National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP) 2019-2024

1. Foundations,

2. Prioritization and Decision-making and

3. Management Actions. The three thematic areas set the basis for the development of strategies and objectives, and were further conceptualized into specific actions. A monitoring matrix was determined to guide the implementation and monitoring of action over the next five years. The Action Plan therefore highlights the need to;

1. Strengthen the frameworks for coordi- n a t i o n a n d c o l l a b o ra t i o n a m o n g s t t h e respective agencies and organizations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -

2. I m p ro v e a n d s t re n g t h e n t h e t e c h n i c a l The development of the capability of agencies to assess and under- take relevant actions to address invasive NISSAP 2019-204 would species not have been possible

3. Improve baseline and collection of infor- without the support and mation for decision-making, and

4. Implement management actions on the assistance provided by vari- border control, eradication of priority ous stakeholders such as the species and controlling of prevalent spe- MAF, MNRE, SCS, etc. cies that constrain Samoa’s economy and natural environment. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 7 GLOSSARY Biocontrol or biological control: is a method Biosafety: The policies and actions taken to of reducing or eliminating the impact or dam- manage risks from the intentional introduction age caused by a target pest or weed using a of new organisms, including genetically modi- bio-control agent, usually a predator, herbi- fied organisms, which could adversely affect vore or pathogen. biodiversity, people or the environment. Biological Diversity (Biodiversity): The varia- Biosecurity: The protection of people and bility among living organisms from all sources natural resources, including biodiversity, from including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and unwanted organisms capable of causing harm. other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes Border Control: The policies and actions taken diversity within species, between species to prevent the accidental or illegal introduc- and of ecosystems (Convention on Biological tion of unwanted organisms across national Diversity). Components include: borders. Border control includes re-import pest control, certification, inspection and sur- • Ecological (ecosystem) Diversity: The vari- veillance, and emergency responses. ety of ecosystem types (for example, forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes, Conservation: The prevention and protec- wetlands and oceans) and their biologi- tion of natural and historic resources for the cal communities that interact with one purpose of maintaining their intrinsic val- another and their non-living environments. u e s , p ro v i d i n g f o r t h e i r a p p re c i a t i o n a n d • Genetic Diversity: The variability in the recreational enjoyment by the public, and safe- genetic makeup among individuals within guarding the options of future generations. a single species. In more technical terms, it is the genetic differences among popula- tions of a single species and those among Control: Suppression, containment of an inva- individuals within a population. sive species from an area. • Species Diversity: The variety of species – whether wild or domesticated – within Eradication: Elimination of an entire popula- a geographical area. A species is a group tion of alien invasive species from an area, of organisms which have evolved distinct inheritable features and occupy a unique geographic area. Species are usually unable Introduced species: Plants, animals and other to interbreed naturally with other species organisms taken beyond their natural range by due to such factors as genetic divergence, people, deliberately or unintentionally. different behavior and biological needs, and separate geographic location. 8 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Native Invasive Species: N a t i v e I n v a s i v e Species are those that proliferate and become destructive following environmen- tal changes caused by human activities or natural events. Native Species: A plant or animal species that occurs naturally in Samoa. A synonym is “indigenous” Protected Area: A geographically defined area that is protected primarily for nature conservation purposes or to maintain bio - d i v e rs i t y v a l u e s , u s i n g a n y o f a ra n g e o f l e g a l m e c h a n i s m s t h a t p ro v i d e l o n g t e rm s e c u r i t y o f e i t h e r t e n u re o r l a n d u s e p u r - pose. It may be either publicly or privately owned. Species: A group of organisms, sharing com- mon features (similar phenotype) and being isolated from other groups in terms of reproduction. Surveillance: An official process which col- lects and records data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 9 ACRONYMS ABT .......................................................................................... Aichi Biodiversity Target APHD.. ........................................................... Animal Protection and Health Division CBD. . ..................................................................... Convention on Biological Diversity DEC......................................................... Division of Environment and Conservation GEF........................................................................................... Global Environment Fund GMO...........................................................................Genetically Modified Organisms IAS.................................................................................................. Invasive Alien Species IPC.................................................................................................... Invasive Pest Control ISU.................................................................................................... Invasive Species Unit LFA ................................................................................................................ Little Fire Ant MAF. . ...................................................................Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MNRE. . ........................................... Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MWCSD......................Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development NBSAP............................................ National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NESP........................................................................ National Environment Sector Plan NISAP...............................................................National Invasive Species Action Plan NISSAP................................... National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan NUS................................................................................... National University of Samoa PIP........................................................................................ Pacific Invasive Partnership PRISMSS ..........Pacific Regional Invasive Species Management Support Service SDS................................................................ Strategy for the Development of Samoa SISERP.. ......................................Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response Plan SMSMCL.........Strengthening Multi Sectoral Management of Critical Landscape SNITT....................................................................Samoa National Invasive Task Team SPREP.. .......................... Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program SROS........................................................ Scientific Research Organisation of Samoa UNDP. . ....................................................... United Nations Development Programme USP................................................................................. University of the South Pacific WRD........................................................................................Water Resources Division 10 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 11

1. INTRODUCTION I n this evolving world and its invasive species, the CBD COP c h a n g i n g e n v i ro n m e n t , t h e Decisions: UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20: ecological balance becomes resolute “the need to strengthen even more fragile when new national capacities and interna- species are introduced into tional collaboration through the d i f f e re n t e n v i ro n m e n t s t h ro u g h development of (a) National inva- h u m a n i n t e r v e n t i o n s o r n a t u ra l sive alien species strategies and e v e n t s , o f t e n re s u l t i n g i n s o m e action plans” positive changes, but in some instances, the new species become In setting the targets for the invasive impacting negatively on implementation of the CBD, the the environment. The presence of Aichi Biodiversity Target concern- invasive alien plants significantly ing invasive species management threatens the structure, function has been adopted and blended in and productivity of natural ecosys- the Samoa NBSAP Target 9 which tems, and are generally associated states “By 2020, invasive alien with declines in diversity and fit- species and pathways are iden- ness of resident biota To prevent tified and prioritized, priority and minimize the negative impacts species are controlled or eradi- of invasive species, countries must cated, and measures are in place to plan actions to address them, which manage pathways to prevent their for Samoa, is the essence for devel- introduction and establishment”. oping the Samoa NISSAP. F u n d i n g f o r t h e p re p a ra t i o n o f The Samoa NISSAP is part of the NISSAP was made possible Samoa’s national commitment and t h ro u g h t h e G E F- U N D P f u n d e d obligation to the implementation project for Strengthening Multi- of the Convention on Biological Sectoral Management of Critical Diversity (CBD) Article 8/h that Landscape (SMSMCL). s t a t e s : “ E a c h c o n t ra c t i n g P a rt y shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: Prevent the introduc- tion of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten eco- systems, habitats, or species.” In efforts to provide guidance for t h e P a rt i e s o n a d d re s s i n g a l i e n 12 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY e --l .I -- ~ l•: -t-:l ',~ - ·= ·:(c~ ~ • ~,~~ _7..,~,, ._ . .. ':j I INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 13

2. INVASIVE SPECIES 2.1. WHAT ARE 2.2. INVASION INVASIVE PATHWAYS SPECIES I nvasive species are species New species may enter Samoa i n t ro d u c e d i n t o a n a re a i n through different types of ‘inva- which they do not occur nat- sion pathway’. Natural pathways urally, usually as a result of include wind, ocean currents human activities, and which and using of morphological (e.g. t h re a t e n e n v i ro n m e n t a l o r e c o - flight) or behavioural (e.g. popula- nomic resources, or human health, tion budding by some ant species) due to the damage they cause, or are dispersal mechanisms. However, likely to cause. with increasing global mobilisa- tion and trade, humans are now believed to be the key vector for Invasive species addressed in this new invasions. action plan include plants, ani- mals, diseases and parasites within marine (including ballast water and There are two major categories of sessile species), freshwater and ter- human-related pathways; restrial environments. Accidental introductions – spe- Native Invasive Species are those cies introduced unintentionally, that proliferate and become such as in ships ballast water, or d e s t ru c t i v e f o l l o w i n g e n v i ro n - their hulls, on people’s clothing mental changes caused by human and luggage, or as contaminants activities or natural events. on equipment and in imports. For example, the giant African snail arrived in Samoa via ship cargo and Genetically Modified Organisms has since spread across both Upolu (GMO’s) are identified as poten- and Savaii. The pathways that have tial invasive species in the NBSAP, the greatest potential for acciden- however they are not addressed tal introductions to Samoa are the in this action plan. They will be sea and air links. addressed when new information comes in. 14 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Intentional introductions – species introduced thought to be found. Since the prospect of early deliberately for the purpose of agriculture, eradication or at least containment of the inva- fisheries and forestry production, or as gar- sive species is much cheaper than later control or den plants, pets, or biological controls. For eradication once the species has spread widely, example, the common myna bird, Acridotheres investment in early detection is essential.. tristis, was introduced to control ticks on cat- tle and is now itself an invasive species. When prevention has failed, the next preferred management option is eradication. However, a very careful assessment of the costs and like- lihood of success must be made and enough 2.3. INVASIVE SPECIES resources mobilised before eradication is attempted. Eradication often requires very MANAGEMENT significant resources and the employment of many different methods at once but is pre- ferred over control as costs are not ongoing after eradication is completed. Eradication has most successfully been applied to vertebrate pests (such as rats, pigs and goats), rather than Invasive species management in the holistic plants or invertebrates which tend to be very sense is a complement of various methods hard to eradicate, except in relatively small and/or techniques which are aimed at the areas. prevention/exclusion; containment; control/ suppression; mitigation; and removal/eradica- tion of a target species from a designated area. The final step in the sequence of management Each technique and or method used achieves options is the control of invasive species when a different level of impact reduction and eradication is not feasible. The purpose of requires various degrees of skill, technology, control is to reduce the density and abundance resources (both human and capital) and com- of invasive organisms to below an acceptable mitment and is specific to each target species threshold. Over the long run control can be and prevailing environmental circumstances. very costly because by its nature it must be continued indefinitely unless populations of the pest are reduced to a level where eradica- There are four basic management strategies to tion becomes feasible. deal with problematic invasive species: Invasive species control uses many of the same 1. prevention; techniques as eradication such as mechanical 2. early detection; (e.g. pulling weeds), chemical (e.g. using toxic 3. eradication and/or baits against vertebrates or poisons against 4. control. plants), habitat management (e.g. sanitation, habitat removal, barriers, grazing, flooding and prescribed burning) and prescribed hunting of Prevention of introductions is the most ideal invasive vertebrates. Biological control can be and cost-effective option as “prevention is another very cost-effective measure but care- better than cure”. There are three major meth- ful assessment of the environmental impacts ods by which to prevent species invasions: of bio-control agents is necessary before introduction. With eradication, the integra- tion of several control methods often provides a. interception based on regulations enforced the most effective management strategy. with inspections and fees; b. treatment of material suspected to be con- taminated with invasive species and c. prohibition of certain commodities in accordance with international regulations. Early detection of potential invaders is usually critical in determining whether eradication is feasible. Early detection involves surveys of the species of concern or a site where the species is INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 15

3. INVASIVE SPECIES IN SAMOA 3.1. SAMOA’S FLORA AND FAUNA S a m o a ’ s n a t u ra l e n v i ro n - Other species were introduced through ment has been exposed human-made pathways initially by the t o i n t ro d u c t i o n o f n e w Samoans, and later by the spread of species from the very global migration and now trade. As beginning of its exist- noted in Table 1: there has been many ence. All of what now constitutes introduced species into Samoa, some native flora and fauna were once of these have not caused many prob- introduced through natural path- lems within the natural environment ways. Some of the species had since while others have become invasive. evolved into endemic ones found Additionally, some of the native spe- only in Samoa while others had co- cies due to changes in the environment existed into a natural equilibrium. have become invasive. Table 1:Samoa’s Flora and Fauna Percent of Introduced Percent of Native Life Form Native Species all Species Species Species Threatened Introduced Flowering Plants 540 ~500 48% ~25% Land Birds 33 4 11% 42% Land Mammals 3 13 81% 67% Ants 30 7 19% ? Reptiles 4 11 73% 100% Land Snails 64 14 18% 20%? Source: /James Atherton 2008 16 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES 3.2. INVASIVE SPECIES Intentional Introductions IMPACTS IN SAMOA • Albizia chinensis (tamaligi uliuli, tama- ligi ena‘ena Chinese Albizia, silk tree) Falcateria moluccana (tamaligi paepae, M o l u c c c a A l b i z i a ) w e re i n t ro d u c e d a s The impacts of invasive species have been nitrogen-fixing trees around (what year). extensive and costly financially, ecologically These species are widespread and have and culturally. Impacts range from adversely now for the most part, dominated forests affecting the productivity and subsequent ecosystems, especially in the uplands. The economic output of primary industry such as species is known to have a wide crown agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as well as cover range, that drives native species threatening the integrity and biodiversity of decline due to their high natural ecosystems, including vital ecosystem processes. • Two rubber trees, Castilla elastica (pulu mamoe, Panama rubber tree) and Funtumia Some examples of the invasive species and elastica (pulu vao, African rubber tree), their impact on Samoa were introduced as trials for a commercial rubber industry sometimes between 1920 NATIVE INVASIVE SPECIES: and 1930. The trees are native to South America, and Africa respectively. This is now so common throughout the country • Merremia peltata (fue lautetele) Although especially along the watershed and moun- a native species, this vine has spread and tain ridges and in close forest areas. b e c o m e a b u n d a n t a n d p ro b l e m a t i c i n many areas due to forest disturbance. A • Cordia alliodora (kotia, Ecuador laurel, notoriously aggressive vine species is salmwood) was introduced to Samoa as widespread and causing significant dam- a forestry tree. It is spreading where it age around Samoa. Perhaps 50% of the is present in Samoa and will, over time, remaining lowland native forest is now undoubtedly become a major component dominated by Merremia vines. Although of Samoa’s forests. This species was found the economic costs have not been quanti- to be common along south Savaii in the fied, the impacts of the vine via the rapid Salega district compared to other parts of colonisation of disturbed sites, inhibiting the country. The most common action is the growth of crops and the regeneration to cut them down during replanting with of native vegetation (including secondary native vegetation or when clearing for forest growth) following forestry opera- plantations. tions and other disturbance events, is clearly visible and affecting the natural regeneration of forests. • Myna species (Acridotheres tristis, A. fus- cus) introduced as a biological control for cattle lice has become a pest not only for • Crown of Thorns Alamea. A marine inva- native birds but also in open areas and sive during outbreaks usually associated human settlements. with varying environmental conditions • Capra hircus ( F e ra l g o a t ) s o m e o f t h e goats that escape for the farms in Savaii have made it into the forest and can cause extensive impact to the forest INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 17 3.3. HIGH RISK INVASIVE SPECIES Accidental introductions The potential of new and emerging invasive species loom over Samoa with the frequent movement of people and cargoes between • Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) countries is of major concerns. High risk spe- is common as an ornamental tree. Large cies like reptiles, amphibians, mammals and trees do not stand up well to wind. This birds will potentially and continue to have was common throughout the country and serious impacts on Samoa’s agricultural pro- mostly around open areas. The main eradi- duction, the environment, and hinder the cation action is to cut the trees where they long-term sustainability of rural communities. are found. The main threats for invasive species being accidentally introduced into Samoa comes • Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) from neighbouring countries like American a notorious invasive species is now preva- Samoa, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, lent in Samoa. and Tokelau. It can be via air and sea ports. More recently, the increasing importation of cars that arrive from Asian ports is only an • Taro leaf b l i g h t n o t o n l y d e v a s t a t e d indicative of how Samoa is open to global Samoa’s staple food source, but also deci- t ra d e , t h u s b e c o m i n g v u l n e ra b l e t o m o re mated farmers’ incomes from local and accidental and to some extent, intentional o v e rs e a s m a r k e t s . Ta ro p ro d u c t i o n i n introductions. Samoa dropped by over 95% (Chan, 1995), and the export value fell from $US 3.2 mil- lion in 1993 to only $US 53,000 one year With the presence of the Little Fire Ant (LFA) later (IPGRI, 2002). being confirmed in American Samoa, their introduction to Samoa’s borders is very plau- sible. Samoa has already received high risk • Rattus Rattus ( I s u m u ) i n t ro d u c e d d u r - species such as the cane toad and mongoose ing the time of the Polynesian migration in the past through the border. Cooperation and the other varieties most likely were and coordination on the borders of entry introduced during the early European set- therefore becomes more critical than ever to tlements. Rats are a pest and along with avoid any new and emerging high risk species cats can be attributed to the possible from entering the country. This biosecurity extinction of the Punae, the only known concern forms the basis for the NISSAP, and bird extinction in Samoa. m o re p a rt i c u l a r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e Samoa Invasive Species Emergency Response • Achatina fulica African snail. A recent acci- Plan (SISERP), however, the implementation dental introduction but has spread widely of planned actions has not been up to the task around the country despite several eradi- due to various constraining issues related to cation and control programs in the late poor access to scientific data and information, 1990’s lack of financial and human resources including insufficient capacity, poor enforcement and compliance and lack of coordination between • Hyptis pectinata (vao mini, mint weed) was relevant ministries, institutions, organisa- accidentally introduced in the 1990’s most tions, and communities at the national level. possibly as part of the cattle shipment but has since spread around the country despite eradication work coordinated by The NISSAP, and associated response plans such the MAF. as SISERP as implemented strengthens the coor- dination, collaboration amongst the respective management agencies as well as having the techni- cal capacity in-country to address any threats, and more importantly, having the necessary financial and technical resources to protect Samoa’s borders. 18 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 19

4. REVIEW OF INVASIVE SPECIES WORK IN SAMOA M uch of the work in Fortunately, high risk pests such the past has been as the mongoose and cane toads predominantly on that found their way to Samoa pest control pro- through shipping containers were g ra m s i m p l e m e n t e d successfully eradicated through by MNRE and MAF. Notably, the a multi-sectoral collaboration by NISAP 2008-2011 was success- government agencies and com- ful in producing several outcomes munities. Table 2 below provides that have contributed to advanc- the summary of invasive spe- ing actions for the management cies management activities in the of invasive species. These include past under specific strategies and the preparation of the SISERP, the objectives. production of public awareness materials and undertaking aware- ness and eradication campaigns on priority invasive species and site- l e d p ro j e c t s . G e n e ra l l y , c o n t ro l operations were successful in terms of meeting the target thresholds, however, most of the eradication programs still require significant amounts of time and resources for their achievement. The absence of a specific unit or a fulltime staff to coordinate and facilitate admin- istrative and implementation, coupled with the lack of technical capabilities and financial resources were some of the outstanding issues recognised when reviewing the old NISAP. 20 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Table 2: Key Activities on Invasives Species Work based on the NISAP 2008.Framework Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 1: Objective: To Control and eradication programs were Manage estab- develop appro- undertaken for the following species, all lished invasive priate programs with varying degrees of success at site level species and procedures or on the national scale. to minimize the impacts of estab- Species specific lished invasive species by eradi- • Terrestrial plants: cating them where Trees: Rattan; Merremia vine; albizia practicable, or trees, 2 rubber trees, African tulip, otherwise control them. Weeds and vines: mile a minute, mint weed navua sedge, pico, milk- weed, giant sensitive weed, wild peanut, lantana, sida, blue rats-tail, Honolulu rose, knobweed, sword weed • Terrestrial animals: myna birds; rats, mongoose; Cane toad; dog; African snail Yellow crazy ant, fruit fly, rhinoceros beetle • Marine and aquatic: crown of thorns; water lettuce Area specific • Protected Areas and Reserves: Mt Vaea Reserve, Aleipata Islands, Malololelei Reserve, Biodiversity Park, • Conservation Areas; Uafato; Falealupo • Marine Protected Areas and Reserves: Aleipata and Safata MPA; Palolo Deep Marine Reserve: Traditional Fisheries Reserves; • Watershed and Forestry replanting and community forestry rehabilitation programs INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 21 Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 2: Objective: To • GEF-PAS initiatives produced factsheets, Promote public enhance the videos and awareness programs, posters support through knowledge and and several studies on targeted species awareness and understanding of • MAF has on-going pest control aware- education the Samoan com- ness programs for rhinoceros beetle, fruit munity to increase flies, and invasive weeds, levels of compli- ance and support • Samoa Conservation Society has imple- for preventing mented several invasive species programs the introduction • National Invasive Species Awareness of invasive spe- Programs targeting five (5) representa- cies that have tives from each village which includes not yet reached the village Pulenuu, village mayors, Samoa and manag- women’s committee, untitled men, and ing those already youth groups here. • National myna bird awareness programs • DEC’s on-going invasive programs within sites under its management as well as integrating invasive species in all its out- reach programs • Water lettuce community consultations • Enhancing Climate Resilience Program for Samoa integrated invasive species as an important component of its CIM Plan consultations with 36 districts in Samoa 22 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Key Strategy Objectives Actions Taken Strategy 3: Objective 1: To MAF through APHD, Crops and Fisheries do Prevent the strengthen the conduct IRA for any introduced species, with introduction of existing Import some being referred for review at SNITT such new invasive Risk Assessment as? species (IRA) procedure and associated import protocols for proposed new introductions Objective 2: SISERP 2019-2024 approved in April with To review and implementation initiated for the Little Fire enhance the Ant. Emergency Response Plan (ERP) to ensure an immediate and effective response to the detection of any potential invasive species Objective 3: Implemented by Quarantine through the Enhance the cur- Biosecurity Act 2004 rent inspection and surveillance systems and procedures for potential invasive species Strategy 4: Objective 1: To • Pacific Invasive Species Database: Foster regional foster regional and inter- and international • Pacific Invasive Partnership: national cooperation on cooperation on invasive species, invasive species to effectively • Pacific Invasive Learning Network: address the threat of potential new • Pacific Islands Invasive Species program invasions and coordinated through SPREP manage estab- lished invasive species. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 23

5. DEVELOPING OF THE NISSAP 2019-2024 The NISSAP was developed over a 9-month period from October 2018-March 2019 which included the; • Review of the NISAP 2008-2011 • Assessment of work undertaken by other stakeholders • Stocktaking and assessment of activities (1 workshop) • Strategic planning workshop (1) for the NISSAP, • Review of the NISSAP Draft (1 national workshop), and • Consultation with various stakeholders • Literature Review The NISSAP preparation coincided with the mid-term review of the NBSAP and preparation of Samoa’s 6th National Report to the CBD, so additional consultations through the participation of the consultant at the said review. 24 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 25

6. STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN T he NISSAP is not a stand-alone strategy but a part of a collec- tion of national development and environmental frameworks set out in the Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS). The SDS sets the national goals which are then incorporated and assimilated into each sector plans such as the National Environment Sector Plan (NESP), the Agriculture Sector Plan, and the Water Resources Policy, all of which include invasive species actions (Figure 1). The NISSAP is directly linked to the NBSAP for which Target 9 is specific to addressing invasive species. Figure 1: NISSAP Institutional Framework for the De elo ent of Samoa National Environment Sector Plan ational Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan IA.gricultme \Vat.er Resources Sector Plan Plan 26 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY 6.1. GOAL: To reduce the negative impacts of Invasive species on Samoa’s fragile natural heritage, communi- ties and livelihoods. The NISSAP is developed based on Target 9 of the NBSAP which states: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to man- age pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. In addressing target 9, NISSAP adopts the three Key Thematic Areas (SPREP 2009) outlined in the Guidelines for Invasive Species Management in the Pacific, which aims to; • establish a comprehensive framework for all invasive species work in the Pacific • Address action and improve implementation • Increase efficiency, increase cooperation and reduce duplication, • Guide the work of international and regional agencies, including donors • Guide the development of country programs • Guide strategic and local fundraising 6.2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES The NISSAP aims to: • Prevent the introduction and establishment of potential invasive species • Eradicate and control the spread of invasive species already present in Samoa • Strengthen the legislative framework to support invasive species work • Improve coordination and cooperation • Support regional and international engagement including donors • Improve the knowledge and understanding of key stakeholders and the wider public of inva- sive species and their impacts; INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 27 6.3. THEMATIC AREAS 6.3.1 FOUNDATIONS Having the appropriate foundation in the form of right information, technical financial resources and the legal frameworks are critical in the efforts to combatting, controlling and eradication the threat of invasive species in Samoa. Strategy 1: Generating Support Raising awareness of the impacts of invasive species to generate support for action to man- age and reduce them. Objectives: I. Compile all the national invasive species and pest management into one document/ poster for production and distribution II. Prepare and implement a nationwide inva- sive species campaign based on the poster II. Provide necessary training and qualifica- tions for ISU staff to undertaken invasive species Strategy 2: Building Capacity III. Strengthen the coordination and regular meetings of the SNITT Strengthening the institutions capacity and nec- IV. Coordinate with SPREP and PRISMSS for essary skills for the technical support required technical assistance that can be provided to manage invasive species effectively. on NISSAP actions Objectives: Strategy 3: Legislation, Policy and Protocols I. Establish and provide resources for the DEC Invasive Species Unit Institutionalization of appropriate legisla- a. Establish an Invasive Species Unit tion, policies and procedures underpinning the effective management of invasive species. b. I n c o r p o r a t e f u n d i n g c o s t s i n t o National Budget at a Senior position to head and coordinate the work of Objectives: the Invasive species unit c. Coordinate regular meetings and I. Support the finalisation of the Environment t ra i n i n g s f o r S N I T T a n d re l e v a n t Management and Conservation Bill with partners the incorporation for Invasive Species Management and establishment of SNITT d. Explore training opportunities for ISU staff and other partners II. Endorse and implement the SISERP 28 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Objectives: I. Establish the invasive species database a. Develop funding proposal for equipping the ISU including the development of an invasive spe- cies database, annual monitoring assessments, and compilation of information from various stakehold- ers regarding invasive species II. Develop and implement the invasive spe- cies monitoring program in coordination with the respective authorities addressing the various types of invasive species Strategy 5: Prioritization Establishing effective systems for assess- ing risk and prioritizing invasive species for management Objectives I. Review criteria assessing and prioritiz- ing national and local invasive species and produce a revised National Priority Invasive Species list 6.3.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION, ~-_JI PRIORITIZATION AND DECISION-MAKING Strategy 6: Research on priorities This thematic area focusses on the improving knowledge on invasive species, specifically, Understanding priority invasive, including the status and distribution each invasive species biology and impacts, and developing species, prioritize management actions and effective management techniques. monitoring programs to assess the effec- tiveness of programs as well as for detecting trends and emerging threats. Objectives: Strategy 4: Baseline & Monitoring I. Prepare comprehensive information of pri- ority invasive species including biology, impacts, locations, distribution and man- Establishing a baseline of information on the agement actions needed status and distribution of invasive species and implementing a programme for detecting II. Integrate Invasive species GIS map lay- change and emerging impacts. e rs f ro m t h e d a t a b a s e i n t o t h e S a m o a Ecosystem maps and make available for public use INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 29 6.3.3. MANAGEMENT Objectives ACTION I. Develop and implement actions for at least 5 top priority invasive species With a good understanding by all the stake- holders of invasive species and their impact a. Invasives on Native biodiversity on Samoa, and with the appropriate legisla- i. Merremia tive frameworks to support the work, coupled with the identification of where the invasive ii. Myna birds species are located and how much of an impact iii. 2 alibizia trees (tamaligi) they have, this thematic area focusses on the necessary actions that are to be taken. This can iv. 2 rubber trees (Funtumia and be best achieved when done collaboratively Castilloa elastica) between the relevant government agencies, v. Rattan technical support regional and international e x p e rt i s e a n d w i t h s u p p o rt o f t h e l o c a l b. Agriculture and livestock pests communities. i. Rhinoceros beetle ii. Mint weed; iii. Leucaena, Strategy 7: Biosecurity iv. Solanum torvum c. Marine invasive Strengthening the Risk Assessment systems i. Crown of thorns for assessing risk and prioritizing invasive species for management. d. Potential invasive i. Little Fire Ant Objectives: II. Integrate invasive species management components in other relevant environment I. Expand the Risk Assessment procedures and climate change projects for new species and genomes introduction to include environmental, social and eco- nomic impacts Strategy 9: Restoration II. Integrate the risk assessment review as an integral component of SNITT meetings Restoring native biodiversity or ensuring III. Coordinate with regional technical inva- recovery of other values, after invasive species sive species support group when reviewing management. any new species introduction Objectives Strategy 8: Management of established I. Develop and implement invasive species invasives management programs for high biodiver- sity sites Reducing or eliminating the impacts of a. National Parks and Protected Areas e s t a b l i s h e d i n v a s i v e s p e c i e s , b y e ra d i c a - tion, containment, exclusion, or population b. Conservation Areas reduction by physical, chemical or biological c. Key biodiversity Areas control. d. Watershed Areas e. Marine Reserves f. Tr a d i t i o n a l l y M a n a g e d m a r i n e reserves II. Replanting programs in forests and water- shed areas affected by invasive species 30 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY 6.4. SNITT: IMPLEMENTATION • • Chaired by MNRE CEO coordinate the implementation of the FRAMEWORK • action plan, facilitate collaboration amongst its mem- b e r a u t h o r i t i e s i n p ro v i d i n g t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e , i m p l e m e n t i n g e ra d i c a t i o n a n d control programs, coordinate import risk assessments on introduced species, emer- The NISSAP sets the framework and identi- gency response to possible infestation; fies the key initial actions that need to be and undertaken to effectively manage the threat • review and monitor on the progress of and impacts of new and existing invasive spe- implementation, cies. The actions have been prioritized, with • i n i t i a t e t h e a c t i v a t i o n o f E m e rg e n c y timeframes and identification of the lead Response Program when a potential inva- agency/group and relevant partners that will sive species is suspected or known to be be involved in implementation. present in-country It is intended that the action plan is owned and driven by the Samoan community. This is a MAF living document, to be reviewed annually and • M A F: Q u a ra n t i n e : re s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e revised every three years through a consulta- implementation of the border control and tive process and will therefore continue to biosecurity components of the NISSAP evolve over time. • MAF: Crops: responsible for Integrated Pest Control (IPC) and weed control 6.4.1. ROLES AND • MAF: Fisheries: responsible for marine invasive species within its area of work RESPONSIBILITIES • M A F: A P H D : re s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m a n - agement of invasive species impact on livestock The effective implementation of the NISSAP requires the acknowledgement of various authorities with jurisdiction and technical expertise in different areas, and as such, it is MNRE important that these groups working through • MNRE: Forestry: reforestation and control the SNITT will be able to coordinate and col- on spread of invasive trees in National laborate both in compiling the necessary Parks information and implementing the necessary • MNRE Water Resources: lead implementa- actions. tion of invasive species works in watershed area: MNRE is noted as the lead Agency coordinat- • MNRE DMO: coordinate Invasive Species ing the implementation of the NISSAP and act Emergency Response as Secretariat for the SNITT. • DEC: integrate NISSAP actions and inva- sive species activities into the work plan of the different units (marine, terrestrial, INVASIVE SPECIES UNIT (ISU): Establish an waste, protected areas and reserves) ISU within DEC to coordinate and monitor the • PUMA: integrate assessment of invasive management of invasive species in Samoa impacts in development consent applica- • Secretariat for the SNITT tion requirements • Manage the invasive species database • Environment Sector Coordination Division: • Conduct monitoring programs for existing Coordination of environmental sector invasive species programs and monitoring of all relevant • Implement management programs for pri- environmental plans ority invasive species affecting native biodiversity and ecosystems • Coordinate public awareness programs on MWCSD: Village Councils, Committees and invasive species general public: INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 31 • detect and report new invasions; SPREP: backstopping for technical review and • contribute their knowledge and skills to support to SNITT and ISU. the development and implementation of eradication and/or management programs; • initiate and facilitate the participation of villages in local management initiatives; PRISMSS: and • provide advice and in-country assistance • participation in awareness and education to foster on the ground actions in relation to invasive species. • assist in the adoption and the develop- ment of best practice and innovation • share technical information and NGO’s/Civil Society Organizations: imple- publications menting specific projects as per any funding • p ro v i d e t ra i n i n g a n d p ro j e c t p l a n n i n g they receive assistance, prior to project execution NUS/USP/SROS: conducting invasive species research and biocontrol when technical capac- ity is available Table 4 Implementation Framework Tah/e 4 /ementationFramework ilPM: technical input ISU: technical input and lead agency on invasive Quarantine: technical and lead agency fo~ species on native input and lead agency pest control biodiversity on border control t l SNITT PilP/PRISMSS MNRE: (DEC; Forestry; Water Resources: DMO) N: technical MAF: (CROPS, APHD, Quarantine; Fisheries); NGO rep: ESCD Implementation Stakeholders MNRE: DEC; Forestry; Water Resources, DMO, Land Management MAF: Quarantine; Crops; Fisheries MWCSD: Pulenuu MESC: curriculum Unit NGO's Regional NGOs and Intergovernmental organizations, Private sector 32 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 33

7. ACTION PLAN MONITORING MATRIX N BSAP Target 9 states that “By 2020, invasive alien species and path- ways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradi - cated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. As such, the NISSAP’s overarching goal is to reduce the negative impacts of Invasive species on Samoa’s fragile natural heritage, communities and livelihoods. Over $2,190,000 is initially allo- cated for the implementation of p ro g ra m s a n d a c t i v i t i e s f o r a 5 year period, with the bulk of the allocations leaning towards the Management of established inva- sive species, and restoration. Prioritized activities are mostly under thematic area A: Foundations, on the capacity building element, in which an Invasive Species Unit is to be established to provide full com- mitment to the coordination and the implementation of invasive- related activities addressed in this planning document. 34 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 35 Al. Generating Support Al.1. Raising awareness of the impacts of Al .1.1. Compile all t he national invasive species and pest into one Public Awareness materials produced on all nationa invasive species to generate support for action document/poster for production and distribution species and pests to manage and reduce them Al .1.2. Prepare and implement a nationwide invasive species Nat ional invasive species campaign implemented campaign based on the poster A2. Building Capacity A2.1. St rengthening the institutions capacity and A2.1.1. Est ablish and provide resources for the DEC Invasive Species Invasive Species Unit established and staffed, with a necessary skills for t he technical support Unit work plans approved and financed required to manage invasive species effectively. a. Establish an Invasive Species Unit b. Incorporate funding costs into National Budget at a Senior position to head and coordinate t he work of t he Invasive species un it c. Coordinate regular meetings and t rainings for SN ITT and relevant partners d. Explore t ra ining opportunities for ISU staff and other pa rtners A2 .1.2. Provide necessary training and qualifications for ISU staff to At least 1 person attained graduate level invasive sp undertake invasive species qualificat ion At least 1 t raining conducted each year to build t ed capacity on invasive species for ISU and relevant SN personnel A2 .1.3. Strengthen the coordination and regular meetings of the SNITT Reports of at least 3 SNITT meeting per year A2 .1.4. Coordinate with SPREP and PRISMSS for technical assistance Assistance identified and input provided that can be provided on NISSAP actions A3. Legislation, Policy and Protocols A3.1. Institutionalization of appropriate A3.1.1. Support the finalization of t he Environment Management and Environment Management Act passed with ~ legislation, policies and procedures Conservat ion Bill with the incorporation for Invasive Species management included in relevant sections underpinning the effective management of Management and esta blishment of SNITT invasive species A3.1.2. Endorse and implement the SISERP SISERP is approved by Cabinet THEMATIC AREA B: PROBLEM DEFINITI Bl. Baseline & Monitoring B1.1. Establishing a baseline of informat ion o n B1.1. 1. Establish t he invasive species database Invasive species database develo ped and updat ed a t he status and distribution of invasive species a. Deve lo p a fun d ing proposal for eq ui pping the ISU, including and implementing a programme for detect ing the developm ent of an invasive species dat abase, an nual change and emerging impacts m o n it oring assessm ents, and comp ilation of information fro m various stakehold ers rega rd ing invasive species B1.1. 2. Develop and implement the invasive species monitoring Annua l report on updated status of Invasive species program in coordination w ith t he respect ive authorities addressing monitoring program t he various types of invasive species B2. Prioritization B2.1. Establishing effect ive systems for assessing B2 .1.1. Review criteria assessing and prioritizing national and local Criteria for pr iority invasive species produced risk and priorit izing invasive species for invasive species and produce a revised Nat ional Priority Invasive managem ent Species list B3: Research on Priorities B3.1. Understanding priorit y invasive, including B3.1.1. Prepare comprehensive information of priority invasive Factsheets produced for all t he priority invasive spe, species biology and impact s, and developing species including biology, im pacts, locations, distribution and effect ive management techniques management actions needed B3.1.2. Int egrate Invasive species GIS map layers from t he database I. Updated Samoa Ecosystem Maps with Invasive , into the Samoa Ecosystem maps and make available for public use layer integrated 36 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY I invasive (YEAR 1-2) High Budget: $40,000 (YEAR2-4) High $150,000 nnual (YEAR 1) High $200,000 Annual budget of $40,000 to include salary and unit expenses Funding Source: Government Budgetary Allocation ecies (on-going) High inical ITT (on-going) High (on-going) Medium :i_ Species (YEAR 1) High In-kind support (YEAR 1) High N, PRIORITIZATION AND DECISION-MAKING nnually (YEAR 1) High Budget: $100,000 for t he set-up of the database with annual maintenance costs t o be integrated into ISU budgetary allocations from t he (on-going Medium (YEAR 1) High $50,000 :ies (YEARl-2) Medium $50,000 ;pecies Low $50,000 INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 37 Cl . Biosecurity Cl.1. Strengthening the Risk Assessment Cl.1.1. Expand the Risk Assessment procedures for new species and Risk Assessment review guidelines established and L systems for invasive species management genomes introduct ion to include environmental, social and economic impact s Cl.1.2. Integrate the risk assessment review as an integral component SNITT annual reports include Risk Assessment s und, of SNITT meetings during the year Cl.1.3. Coordinate wit h regional technical invasive species support Regional technical input provided based on SNITT re group when reviewing any new species introduction Implement SISERP when int roductions are knov- C2. M anagement of established invasive C2.1. Reducing o r eliminating t he impacts of C2.1.1. Develop and implement actions for at least 5 t op priority Invasive species Management programs implement, established invasive species, by eradication, invasive species least 3 of the top 5 priority invasive species containment, exclusion, or population reduction by physical, chemical or biological control. ~ on Native biodiversity Actions Plans produced for the identified priority im ~ species M~na birds 2 ~ trees (t amaliJli) Project prepared and submitted to potential donors 2 rubber trees rattan Agriculture and livestock pests Rhinoceros beetle Mint weed; Leucaena, Solan um ~ (laeiti) Marine ~ Crown of thorns Potenti aI ~ Little Fire Ant C2.1.2. Integrate invasive species management components in other ~ species work int egrated into relevant proj, relevant environment and climat e change projects C3. Rest oration C3.1. Restoring native biodiversity or ensuring C3.1.l. Develop and implement invasive species management Invasive species Management programs implement, recovery of other values, after invasive species programs for high biodiversity sites least 5 of the high biodiversit y and protected area si management. National Parks and Protected Areas Conservation Areas Key biodiversity Areas Watershed Areas Marine Reserves Tradit ionally Managed marine reserves C3.1.2. Replant ing programs in forests and watershed areas affect ed At least 50% of the forestry and watershed replantir by invasive species programs art reflect changes from recovery and res programs 38 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY ,sed (on-going) High $50,000 annual budget ,rtake (on-going) Medium ,quest (on-going) Medium Annual report reflecting any SISERP (on-going) actions ed for at High $500,000 ,asivc Medium Costs conditional on specifi c project ed in at Medium DEC, WRD, Forestry, and MAF (Fisheries) $500,000 tes integrate invasive species management into work plans for all their sites 1g Medium $300,000 toration INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 39 REFERENCES Atherton J, and Martel F, 2015, Samoa Invasive Government of Samoa 2006 and 2011.National Species Emergency Response Plan 2015-2020, Disaster Management Plan. Apia, Samoa. MNRE and MAF, Apia Samoa Government of Samoa 2007. The Samoa Atherton James, 2008, Impacts of Invasive National Avian and Pandemic Influenza Species in Samoa: World Biodiversity Day Preparedness and Response Plan. Apia, Samoa Wo r l d B i o d i v e r s i t y D a y ; C o n s e r v a t i o n International Pacific Islands, Samoa Government of Samoa 2008. National Invasive Species Action Plan. Apia, Samoa Atherton James, 2016, Mt Vaea Ecosystem Resilience and Forest Restoration Project, Green, W. (2003). Preliminary analysis of vector DEC, MNRE; Samoa routes for invasive species into Pacific island countries and territories. Prepared for SPREP Atherton, James, 2016, O le PupuPu’e National as part of the PDF-A Project – South Pacific Park Restoration Project 2016-2020, DEC; Invasive Alien Species Management: restora- MNRE, Apia Samoa tion of small island ecosystems harbouring critically endangered endemic species. CABI. 2001. Wittenberg, R., Cock, M.J.W. (eds). Invasive alien species: A toolkit of best pre- Kwan, S., Ward, J., Satoa, M., Faitua, J., Male, F. v e n t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t p ra c t i c e s . C A B (2016). Crown of thorns starfish control opera- International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xii-228. tion in Samoa 2015 - 2016. Marine Conservation Section, Division of Environment and Conservation, Apia, Samoa Conservation International, 2007, Samoa – Invasives Prioritization and Management Planning Workshop; Apia, Samoa Meyer, Jean-Yves. (2000). Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Invasive spe- Cowie, R.H. (2000). Non-indigenous land cies in the Pacific: A technical review and and freshwater molluscs in the islands of the draft regional strategy (ed. G. Sherley), p. Pacific: conservation impacts and threats. In: 85-114. South Pacific Regional Environment Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical Programme, Apia. review and regional strategy (ed. G. Sherley), p. 143-172. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia. MNRE, 2015; Samoa’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015 – 2022, MNRE; Apia Samoa 40 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY MNRE, 2016, Invasive Alien Species Species of Environmental Concern. USDA Management Plan 2016-2020; Aleipata Islands; Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research MNRE, Apia Samoa Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, 26 November 2002. Pacific Invasives Initiative (2010). Invasive Species Management in the Pacific: a review SPREP, 2000 Invasive species in the Pacific: a o f n a t i o n a l p l a n s a n d c u rre n t a c t i v i t i e s . technical review and draft regional strategy / Unpublished report for the Pacific Invasives technically edited by Greg Sherley. - Apia, Samoa Partnership. Prepared by Natasha Doherty and Souad Boudjelas. Pacific Invasives Initiative, SPREP, 2009.Guidelines for invasive species Auckland, New Zealand. 26pp management in the Pacific: A Pacific strategy for managing pests, weeds and other invasive Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2003). species / compiled by Alan Tye. - Apia, Samoa Plant Protection Service – Pest of the Month, [online] http://www.spc.org.nc/pps [Accessed SPREP, 2016; Campaign to battle invasive spe- 15 December 2003]. cies in the Pacific. Apia, Samoa. Skelton, P.A., South, R.G. and Seeto, J. (2008) Wittenberg, R. and Cock, M.J.W. (eds.) (2001). Marine Invasive Species Survey of Apia Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit of Best Harbour, Samoa: National Marine Biodiversity Prevention and Management Practices. The Conservation Project. Apia, Samoa. G l o b a l I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s P ro g ra m m e . C A B International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xvii - 228. Space, J.C. and Flynn, T. (2002). Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant GEF-PAS Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Project Reports: • E x e rc i s e I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s E m e rg e n c y • Results of Invasive Mammal Survey in the R e s p o n s e ” S i m u l a t i o n R e p o rt J u n e 2 6 Mt Vaea Reserve: April 25-28, 2016 – 2015 • Review of Information on Invasive Species • IAS Consultation in Aleipata District, and Results of IAS Survey: O le Pupu Samoa (November 2015) Pu’e National Park Restoration Project • Invasive Alien Species Survey Aleipata 2016-2020 Islands, Samoa September-December 2015 • Review of Invasive Alien Species • Invasive Species Consultation Report: Management in The Aleipata Islands, 2014 Samoa INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 41

ANNEX 1: PRIORITY INVASIVE SPECIES The NISAP 2008-2011 compiled a list of prior- regional priority invasive species list gener- ity invasive plants already present in Samoa ated through SPREP are basis of the revised based on a prioritisation workshop coordi- National Priority list used in this NISSAP. nated by MNRE and SPREP in 2007. Additional to the list of plant species, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has conducted their The priority invasive species identified own assessment for weeds and pests affect- below follows criterion developed through ing agriculture and livestock. These and the the Samoa–Invasives Prioritization and Table 4: Priority Invasive Species for Management in Samoa Life forms Samoan name Common name Manunals !illm1J_ !Pacific rat IPolyncsian rat ~hip rat Birds M!tl!uJ_: ~ommon m:i:na bird ~ungle m:i:na bird Lupe ~ !Feral pigeon Manu ~ !Red vented bulbul Terrestrial invertebrates §ID~ Giant African snail !.,Qj_ [Yellow Crazy Ant IFrnit fly Manu'ainiu: !Rhinoceros beetle Plants !9R.a, Coral bean tree tamali2i uliuli Silktree Ratana: Rattan culu mamoe Rubber tree tinamoni Cinnamon losa Honolulu Honolulu rose Leucaena la'au lau mamoe Koster 's kurse kotia Cordia tamali2i paepae Albizia ruilit vao Rubber tree vao mini, Mint weed tuise tele Navva sedge latana Lantana fua pepe fue lautetele Merremia vine fue saina Mile a minute !!Rili, Torvum weed Faacasi Africa tulip Marine Alamea; K:rown of thorns 1ilml 1ilml Aquatic !Water hyacinth 1Water lettuce Total 42 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY M a n a g e m e n t P l a n n i n g Wo r k s h o p i n 2 0 0 7 2. Current extent and invasiveness in Samoa: which are The more limited and localised the spread and the higher the potential to spread the higher the management priority 1. Current and potential impact of species 3. Difficulty of control: the easier and (economic, cultural and environmental) cheaper to control the higher the priority The higher the impact the higher the man- management agement priority Scientific name Total Rattus rattus, 3 Rattus ex11/ans, and Rattus norvef!icus Acridotheres tristis and, A 9.ridothere~ fl1s~11s 4 Co/11111ba /h:i.g_ Pvcnonotu, ~ IArhntinn f11licn 4 AnooJolep,is gracili2 es Bactrocera xanthode~. Orvc/"S rhinoceros Adenanthera t1avanina 16 Albizia chinensis Calamus WJl,_ Castilla e/astica Cinnamomum verum r/eradendrum franrans Clidemia hirta Cordia al/iodora Fa/rateria moluccana Funtumia e/astica Hvotis oectinata Kvllinoa oo/vohvlla Lantana camera Leucaena lel!£OCIJ!.Rhala Merremia ae/tata Mikania micrantha Solanum torvum Snathodea camaanulato Acanthaster !]_lanci 3 Codi11111 Arenicola; <:natovloss11111 111g,cr 9,dont11111 Pichhornia crassi2 es 2 [1JJjJJ_ stratiotes 32 INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 43

ANNEX 2: REVIEW OF THE NISAP 2008-2011 AND ASSESSMENT OF WORK UNDERTAKEN BY OTHER STAKEHOLDERS several resources were produced to assist PIC Introduction: address invasive species The following report is the review on the sta- • Regional Invasive Species Battler Resource tus of Invasive Species Work in Samoa and the Base: a searchable resource base providing NISAP 2008-2011. the latest information on invasive spe- cies issues, case studies, and introductory International and Regional Frameworks guides on common invasive species issues • Guidelines for Invasive Species Management in the Pacific: A Pacific The development of a national invasive species Strategy for managing pests, weeds and plan is part of Samoa’s national commitment other invasive species and obligation in support of the implementa- • Pacific Invasive Species Guidelines tion of the Convention on Biological Diversity Reporting Database: (CBD) Article 8/h of the) which stipulates: • P a c i f i c I n v a s i v e P a rt n e rs h i p : u m b re l l a “ E a c h c o n t ra c t i n g P a rt y s h a l l , a s f a r a s group of invasive species experts focused possible and as appropriate: Prevent the on coordinating invasive species assis- introduction of, control or eradicate those tance in the Pacific alien species which threaten ecosystems, hab- • Pacific Invasive Learning Network: peer itats, or species.” network of cross-sectoral invasive species practitioners in the Pacific COP Decisions: UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20: the need to strengthen national capacities and i n t e rn a t i o n a l c o l l a b o ra t i o n t h ro u g h t h e National Frameworks development of (a) National invasive alien species strategies and action plans Legislation: The Aichi Target made under the CBD also states that “By 2020, invasive alien species • Biosecurity Act 2005: regulates the pre- and pathways are identified and prioritized, vention or control of the introduction, p r i o r i t y s p e c i e s a re c o n t ro l l e d o r e ra d i - establishment or spread of pests and dis- cated and measures are in place to manage eases that could cause significant damage pathways to prevent their introduction and to human beings, animals, plants, other establishment.” aspects of the environment or economic activities. • Agriculture and Fisheries Ordinance 1959: At the Pacific Islands level, a Regional Invasive devise, promote, and carry out experi- Species Plan was produced with a goal to ments, researches, investigations, and assist Pacific island countries and territo- measures in relation to the health, and the ries in planning the effective management of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive species, thereby reducing the nega- diseases of stock, poultry, bees, plants, tive impacts of invasive species on their rich and trees, the management of soils, and the and fragile natural heritage, communities production and improvement of livestock, and livelihoods. Through the GEF-PAS project, 44 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY crops, and pastures and in relation to any Eradication and Pest Control programs imple- other matters affecting the operations of mented up to 2018 any of the industries which it is the func- tion of the Department to promote and Numerous invasives species management work encourage; was undertaken in the period of the NISAP • Lands Survey and Environment Act 1989: from 2008-2011 and the years 2011-2018. The regulates the conservation and sustaina- programs had varying degrees of success at ble use of natural resources and protection site or national level. Some were successful from in eliminating the invasive species at spe- • Forestry Act: have the primary control cific sites but had not been eliminated at the and management over production forests, national level. Only the mongoose and cane including: management and control over toad which were successfully eliminated when State forest lands; and regulating the pro- individuals were found on island duction, extraction, conversion, transport, sale or other disposal of forest produce from production forests in accordance Species Specific with approved forest policies and the pro- visions of this Act • Terrestrial plants: • Fisheries Management Act: to advise Trees: Rattan; Merremia vine; albizia government agencies, villages and other trees, 2 rubber trees, African tulip, communities on the management of coastal fisheries resources, aquaculture, environ- Weeds and vines: mile a minute, mint ment and the protection and conservation weed navua sedge, pico, milkweed, of the fishery resources for the present and giant sensitive weed, wild peanut, future generations of the people of Samoa; lantana, sida, blue rats-tail, Honolulu • PUMA Act: through the EIA process, assess- rose, knobweed, sword weed ment is undertaken for the introduction • Terrestrial animals and use of species not native to the devel- myna birds; opment area. rats, mongoose; Cane toad; dog; African snail Yellow crazy ant, fruit Policies and Plans fly, rhinoceros beetle • Marine and aquatic • Samoa Development Strategy 2016-2020 » » crown of thorns; water lettuce • Environment Sector Plan • Water Sector Plan • Forestry Sector Plan • Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations • NBSAP • NISAP 2008-2011 • SISERP INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 45 Area Specific • Protected Areas and Reserves: Mt Vaea Reserve, Aleipata Islands, Malololelei Reserve, Biodiversity Park, • Conservation Areas; » » Uafato; Falealupo • Marine Protected Areas and Reserves: Aleipata and Safata MPA; Palolo Deep Marine Reserve: Traditional Fisheries Reserves; Public awareness campaign and programs 1. Several awareness programs had been car- ried out during the period of 2008-2018, with most associated with the GEF-PAS p ro g ra m s c o o rd i n a t e d t h ro u g h S P R E P . GEF-PAS initiatives produced factsheets, videos and awareness programs, posters and several studies on targeted species 2. MAF has extensive programs focusing on pest control awareness programs for rhi- noceros beetle, fruit flies, and invasive weeds, 3. Samoa Conservation Society has imple- mented several invasive species programs 4. N a t i o n a l I n v a s i v e S p e c i e s Aw a re n e s s Programs targeting five (5) representa- tives from each village which includes the village Pulenuu, village mayors, women’s committee, untitled men, and youth groups 5. DEC and MAF as the main agencies imple- menting pest management and invasive species management work had integrated invasives species into all the work they carried out as part of other programs, as well as some specific programs for the myna birds 6. DEC’s on-going invasives programs within sites under its management as well as inte- grating invasive species in all its outreach programs 7. Enhancing Climate Resilience Program for Samoa integrated invasive species as an important component of its CIM Plan con- sultations with 36 districts in Samoa 46 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY REVIEW COMMENTS: The review noted that there is no specific leg- islation that regulates or provide provision for the coordination of work addressing the control and eradication of invasive species in Samoa. The Biosecurity Act is the closest Act that provides for the control of pest intro- ductions. Other Acts including the LS&E, the Forestry Act, the Fisheries Management and the Animals and Fisheries Ordinance only refer to the need for protection and conservation of the environment and human impact. The Review also found no specific Policy on tackling Invasive Species despite existing plans such as the NBSAP, NISAP and others. To ensure support and consistent implementa- tion of the proposed NISSAP, the revised EMC should ensure to include invasive species man- agement and ensure close coordination with the Biosecurity Act. Additionally, the Review noted that the implementation of the previous NISAP and other invasive species program were project oriented, in that activities were only imple- mented when there is funding available or as in the case of some specific interest on a par- ticular species. The uncoordinated implementation can be attributed to the absence of the dedicated Invasive Species Sections and a desk officer tasked full time with the implementation. The GEF-PAS which addressed and funded several of the invasive species programmes could have been integrated into the government programme to fund the position once the pro- ject was completed. Unfortunately, this did not happen, thus the work is currently coordi- nated as one of the many tasks managed by the Senior Terrestrial Biodiversity Officer. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 47 REVIEW of 2008-2011 NISAP ACTIONS Strategy 1: Manage established invasive species Objective: To develop appropriate programs and procedures to minimize the impacts of established invasive species by eradicating them where practicable, o r otherwise ma, 1.1. Identify and Prioritise specific species or key sites for management 1.1.1 Ident ify the existing invasive species in Samoa, drawing from t he Space and Flynn (2002), Skelton et. Al. (2007) and other studies, as well as further surveys, including: - freshwater survey - marine survey - terrest rial invertebrat e survey 1.1.2 Undertake a preliminary assessment of the potential environmental, economic and social impacts and values of each of these invasive species, and prioritise t he specie, ident ifying the top 10 for each species group both t errest rial and aquatic (e.g. plant, vertebrate, invertebrate, pathogens, etc.) 1.1.3 Determine and map where possible the current dist ribution, past spread, and potential future dispersal of the top 10 species in each group; 1.1.4 Record and maintain information relating t o all invasive species on a digital dat abase. 1.1.5 Assess the feasibility of and select appropriate management options for the identified key species - Where necessary, conduct feasibility or pilot studies to determine the problems and constraints (financial, technical, public awareness and support, or legislat ive) as, implementing management programs, and the capacity to overcome such constraints. 1.1.6 Identify small infestations that have t he potential to become invasive, e.g. Satellite populations of the giant African snail on Savaii, and develop and init iate eradicat i, where feasible. And w here necessary, develop and implement effective rest oration methods for affected areas. 1.2.1 Identify key areas, species, communities, crops and oth er resources which must be protected from the spread of invasive species. 1.2.2 Conduct feasibility or pilot studies to determine and test the effectiveness and maintenance of barriers and other prevent ative measures to sto p t he spread of priori! invasive species into non-infected areas; - Where practicable, use the adaptive approach t o management 1.2.3 Develop and implement effective monitoring of the spread of priority established invasive species. 1.2.4 Whe re feasible, develop and implement management programs to m inimise the impact of established infest ations of invasive species, considering community attitu, requirements, and potential risks and constraints. - Where practicable, use the adaptive approach to management 1.3 Other actions to minimise the spread of established invasive species: 1.3.1 Review legislation and recommend appropriate amendments to ensure adequate support for all management actions 1.3.2 Identify training needs, and develop and implement necessary training and capacity building programs to strengthen Samoa's capacity to research invasive species management techniques. 1.3.3 Review existing protocols to reduce the risk of native species and invasive species escaping from Samoa and invading ot her nations. 1.3.4 Review the Vailima Botanic Garden living collection and dispose of any species that have the potenti al to escape and become invasive. 1.3.5 Incorporate into EIAs an assessment of the invasive threat posed by proposed developments, and introduce mandatory operat ing procedures as a condition of approv the spread of established invasive species, e.g. Procedures for t he translocation of machinery and equipment . 1.3.6 Review plant species used for revegetation of roadsides and development projects, and restorat ion efforts in watershed and forestry areas, and develop a list of approv 1.3.7 Establish a Code of Practice for the plant nursery industry to prevent the sale or distribut ion of invasive species. STRATEGY 2: PROMOTE PUBLIC SUPPORT THROUGH AWARENESS AND EDUCATION Objective: To enhance t he knowledge and understanding of the Samoan community to increase levels of compliance and support for preventing t he introduction of invasive 2.1 Establish a Public Awareness Working Group {PAWG) t hat is responsible for developing a comprehensive awareness and understanding program that targets key stakeh 2.1.1 Undertake preliminary public awareness activities, utilising television, radio, newspapers, and also posters and fact sheets. 2.1.2 Conduct workshops of key stakeholders t o determine t he extent of t heir knowledge of invasive species and their impacts, their needs and concerns, and the existing , role of each group in protecting Samoa and its resources from invasive species. 2.1.3 Ident ify t arget groups and tailor information to meet their needs and concerns - Identify appropriate incentives for community ownership and support 2.1.4 Based on the need's assessment, produce, package and disseminate information on invasive species and their impact s, preventing new species from entering Sar management of existing invasions: - Review secondary school and university curricula and make recommenda tions; - Review existing government programs to identify opportunities to incorporat e information on invasive species, for example, extension programs for farmers and communit ie, best practice techniques in the management and/or eradication of invasive species; - Enhance awareness of relevant legislation and enforcement 48 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY OUTPUTS ACTIONS TAKEN naging them. Comprehensive list of invasive species produced ., ; accordingly, Impacts assessed and species prioritised some Past, present and potential future distribution determined Mapping for some species Database updated at least annually. No database Species and sites identified and eradication efforts initiated Rodents in Aleigata islands, M y:na birds, rattan, mint weed, taro blight, ;ociated with Battler series conducted assessment for the Pacific region 3n programs, Eradication programs commenced . No work has been done in this area Key areas identified for protection No work was done on this objective y established Priority list of species and areas for management action prepared Was done for African snail but didn't stop the spread into Savaii; some done for My:na birds; rodents on Aleigata islands Barriers and other preventat ive measures developed and tested No monitoring program undertaken jes, resource Management programs developed and implemented for at least the top 5 Some eradication program was undertaken at site level with varying priority species/ areas degrees of success. Environment Management Bill under review w ill incorporate invasive species management functions impacts and No assessment report on was produced Coordinated as part of the SPREP regional invasive species program Eradication program on going along trails al to mitigate Not done ed species. Not done Not done species that have not yet reached Samoa, and managing those already here. alders and other groups. The sub-committee should undertake the following: Awareness activities undertaken Some awareness work has been done over the years, with mostly tied to the GEF PAS. and potential Workshops undertaken Not done, although this can be regularly updated through the SNITT Workshop results analysed and presented to TSC Not done noa, and the Program commenced Not done ; to introduce INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 49 Strategy 3: Prevent the introduction of new invasive species Objective 1: To st rengthen the existing import risk assessment procedures and associated import protocols for proposed introduction 3.1.1 Establish a Prevention Working Group (PWG) to review relevant legislation and procedures, and recommend necessary amendments to ensure there is appropriat e support for the IRA process. 3.1.2 Develop and introduce EIA procedures for proposed imports of new organisms. 3.1.3 Continue to strengthen the IRA process, incorporating comprehensive assessments of environmental, social and economic costs and benefits. - Review the members[ Technical Committee (IRATC); - Review and recommend improvements to the IRA methodology and consultative process; 3.1.4 Implement necessary t raining and capacity building programs to support the IRA process. 3.1.5 Review and update the Pest List (Quarantine) and Biodiversity (DEC) databases to ensure information remains current and readily accessible. 3.1.6 Implement the regional strategies and national legislation to prevent the introduction of new marine invasive species. Objective 2: To review and enhance the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) to ensure an immediate and effective response to the detection of any potential invasive species 3.2.1 Revise the existing ERP and associated protocols to ensure that appropriate actions are initiated immediately following the detection of potential invasive species; 3.2.2 Recommend legislative amendments to ensure effect ive support for the ERP (undertake in conjunction with legislative review under Objective 1) 3.2.3 Incorporate the ERP under the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), or other appropriate legislation, to ensure adequate resources and support for the ERP. 3.2.4 Review invasive species present amongst Samoa's trading partners and ensure existing databases include essential information for an effective response, especi environmenta I and economic pests. - Assign species to very high, high, medium and low priority categories. 3.2.5 Develop specific cont ingency plans for high priority species (as identified under Objective 3); 3.2.6 Develop and test a simulated invasive species incursion. 3.2.7 Develop a comprehensive illustrated manual that covers the key invasive organisms of most concern to Samoa, based on their potential environmental, social and econc Objective 3: Enhance the current inspection and surveillance systems and procedures for potential invasive species 3.3.1 Identify all likely entry pathways and the relative risk for entry of potential high-priority invasive species 3.3.2 Assess the adequacy of current surveillance for high-risk invasive species: - Assess the effectiveness of existing early-warning traps for the fruit fly and other high-risk or recommend any appropriate changes; - Identify other high priority species for which early warning systems and other specific preventative measures would be valuable (in conjunction wit h preparation of conti under Objective 2), and identify appropriate mechanisms; - Assess the effectiveness of private and commercial transport and cargo inspections & surveillance, and recommend improvements to aerial and marine pathways - Review current reporting and coordination procedures between agencies, including points of contact, formalise protocols and recommend improvements 3.3.3 Conduct an audit of current skills and experience, identify important gaps and recommend appropriate training for border control, quarantine and general surveillance. Strategy 4: Foster regional and international cooperation on invasive species Objective 1: To foster regional and international cooperation on invasive species, to effectively, 4.1.1 Assess Samoa's participation in regional and international conventions, treaties, and non-binding resolutions, and recommend further action in relation to binding anc instruments not yet ratified or endorsed; 4.1.2 Reinforce Samoa's existing partnerships and establish new links and cooperative arrangements in relation to invasive species to maximise the sharing and exchange of research, technologies, technical capacity and other resources. MNRE 50 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY and effective Legislation reviewed and amendment proposed PWG not established but work can be incorporated into SN ITT EIA process in operat ion for proposed imports of organisms. Not done 1ip of the IRA IRATC reviewed and amendments implemented IRA standards reviewed and Not done improvements implemented Not done Training needs identified and schedule proposed Not done Databases updated and maintained to meet information needs Not done ERP revised and endorsed by key stakeholders SISERP produced Legislative amendments recommended No evidence of work although the new EMC has included DEC in its review. Some of the issues from this review can be incorporated to the EMC ERP included under the NDMP ERP incorporated to NDMP ally potential Species identified & databases updated Not done Contingency plans developed Not undertaken Simulation undertaken Completed simulation using LFA ,mic damage. Manual produced Not undertaken Entry pathways and level of risk for priority species identified SISERP ganisms, and Early warning system reviewed and changes recommended to MOA and TSC SISERP for action. Further preventative measures identified and proposed to MOA and TSC. ngency plans Effectiveness assessed and improvement s recommended to Review undertaken and protocols formalised Audit conducted and t raining program scheduled Not undertaken ,ddress the threat of pot ential new invasions and manage established invasive species. I non-binding Participation in relevant instruments reviewed and further action recommend ., ed. information, Regional collaboration on invasive species further reinforced. PILN, PIP INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 51

ANNEX 3: CRITERIA TO ASSESS THE FEASIBILITY OF LOCAL ERADICATION (ADAPTED FROM BRAYSHER & SAUNDERS, 2002) To help determine whether eradication is likely to be successful, six criteria can be applied: three are essential for the achievement of eradication and three will help managers decide whether eradication is preferable to ongoing control. Essential criteria • Invasive species can be killed at a faster • All reproductive individuals are at rate than they can replace themselves risk from the available techniques This seems obvious but it is difficult to It is not necessary to remove all individuals achieve in practice. There are two main of an invasive species at the first attempt. reasons. Firstly, many populations of inva- However, all reproductive or potentially sive species have a high natural rate of reproductive members of the invasive increase. Secondly, as the density of an species pest population must be able to invasive species declines, it takes pro- be taken by the techniques available. This gressively more time and more expense per is rarely possible in part because there is individual animal to locate and remove the only a limited armoury of techniques, and last few individuals. trap-shyness, bait-avoidance, and resist- ance to poisons, are common among pest animals. • Immigration can be prevented This criterion can be met for small islands but is very difficult to achieve over a wide area. If an invasive species can recolonise an area from nearby populations, or by escape or release from captive populations, elimination of the species will at best be temporary. Immigration to a local area may be prevented where a suitable structure and control creates a perfect barrier. 52 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY Desirable criteria • The invasive species can be mon- • Eradication programs should not have det- itored at very low densities rimental impacts on native flora and fauna If the invasive species cannot be detected Eradication programs should not be imple- at very low densities, then there is no way mented if there is potential for the direct of knowing whether all individuals have and/or indirect effects of the program on been eliminated. However, most popula- the environment to be greater than the tion assessment techniques cannot detect expected positive outcomes of removing individuals at very low densities. the invasive species. • The socio-political environ- ment supports eradication Even when all the technical problems can be met, social and political factors may pre- vent successful eradication. Community attitudes may oppose killing large num- bers of animals on moral, emotional or c u l t u ra l g ro u n d s . A l s o , e ra d i c a t i o n i s expensive. Political factors may withdraw funds from the program before eradication is achieved. INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 53

ANNEX 4: REALITY CHECK Assessing the likelihood that invasive species I s m a n a g e m e n t d e s i ra b l e ? I s t h e c o s t o f management in a defined area will be feasible, the management plan worth the expected desirable and effective in reducing impact benefits? A reality check can help determine whether For an environmental pest, the benefits may invasive species management is likely to be not be readily estimated in economic terms, feasible, desirable and effective. The fol- but for a pest whose primary impact is eco- l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e re d . nomic, such as a crop pest which does not also Consultation with individuals, agencies and significantly impact natural areas, the costs of local stakeholders with knowledge of the spe- management may be directly compared with cies and the area may identify other issues and the expected marginal gain in production. For help answer the questions. example, the most effective technique to con- trol rabbits in central Australia may be ripping rabbit warrens. However, the cost per square Is management affordable? Are sufficient kilometer to rip rabbit warrens, and long-term resources available to manage the species follow-up is estimated to be three to four effectively, both for initial costs and contin- times the gross margin per square kilometer ued management? For eradication, the total from free-range cattle production. c o s t t o e ra d i c a t i o n s h o u l d b e e s t i m a t e d , so that adequate resources can be identi- fied before even commencing an eradication attempt. For biological control, the total cost of a development, release and monitor- Is management practicable? It may be tech- ing programme may also be estimated. For nically possible to undertake management other long-term management options such action, but it may be impractical to apply it as containment and population control by on the scale necessary. For example, the tech- chemical-physical methods, annual costs for nique might work at a small experimental site, maintaining the pest population at a defined but farm management practices and other dif- level should be estimated. ficulties may make it impractical at a large scale. Consider the following: Is management environmentally acceptable? • the estimated cost of total eradication, Widespread aerial poisoning for example may including resources for essential follow-up have unacceptable impacts on non-target • the estimated cost of a biological control wildlife or domestic animals. programme, including research and devel- opment where necessary Is management politically and socially • the annual costs of a continuing manage- acceptable? Is the proposed action consist- ment programme, such as costs required ent with? to bring the pest population to a defined l e v e l o r t o p re v e n t i t f ro m s p re a d i n g beyond defined boundaries • prevailing government policy? • resources available for adequate monitor- • local community or catchment group pri- ing and evaluation. orities and issues? 54 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY The cost and impact of the proposed manage- NOTE: If the answer to any of these questions ment may have such negative consequences is no, then effective management (= reduction that action will be blocked at the political of the impact) of invasive species is unlikely level or may be unacceptable to parts of the or will be difficult. Before effective invasive community on conservation and/or animal species management can proceed, the ‘no’ welfare grounds. should be changed to a ‘yes’, for example, by gaining the support of a key blocking group through a targeted communication campaign. Does the action build on past work, and if so, how successful has that work been? Is the action an important initiative that sets the scene for subsequent actions by other key managers such as adjoining landholders? Is there: • local enthusiasm and ownership by man- agement for the proposed action on the invasive species? • commitment to long-term follow-up and maintenance? • t h e re q u i re d n e i g h b o u r c o o p e ra t i o n / support? Does the work have high demonstration value to encourage similar work in other areas? Does the work improve the awareness and understanding of the local community about the production and/or conservation values of the area? Will the work improve our understanding of the effectiveness and efficiency of invasive species management to achieve production and/or conservation outcomes? INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 55

ANNEX 5: ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Complete knowledge of the damage caused by Where practicable, the adaptive management invasive species and how to best manage them approach should underpin the development of is often not known. To deal with this uncer- the overall outcomes and objectives of man- tainty it is best to adopt an adaptive approach agement plans for managing invasive species. to management. Adaptive management addresses the need to: For most species, there is no standard method for all situations, and often there are limited • accept that knowledge of the system being resources and time to research the problem. In managed is always incomplete- not only is these cases, the best management approach is the science imperfect, but the system itself to use each invasive species management pro- is a moving target, evolving because of the gram as an ongoing experiment from which to impacts of management and the progres- learn and build on existing knowledge. This sive expansion of the scale of other human is called adaptive management or ‘learning activities; by doing’. The key is to be specific about the • develop an integrated experimental design objective of each program, to monitor pro- that allows clear separation of the effects gress and to evaluate results. In doing so it of as many changes as possible, so that a is important to realise that knowledge and sensible balance of management tools and insights can come from programs that fail to policies can be developed; and meet the desired result as well as from those • • explore imaginative ways to set priori- that succeed. Adaptive management is par- ies for investing in research, monitoring ticularly important given the wide range of and management. situations that require the management of invasive species and their impacts. Flexibility is also important, that is, recognising the dif- ferent circumstances and restrictions at each If the adaptive management approach is to site, and the need to adapt to changing circum- be used as the basis of the management plan, stances or conditions. advice should be sought from groups or indi- v i d u a l s w i t h a p p ro p r i a t e k n o w l e d g e a n d experience in its use. 56 - INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY INVASIVE SPECIES STRATEGY - 57 Government of Samoa MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Matāgaluega o Puna’oa Faalenatura ma Siosiomaga Level 3, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Telephone: (+685)67200 Please address all correspondence Efi Building (TATTE), Sogi., P.O Fax: (+685) 23176 to the Chief Executive Officer, Private Bag, Apia, SAMOA Email: info@mnre.gov.ws Private Bag, Apia, Samoa. Faamolemole faatuatusi uma mai Website: http://www.mnre.gov.ws/ Design & Photography fesootaiga uma i le Ōfisa Sili @AlvaroHoyos