Water Resources Development and Management Strategy and Action Plan for the Upper Nile

1.1 Monitoring systems and information management 21,200 69,400

1.2 Water allocation and water demand management 4,300 14,050

1.3 Water and environmental infrastructure 4,072,800 13,335,750 Water resource management and environmental 1.4 46,550 152,450 protection

1.5 Public engagement and capacity development 5,350 17,600 TOTAL 4,150,200 13,589,200 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... XII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................. XIII 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF WATER RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE UPPER NILE WMZ ............... 1

1.2 REPORT STRUCTURE.................................................................................................................................. 1 2. APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT .......... 3 3. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND POLICY CONTEXT ........................................................................................... 6

3.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA (1995) ..................................................................................... 6

3.2 NATIONAL POLICIES ................................................................................................................................ 6

3.2.1 National Water Policy (1999) ......................................................................................................... 6 3.2.2 National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995) ........................... 6

3.2.3 Uganda National Land Policy ......................................................................................................... 7

3.2.4 National Forestry Policy.................................................................................................................. 7

3.2.5 The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda ........................................................................................ 7 3.2.6 Decentralisation Policy Strategic Framework (DPSF) 2013-2023 .......................................................... 7

3.2.7 National Environmental Management Policy (1994) .......................................................................... 7

3.2.8 The Uganda Wildlife Policy (2014) ................................................................................................. 7

3.2.9 Energy Policy for Uganda (2002) .................................................................................................... 7

3.2.10 Mining Policy of Uganda (2000) .................................................................................................. 7

3.2.11 National Climate Change Policy (2012) ....................................................................................... 8

3.2.12 Other relevant policies ................................................................................................................ 8

3.3 NATIONAL LEGISLATION............................................................................................................................ 8

3.3.1 Water Act Cap 152 (1997)............................................................................................................ 8

3.3.2 National Environment Act (1995) .................................................................................................... 9

3.4 TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES .......................................................................................................................... 9 3.4.1 Legal Framework for the Sustainable Management of the Nile Waters ................................................. 9

3.4.2 Agreed Curve for the Lake Victoria Release ...................................................................................... 9

3.4.3 Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement ................................................................................. 9

3.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND OBLIGATIONS ...................................................................................... 10

3.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ......................................................................................... 10

3.5.2 Ramsar Convention (1971) ........................................................................................................... 11 3.5.3 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and related Kyoto Protocol ....................... 11

3.5.4 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).................................................................................. 11

3.5.5 UN Convention for Combating Desertification ................................................................................. 11

3.6 REGIONAL TREATIES ............................................................................................................................... 12 3.6.1 The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (1999) .............................................. 12 3.6.2 The Protocol for Sustainable Development of Lake Victoria Basin (2003) ............................................ 12

3.7 PLANS AND STRATEGIES RELEVANT TO IWRM IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................ 12 viii

3.7.1 Uganda Vision 2040 ................................................................................................................... 12

3.7.2 National Water Resources Strategy ............................................................................................... 13

3.7.3 National Development Plan II (NDP-II) ............................................................................................ 13 3.7.4 Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (2013 - 2018) ............................................ 13 3.7.5 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Water Sector (2011) .................................................... 13 3.7.6 Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan (2009) ............................................................... 14 3.7.7 National Irrigation Master Plan for Uganda (2010 – 2035) .............................................................. 14

3.7.8 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2006) .................................................................... 14

3.7.9 Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (2013-2022) ......................................................................... 14

3.7.10 The National Forest Plan (2011/12-2021/22) ............................................................................ 14

3.7.11 UWA Strategic Plan (2013-2018) .............................................................................................. 14

3.7.12 National Transport Master Plan (2008–2023) ............................................................................. 15

3.8 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP ............................................................................................................................. 15

3.8.1 National Setup ............................................................................................................................ 15

3.8.2 Regional Setup ............................................................................................................................ 17

3.8.3 Catchment Level .......................................................................................................................... 18

3.8.4 Community Level ......................................................................................................................... 18 4. STATUS OF THE UPPER NILE WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE ....................................................................... 20

4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE UPPER NILE WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE........................................................................... 20

4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT................................................................................................................... 22

4.2.1 Population .................................................................................................................................. 22

4.2.2 Water Sector Contribution to Economic Development ....................................................................... 23

4.3 WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................. 24

4.3.1 Surface Water Assessment ............................................................................................................ 24

4.3.2 Ground Water Assessment ........................................................................................................... 25

4.3.3 Water Quality ............................................................................................................................. 26

4.4 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS ....................................................................................... 28

4.4.1 Water Balance ............................................................................................................................ 29

4.4.2 Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water use 2015 ................................................................ 39 4.4.3 Scenario 2: Drought hydrological year and water use 2015 ............................................................. 39 4.4.4 Scenario 3: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2030 and Water Use 2030 .................. 40 4.4.5 Scenario 4: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2040 and Water Use 2040 .................. 41

4.5 UPPER NILE WMZ PROFILE ...................................................................................................................... 42 4.5.1 Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water use for 2015 ........................................................... 43 4.5.2 Scenario 2: Drought Hydrological Year and Water Use for 2015 ..................................................... 44 4.5.3 Scenario 3: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2030 and Water Use for 2030 ............. 44 4.5.4 Scenario 4: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2040 and Water Use for 2040 ............. 45

4.6 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ................................................................................................................ 47 5. STRATEGIC ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES.................................................................................................. 50

5.1 GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES .................................................................................................. 50

5.1.1 Institutional set-up ........................................................................................................................ 50

5.1.2 Human Resources ........................................................................................................................ 51

5.1.3 Networks, Collaboration and Coordination .................................................................................... 52

5.1.4 Planning and Decision-making ...................................................................................................... 53 ix

5.1.5 Operations and Logistics .............................................................................................................. 53

5.1.6 Financial Resources ..................................................................................................................... 53

5.1.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Systems ................................................................................................ 54

5.1.8 Enabling Policy Environment ......................................................................................................... 54

5.2 WATER FOR PEOPLE ............................................................................................................................... 55

5.2.1 Water Insecurity .......................................................................................................................... 55

5.2.2 Insufficient Water Resources Availability ......................................................................................... 56

5.2.3 Insufficient Water Storage ............................................................................................................ 56

5.2.4 Inadequate Water Supply and Irrigation Infrastructure ...................................................................... 56

5.2.5 Inadequate Water Supply Infrastructure and Services ....................................................................... 57

5.2.6 Inadequate Wastewater and Sludge Management .......................................................................... 58

5.2.7 Lack of Sewerage and WWTP (urban areas) .................................................................................. 59

5.3 WATER FOR PRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 61

5.3.1 Pollution loads ............................................................................................................................. 61

5.3.2 Risk of Contamination of Water Sources ......................................................................................... 62

5.4 WATER FOR ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 62

5.4.1 Land Degradation and Erosion ...................................................................................................... 62

5.4.2 Climate Change and Extreme Climate Events .................................................................................. 63

5.4.3 Vulnerability to Drought Risk ......................................................................................................... 64

5.4.4 Vulnerability to Flood Risk ............................................................................................................. 64

5.4.5 Pressure on Water Dependent Ecosystems ...................................................................................... 65

5.5 OVERALL MAPPING OF CRITICALITIES FOR UN WMZ ....................................................................................... 65 6. VISION, OBJECTIVES, AND ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS .................................................................................. 69

6.1 VISION AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 69 6.2 GENERIC STRATEGIC ACTIONS FOR IWRM IN THE UPPER NILE WMZ ................................................................. 69

6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES............................................................................................ 70

6.4 PRIORITISATION AND SEQUENCING OF GENERIC STRATEGIC ACTIONS ................................................................ 73 7. FRAMEWORK OF THE UPPER NILE WMZ STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN ........................................................... 76

7.1 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK OF ACTIONS ................................ 76

7.1.1 Water Governance ...................................................................................................................... 77

7.1.2 Water for People ......................................................................................................................... 87

7.1.3 Water for Production ................................................................................................................... 94

7.1.4 Water for Energy....................................................................................................................... 104

7.1.5 Water for Environment ............................................................................................................... 106

7.2 FINANCIAL NEEDS ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 113

7.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 113

7.2.2 Water Infrastructure Development ................................................................................................ 114

7.2.3 Strategic Actions for IWRM Implementation .................................................................................. 116 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 120

8.1 MAIN REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .............................................................................................................. 120

8.2 REFERENCE WEBSITES .......................................................................................................................... 120 9. ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................. 122 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Schematic outline of the strategic planning process for the Upper Nile WMZ ...................... 4 Figure 3.1 Overview of the water sector setup ................................................................................. 16 Figure 4.1 Upper Nile WMZ and three catchments of Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo ......................... 20 Figure 4.2: Map of delineated sub-catchments for Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo catchments ............ 22 Figure 4.3 BOD loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. ............. 27 Figure 4.4 Total nitrogen loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. 28 Figure 4.5 Total phosphorus loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. ................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 5.1 Organisational structure for catchment-based WRM in UNWMZ ....................................... 51 Figure 5.2: Critical issue: Water insecurity ....................................................................................... 55 Figure 5.3: Critical issue: Insufficient water resources availability ...................................................... 57 Figure 5.4: Critical issue: Insufficient water resources availability ...................................................... 58 Figure 5.5: Critical issue: Inadequate wastewater and sludge management ...................................... 59 Figure 5.6: CriticaliIssue: Lack of sewerage and wastewater treatment capacity ................................. 60 Figure 5.7: Critical issue: Lack of improved sanitation facilities ......................................................... 61 Figure 5.8: Critical issue: Anthropogenic pollution loads .................................................................. 62 Figure 5.9: Critical issue: Land degradation and erosion ................................................................. 63 Figure 5.10: Critical issue: Vulnerability to drought and extreme events ............................................ 64 Figure 5.11: Critical issue: Vulnerability to flood events .................................................................... 65 Figure 5.12: Map showingcritical issues rated Very High in the Upper Nile WMZ ............................... 66 Figure 5.13: Map showing critical issues rated High in the Upper Nile WMZ ..................................... 67 Figure 5.14: Map showing critical issues rated Low in the Upper Nile WMZ ...................................... 67 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Functions and purpose of Structural Component of WRDM Sub-Strategies .......................... 4 Table 3.1: Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 and related indicators .................................. 10 Table 3.2: Selected Vision 2040 targets related to the Water and Environment Sector ...................... 12 Table 4.1 Districts included in the study area and percentage of involved area. ............................... 21 Table 4.2: List of delimited sub-catchment for Albert Nile, Aswa and Kidepo Rivers. .......................... 21 Table 4.3: Census 2014 Final Results - Total population in Northern Districts .................................... 22 Table 4.4: District area and population within the Upper Nile WMZ ............................................... 23 Table 4.5: Sector contribution to GDP, employment and export ...................................................... 23 Table 4.6: Mean monthly flow at selected gauging stations along Albert Nile and its tributaries ......... 24 Table 4.7: Mean monthly flow at selected gauging stations along the Aswa and its tributaries ........... 25 Table 4.8: Potential for groundwater exploitation for Upper Nile WMZ sub-catchments. .................... 25 Table 4.9: Water demand in 2040 for UN WMZ sub – catchments. ............................................... 31 Table 4.10: Water resources and deficits in 2040 for UN WMZ sub – catchments. .......................... 32 Table 4.11: River flow regime within UN WMZ sub – catchments. .................................................. 33 Table 4.12: Parameters for water reconciliation in 2040 (Pager Aringa). ........................................ 34 Table 4.13: Water reconciliation for 2040 (Pager Aringa). ........................................................... 35 Table 4.14: Parameters for water reconciliation in 2040 for Upper Nile WMZ catchments. ............... 35 Table 4.15: Water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ catchments. .............................................. 35 Table 4.16: Users reconciliation in 2040 for Upper Nile WMZ catchments. .................................... 36 Table 4.17: Water reconciliation in 2040 for Albert Nile sub-catchments. ....................................... 37 Table 4.18: Water reconciliation in 2040 for Aswa and Kidepo sub-catchments. ............................. 38 Table 4.19: Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water demand 2015..................................... 39 Table 4.20: Water Balance for the mean hydrological year 2015 .................................................. 39 Table 4.21: Scenario 2: Drought hydrological year and water demand 2015.................................. 39 Table 4.22: Water Balance for the drought hydrological year 2015 ............................................... 40 Table 4.23: Scenario 3: Mean hydrological year and water demand 2030..................................... 40 Table 4.24: Water Balance for the mean hydrological year 2030 .................................................. 41 Table 4.25: Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year with climate change and water demand for 2040... 41 Table 4.26: Water Balance for the mean hydrological year with climate change 2040 ..................... 42 Table 4.27: Issues on water availability in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ............................... 42 Table 4.28: Issues on water balance in the mean year in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ .......... 43 Table 4.29: Issues on water balance in the drought year in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ...... 44 Table 4.30: Issues on water balance in 2030 in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ..................... 45 Table 4.31: Issues on water balance at 2040 in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ..................... 46 Table 4.32: Summary of Issues on water balance in the three catchments of Upper Nile WMZ. ......... 46 Table 4.33: Summary of Opportunities on water availability in the three catchments and related sub-catchments of Upper Nile WMZ ......................................................................... 47 Table 4.34: Summary of Opportunities on water availability in the three catchments of UN WMZ ...... 47 Table 4.35: Main Issues highlighted in the stakeholder consultations ............................................... 47 Table 4.36: Strategic issues related to water availability for use ..................................................... 70 Table 4.37: Strategic issues related to environment and climate vulnerability .................................... 71 Table 4.38: Strategic issues related to water governance ............................................................... 71 Table 5.1: Value of Shea nuts purchased by Guru Nanak Oil Mills, 2013-2015 .............................. 52 Table 6.1: Prioritization of Strategic Actions for Albert Nile sub-catchments ...................................... 74 Table 6.2: Prioritization of Generic Strategic Actions for Aswa and Kidepo sub-catchments ............... 75 Table 7.1: Water sector financial needs for water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ (Million USD).115 Table 7.2: Water sector financial needs for water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ (Billion UGX).116 Table 7.3: Cost estimation for each strategic objectives within the UN WMZ catchments. ................ 117 xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AQUASTAT FAO global information system on water ASR Alkali Silica Reaction ATM African Textile Mill BEL Bujagali Energy Limited BMU Beach Management Unit BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CAO Chief Administrative Officer CAS Country Assistance Strategy CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-based organization CbWAP Community-based Wetland Action Plan CbWMP Community-based Water Management Plan CEO Chief Executive Officer CFR Central Forest Reserve CIAT International Centre for Tropical Agriculture CMO Catchment Management Organization CMP Catchment Management Plan CRU Climate Research Unit DAP Di-ammonium Phosphate DCDO District Community Development Officer DDP District Development Plan DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs DEAP District Environment Action Plan DEC District Environment Committees DFO District Fisheries Officer DFR Department of Fisheries Resources DLG District Local Government DNRO District Natural Resources Officer DPO District Production Officer DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSIP Agriculture Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan DWAP District Wetland Action Plan DWD Directorate of Water Development DWD Directorate of Water Development DWO District Water Officer DWRM Directorate of Water Resources Management EAPP Eastern Africa Power Pool ECF East Cost Fever EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EM-DAT International Disaster Database EMP Environmental Management Plan ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FIE & FOC Farm Income Enhancement and Forestry Conservation Project FMD Foot and mouth disease FS Faecal Sludge xiii FSM Faecal Sludge Management GDP Gross Domestic Product GETFIT Global Energy Transfer Feeding Tariffs GFS Gravity Flow Scheme GIS Geographical Information System GIZ German International Cooperation GoU Government of Uganda GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Ha Hectare HPP Hydro-Power Plant IBA Important Bird Area ICCM International Conference on Chemicals Management IDA International Development Association IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producers ISFG Integrated Support to Farmers' Groups IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Km Kilometre LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate LFR Local Forest Reserve LTU Livestock Tropical Unit MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MERECP Mount Elgon Regional Ecosystem Conservation Programme MES Ministry of Education and Sports MGLSD Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development MLG Ministry of Local Government MLHUD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development MOH Ministry of Health MSIOA Multi-Sectoral Investment Opportunity Assessment MTI Ministry of Tourism and Industry MWE Ministry of Water and Environment NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NARO National Agricultural Research Organization NBI Nile Basin Initiative NDP National Development Plan NELSAP Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program NEMA National Environment Management Authority NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NERICA New Rice for Africa (rice variety) NFA National Forestry Authority NGO Non-Government Organization NGWDB National Groundwater Data Base NPV Net Present Value NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units NWP National Water Policy NWRA National Water Resources Assessment NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation xiv O&M Operation and Maintenance OP Operational Procedure OWC Operation Wealth Creation PMA Plan for Modernization of Agriculture POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PPA Power Purchase Agreement RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance RGC Rural Growth Centre RWH Rainwater Harvesting SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SAIL Sugar and Allied Industries, Limited SAPP Southern Africa Power Pool SCMP Sub-catchment Management Plan SEAP Sub-county Environmental Action Plans SMM Sio-Malaba-Malakasi SSEA Strategic Social and Environmental Assessment SWAP Sub-county Wetland Action Plan SWC Soil and Water Conservation SWL Static Water Levels SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat TC Town Council TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSS Total Suspended Solids TSU Technical Support Unit UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UEGCL Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited UNRA Uganda National Road Authority UNRDS Uganda National Rice Development Strategy UO Umbrella Organization UPE Universal Primary Education USAID United States Development Agency USD United States Dollar UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority UWASNET Uganda Water and Sanitation Network WAFICOS Walimi Fish Farmers’ Cooperative Society WATSAN Water and Sanitation WMD Water Management and Development WMDP Water Management and Development Project WMZ Water Management Zone WRU Wetland Resources Users WSDF Water, Sanitation and Development Facility WSDF-E Water, Sanitation and Development Facility East WSP Waste Stabilization Ponds WSSB Water Supply and Sanitation Board WSSP Wetland Sector Strategic Plans WUA Water Users Association WWF World Wildlife Fund WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant xv 1. INTRODUCTION In order to enact the Water Sector Reform that was started in 2006, the Ministry of Water and Environment established a new institutional setup to implement Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) that is aimed at de-concentration of water resources management at the Water Management Zone and catchment levels. The Upper Nile Water Management Zone is the platform for de-concentration of IWRM and catchment based water resources development and management planning in northern Ugandawithin the policy and planning framework provided by the National Water Resources Strategy2 and relevant water and environment sub-sector strategies. The Upper Nile Water Management Zone is about 50,000km2 and includes the Ugandan part of three river catchments namely: Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo. The Albert Nile River starts from Lake Albert and flows to the north through northern Uganda into South Sudan. The Aswa River is a major river in north-eastern Uganda which flows northwest into South Sudan and joins the White Nile near Nimule. The river originates from the hills in the Upper Nile region, flows through Lira District, and marks the border between the Districts of Pader and Gulu. The main tributaries of Aswa are Agago River and Pager River. The Kidepo River is a tributary of the Pibor River that runs in eastern South Sudan along the border between South Sudan and Ethiopia. Pibor River flows north for about 320 kilometres and joins the Akabo and Baro rivers to form the Sobat River, which is a southern tributary of the White Nile. Only the upper portion of Kidepo Catchment is included in the study area.

1.1 Objectives and Purpose of Water Resources and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ The Water Resources and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ builds on the results of the diagnostic and situational analysis and is aimed at: • Formulating a shared Upper Nile WMZ vision in 2040 • Identifying the strategic objectives of water resources management and development in the Upper Nile WMZ up to year 2040 • Identifying coherent sets of strategic actions as associated activities, their outputs and the output indicators • Defining a framework of prioritized and sequenced strategic actions and activities for water resources management and development in the Upper Nile WMZ, including evaluation of financing and institutional options for implementation.

1.2 Report Structure This report mainly has seven chapters prepared to ensure logical and consistent flow of information throughout the document as highlighted below: Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter presents the background, objectives of the strategy, and general layout of the report. Chapter 2: Approach to Strategy Development. This chapter describes the general approach to development of the strategy document. Chapter 3: Legislative and Institutional Framework. The existing policy, legal, and institutional arrangements, their linkages with the strategy, as well as the existing gaps are presented in this chapter. Chapter 4: Status of the Upper Nile Water Management Zone. This chapter discusses the main characteristics and features of the Water management Zone, which ultimately leads to identification of the major social, environmental, and water resources assessment issues together with the stakeholder engagement and issues’ mapping. 2 MWE-DWRM, National Water Resources Strategy, 2014 1 Chapter 5: Strategic Issues and Opportunities. This chapter discusses the strategic issues at the zone, catchment and sub-catchment levels. Chapter 6: Vision, Objectives, and Analysis of Options. Catchment Water Management Zone visioning and strategic analysis is presented and discussed in this chapter. The prioritisation of issues identified with the generic strategies is completed under this chapter. Chapter 7: Framework of the upper Nile WMZ Strategic Action Plan. This chapter presents the interventions in a logical framework with indicators. It then presents the associated investment costs. It also briefly discusses the possible sources of financing. 2 2. APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT The strategic planning of water resources development and management in the Upper Nile WMZ has been framed on three guiding principles: (i) Equity, (ii) Sustainability, and (iii) Efficiency. Integrated Water Resources Management is vital for the development of the Upper Nile WMZ as it is a fundamental enabler of social and economic development. The implementation of IWRM is a key element of the Uganda Vision 2040 as it is included among the strategic opportunities to be addressed for strengthening the fundamentals of the economy of Uganda. A number of overarching goals and national objectives are related to water resources management. These goals derive from both international and national policy frameworks that are often cross-linked and interrelated: • International Overarching Goals and Objectives: the Sustainable Development Goals and Goals and Objectives set within International Conventions and Regional Agreements • National Strategic Goals and Objectives for IWRM: Uganda Vision 2040, National Development Plans I and II, Water Sector Strategic Investment Plan (2010-2035), National Water Resources Strategy, National Policies and Sector Plans and Strategies relevant to IWRM implementation. The national institutional framework for integrated and de-concentrated management of water resources entails management at four levels, namely: (i) national level (centre), (ii) Water Management Zone level, (iii) catchment level, and (iv) community level. Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ up to 2040 The formulation of the Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ is based on the results of the diagnostic and situational analysis of the WMZ and on the outcomes of extensive stakeholder consultations carried out at all appropriate levels throughout the development of the planning process. The strategy provides a long-term direction for the management of all water resources within the WMZ, taking into consideration also the current and planned projects and activities, and is in line with the government’s new approach to managing water resources at the zonal level. It aims at implementing a framework of objectives and strategic actions at the zonal level that are fully aligned with the National Water Resources Strategy and with other water and environment sector sub-strategies. The strategy is structured in a suite of five sub-strategies that provide the framework for setting specific objectives and related strategic actions at the WMZ, catchment and primary sub-catchment levels. Strategic Action Plan and the implementation framework are based on these sub-strategies. These are: Water Governance is the sub-strategy that addresses the development of integrated water resources management capacity and decision making at the WMZ level, including allocation, planning, regulation, monitoring and control of water resources in a participatory and inclusive management framework Water for People is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring the provision of adequate water supply and sanitation and hygiene services to all the urban and rural population of the Upper Nile WMZ Water for Production is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring availability of water resources for productive uses to support economic development of the Upper Nile WMZ within the national framework and sector development goals and objectives Water for Energy is the sub-strategy that focuses on the increase of renewable energy production through development of hydropower capacity and management of water demand for energy production Water for Environment is the sub-strategy that aims at ensuring conservation of water related ecosystems and sustainable use of natural resources within the Upper Nile WMZ. Within each sub-strategy, long term comprehensive measures to be undertaken to achieve the desired water balance and water resources protection objectives within the Upper Nile WMZ are outlined. They 3 take into account the water situation assessment, the current and future water requirements and the strategic objectives. The strategic planning process comprises four main phases: • The initial diagnostic and situational analysis where the comprehensive assessment of water resources is carried out • The identification of issues and opportunities for water resources development and management at the zonal level • The formulation of the objectives and strategic actions that inform the WRDM Strategy, with related activities, outputs and indicators • Preparation of the Strategic Action Plan for implementation of the WRDM Strategy over the timeframe up to 2040. A schematic outline of this strategic planning process is presented in the figure below: Figure 2.1: Schematic outline of the strategic planning process for the Upper Nile WMZ Each sub-strategy is built on the following five structural components: • Monitoring systems and information management • Water allocation and water demand management • Water infrastructure development • Water resource management and environmental protection • Public engagement and capacity development. Table 2.1 below presents the function and purpose of each structural component. For each sub-strategy, the structural components have proper functions and their relative importance might be substantially different across the sub-strategies: for example, the infrastructural component is a major element of the water for people and water for production sub-strategies, while it is of less importance in the water governance sub-strategy. 4 Table 2.1: Functions and purpose of structural component of WRDM sub-Strategies Structural component of WRDM Functions and purpose sub-strategies Monitoring systems and This component guides collecting, accessing, analysing and information management sharing a wide range of information for the purposes of monitoring and evaluating water resources and operational management. It aims at providing institutions and stakeholders the water resources information required to enable them to meet their responsibilities towards effective water resources management as well as their reporting requirements regarding water resources and environment. Water resources allocation and This component aims at defining the criteria, limits and constraints, incentives and disincentives that shall be imposed on the uses of water demand management water resources in order to achieve the desired vision and achieve water resources management goals and objectives for the Upper Nile WMZ Water infrastructure development This component sets out a comprehensive needs evaluation and financial arrangements for infrastructure development for the WMZ. Reference shall be made to the responsibilities and costs associated with planning, design, implementation, operation and maintenance of the infrastructure Water resource management and This component addresses water resource sustainability for the WMZ through incremental protection (including rehabilitation) of environmental protection water resources and water related ecosystems. Public engagement and capacity This component provides the basis for public engagement in the various aspects of the WRMD Strategy (through co-operation, development collaboration and agreement). It shall address appropriate capacity building, the provision of opportunities for collaborative action, and communication and access to information, so that all role-players in the WMZ are adequately represented and that they participate in the formulation, implementation and review of the actions on a sustained basis 5 3. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND POLICY CONTEXT Many of the processes required to bring about change in the management of water resources are long term and complex. This requires a strategic approach beyond the capacity of a single project, programme or development agency. It, therefore, necessitates the formation of a broader coalition for action and long term commitment to change by the leading agencies involved. A policy can be defined as statement of intent to achieve certain goal(s) by a local, regional or national governments of a country. A review of the institutional and policy context is aimed at identifying effective institutions and key linkages which can assist management to meet its aims. It is used to identify key partners, networks and information flows, and to decide on the appropriate institutional setting for the proposed activities. A synopsis of the legal and institutional context under which catchment management will occur is provided below.

3.1 Constitution of the Republic of Uganda (1995)3 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda sets a number of national objectives and directive principles as it relates to and supports the principles of sustainable development. These include balanced and equitable development that requires that the State adopt an integrated and coordinated planning approach. It further stipulates that the State ensures balanced development between different areas of Uganda and between the rural and urban areas, with special measures employed to favour the development of the least developed areas. The State is entrusted to protect important natural resources, including land, water, wetlands, minerals, oil, and fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Uganda. It must further endeavour to fulfil the fundamental rights of all Ugandans to social justice and economic development, with all developmental efforts directed at ensuring the maximum social and cultural well-being of the people. In terms of the Constitution, all Ugandans have a right to education, health services, clean and safe water, work, decent shelter, adequate clothing, food security, and pension and retirement benefits. The State must promote sustainable development and public awareness of the need to manage land, air, water resources, as well as use of natural resources, in a balanced and sustainable manner for the present and future generations. All possible measures must be taken to prevent or minimise damage to land, air, and water resources resulting from pollution or other causes. The Constitution entrusts the State to ensure the conservation of natural resources and promote the rational use of natural resources to safeguard and protect the biodiversity of Uganda.

3.2 National Policies

3.2.1 National Water Policy (1999) The 1999 National Water Policy, provides an overall policy framework that defines the government’s policy objective as managing and developing water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, to secure and provide water of adequate quantity and quality for all social and economic needs sustainably, with the full participation of all stakeholders,” (Directorate of Water Resources Management, MWE, 2012).

3.2.2 National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995) The National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995) is aimed at restricting the continued loss of wetlands and their associated resources and to ensure that benefits derived from wetlands are sustainably and equitably distributed to all people of Uganda. The wetlands policy calls for: • No drainage of wetlands unless more important environmental management requirements supersede • Sustainable use to ensure that benefits of wetlands are maintained for the foreseeable future • Environmentally sound management of wetlands to ensure that other aspects of the environment are not adversely affected • Equitable distribution of wetland benefits • The application of environmental impact assessment procedures on all activities to be carried out in a wetland to ensure that wetland development is well planned and managed. Wetland related issues have been incorporated into the National Environmental Statute 1995. The Wetlands Policy is strengthened by a supplementary law specifically addressing wetland concerns. Wetland resources are regarded as forming an integral part of the environment and it is recognised that present attitudes and perceptions of Ugandans regarding wetlands need to be changed. Wetland conservation requires a coordinated and cooperative approach involving all the concerned people and organisations in the country, including the local communities. Within the context of the guiding principles, the National Wetlands Policy set five goals: 3Source: This section is based on (Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995) 6 • To establish the principles by which wetland resources can be optimally used over time • To end practices which reduce wetland productivity • To maintain the biological diversity of natural or semi-natural wetlands • To maintain wetland functions and values • To integrate wetland concerns into the planning and decision making of other sectors.

3.2.3 Uganda National Land Policy The policy provides a framework for articulating the role of land in national development, land ownership, distribution, utilisation, alienability, management and control. The Land Policy has a specific objective that seeks to ensure sustainable utilisation, protection and management of environmental, and natural and cultural resources on land for national socio- economic development. It seeks to ensure that all land use practices and plans conform to principles of sound environmental management, including biodiversity, preservation, soil and water conservation and sustainable land management. Section 6.7, item 140 promotes optimal and sustainable use and management of environment and natural resources for the present and future generations.

3.2.4 National Forestry Policy It provides for the establishment, rehabilitation and conservation of watershed protection forests. It aims at promoting the rehabilitation and conservation of forests that protect the soil and water in Uganda's key watersheds and river systems.

3.2.5 The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda The overall goal of the Renewable Energy policy is to increase the use of modern renewable energy, from the current 4% to 61% of the total energy consumption by the year 2017. Renewable sources of energy include solar energy, hydropower, biomass, wind and geothermal as well as peat and wastes. For hydropower, the Policy targets 1200MW of installed capacity by 2017 for large hydropower plants and 85MW of installed capacity by 2017 for small and micro hydropower plants.

3.2.6 Decentralisation Policy Strategic Framework (DPSF) 2013-2023 The Decentralisation Policy Strategic Framework (DPSF) 2013-2023 replaces the earlier one that was formulated in 2006. While re-affirming democratic decentralisation as Uganda’s decentralisation policy, the DPSF (2013-2023) takes account of several important developments that have taken place since 2006, including changes in Uganda’s national development planning framework and the emergence of Local Governments as agents of local development.

3.2.7 National Environmental Management Policy (1994) This Policy has provisions to control land degradation in the country, and has specific objectives to integrate environmental concerns in all development policies, planning and activities at national, district and local levels, with full participation of the people.

3.2.8 The Uganda Wildlife Policy (2014) Features of this policy that are relevant to IWRM include the following: • Manage wildlife in a sustainable way to grant benefits for the present and future generations • Promote the public/private partnership in wildlife management • Promote the interests of communities around conservation areas • Wildlife trade and off-take shall be based on sound scientific knowledge • Youth and gender consideration shall be taken into account in sustainable management of wildlife.

3.2.9 Energy Policy for Uganda (2002) The policy aims at the following issues that are relevant to integrated water resources management among others: • Meet the energy needs of Uganda’s population for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner • Establish the availability, potential and demand of the various energy resources in the country.

3.2.10 Mining Policy of Uganda (2000) The policy is aimed at developing the mineral sector, for it to contribute significantly to sustainable national economic and social growth by creating gainful employment and providing alternative source of income particularly for the rural population. 7

3.2.11 National Climate Change Policy (2012) The policy is to provide guidance and directions in addressing the problem of climate change while enabling the country to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. The draft Implementation Strategy, with costs, complements the National Climate Change Policy and offers a way towards putting it into operation.

3.2.12 Other relevant policies Other relevant policies include the following: • The National Fisheries Policy (2004) that ensures increased and sustainable fish production and utilisation by properly managing capture fisheries, promoting aquaculture and reducing post-harvest losses • The Uganda Gender Policy that establishes a clear framework for identification, implementation and coordination of interventions designed to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment • The National Health Policy that aims at reducing mortality, morbidity and fertility, and the disparities therein.

3.3 National legislation

3.3.1 Water Act Cap 152 (1997) Uganda’s Water Act Cap 152 provides for the use, protection and management of water resources and supply; and facilitates the devolution of water supply and sewerage undertakings. Its objectives are: i) To promote the rational management and use of the water resources of Uganda by: • Use of appropriate standards and techniques for the investigation, use, control, protection, management and administration of water resources • Coordinating all public and private activities which may influence the quality, quantity, distribution, use or management of water resources • Coordinating, allocating and delegating responsibilities for the investigation, use, control, protection, management or administration of water resources ii) To promote the provision of a clean, safe and sufficient supply of water for domestic purposes iii) To ensure appropriate development and use of water resources other than for domestic use, e.g. watering of stock, irrigation and agriculture, industrial, commercial and mining uses, generation of energy, navigation, fishing, preservation of flora, fauna and recreation in ways which minimise damage to the environment iv) To control pollution and promote the safe storage, treatment, discharge and disposal of waste, which may pollute water or otherwise harm the environment and human health. According to the National Water Policy (1999) and the Water Act Cap 152, the responsibilities to provide water services and to maintain facilities are devolved to local councils in districts and urban centres, with full mandates to construct, acquire or alter any water supply work. The role of the Central Government’s Agencies is that of guiding and supporting as required. The Act thus emphasises the shared responsibilities in development and management of water resources among stakeholders (including the Private Sector and NGOs), and to regulate human activities that can pose risks to water resources. It also provides for pollution control measures with associated penalties and fines. Other water sector related policies that form synergies with the Water Policy include: • The National Gender Policy of 1999, which recognises women and children as key stakeholders of water • The Local Government Act of 1997, which underscores the role of Local Government in provision and management of water and sanitation, empowering the local authorities to plan and to implement development interventions according to local needs; • The 1998 Land Act, which stipulates the responsibility of the Central and Local Government in protecting environmentally sensitive areas such as natural lakes, rivers, groundwater, natural ponds, natural streams, wetlands, forest reserves, national parks and any other land reserved for ecological and tourist purposes • The 1998 Water Abstraction and Wastewater Discharge Regulations for controlling water abstraction and wastewater discharge, to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly development and use of water resources. Some issues feature at the level of policy and regulatory framework while others are crucial at catchment level. For instance, plans to develop irrigation schemes necessitate the development of a proper mechanism to protect water use rights and to settle disputes, especially between upstream and downstream water users. Issues 8 of equity exist, whereby some users, often-powerful up-stream users, put their interests first. In establishing the mechanism to handle user rights and conflict resolution, issues of active participation of all concerned stakeholders, including women, livestock keepers, and youths, should be taken into consideration. The existing policy and legal framework promotes wise use of water resources from the lowest possible level, while considering roles to be played by different stakeholders at different levels. This offers an opportunity to ensure communities actively participate in development and maintenance of water sources.

3.3.2 National Environment Act (1995) The National Environmental Act provides for “sustainable management of the environment; to establish an authority as a coordinating, monitoring and supervisory body for that purpose; and for other matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing.” The Act makes provision for a tiered approach to environmental planning, commencing with a National Environmental Management Plan to be prepared and reviewed every five years. Each district is required to prepare a District Environmental Action Plan every three years that compliments the National Environmental Management Plan. Both of these plans are made available to the public. At a project scale, the Act stipulates that developments of a certain nature (as determined under Section 19(7) of the Act) are required to undertake detailed Environmental Impact Assessment processes in a prescribed manner. The Act also makes provision for the monitoring of air and water quality and makes provision for the establishment and implementation of minimum standards pertaining to emissions and effluent. Section 34 of the Act deals specifically with limitations in the use of rivers and lake systems and to minimise the negative impacts and control activities that have the potential to be detrimental to these systems. The Act goes on to make specific provisions for the protection of river banks and lake shores in Section 35 and protection and management of wetland systems in Section 36 and 37 respectively. Hilly and mountainous areas have also been identified as areas requiring special attention and protection by the Act. The Act makes provision for the restoration of vegetative cover in these areas. This Act coupled with the provisions made in the Prohibition of the Burning of Grass Act (1974) and the Forest Act (1947) and the Cattle Grazing Act (1945) provide a good basis for restoration, protection and management of vegetative cover in hilly and mountainous areas.

3.4 Transboundary Issues4 The transboundary nature of Uganda’s water resources are such that there are a number of international conventions relating to management of water resources with which Uganda must comply. Currently the key conventions/organisations to which Uganda is party are the Lake Victoria Protocol and Nile Basin Initiative.

3.4.1 Legal Framework for the Sustainable Management of the Nile Waters Treaties regarding the management of the waters of the Nile basin date back to 1929 when Great Britain and Egypt signed an agreement under which no irrigation, power works or other measures were to be constructed or undertaken on the Nile, and its branches, or on lakes from which it flows in the Sudan, or in countries under British administration without priorconsent from the Egyptian government. The Agreement was followed by the 1959 Agreement on the Full Utilisation of the Nile Waters, which was signed between Egypt and Sudan. The 1959 Agreement allocates the waters of the Nile between the two signatory states.

3.4.2 Agreed Curve for the Lake Victoria Release Before the construction of the Nalubale (Owen Falls) Dam, which began in 1951, the outflows from Lake Victoria were controlled naturally by the Ripon Falls some 3km upstream of the dam site. After the study of the discharge measurements, which had been made since 1923 at Namasagali, about 80km downstream of the lake outfall, an Agreed Curve was established, which described the natural relation between lake levels measured at the Jinja gauge and simultaneous measured outflows from the lake. Since 1954 (when the Nalubale Dam was completed), water flow from the Lake has been constrained to mimic the natural outflows from the lake using a rating “Agreed Curve” that correlates the flow of the Nile at the source with Lake Victoria water level.

3.4.3 Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement The Treaty was signed by Uganda in 2010 and has not been ratified yet. The Treaty is to establish a framework to "promote integrated management, sustainable development, and harmonious utilisation of the water resources of the basin, as well as their conservation and protection for the benefit of present and future generations." For this purpose, the 4Source: (NELSAP, 2012) 9 Treaty envisages the establishment of a permanent institutional mechanism, the Nile River Basin Commission (NRBC). The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) outlines principles, rights and obligations for cooperative management and development of the Nile Basin water resources. The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is a regional intergovernmental partnership launched in 1999 that seeks to develop the River Nile in a cooperative manner, share substantial socio-economic benefits and promote regional peace and security. It includes ministers in charge of water affairs in the riparian countries (Burundi, DR Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda). Eritrea participates as an observer. The NBI was conceived as a transitional institution until the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) negotiations were finalised and a permanent institution created. The highest decision and policy-making body of NBI is the Nile Council of Ministers (Nile-COM), comprised of ministers in charge of water affairs in each NBI member state. The Nile-COM is supported by the Nile Technical Advisory Committee (Nile-TAC), comprised of 20 senior government officials, two from each of the member states. Two main investment programmes are developed within the NBI: • The Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Programme (ENSAP) • The Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Programme (NELSAP).

3.5 International Conventions and Obligations

3.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity, that shall be implemented by all countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership. The 2030 Agenda includes a dedicated goal on water and sanitation: the SDG 6 is to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.” The SDG 6 covers the entire water cycle, including the management of water, wastewater, and ecosystem resources. The SDG 6 contains eight targets: six targets on outcomes across the entire water cycle, and two targets on the means of implementing the outcome targets. Table 3.1: Targets of Sustainable Development Goal 6 and related indicators SDG 6 “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” Target proposed indicators for SDG 6 * Target 6.1 “By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to 6.1.1 Percentage of population using safe and affordable drinking water for all” safely managed drinking water services Target 6.2 “By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable 6.2.1 Percentage of population using sanitation and hygiene for all and end open safely managed sanitation services, defecation, paying special attention to the needs of including a hand- washing facility with women and girls and those in vulnerable situations” soap and water Target 6.3 “By 2030, improve water quality by reducing 6.3.1 Percentage of wastewater safely pollution, eliminating dumping and minimising release treated of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the 6.3.2 Percentage of bodies of water with proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing good ambient water quality recycling and safe reuse globally” Target 6.4 “By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency 6.4.1 Percentage change in water use across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals efficiency over time and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity 6.4.2 Percentage of total available water and substantially reduce the number of people resources used, taking environmental suff-ering from water scarcity” water requirements into account (level of water stress) Target 6.5 “By 2030, implement integrated water resources 6.5.1* Degree of integrated water management at all levels, including through resources management implementation transboundary cooperation as appropriate” (0-100) Target 6.6 “By 2020, protect and restore water-related 6.6.1 Percentage of change in the extent ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, of water-related ecosystems over time rivers, aquifers and lakes” Target 6.a “By 2030, expand international cooperation and 6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation- capacity-building support to developing countries in related official development assistance water- and sanitation-related activities and that is part of a government coordinated programmes, including water harvesting, spending plan desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies” 10 11 SDG 6 “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” Target proposed indicators for SDG 6 * Target 6.b “Support and strengthen the participation of local 6.b.1 Percentage of local administrative communities in improving water and sanitation units with established and operational management” policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management (*) UN Economic and Social Council, Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, December 2015 - Source: http://www.unwater.org/sdgs/indicators-and-monitoring/en/

3.5.2 Ramsar Convention (1971) The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) is an intergovernmental treaty that commits member countries to maintain the ecological character of Wetlands of International Importance and to plan for the "wise use", or sustainable use, of all of the wetlands in their territories. The Convention's mission is "the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world." The wise use of wetlands is defined as "the maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development". Uganda signed the Convention on the 4thJuly 1988. It currently has 12 Ramsar registered wetland systems, representing a combined area of 454,303ha.

3.5.3 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and related Kyoto Protocol Uganda ratified the UNFCCC in 1993. The First National Communication was developed in 2002. A Climate Change Policy was launched in 2012, with a related prioritisation of outputs under a short (1-5 years), medium (6-10 years) and long-term (10-15 years) time frames. The priorities in the National Climate Change Policy have been integrated in the Second National Development Plan (NDP II) 2015/16 – 2019/2020.

3.5.4 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The Convention’s main objective is to ensure the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components. The NEMA is the National Focal Point for CBD and related protocols. A revised NBSAP 2015-2025 (NBSAP2) was issued in 2015 and addresses both the decade’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Strategic Plan for the Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety. The new document is linked to Vision 2040, the National Development Plan and the Sustainable Development Goals. The maintenance of ecosystems’ diversity and variety depends partially on a WRM approach that takes into account the environmental flows and the water balance that needs to be allocated for ecosystems’ needs. The strategic objectives of the NBSAP are: • To develop and strengthen co-ordination, measures and frameworks for biodiversity management • To facilitate research, information management, and information exchange on biodiversity • To reduce and manage negative impacts on biodiversity • To promote the sustainable use and equitable sharing of costs and benefits of biodiversity • To enhance awareness on biodiversity issues among the various stakeholders. The Programme of Work on Protected Areas of the Convention on Biological Diversity (PoWPA) was issued in 2012. The main purpose of this programme under the CBD is to increase the coverage and representation of protected areas on the national territory. At present not all the ecosystems of Uganda are properly represented in the Protected Areas network. The programme therefore has set three main objectives: • Assessment of ecological gaps in the protected area network • Assessment of management effectiveness • Assessing protected area capacity needs and the appropriate technology needs.

3.5.5 UN Convention for Combating Desertification Uganda ratified the UNFCCC in 1997. A National Plan of Action on Drought and Desertification was developed in 1995 and a Status Report on National Action Programme (NAP) was prepared in 1998. A National Report to the UNCCD in Uganda was developed in 1999 in preparation of the National Action Programme (NAP) to combat drought and desertification that was launched in 2000. The Climate Change Department (CCD) of MWE is the national focal point for UNCCD. 11

3.6 Regional Treaties

3.6.1 The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (1999) The East African Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental organisation of fivepartner states: the Republics of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, the United Republic of Tanzania, and the Republic of Uganda, with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. The mission of the community is to widen and deepen economic, political, social, and cultural integration in order to improve the quality of life of the people of East Africa through increased competitiveness, value added production, trade and investments. The EAC Vision 2050 is aimed at achieving shared development goals for the benefit of the region. The EAC promotes the development of regional priority projects for efficient infrastructure systems to support trade and industrialisation (energy power plants, power transmission lines, oil pipelines, road transport and port infrastructure, meteorological networks among others).

3.6.2 The Protocol for Sustainable Development of Lake Victoria Basin (2003) The East African Community has designated Lake Victoria and its basin as an "area of common economic interest" and a "regional economic growth zone" to be developed jointly by the partner states and established the Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) in 2001. The LVBC envisages a broad partnership of the local communities around the lake, the East African Community and its partner states as well as the development partners. A LVBC Operational Strategy (2007-2010) was launched in 2006 and is based on the five thematic areas of the EAC shared vision.

3.7 Plans and Strategies relevant to IWRM Implementation

3.7.1 Uganda Vision 2040 The Uganda Vision 2040 ‘A transformed society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years’ represents the country’s long-term perspective development plan and is based on the government of Uganda adoption of the Comprehensive National Development Planning Framework. The Vision 2040 provides for the development of a 30 year plan implemented through: (i) three 10-year plans, (ii) six 5-year National Development Plans (NDP), (iii) sector specific master and investment plans (SIPs), (iv) local government development plans, and (v) annual plans and budgets. The Vision 2040 provides a general framework for the strategic goals that will be formulated in the Upper Nile Water Management Zone Strategy. A set of selected Vision 2040 targets related to the Water and Environment Sector are presented in the table below. Table 3.2: Selected Vision 2040 targets related to the Water and Environment Sector No. Development Indicator Baseline 2010 Target 2040 4 Sectoral Agriculture 22.4 10 composition of Industry 26.5 31 GDP (%) Services 51.2 58 5 Labour force Agriculture 65.6 31 distribution (%) Industry 7.6 26 Services 26.8 43 14 Electricity consumption per 75 3668 capita (kWh/yr) 15 % population with access to 11 80 electricity 16 Water consumption per capita 26 100 (l/day) 17 % population with access to 15 100 safe piped water 21 % urbanisation 13 60 31 Forest cover (% land area) 15 24 32 Wetland cover (% of total 8 13 area) The Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ is based on the target indicator values for 2040 related to water and environment. 12

3.7.2 National Water Resources Strategy The National Water Resources Strategy, approved in 2015, aims at maximising the beneficial use of water resources and supporting the productive sectors to achieve their respective objectives, while ensuring environmental integrity and taking into account the transboundary context. The strategic goals of the WRDM Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ are driven by three principal objectives set in the draft National Water Resources Strategy of Uganda according to the National Vision 2040 “Water resources management in Uganda is effective in contributing to economic and social development and maintaining environmental services”. These are: A. Sustainable and equitable allocation and provision of water of appropriate quantity and quality: a. Water resources availability for use b. Protection of water resources c. Integrated land and water management d. Demand management e. Water resources information, planning, and capacity B. Adapting to the effects of extreme climate events: a. Prepare for increased hydrologic variability b. Prepare for a warmer climate c. Prepare for more severe rainstorms d. Effective flood management of the floodplain C. Strengthening the water governance framework: a. Policy and legal framework b. Institutions c. Coordination Mechanisms d. Financing of water resources management. This National Water Resources Strategy provides the main framework for developing the WRDM Strategy of Upper Nile WMZ.

3.7.3 National Development Plan II (NDP-II) The Second National Development Plan (2015/16 - 2019/20) was launched in June 2015 with a theme: “Strengthening Uganda’s competitiveness for sustainable wealth creation, employment and inclusive growth”. The commitments of the NDP-II are in line with the Uganda Vision 2040 and its Spatial Framework, the East African Regional Integration Protocols, the Africa Agenda 2063, and the Post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. The four Development Objectives of the NDP-II are: i) Increasing sustainable production, productivity and value addition in key growth opportunity areas ii) Increasing the stock and quality of strategic infrastructure to accelerate the country’s competitiveness iii) Enhancing human capital development iv) Strengthening mechanisms for quality, effective and efficient service delivery. The NDP-II prioritises interventions in five key growth opportunity areas that are: (i) Agriculture; (ii) Tourism; (iii) Minerals, Oil and Gas; (iv) Infrastructure, and (v) Human Capital Development. Expected results of the plan include the following result: “(vi) increasing access to safe water from 65% to 79% in rural areas and from 77% to 100% in urban areas.” The plan focuses on water for production infrastructure and facilities, targeting construction of large and small scale water schemes for irrigation, livestock (in the cattle corridor and also in non-cattle corridor areas), aquaculture and rural industries, and increase in water storage from 27.8 to 55 million cubic meters in 2019/20.

3.7.4 Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (2013 - 2018) The Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP) incorporates support to the environment and natural resources (ENR) sub-sector. The objective of the JWESSP is to support the water and environment sector to achieve its targets and improve its efficiency through a consistent, harmonised sector programme that is aligned to government objectives, policies and delivery modalities. The JWESSP support is fully in line with the goals and targets of the NDP-II. The main instrument of the JWESSP is to manage the linkages between water, food security (water for production), health (sanitation) and in particular water resources, environment management, ecosystem services and climate change through catchment-based integrated water resources management in the Water Management Zones.

3.7.5 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Water Sector (2011) The overall objective of the strategy is to reduce vulnerability to climate change, build adaptive capacity and resilience to climate hazards, and use a policy-based approach to implement development programmes that are climate proofed. A 13 vulnerability assessment was developed to identify key water related and cross-sectoral climate change vulnerabilities in Uganda. The main areas of vulnerability identified are: • Institutional (inadequate and weak institutional arrangements and capacity) • Fluctuations of Lake Victoria’s water levels • Water quality and human health, particular on lake shorelines near urban areas or river mouths • Generation of hydropower • Potential over-exploitation of groundwater by agriculture • Limited data, information and technology to provide critical information for optimal decision making • Trans-boundary issues (potential conflict over water resources management in the Nile Basin). Four broad objectives were the basis in designing a climate change strategy for Uganda’s water sector, namely: • Reduce vulnerability to climate change — (by assessing the likelihood that a climate event will occur and designing an appropriate response that will lessen the impact) • Build adaptive capacity — (by overcoming barriers that prevent it. This includes strengthening communities and sectors by supporting activities that lessen vulnerability) • Build resilience to climate hazards — (by analysing outcomes from various hazards and providing suitable responses to them) • Use a policy-based approach — (implementing climate-related and development-related policy).

3.7.6 Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan (2009) This strategy and investment plan is aimed at promoting development of cost-effective and sustainable water for production supply and management for increased production and contribution to the modernisation of the agricultural sector in Uganda with a focus on poverty reduction and minimal environmental impacts. The water for production sub-sector strategy and SIP define specific coverage targets for four main strategic areas (livestock, crops, fishery and agro-industry) to 80% by 2035. In order to take drought and flood into consideration, a 50% additional storage capacity is added to the capacities required based on the rainfall and evaporation data, to cater for the annual variations in rainfall. The strategy includes planning of multi-purpose bulk water supply infrastructure projects.

3.7.7 National Irrigation Master Plan for Uganda (2010 – 2035) The main objectives of the master plan are to achieve economic growth and poverty alleviation through improving the country’s irrigation potential in a sustainable way thereby mitigating the potential impacts of climate change. The Irrigation Master Plan also promotes improvement of existing schemes and of crop yields and through livelihood differentiation.

3.7.8 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2006) Water quality management plays a key role in WRM and it is one of the pillars and main objectives of any global WRM strategy. The main objectives of the NWQMS are the reduction of poverty through effective water quality management and the improvement of water quality standards to meet socio-economic and environmental needs. Ten strategic targets are identified both for the aquatic environment and monitoring of water quality at consumer level.

3.7.9 Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan (2013-2022) The overall objective of the RESP 2013-2022 is: “To position the electrification development programme on a path that will progressively advance towards achievement of universal electrification by the year 2040, consistent with the existing policy of the government, while ensuring the displacement of kerosene lighting in all rural Ugandan homes by 2030.” During this 10-year planning period, the government’s strategy is to achieve a rural electrification access of 22% by 2022 from the current level of about 5%. The RESP includes giving increased priority and enhanced support to investment in small distributed power generation facilities.

3.7.10 The National Forest Plan (2011/12-2021/22) Deforestation and encroachment for cultivation is one of the major threats recognised in Uganda. The existence and conservation of wet forest and riverine forest ecosystem depends on sound WRM and on the adoption of strategies that would alleviate the existing pressures on forest resources. The main objectives of the NFP are set in the framework of the NEAP (now incorporated into the NDP). The strategic objectives of the NFP are: i) To raise incomes for households through forest-based initiatives, targeting improvement of the well-being of small- scale, largely rural stakeholders ii) To increase economic productivity and employment in forest industries, targeting large scale, commercial investors iii) To restore and improve ecosystem services derived from sustainably managed forest resources

3.7.11 UWA Strategic Plan (2013-2018) The conservation and sustainable management of wildlife integrates with WRM issues by enabling wildlife access water and mitigating the conflicts between wildlife and domestic animals related to water access. The mission and strategic 14 objective of the UWA strategic plan are: “To conserve, economically develop and sustainably manage the wildlife and protected areas of Uganda in partnership with the neighbouring communities and other stakeholders for the benefit of the people of Uganda and the global community” and “to have sustainably managed wildlife areas that are providing enjoyment, supporting community livelihoods and contributing to national development” respectively.

3.7.12 National Transport Master Plan (2008–2023) The Transport Master Plan sets out a framework for the development of the sector over a15-year timeframe (2008–2023). The plan reflects the key role that transport plays in the development of agriculture, commerce and trade, the movement of people, and the delivery of health, education and extension services. Specific objectives of waterways sector policy and strategy include: • Ensure provision of essential low-cost access to islands in Lake Victoria, to remote shorelines on Lake Victoria and other lakes (Albert, Kyoga and others), and along navigable rivers, especially the Victoria and Albert Niles • Revive water transport services where there are good economic, social or strategic reasons for doing so • Privatise existing public sector services (include ferries acting as ‘road bridges’), while Government retains responsibility for provision and maintenance of infrastructure • Allow market forces to determine fares and tariffs in the long run (as long as social obligations and the need to alleviate poverty are also met) • Assign responsibility for rehabilitation and maintenance of infrastructure, and funding of these functions, to the road authorities responsible for maintenance of the adjoining roads; • Establish an effective regulatory regime which will ensure safety and appropriate standards of service • Eradicate or control the problem of water hyacinth on the lakes and rivers.

3.8 Institutional Setup

3.8.1 National Setup The Ministry of Water and Environment is mandated to plan, manage, maintain, develop and coordinates all water and environmental sector activities in Uganda. The ministry is the ultimate authority responsible for water resources and environmental management in Uganda. It is mandated to manage and regulate all water resources, determine priorities for water development and management, and to set national policies and standards. The ministry is comprised of three directorates: Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), and Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRD). The Directorate of Water Resources Management is responsible for: (i) provision of water resources related advisory services to the Government of Uganda, private sector and NGOs at national and local levels; (ii) regulation of water use; (iii) water resources monitoring and assessment; and (iv) coordination of transboundary water resources initiatives. Figure 3.1 provides the overview of the water sector setup. 15 Overall coordination MoLG MoEMD MoTI MAAIF MWE MoES MFPED MoH MGLSD between government Natioanl Level: development partners and NGOs Monitoring and assessment Planuing and regulation Parastal WESWG advice and facilition Organisations MWE MoEMD quality assurance and guidance DWRM DWD DEA NEMA NEMA MoLG capacity development MWSC NAAIF MWSC Sub - groups financial assistance and funding NFA MoTI ENR WSS Regional Level: Monitoring of assessment Decentralised Reginal Facilitaion: planning and Regulation Technical Support Units (TSUs) Private Advice and Facilitation Umbrella Organisations (UOs) sector Quality assurance and guidance Water Management Zones (WMZs) capacity development Constractors and Water and Sanitation Dveloment Fcility (WSDF) financial assistance and funding consutants providing services at natioanl regional and Community Level: community levels Cordination of management District Local Government Community Based Organisation (CBO’s) and development activities District Water office (DWO) Catchment based management Organisation Implementation of infrastracture NGOs District Environment Office (DEO) (CMOs) project and programmes District Forestry Office (DFO) Water User Associations (WUAs) operations and maintence Represented District Directorate Health Services (DDHS) District Water and Sanitations Copordination community mobilisation and nationally by District Education Office (DEO) Commitees (DWSCCs) stakeholders participation ensuring UWASNET demand- driven implementation Communications and awareness numerous CBOs as required raising accountability advice and facilitation Figure 3.1: Overview of the water sector setup 16 Coordination is a key process for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which involves multiple stakeholders from different sectors, on different scales, and with different structures and interests. At the national level the following committees are relevant to integrated water resources management: • The Policy Committee on Environment, which is chaired by the Prime Minister, at the highest level of political decision-making • The Water Policy Committee, which is composed of directors, and enables high-level and strategic dialogue specifically in the water sector • The IWRM Working group, which is an informal working group enabling technicians to coordinate • The Water and Environment Sector Working Group (WESWG) • The InterMinisterial Technical Committee regarding Water for Production, comprising of members from the MWE, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries (MAAIF), Office of the Prime Minister, National Planning Authority and Ministry of Finance. It meets on a quarterly basis to coordinate investments and works regarding water for production. • The Wetlands Advisory Group (WAG), which is a technical group dedicated to wetlands. The WAG improves coordination on wetlands issues, particularly on the issue of dry-land rice • The MWE-DWRM has created Water Net, a network for building capacities of stakeholders connected to the water sector. The NEMA is the apex body for environmental law enforcement in Uganda. However, several functions have been delegated to other institutions as lead agencies in their respective fields. NEMA is in charge of: • Review and administrative clearance of environmental evaluations, in conjunction with other lead agencies • Delivery of permits (for instance, permits for activities within the legal buffer zones of waterbodies). The responsibility of delivering permits is vested into the different lead institutions • Monitoring compliance. The responsibility of control is distributed over 375 gazetted inspectors (2014) distributed in many Ugandan institutions (including the MWE). Only 30 of them belong to NEMA. An Environmental Police has been formed at NEMA, comprising 25 officers. Only five regional Environmental Police officers (liaison officers) have been designated, among which one is based in Mbale (for the eastern region: his area covers 52 districts corresponding to ¼ of the country) and one in Jinja (for the South-eastern region). The liaison officers belong to the regular police but are specifically trained in environmental issues. They are under the command of the territorial police (Regional Police Commander/District Police Commander). Their functions include sensitisation, demarcation, control, issuing warnings, following up of cases, eviction, and prosecution. Within each district, there are offices that are in charge of the environment, forestry, wetlands, agriculture, fisheries, and planning among others. However, the structure varies from district to district.

3.8.2 Regional Setup As a result of the de-concentration of the management of water resources, DWRM created four Water Management Zones (WMZ) following hydrological boundaries. They operate on regional level with the objective of bringing the central services closer to the stakeholders. Their primary role is to facilitate sustainable development of the water resources for the economic and social benefit of the people in the catchment and to implement the water management measures needed to protect and conserve the catchment and its water resources, ensure sustainability and reduce or resolve conflicts over resource use. The WMZs provide for an interactive interface between the central and the local government level sector actors. They coordinate the activities of partners, and monitor and evaluate performance. They facilitate establishment of CMOs, and support them and Local Governments to implement relevant aspects of the de-concentrated functions and services of the DWRM. The WMZ offices are staffed by officials appointed by the Ministry of Water and Environment, to whom responsibility has been transferred to implement defined functions of DWRM. This is meant to strengthen linkages between the central DWRM and the local governments and enhance establishment of stakeholder participation. The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) established the Water and Sanitation Development Facility (WSDF) as a mechanism for supporting water supply and sanitation facilities for rural growth centres and small towns, intended to promote a demand-responsive approach where Water Authorities/Town Councils or Town Boards apply for funding. The successful applicant is assisted by the WSDF to develop piped water supply systems. 17 Technical Support Units (TSU) established by DWD at the regional level have the mandate to support capacity building of district-based structures. This involves training, technical advice and support supervision of districts to enable them to effectively implement their roles in the rural sub-sector. The mandate also covers water for production. Umbrella Organisations (UO) are also regional organisations constituted as associations of the local water supply and Sanitation Boards (WSSB) with the principal objective of providing operation and maintenance (O&M) back-up support (training, technical, legal and organisational support, supervision of rehabilitation and extension works as well as water quality monitoring). The Directorate of Environmental Affairs has established offices for the wetland department on the regional level.

3.8.3 Catchment Level At the local level, the Ministry of Water and Environment is represented by the Water Management Zone with the aim of bring services closer to the people. During the catchment management planning process, an institutional setup has to be created which brings stakeholders together to present and exchange their views and thus give the process legitimacy. The Water Management Zone establishes Catchment Management Organisations (CMO) comprising several bodies. The Catchment Stakeholder Forum (CSF) brings together all actors on catchment management. The CSF defines key issues related to water resources in the catchment that require consideration in order to effectively protect, manage and develop water resources. It provides input to the CMP for coordinated, integrated and sustainable development and management of water and related resources in the catchment, including their implementation status. The Catchment Management Committee (CMC) is composed of representatives of all relevant stakeholder groups (government, politicians, and community based organisations, NGOs, water users, media, academic institutions, and private sector) and collaborates with the WMZ during the formulation of a Catchment Management Plan and plays a steering role during its implementation. The CMC responsibilities include:coordination of stakeholder-driven definition of key issues related to water resources, promotion of coordinated planning and implementation as well as stakeholder- driven decision making related to integrated and sustainable development and management of water and related resources, development of plans for coordinated, integrated and sustainable development and management of water and related resources. It endorses the CMP and presents it to the Catchment Stakeholder Forum for information purposes. The CMC acts as an executive board for the Catchment Management Organisation. The Catchment Management Secretariat (CMS) provides support to the Catchment Management Committee in coordinating the planning and implementation of activities in the catchment as well as following up of recommended actions by the stakeholders. The CMS acts as an administrative secretariat for the Catchment Management Committee as well as the Catchment Technical Committee. The Catchment Technical Committee (CTC) forms the technical arm of the CMO and supports the CMC in their tasks. The CTC brings technical expertise and knowledge during the formulation of the Catchment Management Plan, puts into operation and sometimes implements programmes and projects from the plan, and generally ensures that the different districts collaborate to implement the plan. It comprises technical people from government, NGOs, private sector, development agencies and other relevant organisations in the catchment.

3.8.4 Community Level The NGOs involved in water sector activities have formed a very important network with over 170 members that is called Uganda Water and Sanitation Network (UWASNET) for improved coordination of their activities in the water sector. The USWANET provides a platform for constructive engagement with government and donors in the water sector and serves to promote the sharing of experience between the members. The Water Act provides for the formation of Water and Sanitation Committees, Water User Groups, and Water User Associations, as local community level organisations, to ensure the sustainability of the water supply and sanitation facilities through proper management, operation and maintenance by the user communities. Upon construction of a water source, a Water Users Committee (WUC) is usually established to take responsibility for its operation and maintenance. The NGOs and CBOs have important functions in the implementation of IWRM such as activities related to protection of water sources and supply facilities, like maintaining tree or grass cover in the catchment area of water sources, reducing stream pollution and abstractions, resolving conflicts from sharing of water, water supply (for example gravity flow schemes), water harvesting (water conservation and efficient use technologies), awareness, catchment/watershed management, and community mobilisation and citizen participation. The private sector plays a very important role in the water and environment sector by providing the following contributions: private sector contractors and consultants undertaking design and construction works in water supply and sanitation; 18 19 private hand pump mechanics and scheme attendants providing maintenance services; about 20 Private Operators managing piped water services in small towns and rural growth centres; as well as private forest owners with registered forests and processing of forest products in the forestry sub-sector. Private Operators are organised in the Association of Private Water Operators (APWO), which aims to professionalise its members, represent their interests at the sector level, provide support services (e.g. procurement of billing systems) and ensure knowledge exchange. 19 4. STATUS OF THE UPPER NILE WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE

4.1 Overview of the Upper Nile Water Management Zone The Upper Nile Water Management Zone encompasses almost entirely the northern region of Uganda. It has an extension of about 50,000km2 and includes the Ugandan part of three river catchments that form the Upper Nile Water Management Zone: Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo.The Albert Nile River stems from Lake Albert and flows to the north through northern Uganda, then at the South Sudanese border it becomes the Bahr al Abyad, or the White Nile. The Aswa River is a major river in north-eastern Uganda which flows northwest into South Sudan where it joins the White Nile. The river originates from the hills in the Upper Nile region and flows through Lira District and marks the border between the Districts of Pader and Gulu. The main tributaries of Aswa are the Agago and Pager rivers. The course of the Aswa River delineates most of the border between the District of Atiak and Kitgum before crossing into South Sudan, east of the border town of Nimule, and joining the White Nile about 10 miles northwest of Nimule.The Kidepo River is a tributary of the Pibor River that runs in eastern South Sudan along the border between South Sudan and Ethiopia. Pibor River flows north for about 320 kilometres and joins the Akabo and Baro rivers to form the Sobat River which is a southern tributary of the White Nile. Only the upper portion of the Kidepo Catchment is included in the study area. Figure 4.1: Upper Nile WMZ and three catchments of Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo The eastern part of the Upper Nile WMZ is a plateau with an average altitude of 1300m above sea level (masl) and is characterised by flat-topped hills with gently sloping sides and broad swamp-filled valleys. This northern area of the country has a number of mountains that are of volcanic origin. The western Rift Valley extends along the western border of Upper Nile WMZ and drops to an altitude of about 630m where the Nile leaves the country downstream of Laropi. From Lake Albert, the Albert Nile, follows the western arm of the East African Rift Valley into South Sudan, while the mentioned plateau drains directly into the Bahr el Jebel via the Aswa River, which follows the Aswa shear zone along a 300km north- westerly direction in northern Uganda. The Upper Nile WMZ encompasses 24 districts of the northern region of Uganda 20 and includes a population of 4,811,000 people. The Table 4.1 below presents the district areas under the Upper Nile MWZ in kilometres and by percentage of total district area. Table 4-1 Districts included in the study area and percentage of involved area. Surface inside the Surface inside the District name Surface [km2] District name Surface [km2] study area [%] study area [%] Abim 2,352 78% Lamwo 5,592 92% Adjumani 3,086 99% Lira 1,328 39% Agago 3,494 100% Maracha 444 98% Alebtong 1,526 80% Moyo 1,856 83% Amuria 2,587 42% Napak 4,977 6% Amuru 3,624 98% Nebbi 2,000 85% Arua 4,366 100% Nwoya 4,772 53% Gulu 3,450 76% Otuke 1,549 100% Kaabong 7,220 53% Oyam 2,189 10% Kitgum 3,957 99% Pader 3,360 100% Koboko 760 46% Yumbe 2,322 75% Kole 1,073 14% Zombo 898 93% Kotido 3,701 39% The river network of Uganda is organised according to a hierarchical hydrological structure that is formed by Water Management Zones, catchments, sub-catchments, and micro-catchments. For the development of the diagnostic and situational analysis, the three main catchments were divided into sub-catchments. Sub-catchments were delineated and used as water balance units for modelling purposes in the Upper Nile WMZ. The sub-catchments delineation was made using Digital Elevation Model data, hydrography and guidance, methodology and elaboration provided in following documents: (i)Uganda Catchment Management Planning Guidelines (DWRM, 2014), (ii)Consultancy Services for the Identification of a Multipurpose Water Resources Management and Development Project in Aswa Basin (NBI-NEL, 2012) – Aswa MWRMD Project;and (iii) Consultancy Services for the Identification of a Multipurpose Water Resources Management and Development Project in Lake Kyoga Basin(NBI-NEL, 2012). For the Aswa Catchment, the sub-catchments structure adopted in the Aswa MWRMD project was considered. For the Albert Nile and Kidepo catchments, a specific sub-catchment delineation was not available, therefore the sub-catchment were delineated from the DEM.There are 20 sub-catchments that were delineated in the Upper Nile WMZ: 11 in the Albert Nile Catchment, eight in the Aswa Catchment, and one in the Kidepo Catchment, as shown in the Figure 4.2 and Table 4.2 below. Table 4.2: List of delimited sub-catchment for Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo rivers. River basin Sub-catchment Area (Km²) River basin Sub-catchment Area (Km²) Ora 2,319 Aswa Aswa III 2,666 Pakwach 1,306 Pager Kitgum 3,416 Panyango 2,024 Nyimur 2,084 Ome 1,518 Pager Aringa 1,493 AN_up_Enyau 2,982 Pager Matidi 6,255 Albert Nile Enyau 2,183 Agago 5,109 AN_up_Kochi 1,730 Aswa II 1,588 Kochi 1,633 Aswa I 5,063 Laropi 953 Kidepo Kidepo 3,259 Ayugi 2,526 Unyama 1,574 21 Figure 4.2: Map of delineated sub-catchments for Albert Nile, Aswa, and Kidepo catchments

4.2 Socio-economic Context

4.2.1 Population According to the results of the 2014 National Population and Housing Census (NPHC), Uganda’s population was estimated at about 34 million. The total population of the districts that are entirely or partially encompassed in the Upper Nile WMZ is approximately 6.3 million. Of the 24 districts encompassed in the Upper Nile WMZ, 10 are entirely included and the remaining 14 are only partially included in the WMZ. The area of the Upper Nile WMZ is 76% of the total area of the districts encompassed in the WMZ, and the population within the Upper Nile WMZ is 4.83 million (77 % of total population of the districts encompassed in the WMZ). Table 4.3: Census 2014 Final Results - Total population in Northern Districts District Male Female Urban Rural Total District Male Female Urban Rural Total Abim 52,963 56,076 17,400 91,639 109,039 Kotido 85,291 93,618 13,990 164,919 178,909 Adjumani 111,503 121,310 43,022 189,791 232,813 Lamwo 64,577 69,473 17,481 116,569 134,050 Agago 110,095 117,391 29,167 198,319 227,486 Lira 196,891 213,625 99,059 311,457 410,516 Alebtong 109,276 116,051 6,628 218,699 225,327 Maracha 87,278 98,898 8,901 177,275 186,176 Amuria 131,533 139,068 7,066 263,535 270,601 Moyo 67,937 69,552 10,507 126,982 137,489 Amuru 92,502 98,014 9,846 180,670 190,516 Nebbi 184,507 200,713 57,335 327,885 385,220 Arua 373,762 411,427 62,657 722,532 785,189 Nwoya 62,899 65,195 13,489 114,605 128,094 Gulu 215,610 228,123 152,276 291,457 443,733 Otuke 51,444 54,173 6,217 99,400 105,617 Kaabong 79,932 89,342 11,543 157,731 169,274 Oyam 188,704 199,307 11,857 376,154 388,011 Kitgum 98,438 105,574 44,604 159,408 204,012 Pader 88,148 95,575 14,080 169,643 183,723 Koboko 102,091 106,072 37,825 170,338 208,163 Wakiso 952,781 1,054,919 638,487 1,369,213 2,007,700 Kole 117,439 124,439 8,833 233,045 241,878 Yumbe 229,811 255,771 35,606 449,976 485,582 § Zombo 115,411 124,957 45,847 194521 240,368 Source: UBOS, 2015 22 Table 4.4: District area and population within the Upper Nile WMZ Population Population Population Population Total Population Area within UN- District name Total Area (km2) within UN-WMZ within UN-WMZ within UN-WMZ within UN-WMZ (2014) WMZ (%) (%) (2014) (2030) (2040) Abim 2,749 109,039 74% 100% 109,039 174,895 221,706 Adjumani 2,955 232,813 100% 100% 232,813 373,424 473,372 Agago 3,524 227,486 100% 100% 227,486 364,880 462,540 Alebtong 1,551 225,327 80% 78% 175,755 282,124 357,635 Amuria 2,587 270,601 42% 50% 135,301 217,018 275,102 Amuru 3,671 190,516 99% 100% 190,516 305,581 387,370 Arua 4,339 785,189 100% 100% 785,189 1,259,417 1,596,501 Gulu 3,501 443,733 76% 80% 354,986 569,592 722,044 Kaabong 7,307 169,274 56% 94% 159,118 255,477 323,855 Kitgum 4,109 204,012 100% 100% 204,012 327,229 414,811 Koboko 759 208,163 47% 73% 151,959 242,895 307,906 Kole 1,061 241,878 13% 15% 36,282 59,190 75,033 Kotido 3,610 178,909 38% 26% 46,516 74,804 94,825 Lamwo 5,443 134,050 100% 100% 134,050 215,012 272,560 Lira 1,342 410,516 39% 28% 114,944 181,417 229,973 Maracha 441 186,176 100% 100% 186,176 298,620 378,546 Moyo 1,890 137,489 83% 100% 137,489 220,528 279,552 Nebbi 2,024 385,220 85% 88% 338,994 545,679 691,731 Nwoya 4,732 128,094 54% 55% 70,452 113,956 144,456 Otuke 1,650 105,617 100% 100% 105,617 169,406 214,748 Oyam 2,248 388,011 10% 15% 58,202 90,812 115,118 Pader 3,331 183,723 100% 100% 183,723 294,686 373,558 Yumbe 2,330 485,582 75% 89% 432,168 694,333 880,171 Zombo 898 240,368 100% 100% 240,368 385,542 488,733 TOTAL 68,052 6,271,786 76% 77% 4,829,275 7,716,517 9,781,847

4.2.2 Water Sector Contribution to Economic Development From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the Ugandan economy grew, on average, by 7% per annum. In fiscal years 2013/14 and 2014/15, the national economy grew by 4.5% and 5.9% respectively. In Financial Year 2014/2015, the National GDP was Shs74,565 billion and GDP/capita was Shs2,0855. The contribution of main sectors to the national economy is presented in the table below. Agriculture is the largest water-related contributor to the economy measured in GDP contribution, employment and export value, followed by tourism. According to the National Water Resources Strategy, the economic sectors directly dependent on water resources represent some 28% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), provide around 9.2 million jobs (corresponding to 71% of all employment in Uganda), and generate export value of around US$1,965million (corresponding to around two thirds of all export from Uganda). Table 4.5: Sector contribution to GDP, employment and export Sector % sector contribution Total number of Export value 2011 to GDP(2011/12) people employed (million US$) 2009/10 (000) Water supply 3.3 8 Crops 14.6 920.3 Livestock 2.0 34.7 Total agriculture 16.6 8,800 955.0 Fishery 3.1 94 136.2 Energy6 1.2 11 Tourism 4.07 2258 7739 Mining & quarrying 0.4 48 100.3 5 Source: UBOS, 2016 http://www.ubos.org/statistics/macro-economic/national-accounts/ 6Electricity supply by national utility including hydropower and thermal power 72011 estimate by World Travel &Tourism Council (WTTC). This is the direct estimate and does not include indirect and induced impacts. 82011 estimate by WTTC 92010 estimate by WB: Uganda, Migration and Remittances Fact Book 2011 Sources of information: NDP 2010/11-2014/15, Statistical Abstract 2012 UBOS, Uganda National Household 23 Survey 2009/10, State of the Environment 2010 NEMA.

4.3 Water Resources Assessment The main purposes of the Water Resources Assessment of the Upper Nile WMZ are to: i) Describe the state of the physical resource base in the basin including demand and availability of surface and ground water, and water quality ii) Identify sensitive ecosystems and critical portions of the natural environment within a watershed context and assess the effects of water quality on the ecosystems iii) Assess social issues, vulnerabilities, challenges (including gender issues, vulnerable groups, etc.) related to water resources development and management iv) Delineate the watersheds within the Upper Nile WMZ v) Prepare an inventory of matters related to the physical resource base including the effects of water development on the environment. This assessment of consistence, availability and quality of water resources within the WMZ is a key element of the water balance analysis and provides the ground for the formulation of a consistent and sustainable Water Development and Management Strategy and Action Plan. In the Water Resources Assessment, an inventory of matters and problems related to the physical water resource base is developed in terms of: § Water Resources Availability for Use: Surface and Groundwater, Water Quality, Flooding, Drought § Effects of climate change on water resources: Effects of Water Development on the Environment, Sources and causes of degradation of land and water, Riparian ecosystems, Wetland ecosystems, Other ecosystems and Natural Resources, Environmental issues § Assessment of future watershed conditions, their use and associated values: Future use and values of water resources, Future use and values of environmental resources (ecosystems and natural resources). The assessment of water resources is based on the analysis of hydrometeorology, surface and groundwater hydrology, hydrogeological conditions, water quality, integration of climate change scenarios, and the delineation of watersheds.

4.3.1 Surface Water Assessment The water resources availability is estimated for the three catchments in the Upper Nile WMZ.A monthly water-balance model has been used to examine the various components of the hydrologic cycle (for example, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff). Surface flows have been estimated using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model linking climate to runoff and, in catchments, the runoff estimates for individual sub-catchments have been accumulated to give estimates for the total flows at the downstream points. Based on available time series of rainfall, the following monthly flows are calculated at selected gauging stations along the Albert Nile River and its tributaries. Table 4-6: Mean monthly flow at selected gauging stations along Albert Nile and its tributaries GAUGING STATIONS ALONG ALBERT NILE’S TRIBUTARIES - FLOW (m³/s) MONTH R. Achwa at Kilak R. Ora at Inde - R. Enyau at Arua - R. Kochi at Yumbe - R. Ayugi at Atiak - County Pakwach Road Moyo Road Moyo Road Laropi Road 1 1.0 9.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 2 0.7 7.6 1.3 0.7 1.0 3 0.8 9.5 1.8 1.1 2.0 4 2.9 12.5 2.7 2.0 4.9 5 6.3 13.5 3.1 1.9 18.6 6 8.0 11.0 3.9 2.2 9.0 7 9.9 16.8 6.0 7.2 14.2 8 17.2 25.6 10.8 14.1 24.3 9 23.6 31.8 10.7 14.1 22.0 10 22.0 31.9 10.8 14.3 23.2 11 13.3 31.8 8.5 5.1 14.1 12 3.5 15.5 3.9 1.5 3.4 AVG 8.7 18.1 5.4 5.7 11.6 Period 1969 - 1982 1956 - 1978 1955 - 2015 1955 - 1978 1955 - 2000 Area (km²) 536 2,775 749 838 1,066 Rainfall/wetness (l/s/km²) 16.1 6.5 7.1 6.8 10.9 24 Table 4.7: Mean monthly flow at selected gauging stations along the Aswa and its tributaries ASWA GAUGING STATIONS - FLOW (m³/s) R. Aringa at R. Aswa I at R. Agago at Lira - R. Aswa II at Gulu - R. Pader at Kitgum MONTH Kitgum - Mucwini Aswa III + Nyimur* Puranga Kitgum Road Kitgum Road – Matidi Road Road 1 1.7 0.3 3.6 0.3 0.5 11.0 2 0.6 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.4 2.3 3 1.4 1.9 3.7 0.3 0.4 4.5 4 3.4 2.2 9.5 0.3 1.9 12.1 5 15.7 3.8 41.8 1.0 4.7 52.3 6 14.6 4.2 35.4 1.5 4.3 50.8 7 20.0 7.5 50.8 1.8 9.7 82.0 8 40.9 13.7 131.0 3.8 15.2 240.8 9 44.4 14.0 142.6 3.2 10.4 252.1 10 27.3 8.3 86.0 1.7 4.6 143.8 11 16.3 4.8 41.7 1.5 3.0 71.5 12 8.1 2.4 20.6 1.1 1.9 46.7 AVG 16.6 5.3 48.4 1.4 4.9 82.6 Period 1953 - 1978 1963 - 1981 1953 - 1978 1967 - 1978 1959 - 1978 1967-1978 Area (km²) 5,063 4,395 12,222 1,493 6,255 27,674 Udom. (l/s/km²) 3.3 1.2 4.0 0.9 0.8 3.0

4.3.2 Ground Water Assessment Estimates of potential groundwater recharge have been derived from water balance model. Groundwater resources were evaluated, in order to characterise the groundwater availability and exploitation potential within the Upper Nile WMZ. Positive and negative aspects related to this matter are summarised in Table 4.8 in order to identify sub-catchments with high potential and those under critical conditions for ground water exploitation. Values from zero (worst) to four (best) have been assigned for each Upper Nile WMZ sub-catchment according to static water levels, drilling success, ground water recharge and water quality. In the column “overall” the average value of hydrological parameters has been calculated to provide the final classification. Table 4.8: Potential for groundwater exploitation for Upper Nile WMZ sub-catchments. Inferred static water Groundwater River basin Sub-catchment name Drilling success rate Water quality Overall level recharge Ora 3 3 4 2 3.0 Pakwach 0 3 2 3 2.0 Panyango 1 4 4 3 3.0 Ome 1 4 4 3 3.0 AN_up_Enyau 2 2 3 3 2.5 Albert Nile Enyau 4 4 3 4 3.8 AN_up_Kochi 3 1 3 3 2.5 Kochi 4 4 2 4 3.5 Laropi 2 2 2 4 2.5 Ayugi 3 1 2 3 2.3 Unyama 3 3 3 4 3.3 Aswa III 3 3 3 3 3.0 Pager Kitgum 1 4 1 3 2.3 Nyimur 1 4 3 4 3.0 Pager Aringa 0 3 0 3 1.5 Aswa Pager Matidi 0 2 0 2 1.0 Agago 3 4 1 3 2.8 Aswa II 4 4 4 3 3.8 Aswa I 4 4 3 2 3.3 Kidepo Kidepo 2 3 0 2 1.8 Within the Upper Nile WMZ, the Enyau, Kochi, and Unyama sub-catchments are the most favourable areas for groundwater exploitation; groundwater potentiality is good also for Ora, Panyango, and Ome sub-catchments. In the remaining part of the Albert Nile Catchment, the potential is low. In the upper portion of Aswa River (Aswa I and Aswa 25 II), overall groundwater exploitation potential is very high and good results have been obtained in Aswa II, Nyimur, and Agago. Low potential areas include Pager Aringa, Kidepo, and Pager Matidi sub-catchments. Additional investigations are needed to verify local hydrological conditions, but these results appear to be in line with current spatial distribution of borehole and wells belonging to the water supply system.

4.3.3 Water Quality The existing national water quality monitoring network of DWRM includes only one station for monitoring of surface water resources inside the Upper Nile WMZ, coded SWR017 (Upper Aswa). Most of the monitoring network covers the central- southern part of the country. The available data does not have sufficient spatial and temporal coverage to assess the state of water bodies in the Upper Nile WMZ, due to discontinuity both in time and spatial distribution. Based on available water quality measures, an indirect assessment of organic and nutrients pollution loads from various sources was developed. The National Water Resources Assessment (NWRA, 2013) contains general information regarding water quality and pollution sources. An estimation of pollutants’ loads is done for various sources, namely for people (sanitation), industry, aquaculture, livestock and land runoff. Since the economy of Uganda is still predominantly agricultural, organic matter and nutrients are the major pollutants of the aquatic environment, thus considered pollutant is organic matter, measured through the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP). The quality of a given water resource is determined by natural factors and impacts from human activities which can be regulated to some degree. In the following analysis, anthropogenic pollution is considered to identify how human activities can be regulated in order to manage water quality issues. The parameters used for estimation of N&P loads contained in the NWRA were the basis for the analysis. Population census of 2014 was used to update loads estimations and future scenarios were created based on future population estimations and future water demand. The main organic and nutrient pollution sources from human activities considered were: (i) human settlements, (ii) agriculture and livestock breeding areas, (iii) aquaculture, and (iv) industrial areas. Pollution related to sanitation systems was considered to be one of the most important factors affecting water quality. The total amount of pollutants depends on the total population number and on the per capita pollutants production.The NWRA (2013) proposed the following values for populations in developing countries with a relatively low protein intake: • BOD: 40 g/PE/d • TN: 5 g/PE/d • TP: 2 g/PE/d. Pollution from livestock depends on the total number of livestock and on the per capita pollutants production. The total number of livestock is obtained by multiplying the total number of each different type of animal by a conversion factor, in order to have the total number in livestock tropical units (LTU). Pollution contributions were estimated on the basis of values suggested in the NWRA and on bibliographic typical values as follows: • BOD: 300 kg/LTU/year • TN: 50 kg/LTU/year • TP: 10 kg/LTU/year. In northern Uganda, agriculture is mostly subsistence farming. Based on values obtained from Malawi and the similarity with the Uganda situation, the NWRA (2013), proposes values for the quantity of nutrients in runoff from the land. The more likely export coefficients (nutrients lost per unit area of land per year in kg/ha/year) both for cultivated and uncultivated land are: • TN: 1.4 kg/ha/year • TP: 0.3 kg/ha/year. A document produced by the International Food Policy Research Institute on the use of fertilizers in Uganda in 2008 gives an idea of the amount of fertilizers used. In the northern part of Uganda, there are only around 40 fertilizer dealers, each one selling on average 10t of fertilizers per year, meaning about 0.08kg/ha/year in the Upper Nile WMZ. This amount is much lower than the natural nutrients runoff from uncultivated land and thus it can be neglected for current scenario. In future scenarios, fertilizer use is likely to increase, thus greater leaching of nutrients from soils can be expected. In the NWRA, values for Malawi were adjusted to take into account a more intensive land use in Uganda in the next years, namely values for cultivated land are supposed to be: • TN: 2.8kg/ha/year • TP: 0.6kg/ha/year. 26 Pollution from aquaculture is calculated accordingly to the amount of fish produced. As suggested from the NWRA, the following values have been considered for each ton of fish produced with cage system, which is considered to be the most polluting system: • TN: 64kg/t; • TP: 10kg/t. Industrial pollution is still quite limited in northern Uganda, as the economy of Uganda is still predominantly based on agriculture. From the NWRA, no contribution to pollution loads from the industrial sector is present in the Upper Nile WMZ. The contribution of the industrial sector to pollution can be estimated based on the number of employees. Only employees from the food processing sector have been considered, since wastewater from this sector is expected to have a high organic load, while wastewater from other sectors are characterised by other types of pollutants that have been neglected. From bibliographic review, following values have been considered: • BOD: 2,500kg/employee/year • TN: 10kg/employee/year • TP: 0.0 kg/employee/year. From assumptions explained above, it is possible to calculate the total load of organic pollutants and nutrients (BOD, TN, and TP) for each sub-catchment. This load represents the amount of pollutant produced at the pollution source, without taking into account any degradation, decay or retention process. The results for the three scenarios - current 2015, 2030, and 2040 - are presented Figure 4.3 BOD loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. and Figure 4.4 Total nitrogen loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. below. Figure 4.3: BOD loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. 27 Figure 4.4: Total nitrogen loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040. Figure 4.5: Total phosphorus loads at source in t/year for each sub-catchment in 2015, 2030 and 2040.

4.4 Climate variability and extreme climate events The climate variability and change was assessed in order to evaluate the effects of climate change within the timeframe of the Strategy. It aimed at evaluating the water availability and performing water balance for future scenarios. The main activities can be summarised in the following steps: • Investigate the physical basis of climate change • Assign values to specific parameters in the water resource assessment for future scenarios • Integrate these parameters in the water resource assessment for future simulations. In particular, data regarding future projections for 2010-2040 of main climatic variables (temperatures and rainfall) has to be considered for the analysis. As a conclusion, it is found that within the spectrum on temperatures in Uganda, and in particular for the mean annual value (about 24°C), potential evapotranspiration shall increase of about 7% in 2030 and 10% in 2040. These results have been included in the water resources assessment and water balance scenarios. 28

4.4.1 Water Balance The water resources assessment initially considered the mean hydrological year, associated with the current condition on surface network and groundwater system in a pristine scenario. In addition, the drought year and the impact of climate change in 2030 and 2040 have been evaluated. The analysis of water uses estimated the current water demand from different economic sectors and the projected demands to year 2030 and 2040. Combining the above mentioned evaluation of water resources and water uses, four scenarios for water balance were elaborated: • Scenario 1: mean hydrological year and water use 2015 • Scenario 2: drought hydrological year and water use 2015 • Scenario 3: mean hydrological year with climate change at 2030 and water use 2030 • Scenario 4: mean hydrological year with climate change at 2040 and water use 2040. The results of water balance analysis for the above mentioned scenarios included the mean and drought hydrological year and climate change affecting mean hydrological year in 2030 and 2040. The key of codes listed in the following tables are: WDg or WDgross Gross Water Demand WDn or WDnet Net Water Demand (return flow is considered thus, for instance, hydropower plants has null water requirements) Qsb Overall resource in a sub-catchment Qtot Overall resource in a sub-catchment and in its upstream sub-catchments (Qtot = Qsb if there are no upstream sub-catchments) dry period from November to April wet period from May to October. The objective of reconciliation analysis is to provide a comprehensive balance of beneficial, effective and efficient water requirements, and assessed water availability (quality and quantity) for the current situation and for potential future scenarios within a WMZ. The analysis takes into account the water situation assessment, the vision and the water required to meet the reconciliation. The intended outcome is a catchment-based reconciliation of water resources availability versus demand requirements for the current state and for the projected situation articulated in the vision and subsectors areas up to 2040.The ultimate scope of reconciliation is the gap filling of water demand in 2040 for the highest number of users. In the analysis, different water demands are considered separately by distinguishing between consumptive uses (domestic, crops, livestock, fishery and industry) and non-consumptive uses (hydropower plants), as reported in the Table 4-9. It is noteworthy that the gross water demand is higher in dry period mainly due to higher water requirements for agriculture (rainfed in wet season). From water balance (Table 4.10) it can be noted that overall water demand for people and production in 2040 cannot be supplied during the dry semester for Kidepo River and for the Aswa sub-catchments, except Nyimur. Within the Albert Nile River basin, water deficits have been found in Pakwach, Enyau, Kochi and along the main course of Albert Nile upstream the confluence with Enyau. For all the Albert Nile sub-catchments the water surplus during the wet semester would generally allow to compensate the deficits during the dry period: in fact, in the wet semester gross demand for people and production is lower than 20% of water resources. This is generally valid also for Aswa River catchment, except for the eastern part of the basin (for Agago is 40%, Aringa 50%) and Kidepo River (70%). For Pager Matidi the water deficit in the dry period cannot be compensated with water storage during the wet semester. Another crucial component for water reconciliation is the environment. The water dependent ecosystems are taken into consideration for water resource allocation through both water for the wetlands and Environmental Flows (EF). The former aims at maintaining the ecosystem services and livelihoods. This evaluation includes future needs due to climate change scenarios and it has been entirely included in the water resource assessment. The latter aims at establishing minimum flow levels needed to sustain healthy rivers and riparian ecosystems. This is estimated on the basis of river monthly discharges and is expressed as a percentage of mean flow during the dry and wet period. As shown in Table 4-11, for the Aswa River sub-catchments the environmental flows are generally very low: all of them have Environmental Flows less than 3% of water resources during the wet semester, while Environmental Flows range between 3% and 5% for half of the sub-catchments during the dry period. This does not appear to be an adequate threshold for ecosystem protection especially for the large seasonal and perennial wetlands in the upper part of Aswa and Agago rivers. Because of this, the minimum EF percentage for Aswa and Kidepo Rivers is fixed at 10%. In the Albert Nile Catchment, most of sub-catchments have a ratio between environmental flow and river discharge around 3-4% in the wet semester and 10-15% during the dry period. Even in this case, further investigation should identify an 29 additional water reserve. On the contrary, the Ora, Enyau, and Kochi sub-catchments have high values of Environmental Flow because the hydrological river regime does not have relevant variation during the year, thus Environmental Flow is around 15-30% in wet period and 45-55% during dry seasonal. This latter limitation might be too restrictive for these basins thus the maximum Environmental Flow percentage is fixed at 30%.Besides, the complementary percentage to the values included in Table 4.11 leads to the identification of the amount for “sustainable water use” or rather the portion of water resources that might be withdrawn preserving environmental flow. 30 Table 4.9: Water demand in 2040 for UN WMZ sub-catchments. WATER DEMAND 2040 (m³/d) Sub- Total Total SubC. Crop (dry Crop (wet Catchment Catchment People Livestock Aquaculture Industry Consumptive Consumptive ID period) period) Name (dry period) (wet period) Albert Nile Pakwach AN1 12,558 170,871 0 358 12,300 1,377 197,464 26,593 Panyango AN2 10,868 128,237 0 1,485 10,854 1,076 152,520 24,283 Ome AN3 8,842 102,867 0 1,451 8,976 940 123,076 20,209 Ora AN4 47,343 644,314 0 534 46,142 4,787 743,120 98,806 AN_up_Enyau AN5 40,016 635,266 0 788 41,135 6,083 723,288 88,022 Enyau AN6 49,524 627,351 0 440 51,222 5,343 733,880 106,529 AN_up_Kochi AN7 17,986 200,827 0 203 17,979 829 237,823 36,996 Kochi AN8 34,227 371,944 0 372 34,977 2,347 443,866 71,922 Laropi AN9 7,459 113,918 0 300 7,580 720 129,977 16,059 Ayugi AN10 15,896 173,003 0 1,128 15,783 1,123 206,933 33,930 Unyama AN11 14,263 164,252 0 1,068 12,761 2,555 194,899 30,647 Aswa Aswa I AS1 44,916 967,321 42,436 1,226 46,990 5,486 1,065,939 141,053 Agago AS2 27,289 408,925 123,234 2,390 27,249 812 466,666 180,975 Aswa II AS3 24,407 414,880 0 488 23,003 6,935 469,714 54,834 Pager Matidi AS4 26,051 457,808 228,891 4,524 25,891 2,003 516,277 287,360 Pager Aringa AS5 4,013 57,179 22,408 1,361 3,888 281 66,722 31,952 Pager Kitgum AS6 14,987 187,753 15,200 2,559 14,728 1,295 221,322 48,769 Aswa III AS7 22,863 229,980 0 2,507 19,718 4,083 279,151 49,171 Nyimur AS8 4,718 72,833 0 1,905 4,670 186 84,312 11,479 Kidepo Kidepo KI1 12,022 162,121 79,170 1,712 11,912 980 188,747 105,796 UN WMZ 440,248 6,291,651 511,339 26,799 437,757 49,242 7,245,697 1,465,385 31 Table 4.10: Water resources and deficits in 2040 for UN WMZ sub-catchments. WATER RESOURCES AND DEFICIT 2040 WR - Dry WR - Wet Sub-Catchment SubC. WR - Year Deficit - Dry Deficit - Wet Deficit - Dry Deficit - Wet Deficit - Year Catchment period period Name ID (MCM) period (%) period (%) period (MCM) period (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) Pakwach AN1 35 119 154 106% 6% -1 113 112 Panyango AN2 90 341 431 32% 2% 62 336 398 Ome AN3 58 225 282 41% 2% 35 221 256 Ora AN4 205 353 558 67% 6% 69 333 402 AN_up_Enyau AN5 127 331 458 106% 6% -6 313 307 Albert Nile Enyau AN6 122 279 401 111% 8% -13 257 244 AN_up_Kochi AN7 54 206 260 86% 5% 9 197 206 Kochi AN8 64 205 269 133% 9% -20 188 168 Laropi AN9 39 125 164 65% 4% 15 121 136 Ayugi AN10 112 501 613 36% 2% 73 493 566 Unyama AN11 91 394 484 40% 2% 55 388 443 Aswa I AS1 40 338 378 497% 9% -156 309 152 Agago AS2 18 117 135 489% 32% -70 80 11 Aswa II AS3 36 241 277 239% 5% -49 230 181 Pager Matidi AS4 13 80 93 832% 86% -95 12 -83 Aswa Pager Aringa AS5 4 22 25 375% 32% -9 16 7 Pager Kitgum AS6 23 120 144 181% 9% -18 111 93 Aswa III AS7 43 314 357 120% 3% -8 304 297 Nyimur AS8 28 133 161 59% 3% 12 131 143 Kidepo Kidepo KI1 8 46 54 486% 54% -30 22 -8 32 Table 4.11: River flow regime within UN WMZ sub-catchments. RIVER FLOW REGIME Sub- River discharge (m³/s) Environmental flow (%) SubC. Catchment Catchment Mean in Dry Mean in Wet Monthly ID Yearly Mean Dry semester Wet semester Name semester semester Minimum Albert Nile Pakwach AN1 2.7 9.3 6.0 0.41 15% 4% Panyango AN2 6.9 25.7 16.3 0.90 13% 4% Ome AN3 4.4 17.1 10.7 0.49 11% 3% Ora AN4 14.7 26.4 20.6 7.77 53% 29% AN_up_Enyau AN5 9.5 25.5 17.5 2.36 25% 9% Enyau AN6 8.9 21.1 15.0 4.73 53% 22% AN_up_Kochi AN7 4.2 15.9 10.1 0.44 10% 3% Kochi AN8 4.8 15.6 10.2 2.14 45% 14% Laropi AN9 3.0 9.6 6.3 0.90 30% 9% Ayugi AN10 8.5 36.9 22.7 1.03 12% 3% Unyama AN11 6.7 28.7 17.7 0.81 12% 3% Aswa Aswa I AS1 3.6 28.8 16.2 0.11 3% 0.4% Agago AS2 1.6 10.6 6.1 0.05 3% 0.5% Aswa II AS3 2.9 18.5 10.7 0.16 5% 0.9% Pager Matidi AS4 1.1 8.4 4.8 0.11 10% 1.3% Pager Aringa AS5 0.4 2.4 1.4 0.06 15% 2.4% Pager Kitgum AS6 2.1 10.9 6.5 0.33 16% 3.1% Aswa III AS7 3.5 24.5 14.0 0.13 4% 0.5% Nyimur AS8 2.3 11.0 6.6 0.34 15% 3.1% Kidepo Kidepo KI1 0.8 4.7 2.8 0.11 14% 2.4% 33 After setting the above mentioned parameters, the water reconciliation for 2040 was made. In particular, three alternative reconciliations were proposed: • “Natural Reconciliation” if volume for sustainable use during the dry period (hydrological scenario with climate change) is higher than the sum of water requirements for all different consumptive users • “Reconciliation with storage” if the sustainability is reached conserving the water resources in dry period and water surplus during wet semester; in this case the volume to be stored is calculated • “Partial Reconciliation” when the previous case does not allow to entirely satisfy water demand for 2040 (dry period). An explanation on water reconciliation is provided with example of calculation done for Pager Aringa sub-catchment. Table 4-12: Parameters for water reconciliation in 2040 (Pager Aringa). PARAMETERS FOR RECONCILIATION – Pager Aringa Resources dry period (MCM) = 3.5 Environmental Flow in dry period (%) = 15.2% Environmental flow dry period (MCM) = 0.54 Demand dry period (MCM) = 12.0 Demand wet period (MCM) = 5.8 Balance dry period (MCM) = -8.8 Balance wet period (MCM) = 15.8 Sustainability dry period (MCM) = 3.0 Reconciliation in dry period = WITH STORAGE Storage for Reconciliation (MCM) = 9.0 When the storage for water reconciliation (“Storage for Reconciliation”) is identified, then each single water user is considered in order to associate a certain portion of this volume. In particular, the storage during the dry semester is calculated as the volume to supply 90 days of consumption for domestic use and 180 days of consumption for any other users (for irrigation with storage, managed wetland, livestock, and aquaculture).According to the above mentioned criteria,the percentage of water reconciliation for each type of users for 2040 is finally assessed (Table 4.13). Values lower than 100% indicate the development of a specific economic activity is necessarily limited in comparison with projection for 2040: this is to exploit the available resources in a sustainable manner. Values of reconciliation higher than 100% point out opportunities to further developments. 34 Table 4.13: Water reconciliation for 2040 (Pager Aringa). WATER RECONCILATION FOR 2040 – Pager Aringa sub-catchment Type of users Unit reference Reconcilab Storage dry Reconcilabl Reconcilable for users le (%) semester (MCM) e Users (m³/d) Domestic urban supply People 100% 0.10 13,452 1,027 Domestic rural supply People 100% 0.26 73,426 2,608 Irrigation (all types) Irrigated area (ha) 100% 7.7 1,905 79,587 Livestock LTU 100% 0.25 26,847 1,361 Aquaculture Pond area (ha) 100% 0.7 161 3,888 Industry Employees 100% - 480 281 Total in dry period (m³/d) - 25,083 - 66,722 Total in dry period (MCM) - 9.0 - 12.0 At catchment scale the results of water reconciliation for the three river basins of Upper Nile WMZ, in terms of volume (MCM), are included in the following table. For Albert Nile River basin the water reconciliation is “natural” for four sub-catchments (Panyango, Ome, Ayugi and Unyama), while storage is required for others. For Aswa River basin only Nyimur can reach natural water reconciliation, six sub- catchments must implement storage (all three along Aswa main course, Pager Aringa and Pager), while one sub-catchment cannot reach the complete water reconciliation (Pager Matidi). In the Kidepo River catchment, one sub-catchment cannot reach the complete water reconciliation. Table 4.14: Parameters for water reconciliation in 2040 for Upper Nile WMZ catchments. PARAMETERS FOR WATER RECONCILIATION Parameters Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo Resources dry period (MCM) 997 205 8.1 Demand dry period (MCM) 700 571 34 Demand wet period (MCM) 100 145 19 Balance dry period (MCM) 278 -392 -30 Balance wet period (MCM) 2,959 1,193 22 Environmental Flow in dry period (%) 23% 11% 14% Reserve Flow dry period (MCM) 227 23 1.1 Sustainability dry period (MCM) 770 181 7.0 7 Naturally, 4 with 1 Naturally, 6 with Reconciliation in dry period Partially Storage Storage, 1 Partially Storage for Reconciliation(MCM) 123 329 22 Water reconciliation is complete for all the water sectors in all the sub-catchments of Albert Nile River.In two sub-catchments, Ora and AN-up-Kochi, aquaculture needs to be done intensively compared to what has been generally considered in the present study. For Aswa River basin the water reconciliation is complete for domestic, industrial water supply, and livestock in all the sub-catchments. While in Pager Matidi there is no development for aquaculture and development for irrigation is also very limited.Kidepo has full development of domestic and industrial water supply, and livestock. Irrigation and aquaculture might be only partially developed according to projection on 2040. Table 4.15: Water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ catchments. WATER RECONCILIATION (%) Type of users Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo 100% for all sub- 100% for all sub- Domestic urban supply 100% catchments catchments 100% for all sub- 100% for all sub- Domestic rural supply 100% catchments catchments 100% for all sub- very limited for two sub- Irrigation (all types) 53% catchments catchments 100% for all sub- 100% for all sub- Livestock 100% catchments catchments Two sub-catchments Aquaculture null for 1 sub-catchments 40% intensive aquaculture 35 WATER RECONCILIATION (%) Type of users Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo 100% for all sub- 100% for all sub- Industry 100% catchments catchments At catchment scale, water reconciliation for the three river basins of Upper Nile WMZ, in terms of numbers of users, is presented in the following table. Table 4.16: Users reconciliation in 2040 for Upper Nile WMZ catchments. USERS RECONCILIATION (people, irrigated hectares, LTU, pond hectares, employees) Type of users Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo Domestic urban supply 671,396 518,838 34,367 Domestic rural supply 5,131,740 3,193,450 231,816 Irrigation (all types) 129,735 80,497 3,186 Livestock 160,306 334,517 33,763 Aquaculture 10,746 5,803 197 Industry 41,832 35,933 1,674 Table 4.17 and Table 4.18 present water reconciliation for each sub-catchment. They, in addition, show sub-catchments with partial or complete reconciliation in the dry periods and storage requirements. Reconciliation is “natural” when storage is not necessary or when it does not exploit the entire surplus in wet period so that opportunities for further development can be identified. This is the case for seven sub- catchments in the Albert Nile and only for Nyimur in Aswa River basin.In Pager Matidi and Kidepo sub- catchments development in 2040 can be partially achieved, therefore, strategies in these sub-catchments should concentrate on actions for ecosystem conservation, most efficient water use (in order to reduce water demand), and improvement of water allocation through management, among others. 36 Table 4.17: Water reconciliation in 2040 for Albert Nile sub-catchments. Albert Nile AN_up_ AN_up_ Parameters Pakwach Panyango Ome Ora Enyau Kochi Laropi Ayugi Unyama Enyau Kochi AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 AN8 AN9 AN10 AN11 Resources dry 35 90 58 205 127 122 54 64 39 112 91 period (MCM) Demand dry 36 27 22 134 130 132 43 80 23 37 35 period (MCM) Demand wet 5 4 4 18 16 19 7 13 3 6 6 period (MCM) Balance dry -1 62 35 69 -6 -13 9 -20 15 73 55 period (MCM) Balance wet 113 336 221 333 313 257 197 188 121 493 388 period (MCM) EF in dry period 15% 13% 11% 53% 25% 53% 10% 45% 30% 12% 12% (%) Reserve Flow dry 5 14 9 62 31 37 8 19 12 17 14 period (MCM) Sustainability dry 30 77 49 144 95 86 46 45 27 95 77 period (MCM) Reconciliation in With With With Natural Natural Natural With storage Natural Natural Natural Natural dry period storage storage storage Storage 4 Not Not Not Not Not Not Not Reconciliation 6 35 47 35 Necessary Necessary Necessary Necessary Necessary Necessary Necessary (MCM) 37 Table 4.18: Water reconciliation in 2040 for Aswa and Kidepo sub-catchments. Aswa Kidepo Parameters Aswa I Agago Aswa II Pager Matidi Pager Aringa Pager Kitgum Aswa III Nyimur Kidepo AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 AS5 AS6 AS7 AS8 KI1 Resources dry period (MCM) 40 18 36 13 4 23 43 28 8 Demand dry period (MCM) 192 84 85 93 12 40 50 15 34 Demand wet period (MCM) 25 33 10 52 6 9 9 2 19 Balance dry period (MCM) -156 -70 -49 -95 -9 -18 -8 12 -30 Balance wet period (MCM) 309 80 230 12 16 111 304 131 22 EF in dry period (%) 3% 3% 5% 10% 15% 16% 4% 15% 14% Reserve Flow dry period (MCM) 4.0 1.8 3.6 1.3 0.5 3.7 4.3 4.2 1.1 Sustainability dry period (MCM) 36 16 33 12 3 19 39 24 7 WITH WITH WITH WITH WITH WITH Reconciliation in dry period PARTIAL NATURAL PARTIAL STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE STORAGE NOT Storage 4 Reconciliation (MCM) 156 68 52 12 9 21 11 22 NECESSARY 38

4.4.2 Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water use 2015 Currently, in the mean hydrological year, the overall water resource for Upper Nile WMZ is about 6.9 BMC/year, while groundwater recharge is about 3.66 BMC/year. In 2015 the gross demand from SW and GW is about 240 MCM/year, while the net demand is about 88MCM/year. Table 4.19: Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water demand 2015 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR Resource (MCM/y) Gross demand (MCM/y) Net demand (MCM/y) Area Catchment GW from from (Km²) Overall from SW Total from SW Total recharge GW GW Albert Nile 21,235 4,761 2,256 175 6.3 182 31 4.7 36 Aswa 27,674 2,060 1,351 47 5.5 53 44 4.0 48 Kidepo 3,259 86 51 5.2 0.4 5.7 4.9 0.3 5.2 UN WMZ 52,168 6,906 3,659 228 12 240 80 9.0 89 In the water balance scenario that combines the mean hydrological year and water use for 2015 the ratio between water demand and water availability is generally very low (less than 4%). For Ora (AN4), Pager Matidi (AS4), and Pager Aringa (AS5) sub-catchments this ratio is about 23%, 13% and11% respectively when gross water demand is considered. In terms of net water demand, only AS4 and AS5 are considered because a large part of the water requirements of AN4 are related to hydropower. The groundwater exploitation varies from 0.1% to 1.2%. At catchment scale the gross water demand ranges between 8% and 24% of water resources in the dry period, while it is around 1% to 4% in wet period. This applies to the AswaCatchment in the dry period alsowhen considering net water demand. In the Kidepo River catchment the water demand, both gross and net, are about 20% of water resources in the dry period. Table 4.20: Water Balance for the mean hydrological year 2015 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR Water Balance Catchment Area (Km²) WDgross/Q WDnet/Q GW exploitation Albert Nile 21,235 3.8% 0.8% 0.3% Aswa 27,674 2.6% 2.3% 0.4% Kidepo 3,259 6.6% 6.1% 0.9% UN WMZ 52,168 3.5% 1.3% 0.3% MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR WDgross/Q WDnet/Q Catchment Area (Km²) Dry period Wet period Dry period Wet period Albert Nile 21,235 8.3% 2.4% 2.0% 0.4% Aswa 27,674 12.3% 1.1% 11.3% 1.0% Kidepo 3,259 23.9% 3.7% 22.2% 3.4% UN WMZ 52,168 9.2% 2.0% 3.9% 0.6%

4.4.3 Scenario 2: Drought hydrological year and water use 2015 In the drought hydrological year the overall water resources for Upper Nile WMZ is about 4.05BMC/year, while groundwater recharge is about 2.18BMC/year. In 2015 the gross demand from surface water and ground water is about 244MCM/year, while the net demand is about 92MCM/year. It has to be noted that during a drought year water demand is slightly higher than the mean year (even if they are both referred to 2015): this is because crop requirements are higher due to lower precipitation Number Table 4.21: Scenario 2: Drought hydrological year and water demand 2015 DROUGHT HYDROLOGICAL YEAR Catchment Resource (MCM/y) Gross demand (MCM/y) Net demand (MCM/y) 39 Area GW from from Overall from SW Total from SW Total (Km²) recharge GW GW Albert Nile 21,235 3,012 1,486 175 6.3 182 31 4.7 36 Aswa 27,674 1,012 678 51 5.5 56 47 4.0 51 Kidepo 3,259 23 15 5.4 0.4 5.8 5.1 0.3 5.4 UN WMZ 52,168 4,047 2,179 231 12 244 83 9.0 92 In the water balance scenario that combines the dry hydrological year and water use for 2015, the ratio between water demand and water availability is generally very low for most of the sub-catchments (less than 8%, it was 4% in the mean hydrological year). For sub-catchments Ora (AN4), Pager Matidi (AS4), and Pager Aringa (AS5), ratios increase to about 31%, 45% and 47%respectively when gross water demand is considered. Again this issue is relevant in terms of net water demand only for AS4 and AS5, because a large part of the water requirements of AN4 is related to hydropower. The groundwater exploitation varies from 0.2% to 3.6%. At catchment scale in the dry period, the gross water demand is about 12% of water resources for Albert Nile, 29% for Aswa River basins and 79% for Kidepo River catchment. During the mean hydrological year, ground water exploitation was around 8% to 24% for the three basins. The ratio between gross water demand and water resources is low in wet periods varying from 2.5% for Aswa River to 15% for Kidepo River.These ratios still hold when net water demand is considered. There are very limited net water requirements in the Albert Nile River basin. Table 4.22: Water balance for the drought hydrological year 2015 DROUGHT HYDROLOGICAL YEAR Water Balance Catchment Area (Km²) WDgross/Q WDnet/Q GW exploitation Albert Nile 21,235 6.0% 1.2% 0.4% Aswa 27,674 5.6% 5.0% 0.8% Kidepo 3,259 25.1% 23.3% 3.1% UN WMZ 52,168 6.0% 2.3% 0.6% DROUGHT HYDROLOGICAL YEAR WDgross/Q WDnet/Q Catchment Area (Km²) Dry period Wet period Dry period Wet period Albert Nile 21,235 12.5% 3.8% 2.9% 0.6% Aswa 27,674 28.6% 2.5% 26.2% 2.2% Kidepo 3,259 79.3% 14.6% 73.6% 13.6% UN WMZ 52,168 14.9% 3.5% 6.4% 1.1%

4.4.4 Scenario 3: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2030 and Water Use 2030 In the mean hydrological year, considering the climate change in 2030, the overall water resources for Upper Nile WMZ is about 6BCM/year, while groundwater recharge is about 3.2BCM/year. In 2030, the gross demand from surface water and ground water is about 2.4BCM/year, while the net demand is about 1.20BCM/year. Table 4.23: Scenario 3: Mean hydrological year and water demand 2030 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2030 Resource (MCM/y) Gross demand (MCM/y) Net demand (MCM/y) Area Catchment GW from from (Km²) Overall from SW Total from SW Total recharge GW GW Albert Nile 21,235 4,268 2,036 1,027 24.1 1,051 638 18.1 656 Aswa 27,674 1,704 1,124 1,299 21.0 1,320 503 15.2 518 Kidepo 3,259 62 38 34.5 1.7 36.2 32.6 1.3 33.9 UN WMZ 52,168 6,034 3,197 2,360 47 2,407 1,173 34.6 1,208 40 In the water balance scenario that combines the mean hydrological year with climate change and water use for 2030, the ratio between water demand and water availability is generally high for most of sub- catchments when considering gross water requirements. At the annual scale,six sub-catchments have values lower than 20%, while for Agago and Pager Matidi gross demand equalizes water resources. When net water demand is considered, only the eastern sub- catchment of Aswa River (Pager Matidi) shows a high value of92%. The groundwater exploitation varies from 0.5% to 6%. At the catchment scale, when considering gross water demand, the dry period is critical for Aswa and Kidepo Rivers because gross water requirements are twice as much as the water available in the dry period. In the Albert Nile, demand is around 60% of water resources. In wet periods these gross water demands are about 13% of water resources for Albert Nile River, 27% for Kidepo River and 56% for Aswa River basin. Critical situations in Aswa and Kidepo River catchment can be found also with the net water demand but exclusively in dry periods. Table 4.24: Water Balance for the mean hydrological year 2030 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2030 Catchment Area (Km²) Water Balance WDgross/Q WDnet/Q GW exploitation Albert Nile 21,235 25% 15% 1.2% Aswa 27,674 77% 30% 1.9% Kidepo 3,259 58% 54% 4.6% UN WMZ 52,168 40% 20% 1.5% MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2030 WDgross/Q WDnet/Q Catchment Area (Km²) Dry period Wet period Dry period Wet period Albert Nile 21,235 59% 13% 43% 6% Aswa 27,674 218% 56% 164% 10% Kidepo 3,259 234% 27% 220% 25% UN WMZ 52,168 88% 27% 66% 8%

4.4.5 Scenario 4: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2040 and Water Use 2040 In the mean hydrological year, considering climate change in 2040, the overall water resources for the Upper Nile WMZ is about 5.7BMC/year, while groundwater recharge is about 3BMC/year. In 2040, the gross demand from surface water and ground water is about 3.9BCM/year, while the net demand is about 2.1BCM/year. Table 4.25: Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year with climate change and water demand for 2040 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2040 Resource (MCM/y) Gross demand (MCM/y) Net demand (MCM/y) Area Catchment GW from from (Km²) Overall from SW Total from SW Total recharge GW GW Albert Nile 21,235 4,074 1,949 1,757 51.2 1,808 1,078 38.4 1,117 Aswa 27,674 1,570 1,037 1,958 44.7 2,002 903 32.6 935 Kidepo 3,259 54 33 75.3 3.7 79.0 71.1 2.8 73.9 UN WMZ 52,168 5,697 3,019 3,790 100 3,889 2,052 73.7 2,126 In the water balance scenario that combines the mean hydrological year with climate change and water use for 2040, the ratio between water demand and water availability is generally high for most of sub- catchments when considering the gross water requirement. At the annual scale,six sub-catchments have values lower than 30% (it was 20% in 2030), while for five sub-catchments gross demand cannot be satisfied. In 2040, net water demand is a critical issue. Two sub-catchments of Aswa River cannot be 41 satisfied and half of the sub-catchments in the Upper Nile WMZ have a net water demand that ranges between 40% and 80% of water availability. The groundwater exploitation varies from 1% to 15%. At the catchment scale, the Aswa River Catchment has gross water requirements that are four times the water availability in dry periods. The Albert Nile and Kidepo River basins show similar issues in terms of gross water demand. They don’t have enough water resources in the dry periods and unsustainable demands during wet periods. Critical situations in the dry periods are present when net water requirements are considered for Aswa and Kidepo River basins. Albert Nile River is exploited for about the 85%. There are no critical issues in the wet period when net water demand is taken into account for the three catchments. Table 4.26: Water balance for the mean hydrological year with climate change 2040 MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2040 Water Balance Catchment Area (Km²) WDgross/Q WDnet/Q GW exploitation Albert Nile 21,235 44% 27% 2.6% Aswa 27,674 128% 60% 4.3% Kidepo 3,259 147% 138% 11.3% UN WMZ 52,168 68% 37% 3.3% MEAN HYDROLOGICAL YEAR - CLIMATE CHANGE 2040 WDgross/Q WDnet/Q Catchment Area (Km²) Dry period Wet period Dry period Wet period Albert Nile 21,235 109% 23% 85% 9% Aswa 27,674 381% 89% 327% 19% Kidepo 3,259 578% 70% 542% 66% UN WMZ 52,168 159% 44% 129% 13%

4.5 Upper Nile WMZ Profile This section presents the outcomes from the analysis of investment projects and evaluation of their relationship with issues and opportunities in water and environmental resources management identified during the resource assessment.The main issues related to water availability in the three river catchments in the UN WMZ are identified. For each issue, a degree of significance is given ranging from one (very low criticality) to four (very high criticality). These results are specific to the Upper Nile WMZ, as they are based on the diagnostic and situational analysis of this area. These considerations are related to each sub-catchment without considering water resources from upstream watersheds in order to analyse the “internal” water resources of the Upper Nile WMZ. In particular,for sub-catchments along the Albert Nile, water outflowing from Albert Lake is not included. The water balance calculations have been performed for different catchment conditions combining various hydrological years and water demand conditions resulting into different scenarios. Each scenario results from a specific hydrological situation and a specific water demand. Hydrological situations include the current situation and the future hydrological conditions influenced by climate change effects, while water demands change according to the degree of population increase and economic growth. Table 4.27: Issues on water availability in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ ISSUES ON WATER AVAILABILITY Climate change Climate change Catchment Sub-catchment Drought 2030 2040 Ora 2 2 2 Pakwach 3 2 3 Panyango 3 2 2 Albert Nile Ome 3 2 3 AN_up_Enyau 3 2 3 Enyau 3 2 2 AN_up_Kochi 3 2 3 42 ISSUES ON WATER AVAILABILITY Climate change Climate change Catchment Sub-catchment Drought 2030 2040 Kochi 3 2 3 Laropi 3 2 3 Ayugi 3 2 2 Unyama 3 2 2 Aswa III 3 2 3 Pager Kitgum 4 3 4 Nyimur 4 3 3 Pager Aringa 4 4 4 Aswa Pager Matidi 4 4 4 Agago 4 3 4 Aswa II 3 2 3 Aswa I 4 3 3 Kidepo Kidepo 4 4 4

4.5.1 Scenario 1: Mean hydrological year and water use for 2015 Based on the above mentioned indicators and procedure, almost all sub-catchment of the Upper Nile WMZ have the following few issues: § Supplying water to all the users using exclusively the resources within the single sub-catchment § Supplying water in dry periods for Kidepo River (low) and Pager Aringa and Matidi (high). Table 4.28: Issues on water balance in the mean year in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ ISSUES ON WATER BALANCE - CURRENT SCENARIO level Supply level (sub GW exploitation Environment Dry period Wet period Supply Catchment Sub-catchment catchment) (upstream) Ora 1 - 1 1 1 1 Pakwach 1 - 1 1 1 1 Panyango 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ome 1 1 1 1 1 1 AN_up_Enyau 1 1 1 1 1 1 Albert Nile Enyau 1 - 1 1 1 1 AN_up_Kochi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kochi 1 - 1 1 1 1 Laropi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ayugi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Unyama 1 - 1 1 1 1 Aswa III 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pager Kitgum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nyimur 1 - 1 1 1 1 Pager Aringa 1 - 3 1 1 1 Aswa Pager Matidi 1 - 3 1 1 1 Agago 1 - 1 1 1 1 Aswa II 1 1 1 1 1 1 Aswa I 1 - 1 1 1 1 Kidepo Kidepo 1 - 2 1 1 1 43

4.5.2 Scenario 2: Drought Hydrological Year and Water Use for 2015 Reduced water availability during the drought year causes some issues in sub-catchments of Aswa River, especially in dry period, as follows: § Significant water supply issues for the following sub-catchments as follows: in Ora and Kidepo (low) and Pager Aringa and Matidi (high) gross demands become high in proportion to the water resources § In the dry period, issues of water supply are significantin Pager Matidi, Aringa, and Kidepo in the Aswa River basin § There is sufficient water for water supply during wet semester, except for Pager Matidi and Aringa where some concern may be raised § There are no problems identified from withdrawing water from wells § There is sufficient water for minimum flow along the river network, except for Pager Matidi and Aringa, and Kidepo sub-catchments. Table 4-29: Issues on water balance in the drought year in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ISSUES ON WATER BALANCE - DROUGHT SCENARIO level Supply level (sub GW exploitation Environment Wet period Catchment Sub-catchment Dry period Supply catchment) (upstream) Ora 2 - 1 1 1 1 Pakwach 1 - 1 1 1 1 Panyango 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ome 1 1 1 1 1 1 AN_up_Enyau 1 1 1 1 1 1 Albert Nile Enyau 1 - 1 1 1 1 AN_up_Kochi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kochi 1 - 1 1 1 1 Laropi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ayugi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Unyama 1 - 1 1 1 1 Aswa III 1 1 1 1 1 1 Pager Kitgum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nyimur 1 - 1 1 1 1 Pager Aringa 3 - 4 2 1 3 Aswa Pager Matidi 3 - 4 2 1 3 Agago 1 - 2 1 1 1 Aswa II 1 1 1 1 1 1 Aswa I 1 - 3 1 1 1 Kidepo Kidepo 2 - 4 1 1 2

4.5.3 Scenario 3: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2030 and Water Use for 2030 Projections on water uses for 2030 identify issues on water supply for the Albert Nile River and Kidepo classified as lowbut very high for Aswa River. Issues concerning water balance areof concern all over the Upper Nile WMZ for the dry period and conservation of minimum flow is at risk in some situations. These issues can be elaborated as follows: § There are sufficient water resources to satisfy the gross water demand for half of the Albert Nile Catchment. In Enyau and Laropi sub-catchments, concerns of insufficient water resources to cover the gross water demand are high. In the Aswa River basin the situation varies from Nyimur where gross demand can be met to Agago, Pager Matidi and Aswa III where satisfaction of the gross demand is of high concern 44 § During the dry period the sub-catchments in Albert Nile River basin behave differently: generally high and low gross demand satisfaction are found § Most of the sub-catchments in the Aswa basin, except Nyimur, and the Kidepo Catchment have significant problems during the semester from November to April § There are no water supply issues during the wet semester for Pager Aringa and Kitgum § There are no issues for withdrawing water from wells § There are concerns of meeting minimum flow requirements for some tributaries of Albert Nile (Ora, Pakwach, Albert Nile upstream Enyau, Enyau, and Kochi), Kidepo River and the Aswa River basin except the lower portion. Table 4.30: Issues on water balance in 2030 in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ISSUES ON WATER BALANCE - SCENARIO CLIMATE CHANGE 2030 Supply level Supply level Supply level GW Dry period Wet period Catchment Sub-catchment (sub (sub catchment) (upstream) exploitation catchment) Ora 2 - 2 1 1 2 Pakwach 2 - 3 1 1 2 Panyango 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ome 1 1 2 1 1 1 AN_up_Enyau 2 1 3 1 1 2 Albert Nile Enyau 3 - 3 1 1 2 AN_up_Kochi 1 1 3 1 1 1 Kochi 2 - 4 1 1 2 Laropi 3 1 2 1 1 1 Ayugi 1 1 1 1 1 1 Unyama 1 - 2 1 1 1 Aswa III 1 1 4 1 1 1 Pager Kitgum 2 1 4 1 1 2 Nyimur 1 - 2 1 1 1 Pager Aringa 3 - 4 1 1 2 Aswa Pager Matidi 4 - 4 2 1 4 Agago 4 - 4 2 1 3 Aswa II 2 1 4 1 1 2 Aswa I 3 - 4 1 1 2 Kidepo Kidepo 3 - 4 2 1 3

4.5.4 Scenario 4: Mean Hydrological Year with Climate Change at 2040 and Water Use for 2040 According to the water balance for 2040, issues slightly increase in comparison with 2030 for supply level, significantly during dry periods and conservation of environmental flow. From Table 4-31, it can be noted that: § Issues of supplying gross water demand are high for most of Albert Nile catchments and very high for the Aswa and Kidepo River basins § In most cases, the mentioned issues are solved considering the residual resource of upstream sub- catchments (not totally for Page Kitgum and Aswa II) § During dry periods most of the sub-catchments in UN WMZ critical water deficiency problems § Water deficiency for water supply remains during the wet semester for Kidepo (low), Pager Kitgum (high) and Aringa (very high) § There are no issues for withdrawing water from wells 45 46 § Issues concerning the conservation of environmental flow are significant for several reaches of Albert Nile and high or very high for half of Aswa River and Kidepo River sub-catchments. Table 4.31: Issues on water balance at 2040 in primary sub-catchments of UN WMZ. ISSUES ON WATER BALANCE - SCENARIO CLIMATE CHANGE 2040 Supply level Supply level Supply level GW Dry period Wet period Catchment Sub-catchment (sub (sub catchment) (upstream) exploitation catchment) Ora 3 - 4 1 1 2 Pakwach 3 - 4 1 1 2 Panyango 2 1 2 1 1 1 Ome 1 1 3 1 1 1 AN_up_Enyau 3 1 4 1 1 3 Albert Nile Enyau 4 - 4 1 1 3 AN_up_Kochi 2 1 4 1 1 2 Kochi 3 - 4 1 1 3 Laropi 4 1 4 1 1 2 Ayugi 1 1 3 1 1 1 Unyama 1 - 3 1 1 1 Aswa III 1 1 4 1 1 2 Pager Kitgum 3 2 4 1 1 3 Nyimur 1 - 3 1 1 1 Pager Aringa 4 - 4 2 1 4 Aswa Pager Matidi 4 - 4 4 1 4 Agago 4 - 4 3 1 4 Aswa II 3 2 4 1 1 3 Aswa I 4 - 4 1 1 4 Kidepo Kidepo 4 - 4 3 1 4 The following table presents issues at a scale of catchment and Water Management Zone. Issues are evaluated with a qualitative scale as follows: very good (VH), good (H), low (L), and very low (VL).Where all the sub-catchmentsbehave differently, the situations is indicated as “all type”, while two values are given when half of the sub-catchments can be classified in one group and the other half in another group. Table 4.32: Summary of issues on water balance in the three catchments of Upper Nile WMZ. ISSUES Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo UN WMZ Impact of Drought H H / VH VH H / VH Impact of CC 2030 L L / VH VH L/H Impact of CC 2040 L/H H /VH VH L / VH Potential deficit in dry period all type H /VH VH H Supply level 2030 H /VH VL / VH L all type Supply level 2040 L / VH VL / H VL all type Opportunities for WRDM have been analysed by assigning to them values varying from one (very good opportunity) to four (very low opportunity). Table 4-33: Summary of opportunities on water availability in the three catchments and related sub- catchments of Upper Nile WMZ 46 Table 4.33: Summary of opportunities on water availability in the three catchments and related sub- catchments of Upper Nile WMZ OPPORTUNITIES ON WATER AVAILABILITY Groundwater Catchment Sub-catchment Potential resources Available resources potential Ora 1 2 2 Pakwach 2 2 2 Panyango 2 2 2 AN_up_Enyau 2 2 2 Enyau 2 2 2 Albert Nile AN_up_Kochi 2 2 2 Kochi 2 2 3 Laropi 2 2 2 Ayugi 2 2 2 Unyama 1 1 2 Aswa III 2 2 2 Pager Kitgum 2 4 3 Nyimur 2 3 3 Pager Aringa 2 4 4 Aswa Pager Matidi 4 4 4 Agago 2 4 4 Aswa II 1 2 2 Aswa I 2 3 2 Kidepo Kidepo 4 4 4 The following table presents a summary of potential opportunities for the Upper Nile WMZ and catchments evaluated using a qualitative scale: very good (VH), good (H), low (L) and very low (VL). Where all the sub-catchments behave differently, the situations is indicated as “all type”, while two values are given when half of the sub-catchments can be classified in one group and the other half in another group. Table 4.34: Summary of Opportunities on water availability in the three catchments of UN WMZ OPPORTUNITIES Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo UN WMZ Potential resources H H VL H Available resources H L / VL VL all type Groundwater system H VL / H VL all type Current SW exploitation VL VL VL VL Current GW exploitation VL VL VL VL Potential storage in wet period VH H L H / VH

4.6 Stakeholder Consultations During the diagnostic phase, extensive consultationswith stakeholders at the national, regional, and local levels was carried out in two rounds (November-December 2015 and April 2016), in order to collect views and opinions about the issues and opportunities related to water resources development and management in the Upper Nile WMZ.The main issues highlighted by key stakeholders are summarised in the following table. Table 4.35: Main issues highlighted in the stakeholder consultations Sub-Strategy Main Issues highlighted in the stakeholder consultations Water for people - Livelihoods and food security of the vulnerable largely depend on access to water - Constraints of access to water for vulnerable groups - Long distances for water collection 47 Sub-Strategy Main Issues highlighted in the stakeholder consultations - Poor coverage and use of sanitation facilities leading to the spreading of diseases and to open defecation - Payment for accessing water points and sanitation facilities affects, to a major extent, the vulnerable groups - Special funding is needed to focus on sanitation and hygiene in schools, in order to reduce transmission of water-related diseases and implement hygiene and health education - Burden of water collection affects school attendance and opportunity to be educated - Negative attitude towards use of latrines, poverty and illiteracy are major social factors which undermine improved sanitation - Insufficient water supply especially in rural areas - Many boreholes do not provide water that meets Water Quality standards - River Enyau supply system is not enough to provide water for people and irrigation during the dry season - Many big towns and cities are missing sewage systems - Water supply and sanitation planning for refugee and IDPs settlements is required - Districts with very low water supply in the Acholi region were identified as the following: Kitgum, Gulu, Amuria, and Pader - Some health centres in rural areas do not have access to water and basic sanitation services – undermining the quality of health services - Water theft and failure to pay for water used. Water for - Limited development of irrigation infrastructure production - Limited livestock watering facilities. Existing facilities have all silted up due to poor operation and maintenance - Limited access to land, clean water and irrigation technologies - Limited access to irrigation technologies by women and vulnerable groups - Food security is often dependent on women’s subsistence production to feed the population. Female farmers, however, have very little or no access to irrigation water for agricultural purposes and are entirely dependent on rainfall - Lack of implementation of customary and statutory laws granting to women rights over land - Sharing of water for production facilities by humans with animals - Conflicts over water use for cattle are common especially in Kaabong. Water for energy - Need to increase energy supply to meet the needs of industries,growing urban areas and other productive activities. Water for - Climate change impacts and pressures on pastoralist communities environment - Water scarcity in Karamoja (Kaabong, Katakwi, Napak, Adjumani districts) - Land and rangelands degradation - Water resources in the cattle corridor overexploited: Kaabong, Katakwi, Napak, Adjumani - Low community awareness on effects of environmental degradation - Need of updating the district wetland inventories; the beginning of these activities was scheduled starting from 2016 - Encroachment of human activities on wetlands, forests and forest reserves - Overexploitation of forests and deforestation - Deforestation associated with refugee camps and IDPs to provide charcoal (to sell) and fuel wood - Need for involving the communities and establishing many Collaborative Forestry schemes with local communities. Conflicts for land ownership and use of resources between Protected Areas and local communities - Impacts of extractive and productive activities (such as oil exploration) that are authorised inside Protected Areas (Murchison Falls National Park). 48 Sub-Strategy Main Issues highlighted in the stakeholder consultations Water - Capacity building needs for water management issues in the WMZ governance - Need of involving local administration level in the consultations about WRM - Difficult organisation and logistics for O&M issues and for awareness raising - Communities feel that the government should support operation and maintenance - Some water user committees have overstayed and others are inactive - Poor transparency and accountability of the O&M funds collected - Difficulties in reaching and serving adequately some remote districts and counties - Need of training for use and maintenance of water pumping points - Need of protecting water collection points from vandalism - Need of institutional coordination between various WRM projects - Understaffing of many bodies and institutions concerned with WRM (i.e. WMZs) - Financial constraints: funds are still insufficient to support expected level of service delivery in WRM - Sectoral and cross-sectoral opportunities exist both at national and regional level, alongside potential conflicts, particularly owing to overlapping roles and responsibilities 49 5. STRATEGIC ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

5.1 Governance and Institutional Issues An institutional diagnostic assessment provides a complete profile of the key institutional characteristics of the UNWMZ in relation to its water resources management functions. Accordingly, key parameters that affect the degree to which an institution will deliver on its mandates were assessed. These include institutional set-up and coordination, networks and collaboration, existing human resources, planning and decision-making, operations and logistics, financial resources, existing monitoring and evaluation systems, and the existing policy environment. Owing to the multiplicity of these parameters, a combination of methods was used; including the Policy Environment Mapping technique, Sectoral Institutional Assessment (SIA), the Participatory Institutional Assessment (PIA) approach and the Gendered Analysis of Institutions. The assessment sought to analyse the current institutional situation in order to provide a sound basis for development of appropriate and effective strategic direction for institutional capacity strengthening to enhance effective management and development of water resources in the Upper Nile WMZ.

5.1.1 Institutional set-up Usually, structural set-up determines how well established and ready an institution is to deliver on its mandates. This institutional diagnostic assessment established that, particularly at regional level, not all the required institutional arrangements are yet in place to effectively develop and manage water resources at WMZ level. It is true that the UNWMZ offices and sister institutions (WSDF, TSU, Umbrella organisation, etc.) have been established, among other functions, to take on roles of the CMO secretariat. However, the stakeholder forums and the Catchment Management Committees (CMCs) do not yet exist for a number of catchments and sub-catchments, except for the Upper Aswa and the Lower Aswa sub- catchments. Even those that are in place are not yet fully functional. The Regional Wetlands TSUs are somehow missing in physical presence and functionality, yet they are vital in providing technical assistance and facilitation to stakeholders as part of the Catchment Technical Committee. In the current institutional set-up, certain roles and responsibilities tend to be carried out across a number of agencies, e.g. water quality assessments, which are conducted by TSUs, umbrella organisations and the UNWMZ, all under the same roof highlighting issues concerning efficiency. The two charts below demonstrate the gap between the recommended structure and the existing one. The recommended department of information services and liaison is, for example, not yet in place. The Local Governments do not yet also have focal offices officially designated to handle catchment management functions. The reason is that the initial institutional set-ups for such stakeholder institutions were not specifically arranged to provide for catchment management functions. 50 Recommended structure10 Current Structure (2015) Directorate of Water Resources Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) Management (DWRM) UNWMZ Coordinator UNWMZ Coordinator (SWO, also Head M&A) (Asst. Commissioner) Head – Monitoring Head- Info. & Head – Monitoring Head- Info. & & Assess (SWO) Liaison (None) (PWO level) Liaison (PWO level) Head- Plan. & reg. Head – Water (SWO) +1WO +2 SSs Quality (S. Analyst) Head- Planning & Head –Water regulation (PWO) Quality (P. Analyst) s Catchment Focal Officers (None) Catchment Focal Officers Figure 5.1: Organisational structure for catchment-based WRM in UNWMZ An incomplete institutional set-up at zone level will likely affect the level of expected service delivery at zone scale, and the few duplicated roles will reduce efficiency. However, this initial establishment and implementation of the UNWMZ and the few existing CMOs is a demonstration of commitment on the side of government and partners to set up and implement the necessary institutional frameworks in the Upper Nile WMZ. Discussions are also on-going to have WRM focal points designated at DLG level. For example, Agago District officially designated the DWO as the focal point for preparation of Catchment Management Plans and strategy under this project.

5.1.2 Human Resources Human resourcesare fundamental to the achievement of any set organisational targets. Unfortunately, UNWMZ is still profoundly understaffed (see figure 5.1 above). The team is composed of only six technical staff to cover all the three traditional departments. They include one Senior Hydro-Geologist under the Monitoring and Assessment Department; two Social Scientists, one Water Officer and one Senior Water Officer under the Regulation Department, and one Senior Water Analyst under the Water Quality Department. Of these, only the two social scientists are female; and 50% of the staff are hired on contract basis. The Monitoring and Assessment and Water Quality Departments are least staffed. The new proposed department of Information Services and Liaison also has no staff yet. The Senior Hydro-geologist also doubles as the Team Leader, yet he is the only staff under the Monitoring and Assessment Department. The concern is that staff are too over-loaded to effectively deliver on their mandates. Promotions take long to come their way, affecting staff motivation levels. The Figure above shows that none of the existing staff, for example, is yet at principle level in order to qualify to head the departments under which they fall. Some officers have insufficient specialised knowledge and skills to deliver on their mandates. For example, staff initially trained in engineering, chemistry, etc. still have limited stakeholder analysis and engagement skills; or insufficient skills to apply GIS tools in their 10 DWRM (2010). Operationalisation of catchment-based Water Resources Management. A Report prepared by COWI Uganda for the DWRM, MWE. 51 hydrologic analyses. This will likely affect impactful service delivery. A temporary opportunity is that the team often relies on staffing support from the centre for certain tasks. There are also government promises to recruit more staff with time.

5.1.3 Networks, Collaboration and Coordination Institutions are part of a whole system of complementary and networked agencies. Therefore, how an institution effectively networks and collaborates with others greatly bears on how it will deliver on its own mandate. Particularly, owing to the cross-sectoral nature of catchment-based WRM, there are a number of institutions that the UNWMZ could network and collaborate with in order to efficiently and effectively deliver on its mandate. These include central government agencies like UWA, NEMA, NPA, etc. and Ministries like Energy, Water and Environment, Agriculture, Tourism and Wildlife, Local Government, Finance, etc. At regional level, there are local and International Organizations like IUCN and CARE International; regional programmes implemented by NUSAF, NBI, etc.; and the private sector. Even internally under the same roof, there are institutions like WSDF, NFA, TSUs and the umbrella organisation that provide great opportunities for networking, collaboration and leveraging of resources. However, the UNWMZ has not yet fully developed clear mechanisms for institutional networking and collaboration. Arrangements for a coordinated approach are still weak, even with agencies that fall under the same roof. Except for a few isolated cases, each institution still plans and implements their work independently. The few existing collaboration mechanisms are informal and haphazard, and do not present a systematic and complete opportunity for leveraging of resources. For example, there is a missed opportunity of not closely networking and collaborating with Guru Nanak Oil Mills. They provide effective economic options to promote conservation of the shea butter trees by providing export market for shea butter to the US, Europe, Asia, and other parts of the world. The market is steadily growing and, in 2015 alone, the oil mills purchased from farmers shea nuts worth US$113,636, which is about 50% of the donors’ Joint Partnership Funding support to the UNWMZ for FY 2014/2015. Table 5.1: Value of shea nuts purchased by Guru Nanak Oil Mills, 2013-2015 Year Shea purchased (Tons) Value (UGX) Value (US$) 2013 90 135,000,000 40,909 2014 120 180,000,000 54,545 2015 250 375,000,000 113,636 Total 460 690,000,000 209,091 Source: Interview with the MD and Accountant, Guru Nanak Oil Mills, Lira, December 2015 Weak/lack of networking and collaboration mechanisms may result into duplication of roles in some cases with adverse impacts on efficiency and reduced levels of delivery. Opportunities for synergies are missed as demonstrated with the private sector. The chance is that currently, there is a high level of willingness to collaborate among the various institutions. They appreciate their complementary roles, and the positive step that has so far been taken to devolve WRM functions. From national-level consultations, the key challenge that emerged is that the bottleneck for effective WRM is coordination and collaboration. Many of the agencies argue that water resources management and development was not their mandate though they recognise that they benefit from the results. Therefore, they think they had a role to play. Others argue that there were too much duplication and parallel initiatives that if coordinated well would have more impact. The biggest challenge raised was the weak capacity of DWRM to coordinate all partners. For example, one agency indicated that in one particular river, three different agencies got permits to use the water without knowledge of the others. This resulted into conflicts and a process to resolve and agree came much later. Coordination efforts reported are random and driven by individuals/projects, and are not institutionalised. The guidelines developed by DWRM were acknowledged but some agencies felt that WRM was transferring its role to them. Some agencies like WMDF/UWA felt that whereas they have all capacity and skills for WRM, they are not utilised. With better coordination, they would be used more effectively. On the other hand, some two agencies felt they had no role in WRM. In fact one of them refused the interview. Hence, awareness may need to be stepped up. The key solution echoed by most respondents was the need to better coordinate among various agencies and stakeholders. 52

5.1.4 Planning and Decision-making Considering the cross-sectoral nature of catchment-based WRM, it is imperative that all planning processes are consultative to involve all stakeholders. This ensures stakeholder ownership of the plans and ultimately catalyses their engagement during plan implementation. In the UNWMZ, work plans are prepared at regional level, and submitted to the centre for review and approval. However, there is no evidence that consultations are held with stakeholder institutions like WSDF, TSUs, the umbrella organisations, and NFA during preparation of these work plans. Local Government and CMO engagement in planning and decision-making is also still quite low. Decision-making over other aspects of water use and management also still remain centralised. For example, the zone still only serves as a conduit for receipt and transmission of permit applications to DWRM in Entebbe. Once not involved in the initial planning and decision making, stakeholder institutions will hardly integrate catchment management interventions into their own work plans and development plans. Opportunities for collaboration and leverage of human, financial and other resources will likely be missed out. Reviews, decision-making and approval processes that still heavily rely on the DWRM Centre are also sometimes characterised by delays in service delivery. The opportunity is that the on-going catchment management planning process is improving stakeholder engagement in planning and decision-making; and that full stakeholder engagement strategies are being emphasised. The devolution process is still in its infancy stages, and once capacity has been built at the zones, opportunities exist for complete devolution of WRM functions. At national level, all stakeholder institutions value the role of WRM. They indicate that it sustains the quality and quantity of water. There was a general awareness about the role of WRM among the majority of the respondents. The consultations show that agencies especially DWD take the role of catchment management seriously, through still random or included as a condition by donors. Many are integrating a number of WRM in their plans and budgets albeit small. The NPA noted that access to water is a key priority and that WRM is an important basis to achieve key development goals of NDP II.

5.1.5 Operations and Logistics Availability of logistics and operational requirements also affects service delivery in any institution. In the UNWMZ, operations and logistics are arranged at zone level. For example, all logistics for fieldwork are organised at the zone. This supports delivery of services in a timely fashion. However, some key logistics are insufficient. For example, for all the six field staff, the zone has only two field vehicles, which have to serve both fieldwork within the zone and coordination trips to and from DWRM or ministry offices in Kampala and Entebbe. Different officers sometimes wish to travel to different parts of the zone concurrently but are forced to re-schedule their trips pending availability of vehicles. According to UNWMZ staff, a minimum of four field vehicles would suffice to support smooth field-based operations. The UNWMZ also relies on services of WSDF procurement and finance staff for procurement of key inputs and processing of funds. These officers are sometimes not readily available. In some instances, the processing of operational and logistical requirements takes longer than anticipated. The impact is that service delivery is delayed, and expected results are ultimately adversely impacted. The opportunity is that, for the start, WSDF is willing to provide this kind of staffing support.

5.1.6 Financial Resources Availability of timely and sufficient financing also heavily determines how an institution will deliver on its mandates. For the UNWMZ, key sources of financing currently include Government of Uganda, the World Bank, and the Joint Partnership Fund (Austrian Development Cooperation, DANIDA, and others). Some donors also finance catchment-based WRM interventions through NGOs e.g. Austria Development Cooperation funding to IUCN for interventions in the Upper Aswa sub-catchment. The key concern is that existing financial resources are insufficient, sometimes characterised by budget cuts. For example, the Joint Partnership Fund for the UNWMZ reduced by 25% from about Shs1 billion in FY 2013/14 to about Shs0.75 billion in FY 2014/15. Oftenwhat is budgeted is not realised, demonstrating inconsistency and unreliability in flow of funds. Fund releases usually delayand once received, processing of funds often takes longer than anticipated owing to internal bureaucracies. Government of Uganda funding contribution is yet to be realised at zone level because of lack of a dedicated bank account. The phasing out of donor-funded projects (e.g. Phase 1 of 53 IUCN’s project in 2014) also often adversely affects the momentum already built in catchment-based WRM at the zone. The impact is that service delivery cannot be achieved at targeted scale and in a timely fashion.The opportunity is that government and development partners seem to be commitment to funding catchment- based WRM, and that this is only the beginning. Many other partners’ interventions (e.g. NFA, WSDF, TSUs, umbrella organisation, NUSAF, etc.) could also leverage resources if good collaboration and networking arrangements are put in place. Fund processing time also seems to have improved with the opening of the zone’s bank account in Lira.

5.1.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Systems Good performance monitoring mechanisms help institutions to measure their progress towards achievement of set results. Evaluation allows a reflection on whether the set development outcomes were actually achieved or not, and the underlying reasons for the level of achievement. Based on this, lessons are learnt to inform necessary adjustments to implementation strategies (adaptive management). Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is, therefore, a process that helps to improve performance and achieving results. However, in the UNWMZ, there are currently no formal M&E mechanisms in place. This means that progress towards set targets and outcomes of interventions are neither formally and effectively measured nor evaluated as part of an institutional mechanism. M&E is not institutionalised, and is only done at individual project level, e.g. IUCN’s BDR Project, and the World Bank- supported Water Management and Development Project. This means the institution faces a risk of being unable to detect any deviations from progress, and misses out on the opportunity to implement corrective measures in a timely fashion. Ultimately, the institution may likely not achieve its set targets and results. The opportunity is that the WSDF is an example to learn from, with an M&E staff in place, and clear M&E indicators, roles and responsibilities at zone level. In addition, the UNWMZ also has mandate to contribute towards agreed targets at national level. Therefore, indicators against which their performance should be measured already exist. The gap is, therefore, lack of mechanisms to strictly implement an M&E system at zone level.

5.1.8 Enabling Policy Environment The Policy Environment Mapping that was conducted indicates that there exists an enabling policy and legal environment for sustainable development and management of water resources in the UNWMZ and Uganda in general. For example, the Constitution of Republic of Uganda (1995) strongly provides for the highest level policy and legal requirement for IWRM in the country. The Water (amendment) Act (2013) provides for establishment of the Water Management Zones and Catchment Management Organisations (CMOs); and clearly stipulates the functions of these institutional frameworks. The Local Government Act (1997) also devolves management of water and other natural resources. The National Water Policy (1999) promotes management and development of the water resources in an integrated and sustainable manner. The National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetlands (1995) establishes the principles by which wetland resources can be optimally used now and in the future. The National Environment Management Policy (1994) promotes integration of environmental concerns in all development policies, plans and activities. The Uganda National Land Policy (2013) ensures that all land use practices and plans conform to principles of sound environmental management. The only challenge seems to be at operational level – enforcement of these policies and laws, e.g. enforcing the permit system; or how to harmonise enforcement of environmental laws, considering the 54 cross-sectoral nature of catchment management issues. Otherwise, the existing policies, laws and guidelines support effective delivery on the zone’s roles and responsibilities.

5.2 Water for People

5.2.1 Water Insecurity When water demand is much higher than available resources, conflicts among different users are expected, causing a severe water insecurity condition. This situation could be even more severe due to the expected increase of extreme climatic events and particularly during droughts, as it has been evaluated with specific analysis. According to the projections redacted within the sectoral national plans, industry will have a negligible impact on overall water demand (1-2%), followed by livestock (generally lower than 10%), and portable use. In the Aswa and Albert Nile River catchments, demand from fishery will be relatively high (20-40% in 2040)and crops have the highest demand (45-60% in 2040). Specifically, water insecurity due to domestic water demand will be high in Laropi sub-catchment, along most parts of Pager (Matidi and Kitgum sub-catchments) and in the lower part of Aswa River (Aswa III). This will also be true for the latter sub-catchments for agriculture water demand. Besides potential user conflicts, further water insecurity might come from water sharing in transboundary context. Both Albert Nile and Aswa Rivers drain northwest into South Sudan. Discharges along the Albert Nile River are dominated by the outflow from Lake Albert that drains a vast upstream watershed (more than 400,000km²). In addition, small upstream portions of the Albert Nile River basin (about 500km²) belong to DRCongo and South Sudan. Figure 5.2: Critical issue: Water insecurity 55

5.2.2 Insufficient Water Resources Availability Insufficient water availability has been considered a very critical issue in sub-catchments where in the future water demand is expected to be greater than available water resources on an annual basis. This evaluation has been conducted considering the projected water requirements for economic and social development, environment conservation and impact of climate changes (water balances for each sub- catchment). In 2040, the yearly gross water demand within Albert Nile River catchment will be around half of overall water resources, while in the Aswa River basin water requirements will exceed water availability by approximately 30%. There are no relevant issues in the two river catchments concerning water for domestic and industrial uses and hydropower development on the annual scale. In terms of water requirements for irrigation, issues are found in the eastern part of Aswa River basin (Agago, Matidi, and Aringa) especially during the dry semester. In fact, during this period, generally from November to April, available water resources are between 10% and 20% of water resources of wet period within the Aswa River catchments. This ratio ranges from 20% to 30% for the Albert Nile Catchment, except for Enyau and Ora tributaries that show high values. The overall water demand for people and production in 2040 cannot be supplied during the dry semester for all Aswa sub-catchments, except Nyimur. Within the Albert Nile River basin, water deficits will be in Pakwach, Enyau, and Kochi and along the main course of Albert Nile upstream of the confluence with Enyau.

5.2.3 Insufficient Water Storage Storagewill be very important in sub-catchments where in 2040 the dry season projections of water demand are higher than available water resources. This means that, even if there is no deficit on an annual basis, water shortages can occur during the dry season due to the different monthly hydrological conditions. Storage is important to keep water during the wet season when it is more abundant for use in the dry season. Lack of water storage is highly critical in the western part of the Albert Nile Catchment (Pakwach, Albert Nile between Ora and Enyau confluence, Enyau, and Kochi) and almost the entire Aswa Catchment. Lack of storages for domestic use has been considered to be very critical in cases where large townsare located in the upper part of the sub-catchment. In such cases, the main river has a very small draining micro-catchment, and without storage, water supply is subject to seasonal variations with water shortage risks. The situation is expected to worsen with increase in population, and for such cases a more reliable water supply system is necessary. This situation is found in Arua Municipal Council, Koboko Town Council, Gulu Municipal Council, and Kitgum Town Council.

5.2.4 Inadequate Water Supply and Irrigation Infrastructure The lack of adequate infrastructure has been assessed both for water supply and irrigation infrastructure. The lack of water supply infrastructure has been considered to be critical in sub-catchments where water supply access is low. Information regarding both rural and urban water supply access has been used. Areas that have the lowest rural water supply access include Yumbe, Moyo, Adjumani, Kaabong, and Kotido districts. Also Koboko, Arua, Nebbi, Pader, Agago, Amuria, Kole, and Oyam have a low access, with values lower than 75%. Districts with low urban water supply access are Koboko, Yumbe, Nebbi, Kaabong, Agago, Kotido, Kole, and Alebtong. In the entire UN-WMZ only one large irrigation scheme is being implemented in Lamwo District (rehabilitation of the Agoro irrigation scheme). Even though the entire study area is affected by lack of irrigation infrastructure, this issue has been considered critical in areas that are more indicative of agricultural development. That is, areas where subsistence farmland is already present and where the necessity for irrigation schemes is stronger. Most critical areas include Ora and Enyau sub-catchments that are almost entirely occupied by subsistence farmland. Also Albert Nile between Ora and Enyau confluence, Kochi, Aswa I and Aswa II sub-catchments have a wide area used for agriculture and lack irrigation infrastructure. 56 Figure 5.3: Critical issue: Insufficient water resources availability

5.2.5 Inadequate Water Supply Infrastructure and Services The lack of adequate water supply infrastructure has been evaluated based on the access to water supply (both rural and urban). The most critical areas are the sub-catchments of the West Nile, where the population density is high (Aswa I, Agago, Pager Matidi, Pager Kitgum and Kidepo) and existing large urban centres (Arua, Koboko, Nebbi) do not have sufficient water supply facilities to cater for their population. 57 Figure 5.4: Critical issue: Insufficient water resources availability

5.2.6 Inadequate Wastewater and Sludge Management This concerns areas where sanitation facilities are inadequate and areas with inadequate sludge management systems, including collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal. Information regarding the coverage of sanitation facilities and population density was combined to define these areas. The most critical sub-catchments are those that are highly populated including Ora, Enyau, Kochi, and Aswa II sub-catchments. 58 Figure 5.5: Critical issue: Inadequate wastewater and sludge management

5.2.7 Lack of Sewerage and WWTP (urban areas) The lack of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment capacity has been considered very critical in large cities (more than 20,000 inhabitants). It is fundamental to have adequate systems to collect and treat all wastewater from the cities in order to avoid hygienic and environmental problems related to inappropriate management of sewage. Lack of sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities is critical for Pakwach (around 22,000 inhabitants), Nebbi TC and Paidha TC (around 35,000 and 33,000 inhabitants respectively), Arua (around 60,000 inhabitants), Koboko TC, and Yumbe TC (around 38,000 and 35,000 inhabitants respectively), Adjumani (around 43,000 inhabitants), Gulu (around 150,000 inhabitants) and Kitgum (around 44,000 inhabitants). 59 Figure 5.6: Critical iIssue: Lack of sewerage and wastewater treatment capacity Improved sanitation facilities are required in sub-catchments with high household densities (more than 20 households without improved sanitation facilities per square kilometre). Most critical areas are urban areas with a high population density, in particular Arua MC and its surroundings, Maracha District, Koboko TC, and Yumbe TC and their surroundings, Paidha TC, Nebbi TC, Kitgum TC, Pader TC, most populated areas of Agago District (including Patongo TC, Kalongo TC and Agago TC), Kole and Lira districts and most populated areas of Alebtong and Amuria districts. 60 Figure 5.7: Critical issue: Lack of improved sanitation facilities

5.3 Water for Production

5.3.1 Pollution loads Anthropogenic pollution loads have been considered critical depending on the estimated potential pollution loads based of the presence of human activities. In particular, pollution load (in tons of BOD per square kilometre per year) has been estimated based on the expected number of people, livestock, agricultural land, aquaculture surface and industrial activities. Most critical areas are Enyau and Kochi sub-catchments in Albert Nile due to high population densities and Pager Matidi and Kidepo sub- catchments inthe Aswa Catchment due to high livestock densities. 61 Figure 5.8: Critical issue: Anthropogenic pollution loads

5.3.2 Risk of Contamination of Water Sources The risk of contamination of water sources has been considered critical depending on the estimated potential pollution loads. The pollution load (in tons of BOD per square kilometre per year) has been estimated based on the expected number of people, livestock, agricultural land, aquaculture surface and industrial activities. The coexistence of high population density and several human activities is generally associated with high water contamination risk. Where sanitation is inadequate, the risk of actual contamination of water resources is higher. Most critical areas are Enyau and Kochi sub-catchments for Albert Nile (high population density) and Pager Matidi sub-catchment for Aswa and Kidepo (high livestock density).

5.4 Water for Environment

5.4.1 Land Degradation and Erosion Land degradation has been evaluated taking into account four indicators: cultivated area, rainfall/wetness coefficient, river slope, and river banks degradation in the catchment. Considerable farmland area is associated with high values due to the potential soil erosion through poor agricultural practices. High rainfall/wetness coefficient and river slopes give rise to high erosion potential since increased water velocity permits a greater degree of scouring (carrying capacity for sediment). 62 High erosion potential is associated with river banks degradation. River bank degradation can be estimated using the potential for uncontrolled livestock access and cropping too close to the river banks. This exacerbates erosion problems and siltation of stream and rivers. In the Albert Nile Catchment, land erosion risk is wide spread mainly due to the presence of wide areas of farmlands coupled with poor agricultural and land management practices (bush burning, cultivation along hill slopes, deforestation, overgrazing, etc.). Uncontrolled livestock access and cropping too close to the river banks lead to bank erosion problems, especially in low land areas of Albert Nile. In the Aswa Catchment land erosion risk is very high in the southern area (mostly in Otuke, Alebtong, and Amuria districts) due to considerable areas of subsistence farmland and relatedanthropogenic activities. In Otuke District, degraded land and poor fertility in upland areas result in cultivation close to the swamp where soil is fertile and productive. Massive deforestation and silting of rivers and valley dams have been reported in Pader District. Figure 5.9: Critical issue: Land degradation and erosion

5.4.2 Climate Change and Extreme Climate Events Climate change and extreme climate events have been investigated through the projections redacted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results show a decrease in water resources by about 15% in 2040 for the Albert Nile River Catchment and 30% within the Aswa River basin. More emphasis should be put on sub-catchments withlimited water resources but experiencing flooding during wet periods and droughts during low rainfall periods. These sub-catchments include Ora, Enyau, 63 Ayugi, and Unyama Rivers in the Albert Nile River basin and the whole Aswa Catchment except the lower part of Pager and Aswa, and Nyimur.

5.4.3 Vulnerability to Drought Risk During drought years the overall water resources decrease by about 40% for the Albert Nile River Catchment and by 55% within the Aswa River basin. Generally this reduction is higher in the sub- catchment where resource availability is lower in the mean year. This includes all the Sub-catchments in the Aswa basin and increases towards the upper part of Aswa, Agago, and Pager sub-catchments. Figure 5.10: Critical issue: Vulnerability to drought and extreme events

5.4.4 Vulnerability to Flood Risk Risk of flood events has been evaluated taking into account seven indicators: presence of towns and infrastructure vulnerable to flooding; the rainfall/wetness coefficient and river slope which can cause water bodies over flooding their banks; the extension of wetland, flood prone areas, and farmland area and exposure of assets that can be damaged. Static water level indicates the probability of groundwater flooding to occur when water levels in the ground rise above the surface level. River banks degradation indicatesa higher probability that a river flood may occur during heavy rains. In the Albert Nile Catchment, vulnerability to flood events is very high in the areas of Maracha, Arua, and Zombo districts where there are several towns and villages with high population density and existing infrastructure. High risk to flooding can be associated with considerable river slopes and high surface runoff.In the Aswa Catchment, vulnerability to flood events is very high in some areas of Alebtong, Amuria, and Otuke districts. Flood risk is mainly due to river bank overflow in the Aswa-Moroto river and the existence of main roads in low land areas in Alebtong District. 64 Figure 5.11: Critical issue: Vulnerability to flood events

5.4.5 Pressure on Water Dependent Ecosystems The pressure on water dependent ecosystems has been considered critical based on the presence of potentially sensitive ecosystems. Various factors have been considered, namely the extension of wetlands, forest and rangelands areas; existence of protected areas, wetland and forest management plans; and the population density. High population density and developed anthropogenic activities increase pressure on ecosystems. This issue is important for the entire WMZ and more evident in Enyau and Aswa II sub- catchments.

5.5 Overall mapping of criticalities for UN WMZ Taking into account all the above mentioned issues, assigned values and spatial extend the following maps present areas with critical issues ranked asvery high, high and low in UN WMZ. 65 Figure 5.12: Map showingcritical issues rated Very High in the Upper Nile WMZ 66 Figure 5.13: Map showing critical issues rated High in the Upper Nile WMZ Figure 5.14: Map showing critical issues rated Low in the Upper Nile WMZ 67 68 6. VISION, OBJECTIVES, AND ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS

6.1 Vision and Objectives The objective of the vision is to present a collective, medium-to-long term vision for the desired future state of the WMZ and its sub-catchments that can be used to derive strategies that are realistic and locally attainable. The intended outcome is a statement of the desired state for the Upper Nile WMZ, achieved through stakeholder consultation, which provides a medium-to-long-term direction that can be used as a basis for deriving sub-strategies. The setup of the vision for Upper Nile WMZ considered the following: § Guiding principles ofIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) § Existing enabling environment and institutional setup § Current Water and Environment Sector and sectoral key national documents § Evaluation of the financing needs of the Water and Environment Sector Strategic Investment Plan. The National Water Resources Strategy includes a vision for managing and developing the nation’s water resources up to 2040 and defines the associated set of concrete objectives. The vision for water resources management in Uganda for 2040 is: “Water resources management in Uganda is effective in contributing to economic and social development and maintaining environmental services.” The vision is broken down into the following three principal objectives: 1. Ensure sustainable and equitable allocation and provision of water of appropriate quantity and quality. 2. Mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events 3. Strengthening the water governance framework. The Upper Nile WMZ vision is aimed at providing the overarching strategic intent of the Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the zone. It guides the water resources development and management strategy, identified sub-strategies with their objectives, and strategic actions to be developed over the defined timeframe up to 2040. The agreed vision for water resources development and management in the Upper Nile WMZ is: “A sustainable, equitable and effective water resources management and development for socio- economic transformation of Upper Nile Water Management Zone by 2040.”

6.2 Generic Strategic Actions for IWRM in the Upper Nile WMZ The strategic planning process identifies policy implementation options in the form of management strategies and tools that support on-the-ground decision-making and actions that realise the objectives of policy recommendations over time. In general, institutional, economic and finance instruments for WRMD become more and more important for making better decisions that improve water management as well as social goals for current and also future generations. For each objective area, a list of generic strategic actions includes covering data gaps fillings, capacity building, data and analysis tools, further investigations, monitoring, infrastructure development, and industry/education/community initiatives. The identified generic strategic actions to be implemented in the UN WMZ strategic action plan and implementation programme are listed below: • Information Management and Monitoring Systems - Capturing information into the Water Information System - Ensure that information database is available and in formats compatible with national standards - Ensure that water management information is available to institutions, committees and other stakeholders on time, in the right format and with the desired information - Ensure that groundwater and surface water quantity and quality monitoring network will produce reliable and usable data - Update and maintain a hydrometric database required for controlling compliance of water use allocation. 69 - Carry out hydrological, hydrogeological, water quality and socio-economic surveys for the purposes of planning and development of water resources. • Water Allocation and Water Use Management - Water allocation: o Ensure that major water users are known and are managed through a licensing or permit system o Implement rules to ensure that water allocation is managed in public interest o Implement water allocation in accordance with sustainable use, economic efficiency, and social equity principles o Implement monitoring compliance system for water allocation o Implement monitoring compliance system for pollution permits/ licenses. - Pollution control: o Ensure that major water polluters and the extent and seriousness of surface and ground water pollution are known o Implement polluters’ licensing according to the regulations. • Water infrastructure development: - Water supply systems development needs - Water sanitation systems development needs - Water irrigation demand and storage needs - Water storage and transfer/allocation options that cross catchment boundaries - Efficiency actions for water use - Improve water quality and sanitation monitoring systems. • Water resource and environmental protection: - Implement environmental standards for surface and groundwater quality and quantity - Monitoring “at risk” catchments and sub-catchments in relation to environmental limits and cumulative effects - Ensure protection of natural character, natural features and areas of conservation value - Ensure biodiversity issues - Ensure environmental protection and restoration of wetlands, forests and other ecosystems, river banks, hilly areas, e.t.c. • Public engagement and capacity development: - Ensure continuous support and capacity building of WMZ team, coordination structures at the catchment, local government and community level - Develop and maintain a formal stakeholder database, established with clear roles and responsibilities in water resources management - Develop and maintain an active stakeholder participation process through regular consultation activities - Develop and maintain databases of projects and action implementation in formats compatible with other national institutions and catchment organisations - Regularly update the WRMD Strategy and actions plan, incorporating stakeholder views.

6.3 Identification of Issues and Opportunities The identification of potential issues and opportunities is based upon: (i) analysis of framework given by the National Strategy; (ii)results obtained from Diagnostic/Situational Analysis; (iii) information and suggestion gathered from stakeholders through specific consultations. The issues are divided in three main categories: (i) water availability for use; (ii) environment and climate vulnerability; and (iii) water governance. In general, on the basis of all gathered information, the identification of strategic issues has been conducted to get a comprehensive view of current and future catchment conditions. At the same time this work should allow an optimal set up of subsequent analyses of actions to solve these issues. Strategic issues must be effectively identified, therefore, some issues have been aggregated and the results are presented in Table 6.1 to Table 6.3 below. Table 6.1: Strategic issues related to water availability for use WATER DEMAND AND USE Sub-Strategy Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues Universal and sustainable access Insufficient water resources availability to safe water Insufficient water storage Water for people Inadequate water supply infrastructure and services Risk of contamination of water sources 70 WATER DEMAND AND USE Sub-Strategy Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues Water insecurity (Climate Change, seasonal variability, transboundary, conflict for use) Universal and sustainable access Lack of improved sanitation facilities and need for hygiene to improved sanitation and improvement hygiene Inadequate wastewater and sludge management Lack of sewerage systems and treatment capacity Water for Sustainable use, development and Insufficient water resources availability production management of water resources in Insufficient water storage agriculture, aquaculture, livestock Lack of irrigation, livestock and aquaculture infrastructure and forestry Risk of contamination of water sources Water insecurity (Climate Change, seasonal variability, transboundary, conflict for use) Sustainable use, development and Insufficient water resources availability management of water resources Water insecurity (Climate Change, seasonal variability, for agro-industry, industrial transboundary, conflict for use) production, Oil and Gas Sustainable use, development and Insufficient water resources availability management of water resources Lack of water storage for HP Water for Energy for energy production Lack of effective criteria for water resources allocation (high value water use). In the following table issues of flood and drought are related to the lack or limited infrastructure development for adaptation to climatic variability. Table 6.2: Strategic issues related to environment and climate vulnerability ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE VULNERABILITY Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues Conservation of ecosystem services Pressure on water dependent ecosystems and functions Anthropogenic pollution load Land degradation and erosion Mitigation of effects of extreme Vulnerability to flood events climatic events (flood, drought) Vulnerability to drought events Increasing of extreme climate events As already underlined, aiming at a comprehensive but effective identification of issues, the strategic issues for water governance are grouped. These five groups are relevant for the development of theaction plan. Table 6.3: Strategic issues related to water governance WATER GOVERNANCE Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues (5 groups) Strengthening of policy, legal and institutional framework for IWRM at WMZ and catchment level Limited enforcement of WRM regulation and lack of compliance with existing Equitable, participatory and standards accountable water governance for Weak implementation of IWRM at WMZ and catchment levels sustainable and Inclusive growth and Limited integration of IWRM into sectoral and local planning frameworks development Expand and improve the water resources knowledge base and information management system Inadequate hydro-meteorological monitoring network Inadequate water quality monitoring network and laboratory facilities 71 WATER GOVERNANCE Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues (5 groups) Inadequate groundwater monitoring network Inefficient WR/WQ information management system Coordination and cooperation Limited harmonization of institutional mandates between national and local government bodies and agencies Limited inter-agency cooperation and collaboration Weak stakeholder engagement Strengthening of institutional capacity for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level Inadequate institutional capacity Inadequate technical capacity and lack of tools for water resources allocation Low level of awareness Strengthening of financing mechanism for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level Insufficient funding for Catchment based WRM Limited effective criteria for water resources allocation (high value water use) WATER GOVERNANCE Strategic Objectives Strategic Issues (five groups) Strengthening of policy, legal and institutional framework for IWRM at WMZ and catchment level Limited enforcement of WRM regulation and lack of compliance with existing standards Weak implementation of IWRM at WMZ and catchment levels Limited integration of IWRM into sectoral and local planning frameworks Expand and improve the water resources knowledge base and information management system Inadequate hydro-meteorological monitoring network Inadequate water quality monitoring network and laboratory facilities Inadequate groundwater monitoring network Equitable, participatory and Inefficient Water Resources/Water Quality information management system accountable water governance for Coordination and cooperation sustainable and Inclusive growth and Limited harmonisation of institutional mandates between national and local development government bodies and agencies Limited inter-agency cooperation and collaboration Weak stakeholder engagement Strengthening of institutional capacity for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level Inadequate institutional capacity Inadequate technical capacity and lack of tools for water resources allocation Low level of awareness Strengthening of financing mechanism for IWRM implementation at WMZ and catchment level Insufficient funding for catchment based WRM Limited effective criteria for water resources allocation (high value water use) 72

6.4 Prioritisation and Sequencing of Generic Strategic Actions In order to prioritise the strategic actions, as a result of the reconciliation analysis the strategic issues are evaluated according to the following criteria: • Population growth • Economic development in the basin • Water availability and resource development • Environmental conservation • Social concerns • Institutional issues. The list of generic strategic actions is prioritised based on the critical level, spatial extend of issues identified in the previous chapter and population levels. The resulting prioritized specific strategic actions are presented in Table 6.4 and Table 6.5 below. For the Albert Nile River basin: • In Albert Nile between Ora and Enyau, Enyau and Kochi sub-catchments water infrastructure development is needed and should be prioritized for all sectors; • For Pakwach, Ora, Albert Nile between Enyau and Kochi, Enyau, Laropi all strategic issues are very important except water supply • Ayugi and Unyama require some actions in a few sectors • Panyango and Ome do not require any priority interventions. For the Aswa River basin: • Aswa I, Agago, Aswa II, Pager Matidi and Pager Kitgum sub-catchments need water infrastructure development for all sectors and more so for water supply • Pager Aringa and Aswa III require some actions in a few sectors • Nyimur does not require any priority intervention. Kidepo River Catchment requires water infrastructure development as a priority for all sectors, except sanitation. In the Upper Nile WMZ strategy, it is very important to take advantage of existing opportunities. In situations when water resources are enough to satisfy all foreseen demands (according to above mentioned projections)with limited infrastructure in existence, there is an opportunity to increase water exploitation to get further economic development. This is the case for Panyango and Ome sub-catchments in Albert Nile River basin and Nyimur in Aswa River basin.Therefore, investment interventions are expected in these areas to exploit these opportunities. Specific strategic actions are included in the framework of the Upper Nile WMZ Strategic Action Plan with related activities, outputs and indicators. More details are provided in the action plan. 73 Table 6.4: Prioritisation of strategic actions for Albert Nile sub-catchments ALBERT NILE CATCHMENT AN_up Pakwac Panyang AN_up Unyam GENERIC STRATEGIC ACTIONS Ome Ora _Enya Enyau Kochi Laropi Ayugi h o _Kochi a u AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 AN8 AN9 AN10 AN11 Water infrastructure development Water supply systems development needs. - - - X X XX X XX - - X Water sanitation systems development needs. X - - XX XX XX - XX X XX X Water irrigation demand and storage needs. X - - XX XX XX X XX X - - Water storage and transfer/allocation options X - - - XX XX X XX - - X that cross catchment boundaries. Efficiency actions for water use. - - - - X X - X X - - Improve water quality and sanitation monitoring X - - X X XX X XX X X - systems. Water resource and environmental protection Monitoring “at risk” catchments and sub- catchments determination in relation to X X X X environmental limits and cumulative effects. Ensure protection of biodiversity values, natural X X X X X X X X features and areas of conservation value. Ensure environmental protection and restoration X X X X X of wetlands. 74 Table 6-5: Prioritization of Generic Strategic Actions for Aswa and Kidepo sub-catchments ASWA CATCHMENT KIDEPO Pager Pager Pager Aswa GENERIC STRATEGIC ACTIONS Aswa I Agago Aswa II Nyimur Kidepo Matidi Aringa Kitgum III AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4 AS5 AS6 AS7 AS8 KI1 Water Infrastructure Development Water supply systems development needs. X X X X - XX - - X Water sanitation systems development needs. XX XX XX - - XX - - - Water irrigation demand and storage needs. XX XX XX X X XX X - X Water storage and transfer/allocation options that cross XX XX XX XX XX XX XX - XX catchment boundaries. Efficiency actions for water use. X XX - XX XX X X - XX Improve water quality and sanitation monitoring X X X XX - - - - XX systems. Water resource and environmental protection Monitoring “at risk” catchments and sub-catchments determination in relation to environmental limits and X X X X cumulative effects. Ensure protection of biodiversity values, natural features X X X X and areas of conservation value. Ensure environmental protection and restoration of X X wetlands. 75 7. FRAMEWORK OF THE UPPER NILE WMZ STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN

7.1 Water Resources Development and Management Strategic Framework of Actions The Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ is structured on five sub-strategies and nine strategic objectives, as listed in the table below. Water 1. Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance Governance for sustainable and inclusive growth and development Water for 2. Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply People 3. Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation and hygiene Water for 4. Sustainable use, development and management of water Production resources in Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry 5. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Agro-industry, Industrial production, Oil and Gas 6. Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Other Sectors (tourism, transportation, security) Water for 7. Sustainable use, development and management of water Energy resources for renewable energy production Water for 8. Conservation of ecosystem services and functions Environment 9. Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events In the following WRDM Strategic Framework of Actions, each of the nine strategic objectives has been structured in five structural components as described in previous paragraph and for each component a set of Strategic Actions has been defined with related activities, outputs and indicators. The objectives, components and strategic actions have been numbered in order to outline the hierarchical framework of action in a consistent and logical way. SGI Studio Galli Ingegneria page 76 DRAFT Water Resources Development and Management Strategy for the Upper Nile WMZ Rev. 01 77

7.1.1 Water Governance Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

1.1 Monitoring Systems 1.1.1 Collection, storage, Develop technical guidelines, protocols and Data collection and Number of documents and Information elaboration and specifications for planning of field survey and management toolkit issued, by type Management management of integrated sampling activities, data collection, integrated of the WMZ data on water resources data storage and elaboration, WR database population and information management

1.1.2 Establish and maintain a Create a GIS infrastructure to support data GIS database of Number of GIS layers GIS based knowledge and storage, elaboration, exchange and water resources implemented information management information management Upper Nile WMZ % coverage system for the Upper Nile Develop technical guidelines, protocols and % integration achieved WMZ specifications for GIS-database population Number of users and management of spatial information, Number of documents including management of metadata issued, by type Implement specific agreements to harmonize the WMZ GIS database with the existing national platforms for data loading, sharing, exchange and integration with other GIS databases maintained by other institutions

1.1.3 Establish and maintain a Create and implement a web-GIS database Web-GIS database Number of GIS layers Web-GIS database of water for publication of relevant information on of water resources implemented resources water resources of the Upper Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ % coverage

1.1.4 Expand and upgrade the Rehabilitation and upgrading of existing Fully operational Number of hydro- hydro-meteorological hydro-meteorological monitoring stations in Hydro- meteorological stations monitoring network in the the Upper Nile WMZ meteorological operational UN-WMZ Installation and implementation of new hydro- network % coverage meteorological monitoring stations

1.1.5 Expand and upgrade the Rehabilitation of existing GW monitoring Number of GW stations GW and hydrogeological stations in the UN-WMZ operational 78 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator monitoring system in the UN Installation of new GW monitoring stations in Fully operational % coverage WMZ the UN-WMZ, , in line with the national WQ groundwater Strategy monitoring network

1.1.6 Expand and upgrade the Develop detailed hydrogeological studies on Web-GIS database knowledge base on shallow aquifers and subsurface groundwater of groundwater Number ofGIS layers groundwater resources and potential resources resources of Upper implemented aquifers in the UN WMZ Studies on deep aquifers and related Nile WMZ % coverage groundwater potential resources Number of aquifers Evaluation of potential for groundwater mapped recharge (Managed Water Recharge MAR) GIS database and water balance

1.1.7 Expand and upgrade the Rehabilitation of existing WQ monitoring Fully operational Number WQ stations WQ monitoring network stations in the UN-WMZ WQ monitoring operational and laboratory facilities for Installation of new WQ monitoring stations in network and % coverage surface and groundwater the UN-WMZ, in line with the national WQ laboratory Number of WQ bodies in the UN WMZ Strategy samples tested Creation and implementation of a Regional WQ laboratory of Upper Nile, in line with the national WQ Strategy

1.1.8 Establish and maintain a Set up a modelling unit coordinated with the WMZ Modelling Number of staff Upper Nile WMZ central DWRM Hydrologic Department Unit and tools assigned Modelling Unit Develop technical guidelines and Number of documents specifications for WR modelling and scenario issued, by type development and analysis at the WMZ and catchment levels

1.1.9 Disseminate knowledge on Publication of a comprehensive GIS Atlas of Public outreach water resources of the Water Resources in the UN-WMZ (web-GIS) information Number of publications Upper Nile WMZ including: materials produced, by type - Surface water bodies % of Upper Nile WMZ - Groundwater bodies covered 79 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator - Water Quality and Health of water bodies - Water related ecosystems

1.2 Water Allocation 1.2.1 Strengthen and enforce the Develop and implement WMZ specific IWRM Operational and Water Demand IWRM regulatory operational procedures for implementation of Procedures for Number of documents Management framework at the WMZ legal framework for IWRM (wetland, Upper Nile WMZ issued, by type level riverbanks, pollution prevention, sediment control, control of priority pollutants, waste management, etc.) in line with the national catchment planning guidelines Establish and implement the Water Upper Nile Management Zone Steering Committee of Steering Committee Number ofmembers Upper Nile WMZ to support planning, Number of meetings coordination and supervision of IWRM held/year implementation in the WMZ

1.2.2 Improve and expand the Develop and implement a multi-year Water Inspection and Number of inspections water permit management Resources Inspection and Control Programme control programme and controls planned system in the WMZ in the Upper Nile WMZ, harmonized and % coverage coordinated with the central DWRM operational programmes Develop and implement a Programme for Compliance Number of compliance compliance audit of water permits within the monitoring audits planned WMZ, harmonized and coordinated with the programme % coverage central DWRM operational programmes % compliance

1.2.3 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical environmental flows in Standards for determination, implementation Standards on Number of documents water bodies in the WMZ and management of environmental flows in environmental flows issued, by type the Upper Nile WMZ

1.2.4 Promote integrated land Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Number of documents and water management in Guidelines for improving agricultural and Standards on issued, by type the Upper Nile WMZ forestry practices in the Upper Nile WMZ, 80 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator including provisions for assessment and irrigation water management of the land carrying capacity for efficiency livestock in the Upper Nile WMZ

1.2.5 Establish and implement the Establish and mobilize the Catchment Functional Number of CMO Catchment Management Management Organizations and focused and Catchment established Organisations in the Upper time-bounded Scope/Area Catchment Management Number of focus CMC Nile WMZ Management Committees to address critical Organizations established issues/areas within the Upper Nile WMZ, in line with the national catchment planning Number ofCMP issued guidelines, including specific rules and procedures

1.2.6 Develop Water Sector Development of targeted Water Sector IWRM funding % coverage funding mechanisms for funding mechanisms (proposed fee of 3% of mechanism Capital Investment per decentralized IWRM investment projects) for supporting capita per year implementation at the WMZ decentralized IWRM implementation at the and catchment levels WMZ and catchment levels Promote Public-Private Partnerships for IWRM at the WMZ and catchment levels Develop targeted Programs for IWRM – especially in water stressed areas

1.3 Water Supply 1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Water Number of GIS layers Infrastructure base on the water supply water supply and sanitation service coverage Supply Service implemented Development and and sanitation service in the WMZ (population served, urban and % coverage Management coverage in the Upper Nile rural areas covered) % population covered WMZ

1.3.2 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Water Number of WSS base on the state of water water supply and sanitation facilities (sources Supply and facilities mapped, by supply and sanitation of water, facilities by type, distribution Sanitation Facilities type infrastructure in the Upper systems, sewerage networks, WWTPs, Nile WMZ efficiency levels, performance of operators, etc.) 81 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

1.3.3 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Water Number of WSS base of WS projects in the water supply projects for water supply in the Supply and projects, by type Upper Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ (planned, pipeline, under Sanitation Projects development and completed projects)

1.3.4 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Water Number of GIS layers base on the water for water for production supply coverage in the Supply Service implemented production supply coverage WMZ (population served, uses) % coverage in the Upper Nile WMZ % population % demand met Water uses, by type

1.3.5 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Water Number of WFP base on the state of water water for production facilities (sources of for Production facilities mapped, by for production facilities in water, facilities by type, uses by type, WFP Facilities type the Upper Nile WMZ storage capacity, performance of operators, etc.) including: • Irrigation water supply • Livestock watering facilities • Aquaculture • Other productive uses

1.3.6 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of WFP Number of WFP base of WS projects in the water supply projects for water supply in the Projects projects, by type Upper Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ (planned, pipeline, under development and completed projects)

1.3.7 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of Industrial base on the industrial water industrial water supply facilities (sources of Industrial Water Water Supply facilities supply facilities in the Upper water, facilities by type, uses by type, WWTP Supply Facilities mapped, by type Nile WMZ capacity, performance of operators, etc.)

1.3.8 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of Industrial base on the state of industrial water supply projects in the Upper Industrial Water Water Supply Projects, industrial water supply Nile WMZ (planned, pipeline, under Supply Projects by type development and completed projects) 82 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator projects in the Upper Nile WMZ

1.3.9 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Oil Number of Oil and Gas base on the Oil and Gas Oil and Gas water facilities (sources of water and Gas Water Water Facilities water facilities in the Upper - SW and GW, facilities by type, uses by type, Facilities mapped, by type Nile WMZ WWTP capacity)

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Oil Number of Oil and Gas 0 base on the state of Oil and Gas Water Facilities projects in the and Gas Water Water Facilities industrial the Oil and Gas Upper Nile WMZ (planned, pipeline, under Facilities Projects Projects, by type Water Facilities projects in development and completed projects) the Upper Nile WMZ

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of HP Facilities 1 base on hydropower hydropower facilities (sources of water, hydropower mapped, by type facilities in the Upper Nile facilities by type, installed capacity) facilities WMZ

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of Hydropower 2 base on hydropower Hydropower projects in the Upper Nile WMZ hydropower Projects, by type projects in the Upper Nile (planned, pipeline, under development and Projects WMZ completed projects)

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of 3 base on multipurpose multipurpose facilities (sources of water, multipurpose Multipurpose Facilities facilities in the Upper Nile facilities by type, uses by type, storage facilities mapped, by type WMZ capacity)

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of 4 base on multipurpose multipurpose projects in the Upper Nile WMZ multipurpose Multipurpose Facilities projects in the Upper Nile (planned, pipeline, under development and facilities Projects Projects, by type WMZ completed projects)

1.3.1 Improve the knowledge Create and maintain a GIS based Inventory GIS Atlas of Water Number of GIS layers 5 base on the water works in hydraulic works, sediment control Works in the Upper implemented the Upper Nile WMZ interventions, drainage facilities in the WMZ Nile WMZ % coverage 83 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator Number of water works mapped, by type

1.4 Water Resource 1.4.1 Establish and maintain a Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS GIS database of Number of GIS layers Management and Web-GIS database of water database of water permits at the WMZ level water permits in the implemented Environmental permits of the Upper Nile Upper Nile WMZ % coverage Protection WMZ Number of permits registered, by type

1.4.2 Establish and maintain a Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS GIS database of Number of GIS layers Web-GIS database of water database of water for protection plans and water source implemented source protection in the related measures in the WMZ level protection in the % coverage Upper Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ Number of water sources with WSP measures

1.4.3 Establish and maintain a Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS Web-GIS database Number of GIS layers Web-GIS database of areas database of areas with integrated land and of integrated land implemented with integrated land and water management measures in the WMZ and water % coverage water management level, including: management areas Number of areas measures - Reforestation / afforestation in the Upper Nile mapped, by type - River corridors and ecologic corridors WMZ - Wetland restoration and protection - Riverbanks and aquatic ecosystem restoration - Water scenic landscape protection - Protected areas - others

1.4.4 Improve knowledge base Develop a Flood Risk assessment in the Upper Vulnerability Number of GIS layers on flood risk in the Upper Nile WMZ considering flood events with Assessment Study implemented Nile WMZ different return periods (2, 10, 20, 100, 200 and Atlas of Flood % coverage years) for the main rivers of Upper Nile WMZ, Risk in the Upper Number of areas including GIS mapping of flood prone areas Nile WMZ mapped, by type % population at risk 84 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator and related vulnerability of population and assets

1.4.5 Improve knowledge base Develop a Drought Risk assessment in the Vulnerability Number of GIS layers on drought risk in the Upper Upper Nile WMZ considering drought events Assessment Study implemented Nile WMZ with different return periods in the Upper Nile and Atlas of % coverage WMZ, including GIS mapping of drought Drought Risk in the Number of areas prone areas and related vulnerability of Upper Nile WMZ mapped, by type population and assets and ecosystems % population at risk

1.4.6 Establish and maintain a Update and expand the knowledge base on Water Demand Number of documents water demand management water resources and maintain the water Management published, by type system balance updated at the catchment level based procedure % coverage on the evolution of water demand and licensed permits over time

1.4.7 Establish and maintain a Update and expand the knowledge base on Environmental Number of documents environmental flows and water related ecosystems and maintain Flows and Reserve published, by type reserve management system adequate environmental flows and water Management % coverage reserve for the river systems in the Upper Nile procedure WMZ

1.4.8 Improve the knowledge Develop and implement a comprehensive GIS GIS Atlas of Number of GIS layers base on environmental database of facilities with Environmental implemented flows and water reserve approved/regulated environmental flows and Flows and Reserve % coverage reserve in the WMZ level, including: Number of facilities, by - Dams type - Water abstraction facilities on rivers - Hydraulic works - Regulated wetlands - Others

1.4.9 Implement and maintain a Create and maintain a comprehensive library comprehensive knowledge and archive of reference documents (paper base of the Upper Nile and digital documents) related to water WMZ 85 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator resources management in the Upper Nile WMZ, including: - Research and studies on water resources - Cartography - Database and GIS - Field research and monitoring data

1.4.1 Cross-sectoral and cross-Establish a cross-sectoral coordination Cross sectoral 0 platform for IWRM implementation between level coordination platform coordination Number of documents for WRMD planning at the WMZ and Regional Agencies, CMOs and platform for IWRM issued, by type WMZ level established andLocal Government at the catchment level, implementation functional private sectors, including specific rules and procedures for cooperation Develop a register of institutional competences, references, procedures, agreements etc. in order to harmonize institutional mandates between the WMZ and the national, regional and local government bodies and agencies involved in IWRM implementation at the WMZ level

1.5 Public engagement 1.5.1 Stakeholder engagement Develop and implement a multi-year Stakeholder Number of stakeholder and capacity mechanism developed and Stakeholder Engagement Programme, Engagement engagement activities development established at the WMZ including specific procedures, means and Programme for the planned level tools for stakeholder consultation Upper Nile WMZ % of Upper Nile WMZ covered Establish a WMZ Stakeholder Forum for WMZ Stakeholder Number of Stakeholder coordination of stakeholder engagement at Forum involved the catchment, sub-catchment and local levels in the Upper Nile WMZ, including specific rules and procedures for participation 86 Strategic Objective 1 Equitable, participatory and accountable water governance for sustainable and Inclusive growth and development Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator Develop a WMZ communication and Targeted WMZ Number of awareness awareness programme with targeted outreach Communication raising activities materials (multimedia) for knowledge Programme planned dissemination and awareness raising in the Number of Upper Nile WMZ communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

1.5.2 Institutional capacity Develop a multi-year programme of capacity Capacity Building building at the local Level building of local governments and Programme for Number of training stakeholders, to create the Enabling IWRM activities planned Environment for decentralized IWRM implementation the % of Upper Nile WMZ implementation at the WMZ and catchment local level covered levels

1.5.3 Build technical capacity for Provide technical training to GIS Unit staff Capacity Building Number of training implementation increased Develop a technical training Programme on Programme for activities planned through specific training WR modelling for the WMZ Modelling Unit Upper Nile WMZ programmes at the WMZ Promote scientific research and knowledge technical staff Number of training level exchange with other WMZs and with trans manuals produced boundary WRM institutions % of Upper Nile WMZ Plan and provide regular training and covered capacity building to technical staff for enforcement of regulations at the catchment level

1.5.4 Promote trans-boundary Promote Trans-boundary WRM cooperation Trans-boundary Number of events cooperation on IWRM at through exchange of information with knowledge planned and organized the WMZ and catchment neighbouring countries and organization of exchange Number of participants levels international workshops/seminars/public programme events on IWRM in the Upper Nile WMZ 87

7.1.2 Water for People Strategic Objective 2 Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

2.1 Monitoring systems 2.1.1 Improve information Create a databank of WS and establish a GIS based WS Atlas and information management on WQ for mechanism for sharing information and databank of Number ofGIS layers management Water supply produced and elaborated by WS scheme Upper Nile WMZ % coverage operators (public and private) with other involved institutions in formats compatible Number of WS with the national standards facilities (by type, location, source of water, use)

2.1.2 Ensure adequate water Develop and implement a multi-year Water Quality % of UN WMZ quality control on water Programme of WQ monitoring for SW and Monitoring multi-year covered supplied for GW sources and WS schemes in the WMZ, Programme Number of WQ domestic/household use in line with the National WQ strategy controls (by type, (SW and GW sources) location, source of water, use)

2.2 Water Allocation and 2.2.1 Improve information Establish and maintain a GIS based GIS based Inventory of Number of GIS layers Water Demand management on Water inventory of Water Permits for the WMZ on Water Permits for implemented Management Permits for Water Supply water bodies that are used for Water Supply in the % coverage (SW and GW) domestic/livelihood water supply Upper Nile WMZ Number of water permits (by type, location, water body, user)

2.2.2 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards environmental flows Standards for determination, implementation on environmental flows Number of documents and management of environmental flows in issued, by type the Upper Nile WMZ

2.3 Water supply 2.3.1 Expand the water supply Develop a Programme for design, Programme for WSS in % population covered infrastructure infrastructure for full construction and implementation of new the Upper Nile WMZ coverage of urban and 88 Strategic Objective 2 Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator development (urban rural population in the piped water supply schemes to cover 100% Number WSS and rural) Upper Nile WMZ of urban population in the Upper Nile WMZ facilities planned (type, capacity)

2.3.2 Increased water storage Develop a Pre-Feasibility Study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for Number of water capacity for domestic construction and implementation of new water storage facilities storage facilities water supply in areas with water storage facilities for drinking water in Albert Nile planned (type, seasonal deficits in the supply in sub-catchments with seasonal catchment capacity, Number of upper Nile WMZ water deficit: people served) - AN_up_Enyau and Enyau (main towns Arua), Kochi (main towns Koboko and Yumbe), Unyama (main town Gulu) in the Albert Nile catchment; - Pager Aringa sub-catchment (main town Kitgum) in Aswa catchment

2.3.3 Develop bulk diversion Develop a Pre-Feasibility Study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for Number of water schemes for water supply construction and implementation of bulk bulk transfer schemes transfer schemes in areas with water deficit transfer schemes for drinking water supply in in Upper Nile WMZ planned (type, within the Upper Nile deficit areas of the Upper Nile WMZ: capacity, Number of WMZ - Pager Aringa sub-catchment (main people served) town Kitgum) in Aswa catchment

2.3.4 Develop water supply Develop a detailed hydrogeological study Hydrogeological study Number of aquifers facilities using for assessment of potential capacity for of Upper Nile WMZ bodies investigated groundwater sources in water supply from groundwater % coverage of Upper areas with water deficit Nile WMZ within the Upper Nile Based on the hydrogeological assessment, Groundwater supply Number of aquifers WMZ develop a GIS based knowledge base of potential study bodies investigated groundwater bodies for developing % coverage of Upper sustainable groundwater exploitation in Nile WMZ critical areas of Upper Nile WMZ 89 Strategic Objective 2 Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

2.3.5 Expand rainwater Develop and implement a technical standard Technical Standard for Number of documents harvesting facilities in for installation and operation of rainwater RH installations in the issued, by type areas with seasonal water harvesting installations at village and Upper Nile WMZ deficit within the Upper household level Nile WMZ

2.4 Water resource 2.4.1 Promote water efficiency Develop and implement technical guidelines Technical Guidelines Management and practices (water to promote implementation of technologies for water efficiency in Number documents environmental conservation, reuse, and best practices for efficient use of water urban and rural areas issued, by type protection recycling) in the Upper (conservation, reuse, recycling) in urban and of Upper Nile WMZ Nile WMZ rural areas Develop and implement a technical standard Technical Standards for leakage detection in WS schemes and for water efficiency in Number of documents regular assessment of piped water urban and rural areas issued, by type distribution networks of Upper Nile WMZ

2.4.2 Develop Water Source Develop and implement water source WSP Plans Number of WSP Plans Protection Plans in the protection plans according to the framework developed and Upper Nile WMZ WSP guidelines (source-catchment level) implemented, by sub- catchment Promote community-based management of WSP Boards/ Number of water point water sources through establishment of Committees sources with WSP WSP Committees at local level (village) established and Boards/ Committees operational established Develop and implement a technical Technical Guidelines Number of documents guideline for applying disinfection for water disinfection issued, by type technologies and practices to small water in rural areas of Upper supply schemes and point sources in rural Nile WMZ areas in the WMZ in case of emergency

2.5 Public engagement 2.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity wise use of water Programme to promote protection, Programme on Wise raising activities development resources conservation and efficient use of water use of water resources planned resources in the Upper Nile WMZ, including 90 Strategic Objective 2 Universal and sustainable access to safe water supply Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator preparation of targeted communication Number of materials communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

2.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for improving water Programme for applying disinfection Building Programme activities planned supply services in rural technologies and practices to small water Number of training areas supply schemes and point sources in rural manuals produced areas in the WMZ, including preparation of % of Upper Nile training manuals in local languages WMZ covered 91 Strategic Objective 3 Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

3.1 Monitoring systems 3.1.1 Improve information Establish and maintain a GIS based GIS Inventory of waste Number of GIS layers and information management on Inventory of Water Discharge Points (from water discharge points implemented management wastewater discharge public and private facilities or infrastructure) % coverage points in the Upper Nile to the surface water bodies of Upper Nile Number of water WMZ WMZ discharge points (by type, location, facility, WQ, recipient water body)

3.1.2 Improve information Develop a GIS based inventory of existing GIS Inventory of Number of GIS layers management on sanitation and planned sanitation facilities (sewerage sanitation facilities implemented facilities in the Upper Nile and WWTPs) in urban areas of the Upper % coverage WMZ Nile WMZ Number of sanitation facilities (by type, capacity, location)

3.1.3 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS inventory of pollution sources Study on pollution Number of GIS layers base for an integrated (point and non-point sources) aimed at sources in the Upper implemented pollution prevention and developing an Integrated Pollution Nile WMZ % coverage control programme in the Prevention Programme to protect and Number of pollution Upper Nile WMZ conserve water resources in Upper Nile sources (by type, WMZ location, WQ, priority pollutants, recipient water body)

3.2 Water Allocation and 3.2.1 Promote water efficiency Develop and implement technical guidelines Technical Guidelines Number of documents water demand practices (water to promote implementation of technologies for treated water reuse issued, by type management conservation, reuse, and best practice tools for reuse/recycling of in urban and rural recycling) in the Upper treated water for other uses in urban and areas of Upper Nile Nile WMZ rural areas WMZ

3.2.2 Promote integrated Develop and implement technical standards Technical Standards Number of documents pollution prevention and to implement an integrated pollution for integrated pollution issued, by type 92 Strategic Objective 3 Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator control in the Upper Nile prevention and control system to protect and prevention and control WMZ conserve water resources in the Upper Nile in the Upper Nile WMZ WMZ

3.3 Sanitation 3.3.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS based detailed land use Study on groundwater Number of aquifers infrastructure base for a water and mapping of urban areas and agglomerates development potential Number of GIS layers development (urban sanitation programme of aimed at developing a Master Plan for in the Upper Nile implemented and rural) the WMZ design, construction and implementation of WMZ % coverage sewerage systems and WWTPs in major towns, small towns and RDCs

3.3.2 Improve management of Develop and implement a technical standard Technical Standards sludge from sewage and for collection, treatment and management of for sludge Number of documents sanitation facilities sludge from sewage and sanitation facilities management in urban issued, by type in urban and rural areas of Upper Nile and rural areas of WMZ Upper Nile WMZ

3.3.3 Improve sanitation and Develop and implement Technical Standards Technical Standards Number of documents hygiene facilities in public for developing improved sanitation and for improved sanitation issued, by type buildings hygiene facilities for public institutions and and hygiene schools

3.4 Water resource 3.4.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS Inventory and Atlas of GIS Atlas of pollution Number of GIS layers management and base for a pollution pollution (from point and non-point sources) sources in the Upper implemented environmental prevention programme in aimed at developing an Integrated Pollution Nile WMZ % coverage protection the Upper Nile WMZ Prevention Programme in Upper Nile WMZ Number of pollution sources (by type, location, WQ, pollution load, recipient water body)

3.5 Public engagement 3.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity waste management Programme on importance of waste and Programme on raising activities development sludge management in the Upper Nile Sanitation and planned WMZ, including preparation of targeted hygiene communication materials 93 Strategic Objective 3 Universal and sustainable access to improved sanitation Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator Number of communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

3.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for improving sanitation Programme for applying improved sanitation Building Programme activities planned and hygiene services in and hygiene technologies in minor urban on improved minor urban areas and areas and rural areas of Upper Nile WMZ, Sanitation and Number of training rural areas including preparation of training manuals in Hygiene manuals produced local languages % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

3.5.3 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for integrated pollution Programme for developing an Integrated Building Programme activities planned prevention and control Pollution Prevention and Control system in on Integrated Pollution the Upper Nile WMZ, including preparation Prevention and Control Number of training of training manuals in local languages manuals produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 94

7.1.3 Water for Production Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in Strategic Objective 4 Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

4.1 Monitoring Systems 4.1.1 Improve information Create a GIS based inventory of water for GIS Atlas and Number of GIS layers and Information management on Water for production facilities of Agricultural Sectors in databank of Water for implemented Management production facilities for the Upper Nile WMZ Production facilities % coverage agricultural sectors (Agriculture) Number of WFP facilities (by type, location, capacity, use)

4.1.2 Ensure adequate quality Develop and implement a multi-year WFP Quality % of UN WMZ control on water supplied Programme for WQ monitoring for SW and Monitoring multi-year covered for production (SW and GW sources and WFP storage facilities of Programme Number of WQ GW) for agricultural Agricultural Sectors in the WMZ, in line with (Agriculture) controls (by type, production the National WQ strategy location, water source, use)

4.2 Water Allocation and 4.2.1 Promote optimisation of Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standard on Water Demand water for production uses Standards for water efficiency (conservation, efficient use of water Number of documents Management reuse, recycling) in Agricultural Sectors for production issued, by type based on best practices and BATs for WFP (Agriculture) in the Upper Nile WMZ

4.2.2 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards environmental flows Standards for determination, implementation on environmental flows Number of documents and management of environmental flows in issued, by type the Upper Nile WMZ

4.3 Infrastructure 4.3.1 Improve water for Define and implement a Technical Standard Technical Standard on Development for production facilities for water for production storage facilities water for production Number of documents Agriculture and infrastructure design, construction and facilities issued, by type management in the Upper Nile WMZ, including multipurpose facilities 95 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in Strategic Objective 4 Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

4.3.2 Rehabilitate and improve Develop and implement a GIS based Multi-year Programme % of UN WMZ functionality of existing Programme for rehabilitation and for rehabilitation of covered water for production management of existing water for production WFP facilities Number of WFP storage facilities storage facilities and infrastructure in the storage facilities Upper Nile WMZ rehabilitated (by type, location, water source, use)

4.3.3 Increase water for Develop a Pre-Feasibility study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for % of UN WMZ production storage construction and implementation of new new WFP storage covered capacity in the Upper Nile water for large production storage facilities facilities Number of WFP WMZ in areas with (multipurpose) in sub-catchments with storage facilities seasonal deficits of Upper seasonal deficit: planned (by type, Nile WMZ - Ora, AN_up_Enyau, Enyau, location, water AN_up_Kochi, Kochi, Laropi in source, use) Albert Nile catchment; - Aswa I, Aswa II, Pager-Aringa and Nyimur in Aswa catchment. Develop a Programme for design, Multi-year Programme % of UN WMZ construction and implementation of small for small WFP facilities covered water storage facilities in the Upper Nile WMZ Number of WFP storage facilities planned (by type)

4.3.4 Develop bulk diversion Develop a Pre-Feasibility Study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for Number of water schemes for water for construction and implementation of bulk bulk transfer schemes transfer schemes production in areas with transfer schemes for water for production in Upper Nile WMZ planned (by type, water deficit of Upper Nile supply in deficit areas of the Upper Nile capacity, water WMZ WMZ. source, use)

4.3.5 Develop underground Based on the detailed hydrogeological Programme for WFP Number of aquifers water storage for assessment of the Upper Nile WMZ, develop underground water bodies production in areas with a Programme for WFP underground water storage and % coverage of Upper storage and groundwater recharge groundwater recharge Nile WMZ 96 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in Strategic Objective 4 Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator water deficit within the Upper Nile WMZ

4.3.6 Expand irrigation schemes Develop a Pre-Feasibility study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for Number of irrigation in the upper Nile WMZ construction and implementation of new new irrigation schemes schemes planned (by irrigation schemes in suitable areas of the in Upper Nile WMZ type, area, water Upper Nile WMZ: source, capacity, use) - Ora, Enyau and Kochi sub- catchments in the eastern part of Albert Nile catchment; - Aswa I, Agago and Aswa II sub- catchments in Aswa catchment

4.3.7 Promote irrigation water Define and implement a Technical Standard Technical Standard on efficiency and water for design, implementation and management irrigation water Number of documents conservation agricultural of irrigation schemes in the Upper Nile efficiency issued, by type practices WMZ, including provisions for water efficiency, water quality and integrated land management

4.3.8 Improve water for Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards Number of documents production facilities in Standards for developing intensive and semi- on aquaculture and issued, by type aquaculture and fishery intensive aquaculture facilities in the Upper fishery Nile WMZ, including provisions for water efficiency, water quality and protection of biodiversity

4.4 Water Resource 4.4.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS Inventory and Atlas of GIS Atlas of pollution Management and base for a Pollution pollution and sediment loads (from point and and sediment loads in Number of GIS layers Environmental Prevention and Sediment non-point sources) aimed at developing an the Upper Nile WMZ implemented Protection Management Programme Integrated Pollution Prevention and Sediment % coverage in the Upper Nile WMZ Management Programme in Upper Nile WMZ 97 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in Strategic Objective 4 Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator Number pollution of and sediment load sources (by type, location, WQ, pollution load, recipient water body)

4.4.2 Promote integrated land Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards and water management in Guidelines for improving agricultural and on irrigation water Number of documents the Upper Nile WMZ forestry practices in the Upper Nile WMZ, efficiency issued, by type including provisions for assessment and management of the land carrying capacity for livestock in the Upper Nile WMZ

4.4.3 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS Inventory and Atlas of GIS Atlas of land Number of GIS layers base for an Integrated degraded areas and areas at risk of erosion degradation hotspots implemented Land & Water (mountain slopes, riverbanks, linear in the Upper Nile % coverage Management Programme infrastructure) aimed at developing an WMZ Number of land in the Upper Nile WMZ Integrated Land & Water Management degradation hotspots Programme in Upper Nile WMZ (by type, location, WQ, pollution load, recipient water body)

4.5 Public engagement 4.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity water efficiency in Programme on importance of water Programme on water raising activities development Agriculture efficiency in Agriculture in the Upper Nile efficiency in planned WMZ, including preparation of targeted Agriculture communication materials Number of communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

4.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for improving efficient use Programme for applying water efficiency Building Programme activities planned 98 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources in Strategic Objective 4 Agriculture, Livestock production, Fishery and Aquaculture, Forestry Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator of water resources for practices and technologies in agricultural on water efficiency in production in agricultural sectors in the Upper Nile WMZ, including Agriculture Number of training sectors preparation of training manuals in local manuals produced languages % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 99 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Agro- Strategic Objective 5 Industry, Industrial production, Oil and Gas Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

5.1 Monitoring Systems 5.1.1 Improve information Create a GIS based inventory of water for GIS Atlas and Number of GIS layers and Information management on Water for production facilities of Industrial Sectors in databank of Water for implemented Management Production facilities for the Upper Nile WMZ Production facilities % coverage Industrial Sectors (Industry) Number of WFP facilities (by type, location, capacity, use)

5.1.2 Ensure adequate quality Develop and implement a multi-year WFP Quality % of UN WMZ control on water supplied Programme for WQ monitoring for SW and Monitoring multi-year covered for production (SW and GW sources and WFP storage facilities of Programme (Industry) Number of WQ GW) Industrial Sectors in the WMZ, in line with controls (by type, the National WQ strategy location, water source, use)

5.1.3 Ensure adequate quality Develop and implement a set of Water WQ Standards for control of water for Quality standards for industrial production Industry Number of documents production in the Industrial issued, by type Sectors

5.2 Water Allocation and 5.2.1 Promote optimisation of Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards Water Demand water for production uses Standards for water efficiency (conservation, on efficient use of Number of documents Management reuse, recycling) in Industrial Sectors based water for production issued, by type on best practices and BATs for WFP in the (Industry) Upper Nile WMZ

5.2.2 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards environmental flows Standards for determination, implementation on environmental flows Number of documents and management of environmental flows in issued, by type the Upper Nile WMZ

5.3 Water Infrastructure 5.3.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS based detailed land use Study on industrial Number of GIS layers Development base for an Industrial mapping of industrial areas and related WFP in the Upper Nile implemented Water for Production WFP facilities aimed at developing a Master WMZ % coverage Programme of the WMZ Plan for design, construction and 100 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Agro- Strategic Objective 5 Industry, Industrial production, Oil and Gas Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator implementation of Industrial Water for Number of WFP Production Facilities based on industrial facilities planned (by water demand type, location, source water body, capacity, use)

5.3.2 Develop adequate Define and implement a Technical Standard Technical Standard on multipurpose water for for design, implementation and management multipurpose water for Number of documents production storage of multipurpose water for production storage production storage issued, by type facilities facilities in the Upper Nile WMZ facilities

5.3.3 Promote integrated Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Guideline on development of agro- Standards for developing integrated tourism water & integrated Number of documents tourism and agro- and fresh fish-processing and market tourism and fish issued, by type industrial processing facilities along the Nile river in the Upper facilities Nile WMZ

5.4 Water Resource 5.4.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS Inventory and Atlas of GIS Atlas of industrial Number of GIS layers Management and base for Industrial industrial pollution sources aimed at pollution sources in the implemented Environmental Pollution Prevention and developing an Industrial Pollution Prevention Upper Nile WMZ % coverage Protection Control in the Upper Nile and Control Programme in Upper Nile WMZ Number of industrial WMZ pollution sources (by type, location, WQ, pollution load, recipient water body)

5.5 Public engagement 5.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity water efficiency in Industry Programme on importance of water Programme on water raising activities development efficiency in Industrial processes in the Upper efficiency in Industry planned Nile WMZ, including preparation of targeted communication materials Number of communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 101 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Agro- Strategic Objective 5 Industry, Industrial production, Oil and Gas Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

5.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for improving efficient use Programme for applying water efficiency Building Programme activities planned of water resources for practices and technologies in industrial on water efficiency in production in industrial sectors in the Upper Nile WMZ, including Agriculture Number of training sectors preparation of training manuals manuals produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 102 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Other Strategic Objective 6 Sectors (Tourism, Transportation, Security) Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

6.1 Monitoring systems 6.1.1 Improve information Create a GIS based inventory of water for GIS Atlas andNumber of GIS layers and information management on Water for production facilities of Industrial Sectors in databank of Water for implemented management Production facilities for the Upper Nile WMZ Production facilities % coverage Industrial Sectors (Industry) Number of WFP facilities (by type, location, capacity, use)

6.1.2 Ensure adequate quality Develop and implement a multi-year Water Quality % of UN WMZ control on water supplied Programme for WQ monitoring for Monitoring multi-year covered for production (SW and recreational and other uses in the WMZ, in Programme Number of WQ GW) line with the National WQ strategy (Recreational and controls (by type, other uses) location, water source, use)

6.2 Water allocation and 6.2.1 Promote optimisation of Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards water demand water for recreation and Standards for water efficiency (conservation, on water efficiency for Number of documents management other uses reuse, recycling) for recreation and other recreation and other issued, by type uses based on best practices and BATs in the uses Upper Nile WMZ

6.3 Water infrastructure 6.3.1 Promote integrated Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Guideline on development development of eco- Standards for developing eco-tourism water & eco-tourism Number of documents tourism facilities in the facilities in the Upper Nile WMZ issued, by type Upper Nile WMZ

6.3.2 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards Number of documents environmental flows Standards for determination, implementation on environmental flows issued, by type and management of environmental flows in the Upper Nile WMZ

6.3.3 Develop adequate Define and implement a Technical Standard Technical Standard on Number of documents multipurpose water for design, implementation and management multipurpose water issued, by type storage facilities, of multipurpose water storage facilities storage facilities 103 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Other Strategic Objective 6 Sectors (Tourism, Transportation, Security) Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator including recreational including recreational functions in the Upper including recreational functions Nile WMZ functions

6.3.4 Promote reuse of treated Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Guideline on Number of documents wastewater for Standards for reuse of treated wastewater for treated water reuse issued, by type landscaping, green areas landscaping, green areas and other uses in and other uses in the the Upper Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ

6.4 Water resource 6.4.1 Develop the knowledge GIS Atlas of road Number of GIS layers Develop a GIS based detailed land use management and base for a Road infrastructure in the implemented mapping of road infrastructure aimed at environmental Infrastructure Drainage Upper Nile WMZ % coverage developing a Programme for Road protection Programme in the Upper Infrastructure drainage and stormwater Number roads Nile WMZ management in the Upper Nile WMZ mapped (by type)

6.4.2 Develop the knowledge GIS Atlas of scenic Develop a GIS based detailed land use Number of water base for a Water water landscapes in mapping of scenic water landscapes aimed Landscapes enhancement the Upper Nile WMZ bodies mapped at developing a Programme for Programme in the Upper Number of GIS layers tourismenhancement of water bodies in the Nile WMZ implemented Upper Nile WMZ % coverage

6.5 Public engagement 6.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity water efficiency in Industry Programme on importance of treated water Programme on treated raising activities development reuse, recycling, recovery for other uses water reuse, recycling, planned recovery Number of communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 104

7.1.4 Water for Energy Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Strategic Objective 7 renewable energy production Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

7.1 Monitoring systems 7.1.1 Improve information Create a GIS based inventory of GIS Atlas of Number of GIS layers and information management on hydropower plants (existing and planned) in hydropower implemented management hydropower plants the Upper Nile WMZ % coverage Number of HP facilities (by type, location, capacity, status)

7.2 Water allocation and 7.2.1 Develop the knowledge Define and implement a Technical Standard Technical Standard on water demand base for establishing an for management of hydropower plants hydropower and Number of documents management Energy Peak Demand associated with reservoirs to accommodate pumped hydroelectric issued, by type Management System in the peak energy demand (pumped storage the Upper Nile WMZ hydroelectric storage)

7.3 Water infrastructure 7.3.1 Develop adequate Develop a Pre-Feasibility study for design, Pre-Feasibility Study for development multipurpose water construction, implementation and new small HPP in Number of HPP storage facilities including management of multipurpose water storage Upper Nile WMZ planned (by type, hydropower facilities including hydropower in the Upper water body, capacity, Nile WMZ use)

7.4 Water resource 7.4.1 Ensure appropriate Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Standards management and environmental flows Standards for determination, implementation on environmental flows Number of documents environmental and management of environmental flows in issued, by type protection the Upper Nile WMZ

7.5 Public engagement 7.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity renewable energy Programme on importance of development Programme on energy raising activities development potential and energy of renewable energy and energy efficiency, planned efficiency as well as integrated land and water Number of management in the Upper Nile WMZ, communication including preparation of targeted materials produced communication materials % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 105 Sustainable use, development and management of water resources for Strategic Objective 7 renewable energy production Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

7.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for full development of the Programme for technical evaluation of Building Programme activities planned hydropower potential in hydropower projects and for applying the on Energy Number of training the Upper Nile WMZ best energy efficiency practices and manuals produced technologies in the Upper Nile WMZ, % of Upper Nile including preparation of training manuals WMZ covered 106

7.1.5 Water for Environment Strategic Objective 8 Conservation of ecosystem services and functions Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

8.1 Monitoring systems 8.1.1 Improve information Create a GIS based inventory of water GIS Atlas of Water Number of GIS layers and information, management on bodies in the Upper Nile WMZ, based on Resources of Upper implemented management functional and ecological the assessment of their hydrological, geo- Nile WMZ % coverage state of water bodies in morphological and ecological state (SW and the Upper Nile WMZ GW bodies) Number of water bodies mapped (by type, location, WQ, ecological state) Create a GIS based inventory of degraded GIS Atlas of Number of GIS layers ecosystems in the Upper Nile WMZ (water Degraded implemented bodies, wetlands and water dependent Ecosystems in the % coverage ecosystems) Upper Nile WMZ Number of water bodies mapped (by type, location, severity of degradation state)

8.1.2 Develop an Environmental Develop and implement a multi-year Environmental % of UN WMZ covered Monitoring Programme on Programme for Environmental Monitoring of Quality Monitoring water bodies (SW and water bodies (SW and GW) to determine the multi-year Number of water bodies GW) to determine their baseline ecological state and evolution trend Programme mapped of (by type, ecological state over time, in line with the National WQ (Environment) location, WQ, strategy ecological state and trend)

8.2 Water allocation and 8.2.1 Adequate water quantity Develop and implement a set of Technical Technical water demand allocated for wetlands Standards for determination, implementation Standards of Number of documents management and aquatic ecosystems and maintenance of environmental flows environmental flows issued, by type and environmental water reserve in the and water reserve wetlands and aquatic ecosystems of the Upper Nile WMZ 107 Strategic Objective 8 Conservation of ecosystem services and functions Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

8.3 Water and 8.3.1 Create a green Based on the updated Land Cover of NFA, Programme on % of UN WMZ covered environmental infrastructure system to develop and implement a Programme for Ecologic Corridors Area of green infrastructure establish and protect creating a green infrastructure system to and Green infrastructure created (by ecologic corridors along protect ecosystems, ecologic corridors and Infrastructure along type, extension, water water bodies of the Upper natural landscapes in the water bodies of water bodies body, function) Nile WMZ Upper Nile WMZ

8.3.2 Create a green Based on the updated Land Cover of NFA, Programme on % of UN WMZ covered infrastructure system in the develop and implement a Programme for Green Infrastructure Area of green cattle corridor of the creating a green infrastructure system to in the cattle corridor infrastructure created (by Upper Nile WMZ protect ecosystems, ecologic corridors and type, extension, cattle natural landscapes and support livelihoods corridor area, use) in the cattle corridor of Upper Nile WMZ

8.4 Water resource 8.4.1 Expand the knowledge Create and implement the GIS database of GIS Atlas of Number of GIS layers management and base on Wetlands in the Wetlands of Upper Nile WMZ, updating the Wetlands implemented environmental Upper Nile WMZ for baseline on wetland status and values, in line % coverage protection improving Wetland with the National Wetland Strategy and Number of wetlands Management and proceeding from District Wetland Inventories mapped (by type, Protection in the Upper location, area, ecological Nile WMZ state, uses)

8.4.2 Develop and implement a set of Technical Technical Guidelines for Sustainable Management of Guidelines on Number of documents Wetlands and their natural resources, in line wetland issued, by type with the National Wetland Strategy management

8.4.3 Enforce riverbanks Develop and implement a set of Technical Technical Number of documents protection zones Guidelines for delineating and enforcing Standards on issued, by type riverbank protection zones along all the riverbank rivers of Albert Nile, Aswa and Kidepo protection zones catchments

8.4.4 Promote integrated land Define and implement a set of Technical Technical and water management in Guidelines for improving agricultural and Standards on Number of documents the Upper Nile WMZ forestry practices in the Upper Nile WMZ, issued, by type 108 Strategic Objective 8 Conservation of ecosystem services and functions Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator including provisions for assessment and irrigation water management of the land carrying capacity efficiency for livestock in the Upper Nile WMZ Define and implement a set of Technical Technical Guidelines for the creation of vegetation guidelines on Number of documents buffer strips along water bodies to Vegetation buffer issued, by type prevent/reduce discharge of sediment and stripes along water nutrient loads to rivers, lakes and wetlands bodies and to groundwater Based on the updated Land Cover of NFA, Programme on Number of documents develop and implement a Programme for Forest and Water issued, by type integrated Forest & Water ecosystems ecosystems management in the Upper Nile WMZ, Management including the creation of vegetated buffer strips (rings) around protected forests where harvesting activities are regulated and sustainable use is allowed

8.5 Public engagement 8.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Awareness Raising and capacity water, environment and Programme on importance of sustainable Programme onNumber of awareness development management of natural development of water resources and water, environment raising activities planned resources management of natural resources in the and management Numberof Upper Nile WMZ, including preparation of of natural resourcescommunication materials targeted communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

8.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for wetland management Programme for sustainable development and Building activities planned in the Upper Nile WMZ management of wetlands and aquatic Programme on ecosystems in the Upper Nile WMZ, based management of Number of training on best practices and standards, including wetlands and manuals produced preparation of training manuals aquatic ecosystems % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 109 Strategic Objective 8 Conservation of ecosystem services and functions Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

8.5.3 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for ecosystem assessment Programme for wetlands and aquatic Building activities planned in the Upper Nile WMZ ecosystems assessment in the Upper Nile Programme on Numberof training WMZ, based on best practices and ecosystem manuals produced standards, including preparation of training assessment % of Upper Nile WMZ manuals covered

8.5.4 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year Capacity Building Technical Capacity Number of training for determining and Programme for determination and Building activities planned implementing implementation of environmental flows and Programme on environmental flows and water reserves in the Upper Nile WMZ, environmental flows Number of training water reserves in the based on best practices, including and water reserves manuals produced Upper Nile WMZ preparation of training manuals % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 110 Strategic Objective 9 Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

9.1 Monitoring systems 9.1.1 Create a knowledge base Create a GIS based inventory of vulnerable GIS Atlas of Number of GIS layers and information on vulnerability of water water bodies in the Upper Nile WMZ, based Vulnerability to implemented management resources and land to on the assessment of the vulnerability climate variability % coverage climate variability and assessment (SW and GW bodies) and change in the Number of water bodies change for Upper Nile Upper Nile WMZ mapped (by type, WMZ location) Create a real-time data sharing web- Flood-drought real- Web-database database of meteo-climatic and hydrological time data sharing % coverage information to enable hydrologic web-database Number of user access drought/flood prediction and warning systems, including regular publication of bulletins and reports

9.1.2 Create and maintain an Develop a GIS based inventory of areas GIS Atlas of Flood Number ofGIS layers inventory of flood prone prone to flood events with different return prone areas implemented areas in the Upper Nile periods (2, 10, 20, 100, 200 years) for the % coverage WMZ main rivers of Upper Nile WMZ Number of water bodies mapped (by type, location, extension, flood event severity, return period)

9.1.3 Create and maintain an Develop a GIS based inventory of areas GIS Atlas of Number ofGIS layers inventory of drought prone prone to drought events with different return Drought prone implemented areas in the Upper Nile periods (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 years) areas % coverage WMZ in the Upper Nile WMZ Number of areas mapped (by type, location, extension, drought event severity, return period) 111 Strategic Objective 9 Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator

9.2 Water Allocation and 9.2.1 Increase preparedness to Develop a GIS based Flood Response and Flood Response % of Upper Nile WMZ Water Demand severe climate events Management Plan for the Upper Nile WMZ, and Management covered Management (flood / drought) including regulatory and management Plan Number offlood area procedures for hydraulic structures covered, by water body Number of population covered, by water body Develop a GIS based Drought Response and Drought Response % of Upper Nile WMZ Management Plan for the Upper Nile WMZ and Management covered Plan Number of drought area covered Number of population covered

9.3 Water Infrastructure 9.3.1 Develop the knowledge Develop a GIS based detailed mapping of Study on road Number of GIS layers Development base to increase road infrastructure aimed at preparing a infrastructure implemented infrastructure resilience to Master Plan for design, construction and drainage in the % coverage climate variability and implementation of an adequate drainage Upper Nile WMZ Km roads mapped (by change in the Upper Nile systems along main roads, including culverts type) WMZ

9.4 Water Resource 9.4.1 Promote integrated landDevelop and implement guidelines for land Technical Management and and water management inuse planning and regulation of human Standards on flood Number of documents Environmental the Upper Nile WMZ activities in flood prone areas in the Upper protection issued, by type Protection Nile WMZ

9.5 Public engagement 9.5.1 Awareness raising on Develop a multi-year Awareness Raising Number of awareness and capacity water, environment and Programme on flood protection and DRM in Raising awareness raising activities planned development management of natural the Upper Nile WMZ, including preparation programme on resources of targeted communication materials water, environment Number of and management communication materials of natural resources produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered 112 Strategic Objective 9 Mitigation of effects of extreme climatic events Structural Component Strategic Action Activities Output Indicator Sensitisation campaign to increase Number of awareness communities awareness on severe climate Raising awareness raising activities planned risks and related preparedness and response programme on measures, and means to increase community severe climate Number of resilience events communication materials produced % of Upper Nile WMZ covered

9.5.2 Build technical capacity Develop a multi-year capacity puilding Number of training for wetland management Programme for sustainable development and technical capacity activities planned in the Upper Nile WMZ management of wetlands and aquatic Building ecosystems in the Upper Nile WMZ, based programme on Number of training on best practices and standards, including management of manuals produced preparation of training manuals wetlands and % of Upper Nile WMZ aquatic ecosystems covered 113

7.2 Financial needs analysis

7.2.1 Introduction This financial analysis includes the evaluation of costs for the IWRM implementation in the Upper Nile WMZ related to both strategic actions and infrastructure foreseen for water reconciliation of all uses (domestic supply, irrigation, livestock, aquaculture and industry). This estimation provides information for the water and environment sector finance and sector budget that is required by the relevant overall government macro-economic planning and policy frameworks. It is useful in defining allocations for all sectors in the Medium Term Expenditure Framework by the Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development. Currently, at national level, the “Water Sector Strategic Investment Plan 2010-2035” (MWE 2009) identifies financial resource requirements to reach the targets set for year 2015, 2020 and 2035 by the National Development Plans (NDP) and the Vision 2035. The present analysis reviews and integrates this national plan focusing on IWRM strategic actions in the UN WMZ for year 2040. In line with already established financial mechanisms for Uganda, this analysis distinguishes explicitly costs for potable water supply, sanitation, environment, water for production, among others. Decentralisation is mainstreamed in all sectors, therefore, the Ministry of Water and Environment sets standards, procedures and allocation criteria for the District Water and Sanitation Conditional Grant (DWSCG). This financial tool enables investment decision at district level. Because financial requirements are mostly for capital expenditure (more than 80% of overall need for Upper Nile WMZ, as reported in the following paragraphs), the key sources of financing for the UNWMZ are the Government of Uganda through general taxation, supported by International Financial Institutions (IFIs). There can be investments from private sector. A larger part of financial needs for water infrastructure for water supply and sanitation is expected to be provided by the government of Uganda with support from Development Partners such as IFIs, particularly the International Development Association (IDA) which is an agency of World Bank Group supporting developing countries. The development finance support given by IDA is in the form of very long-term loans (around 35–40 years), with long grace periods (up to 10 years) and with no interest payment, which is replaced by an annual servicing fee (0.75%). For water for production, a considerable proportion of the investment is expected to come from the private sector. This option is already considered in the “Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan” (DWMR, 2009): • For livestock facilities, 30% of the investments are carried out by commercial ranches directly and/or as subsistence livestock owners’ contributions • For irrigation facilities, the off-farm investments in water supply infrastructure are carried out by the water sector, while all on-farm investments are done by the farmers or commercial enterprises • For fisheries, only one percent of the total investment in fishery facilities is financed by the water sector. For all types of infrastructure related to water for production it can be foreseen that costs for operations and maintenance (O&M) would be covered by the tariffs applied to water users. Marked by the intrinsic attractiveness of hydropower, the government of Uganda’s 2007 Renewable Energy Policy and the REFit and GEFit programmes (supported by the IFIs), there has been a large participation of the private sector in the development of the vast Ugandan hydropower potential. Hydropower projects usually are Run of River without large dams and reservoirs. Private sector involvement and funding for these hydropower projects can be retained as a financing model for the UN WMZ. Hydropower projects including large dams and multipurpose reservoirs involve costs not recoverable under the REFit Tariff framework. These hydro schemes have to be developed under the traditional model of a governmental agency or a public utility managing the various phases of the project life cycle: 114 planning, design, construction, operation, as well as rehabilitation and upgrading when the time comes. Multipurpose reservoirs and other storages facilities can have significant benefits, including: water supply regulation; irrigation regulation; hydroelectric production; aquaculture; maintenance of water quality and environmental flows; flood mitigation; climate change mitigation; and tourism and leisure facilities. Therefore, multipurpose water projects need to be funded by public resources, drawing on IFIs aid when needed. The hydropower component could be an opportunity for private sector partnership with the public sector in multipurpose projects where an acceptable balance between risks and rewards can be achieved between the various stakeholders. Again, the IFIs can have a crucial role in filling this gap by providing technical and financial assistance to the Government of Uganda. Taking into account the above mentioned criteria, financial needs for water infrastructure development and strategic actions are calculated in the following paragraphs.

7.2.2 Water Infrastructure Development Among the surface water development options, it is proposed to implement large reservoirs, valley tanks, sand and sub-surface dams. As already described, the present work has identified sites for implementation of large reservoirs and related dimensioning of storage volumes has been conducted. Valley tanks are small water storages used primarily for livestock, groundwater recharge, limited irrigation and aquaculture. Valley tanks are, by definition, off-channel storage dams. A typical excavated valley tank might be 50m long by 30m wide and between 1m and 2m deep, resulting in a total storage capacity of around 1,500 to 3,000m³. A sand dam is created by progressively building a low dam wall across a flat river valley with considerable sediment transport, thereby creating a sub-surface water reservoir in the sand trapped behind the dam. The cost for a sand dam is related to the construction of the dam wall and will vary depending on the topography of the river valley and the material used for construction of the wall.A sub- surface dam is constructed by building a dam wall of clay or masonry in a trench across a river valley to a depth reaching an impermeable layer and thereby creating a sub-surface reservoir in the area behind the dam. Sand dam and sub-surface dams are in particular appropriate in areas with long dry periods and high evaporation as the loss of water is less from the sub-surface reservoirs compared to normal valley tanks or dams.The proposed technology mix for livestock storage is a combination of valley dams and tanks, sand dams and sub-surface dams on the basis of mean values provided by SSIP for the northern districts: 70%, 25%, 3% and 2% respectively. In addition, fish ponds developed for aquaculture can act as water storage facilities. For what concerns irrigation schemes, because the water withdrawal is either a run-of-the river or from a large storage, the considered infrastructure is similar in concept to small simple schemes situated close to the water sources, but requiring pumped withdrawal system. This is what is called “Type A Formal Irrigation Schemes” in the Irrigation Master Plan. The options for domestic supply, as presented in the SSIP, are: protected springs, deep boreholes, shallow wells, gravity fed scheme, and piped scheme. In particular, the technology mix for future domestic water supply, again according to SSIP for the northern districts, is as follows: protected springs around 2%, deep boreholes 57%, shallow wells 6%, gravity fed scheme 2%, piped scheme 33% and rainwater tanks 0.11%. Industrial development can be associated to domestic water supply infrastructure. Infrastructure for people includes sanitation systems that can be mainly related to large sanitation system. For sanitation service the assumption is that the collected and treated waste water from the urban population will be around 80% of the waste water, while 50% for rural people. The financial analysis for the water infrastructural development is conducted using parametric capital costs of similar interventions. The assessment of these values is based on the Term of Reference of the present study and on the knowledge derived from the national reference documents, such as: - Uganda Catchment Management and Planning Guidelines (DWRM, April 2014) - Strategic Sector Investment Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Uganda, Government of Uganda, Ministry of Water and Environment (July 2009) 115 - “Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan” (DWMR, August 2009) - “Uganda Water Supply and Sanitation - Country Status Overviews” (African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW, 2011) - “National Irrigation Master Plan” (2011). Data have been extracted also from some similar initiatives already conducted in Uganda as listed below: - “Development of the Awoja Catchment Management Plan in the Kyoga Water Management Zone” (Awoja CMP, 2013) - Investment Plan redacted within the “Consultancy Services for the Identification of a Multipurpose Water Resources Management and Development Project in Aswa Basin” (NBI-NEL, 2012) - “Water Risk and Sustainability Assessment (WRSA) for the River Rwizi Catchment” (DWRM, May 2015) - Indicative Investment Strategy and Action Plan included in the “Nile Equatorial Lakes Multi Sector Investment Opportunity Analysis (NEL MSIOA)” by NELSAP / NBI in December 2012. The costs, presented in US$ and Uganda Shillings (UGX), are generally related to m³ or ha andadjusted to equivalent 2016 prices. They include both design and implementation costs. It has to be noted that in the present work, the implementation of various development options is related to typical capital costs. More reliable cost estimates would be obtained identifying specific locations and undertaking additional investigations. Below are the tables (Table 7-1 and Table 7-2) where all unit costs are summarized. Table 7.1: Typical unit costs for storage and excavation STORAGE & EXCAVATION Option Unit cost (US$/m³) Valley Tanks 11.5 Valley Dams 4.5 Sand Dams 17.2 Sub-surface Dams 4.5 Fish Pond for Aquaculture 11.5 Table 7.2: Typical unit costs for water supply and sanitation WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Option Unit cost (USD/m³/d) Protected Springs 248 Deep boreholes 1,335 Shallow wells 500 Gravity fed scheme 4,333 Piped scheme 3,744 Large sanitation system 6,659 For Type A irrigation infrastructure, the unit cost is 190 (US$/m³/d). 116 Table 7.3: Water sector financial needs for water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ (Million US$). CAPEX (Million USD) INFRASTRUCTURE USER TYPE Albert Nile Aswa Kidepo UN WMZ Storage Domestic urban 19 13 1 33 Domestic rural 128 67 6 201 Livestock 9 13 2 24 Aquaculture 4 2 0.2 6 Water Supply Domestic urban 88 68 4.6 161 Domestic rural 343 210 15.8 569 Sanitation Domestic urban 174 134 9 317 Domestic rural 281 175 13 468 Off – farm Irrigation Irrigation (all type) 382 1,054 65 1,501 Water Supply Industry 87 68 3.2 158 TOTAL 1,514 1,804 119 3,437 Table 7.4: Water sector financial needs for water reconciliation in 2040 for UN WMZ (Billion UGX). CAPEX (Billion UGX) INFRASTRUCTURE USER TYPE Albert Aswa Kidepo UN WMZ Nile Storage Domestic urban 62 41 3.2 107 Domestic rural 419 219 19 657 Livestock 28 43 6 77 Aquaculture 13 7 0.7 21 Water Supply Domestic urban 288 223 15.0 526 Domestic rural 1,124 689 51.8 1,864 Sanitation Domestic urban 570 440 29 1,039 Domestic rural 919 572 42 1,532 Off – farm Irrigation Irrigation (all type) 1,249 3,450 214 4,913 Water Supply Industry 286 222 10.3 519 TOTAL 4,957 5,908 390 11,255 At the Upper Nile WMZ scale, a reduction of 30% of investment in livestock by the water sector has a negligible impact on financial needs that is decreased by about US$11 million. Instead, on-farm financial needs are really significant: considering all type of irrigation infrastructure, financial needs are about US$980 million (30%). If the entire investment for fish ponds is related to the water sector, financial needs would increase by US$620 million (an increase of 20% for overall financial needs).

7.2.3 Strategic Actions for IWRM Implementation The Upper Nile WMZ needs to face costs associated with all the strategic actions. Some of these costs are related to the design and construction for all the infrastructure prioritised but the bigger part of the implementation costs are for personnel, consultants, stakeholders meetings/conferences/ workshops and, in some cases, also equipment that are needed. Some assumptions are based upon information extracted from similar initiatives already conducted in Uganda, such as the “Development of the Awoja Catchment Management Plan in the Kyoga Water Management Zone” (Awoja CMP, 2013). Technical employees and consultants are estimated in terms of the person-months and the unit costs are US$2,500 and US$15,000 respectively. The number of meetings is proportional to the overall duration of actions and each meeting costs on average around US$7,500. The costs for equipment are estimated according to the use foreseen in specific actions. Pre-feasibility costs are typically around 1.5% of capital costs and feasibility phase is about 3%. design and construction supervision costs can be at 10% therefore for the proposed infrastructure the overall costs for personnel, consultants and meetings are up to 14.5% of CAPEX (not to the above mentioned unit cost and person months). A specific duration will be assigned to each strategic actions: generally actions related to knowledge base and promotion are two years long, while actions such as raising awareness , building technical capacity or monitoring systems take about five years. Longer periods (10 or 25 years) 117 are considered when designing and constructing of infrastructure are involved depending on their size, type, extent, and complexity among others. The strategic actions are prioritised as follows. Actions related to data information and water governance are given the highest priority because they are considered to be the most crucial and take the shortest time to develop. Actions that take long to implement are necessarily spread over several years with lower priority. Here below are the cost estimates in thousands of Euros. Further details are provided in the action plan. Table 7-5: Cost estimation for each strategic objective within the UN WMZ catchments. Strategic Objective Cost Cost (Million Structural Component (Thousand UGX) US) 1 Equitable, participatory 1.1 Monitoring Systems and 14,200 46,450 and accountable water Information governance for Management sustainable and Inclusive 1.2 Water Allocation and 1,050 3,500 growth and development Water Demand Management

1.3 Water and 2,550 8,350 Environmental Infrastructure

1.4 Water Resource 1,700 5,550 Management and Environmental Protection

1.5 Public engagement and 1,050 3,500 capacity development 2 Universal and sustainable 2.1 Monitoring Systems and 4,350 14,250 access to safe water Information supply Management

2.2 Water Allocation and 250 750 Water Demand Management

2.3 Water and 1,103,050 3,611,750 Environmental Infrastructure

2.4 Water Resource 1,000 3,350 Management and Environmental Protection

2.5 Public Engagement and 550 1,850 Capacity Development 3 Universal and sustainable 3.1 Monitoring Systems and 500 1,650 access to improved Information sanitation and hygiene Management

3.2 Water Allocation and 400 1,300 Water Demand Management

3.3 Water and 900,050 2,947,050 Environmental Infrastructure

3.4 Water Resource 300 950 Management and Environmental Protection

3.5 Public engagement and 800 2,600 capacity development 118 Cost Cost (Million Strategic Objective Structural Component (Thousand UGX) US) 4 Sustainable use, 4.1 Monitoring Systems and 400 1,300 development and Information management of water Management resources in Agriculture, 4.2 Water Allocation and 250 750 Livestock production, Water Demand Fishery and Aquaculture, Management Forestry 4.3 Water and 1,752,650 5,738,700 Environmental Infrastructure

4.4 Water Resource 800 2,600 Management and Environmental Protection

4.5 Public engagement and 550 1,850 capacity development 5 Sustainable use, 5.1 Monitoring Systems and 350 1,100 development and Information management of water Management resources for Agro- 5.2 Water Allocation and 250 750 industry, Industrial Water Demand production, Oil and Gas Management

5.3 Water and 163,800 536,300 Environmental Infrastructure

5.4 Water Resource 100 350 Management and Environmental Protection

5.5 Public engagement and 250 750 capacity development 6 Sustainable use, 6.1 Monitoring Systems and 100 350 development and Information management of water Management resources for Other 6.2 Water Allocation and 50 200 Sectors (tourism, Water Demand transportation, security) Management

6.3 Water and 18,550 60,700 Environmental Infrastructure

6.4 Water Resource 550 1,850 Management and Environmental Protection

6.5 Public engagement and 100 350 capacity development 7 Sustainable use, 7.1 Monitoring Systems and 100 350 development and Information management of water Management resources for renewable 7.2 Water Allocation and 300 950 energy production Water Demand Management

7.3 Water and 76,550 250,700 Environmental Infrastructure

7.4 Water Resource 100 350 Management and Environmental Protection 119 Cost Cost (Million Strategic Objective Structural Component (Thousand UGX) US)

7.5 Public engagement and 400 1,300 capacity development 8 Conservation of 8.1 Monitoring Systems and 400 1,300 ecosystem services and Information functions Management

8.2 Water Allocation and 900 2,950 Water Demand Management

8.3 Water and 54,750 179,250 Environmental Infrastructure

8.4 Water Resource 40,850 133,750 Management and Environmental Protection

8.5 Public engagement and 1,050 3,500 capacity development 9 Mitigation of effects of 9.1 Monitoring Systems and 800 2,600 extreme climatic events Information Management

9.2 Water Allocation and 900 2,950 Water Demand Management

9.3 Water and 900 2,950 Environmental Infrastructure

9.4 Water Resource 1,150 3,700 Management and Environmental Protection

9.5 Public engagement and 550 1,850 capacity development TOTAL 4,150,250 13,589,200 120 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.1 Main Reference Documents 1. Ministry of Water and Environment - Directorate of Water Development, Revision of the Water for Production Strategy and Investment Plan – Final Report, 2009 2. Ministry of Water and Environment - Directorate of Water Development, A National Irrigation Master Plan for Uganda (2010-2035) Final Report, November 2011 3. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Catchment Planning Guidelines, 2014 4. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Water Resources Assessment report, 2013 5. Ministry of Water and Environment – Directorate of Water Resources Management, National Water Resources Strategy (draft), October 2014 6. Ministry of Water and Environment, Strategic Sector Investment Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Uganda (2010-2035) Final, July 2009 7. Ministry of Water and Environment, Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2015, 2015 8. Ministry of Water and Environment, Water Resources Management Reform Strategy, 2005 9. NEMA, National State of Environment Report for Uganda 2012 10. Republic of Uganda, National Development Plan I 2010/11-2014/15, April 2010 11. Republic of Uganda, National Development Plan II 2015/16-2019/20, June 2015 12. Republic of Uganda, Uganda Vision 2040 13. UBOS, 2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Provisional Results, Nov. 2014 14. UBOS, Census of Business Establishments - 2010/11, 2011 15. UBOS, Uganda National Household Survey – 2012-2013, 2013 16. UNDP, Poverty Status Report 2014, 2014 17. UNDP, Uganda Human Development Report 2015 - Unlocking the Development Potential of Northern Uganda, 2015 18. UNHCR, Global Appeal 2015 – Uganda, 2015 19. World Bank, Republic of Uganda - Water Management and Development Project – Project Appraisal Document, June 2012 20. World Bank, Republic of Uganda - Water Management and Development Project – Environmental and Social Management Framework, March 2012

8.2 Reference Websites 1. District Local Government websites http://gov.ug/content/local-governments 2. Government of Uganda web-Portal http://gov.ug/ 3. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fishery www.agriculture.go.ug 4. Ministry of Defence www.defence.go.ug 5. Ministry of Energy and Minerals Development www.energyandminerals.go.ug 6. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development www.finance.go.ug 7. Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development www.mglsd.go.ug 8. Ministry of Health www.health.go.ug 9. Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development www.mlhud.go.ug 10. Ministry of Local Government https://molg.go.ug 11. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities www.tourism.go.ug 12. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives www.mtic.go.ug 13. Ministry of Water and Environment www.mwe.go.ug 14. MWE, Public Sanitation Database http://www.publicsan.ug/ 15. MWE, Water and Sanitation Development Facility (WSDF) http://wsdf.go.ug/ 121 16. MWE, Water Supply Atlas 2010 http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=1 2&Itemid=223 17. MWE, Water Supply Database http://212.28.97.124/index.php/login 18. National Environmental Management authority www.nemaug.org 19. National Water and Sewage Corporation http://www.nwsc.co.ug/ 20. Nile Basin Initiative http://www.nilebasin.org/ 21. Office of Prime Minister www.opm.go.ug 22. Uganda Bureau of Statistics www.ubos.org 23. World Bank WDMP http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P123204/water-management- development-project?lang=en 122 9. ANNEXES

ANNEX I: STATUS ON MAIN ON-GOING PROJECTS Main Programme / Projects Water Sector WATER SECTOR Governanc Water e People for Relevance / Water for Appropriate- Year Resp. Funding Production Status Water Energy for ness Water for Environmen UN-WMZ t International Nyimur Multipurpose Project 2014 MWE NBI – Under Projects (Uganda-South Sudan) - X X X X HIGH / HIGH DWD NELSAP development 2017 Lakes Edward and Albert 2015 Fisheries and Water NBI – MEDIUM / Under - MAAIF X Resources Management NELSAP MEDIUM development 2019 Project (LEAF II) Project Identification of a Multipurpose Water NBI - NEL Resources Management and Water Development Project in Aswa MWE 2012 Resources X X X X X HIGH / HIGH Completed Basin (Uganda/South Sudan) DWRM Development - Multi-Purpose Water Project Resources Development and Management Strategy National WMDP – Component 1.1 - Lot Projects 3: Preparation of two (2) Catchment water resources 2013- MWE Under Development and World Bank X X X X X HIGH / HIGH 2018 DWRM development Management plans in Upper Nile Water Management Zone [Aswa and Albert Nile] WMDP – Component 1.2 - Lot 2013- MWE Under World Bank X X X X X HIGH / HIGH 4: Detailed Assessment of 2018 DWRM development 123 Main Programme / Projects Water Sector WATER SECTOR Governanc Water e People for Relevance / Water for Appropriate- Year Resp. Funding Production Status Water Energy for ness Water for Environmen UN-WMZ t Requirements for Water Resources Information System WMDP – Component 2.1 - 2013- MWE Under Town Water Supply and World Bank X X X HIGH / HIGH 2018 DWRM development Sanitation under NWSC WMDP – Component 2.2 - Development of Catchment/Water Source Protection Plans for the 2013- MWE Under World Bank X X X HIGH / HIGH water supply in the small 2018 DWRM development towns of Lot2: Rukungiri, Katwe-Kabatoro and Koboko Water Supply and Sanitation African 2012- MWE Under Programme (WSSP) Development X X X HIGH / HIGH 2015 DWD development Bank European Union-Millennium 2012- MWE - EU – GoU - Under Development Goals – X HIGH / HIGH 2017 WSDFs ADA development Initiative Project (MDG 7.c) Northern Uganda Peace, National 2015- MEDIUM / Recovery and Development OPM Budget, DPs, X X X Proposed 2021 MEDIUM Plan III (PDRP 3) EU Third Northern Uganda 2015- World Bank Under OPM X LOW / LOW Social Action Fund (NUSAF 3) 2020 IDA development Karamoja Livelihoods 2009 European Programme (KALIP) - OPM X X X X LOW / LOW Completed Union 2015 124 Main Programme / Projects Water Sector WATER SECTOR Governanc Water e People for Relevance / Water for Appropriate- Year Resp. Funding Production Status Water Energy for ness Water for Environmen UN-WMZ t Agricultural Livelihoods 2009 European Recovery programme - OPM X X X X LOW / HIGH Completed Union (ALREP) 2015 Karamoja Integrated 2015- Under Development Programme OPM NA X X X X HIGH / HIGH 2020 development (KIDP II) Conservation and Sustainable Use of the (2013 Threatened Savanna – UNDP GEF X LOW / HIGH Proposed Woodland in the Kidepo 2017) Critical Landscape in North Eastern Uganda Water Supply Atlas Update 2015 National Under MWE X X HIGH / HIGH 2016 -2016 Budget development National Wetland Inventory 2010- National Under MWE X HIGH / HIGH 2015 Budget development Projects Building Drought Resilience developed through Land and Water Austrian by GOs and Management in Kenya 2015- IUCN Under Development X X X X HIGH / HIGH NGOs (Lower Tana sub-catchment) 2020 ESARO development Cooperation and Uganda (the Upper Aswa-Agago sub-catchment) Program for Recovery and Japan Reconstruction of Northern International MEDIUM / Uganda (REAP) 2009 PMO Cooperation X X Completed MEDIUM Agency - JICA .