities is discussed below. 112 | P a g e Men and boys In most farming households, men are supported by boys in undertaking tasks that require physical strength such as tillage and operating animal draught power including irrigation. By virtue of the rural set-up of the district, men tend to be the major recipients of agricultural extension services and are often the main decision makers on issues related to management of farm operations. While boys are complementing men, they may fail to balance between school and farm work which might consequently lead high rate of absenteeism and school drop outs. Women and girls Women and girls also provide a significant amount of time and labour on the farm. However, their participation in agriculture is often constrained by various social and cultural barriers including limited access to credit and extension services. Thus, it is imperative to ensure inclusion of women in agricultural interventions as women tend to be more receptive to the uptake of improved agricultural practices and technologies than men, and are responsible for managing food and nutrition requirements of most households. HIV/AIDS The majority of faming households in the district depend on family labour. Thus, HIV/AIDS has potential to reduce family labour resulting in reduced output which can significantly lower farm productivity and production. Persons with Disabilities Persons with disabilities tend to have limited access to agricultural extension services, inputs and finance. In addition, most agricultural tools are not inclusive and may not carter for persons with disabilities.

3.17.8. External Factors Contributing to Sector Issues Fluctuating exchange rates The depreciation of the Kwacha against major currencies such as the US dollar has resulted in higher prices of fertilizer and fuel thereby increasing the cost of production and agricultural commodities. Increase in farmer population The increase in population of farmers in the district has led to an increase in the demand for agricultural services and farming inputs which at the moment, the district is not able to meet. Road network The road network in the district is generally poor. The situation has an adverse impact on marketing produce such as rice and cassava in high production areas. 113 | P a g e Weather and climate Agriculture is a climate-sensitive sector. Departure from optimal weather conditions particularly rainfall and temperature have an adverse impact on yields and overall output. In addition, weather can contribute to the proliferation of agricultural pests like the Fall Army Worms.

3.18. CORE ISSUES IDENTIFIED AND PRIORITY PROJECTS TO IMPLEMENTED IN THE IN IDP AREA

3.18.1. A Cross Section of the Core Issues In Kalabo IDP A summary of the core issues identified in the IDP area are outlined in figure 30 Figure 30: A Cross Section of the Core Issues in Kalabo IDP Figure 30: A cross section of core issues in Kalabo IDP Source: Kalabo IDP Team 114 | P a g e

3.18.2. Community Project Priorities The list of prioritized projects for all 24 wards are listed in table 40 below. Table 40: Prioritized Projects for the wards S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 01 Libonda 1) Electrification of Mukola Primary School. 2) Construction of 4 Police Staff Houses at Libonda Police Post with Toilets. 3) Construction of 4 Staff Houses at Mulumbe Primary School. 4) Construction of 4 Staff Houses with Toilets at Namweti Health Post. 5) Construction of 5 Staff Houses with Toilets at Munyanya Primary School. 6) Construction of a Crush pen at Kalolo. 7) Installation of a Water Reticulation System - Mukola Village. 8) Rehabilitation of the Libonda Local Court. 9) Electrification of Mulumbe Primary School. 10) Construction of 4 Staff Houses with Toilets at Namweti Primary School. 02 Mishilundu 1) Installation of a Water Reticulation System - Mishulundu Zone. 2) Construction Staff House at the Clinic- Mishulundu Zone. 3) Construction of a Staff House - Maoma Zone. 4) Installation of a Water Reticulation - Maoma Zone. 5) Construction of a1x2 Classroom Block - Siliya Zone. 6) Construction of a Staff House - Siliya Zone. 7) Construction of a 1x3 Classroom Block - Munde Zone. 8) Construction of a Water Reticulation - Munde Zone. 9) Construction of a Staff House - Sibemi Zone. 10) Installation of a Water Reticulation - Sibemi Zone. 03 Lukona 1) Construction of a 1x2 Classroom Block at Lukona Primary School. 2) Drilling and Installation of 20 boreholes in 20 villages 3) Construction of a 1x3 Class Room at Lyahonga Primary School. 4) Construction of a Staff House at Lyahonga Primary School. 5) Construction of Male/Female Wards and Mortuary at Lukona Clinic. 6) Construction of a 1x3 Class Room at Munyonga Primary School. 7) Construction of a 1x3 Class Room Mbalala Primary School. 8) Construction of a Local Court. 9) Construction of a Shelter at Lukona Market. 10) Drilling and Installation of a Solar Powered Borehole at Lukona Police. 04 Chilele 1) Construction of a Health Post at Keta. 2) Drilling of a Borehole at Mikusi Village 3) Drilling of a Borehole at Muyachi Village. 4) Drilling of a Borehole at Shamonde Village. 5) Drilling of a Borehole at Munga. 6) Drilling of a Borehole at Mabula Village. 7) Drilling of a Borehole at Lyatungu East. 8) Drilling of a Borehole at Lishinji Village. 9) Drilling of a Borehole at Mupolota Village. Drilling of a Borehole at Nakusheka Village and Likungu North village 10) Construction of a maternity annex at Chilele health post 115 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 05 Namulilo 1) Construction of a Maternity Ward, Solar Pump And Construction 2 Staff Houses at Namundale Clinic. 2) Construction of a CRB at Litooma Primary School - Litooma Zone. 3) Construction of 2 Staff Houses at Salao Primary School - Salao Zone. 4) Construction of a 1x3 CRB at Lishuwe Community School - Lishuwe Zone. 5) Construction of 2 Staff Houses at Yeta Primary School at Yeta Zone. 6) Construction of 1x3 CRB Kachapa Community School Kachapa Zone. 7) Drilling of 2 Boreholes at Kachapa Village. 8) Drilling of 2 Boreholes at Lyamutezi Village - Salao Zone. 9) Boreholes at Nyilwa Village - Salao Zone. 10) Drilling of 2 Boreholes at Namundale and Mutata Villages. 06 Sishekanu 1) Construction of a Mothers Shelter at Mulinga Clinic. 2) Construction of a Staff House at Nañole Primary School. 3) Construction of a Staff House at Sishekanu High School. 4) Construction of a 1x3 CRB at Nañole Primary School. 5) Construction of a Staff House at Nalungwana Primary School. 6) Installation of a Water Reticulation System at Imayowe Village - Mulinga Zone. 7) Installation of a Water Reticulation at lwamutu Village- Sishekanu Zone. 8) Installation of a Water Reticulation at Simangu Village - Mulinga Zone. 9) Installation of a Water Reticulation at Lubuta Village -Sishekanu Zone. 10) Installation of a Water Reticulation at Sakalyata Village - Mulinga Zone. 07 Siluwe 1) Construction of a 1x2 Classroom Block with 40 desks at Litapuya Community School. 2) Drilling and Installation of Water Reticulation at Siluwe Primary School. 3) Construction of 1x3 Classroom Block with 60 desks Libilingoma Primary School. 4) Construction of a Foot Brigde connecting Siluwe Primary to Mukunyi Area. 5) Drilling of a Borehole at Matindi Village. 6) Rehabilitation of Siluwe Local Court. 7) Drilling of a Borehole at Mangala. 8) Renovation of Siluwe Clinic. 9) Construction of a Staff House at Siluwe Local Court. 10) Staff House at Siluwe Primary School. 08 Yuka 1) Construction of 440 School Desks for 5 Schools in Yuka Ward. 2) Construction of 2 Double VIP Toilets at Salunda Local Court - Salunda Zone. 3) Construction of 2 1x3 Classroom Blocks at Kanchumwa Primary School for High School upgrading - Kanchumwa Zone. 4) Drilling of Boreholes at Salalu , Kabanda, Lundambuyu Community School, Kancumwa Upper, Mbonge 1, Kambili, Mugomba Kakona Upper , Liko, Mbonge 2 , Zhola Limbamba , Mutelumuke and Chinjenge Main Villages of Yuka Ward. 116 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 5) Construction of 8 Staff Houses at Yuka Primary School - Yuka Zone. 6) Construction of 1x3 Classroom Block at Lundambuyu Community School – Kanchumwa West Zone. 7) Canal clearing from Lueti River to Salalu to enable farmers accessible to dried farming land. 8) Construction of 10 staff houses at Kanchumwa Primary School Kanchumwa Zone. 9) Construction of 4 Staff Houses at Ufufu Primary School - Ufufu Zone. 10) Construction of 3 Staff Houses at Ituya Health Post - Ituya Zone. 09 Luanginga 1) Upgrading of Wenela road which connects Mushenyango Bridge, Kalabo District Hospital Tar Junction to Kalabo Trades Training Institute - Simbwala and Council Chamber Zone. 2) Construction of Laboratory at Kalabo Day Secondary School of Simbwala Zone. 3) Construction of Luanginga Radio Station - Council Chamber Zone. 4) Construction of 1x3 Classroom Block at Nalusheko Primary School - Nalusheko Zone. 5) Drilling of a Borehole at Kankolola Area and Sibanda -Nalusheko Zone. 6) Renovation of Staff Houses at Kalabo High Boarding Secondary School - Simbwala Zone. 7) Construction of Township roads from Riverside to Roundabout. 8) Construction of Township roads from roundabout to buildings department – Council Chamber Zone. 9) Construction of a Maternity Annex and installation of a Water Reticulation System at Wenela Clinic- Simbwala Zone. 10) Procurement of Desks at Kalabo Day Secondary School, Kalabo Boarding Secondary School, and Nalusheko Primary School - All Three Zones. 10 Lutwi 1) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Malongo community in Malongo zone. 2) Construction of Maternity Ward at Lutwi Health Center in Lutwi Zone. 3) Construction of Maternity Ward at Imilangu Health Post in Imilangu Zone. 4) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Sitowe in Sitowe Zone. 5) Construction of 1x3 at Ngoma in Ngoma Zone. 6) Construction of a Local Court in Lutwi Zone. 7) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Imilangu at Imilangu zone. 8) Construction of staff house at Malongo in Malongo zone. 9) Procurement of 400 desks to be distributed to Imilangu,Lutwi and Ngoma Primary Schools. 10) Drilling of 25 water points in 25 villages. (Kanyangu ,Kapukusa, Luwe, Safulo, Safula, Tusheshe, Mwemisa, Chiyelula, Kangogwe, Ishachombe, Ishabalaka, Kashatoka, local court, Chiyelula 2, Mwekayombo, Tauzeni, Ngoma, Ishamubanga ,Malelekwa, Liomboko, Kandiana, Nalikaula, Kapoba, Simangolwe, Likuyu 2). 11 Mitwi 1) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Sipako Primary School. 2) Installation of a Water Reticulation System at Lusa Primary School and Construction of Health Facility. 3) Construction of Staff House at Mitwi Primary School. 117 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 4) Construction of Staff House at Sinumbu Primary School. 5) Construction of Maternity Annex at Mitwi Health Center. 6) Construction of 1x3 at Kalombwe Primary School. 7) Construction of Staff House at Lupo Primary School. 8) Drilling and Installation of 60 Boreholes in all the zones of Mitwi Ward. 9) Procurement of 240 Double Seater Desks to Kalombwe, Sinumbu and Sipako Primary Schools. 10) Construction of Staff houses for Extension Officers under agriculture and tertiary departments, and Electrification of Mitwi Clinic and Primary School. 12 N’gunyama 1) Installation of a Water Reticulation System at Nayaka Village. 2) Construction of 1x3 CRB including desks at Imalyo Primary School. 3) Construction of Health Post at Ikatulamwa Primary School. 4) Construction of 5 Staff Houses and Toilets at Imalyo Primary School. 5) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Ikatulamwa Primary School. 6) Construction of Community School at Makono Area. 7) Construction of Community School at Namanda. 8) Construction of Community School at Mwandi. 9) Installation of a Water Reticulation System at Mwandi Clinic. 10) Installation of a Water Reticulation System at namanda Village 13 Mapungu 1) Construction of a1x3 Classroom block at Mapungu Secondary School. 2) Construction of a Health Post at Malasha – Malasha zone. 3) Installation of piped water system for the maternity wing at Mapungu Health Center. 4) Construction of a Staff house for the proposed Police Post. 5) Construction of a 1x3 CRB at Soombo Community School. 6) Construction of a 1x3 CRB for Silamu Community School. 7) Construction of Health Post at Ngunyama. 8) Staff House at Shuku Health Post. 9) Staff House at Mapungu Health Center. 10) Installation of Piped Water System at Mapungu School. 14 Liumba 1) Construction of a Market at Liumba. 2) Construction of Health Post at Matondo. 3) Procurement of 8 beds and mattresses at Liumba Clinic. 4) Construction of 9 staff houses at Liumba Combined Secondary School. 5) Procurement of 500 desks for five schools in all the zones. • Liumba Combined School • Matondo Primary School • Siyongo Primary School • Ngombe Primary School • Mwenemundu Community School 6) Construction of a Pre-school in Kande area and renovation of depot house. 7) Construction of boreholes in the following villages • Kabemba village in Liawema zone • Noka village in Matondo zone • Likenya village in matondo zone • Chikenge village in Mbaje zone • Ishakalumbu village in Kande zone 118 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects • Kandonga village IN Kande zone • Chikote village in Liumba zone • Ishachindele village in Siyongo zone • Limpali village in Liawema zone • Sitonga village in Matondo zone • Kahonono village in Matondo zone • Sakemba village in Mbanje zone • Sitondo village in Kande zone • Wanje village in Kande zone • Kalala village in Siyongo zone • Ndwengo village in Siyongo zone 8) Upgrading of Chinjanga Borehole into Water Reticulation System - Liumba zone. 9) Construction of a gravel road that connect Mbanje to the main Kalabo-Sikongo road. 10) Construction of a health post in Siyongo area - Siyongo zone. 15 Upangoma 1) Construction of 1x3 CRB Mutunda Primary School 2) Construction of a staff house at Mutunda Primary School 3) Installation of a water reticulation system –solar powered 4) Construction of 1x3 CRB Litoole Community School with an ablution block 5) Construction of 1x3 at Linooko Community School 6) Construction of 1x3 at Mutaa Primary School 7) Installation of a water reticulation system – solar powered 8) Construction of a police post 9) Construction of a maternity wing at Mutaa Health Post 10) Construction of a1x3 at Mutaa Primary School 16 Kuuli 1) Rehabilitation of 1x2 CRB at Kuuli zone 2) Procurement of 50 decks at kuuli zone Primary School 3) Construction of two staff houses and abulution block at Liuwa health post 4) Construction of a health post 2 staff houses and water borne toilets at Lukondondo zone 5) Construction of 1x3 CRB a,2 staff houses and water borne toilets at Muchicha zone 6) Construction 1 staff house at Muchicha Health Post, procurement of 10 beds 7) Construction of a staff house, 1x3 CRB at Namule zone, procurement of 50 desks 8) Construction of two staff houses, procurement of 50 desks at Lunde zone 17 Kandambo 1) Construction of a 1x3 CRB at Kakinga Community School 2) Construction of a health post at Lilambo zone 3) Construction of a dormitory at Sihole day secondary school 4) Construction of 4 staff houses at Sihole Day Secondary School 5) Construction of 1x3 CRB at Sihole Day Secondary School 6) Canal clearing –Lilambo to Ndoka route 7) Construction of a staff house at lilambo Primary school 8) Construction of a staff house at Kakinga Community School 9) Rehabilitation of two staff houses at Sihole Agriculture camp 10) Rehabilitation of Sihole Rural Health centre 18 Salunda 1) Construction of a Health post at Silanda zone 2) Installation of a water reticulation system at Silanda zone 119 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 3) Construction of a staff house at Salunda Health post 4) Construction of a staaf house at Salunda Primary School 5) Construction of a staff house at Luoke East Primary school 6) Construction of a 1x3 CRB Luoke East Primary School 7) Construction of a staff house at Lumei Health Post 8) Construction of a staff house at Lumei Health post 9) Construction of astaff house at Lumei Primary School 10) Construction of a staff house for extension Officer 19 Likulundun 1) Construction of a staff house at Mushukula Primary School du 2) Rehabilitation of a 1x3 CRB at Mushukula Primary school 3) Construction of a staff house at a Kashengwana Primary 4) School 5) Rehabilitation a1x3 CRB at Lukena Primary School 6) Construction of a Health post at Sikunde 7) Construction of 7 waterborne toilets at Mushukula Primary School 8) Procuremnt of 100 desks for Mushukula, Kashengeana,Lukena and Sikunde Primary School 9) Drilling of a borehole at Silopu village 10) Drilling of a borehole at Lukena village 11) Drilling of a borehole at Mandela village 20 Luola 1) Construction of 3 staff houses at Kalumbu Primary School 2) Construction of 2 staff houses at Kalumbu Health Post 3) Construction of 3 staff houses at Luola Primary School 4) Construction of 2 staff houses & a Mothers Shelter at Luola Health Post 5) Construction of a 1x3 classroom block and a staff house at Munde Community School 6) Construction of 2 staff houses at Lukoko Primary School 7) Construction of 2 staff houses and a mother’s shelter at Lukoko Health Post 8) 1x3 Construction a 1x3 classroom block and staff house at Mabula Community School 9) Drilling of water points at; • Likambwela village • Liuwa Singelele Village • Liuwa Katonga Village • Kalumbu LikambaVillage • Liyambelo Village • Lumbela Musasa Village • Sungo Mulapo Village • Luola Village (03) • Kondola Village • Kapungu Village • Makana Village • Shingwa Village • Sitoya Village • Tushehe Twamwenyi Village 10) Water Reticulation at Luola Secondary School 21 Muchatang 1) Nalionwa Secondary School. Construction; a • 3 (1x3) Calssroom Block • 1x3 Laboratory Block 120 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects • 1xAssembly/Examination Hall • Administration • 10x3 Bedroomed Staff Houses 2) Construction of a bus Terminus 3) Construction of Urban Clinic 4) Feeder Roads and Plotting of the Ward 5) Water Reticulation: • Nalionwa Water Tank sinking a borehole to supply water to the surrounding communities. • The airport Tank to be revamped to supply water to the areas from Mapa up to Lilengo 6) Upgrading of wooden footbridge to permanent Bridges: • Malelekwa • Lundambuyu Stage 1 • Lundambuyu Stage 3 (near Mulemwa Fields) 7) Upgrading of Namenda Community School: Construction; • 2 (1x3) Classroom Block • 3x3 Bedroomed Staff Houses 8) Nalionwa Day Secondary School: Mapa Area: Construction: • 2 (1x3) Classroom Blocks • 1x3 Laboratory • 10x3 Bedroomed Staff Houses 9) Construction of a Police Post with 3 Staff Houses 10) Sports Stadium 22 Buleya 1) Construction of 1x3 Classroom Blocks with Desks at Kalenga Primary School. 2) Construction of a Health Post under within Kalenga Zone. 3) Construction a Permanent Structure for Buleya Health Post. 4) Construction of three 1x3 classroom block with desks at Chauluti Primary School. 5) Construction of 2 staff houses with toilets for Chaluluti Health Post. 6) Construction of a 1x3 Classroom block with desks at Muyumbana Primary School. 7) Construction of a Health Post at Sikundu Primary School. 8) Drilling of 11 borholes in Sikundu Zone. 9) Construction of four 1x3 classroom blocks with desks under Buleya zone. 10) Construction of a local court. 23 Ngúma 1) Drilling of boreholes 2) Construction of a classroom block at Mbile Primary School 3) Construction of classroom block at Nemonyi primary School 4) Construction of a clinic at Lyapepa 5) Rehabilitation of Veterinary house at Ng’uma 6) Construction of a vetrinerry house at Ng’uma 7) Construction a local court at Ng’uma 8) Installation of water reticulation at Mayumbi Primary School 9) Construction of 2 staff houses at Ng’uma Primary School 10) Construction of a staff house at Mbile Primary School 24 Ndoka 1) Construction of classroom block at Nang’umba Primary School 2) Installation of Water reticulation system at Buyei zone 3) Installation of water reticulation at Mbunde primary School 4) Construction of 1x3 classroom block at Ndoka Primary School 121 | P a g e S/N Ward Top Ten Prioritized Projects 5) Construction of 1x3 classroom block at Namaonwa Community School 6) Electrification of Ndoka Health centre 7) Installation of a water reticulation at Lushi Primary School 8) Construction of Maternity annex at Namatindi Health Post 9) Construction of new Chinga Miyutu Health Post at Nang’umba 10) Procurement of blankets and mattresses for Namatindi health center and Ndoka health post. Table 40: Prioritized projects for the 24 wards Source: Kalabo Town Council 122 | P a g e PART 4: DEVELOPEMNT FRAMEWORK 4. Overview The development framework will outline the goals, strategies, development objectives, and vision for the IDP region. Development Framework thus, its primary responsibility is to ensure that plans are compliant with applicable laws and policies while also supporting and fostering an atmosphere that allows these goals to be accomplished

4.1. Vision of the Long-Term Development of the IDP Area Vision Statement: A District with Diversified, Inclusive and Sustainable Socio- Economic Development by 2032.

4.2. Policies to Direct Development Overview During the years 2024–2034, the Kalabo Integrated Development Plan's Development Framework will be primarily guided by several key policies, including the SDGs, Vision 2030, the Eight National Development Plan (8NDP), sector-specific policies, and presidential proclamations regarding developmental initiatives. The goal of these policies is to put the nation back on track to become a wealthy middle-income country by 2030 by maximizing the enormous potential for sustainable, all-encompassing, and inclusive development in all of the economy's sectors. The 8NDP is anticipated to propel a varied, inclusive, and sustainable socioeconomic development of the district through the implementation of the four Strategic Development Areas (SDAs), which include Economic Transformation and Job Creation, Human and Social Development, Environmental Sustainability, and Good Governance.

4.3. Presidential pronouncements on developmental programmes By 2024, all schools must have enough desks for students, and by that same year, no student should be sitting on the classroom floor. All schools must have access to safe and clean piped drinking water, power, contemporary sanitary facilities and adequate classrooms. In addition, maternity annexes with the required amenities and energy connections must be included in all healthcare facilities; piped drinking water that is safe and hygienic for use in all healthcare institutions; Modern sanitary facilities should be present in every healthcare facility; By the end of December 2024, all unfinished district hospitals must be finished; all provincial general hospitals and district health offices must have access to ambulances; and all marketplaces must have state-of- the-art sanitary facilities 123 | P a g e

4.4. Development Objectives, Priorities and Development Strategies

4.4.1. Health Services Sector Objective Improve Overall Health Outcomes in the District by 2030 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Reduce the Increase vector control All Wards 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% MOH/MLGRD/IPs incidence of interventions quality coverage to Malaria 100% Consistency supply of Malaria All wards 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% MOH/MLGRD/IPs drugs and commodities Improve transport Procurement of Ambulances 5 1 1 1 1 1 MOH/MLGRD system Procurement of Utility vehicles 5 1 1 1 1 1 MOH/MLGRD Regular servicing and When due Always Always Always Always Always MOH/MLGRD maintenance of vehicles Procurement of motor bikes for 15 3 3 3 3 3 MOH/MLGRD/IPs facilities Regular servicing and When due Always Always Always Always Always MOH/MLGRD maintenance of motor bikes Increase Access Construction of health facilities All wards 5 5 5 5 4 MOH/MLGRD/IPs to Healthcare with staff houses Improve sanitation Construction of sanitary All wards 5 5 5 5 4 MOH/MLGRD/IPs and hygiene infrastructure Drilling of boreholes All wards 5 5 5 5 4 MOH/MLGRD/IPs Consistency Local generation of funds for All health facilities 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% MOH/MLGRD/IPs supply of medical procurement and equipment supplies & equipment 124 | P a g e

4.4.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Health Services Sector Objective To improve access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Provide of Procurement of drilling Kalabo Central & 2 MLGRD/MWDS adequate water rigs Liuwa Constituencies supply machinery Procurement of utility Kalabo Central & 2 2 MLGRD/MWDS vehicles Liuwa Constituencies Construction a water Luanginga ward 1 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC treatment plant Operationalization of Kashitu Market 1 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC SOMAP shop Increase access to Drilling of new boreholes 24 wards 100 100 100 100 100 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC water supply and Rehabilitation of 24 wards 50 50 50 50 50 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC sanitation facilities dysfunctional boreholes Upgrading of existing 24 wards 5 5 5 5 5 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC hand pumps to water schemes Extension of piped water 1 MWDS/WWSSC/PPP supply network Construction of 2 Per Constituency 4 4 4 4 4 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC/PPP waterborne sanitation facilities in public places Construction sewerage Kalabo central 1 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC/PPP network system Construction of Demo 2 per constituency 4 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC/PPP sanitation facilities Conduct CLTS and SLTS All Wards 4 5 5 5 5 MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC/PPP 125 | P a g e

4.4.3. Education Sector Objective To improve education service delivery in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 /Dept Increase Construction of Classrooms 24 wards 4 4 4 4 4 MoE/MLGRD/Private access to Sector education Construction of staff houses 24 wards 2 2 2 2 2 MoE/MLGRD/Private facilities Sector Construction of play parks in 24 wards 1 1 1 1 1 MoE/MLGRD/Private ECE centres Sector Construction laboratories 24 wards 1 1 1 1 1 MoE/MLGRD/Private Sector Construction of dormitories 5 Wards 1 1 1 1 1 MoE/MLGRD/Private Sector Construction of ECE centres 24 wards 1 1 1 1 1 MoE/MLGRD/Private Sector Construction of flushable 24 wards 2 2 2 2 2 MoE/MLGRD/Private toilets (Ablution block) Sector Construction Libraries 24 wards 1 1 1 1 1 MoE/MLGRD/Private Sector Reduce High Recruitment of teachers 24 wards 3 3 3 3 3 MoE Teacher-Pupil Ratio 126 | P a g e

4.4.4. Local Governance Sector Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Procurement of Solid Urban & Peri urban 3 3 3 3 3 MLGRD Waste Management Equipment Enhance solid Conduct public 24 wards 24 24 24 24 24 MLGRD waste sensitization on management in sustainable solid the district waste management Engage investment 4 wards 2 1 1 MLGRD/ solid waste Private Sector management by franchise companies Engage Enter into planning 2 wards 1 1 MLGRD/MoL/ Traditional agreements with BRE authority in BRE acquisition of Extension of 2 MLGRD/MoL/ land township boundary 2 wards BRE Enhance fire and Procurement of fire 2 wards 2 MLGRD other municipal equipment services Procurement of earth 2 constituencies 2 MLGRD moving equipment 127 | P a g e Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Automation of Civic centre 1 MLGRD revenue collection system Operationisation of CBD 1 MLGRD the valuation roll Installation of check 2 areas (Tapo 2 MLGRD points &Lilengo) Procurement of utility Civic centre 1 MLGRD vehicle for revenue collection Enhance revenue Capacity building on 24 wards 24 24 24 24 24 MLGRD collection by revenue collection Local authority Expansion of the Council Lodge 1 1 1 MLGRD Council Lodge Completion of Bar Council Lodge 1 MLGRD and Restaurant Construction of a Council Lodge 1 MLGRD conference facility Completion of Fish Kashitu Market 1 MLGRD Market Shelter Construction of a Kashitu Market 1 MLGRD Bus Station 128 | P a g e

4.4.5. Community Development and Social Warfare Strategies Key Activities Target Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Location or Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Increase on Sensitization on 24 Wards 980 people 980 People 980 People 980 People 980 People MCDSS/MLGRD/ Education Public Welfare MoE/NGO Support Assistance Scheme Programs Bursary Schemes 24 Wards 500 500 500 500 500 MCDSS/MLGRD/M oE/NGO Promote Girl education and 24 wards 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 FD/MLGRD/DNPW Empowerment Women empowerment Beneficiari Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiari Beneficiari /Private Sector Programs and Livelihood es es es (GEWEL) Supporting Women’s Livelihood Social cash Transfer 24 wards 13000 13000 13000 13000 13000 MCDSS/MLGRD/M Beneficiari Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiari Beneficiari oE/NGO es es es VILLAGE BANKING 250 250 250 250 250 MCDSS/MLGRD/M Beneficiari Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiari Beneficiari oE/NGO es es es Increase food Food Security Pack 24 wards 2800 2800 2800 2800 2800 MCDSS/MLGRD/M security Programme Beneficiari Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiari Beneficiari oE/NGO Programs es es es 129 | P a g e

4.4.6. Fisheries and Livestock Sector Objective To improve service delivery in the Livestock & Fisheries Sector in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency /Dept or Group (by Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 priority) Construction of All 24 wards 5 5 5 5 4 MFL/MLGRD/ Livestock service Private Sector Increase the centres number of Construction of Muchatanga 1 MFL/MLGRD/ Livestock & fisheries hatchery Ward Private Sector Fisheries Rehabilitation of Luanginga Ward 1 MFL/MLGRD/ facilities office block Private Sector Construction of 12 wards 3 3 2 2 2 MFL/MLGRD/ camp offices Private Sector Support towards 200 farmers 40 40 40 40 40 MFL/MLGRD/ Affordable setting up Private Sector initial aquaculture investment facilities costs for Conduct research 5 1 1 1 1 1 MFL/MLGRD/ aquaculture in aquaculture Private Sector Capacity building 20 4 4 4 4 4 MFL/Private Sector of fisheries staff Increase Recruitment of 13 5 5 3 MFL Fisheries & fisheries and Livestock livestock staff staffing levels Construction of 13 2 2 3 3 3 MFL/MLGRD/ staff housing units Private Sector 130 | P a g e

4.4.7. Tourism Sector Objective To increase tourism arrivals in the Liuwa Ecosystem by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Agency /Dept Location or Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Group (by priority) Promote legal Provide alternative sources All wards 5 5 5 5 4 DNPW/MLGRD/NGOs/Private off take of of livelihood to the local Sector wildlife communities such livestock rearing Improve Construction of luxury 3 wards 1 1 1 MLGRD/NGOs/Private Sector tourism safari lodges infrastructure Maintenance of existing 5 1 1 1 1 1 MLGRD/NGOs/Private Sector campsites Construction of roads 3 1 MOIHHD Construction of information 1 1 MoT/MLGRD/NGOs/Private Centres sector Establishment of cultural 3 1 1 1 villages Provide Sustainable projects 50 10 10 10 10 10 MFL/MLGRD/NGOs/Private alternative sector sources of livelihood to the local communities 131 | P a g e

4.4.8. Safey, Law and Order Sector Objective To reduce Crime Levels in the district by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Construction of Police Posts All wards 5 5 5 5 4 ZPS/MLGRD Construction Housing units for All wards 18 18 18 18 18 ZPS/MLGRD Zambia Police Service Rehabilitation and expansion of the Luanginga ward 1 ZPS/MLGRD Main Zambia Police Station (CBD) Procurement of a speed boat for Liuwa Constituency 1 ZPS/MLGRD Zambia Police Procurement of Utility Vehicles Liuwa & Kalabo 2 2 ZPS/MLGRD Central Constituency Strengthen Construction and Rehabilitation of 10 Wards Buleya, 01 05 02 01 01 Local the criminal Permanent Court Buildings Mapungu, Lutwi, Authority/Planning and justice Lukona, system and Luanginga Libonda, enhance rule Kandambo, Ng’uma, of law Siluwe, Yuka Construction Of Permanent Staff 10 Wards 00 02 03 03 02 Local Houses Buleya, Mapungu, Authority/Planning Lutwi, Lukona, Libonda, Kandambo, Ng’uma, Siluwe, Yuka, Sishekanu Construction Of Water and Sanitary 10 Wards 00 05 02 01 01 Local Facilities Buleya, Mapungu, Authority/Planning Lutwi, Lukona, 132 | P a g e Libonda, Kandambo, Ng’uma, Siluwe, Yuka, Sishekanu Construction of dormitory cells Kalabo Correctional 1 1 ZCS facility Rehabilitation of sanitation facilities Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS facility Construction of a clinic Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS facility Construction of a workshop Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS facility Construction of 1x2 classroom block Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS facility Construction of a fish pond at the Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS Correction centre facility Construction of a Poultry Kalabo Correctional 1 ZCS facility Empowerment of ex-inmates under Kalabo Correctional 50 50 50 50 50 ZCS extension services facility 133 | P a g e

4.4.9. Forest and Environment Sector Objective To reduce levels of Forest Degradation in the District by 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Location or Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Group (by priority) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Promote Sustainable Forest Recruitment of All Wards 3 3 3 3 3 MGEE/MLGRD Management and Protection in the extension forest District by 2034 officers Procurement of 1 Per Constituency 1 1 MGEE/MLGRD Vehicles Forest Boundary All wards 30Km 30Km 30Km 30Km 30Km MGEE/MLGRD Maintenance Scaling up community Formation community All wards 1 1 1 1 1 MGEE/MLGRD participation in forest management forest management in the district by 2034 groups (CFMGs) Promotion of Annual All wards 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12, 000 MGEE/MLGRD Tree planting Promote sustainable harvest of Provision of alternative All wards 4 4 4 4 4 MGEE/MLGRD forest products sources of energy such as Bio gas, solar, gas stoves, Rural Electrification Sustainable income All wards 4 4 4 4 4 MGEE/MLGRD generating projects 134 | P a g e

4.4.10. Agriculture Sector Objective To Increase Production and Productivity By 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Location or Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Enhance Recruitment of 5 Camps and 2 2 2 2 MoA extension extension workers 3 Blocks service Construct camp houses 8 2 2 2 2 MoA/LA delivery Rehabilitate camp 8 2 2 2 2 MoA/LA houses Procure motorcycles for 10 2 3 2 2 1 MoA/NGO/CPs/ extension workers LA Strengthen Enhance dissemination 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps MoA/NGOs/CPs climate of climate smart wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) change agriculture technologies adaption Increase number of 285 40 60 80 50 55 MoA/NGOs/CPs Farmer Field Schools with farmers adopting climate smart technologies and practices. Promote dietary 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps MoA diversity wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) Enhance Provide tractor 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps MoA/Private mechanization mechanization services wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) Sector Promote Animal Draught 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps MoA/Private Power wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) Sector/LA Support training of 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps MoA/NGOs/CPs farmers in food wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) preservation, storage and processing 135 | P a g e Objective To Increase Production and Productivity By 2034 Strategies Key Activities Target Target Target Target Target Target Responsible Location or Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Agency /Dept Group (by priority) Promote Facilitate the 30 schemes 16 3 4 3 4 MoA/Private irrigation establishment of new Sector/CPs/LA irrigation schemes and promote alternative irrigation technologies such as solar powered Enhance Facilitate access to 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps (24 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps 19 camps (24 access to agriculture finance wards) (24 wards) wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) (24 wards) wards) agricultural finance 136 | P a g e

4.5. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (SDF) Kalabo district IDP will have three alternative development scenarios and these are; a. Inclusive growth and development of growth poles-decentralization b. Environmental protection and reserved areas c. Provision of social infrastructure-Health, Education and Community facilities

4.5.1. Scenario 1: Inclusive Growth and Development of Growth Poles- Decentralization. A significant portion of the district's population suffers the municipality's centralised services located at Kalabo CBD, including community members who must travel from distant wards such as Upangoma, Siluwe, Mitwi, Lutwi, Likulundundu, Kuuli, Nguma, Kandambo and Namulilo among other wards. The first scenario of the IDP suggests municipal decentralisation of service delivery to address this issue. It is suggested that municipal service hubs be located closer to the neighbourhoods in this regard. The following six service centres are suggested: • As the primary and largest centre, Kalabo main town serving the wards of Luanginga, Muchatanga, Buleya, Salunda, Sishekanu, Yuka, and Liumba • Libonda sub-centre providing services to the wards of Libonda, Ngunyama, Mishulundu and Kuuli • Mishulundu sub-centre providing services to the wards of Mishulundu and Kuuli • Lukona sub-centre servicing wards of Lukona, Namulilo, Nguma, Ndoka. • Sihole sub-centre servicing the wards of Kandambo, Mitwi, Lutwi, Chilele, • Mapungu sub-centre servicing the wards of Mapungu and part of Ng’unyama • Luola sub-centre servicing the wards of Luola, Likulundundu, Siluwe and Upangoma The establishment of the Six service centres would enable residents to access services closer to their homes, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the work done by the Local Authority, Government Departments, and cooperating parties. Central Business District (CBD) In addition to service centre, the first development scenario takes into account Kalabo Township being established as the primary growth node housing mixed use development with the intention of serving as a referral point for services not offered in the sub-centers within the district. Access to international border Due to the main route passing through Kalabo District to the Angolan border, there is a chance for businesses to prosper by utilising the traffic on the roadways. As a result, it has been suggested that the intersection of the Sikongo district and the adjacent 137 | P a g e areas be used as commercial areas, while residential areas will be located farther away from the main highways. Figure 31: Inclusive growth and development of growth poles Figure 31: Inclusive growth and development of growth poles Source: Kalabo IDP Team 138 | P a g e

4.5.2. Scenario 2: Environmental Protection and Reserved Areas Tourism/Lodging and Recreation The purpose of this component of development is to maximise the advantages of the district having access to valuable wildlife and other tourist resources in Liuwa National Park. A cultural village is also suggested near Sibemi primary school which is 10 kilometers away from Matiyamanene camp to help visitors understand the Balotse people better through tours, singing and dance, storytelling, and a traditional meal cooked over an open fire. This will also contribute to cultural preservation. It is suggested that tourist camps like Kwale, Sibika, Mukalabumbu, Katoyana, and First Operation Base (FOB) be improved to fill the current accommodation gap. The camp sites will also serve as strategic areas for game viewing. To take advantage of the traffic to Liuwa National Park, a commercial corridor over the Luanginga Bridge is also suggested. It would include a variety of enterprises such as artisan shops, farm produce shops, and agriculture input shops, restaurants, bathrooms, etc. More tourist industry promotion through local media is needed so that Liuwa can host events like weddings. Enforcement of existing laws on the environmental protection These initiatives will help sustain environmental resources utilisation in Kalabo district and contribute to economic growth and expanded livelihood opportunities. One of the main producers of indigenous materials known as "Mashasha" (reeds/ papyrus), which are frequently used to build fence in western province, is the Kalabo Makoma area. It is suggested that it set a market across the Luanginga Bridge using this endowment. Improve agricultural productivity and production The purpose of this component of development is to increase access of households with adequate and diverse food. It is suggested that irrigation support be given in the belt regions of Ndoka, Lukona, and Ng'uma to encourage sustainable agriculture. Maize and vegetables, which the soils in the area can support, are suggested crops. These areas can easily adopt resilient and smart agriculture practices. Imilangu, Sihole, Yuka, and a portion of Liuwa are indicated as entrance points for this development in order to maximize the value addition to non-timber forest activities such as mushroom, wild fruit, and beekeeping. Community can be urged to practice cage fish farming, especially in regions like Sihole, Mulinga, and Sishekanu, to take advantage of already available funds like CDF. Further, pond fish farming can practices generally in most parts of the district. 139 | P a g e Figure 32: Environmental protection and reserved areas Figure 32: Environmental protection and reserved areas Source: Kalabo IDP team 140 | P a g e

4.5.3. Scenario 3: Provision of Social Infrastructure-Health, Education and Community Facilities Transport and communication infrastructure development The purpose of this component of development is to increase access to service delivery by all actors. Two (2) radio stations are proposed, one in Mishulundu (Liuwa constituency) and the other at Kalabo Boma (Kalabo constituency). To ensure better service delivery, all major roads leading to public locations such as health facilities, schools, markets, and areas of economic interest should be upgrated. Additionally, to improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene practices, all public institution infrastructures to be connected to electricity and water supply services. Further to reduce high illiteracy levels and poor health states in the district, Economic Inland water ways such as the Kalabo-Makoma and Ikatulamwa–Katele canals will also be improved to enhance economic growth in the IDP area. In order to address the shortage of guest accommodations and to advance physical health, the regions across the Luanginga bridge have generally been identified as locations for lodges and recreation facilities. Residential To help with the housing shortage in the IDP area, improvements and new plans should be made to informal settlement sites such Kashitu, Cooper, Malelekwa, and Ulele. In order to provide better housing, prospective developers should be approached for undeveloped lands in planned communities like Sefula, Hill Park, Green Wood, and Riverside. At sub district level, construction of new housing for service institution will also be required to curb housing deficits and enhance services delivery. Mixed Use Development It is suggested that areas like the riverside, a portion of Mulamba, Hill Park, and Winela be developed as mixed-use zones with a variety of uses, including commercial space, housing, social amenities, recreational opportunities, light industrial and utilities uses. 141 | P a g e Figure 33: Provision of social infrastructure, health and community facilities Figure 33: Provision of social infrastructure, health and community facilities Source: Kalabo IDP Team 142 | P a g e

4.5.4. Chosen Spatial Alternative Development Scenario Decentralization. The Kalabo District IDP 2024 – 2034 preferred alternative development scenario is the Inclusive growth and development of growth poles-decentralization. This scenario provides potential for easy access to municipal services and devolution of decision making on development to the grassroot through creation of municipal service hubs as highlighted above (Scenario 1). This will be achieved through establishment of the six service centres including Kalabo main town, Libonda sub-centre, Mishulundu sub-centre, Lukona sub-centre, Sihole sub-centre, Mapungu sub-centre, and Luola sub-centre.

4.6. Land Use Planning Policies and Proposals The procedure through which a governing body manages the use of land is called land use planning. This is usually done to promote desirable social and environmental outcomes that are better as well as more efficient use of resources. In this vein, the goal of the IDP is to balance and harmonize the district's various land use types. It designates the geographic regions that will see the application of particular land use types. Significantly, the plan outlines potential paths and goals for development in important domains like transportation, infrastructure, resource use, cultural heritage, agriculture, tourism, transit, and natural environment conservation.

4.6.1. Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of Development The land use policies and proposals for the Kalabo IDP include environmental preservation and reduction of exposure to environmental hazards, development control, and prevention of land use disputes. These seek to improve, maintain or protect the environmental, social and economic aspects of development. In order to protect, maintain and improve the environmental, social and economic aspects of development, the IDP will endeavour to implement the following proposed policies. • Mainstreaming of environmental concerns in all developmental plans, projects and programmes to attain sustainable socioeconomic development in the district. • Increase access to social amenities in all developmental nodes. • Enhance community participation in development planning. • Explore unlocked potential opportunities to spur socioeconomic development in the tourism, agriculture and mining sectors.

4.6.2. Protection Zones, Areas of Environmental Sensitivity, Cultural, Historical Importance and Disaster Management The land use planning policies and proposals for specific protection zones, areas of environmental sensitivity, cultural and historical importance, and areas of importance for disaster management purposes in the district will include; 143 | P a g e • Mapping and zonation of environmental sensitivity areas, cultural and heritage sites. • Regulate economic activities near environmental sensitive areas. • Promote participatory planning and management of natural resources. • Develop a district disaster management plan. These will be done in accordance with available national and district policies including the National Policy on Environment, Environmental Management Act No. 12 of 2011, Forest Act of 2015, Wildlife Act 2015, the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, Liuwa Plain National Park Land Use Plan, General Management Plan, Predator Management Plan and the Fire Management Plan. These policies provide sustainable solutions to planning issues; ensure that protected and natural areas maintain required conservation values to attain sustainable socioeconomic development.

4.6.1. Protection of National and Regional Interests The Land use planning policies and proposals for the protection of national and regional interests will endeavour to protect transboundary natural resources shared with the riparian country Angola. Natural resources shared with Angola include wildlife of the Liuwa Plain Nation Park and the Luanginga River. Furthermore, the other policy for the protection of national and regional interests is the Immigration and Deportation Act number 18 of 2010, read with the Immigration and Deportation (Amendment) Act of 2016 of the Laws of Zambia. This is to facilitate and regulate the movement of persons entering and leaving the country and control the stay of immigrants and visitors in order to contribute to internal security and sustainable socio-economic development. Informal Settlements The following Land use planning policies and proposals will apply to informal settlements. • Conduct re-planning of the five (05) identified unplanned settlements within the township which include Malelekwa, Kashitu, Ulele, Winela B and UBZ/Copper compounds. • Lobby for extension of township boundaries to improve housing. • Strengthen development control to ensure compliance to building regulations for housing and other developments. Areas under Traditional Authorities The proposed Land use planning policies and proposals for areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities will include Kalabo Town Council entering into planning agreements with the Baroste Royal Establishment for effective local area planning and development. This is guided by Section 25 of the Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015 of the Laws of Zambia. 144 | P a g e Figure 34: Kalabo Township Landuse Map Figure 34: Kalabo Township Landuse map Source: Kalabo IDP Team 145 | P a g e PART 5: IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME 5. CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN The proposed capital investment projects are outlined in this section.

5.1. Health Services Sector Goal To improve the health status of the people in Kalabo, in order to contribute to increased productivity and socio-economic development Objective Strengthen Health Service Delivery in order to Attain Quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Deployment of quality Indoor Financial, Human MOH, MLGRD, vector control Residual resource, Chemicals K2,500,000.00 GRZ/GF/CDF MOH, MLGRD, GF GF interventions Spraying (IRS) and equipment Distribution of MOH, MLGRD, GF MOH, MLGRD, Financial, Human Insecticide GF resource, Chemicals K3,456.40 GRZ/GF/CDF Treated Nets and equipment (ITN Procurement of Ambulances Financial and Human MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, K7,500.000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF resource IP Procurement Financial and Human of Utility K7,500.000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, resource vehicles IP 146 | P a g e Goal To improve the health status of the people in Kalabo, in order to contribute to increased productivity and socio-economic development Objective Strengthen Health Service Delivery in order to Attain Quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Procurement of new Regular Financial, Human fleet of motorized servicing and MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, resource and Spare K1,500.000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF transport and maintenance IP parts preventive of vehicles maintenance Procurement Financial and Human schedules followed of motor bikes K500,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, resource for facilities IP Regular Financial, Human servicing and MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, resource and Spare K300,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF maintenance IP parts of motor bikes Increase Access to Construction of Healthcare health facilities Financial, Land, MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, K24,000,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF with staff Human Resource IP houses Improve sanitation Construction of Financial, Land, and hygiene sanitary K10,000,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, Human Resource infrastructure IP Drilling of Financial, Land, boreholes K1,500,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF MOH, MLGRD, IP MOH, MLGRD, Human Resource IP Consistency supply Procurement of medical supplies & of medical Financial and Human MOH, MLGRD, IP, MOH, MLGRD, K30,000,000.00 GRZ/IP/CDF equipment supplies & Resource. ZAMMSA IP, ZAMMSA equipment 147 | P a g e

5.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Goal Improved access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Objective To improve access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Institution Funding Information Provide Procurement of Financial & K10,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS MLGRD/MWDS adequate water drilling rigs Human supply machinery Resources Procurement of Financial & K6,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS MLGRD/MWDS utility vehicles Human Resources Construction a Financial, Land & K20,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC water treatment Human plant Resources Operationalization Financial & K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/ MLGRD/MWDS of SOMAP shop Human Resources Increase access Drilling of new Financial, land K37,500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS MLGRD/MWDS to water supply boreholes and human and sanitation resource facilities Rehabilitation of Financial, land K5,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS MLGRD/MWDS/PPP dysfunctional and human boreholes resource Upgrading of Financial, land K6,250,00.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS MLGRD/MWDS/PPP existing hand and Human pumps to water resource schemes 148 | P a g e Goal Improved access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Objective To improve access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Institution Funding Information Extension of piped Financial, land K2,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC water supply and human network resource Construction of Financial, land K6,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC waterborne and human sanitation facilities resource in public places Construction Financial, land & K40,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC sewerage network resource system Construction of Financial, land & K600,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC Demo sanitation human resource facilities Conduct CLTS and Financial, land & K6,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC MLGRD/MWDS/WWSSC SLTS human resource 149 | P a g e

5.3. Education Sector Goal To increase equitable access to quality education and skills training to enhance human capacity for sustainable development by 2034 Objective To provide quality education service delivery in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Institution Funding Information Increase access to Infrastructure Financial, Human K625,000.000.00 MoE/CDF Kalabo District Kalabo District Education education facilities development Resource. Education Board Board Office/Kalabo Town Office Council Reduce High Human Financial, Human K34,000.00 MoE Kalabo District Kalabo District Education Teacher-Pupil Ratio resource and Resource. Education Board Board Office administration Office 150 | P a g e

5.4. Local Governance Sector Goal Improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost (K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Procurement of Solid K42,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Waste Management Human, land Equipment and financial resources Enhance solid waste Conduct public K400,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD management in the district Human and sensitization on financial sustainable solid waste resources management Engage investment K50,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Human and solid waste financial management by resources franchise companies Enter into planning Human, land K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/BRE MLGRD/ MLNR Engage Traditional authority in agreements with BRE and financial acquisition of land resources Extension of township Human, land K5,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD/BRE/ MLGRD/ MLNR boundary and financial MLNR resources Enhance fire and other Procurement of fire Human, land K50,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD municipal services equipment and financial resources 151 | P a g e Goal Improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost (K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Procurement of earth Human and GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD moving equipment financial K40,000,000.00 resources Automation of revenue Human and K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD collection system financial resources Operationisation of the Human and K100,000.00 GRZ MLGRD MLGRD valuation roll financial resources Installation of check Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD points and financial K640,000.00 resources Enhance revenue collection by Procurement of utility Human and GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Local authority vehicle for revenue financial K1,300,000.00 collection resources Capacity building on Human and GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD revenue collection financial K100,000.00 resources Expansion of the Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Council Lodge and financial resources Completion of Bar and Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Restaurant and financial resources 152 | P a g e Goal Improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost (K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Construction of a Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD conference facility and financial resources Completion of Fish Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Market Shelter and financial resources Construction of a Bus Human, land GRZ/PPP MLGRD MLGRD Station and financial resources 153 | P a g e

5.5. Community Development and Social Welfare Sector Goal Reduce levels of Poverty to 60% by 2034 Objective To reduce levels of Poverty to 60% by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost (K) Source of Source of Responsible Institution Funding Information Increase on Sensitization on Public Financial & Human K3,500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD Education Welfare Assistance resource Support Scheme Programs Bursary Schemes Financial & Human K25,000.000.00 MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD resource Promote Girl education and Financial & Human K7,500,100.00 GRZ/PPP MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD Empowerme Women empowerment resource nt Programs and Livelihood (GEWEL) Social cash Transfer Financial & Human K100,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD resource Village Banking Financial & Human K1,250,000.00 MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD resource Increase Food Security Pack Financial, Land & K1,250,000.00 GRZ/PPP MCDSS MCDSS/MLRD food security Programme Human Resource Programs 154 | P a g e

5.6. Livestock and Fisheries Sector Goal Improved service delivery in the Livestock & Fisheries Sector by 2034 Objective To improve service delivery in the Livestock & Fisheries Sector by Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Increase the Construction of Livestock service Human and Financial 75,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL number of centres Resources Livestock & Construction of fisheries hatchery Human and Financial 1,000,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL Fisheries Resources facilities Rehabilitation of office block Human and Financial 300,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL Resources Construction of camp offices Human, Land and 2,400,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL Financial Resources Affordable initial Support towards setting up Human and Financial 27,000,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL investment costs aquaculture facilities Resources for aquaculture Conduct research in aquaculture Human and Financial 718,250,000.00 MFL MFL MFL Resources Construction of staff housing units Human and Financial 6,000,000.00 MFL/CDF MFL MFL Resources Enhance Capacity building of fisheries staff Human and Financial 1,000,000.00 MFL MFL MFL Fisheries Resources extension services 155 | P a g e

5.7. Tourism Sector Goal Promote sustainable tourism, and culture preservation for socio-economic development in the district by 2034 Objective To increase tourism arrivals in the Liuwa Ecosystem by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost (K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Promote Provide alternative sources of Financial, Land & DNPW/MFL/MLGRD legal off take livelihood to the local communities Human resources 12,000,000.00 DNPW/MFL/ML GRZ/PPP of wildlife GRD Improve Construction of luxury safari Financial, Land & 20,000,000.00 DNPW/MLGRD DNPW/ GRZ/PPP tourism lodges Human resources MLGRD infrastructure Maintenance of existing campsites Financial, Land & MoT/PPP/MLGR MoT/PPP Human resources 10,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP D Construction of roads Financial, Land & RDA/MoT/MLGR RDA/MoT/ 702,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP Human resources D MLGRD Construction of information Financial, Land & 2,500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MoT MoT/BRE Centres Human resources Establishment of cultural villages Financial, Land & MoT/BRE/MLGR 2,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MoT/BRE/MLGRD Human resources D 156 | P a g e

5.8. Safety, Law and Order Sector Goal To Provide timely Justice, promotion, protection, and respect of human rights Objective To reduce Crime Levels in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Construction of Police Posts Human resource, land 21,600,000.00 MLGRD/MOHAI ZPS/MOHAIS ZPS/MOHAIS and financial S/PPP resources Construction Housing units for Human resource, land 66,750,000.00 MLGRD/MOHAI ZPS/MOHAIS ZPS/MOHAIS Zambia Police Service and financial S/PPP resources Rehabilitation and expansion of Human resource, land 2,500,000.00 MLGRD/MOHAI ZPS/MOHAIS ZPS/MOHAIS Strengthen the Main Zambia Police Station and financial S/PPP the criminal resources and justice Procurement of a speed boat for Human and financial MLGRD/MOHAI ZPS/MOHAIS ZPS/MOHAIS system and Zambia Police resources S/PPP enhance rule of law Procurement of Utility Vehicles Human and financial 2,600,000.00 MLGRD/MOHAI ZPS/MOHAIS ZPS/MOHAIS resources S/PPP Construction and Rehabilitation of CDF Community 8,000,000.00 CDF Judiciary Permanent Court Buildings Projects Application Local Authority/Judiciary Construction of Permanent Staff CDF Community 10,000,000.00 CDF Judiciary Houses Projects Application Local Authority/Judiciary Construction of Water and CDF Community 2,8000.00 CDF Judiciary Local Sanitary Facilities Projects Application Authority/Judiciary 157 | P a g e Goal To Provide timely Justice, promotion, protection, and respect of human rights Objective To reduce Crime Levels in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Construction of dormitory cells Human Resource and K800,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Financial Resources Rehabilitation of sanitation facility Human Resource and K300,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Financial Resources Construction of a clinic Human Resource and K600,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Financial Resources Construction of a workshop Human Resource and K2,500,000,00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Financial Resources Construction of 1x2 classroom Human Resource and K800,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD block Financial Resources Construction of a fish pond at the Human Resource and K200,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Correction centre Financial Resources Construction of a Poultry Human Resource and K200,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD Financial Resources Empowerment of ex-inmates Human Resource and K625,000.00 GRZ/PPP ZCS/MLGRD ZCS/MLGRD under extension services Financial Resources 158 | P a g e

5.9. Forest and Environment Sector Goal To Manage, Protect and conserve forest in order to ensure sustainable utilization and management of natural resources Objective To reduce levels of Forest Degradation in the District by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source of Source of Responsible Funding Information Institution Promote Recruitment of extension Financial & - GRZ/PPP MGEE MGEE Sustainable Forest forest officers Human resource Management and Procurement of Vehicles Financial K3,000,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE/MLGRD MGEE Protection in the Forest Boundary Financial & K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE MGEE District by 2034 Maintenance Human resource Scaling up Formation community Financial & K765,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE FD/MLGRD/DNPW/ community forest management Human resource Private sector participation in groups (CFMGs) forest management Promotion of Annual Tree Financial & K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE MGEE/MLGRD in the district by planting Human 2034 Promote Provision of alternative Financial, Land K500,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE/MLGRD MGEE/MLGRD sustainable harvest sources of energy such & Human of forest products as Bio gas, solar, gas Resource stoves, Rural Electrification Sustainable income Financial, Land K200,000.00 GRZ/PPP MGEE/MLGRD MGEE/MLGRD generating projects & Human Resource 159 | P a g e

5.10. Agriculture Sector Goal Increased Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Objective To Increase Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Input Cost(K) Source Of Source Of Responsible Funding Information Institution Infrastructure Financial and human MoA/MLGRD Enhance extension 10, 000,000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA development resources service delivery Transport for MoA/MLGRD Financial and human extension 1,600,000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA resources workers Increase MoA Strengthen climate resilience to Financial and human change adaption 6,200,000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA climate shocks resources Enhance Facilitate MoA Financial, machinery and mechanization Mechanization 3,000,0000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA human resources Set up solar MoA Financial, equipment and Promote irrigation powered 5,400,000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA human resources schemes Enhance access to Market Financial, machinery and MoA agricultural finance infrastructure 600,000.00 GRZ/CPs MoA human resources 160 | P a g e

5.11. Local Authority’s Financial Plan The Kalabo IDP financing for its planned programmes will come from a variety source of funding including; Local Taxes, the Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF), and other grants from both Government and Partner Organisations. The Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) will be used to collaborate with the business sector and identify additional sources of funding. Given the aforementioned, the Local Authority’s District Financial Plan makes sure that the costs associated with the planned programmes for the IDP are implemented. Table 41: Shows the detailed Revenue Projected for the period 2024-2029 YEAR 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Local Taxes 31,500 33,000 34,000 36,788 39,804.61 43,068.59 Fees and 181,100 184,700 188,800 202,281.60 218,868.69 236,815.92 Charges Licenses 3,845,847 3,846,347 3,846,847 4,162,288.45 4,503,596.10 4,872,890.98 Levies 147,800 152,900 158,100 171,064.20 185,091.46 200,268.96 Permits 36,900 37,650 38400 41,548.80 44,955.80 48,642.18 Other Incomes 962,000 1,031,856 942,286 1,019,553.45 1,103,156.83 1,193,615.69 National 29,385,513 35,266,449 37,511,309 40,587,236.34 43,915,389.72 47,516,451.68 Support CDF 61,271,284 65,667,600 70,264,332 76,026,007.22 82,260,139.81 89,005471.27 Table 41: Shows the detailed Revenue Projected for the period 2024-2029 Source: Kalabo IDP Team, Kalabo Town Council Table 42: Revenue Projection for the First Five Years of the Implementation Plan YEAR 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Locally 23,500.00 37,650.00 38,400.00 41,548.80 44,955.80 48,642.17 Generated CDF 61,271,284.00 65,667,600.00 70,264,332.00 76,026.01 82,260.14 89,005.47 Equalization 13,259,065.60 14,226,987.40 15,222,865.60 16,471,140.58 17,822,170.10 19,283,588.01 Fund LGEF Other Grants 12,811,681.00 17,482,727.00 18,482,727.00 19,998,310.61 21,638,172.08 23,412,502.19 . Table 42: Revenue Projection for the First Five Years of the Implementation Plan Source: Kalabo IDP team, Kalabo Town Council

5.11.1. National Support Financing Constituency Development Fund (CDF) The provision for the Constituency Development Fund is K30, 600,000.00 for each constituency as per guideline from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural 161 | P a g e Development. Kalabo Town Council has two constituencies bringing a total funding of K61,271,284.00. This section explains how Kalabo Town Council is expected to finance its five-year Integrated Development Plan. It ensures that the various objectives, strategies, programme and projects are financed to completion in line with government Policy. Financing will be done in collaboration with the stakeholders.

5.11.2. Resource Mobilization Revenue collection challenges • Lack of valuation roll. • The finance department does not have the vehicle allocated for revenue collection. • Resistance to pay levies and charges by the general public. • Political and traditional interference in revenue collection. Mobilization strategies • Creation of the valuation roll. • Lobby for land from the traditional leaders to open up new stocks of land. • Creating by-laws to cover for unsupported revenue sources. • Allocating a vehicle specifically for revenue collection. • Capacity building in all ward development committees in revenue collection. • Sensitize the community on the need to pay all requisite due to the local authorities. • Provision of adequate services to the community so as to motivate them to support the council financially by paying all the fees. • Assigning highly qualified staff to revenue collection ditties • Maintain database for all the traders in the district. • Use of technology platforms for paying levies, fees and charges. • Involvement of revenue collectors in the planning and budgeting process. • Providing basic training and orientation to the revenue collectors. • Providing legal documents to the revenue collectors. • Maintain barriers at Tapo with the presence of council police. The local authority intends to venture into Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the following: • Agriculture, fisheries and livestock. • Commercial shopping areas. • Tourism and hospitality areas. • Health education. • Forestry. • Technology and infrastructure development. 162 | P a g e • Communication and transport. • Water and sanitation. • Recreation centre’s sporting facilities gym and community centres. 163 | P a g e

5.12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

5.12.1. Health Services Sector Goal To improve the health status of the people in Kalabo, in order to contribute to increased productivity and socio-economic development Objective Strengthen Health Service Delivery in order to Attain Quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Reduction of Increase vector control 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Number of Health facility MOH/MLGR Annually Malaria interventions quality catchment areas in Level 1 D/IPs incidence coverage to 100% of Malaria Stratification Consistency supply of 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Number of Health Facilities MOH/MLGR Monthly Malaria drugs and with 100% of Malaria drugs D/IPs commodities and commodities Procurement of 1 1 1 1 1 Number of Ambulances MOH/MLGR Annually Ambulances procured D/IPs Procurement of Utility 1 1 1 1 1 Number of utility vehicles MOH/MLGR Annually vehicles procured D/IPs Improve Regular servicing and Number of vehicles road MOH/MLGR Quarterly transport maintenance of vehicles Always Always Always Always Always worthy (in good condition) D/IPs system Procurement of motor 3 3 3 3 3 Number of Motor bikes MOH/MLGR Annually bikes for facilities procured D/IPs Regular servicing and Number of Motor bikes MOH/MLGR Quarterly maintenance of motor Always Always Always Always Always road worthy (in good D/IPs bikes condition) . Increase Construction of health 5 5 5 5 4 MOH/MLGR Quarterly Access to facilities within 5kms Numbers of health facilities D/IPs Healthcare radius with staff houses built 164 | P a g e Goal To improve the health status of the people in Kalabo, in order to contribute to increased productivity and socio-economic development Objective Strengthen Health Service Delivery in order to Attain Quality Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Construction of sanitary 5 5 5 5 4 Percentage of people with MOH/MLGR Quarterly infrastructure access to safe excreta D/IPs Improve facilities sanitation Drilling of boreholes 5 5 5 5 4 Percentage of people with MOH/MLGR Quarterly and hygiene access to pure drinking D/IPs water Consistency Procurement of medical 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% MOH/MLGR Monthly Percentage of health supply of supplies & equipment D/IPs facilities with more than medical 80% of essential medicines supplies & and supplies in stock equipment 165 | P a g e

5.12.2. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Goal Improved access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Objective To improve access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Provide Procurement of 2 Number of drilling MLGRD/MWDS Annually adequate water drilling rigs rigs procured supply Procurement of 2 2 Number of utility MLGRD/MWDS Annually machinery utility vehicles vehicles procured Construction a 1 Proportion of MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly water treatment water treatment WWSSC plant plant constructed Operationalization 1 Number of OM MLGRD Quarterly of SOMAP shop spare parts accessed Increase access Drilling of new 100 100 100 100 100 Number of MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly to water supply boreholes boreholes drilled WWSSC and sanitation Rehabilitation of 50 50 50 50 50 Number of MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly facilities dysfunctional dysfunctional WWSSC boreholes boreholes rehabilitated Upgrading of 5 5 5 5 5 Number hand MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly existing hand pumps upgraded WWSSC pumps to water schemes Extension of piped 1 Number of areas MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly water supply connected to the WWSSC network water network system 166 | P a g e Goal Improved access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Objective To improve access to clean water and sanitation in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Construction of 4 4 4 4 4 Number of MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly waterborne waterborne WWSSC sanitation facilities sanitation in public places facilities in public places constructed Construction 1 Proportion of MLGRD/MWDS/ Quarterly sewerage network sewerage WWSSC system network system Construction of 4 Number of Demo MLGRD/MWDS Quarterly Demo sanitation sanitation facilities facilities Conduct CLTS 4 5 5 5 5 Number of CLTS MLGRD/MWDS Quarterly and SLTS and SLTS meetings held 167 | P a g e

5.12.3. Education Sector Goal To increase equitable access to quality education and skills training to enhance human capacity for sustainable development Objective To provide quality education service delivery in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Year Target Year Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 3 4 Year 5 Information Increase Infrastructure Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly access to development of 96 96 Classrooms of 96 of 96 of 96 Class rooms District education Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms constructed Education facilities Board Office Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly of 48 staff 48 staff of 48 staff of 48 staff of 48 staff staff houses District houses houses houses houses houses constructed Education Board Office Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly of 24 play 24 play parks of 24 play of 24 play of 24 play play parks District parks in ECE in ECE centres parks in ECE parks in ECE parks in ECE constructed Education centres centres centres centres in ECE Board Office centres. Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly laboratories 24 laboratories of 24 of 24 of 24 Laboratories District 24 laboratories laboratories laboratories constructed Education laboratories Board Office Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly of 5 5 dormitories of 5 of 5 of 5 Dormitories District dormitories dormitories dormitories dormitories constructed Education Board Office Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly of 24 ECE 24 ECE of 24 ECE of 24 ECE of 24 ECE ECE centres District centres centres centres centres centres constructed 168 | P a g e Goal To increase equitable access to quality education and skills training to enhance human capacity for sustainable development Objective To provide quality education service delivery in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Year Target Year Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 3 4 Year 5 Information Education Board Office Construction Construction of Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly of 48 48 flushable of 48 of 48 of 48 flushable District flushable toilets flushable flushable flushable toilets Education toilets (Ablution toilets toilets toilets constructed Board Office (Ablution block) (Ablution (Ablution (Ablution block) block) block) block) Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Number of Kalabo Quarterly 24 Libraries 24 Libraries 24 Libraries 24 Libraries 24 Libraries libraries District constructed Education Board Office Reduce Human Recruitment Recruitment of Recruitment Recruitment Recruitment Recruitmen Kalabo Quarterly High Resources of 72 72 teachers of 72 of 72 of 72 t of 72 District Teacher- and teachers teachers teachers teachers teachers Education Pupil Ratio Administratio Board Office n 169 | P a g e

5.12.4. Local Governance Sector Goal Improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Procurement of Solid 3 3 3 3 3 MLGRD Quarterly Waste Management Number of solid waste Equipment management equipment procured Enhance solid waste Conduct public 24 24 24 24 24 Number of public MLGRD Quarterly management in sensitization on sensitization meetings held the district sustainable solid on sustainable solid waste waste management management Engage investment 2 1 1 Number of franchise MLGRD Quarterly solid waste companies engaged in management by solid waste management franchise companies equipment Engage Enter into planning 1 1 Number of planning MLGRD Quarterly Traditional agreements with BRE agreements with BRE authority in Extension of township 2 MLGRD Quarterly acquisition of boundary Hectarage of township land land extended Enhance fire Procurement of fire 2 Number of fire equipment MLGRD Quarterly and other equipment procured municipal Procurement of earth 2 MLGRD Quarterly services moving equipment Number of earth moving equipment procured 170 | P a g e Goal Improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Objective To improve municipal service delivery by the local authority in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Automation of 1 MLGRD Quarterly Number of revenue revenue collection streams automated system Operationalization of 1 Proportion of valuation roll MLGRD Quarterly the valuation roll operationalized Installation of check 2 Number of check points MLGRD Quarterly points installation Procurement of utility 1 MLGRD Quarterly Number of utility vehicles vehicle for revenue procured Enhance collection revenue Capacity building on 24 24 24 24 24 Number of capacity MLGRD Quarterly collection by revenue collection building meetings on Local authority revenue collection held Expansion of the 1 1 1 Proportion of the Council MLGRD Quarterly Council Lodge Lodged expanded Completion of Bar and 1 Proportion of Bar and MLGRD Quarterly Restaurant Restaurant completed Construction of a 1 Proportion of a conference MLGRD Quarterly conference facility facility constructed Completion of Fish 1 Proportion of Fish Market MLGRD Quarterly Market Shelter Shelter completed Construction of a Bus 1 Proportion of Bus Station MLGRD Quarterly Station Constructed 171 | P a g e

5.12.5. Community Development and Social Welfare Sector Goal Reduce levels of Poverty to 60% by 2034 Objective To reduce levels of Poverty to 60% by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Year Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 5 Information Increase on Sensitization on 3 3 3 3 3 MCDSS/MLG Bi-annual Education Public Welfare Number of community RD Support Assistance members sensitized Programs Scheme Bursary Schemes 4 4 4 4 4 Number Learners on MCDSS/MLG bursary Scheme RD Promote Girl education 4 4 4 4 4 MCDSS/MLG Quarterly Empowerment and Women RD Number of Women Programs empowerment and girls empowered and Livelihood (GEWEL) Social cash 6 6 6 6 6 Number of MCDSS/MLG 4th Quarter Transfer beneficiaries on social RD only cash program Village Banking 4 4 4 4 4 Number of Village bank groups Increase food Food Security 4 4 4 4 4 Number of MCDSS/MLG Quarterly security Pack Programme beneficiaries on the RD Programs program 172 | P a g e

5.12.6. Fisheries and Livestock Sector Goal Objective Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Increase the Construction of 3 3 3 2 1 Number of livestock MFL/MLGRD Quarterly number of Livestock service service centres Livestock & centres constructed Fisheries Construction of 1 0 0 0 0 Proportion of fisheries MLF/MLGRD Quarterly facilities fisheries hatchery hatchery constructed Rehabilitation of 1 Proportion of office MLF/MLGRD Quarterly office block block rehabilitated Construction of 3 3 2 2 2 Number of camp MLF/MLGRD Quarterly camp offices offices constructed Affordable Support towards 40 40 40 40 40 Number of farmers MLF/MLGRD Quarterly initial setting up supported investment aquaculture facilities costs for aquaculture Increase Construction of staff 3 3 3 2 2 Number of staff MLF/MLGRD Quarterly Fisheries & housing units houses constructed Livestock staffing levels 173 | P a g e

5.12.7. Tourism Sector Health Services Sector Goal Promote sustainable tourism, and culture preservation for socio-economic development in the district by 2034 Objective To increase tourism arrivals in the Liuwa Ecosystem by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Promote legal Provide alternative 10 10 10 10 Numbers of DNPW/MFL/M Quarterly off take of sources of livelihood to 10 sustainable projects LGRD wildlife the local communities implemented Improve Construction of luxury 0 Number luxury safari MoT/MLGRD Quarterly 1 1 0 1 tourism safari lodges lodges constructed infrastructure Maintenance of existing 1 1 1 Number of campsites MoT Quarterly 1 1 campsites maintained Construction of roads 0 0 0 Number of Km of the RDA/MoT/ Quarterly 1 0 road constructed MLGRD Construction of 0 0 0 0 Number of Mot Quarterly information 1 information centres Centres constructed Establishment of 1 1 Number of cultural MoT/BRE/ Quarterly 1 cultural villages villages established MLGRD 174 | P a g e

5.12.8. Safety, Law and Order Sector Health Services Sector Goal To Provide timely Justice, promotion, protection, and respect of human rights Objective To reduce level levels by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Strengthen the Construction of Police 5 5 5 5 4 Number of police posts MLGRD/ZPS Quarterly criminal and Posts constructed justice system Construction Housing 18 18 18 18 18 Number of houses MLGRD/ZPS Quarterly and enhance units for Zambia Police constructed rule of law Service Rehabilitation and 1 Proportion of police MLGRD/ZPS Quarterly expansion of the Main station rehabilitated and Zambia Police Station expanded Procurement of a speed 1 Number of speed boats MLGRD/ZPS Quarterly boat for Zambia Police procured Procurement of Utility 2 2 Number of utility MLGRD/ZPS Quarterly Vehicles vehicles procured Construction and 01 05 02 01 01 Court Room Built Judiciary Quarterly Rehabilitation of Permanent Court Buildings Construction of 00 02 03 03 02 Staff Houses Built Judiciary Quarterly Permanent Staff Houses 175 | P a g e Goal To Provide timely Justice, promotion, protection, and respect of human rights Objective To reduce level levels by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Construction of Water 00 05 02 01 01 Facilities Built Judiciary Quarterly and Sanitary Facilities Construction of 1 1 Proportion of ZCS/MLGRD Monthly dormitory cells dormitory cells constructed Rehabilitation of 1 Proportion of ZCS/MLGRD Monthly sanitation facility sanitation facility rehabilitated Construction of a clinic 1 Proportion of clinic ZCS/MLGRD Monthly constructed Construction of a 1 Proportion of ZCS/MLGRD Monthly workshop workshop constructed Construction of 1x2 1 Proportion of poultry ZCS/MLGRD Monthly classroom block construction Construction of a fish 1 Proportion of fish ZCS/MLGRD Monthly pond at the Correction pond constructed centre Construction of a 1 Proportion of poultry ZCS/MLGRD Monthly Poultry constructed Empowerment of ex- 50 50 50 50 50 Number of inmates ZCS/MLGRD Quarterly inmates under extension empowered services 176 | P a g e

5.12.9. Forest and Environment Sector Goal To Manage, Protect and conserve forest in order to ensure sustainable utilization and management of natural resources Objective To reduce levels of Forest Degradation in the District by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Promote Recruitment of 3 3 3 3 3 Numbers of extension MGEE Quarterly Sustainable Forest extension forest officer recruited Management and officers Protection in the Procurement of 1 1 Number of vehicles MGEE Annually District by 2034 Vehicles procured Forest Boundary 30Km 30Km 30Km 30Km 30Km Number of Kilometres MGEE Quarterly Maintenance cleared Scaling up Formation community 1 1 1 1 1 Number of CFMGs MGEE/DNP Quarterly community forest management formed W participation in groups (CFMGs) forest management Promotion of Annual 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 Number of Hectares MGEE 4th Quarter in the district by Tree planting planted 2034 Promote Provision of alternative 4 4 4 4 4 Number of wards REA/ZESCO/ Quarterly sustainable harvest sources of energy such provided with MGEE/MLG of forest products as Bio gas, solar, gas alternative sources of RD/DNPW/P stoves, Rural energy such as Bio PP Electrification gas, solar, gas stoves, Rural Electrification Sustainable income 4 4 4 4 4 Number of Sustainable MGEE/MLG Quarterly generating projects income generating RD projects 177 | P a g e

5.12.10. Agriculture Sector Goal Increased Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Objective To Increase Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Enhance Construction of camp 2 2 2 2 Number of camp extension houses houses constructed MOA Quarterly service delivery Rehabilitation of camp 2 2 2 2 Number of camp houses houses rehabilitated MOA Quarterly Procurement of 2 3 2 2 1 Number of motorcycles motorcycles procured MOA Quarterly Strengthen Train farmers in climate 1,900 2,500 3,500 4,500 6,000 Number of farmers climate change smart agriculture trained in climate MOA Quarterly adaptation smart agriculture Promote Climate Smart 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 Hectares of land Agriculture under Climate Smart MOA Quarterly Agriculture Promote Conservation 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 Area under Agriculture conservation MOA Quarterly agriculture Increase number of 40 60 80 50 55 Number of farmer field Farmer Field Schools with schools established MOA Quarterly farmers adopting climate smart technologies and practices. Promote Irrigation 16 3 4 3 4 Number schemes Irrigation Development established MOA Quarterly Irrigation development 80 100 100 100 100 Hectares under irrigation MOA Quarterly 178 | P a g e Goal Increased Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Objective To Increase Production and Productivity in the district by 2034 Strategies Programme Target Target Target Target Target Indicator Source of Frequency Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Information Enhance access Agribusiness and 100 200 250 200 200 200 to agricultural development MOA Quarterly finance 179 | P a g e 6. CONCLUSION The 2024-2034 Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Kalabo District stands as a comprehensive roadmap towards sustainable development and improved quality of life for all residents. The plan was developed through an inclusive and participatory approach, ensuring that all stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, and the private sector, had an input in shaping the district’s future. This collective effort has ensured that the IDP reflects the genuine needs and aspirations of the people of Kalabo. The plan offers a holistic framework that will guide budget allocations, resource mobilization, project implementation and effective project monitoring and evaluation across all sectors in the district. The Kalabo IDP is not just a planning document; it is a tool for action. It will serve as a pivotal guide for sector budgets, helping to allocate resources where they are most needed while promoting transparency and accountability. Furthermore, the plan’s structure will allow for ongoing assessment of progress, enabling adjustments as needed to ensure that development objectives remain aligned with community needs over the next decade. The programs and projects to be implemented have been clearly outlined in the spatial development framework, capital investment, development frameworks, and the integrated implementation plan. The district will adopt a decentralized, participatory, consultative and inclusive approach in its implementation of programs and projects towards attaining sustainable socio-economic development by 2034. The developmental objectives, priorities, and strategies outlined in this plan demonstrate Kalabo District’s commitment to enhancing the well-being and prosperity of its residents. The IDP reflects a clear vision for a better future, with goals that are aimed at poverty reduction and fostering economic growth. These objectives will be realized through project-oriented programs implemented across all wards, constituencies, and chiefdoms. Ultimately, the 2024-2034 Kalabo IDP is a testament to the district’s commitment to inclusive, participatory, and sustainable development. It represents a collective vision for growth and progress, one that will be spearheaded by the government in collaboration with co-operating partners, the private sector, and other key stakeholders. The people of Kalabo can look forward to a decade of transformative development, as this plan sets the foundation for improved living conditions, economic opportunities, and overall well-being for all. 180 | P a g e REFERENCES 1. African Parks Zambia (2018). Land use Plan: Liuwa Plain National Park. Advance Africa Management Services. Zambia. 2. Central Statistics Office. (2012). 2010 Census of population and housing, Volume 11: National Descriptive Tables. Central Statistics Office, Lusaka. 3. GRZ,2018. Liuwa Plain National Park General Management Plan, Lusaka,Zambia 4. Zambia Wildlife Act No 14 of 2015. Lusaka: GRZ government printers 5. Eighth National Development Plan 2022 6. The Judiciary of Zambia annual report 2018 7. The children code Act no 12 of 2022 8. Charity Operature V. Winfridah Mulambiwa.2004 9. Ministrty of Fisheries and Livestock strategic plan (2022-2026) 10. Liuwa Plains: potential for Aquaculture projects, Nicholus P.E James,2018 11 MOH ,2017 Zambia National Health Policy. Ministry of Health,2017 12. GRZ,2015 Government of The Republic of Zambia, The Forest Act2015 13. MWED,2010 Zambia National Water Policy, Ministry of Energy and Water Development 2010 14. MOA ,2015 Zambia National Agriculture Policy, Ministry of Agriculture,2015 15. GRZ ,2006 Government of the Republic of Zambia. The vision 2030 16. GRZ, 2011Government of the Republic of Zambia, Environment Management Act 17. Seventh National Development Plan2017-2021 Ministry of National Development Planning,2017 18. The 2017/2018 Livestock and Aquaculture Census, Main Report ,ZAMSTAT and Ministry of Fisheries and livestock 181 | P a g e