National Plan for Management of Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas 2021/22-2030/31

NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 2021/22 - 2030/31 FEBRUARY 2021 ‘‘To protect and conserve wildlife in critical ecosystems outside UWA protected areas for the benefit of the people of Uganda’’ NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS I Cover Page Photograph Crowned Cranes in a wetland outside Katonga Wildlife Reserve Availability This publication is available in hard copy from UWA library and a soft copy from the UWA website http://www.ugandawildlife.org Citation UWA (2020). National Plan for Managing Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas 2021/2022 - 2030/2031 UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY Plot 7 Kira Road, Kamwokya P.O.Box, Kampala Uganda Tel: +256 414 355 000 Fax: +256 414 546 291 Email: info@wildlife.go.ug www.ugandawildlife.org ugandawildlifeauthority ugandawildlife @2021 UWA all rights reserved NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS II Table of Contents PREAMBLE...............................................................................................................................................................................................V ACKNOWLEDGMENT...........................................................................................................................................................................VI FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................................................................VII APPROVAL............................................................................................................................................................................................VIII ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................................................................................................IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................................X 1.0 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of the plan.....................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.3 The planning process.................................................................................................................................................................................1 2.0 ENABLING POLICY AND LEGISLATION..........................................................................................................................3 2.1 National policies..................................................................................................................................................................................3 2.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995...........................................................................................................3 2.1.2 Uganda Wildlife Policy, 2014..........................................................................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Uganda National Wetlands Policy, 1995.................................................................................................................................4 2.1.4 The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001..............................................................................................................................................4 2.1.5 Uganda National Land Policy, 2013...........................................................................................................................................4 2.2 International conventions and treaties....................................................................................................................................4 2.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992..................................................................................................................4 2.2.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973.......4 2.2.3 The Ramsar Convention, 1971......................................................................................................................................................5 2.3 National Acts and regulations.....................................................................................................................................................5 2.3.1 The Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019......................................................................................................................................................5 2.3.2 The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003..........................................................................................................5 2.3.3 The Mining Act 2003.........................................................................................................................................................................5 2.3.4 The National Environment Act 2019.........................................................................................................................................6 2.4 National plans......................................................................................................................................................................................6 2.4.1 The National Vision 2040..............................................................................................................................................................6 2.4.2 National Development Plan III, 2020-2025.........................................................................................................................6 2.4.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (NBSAPII), 2016...........................................................................6 2.5 Sector Development Plans..........................................................................................................................................................6 2.5.1 Uganda Wildlife Authority Strategic Plan 2020 /2025....................................................................................................6 2.5.2 The National Forestry Plan, 2012................................................................................................................................................7 3.0 CRITICAL ECO SYSTEMS OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS...........................................................................9 3.1 Forests on government land.......................................................................................................................................................9 3.2 Forests on private land...................................................................................................................................................................11 3.3 Woodlands and Rangelands........................................................................................................................................................12 3.4 Wetlands, river banks and lakeshores....................................................................................................................................13 4.0 KEY CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS............................................................................................................................................................................16 4.1 CHALLENGES........................................................................................................................................................................................16 4.1.1 Climate Change...................................................................................................................................................................................16 4.1.2 Land ownership and Use................................................................................................................................................................16 4.1.3 Poaching.................................................................................................................................................................................................17 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS III 4.1.4 Gender.....................................................................................................................................................................................................17 4.1.5 Human population increase and poverty.............................................................................................................................18 4.2 ACHIEVEMENTS..................................................................................................................................................................................18 4.2.1 Development of enabling policy and legal regimes........................................................................................................18 4.2.2 Collaborative Wildlife Management.........................................................................................................................................18 4.2.3 Increased appreciation of wildlife by local communities..............................................................................................19 4.2.4 Increased capacity to control and manage problem animals..................................................................................19 4.2.5 Creation of Wildlife Stations........................................................................................................................................................19 4.2.6 Community scouts capacity building in problem animals management..........................................................19 4.2.7 Ccommunity wildlife - based tourism enterprises.........................................................................................................20 4.2.8 Increased investments related to wildlife management outside UWA Protected Areas...........................20 4.2.9 Increased stakeholder support for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas............21 4.2.10 Wildlife trade initiatives.....................................................................................................................................................................21 4.2.11 Increased Local Government engagement and support.............................................................................................21 5.0 CONSERVATION VALUES AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSE...................................................................................24 5.1 Management purpose..............................................................................................................................................................................24 5.2 Conservation values of Ecosystems and Wildlife resources outside UWA PAs...............................................24 5.2.1 Ecological and regulatory services...........................................................................................................................................24 5.2.2 Contribution to soil and water protection..............................................................................................................................24 5.2.3 Modification of climate....................................................................................................................................................................24 5.2.4 Biodiversity and wildlife habitats................................................................................................................................................24 5.2.5 Breeding areas for wildlife.............................................................................................................................................................25 5.2.6 Wildlife corridors................................................................................................................................................................................25 5.2.7 Buffer zones to wildlife protected areas..............................................................................................................................25 5.2.8 Research and education................................................................................................................................................................25 5.2.9 Socio-economic values.................................................................................................................................................................25 5.2.10 Source of energy...............................................................................................................................................................................26 5.2.11 Provision of employment..............................................................................................................................................................26 5.2.12 Historical, cultural and natural heritage..................................................................................................................................26 5.2.13 Catchment areas...............................................................................................................................................................................26 6.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES......................................................................................................................................28 6.1 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAMME.................................28 6.1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................................................28 6.1.2 Wild fires.................................................................................................................................................................................................28 6.1.3 Poaching..................................................................................................................................................................................................29 6.1.5 Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses.................................................................................................................29 6.1.6 Mining and infrastructural developments.............................................................................................................................30 6.2 COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME . . ....................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................31 6.2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................31 6.2.2 Human Wildlife conflicts.................................................................................................................................................................31 6.2.3 Transmission of diseases and parasites..............................................................................................................................34 6.2.4 Wildlife Based Enterprise development................................................................................................................................35 6.3 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME........................................................................................36 6.3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................36 6.3.2 Research.................................................................................................................................................................................................36 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS IV 6.3.3 Monitoring Issues..............................................................................................................................................................................37 6.4 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.............................................................................................................................37 6.4.1 Administrative Infrastructure for management of wildlife.............................................................................................37 6.4.2 Staffing structure..............................................................................................................................................................................41 6.5 GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAMME...........................................................................................41 6.6 PLAN IMPLEMEMTATION AND COSTINGS.............................................................................................................................42 7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION....................................................................................................................................44 7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................44 7.2 Implementation process and Financing Mechanisms...................................................................................................44 7.3 Monitoring..............................................................................................................................................................................................44 7.4 Reporting................................................................................................................................................................................................45 7.5 Evaluation of the National Plan...................................................................................................................................................45 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................................................46 Annex I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas........................................................................................................................49 Annex II: Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas.................51 Annex III: Planning Team................................................................................................................................................................................54 Annex IV: Work Plan..........................................................................................................................................................................................55 Annex V: Plan Costing/ Budget..................................................................................................................................................................64 Annex VI: Monitoring and Evaluation Log Frame...............................................................................................................................69 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Reconnaissance field transect map overlaid on UWA’s protected areas..........................................................3 Figure 2: Trends in Forest Cover in Uganda - 1990 and 2017 (Source: MWE, 2019)........................................................10 Figure 3: Forest Cover trends in Uganda on NFA, UWA and Private Sector land between 1990 to 2017 (Source: MWE 2019)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................10 Figure 4: Maps of Uganda showing forest cover loss trends from 1990 to 2017 (Source: MWE, 2019)................11 Figure 5: Changes in Natural Forest Acreage on Private Land in Uganda 1990 - 2015 (Source: MWE 2016)....12 Figure. 6: Chart showing wetland coverage by category in Uganda (Source: MWE 2016)............................................13 Figure 7: Wetlands of Uganda (Source: MWE 2016).........................................................................................................................14 Figure 8: Uganda’s Population Trends and Projections (1948-2050)...................................................................................17 Figure 9: Scanned copy of a resolution by Kyotera District Council changing the status of Sango-Bay Forest to a Wildlife Reserve...........................................................................................................................................................................................22 Figure 10: Human Wildlife Conflict incidents related to different wildlife species in Nakaseke District September 2017-April 2019...................................................................................................................................................................................................34 Figure 11: Wildlife Management Zones outside UWA Protected Areas..................................................................................39 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Charcoal burning in woodlands of Northern Uganda. Source New Vision 20th July 2018............................12 Plate 2: A crocodile captured by UWA staff at the shores of Lake Victoria in Mayuge District. Source New Vision 2012............................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Plate 3: Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex), an endangered bird species in Uganda’s wetlands..............................................25 Plate 4: Women carrying fire wood from the forest................................................................................................................................26 Plate 5: Fierce bush fires in close proximity with the protected area.......................................................................................28 Plate 6: A chimpanzee limb caught by a metallic trap in Masindi District.............................................................................29 Plate 7: Bushbuck poached in Nakaseke................................................................................................................................................29 Plate 8: A section of forest habitat in Bunyoro region that was opened up for agricultural purposes.................30 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS V Preamble Although most areas have not been well assessed, it is a fact that some wildlife still exists outside the formally gazetted protected areas. Large to medium mammal surveys using aerial sample counts source areas were undertaken in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2012 and 2015. More counts were conducted recently in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 using sample ground counts. Results of these surveys indicate declining trends of wildlife numbers. Opportunistic observations in other areas like Sango Bay, wild lands in Masaka, Kalangala, Lake Kyoga Basin and most of the wild habitats in northern Uganda that used to hold large numbers of wildlife show similar trends of declining wildlife outside protected areas. The declining trends of wildlife outside protected areas (PAs) is a result of the degradation of their habitat due to human activities that include, but not limited to bush clearing, charcoal burning, cattle grazing, settlement, large scale farming, timber logging and softwood tree plantations. Such human activities reduce the viability and sustainability of the suitable habitats that are available for wildlife survival. The Wildlife corridors that provided connectivity between PAs and safe wildlife movements between the PAs have either been occupied by human settlements, opened up for crop agriculture or livestock farms. Some of the wildlife corridors that include Central Forest Reserves (CFRs), Local Forest reserves (LFRs) and a number of private forests have also been progressively degraded and their sizes reduced due to pressure from the increasing human population and developments. Uganda’s population was 2,466,325 in 1911, but by 2014 it had increased to 34,634,650 and is projected to increase to 104,000,000 in 2050 (UBOS, 2013). With the annual population growth rate of 3.03% between 2002 and 2014 (UBOS 2017), Uganda’s population is among the highest in the world and is putting a lot of pressure on natural resources. The increasing population requires more food to be produced which in turn requires opening up more land for agriculture. The high population growth is also putting a lot of pressure on trees and forests for the supply of timber, poles, fuelwood and charcoal. Incidentally, natural forests and woodlands are still taken as the main sources of fuelwood for domestic use for the majority of Ugandans. The over- reliance of much of the population (approximately 96%) on biomass and the reluctance of many households to adapt energy saving technologies has raised the demand for fuelwood and the resultant destruction of forests (UBOS, 2006). The ultimate impact of this is the destruction of the wildlife habitats and the decimation of wildlife therein. This plan therefore puts in place actions that are aimed at reducing the rate of habitat destruction to enhance wildlife survival outside the national parks and wildlife reserves. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS VI Acknowledgment The National Plan for Management of Wildlife Outside UWA-managed Protected Areas (UWA Protected Areas) is a product of a highly consultative and participatory process. The Uganda Wildlife Authority appreciates the wide range of stakeholders who participated in the consultative process especially in the provision of data and information. Some of the key institutions and stakeholders consulted include representatives from the Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities, Ministry of Water and Environment, National Forestry Authority, National Environment Management Authority, Directorate of Water Management, Water Resources Management, Wetlands Department, IUCN, Wildlife Conservation Society, community groups, and political and technical staff from the District Local Governments of Wakiso, Kayunga, Jinja, Mayuge, Iganga, Namayumba, Palisa, Kumi, Soroti, Amuria, Otuke, Abim, Agago, Kitgum, Nwoya, Masindi, Gulu, Hoima, Kikuube, Kagadi, Kyenjojo, Kibale, Kakumiro, Mubende, Mityana, Kyotera, Kiruhura, Nakasongola, Nakeseke, Luweero, Masaka, Kyotera, Rakai, Kalangala, and Kyankwanzi. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS VII Foreword The Government of Uganda has prioritized the Tourism Sector as one of the primary contributors to the growth of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Tourism Sector has the potential to propel and transform Uganda to a middle-income status. However, it is important to note that as the sector registers successes, there is a bigger challenge of Human-Wildlife Conflicts (HWC) that could affect the attitude of the communities and other stakeholders towards the growing animal populations. Human-Wildlife conflicts are seen to be prevalent in/ around areas where wildlife exists outside designated wildlife PAs. Uganda Wildlife Authority is mandated to manage all wildlife under the Uganda Wildlife Act 2019 and other relevant laws. This 10-year National Plan for Wildlife Outside UWA’s Wildlife Protected Areas is the first of its kind in Uganda. The purpose of the plan is to enhance wildlife protection and conservation in critical eco-systems outside the wildlife PAs. The plan also aims at putting in place strategies to support communities to benefit from this wildlife with minimized HWC incidents. The development of the plan was guided by the Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019 that proposes tougher and more deterrent penalties for wildlife crimes such as poaching and wildlife trafficking. In addition, the Act provides for compensation for loss of property due to wildlife attacks. Government is confident that the new law will provide an avenue for community benefits while effectively addressing the human-wildlife conflict issues. I therefore have a lot of hope that this National Plan for Wildlife Outside Protected Areas will guide Government in tackling the management of wildlife outside wildlife PAs including resolution of the HWC challenge. I wish to pledge my total support and that of my Ministry towards the successful implementation of this plan. For God and My Country Tom R. Butime, MP Minister of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS VIII This National plan for managing wildlife outside protected areas was approved for implementation by the 9th Board of Trustees of Uganda Wildlife Authority at its 7th sitting on 17th February, 2021 at Chobe Safari Lodge in Murchison Falls National Park approved this Plan for implementation. Mr. Samuel John Mwandha EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Dr. Pantaleon Kasoma B. Mukasa CHAIRMAN, BOARD OF TRUSTEES Approval NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS IX AWF African Wildlife Foundation BINP Bwindi Impenetrable National Park BMCA Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Area CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CFRs Central Forest Reserves CITES Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species CSOs Civil Society Organizations DCDO District Community Development Officer DFS District Forestry Services DLG District Local Government DNRO District Natural Resources Officer DVO District Veterinary Officer ENR Environment and Natural Resources FMD Foot and Mouth Disease FSSD Forestry Sector Support Department GEF Global Environment Facility GMPs General Management Plans HQs Head Quarters IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JGI Jane Goodall Institute KAFRED Kibale Association for Rural and Environmental Development KCA Kibale Conservation Area KVCA Kidepo Valley Conservation Area LFRs Local Forest Reserves LMCA Lake Mburo Conservation Area NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NEMA National Environment Management Authority NFA National Forestry Authority NFP National Forest Plan NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NPA National Planning Authority NRM Natural Resources Management MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries MDAs Ministries, Departments and Authorities M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MFCA Murchison Falls Conservation Area MoES Ministry of Education MoLHUD Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development MTWA Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities MWE Ministry of Water and Environment OPM Office of the Prime Minister PAs Protected Areas PPP Public Private Partnership QECA Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area SDG Sustainable Development Goals UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UPDF Uganda People’s Defense Forces UTB Uganda Tourism Board UVRI Uganda Virus Institute UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority UWEC Uganda Wildlife Education Centre WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WWF World Wide Fund for Nature Acronyms NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS X The Wildlife that inhabits areas outside the wildlife protected areas is widespread. It exists in habitats that are being managed under different mandates. Such habitats include Central Forest Reserves (1.2 million hectares), Local Forest Reserves (5000 hectares), wetlands (11% of Uganda’s total surface area), private forests, woodlands and farmlands. These areas are managed by the National Forestry Authority, District Local Governments, Wetlands Department and private land owners. UWA is mandated to manage all wildlife as provided for under the Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019. The management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas is also guided by a wide range of national policies, laws, and plans as well as regional and international laws. The 10-year National Plan for Wildlife Outside the PAs that are being managed by UWA is the first of its kind in Uganda. The purpose of the plan is to protect and conserve wildlife in critical eco-systems outside UWA Protected Areas for the benefit of the people of Uganda and the international community. To ensure effective management of wildlife outside the UWA protected a, the country has been subdivided into six zones that will be managed under six wildlife stations as follows: 1) Sango Bay zone: The zone will cover Kakuuto, Marabigambo, Sango-bay, and islands of Lake Victoria such as Musambwa and Kalangala. The zone will be managed from Kakuuto Wildlife Station. 2) Kafu Zone: This zone will cover Kyankwanzi, Kiboga, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Luwero, and all areas south of Lake Kyoga. It will be managed from Kyankwanzi Wildlife Station. 3) Muzizi Zone: This zone will extend from Kagadi, Kyenjojo, Kikuube (including Bugoma), Mubende, to Toro-Semliki, Rwangara and part of Lake Albert. It will be managed from Kagadi Wildlife Station. 4) Aswa Zone: This zone will cover part of North and North-Eastern parts of the country including Agago, Pader, Kitgum, Kotido, Kaabong and Lamwo, Abim, Otuke. This zone will be managed from Pader Wildlife Station. 5) Central Zone: The zone extends from Kampala, Mukono, Wakiso (including Entebbe), Mpigi, Mityana, Jinja, Mayuge, Kamuli, Kaliro, Buikwe, Namayingo to Busia districts. The zone will be managed from UWA Head Office - Kampala. 6) Kyoga Zone: The zone will cover Lake Kyoga and its associated wetlands as well as the nearby lakes and rivers. It will be managed from Serere Wildlife Station. The planned activities in each of the six zones above shall be implemented under strategic management programs that will deliver the following `outputs as summarized below: a) Strategic Program 1: Ecosystem management and wildlife resource protection Program Executive Summary NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS XI Outputs i) Bush and forest fires regulated and minimized ii) Wildlife in critical eco-systems protected from poaching iii) Encroachment and conversion of wildlife eco-systems controlled iv) Critical wildlife habitats protected from adverse impacts of mining and infrastructural developments b) Strategic Program 2: Community Conservation and Wildlife Based Enterprises Development Program covering the following outputs Outputs i) Human-Wildlife conflicts minimized ii) Transmission of diseases and parasites controlled iii) Wildlife based enterprises identified and promoted to improve people’s livelihoods c) Strategic Program 3: Ecological Monitoring and Research Program with two outputs: Outputs i) Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas ii) Routine monitoring on ecological and socio-economic dynamics conducted to generate information for decision making d) Strategic Program 4: Capacity Development Program with two outputs Outputs i) Wildlife management zones, stations and outposts established ii) An elaborate structure with adequate, skilled and motivated staff for management of wildlife outside protected areas put in place e) Strategic Program 5: Governance and Corporate Affairs Program with the following outputs Output i) Stakeholder-Staff coordination and collaboration enhanced Financing, implementation and monitoring of this plan will require effective participation, coordination and fulfillment of roles by various stakeholders. Some of the key stakeholders will include, Ministries of Water and Environment, Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Local Government, Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities, local communities, private land owners, National Forestry Authority, District Local Governments, National Environment Management Authority, Wetlands Department, private sector, cultural and religious institutions and civil society organizations. The plan provides for a stakeholder coordination structure to enhance communication and realization of stakeholder roles in implementation of the plan. This plan is estimated to cost UGX 91,694,193,000 billion over a period of 10 years. This translates into approximately UGX 9 billion per year. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 1 1.1 Introduction Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) is mandated to manage wildlife (both within and outside UWA-managed Wildlife Protected Areas) as provided for under the Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019. This mandate is delivered through implementation of protected area (PA) General Management Plans (GMPs). Since its inception in 1996, UWA’s GMPs have been focused on wildlife within UWA-managed Wildlife Protected Areas (UWA Protected Areas), with limited attention to plans that address the management of wildlife outside areas that are under the mandate of UWA. Moreover, a number of wildlife still exists in the various habitats outside the UWA Protected Areas (Annex I) including wetlands (covering 11% of Uganda’s surface area), 506 Central Forest Reserves (1.2million ha) and 192 Local Forest Reserves (5000ha). These areas are being managed by the Wetlands Department, National Forestry Authority and District Local Governments respectively (MWE 2016). In addition, there are woodlands and forests on private land that are owned and being managed by the individual land owners, communities, cultural and religious institutions, and other private entities. The management of forest reserves, wetlands and forests on private land focuses more on flora, ecological and socio-economic functions with limited regard to wildlife/fauna conservation. Besides, not all forest reserves and wetlands in Uganda have valid management plans. Commitment to conserve forests and woodlands on private land by land owners as provided for by the 2001 Forestry Policy is by choice. With the exception of a few individuals and communal land associations, most land owners have opted to convert their forests to other land uses with adverse effects on wildlife. Effective conservation of wildlife outside UWA protected areas is further limited by inadequate stakeholder coordination. Therefore, various planned strategies and approaches are required to facilitate delivery of benefits to communities and other stakeholders as well as protect the wildlife that is resident on their land. It is against this background that UWA has prepared leaving National Plan for Managing Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas. 1.2 Purpose of the plan The purpose of the plan therefore is to guide UWA and other stakeholders in taking well- informed decisions for the sustainable management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. The plan prioritizes the activities and resources necessary for management of wildlife in critical eco-systems. It also defines mechanisms for how stakeholders can engage and benefit from the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas specifically through active participation in implementation of collaborative initiatives some of which are listed in Annex II. 1.3 The planning process As a matter of policy, UWA’s planning process commences with the establishment of a multidisciplinary planning team (Annex III) to spearhead the engagement with partner institutions and other stakeholders for the generation of the required information and data that is eventually used in the preparation of Management Plans. This plan is therefore a result of a similar interactive and participatory process that involved various stakeholders. The processes also involved the recruitment of consultants who were responsible for field reconnaissance surveys, data collection and analysis. A two-day stakeholder consultative workshop was conducted with representatives from BACKGROUND1.0 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 2 community groups that are involved in wildlife management, local government leaders and technical staff, the Ministry responsible for Wildlife (MTWA), the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM), the National Forestry Authority (NFA), the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The information which was generated from the various consultative sessions was used by the workshop participants to draft the plan. A proposal generation workshop involving members of the planning team was conducted to agree on the layout of the plan content, the statement of purpose, management programs, objectives, strategies and actions to attain the various objectives; wildlife management zones, staffing and institutional/coordination structures. Five regional validation workshops were held in Kyotera, Jinja, Luwero, Gulu and Kagadi to receive feedback on the draft plan from stakeholders who helped to improve the content of the plan. The plan was then presented to UWA Senior Management, UWA Top Management and approved by the UWA Board of Trustees before it was finally printed for implementation. The overall approach therefore, ensured that the interests of the stakeholders were taken into consideration during the formulation of this 10-year National Plan. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 3 Figure 1: Reconnaissance field transect map overlaid on UWA’s protected areas ENABLING POLICY AND LEGISLATION2.0 The Management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas is governed by international, regional and national policy and legal frameworks. The relevant policies, conventions and legislation that relate to this plan are highlighted below: 2.1 National policies 2.1.1 The C onstitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 The development of this is plan is anchored in the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995 specifically under Objective XXVII (ii) which provides for the utilization of the natural resources of Uganda that shall be managed in such a way as to meet the NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 4 development and environmental needs of the present and future generations of Ugandans. Furthermore, Objective XXVII (iv) provides that the state, including local governments, shall create and develop parks, reserves and recreation areas and ensure the conservation of natural resources, and promote the rational use of natural resources so as to safeguard and protect the biodiversity of Uganda. 2.1.2 Uganda Wildlife Policy, 2014 Objective 2 of the Uganda Wildlife Policy, 2014 provides for the sustainable management of wildlife populations inside and outside wildlife protected areas. Strategy (a) under this objective requires Government to develop and implement an integrated National Management Plan for wildlife outside protected areas and strengthening collaboration between wildlife, forest reserves and wetland management institutions. This plan has therefore, been developed in compliance with this policy provision. 2.1.3 Uganda National Wetlands Policy, 1995 The policy recognizes wetlands as important habitats for a variety of biological resources. Goal 3 of the policy emphasizes the maintenance of biological diversity of wetlands either in the natural community of plants and animals or in the multiplicity of agricultural activity. Strategy 7.4 (i) of the Policy commits government to establish fully “Protected Wetlands Areas” of important biological diversity. 2.1.4 The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001 Under policy statements 1, 2 and 6, the Uganda Forestry Policy provides for protection and sustainable management of forests on government and private land; and conservation of biodiversity therein. 2.1.5 Uganda National Land Policy, 2013 The National Land Policy, 2013 recognizes the need to maintain an adequate balance between use of land for pasture, agriculture, energy, industry and for wildlife protection (Policy statement 60, Strategy 62(iii)). Section 3 (17) (a) of the same policy calls for effective management of wildlife outside protected areas. 2.2 International conventions and treaties 2.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992 This convention obligates Uganda to promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings. Under Article 6 subparagraph (a), Uganda, as a Contracting Party, is expected to develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Furthermore, Article 7 (sub paragraphs a, b and c) of the same convention urges Uganda as a contracting party to as far as possible and as appropriate to identify components of biological diversity important for conservation and sustainable use and monitor, through sampling and other techniques, the components of biological diversity identified above, paying particular attention to those requiring urgent conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for sustainable use. This plan is therefore an important tool in achieving the intentions of the mentioned Articles within the Convention. 2.2.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973 Uganda, as a signatory to the Convention, is obliged to adhere to the recommendations that arise from regular Conferences of the Parties to this Treaty regarding trade in endangered species. Since a variety of wildlife species covered by CITES are also found in habitats outside UWA protected areas, it is critical to have a management plan for their effective protection as NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 5 a means of complying with the requirements of the Convention. 2.2.3 The Ramsar Convention, 1971 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands emphasizes the need to conserve wetlands. Uganda as a contracting party is expected to adhere to the main principles of the convention which include respecting the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands as habitats supporting characteristic flora and fauna, especially the waterfowl, and recognizing that the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna can be ensured by combining national policies with coordinated international action. The National Plan for Management of Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas is one of the actions geared toward fulfillment of principles of the Ramsar Convention. 2.3 National Acts and regulations 2.3.1 The Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019 The Uganda Wildlife Act 2019 mandates Uganda Wildlife Authority to manage wildlife in Uganda. Under section 6 (1f) of the Act, one of the functions of the Authority is to establish and implement management plans for wildlife protected areas and for wildlife outside wildlife protected areas. The Act under section 17 (3b) gives responsibility to the Executive Director to develop and implement management plans for protected areas or for species and classes of species of wildlife. This plan therefore, elaborates actions that will ensure protection of wildlife and its habitats outside the formally gazetted wildlife protected areas in line with the Act. 2.3.2 The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 The main purpose of the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act 2003 as articulated in part 1 section 2 is to ensure that forests and trees are conserved and managed in a manner that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the rights of future generations by safeguarding forest biological diversity and the environmental benefits that accrue from forests and trees. The Act classifies forests in Uganda as central forest reserves, local forest reserves, community forests and forests forming part of a wildlife conservation area. It recognizes stakeholder participation in the management of forest resources, which should be guided by the Management Plan prepared by the responsible body. Implementation of the National Plan for Wildlife Outside PAs will address provisions within this Act that provide for safeguarding biodiversity that exists in the forest reserves. 2.3.3 The Mining Act 2003 Part XI of the Mining Act 2003, provides for environmental protection safeguards in order to mitigate against damage to the environment. Some of these safeguards include the requirement for a licensee to conduct environmental impact assessment and environmental audits (section 108). Section 109 (1) requires mining licensees to take necessary steps to ensure the prevention and minimization of pollution of the environment in accordance with the standards and guidelines prescribed under the National Environment Statute, 1995. Section 110 (1) obliges a mining licensee to submit an environmental restoration plan of the exploration or mining area that may be damaged or adversely affected by his or her exploration or mining operations. Furthermore, section 112 provides for environmental performance bonds to ensure that licensees fulfill all the environmental requirements under this Act. These provisions help to protect wildlife from the destructive effects of mining activities. The Plan provides for collaborative approaches with Ministry of Energy to strengthen UWA’s involvement in EIA processes in developments affecting wildlife and conservation. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 6 2.3.4 The National Environment Act 2019 The National Environment Act, 2019 under section 59 provides for conservation of biological diversity. The Act provides for sustainable management of forests, hilly and mountainous areas, wetlands, river banks, lake shores and natural beaches all of which are habitats for wildlife. The Act particularly mandates the National Environment Authority in collaboration with other lead agencies to issue guidelines and prescribe measures for the conservation of biological diversity. The measures include strategies, plans and Programmes for the conservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity. The National Plan for Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas is in tandem with the provisions of the National Environment Management Act, 2019. 2.4 National plans 2.4.1 The National Vision 2040 Uganda has committed itself to sustainable development through preservation of natural resources such as forests and wetlands. In the Vision 2040, the government of Uganda commits to ensure the elimination of problems associated with wildlife dispersal. Uganda has therefore instituted urgent measures to protect the environment and natural resources to ensure their future sustainability. Under Chapter 4 (section 4.1.1), the National Vision 2040 provides for refocusing on wildlife conservation to respond to current realities in the sector. In Chapter 5 (section 5.8), the Vision lays out a detailed plan for the Environment and Natural Resources sector, while taking account of the various challenges that have led to biodiversity loss in the country. 2.4.2 National Development Plan III, 2020-2025 The NDPIII outlines tourism and natural resources, land and water management as some of the development programs. Tourism is documented as one of the major foreign exchange earners of the country and government’s plan in the short run is to focus on improvement, diversification and exploitation of tourism products. Specific mention is made of the need to develop appropriate skills and capacity building, enhance security and eliminate the problem of wildlife dispersal as well as conservation of tourism sites and wildlife. The plan specifically mentions the need to link tourism development to biodiversity conservation so as “to enhance the sector’s contribution to wealth creation and employment”. The National Plan for wildlife outside PAs and the NDPIII make provisions for community based tourism. 2.4.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (NBSAPII), 2016 The NBSAP addresses the key concerns regarding biodiversity management in Uganda including declining species abundance, shrinking habitats, unsustainable use of biodiversity resources, conversion of habitats into other commercial land uses or habitat degradation, human-wildlife conflicts, agricultural expansion, climate change, illegal wildlife trade and pollution. Strategic objective 3 under strategy (b) of NBSAPII aims to improve and support management of fragile and degraded ecosystems outside PAs. The National Plan for managing wildlife outside PAs in a bid to conserve habitats fulfills this strategy. Specifically, several actions have been proposed under chapter 6.1, output 3 of the National Plan that address issues of conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses. 2.5 Sector Development Plans 2.5.1 Uganda Wildlife Authority Strategic Plan 2020 /2025 In the UWA strategic plan 2020/21-2024/25, the Authority recognizes the need to protect wildlife outside UWA protected areas against illegal activities. The plan aims at setting up management stations in areas outside protected areas specifically in habitats with substantial wildlife numbers. Under strategic program 2 of plan, UWA has committed to reverse the upsurge of illegal activities and halt further loss of wildlife outside protected areas, through implementing NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 7 the priority activities for the first five years of the Plan. 2.5.2 The National Forestry Plan, 2012 The National Forestry Plan (NFP) provides a framework for implementing the Forestry Policy of 2001. The Plan under program 3 aims at restoration and conservation of natural forests. The specific relevance of the NFP to the plan is articulated in some of its strategies, namely restore/ rehabilitate degraded and deforested natural forests in CFRs and wildlife conservation areas, promote the restoration/ rehabilitation of natural forests on private and communal lands, promote conservation of biodiversity in priority forest reserves and wildlife conservation areas, and promote management of important biodiversity corridors on private and communal land. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 8 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 9 CRITICAL ECO SYSTEMS OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS3.0 Uganda Wildlife Authority published a report in 2018 on the state of wildlife resources covering protected areas under its jurisdiction. The report concentrated on protected area management and falls short of including the state of wildlife resources outside UWA Protected Areas. The status of wildlife beyond UWA Protected Areas is therefore not known in absolute terms, except for the limited data from a few areas that are managed under collaborative management concessions and non-detrimental findings on the Sitatunga. However, as part of the process of preparation of this plan, the planning team made a rapid assessment based on their experience on the areas that still host substantial wildlife numbers. Reference was also made to other scientific publications regarding critical habitats for conserving Uganda’s biodiversity. The critical ecosystems outside UWA Protected Areas considered under this plan include forests on government and private land; woodlands on private/communal land, farmlands, wetlands and associated rivers and lakeshores. This part of the plan elaborates critical ecosystems as detailed in the sections that follow below. 3.1 Forests on government land Forests on government land include 506 Central Forest Reserves (1.2 million hectares) and 192 Local Forest Reserves (5000 hectares) managed by the National Forestry Authority and District Local Governments respectively. Forest reserves, particularly Central Forest Reserves (CFRs), are widespread across the country and are important habitats for wildlife and the most critical of them for wildlife conservation are those located within the Albertine Region that include Budongo, Bugoma, Kagombe, Ruzaire, Itwara, Matiri, Kasyoha-Kitomi, Kalinzu, and Echuya. These forests are habitats for key wildlife species such as chimpanzees, mangabeys, and Red- tailed monkeys, Black and White colobus monkeys as well as a variety of birds. The forests are located between major protected areas such as Murchison Falls, Kibale, Rwenzori and Queen Elizabeth National Parks and therefore act as major wildlife corridors. Mabira and, Sango Bay Forest Reserves,those in Kalangala, the greater Masaka and Mpigi districts are representative of forests in central Uganda with unique biodiversity given their close proximity to Lake Victoria and their association with the River Nile system. Sango Bay forests are contiguous with the Minziro forests of Northern Tanzania thus provide for trans- boundary wildlife movements. While there has been a lot of degradation in Eastern Uganda, Bukalaba, South Busoga, West-Bugwe and Namala Central Forest Reserves are unique ecosystems with representative wildlife species. Bukaleba Central Forest Reserve is a potential habitat for buffalos, sitatunga and crocodiles along the Lake Victoria shores. The reserve needs to be restored from the ongoing encroachment activities that include but not limited to pine and eucalyptus plantation establishment. The control of human activities will result in the restoration of this forest’s natural state to enable it perform it role as a wildlife habitat. In the North and North-Eastern Uganda are Zoka, Mt-Kei, Murongole, Timu and Agoro-Agu Forest Reserves with biodiversity that may not be found in forests of the Albertine Region. For example, Zoka Forest Reserve is home to Afzelia Africana, a high value timber species, which is not found in forest reserves of the southern part of the country. There are also critical urban ecosystems represented by urban forest reserves such as Kitubulu in Entebbe, Kyewaga, and Lutoboka in Kalangala. Other urban forests are located in Arua, Fort Portal, Gulu, Kabale, Lira, Mbale, Mbarara, Soroti, Kapchorwa, Kitgum, Nebbi, Ntungamo and Rukungiri towns. The plan emphasizes the need to conserve urban forest reserves to facilitate protection of wildlife trapped in urban areas and to provide recreation opportunities to urban dwellers. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 10 Figure 3: Forest Cover trends in Uganda on NFA, UWA and Private Sector land between 1990 to 2017 (Source: MWE 2019) Figure 2: Trends in Forest Cover in Uganda - 1990 and 2017 (Source: MWE, 2019) Generally, available evidence indicates that there is great loss of forest cover with a downward trend in the sizes and coverage of forests in Uganda (Figures 2, 3 and 4). Forest loss in the country is mostly attributed to agricultural activities and human settlements. Encroachment of forest cover is greatly contributing to loss of biodiversity and thus a threat to wildlife survival or possible extinction of some wildlife species. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 11 Figure 4: Maps of Uganda showing forest cover loss trends from 1990 to 2017 (Source: MWE, 2019) 3.2 Forests on private land Forests on private land form the bulk of the habitats, constituting about 38% of Uganda’s total forest cover (MWE 2016). In recent years, forest cover on private land is seen to be decreasing (Fig. 5) having been adversely affected by sugarcane growing, palm oil production and other agricultural investments. However, pockets of forests on private land still remain in Kalangala, Masindi, Kikuube, Kyenjojo and the greater Kibale districts. These forests are major habitats to wildlife especially primates and birds and serve as wildlife corridors between forest reserves and national parks. In some cases, the connectivity role of these forests to the UWA PAs and other gazetted forest reserves has been severed by agricultural activities thus confining wildlife in pockets of small habitats with increased incidents of Human Wildlife Conflicts. Examples of such forests include forests within Kinyara Sugar Estate, Kwonga Forest in Kikuube district, Friends of chimpanzee family forest in Kagadi district, and the community forests in Masindi district. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 12 Figure 5: Changes in Natural Forest Acreage on Private Land in Uganda 1990 - 2015 (Source: MWE 2016) Plate 1: Charcoal burning in woodlands of Northern Uganda. Source New Vision 20th July 2018 3.3 Woodlands and Rangelands Woodlands and rangelands are unique ecosystems mostly found predominantly in Nakasongola, Northern and North-Eastern Uganda. A report by the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE 2016), indicates that the country had an estimated 601,000 hectares of woodland by 2015 from about 2.9 million hectares in 1990. The reduction in area of woodland is attributed to uncontrolled charcoal burning (Plate. 1) and conversion to agriculture including the establishment of eucalyptus and pine plantations. In the North and North-Eastern Uganda, woodlands are communally owned; these areas have low human population densities where grazing is the main economic activity. In some areas the woodlands are contiguous with protected areas. Some of the districts where vast woodland areas are located include Nakasongola, Abim, Agago, Kitgum, Amuru and Nwoya. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 13 Figure 6: Chart showing wetland coverage by category in Uganda (Source: MWE 2016) Table 1: Critical wetland systems covered by the plan 3.4 Wetlands, river banks and lake shores Wetlands occur all over Uganda and cover an area of 11% of the country. Wetlands in the country are classified as seasonal wetlands (7.7%), permanent (3.4%) and swamp forests (<0.1%) (Fig. 6 and 7) and are key habitats for, mainly water birds. The Uganda Wetland Atlas grouped wetlands under 8 basins, namely; Lake Victoria Basin, Lake Kyoga Basin, Lake Albert Wetland Basin, Lake Edward Wetland Basin, Albert Nile Wetland Basin, Achwa River Basin and Victoria Nile Wetland Basin. Some of the critical wetland systems that the plan will focus on are mentioned in Table 1 below. 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Total Wetland coverage Permanent wetlands Seasonal wetlands P a g e | 33 33 | P a g e 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Total Wetland coverage Permanent wetlands Seasonal wetlands Figure. 6: Chart showing wetland coverage by category in Uganda (Source: MWE 2016) Table1: Critical wetland systems covered by the plan No Wetland Basin Wetland systems 1 Lake Victoria Basin • Lake Wamala wetland system • River Katonga wetland system • Lake Victoria shores in Mayuge District 2 Lake Kyoga Basin • River Ssezibwa/wetland • Mpologoma wetland system • Awoja wetland system • Shores of Lake Kyoga 3 Lake Albert Wetland Basin • Nkuse, Muzizi wetland system 4 Lake Edward Wetland Basin • River Mpanga/Rwambu wetland system 5 Victoria Nile Wetland Basin • River Kafu wetland system NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 14 Figure 7: Wetlands of Uganda (Source: MWE 2016) NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 15 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 16 KEY CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 4.0 As already mentioned above, UWA is mandated to manage wildlife in Uganda. However, with the limited resource envelop and the nature of land tenure in the country, it has been difficult for the Institution to effectively deliver its mandate beyond the boundaries of the wildlife PAs. This chapter therefore highlights the key challenges and achievements in managing wildlife outside protected areas. 4.1 CHALLENGES 4.1.1 Climate Change Climate change poses major risks to global biodiversity as it affects ecosystem processes, flora and fauna abundances and distribution (Olga L et al 2016). Climate change impacts such as increased water shortages due to persistent droughts present a threat to wildlife resources and consequently wildlife-dependent communities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects a rise in surface temperature over the twenty first century. Global averaged temperatures are projected to increase between 0.15 and 0.3oC per decade resulting into extreme droughts, floods and wild fires that most likely will affect ecosystems on which wildlife survival is anchored. The common effects of climate change include modification of ecosystems and changes in species distributions and movements in search for water and food. Uganda is already affected by invasive plants (such as Lantana camara and the water hyacinth) that are colonizing land and water surfaces respectively causing displacement of wildlife in the respective ecosystems. The Status of Wildlife Resources in Uganda report (UWA, 2018) noted that changes in rainfall amounts, temperatures and levels of radiation influence the quality and availability of food for wild animals resulting into high levels of inter and intra competition for food thereby affecting reproduction and survival rates and species shifts. During prolonged dry seasons, wildlife species migrate from places with limited water resources to areas where they can find water. Such movements are already causing competition and conflicts between humans, wildlife and domestic animals. This plan therefore highlights some initiatives that are important in building the capacity of wildlife and human population to be more resilient to climate change shocks. 4.1.2 Land ownership and Use There are presently four types of land tenure systems in Uganda; customary, mailo, freehold and leasehold. All these systems require that the land owners acquire certificate of land ownership for them to be recognized as the rightful owners of the property in question. However, many people in Uganda occupy land that is not registered under the defined land tenure systems. This has contributed to land conflicts manifested in displacement of people, illegal titling and forceful occupation of protected areas all of which have a bearing on wildlife management. Effective management of wildlife outside UWA PAs is affected by continuous clearing of wildlife habitats on private land over which UWA has no control. There are clear and worrying trends of declining wildlife habitats in Uganda reflected in reduced acreage in forest, woodland and wetland cover. The rate of wetland loss in Uganda stands at 2.5% per year and 44% of wetlands has been lost in the last 25 years. The country now is remaining with less than 8.4% of the wetlands. The State of Forests report (MWE, 2016) indicates that the total forest estate shrunk from 24% of the total land area in1990 to 9% in 2015, reflecting a total loss of 3.05 million hectares in 25 years, especially on private land. Out of this loss 2.2 million hectares were woodlands. The report further indicates that in total, forest cover reduced from 4.9 million hectares in 1990 to 1.8 million hectares in 2015. Human activities on privately owned land such as bush clearing, charcoal burning, livestock grazing, settlements, large scale farming, timber logging and establishment of softwood tree plantations have to a greater extent contributed to displacement of wildlife from such areas, intensifying conflicts between humans and wildlife. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 17 Figure 8: Uganda’s Population Trends and Projections (1948-2050) 4.1.3 Poaching Poaching of wildlife is widespread in various parts of the country for different reasons including wild meat, trade and retaliatory killing of wild animals that raid crops and kill livestock. In areas with substantial numbers of wildlife, poaching is carried out indiscriminately and has also been commercialized. Poaching is therefore decimating biodiversity outside PAs. In areas where collaborative management of wildlife arrangements have been established together with law enforcement activities, communities in these areas have derived benefits from such wildlife conservation efforts. In order to arrest poaching in areas outside UWA PAs, it is necessary that enhanced strategies involving all stakeholders are put in place. This plan has therefore incorporated such strategies which will be implemented jointly by UWA, its partners and other relevant stakeholders. 4.1.4 Gender The Uganda Wildlife Policy 2014 recognizes the role gender plays in the conservation of wildlife and commits to promote gender equality and involvement of youth in the development and management of wildlife resources. Gender inequalities and differences influence the extent to which different genders participate in the use, management and conservation of wildlife. The most disadvantaged category are usually women especially where wildlife resources exist on Source: UBOS, 2013 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 18 private land which is predominantly owned by men. This plan therefore, takes into consideration policy recommendations and initiatives that promote equality in the use, management and conservation of wildlife. 4.1.5 Human population increase and poverty Uganda’s population is currently over 40 million people and is projected to be over 100 million by 2050 (UBOS 2013) as illustrated by Figure 8. The increase in population is putting high pressure on natural resources especially the need for access to land for agriculture and for settlement. Most of Uganda’s population is still poor and dependent on natural resources for survival. According to the National Household Survey report 2016/2017, national poverty levels increased from 19.7% in the financial year 2012/13 to 21.4% in 2016/2017 (UBOS 2017). Over 90% of Uganda’s population depends directly or indirectly on products and services from natural resources (Sida 2003). The increase in population and poverty levels have a direct bearing on wildlife habitats especially wetlands, forests, woodlands, ranches and landscapes. Some of the direct impacts of population increase on wildlife habitats include: a) Encroachment and change of land use of wildlife habitats to farming and settlements. Examples include the Lake Mburo Ranches, Government ranch, Ruzaire, Kagombe, Mabira, Bugoma and Budongo CFRs. b) Over-exploitation of natural resources; for example, deforestation and overfishing of water bodies such as Lakes Victoria, Edward, Albert and George. Deforestation and overfishing have left some wildlife such as chimpanzees and crocodiles with inadequate food resources resulting into fatal conflicts with human beings. c) Loss of wildlife migratory routes due to settlements and farming; examples include the loss of connectivity between wildlife habitats outside protected areas on the one hand, and specific National Parks and Wildlife Reserves, on the other (Lake Mburo National Park, Katonga, Murchison Falls National Park, East Madi Wildlife Reserve and the northern areas of Amuru and Adjumani). 4.2 ACHIEVEMENTS In trying to address the challenges highlighted in section 3.1 above, UWA has registered several achievements in the management of wildlife outside protected areas as described below: 4.2.1 Development of enabling policy and legal regimes Policy and legal regimes have been established to promote the management of wildlife outside protected areas. These include, the Forestry Policy 2001, the Wildlife Policy 2014, the Uganda Wildlife Act 2019, the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act 2003 and the Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre Act 2015. 4.2.2 Collaborative Wildlife Management Collaborative Wildlife Management arrangements have been initiated and implemented with districts hosting substantial wildlife outside National Parks and Wildlife Reserves. Collaborative wildlife management has generated benefits for the local communities and local government through tourism-based initiatives. Sport hunting has been used as a conservation tool for wildlife in the ranches neighboring Lake Mburo, in Nakasongola, Nakaseke, Aswa Lolim – Nwoya and Northern Karamoja. The establishment of collaborative management initiatives has also created conservation partnerships that have enhanced wildlife conservation with attendant revenue sharing as one of the key benefits. Local-based partnerships with the community have been established in Nakapiripit, Amudat, Karenga, Kiruhura, Kikuube, Hoima, Madi-okolo and Lake Mburo ranches. From 2015 to 2017, UWA revenue sharing scheme generated over 18 billion shillings specifically to support community projects within parishes that lie adjacent NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 19 Plate 2: A crocodile captured by UWA staff at the shores of Lake Victoria in Mayuge District. Source New Vision 2012 to Protected Areas. Through collaborative management, community awareness about wildlife conservation has also increased. 4.2.3 Increased appreciation of wildlife by local communities The increased reporting of wildlife presence on community lands especially problem animals that stray on community lands and other property is an indication that local communities continue to appreciate the value and benefits of wildlife conservation. In addition, some community members, groups and associations are involved in conservation of wildlife and habitats on private land. 4.2.4 Increased capacity to control and manage problem animals In recent years, Uganda Wildlife Authority has increased its capacity to control and manage problem animals such as crocodiles, chimpanzees and snakes. Some of the actions that demonstrate this achievement include UWA’s ability to capture and translocate problem animals e.g. crocodiles (Plate 2), snakes, leopards and a variety of birds. UWA has also developed a Human-Wildlife Conflict Resolution Strategy which will enhance the efforts of this plan in the management of wildlife outside UWA PAs. 4.2.5 Creation of Wildlife Stations Uganda Wildlife Authority has established five Wildlife Stations in Kakuuto, Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke, Mubende and Muhorro and deployed staff capacity to run these stations. The establishment of the Wildlife Stations has been in response to the need for more effective management and control of problem animals especially crocodiles, hippopotami and chimpanzees. This has been helpful to the local communities who require access to the general UWA services and rapid responses to problem animals. 4.2.6 Community scouts capacity building in problem animals management A program to recruit and train Community Wildlife Scouts was initiated by UWA around Kidepo and Murchison Falls National Park. The scouts work closely with the local communities and UWA staff to control and manage problem animals in their areas. This has further strengthened relationships between the local communities and UWA staff. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 20 4.2.7 Community wildlife - based tourism enterprises As already mentioned, a number of Collaborative Wildlife Management enterprises were established to protect wildlife in the Wildlife Reserves and areas outside UWA PAs. Over the years, these wildlife enterprises have generated benefits that have accrued to the communities. Because of such benefits, community members that have benefited from these initiatives and used to perceive wildlife on their land as a problem have since had their attitudes changed. Wildlife on private land is viewed as a source of economic benefits for the local community, the Local Governments, private sector and government agencies mandated to manage wildlife. A number of wildlife-based enterprises (Table 2) have been set up outside PAs that are generating a lot of benefit for the communities and the private sector. Kibale Association for Rural and Environmental Development (KAFRED), for example, has acquired and owns a forest patch next to Kibale National Park which it uses for tourism. KAFRED earns about UGX 100 million annually from tourism activities. The earnings are used for implementation of community development projects such as Schools. In addition, there has been an increased application for Class E Use Rights (Education and Recreation) as demonstrated by Kavumba Recreation Center, the Kampala Snake Park in Kajjansi, crocodile farms such as the Buwama crocodile farm in Mpigi District. The increased application for Class E Use Rights is a reflection of the realization that wildlife can be used for economic gains and as a source of employment. The National Forestry Authority (NFA) whose main focus has been the production of wood-based forest products has in recent years initiated eco-tourism enterprises based largely on wildlife conservation. Budongo, Mabira and Kalinzu are some of the forests with developed eco-tourism sites. In 2018, NFA identified and advertised prime eco-tourism sites in forest reserves across the country specifically to attract private sector investment in sustainable use of forest resources. 4.2.8 Increased investments related to wildlife management outside UWA Protected Areas The private sector is investing in hotels to tap into the opportunities provided by wildlife and wild places. Wildlife has proved to be a good source of revenue if managed in a sustainable manner. Many lodges that have their businesses based on wildlife tourism have been set up in close proximity to Queen Elizabeth, Kibale, Murchison Falls, Bwindi Impenetrable and Kidepo Valley National Parks. A number of Hotels too have been built in towns next to wildlife PAs to target harnessing the benefits from wildlife-based tourism. Table 2: Examples of Wildlife Enterprises in Uganda P a g e | 42 42 | P a g e 4.2.8 Increased investments related to wildlife management outside UWA Protected Areas The private sector is investing in hotels to tap into the opportunities provided by wildlife and wild places. Wildlife has proved to be a good source of revenue if managed in a sustainable manner. Many lodges that have their businesses based on wildlife tourism have been set up in close proximity to Queen Elizabeth, Kibale, Murchison Falls, Bwindi Impenetrable and Kidepo Valley National Parks. A number of Hotels too have been built in towns next to wildlife PAs to target harnessing the benefits from wildlife-based tourism. Table 2: Examples of Wildlife Enterprises in Uganda Number Wildlife Based Enterprises Location 1 Kibale Association for Rural and Environmental Development (KAFRED) Bigodi in Kamwenge District 2 Kavumba Recreation Centre Wakiso Town Council 3 Kampala Snake Park Kajjansi, Wakiso District 4 Kaniyo Pabidi Eco-tourism site Budongo Forest in Masindi District 5 Busingiro Eco-Tourism Site Budongo Forest in Masindi District 6 Kalinzu Eco-tourism site Kalinzu Forest in Bushenyi District 7 Mabira Eco-tourism site Mabira Forest 4.2.9 Increased stakeholder support for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas There are several Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that are supporting conservation of wildlife habitats outside UWA PAs. This interest is a result of the engagements that UWA has held with the NGOs. Such NGOs have provided employment to local communities, small grants for local community enterprises and also supported local governments. NGO-based activities and tourism enterprises have been established in a number of areas in Uganda including Nakasongola’s Ziwa Ranche under Rhino Fund Uganda, Ecotourism lodges at Nkuringo – Bwindi and Weny-Weny in Karenga by African Wildlife Foundation and UNDP respectively, Environment Conservation Trust of Uganda (ECOTRUST) in Mihunga near Rwenzori Mountains National Park, KAFRED near Kibale and other wildlife-based community engagements by Jane Goodall Institute in Hoima and Masindi. 4.2.10 Wildlife trade initiatives UWA has licensed a number of companies to deal in wildlife farming and exports. The success of the companies is directly dependent on the continued survival of wildlife outside protected areas where they collect their seed stocks for breeding. The Buwama NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 21 4.2.9 Increased stakeholder support for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas There are several Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that are supporting conservation of wildlife habitats outside UWA PAs. This interest is a result of the engagements that UWA has held with the NGOs. Such NGOs have provided employment to local communities, small grants for local community enterprises and also supported local governments. NGO-based activities and tourism enterprises have been established in a number of areas in Uganda including Nakasongola’s Ziwa Ranche under Rhino Fund Uganda, Ecotourism lodges at Nkuringo – Bwindi and Weny-Weny in Karenga by African Wildlife Foundation and UNDP respectively, Environment Conservation Trust of Uganda (ECOTRUST) in Mihunga near Rwenzori Mountains National Park, KAFRED near Kibale and other wildlife-based community engagements by Jane Goodall Institute in Hoima and Masindi. 4.2.10 Wildlife trade initiatives UWA has licensed a number of companies to deal in wildlife farming and exports. The success of the companies is directly dependent on the continued survival of wildlife outside protected areas where they collect their seed stocks for breeding. The Buwama Crocodile Farm in Mpigi, the CTC wildlife breeding farm in Butambala, SS Breeding and Josephine’s butterfly breeding initiatives in Kampala are some of the enterprises which have benefited from the existence of wildlife outside PAs. The involvement of the private sector in exports of wildlife to external markets has increased the appreciation of wildlife by the communities and the business sector. 4.2.11 Increased Local Government engagement and support A number of District Local Governments now value wildlife as a key resource after realization that tourism-based enterprises and revenue sharing projects contribute substantially to the development of the respective districts that host wildlife protected areas. A number of districts like Ntoroko and Kabarole (hosting Tooro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Kyegegwa and Kamwenge (hosting Katonga Wildlife Reserve) Mayuge (hosting Bukaleba forest) and Kyotera (hosting Sango-Bay and Marabigambo forests) have have passed resolutions proposing the upgrading of their respective wildlife habitats to National Park or Wildlife Reserve status (Figure 9) as a demonstration of the realization of the value they attach to wildlife. The recruitment of tourism officers and vermin guards in some districts such as Kalangala, Mayuge and Kyegegwa is a reflection of the appreciation of the significance and value of wildlife resources. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 22 Figure 9: Scanned copy of a resolution by Kyotera District Council changing the status of Sango-Bay Forest to a Wildlife Reserve NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 23 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 24 CONSERVATION VALUES AND MANAGEMENT PURPOSE5.0 This section highlights the overall management purpose of the plan as well as the various conservation values in areas where wildlife exists outside protected areas. 5.1 Management purpose The management purpose for this plan is ‘‘To protect and conserve wildlife in critical ecosystems outside UWA protected areas for the benefit of the people of Uganda’’. The conservation values described in section 5.2 below are the basis for determining the management purpose and objectives of this plan. 5.2 Conservation values of Ecosystems and Wildlife resources outside UWA PAs 5.2.1 Ecological and regulatory services Wetlands, forests and woodlands, in general, provide a wide range of ecological and regulatory services like erosion prevention, moderation of extreme flows, sediment traps, climate modification, soil formation, maintenance of water tables in surrounding lands and nutrient recycling. Wetlands in particular play a critical role in retention of toxins that flow into them from the uplands thus purifying the water reservoirs. Wetlands are water catchments for rivers and lakes and therefore play a key role in the hydrological cycle. 5.2.2 Contribution to soil and water protection Soil and water protection services provided by wetlands, forests and woodlands include soil stabilization which in turn plays a key role in reduction of soil erosion, maintenance of soil organic matter as well as increasing water infiltration and storage. Wetlands, forests and woodlands also contribute to water supply protection through filtering water pollutants and regulating water yield and flow, enhancing precipitation and moderating floods, reducing surface erosion hence soil nutrient protection, and protection against sedimentation and trapping of aerial pollutants. 5.2.3 Modification of climate Wetlands, forests and woodlands act as sinks for greenhouse gases and therefore play a critical role in mitigating climate change effects. The vegetation in these ecosystems is an active element through which the process of evapotranspiration directly affects temperature as well as the rainfall regimes. 5.2.4 Biodiversity and wildlife habitats A study which was undertaken by Wildlife Conservation Society (Plumptre et al, 2017) shows that some of the areas outside UWA PAs, particularly the forests and the savannahs of the Albertine Rift as well as East Madi Wildlife Reserve in Northern Uganda, are hotspots for conservation of biodiversity in Uganda. The Eastern and North Eastern areas south of Kidepo Valley National Park including Mount Kadam, Mount Moroto and Napak hills within Karamoja region are other important sites of conservation with unique species of antelopes (Mane less Zebra, Greater Kudu, Lesser Kudu, Bright Gazelles and Roan Antelopes). These two belts still hold substantial wildlife and critical habitats, some of which are endemic to those areas. In some ecosystems within the two belts are found species that are threatened with extinction (chimpanzees and mane-less zebra), with habitats that do not occur widely within other areas. Other places that are important for conservation of wildlife include the Sango Bay region, areas surrounding Lake Mburo National Park, the northern woodlands in Acholi and the southern areas of Karamoja (important for African wild-dog and cheetah, plus the Shoebill Stock around the wetlands of Lake Opeta, Lake Albert and Lake Victoria – Plate 3). The WCS study further points out that much of the natural habitats in Uganda are important NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 25 Plate 3: Shoebill (Balaeniceps rex), an endangered bird species in Uganda’s wetlands 5.2.5 Breeding areas for wildlife Wetlands, forests and woodlands are specialized breeding areas for a variety of wildlife species. For example, wetlands are breeding areas for the crowned cranes, forest ecosystems of Hoima for chimpanzees, lake shores and river banks for crocodiles and bird species. 5.2.6 Wildlife corridors Wetlands, forests and woodlands, if well protected, act as wildlife corridors enabling free movement of wildlife between ecosystems and protected areas. However, most of these corridors have been fragmented by human activities (especially agriculture), making it difficult for wildlife to move freely. 5.2.7 Buffer zones to wildlife protected areas The existence of wildlife habitats outside protected areas provide resources to meet community livelihoods and private sector enterprises demands. These habitats therefore help to cushion wildlife protected areas against the pressure from human demands. 5.2.8 Research and education Forests, wetlands and woodlands are widespread and dynamic ecosystems that provide opportunities for researchers and scholars to investigate the cause-effect relationships, ecosystem and habitat dynamics, human-wildlife relationships among others. 5.2.9 Socio-economic values Ecosystems and wild places outside UWA PAs play a crucial role in the sustainability of community livelihoods. They contain significant reservoirs of natural resources that provide for all the globally and nationally threatened species together with threatened habitats and representatives of all wetland classes. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 26 direct and indirect socio-economic benefits to local communities. Some of the direct benefits include fuelwood, food, building materials (poles, craft material and fibers), medicines, water, fisheries, and pasture for livestock. Forest, wetlands and woodlands are tourism attractions and are also important for aesthetic, recreational and spiritual reasons. 5.2.10 Source of energy Forests and woodlands supply over 90% of Uganda’s energy requirements in the form of fuel wood (Plate 4). UBOS (2008) estimated that the total annual consumption of firewood was about 20 million tons (32.8 million cubic meters) of woody biomass. Wildlife habitats outside protected areas form the main source of this fuel wood. Plate 4: Women carrying firewood from the forestwetlands 5.2.11 Provision of employment Some ecosystems are centres of tourism activities that provide formal and informal employment to Ugandans, particularly in the consumptive and non-consumptive sectors. 5.2.12 Historical, cultural and natural heritage Forests, wetlands, rivers and lakes have vast historical and cultural values which differ on the basis of ecosystem type, location, culture and beliefs of the people adjacent to these ecoystems. The Baganda tribe in central Uganda, for example, have a special cultural attachment to River Ssezibwa that is related to legendry story of the Nakangu. On the other hand, the Batooro tribe in western Uganda have a special attachment to the “Mabere ga Nyinamwiru” stalactites and stalagmites near Fort Portal town which they associate with their ancestral world. The rangelands in North-Eastern Uganda are of great historical and cultural significance to the Karamojong people as cattle keepers. The range-lands provide a conducive landscape that facilitates the co-existence between wildlife, domestic animals and humans. 5.2.13 Catchment areas Wetlands, forests and woodlands act as catchments areas and are helpful in maintaining the natural wellbeing of rivers and lakes. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 27 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 28 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES6.0 Plate 5: Fierce bush fires in close proximity with the protected area 6.1 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAMME 6.1.1 Introduction The Ecosystem Management and Wildlife Resource Protection Program highlights the various challenges faced by wildlife habitats outside UWA PAs and the associated actions aimed at addressing these challenges. The threats to wildlife habitats include uncontrolled wildfires, encroachment on wildlife habitats, unregulated harvesting of resources, poaching, overgrazing, unregulated mining activities, and infrastructural development. Under this program, the plan proposes a number of actions to address the identified threats to ensure the viability and health of these ecosystems for the survival of wildlife as described in the proceeding sections. Program objective: To maintain viable wildlife habitats for the survival of wildlife outside UWA protected areas Outcome: Wildlife habitats outside UWA protected areas maintained 6.1.2 Wild fires Output 1: Bush and forest fires regulated and minimized Issues and rationale Fires can be used as tool for management of wildlife habitats. Uncontrolled bush fires (Plate 5) however contribute to habitat degradation and adversely affect wildlife survival. The most affected habitats include rangelands, woodlands and wetlands. Stakeholders are rarely concerned about the effects of wild fires on wildlife habitats and in most cases take any fire outbreak as a normal occurrence. Management Actions In order to control degradation of wildlife habitats that is caused by fires, Uganda Wildlife Authority will work with various stakeholders to implement the actions listed below and detailed in the work plan under Annex IV. 1. Conduct awareness campaigns on wild fires 2. Lobby Local Governments (LGs) to develop and enforce ordinances and bylaws on wild fires 3. Identify and map out areas with substantial wildlife that are prone to wildfires 4. Support the development and implementation of management plans for areas that are prone to fires and which hold substantial wildlife numbers 5. Work with LGs to mobilize communities for wildfire fighting 6. Work with partners and Stakeholders to build capacity in wildfire fighting (training and equipment) NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 29 Plate 6: A chimpanzee limb caught by a metallic trap in Masindi District Plate 7: Bushbuck poached in Nakaseke 6.1.3 Poaching Output 2: Wildlife in critical ecosystems outside UWA PAs protected from poaching Issues and rationale Poaching of wildlife is widespread in various parts of the country for a variety of reasons including wild meat, trade in wildlife and wildlife products and for retaliatory killing of wild animals that raid crops and kill livestock in community lands (UWA 2018). Retaliatory and commercial poaching may be done through trapping (Plate 6) or through organized hunting expeditions that usually result into massive killing of wildlife (Plate 7). Poaching contributes to loss of wildlife, resulting in reduction of wildlife numbers and biodiversity in general, and may lead to extinction of some species. Such disastrous effect consequently impact negatively the tourism industry. While poaching happens in wildlife habitats under different mandated institutions, the responsibility to control it has been largely assigned to UWA. This plan articulates actions that will be implemented by UWA and its partners and stakeholders to reduce the vice in areas outside UWA PAs. Management actions In order to control poaching, Uganda Wildlife Authority in conjunction with other institutions mandated to manage wildlife habitats will implement the following actions and also as detailed in Annex IV. 1. Conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns on poaching 2. Develop and implement alternative livelihoods incentives for communities 3. Establish and operationalize community wildlife scouts’ groups 4. Identify and procure law enforcement equipment (Drones, motorcycles, Vehicles, camera traps) 5. Conduct joint law enforcement operations and prosecutions 6. Conduct operations to curb illegal wildlife trade and trafficking 6.1.5 Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses Output 3: Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses minimized Issues and rationale Extensive areas of forests on private land in many parts of the country (Plate 8) have been converted to other forms of land use including sugarcane growing. Large areas of forests on private land which used to act as wildlife corridors have also been converted to other land uses. Wetlands especially seasonal wetlands in Pallisa and Namayumba have been permanently Source: UWA PAA Report (2019) NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 30 converted to other land uses and apportioned as individual land holdings. In Kigezi region, by virtue of the high human population, wetlands are owned by individual people as agricultural lands for vegetable growing. This has far-reaching impacts on conservation of wildlife in such degraded ecosystems. The introduction of agriculture in some parts of rangelands in Karamoja Region negates the primary role of these rangelands as grazing habitats for livestock and wildlife, and consequently has impacted the coexistence of wildlife and pastoral communities in these lands. Economic empowerment, improvement of household income through crop cultivation and ensuring food security have been the underlying factors driving rangeland conversion and degradation in Uganda’s natural ecosystems (Byakagaba et al.2018). Management actions The fight against conversion of wildlife habitats requires commitment and cooperation from various stakeholders. This will be effected through the following actions which are detailed in the work plan under Annex IV. 1. Create awareness of the dangers of exotic plants on biodiversity 2. Support communities to identify and demarcate areas for collaborative wildlife management on private land 3. Provide incentives and rewards for people who conserve habitats outside UWA protected areas 4. Acquire critical habitats for wildlife conservation 5. Monitor compliance to wildlife, environment policies and regulations 6. Identify and restore critical degraded ecosystems in collaboration with stakeholders 6.1.6 Mining and infrastructural developments Output 4: Critical wildlife habitats protected from adverse impacts of mining and infrastructural developments Issues and rationale Mining and infrastructure such as road construction, hydroelectric power transmission lines are critical aspects in the country’s development. However, these developments can adversely affect wildlife if they are not well planned and appropriate mitigation measures implemented. Plate 8: A section of forest habitat in Bunyoro region that was opened up for agricultural purposes NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 31 Sand and gold are some of the minerals that have in recent times caused significant degradation to wildlife habitats in Uganda. The designs for road projects at timestend to follow wetland and forest ecosystems in a bid to minimize compensation costs of the project-affected persons and has caused significant negative effects on wildlife habitats. Management actions Since the mid-2000s, UWA has gained experience in working with other stakeholders, particularly within Murchison Falls Conservation Area to minimize impacts of oil exploration and drilling activities on wildlife. UWA will therefore work with relevant agencies to implement the actions listed below which are detailed in Annex IV. 1. Collaborate with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) to create awareness and sensitization campaigns against impacts of mining processes on wildlife habitats. 2. Identify and map critical wildlife areas especially breeding sites for eventual protection 3. Assess the impact of mining in critical wildlife areas and implement recommendations of the assessment report 4. Collaborate with MEMD to promote appropriate mining technologies to minimize impacts on wildlife 5. Strengthen involvement in EIA processes in developments affecting wildlife and conservation 6.2 COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 6.2.1 Introduction This programme addresses the issues that affect relations between lead agencies and local communities and therefore the integrity of wildlife and their habitats adjacent to community lands. The issues include limited awareness of the values of conserving wildlife habitats, human-wildlife conflicts (including crop raiding, damage to property, injuries and loss of lives), transmission of diseases (from wild animals to domestic animals and vice-versa and also to human beings), inadequate incentives and alternative mechanisms to motivate communities and other stakeholders to conserve wildlife. The plan sets out strategies to address these issues. Program objective: To enhance livelihoods and co-existence between wildlife and citizens. Outcome: Reduced conflict between communities and wildlife Outputs: 1) Human-Wildlife Conflicts minimized 2) Transmission of diseases and parasites controlled 3) Wildlife-based enterprises identified and promoted to improve people’s livelihoods 6.2.2 Human Wildlife conflicts Output 1: Human Wildlife Conflicts around wildlife habitats and corridors minimized Issues and rationale Human-Wildlife Conflicts are widespread in area where wildlife occurs. The conflicts arise from crop destruction, injuries and loss of lives to humans and domestic animals, and destruction of property. Between September 2017 and April 2019, a total of 33 Human-Wildlife Conflict cases were reported in Nakaseke district alone by UWA staff at Nakaseke Wildlife Centre as shown in Table 3 below. Most of the HWC cases from Nakaseke result from crocodile and hippopotami attacks (Figure 10) which originate from the water bodies and are usually very difficult to control as their movements are sometimes determined by floods. Sometimes conflicts result from encroachments on the wildlife habitats especially forests, wetlands and bushland. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 32 Available data from UWA indicates that between 2009 and 2018 over 17,000 Human-Wildlife Conflicts incidents were reported around UWA protected areas as shown in Table 4 below. While incidents of Human-Wildlife Conflicts occurring entirely outside UWA protected areas have been reported, the data available is not comprehensive because of the limited presence of UWA staff in these areas. Management actions Based on the above background, UWA will implement the actions below and as detailed in Annex 1. 1. Identify and document problem animal hotspots 2. Support community-based interventions that address Human-Wildlife Conflicts 3. Support land use practices compatible with wildlife conservation e.g. buffer crops, tree planting, chili growing, bee keeping, tourism, wildlife use rights 4. Implement the Human-Wildlife Conflict management strategy 5. Support Local Governments to develop and enforce land use plans around conservation areas 6. Recruit and facilitate more community wildlife scouts 7. Implement regulations for compensation in line with Wildlife Act 2019 8. Profile best practices NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 33 Table 3: Reported Human Wildlife Conflicts incidents in Nakaseke District September 2017-April 2019 P a g e | 59 59 | P a g e 6. Recruit and facilitate more community wildlife scouts 7. Implement regulations for compensation in line with Wildlife Act 2019 8. Profile best practices Table 3: Reported Human Wildlife Conflicts incidents in Nakaseke District September 2017-April 2019 DATE DISTRICT SUBCOUNTY PARISH VILLAGE WILDLIFE NATURE OF CONFLICT 7/9/2017 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kikonge Hippos Disturbing cows 12/9/2017 Nakaseke Kinoni Biduku Kisozi Buffalo Attacking People 13/9/2017 Nakaseke Kinoni Biduku Kisozi Buffalo Disturbing cows 5/10/2017 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kikonge Hippos Breaking fences 1/11/2017 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kijumba Crocodile Eating goats & cows 25/12/201 7 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kabale Crocodile Eating goats & cows 27/12/201 7 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kikonge Crocodile Eating goats & cows 18/1/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kamusenene 1 Leopard Trapped by wheel trap 19/1/2018 Nakaseke Wakyato Kalagala Kapeeka Leopard Eating goats & cows 20/1/2018 Nakaseke Kinyogoga Buwana Kaweweta Crocodile Eating goats & cows 28/1/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Katuugo Kirangazi Hippos Breaking fences 29/1/2018 Nakaseke Wakyato Kiwoko Hippos Disturbing cows 3/2/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kijumba Bushbuck Eating crops 6/2/2018 Nakaseke Wakyato Kalagala Kapeeka Hippos Disturbing cows 9/2/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kikonge Crocodile Eating goats & cows 2/4/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Kyanakacwa Kyanakacwa Buffalo Attacking People 4/4/2018 Nakaseke Kinyogoga Buwana Kaweweta Crocodile Eating goats & cows 6/4/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Katuugo Kirangazi Buffalo Disturbing cows 1/7/2018 Nakaseke Ngoma Bulyamusen yi Balyamusenyi Hippos & crocodiles Eating cow salt and crocodile eating goats 5/7/2018 Nakaseke Kinyogoga Buwana Kaweweta Crocodile Eating goats & cows 14/8/2018 Nakaseke Kinoni Biduku Kyamatyansi Crocodile Ate 04 people 7/9/2018 Nakaseke Wakyato Kalagala Kapeeka Leopard Eating goats & cows 14/10/201 8 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kamusenene 1 Crocodile Eating goats & cows 19/10/201 8 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Banakacwa Leopard Eating goats & cows 22/11/201 8 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Natigi Crocodile Eating goats & cows 18/12/201 8 Nakaseke Kinyogoga Buwana Buwana Buffalo Disturbing cows & people 25/12/201 8 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kikonge Hippos Disturbing cows and people 30/12/201 8 Nakaseke Ngoma Ngoma Kijumba Hippos Breaking fences 19/1/2019 Nakaseke Kinyogoga Kinyogoga trading centre Bushbuck Was captured 12/2/2019 Nakaseke Ngoma Katuugo Kirangazi Hippos Disturbing cows 22/4/2019 Nakaseke Ngoma Katuugo Kirangazi Waterbuck Captured Source: UWA reports NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 34 Figure 10: Human Wildlife Conflict incidents related to different wildlife species in Nakaseke District September 2017-April 2019 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Hippos Buffaloes Crocodiles Leopards Bushbuck Waterbuck Wildlife Species Nu m be r of C as es re po rt ed Human Wildlife Cases Table 4: Reported Human-Wildlife-Conflict incidents between 2009-2018 in and around UWA protected areas P a g e | 60 60 | P a g e 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Hippos Buffaloes Crocodiles Leopards Bushbuck Waterbuck Wildlife Species Nu m be r o f C as es re po rt ed Human Wildlife Cases Figure 10: Human Wildlife Conflict incidents related to different wildlife species in Nakaseke District September 2017-April 2019 Table 4: Reported Human-Wildlife-Conflict incidents between 2009-2018 in and around UWA protected areas Year LMCA BMCA QECA KCA MFCA KVCA UWA hqtrs Total 2009 54 1,230 24 89 238 0 69 1,704 2010 61 1,153 16 128 216 0 89 1,663 2011 67 80 45 148 231 5 138 714 2012 103 127 65 182 236 35 165 913 2013 75 114 16 210 864 25 142 1,446 2014 50 260 71 166 1,192 33 179 1,951 2015 86 190 131 206 1,082 20 182 1,897 2016 99 104 212 161 1,173 149 179 2,077 2017 210 169 302 287 774 208 136 2,086 2018 135 150 590 364 1336 408 133 3,116 TOTAL 805 3,389 882 1577 6,214 457 1279 17,567 Source: UWA 2019 6.2.3 Transmission of diseases and parasites Output 2: Transmission of diseases and parasites among wildlife, domestic animals and humans controlled Issues and rationale The interaction between people, domestic and wild animals provides opportunities for transmission of diseases and parasites from wildlife to domestic animals and humans or vice versa. Reports of possible outbreaks of Ebola were received from Kagadi and other districts along the Uganda-DRC border. Ebola transmission has to a greater extend been association to the interaction between wildlife and humans. In 2012, the Ebola outbreak in Kagadi, under the then Kibaale District, killed 16 people. Other districts along the Albertine Graben such NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 35 as Kasese, Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Kikuube, Hoima, and Bullisa continue to face similar threats because of their close proximity to the Democratic Republic of Congo where the disease in more prevalent. Avian influenza occurs naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird species. Uganda has been under threat of avian influenza. In 2017, FAO reported the spread of the avian flu virus along the shores of Lake Victoria in Lutembe Bay in Wakiso district, Kachanga village in Masaka district and Kalangala district causing severe losses in the poultry industry. Livestock farming is sometimes practiced in wildlife habitats outside UWA protected areas. The frequent interaction of wildlife and livestock is thought to be the cause of outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Domestic animals such as cattle and pigs are susceptible to infectious diseases which also affect wildlife. Such diseases include Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in bovines, African swine fever in porcine (pigs), Rabies in canines (dogs) and brucellosis in bovines (cows) and caprine (goats) as bacterial infections (UWA, 2012). The risk of transmission of diseases associated with livestock is particularly high in areas with large herds of cattle such as Karamoja region and Nakasongola, especially the extensive rangelands that are critical for conservation of wildlife. Management actions The management and control of disease transmission requires effective stakeholder coordination as well as role identification and differentiation. UWA will therefore work closely with various stakeholders such as the local communities, the local government leaders, Ministry of Health as well as the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) in the management of infectious diseases that can potentially affect wildlife, domestic animals and humans. This will be done through the following actions which are further detailed in the work plan in Annex IV. 1. Collaborate with MAAIF to map out critical wildlife habitats with high risk of disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals 2. Carry out regular disease surveillance in partnership with MAAIF 3. Develop protocols and Standard Operating Procedures for managing outbreaks of disease in collaboration with MAAIF 4. Work with MAAIF to sensitize communities about disease transmission 5. Liaise with MAAIF to undertake vaccination of domestic animals 6. Carry out diagnostics for both wildlife and domestic animals 6.2.4 Wildlife Based Enterprise development Output 3: Wildlife based enterprises identified and promoted to improve people’s livelihoods Issues and rationale Wildlife and its habitats outside UWA protected areas are under pressure as they are major sources of livelihoods for local communities. Indiscriminate cutting of trees especially for charcoal production, livestock farms and crop agriculture constitute major threats to the wildlife habitats and the wildlife therein. Many youths in the rural areas are now actively involved in charcoal production from wildlife habitats in order to earn quick money. Woodland ecosystems in the cattle corridor comprising Nakasongola, Luwero, Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke, North and North-Eastern Uganda are particularly under threat from charcoal production because of the high demand for the quality of the charcoal produced from woodland tree species. Illegal timber cutting and trade are on the increase in several forested wildlife habitats. According to studies conducted by WWF, over 80% of timber on the Ugandan timber market is NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 36 illegal (WWF 2012). A combination of timber cutting and charcoal burning has left many wildlife habitats degraded and subjected to complete conversion to agriculture. Wildlife habitats on private and government land have the potential for development of eco- tourism and tourism infrastructure. The Uganda Wildlife Act 2019 provides for opportunities to citizens to acquire Wildlife User Rights for hunting, farming, ranching, community resource access and use of wildlife for tourism and recreation. However, the Wildlife Use Rights are not well known to many people. In addition, community groups and individual private land owners do not have the technical expertise to utilize some of the Wildlife Use Rights. Management actions UWA will work with stakeholders such as NFA, Wetlands Department, NEMA, the District Local Governments (DLGs) and private sector groups to implement the actions below that are further detailed in Annex IV. 1. Support communities to identify suitable economic wildlife-based enterprises in selected wildlife habitat sites 2. Support community groups and individuals to develop their enterprises 3. Support communities to develop and promote eco-tourism in selected areas 6.3 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME 6.3.1 Introduction There is limited knowledge about the status of wildlife outside protected areas since most of the research and monitoring activities have been conducted inside protected areas. Limited monitoring activities to establish wildlife populations of medium-sized to large mammals have been undertaken in some areas such as Kafu Basin, Sango Bay and in ranches around Lake Mburo National Park. This therefore calls for more focused and comprehensive monitoring and research on the state of wildlife outside UWA protected areas so as to generate quality, relevant and timely information to guide decision making. Program objective: To generate credible data and information to guide decision making and management of wildlife resources outside UWA protected areas. Outcome: Management decisions are made based on research findings Outputs: i) Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. ii) Routine monitoring on ecological and socio-economic dynamics conducted to generate information for decision making. 6.3.2 Research Output 1: Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. Issues and rationale Research cuts across all Programmes and is very vital for the generation of information to guide the management of wildlife resources. This section therefore summarizes some of the proposed studies to be undertaken in the various Programmes. Wildlife outside UWA protected areas is affected by several factors which have a bearing on the state of wildlife. There are risks of destabilizing the ability of wildlife to breed because of destruction of breeding areas by human activities especially development of infrastructure and chronic wildfires. Furthermore, NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 37 the economic value of wildlife is usually underestimated or even not known by both local communities and government. This has influenced the choices for maintaining or converting wildlife habitats to other land uses. Research will therefore play a critical role in providing information on these and other issues during the implementation of the plan. Management actions UWA together with other stakeholders will implement the actions below. They are detailed in Annex IV. 1. Carry out biodiversity inventories in critical wildlife areas outside UWA protected areas 2. Conduct ecosystems valuation in selected sites 3. Conduct feasibility studies on wildlife-based enterprises in selected areas 4. Conduct management-oriented research in critical wildlife areas 6.3.3 Monitoring Issues Output 2: Routine monitoring on ecological and socio-economic dynamics conducted to generate information for decision making. Issues and rationale Effective management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas is affected by activities incompatible and unsustainable social economic activities especially wide-spread conversion of wildlife habitats into other land uses. NFA through periodic analysis of satellite data has been monitoring land use cover changes and the results show that the acreage of wildlife habitats is on a decline (MWE 2019). This is on account of the ever-increasing human population and demand for land for settlement, agriculture and forest resources to meet people’s livelihoods. Management actions UWA and other stakeholders will implement the following actions, which are detailed in the work plan in Annex IV. 1. Produce a report of the state of wildlife resources outside UWA Protected areas. 2. Conduct surveillance studies on diseases in specific areas 3. Maintain a database on wildlife issues outside UWA Protected areas 4. Undertake regular censuses in selected areas outside PAs 5. Carry out wildlife inventories in wildlife hotspots 6.4 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Program objective: To strengthen organizational capacity to manage wildlife outside UWA protected areas Outcome: Organizational capacity to manage wildlife outside UWA protected areas strengthened 6.4.1 Administrative Infrastructure for management of wildlife Output 1: Wildlife management zones, stations and outposts established Rationale for establishment of wildlife management zones and stations Wildlife outside UWA protected areas occurs over large expanses of habitats across the country, some of which are located far from the protected areas. For ease of management, the country will be divided into six wildlife management zones namely Sango-Bay, Kafu, Muzizi, Central, Aswa and Kyoga zones. These zones are intended to provide enhanced UWA presence on the ground and especially for the rapid response to Human-Wildlife Conflict issues in the zones. The presence of unique wildlife species and the related set of issues in various parts of Uganda have broadly been used as part of the criteria for creation of the zones. For example, in some zones, the key wildlife species include crocodiles, buffaloes while in others chimpanzees are NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 38 Table 5: Wildlife zones, respective Districts and the associate Wildlife Stations predominant. The six (6) wildlife management zones are described and shown in Table 5 below. The plan also proposes the establishment of Wildlife Stations as administrative headquarters to oversee the day-to-day management of wildlife in each zone. The creation of Wildlife Stations builds on UWA’s initiative of the Wildlife Centres in Kakuuto, Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke and Muhorro whose focus was to provide quick response to incidents of human wildlife conflicts caused by problem animals in these areas. The operations of the existing Wildlife Centres therefore provide UWA with lessons which will inform strategies for ensuring enhanced effectiveness of the proposed wildlife stations in this plan. This plan provides for the creation of six wildlife stations and they include Kagadi, Kyankwanzi, Kakuuto, Kampala and Pader. Table 5 below shows the wildlife management zones, detailed area coverage and the wildlife stations. Wildlife in areas close to UWA protected areas will be managed by protected area staff in line with the provisions and actions prescribed in this plan and also as demonstrated by Figure 11 below. 6.4.1.1 Description of wildlife management zones, stations and outposts a) Sango-Bay zone This zone will cover Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Kalungu, Sembabule, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Rakai, Kyotera, Kiruhura, Isingiro, Mbarara and Kalangala Districts. The zone will be managed from Kakuuto Wildlife Station. The outstanding habitats in this zone include Sango Bay forest reserve, islands on L. Victoria such as Musambwa and the forested Ssese Islands. Key wildlife aspects in this zone include buffaloes and the scenic beauty in the Sango Bay ecosystem, the variety of migratory birds, and snakes on Musambwa islands and the flamboyant natural forests on Ssese Islands in Kalangala District among others. P a g e | 66 66 | P a g e Table 5. Wildlife zones, respective Districts and the associate Wildlife Stations Zone Area Coverage/districts Wildlife Stations Muzizi Districts of Kikuube, Kagadi, Kibale, Kakumiro, Kyenjojo, Kyegegwa, Mubende and Ntoroko Kagadi Sango- Bay Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Kalungu, Sembabule, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Rakai, Kyotera, Kiruhura, Isingiro, Mbarara, Kalangala. Kakuuto Kafu Kyankwanzi, Kiboga, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Luwero, and all areas in the south of Lake Kyoga Kyankwanzi Central Zone Kampala, Mukono, Wakiso (including Entebbe), Mpigi, Butambala, Gomba, Mityana, Jinja, Mayuge, Kamuli, Kaliro, Buikwe, to Namayingo districts. Kampala Aswa North and North-Eastern Part of the Country including Agago, Alebtong, Pader, Kitgum, Kotido, Kaabong and Lamwo, Abim, Otuke districts. Pader Kyoga Buyende, Kaliro, Pallisa, Ngora, Soroti, Serere, Amolatar, Kaberamaido and Kalaki Serere 6.4.1.1 Description of wildlife management zones, stations and outposts a) Sango-Bay zone This zone will cover Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Kalungu, Sembabule, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Rakai, Kyotera, Kiruhura, Isingiro, Mbarara and Kalangala Districts. The zone will be managed from Kakuuto Wildlife Station. The outstanding habitats in this zone include Sango Bay forest reserve, islands on L. Victoria such as Musambwa and the forested Ssese Islands. Key wildlife aspects in this zone include buffaloes and the scenic beauty in the Sango Bay ecosystem, the variety of migratory birds, and snakes on Musambwa islands and the flamboyant natural forests on Ssese Islands in Kalangala District among others. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 39 Figure 11: Wildlife Management Zones outside UWA Protected Areas b) Kafu Zone This zone will cover the districts of Kyankwanzi, Kiboga, Nakaseke, Nakasongola and Luwero and will be managed from Kyankwanzi Wildlife Station. This zone has extensive woodlands which are habitats for buffaloes, leopards, bushbucks and waterbucks. The banks of River Kafu and the shores of Lake Kyoga are habitats for crocodiles and have been at the centre of Human- Wildlife Conflicts arising mostly from crocodile attacks. The Zone is part of the cattle corridor where vast areas of wildlife habitats are being converted to livestock farms and cassava growing. Investors have acquired land for rice growing along the Lubenge River which is an extensive wetland and a catchment to Lake Kyoga. The zone is also a major producer and supplier of charcoal to Kampala and the surrounding urban areas. These human activities have a bearing on wildlife conservation. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 40 c) Muzizi Zone The Muzizi zone will extend from the districts of Kikuube, Kagadi, Kibale, Kakumiro, Kyenjojo, Kyegegwa, Mubende and Ntoroko. The zone will be managed from Kagadi Wildlife Station. The zone is predominantly covered by natural forest habitats including forest reserves, private forests, riverine forests and wetlands that form a wildlife corridor between Murchison Falls Conservation Area, Kibale National Park and Rwangara, Toro-Semuliki Wildlife Reserve. The key forest reserves in this zone include: Bugoma Central Forest Reserve part of which is threatened by sugarcane growing; the greater Kibale group of forest reserves such as Rwengeye, Kasaato, Kyamurangi, Ruzaire and Kangombe central forest reserves which are severely encroached for agriculture; Itwara, Matiri, Kibego, Ibambaro, Kitechura, Rwensambya and Buhungiro Central Forest Reserves. The zone is widely known as a habitat for primates including chimpanzees, mangabeys, red-tailed and black and white colobus monkeys. Chimpanzees have been at the centre of Human-Wildlife Conflicts involving injuries and death of humans. The zone is currently facing extensive conversion of wildlife habitats to agriculture occurring on both forest reserves and forests on private land. d) Aswa Zone This zone will cover parts of North and North-Eastern Uganda including Agago, Pader, Kitgum, Gulu, Kotido, Kaabong and Lamwo, Abim and Otuke Districts. This zone will be managed from Pader Wildlife Station. The zone comprises extensive areas of woodland which are habitats for key wildlife species such as buffaloes. In the North-East, large areas of the zone are used for cattle grazing and recently agriculture is being promoted which is likely to affect wildlife and cause an increase in Human-Wildlife Conflicts related to crop destruction. In addition to the perennial fire threats, charcoal production has been introduced as an economic activity targeting the high value woodland trees. Despite these threats, the area provides an opportunity and a conducive environment for promotion of wildlife enterprises such as wildlife ranching from which the local community can earn a living. a) Central Zone The zone extends from Kampala, Mukono, Wakiso (including Entebbe), Mpigi, Butambala, Gomba, Mityana, Jinja, Mayuge, Kamuli, Kaliro, Buikwe, to Namayingo Districts. The zone will be managed from UWA HQs in Kampala. Some of the outstanding wildlife habitats in this zone include the Entebbe and Jinja wildlife sanctuaries; Lake Wamala wetland system, Mpanga forest, Nile Bank, Bukaleba, South Busoga and Mabira Central Forest Reserves as well as Ssezibwa wetlands. Wildlife and the associated habitats such as wetlands and forest reserves in the central zone are highly affected by the high urbanization and human population growth rates. Human-Wildlife Conflicts in this zone include crocodile attacks and competition for space between wildlife and humans especially in the outskirts of Kampala District. There are demands from local governments to degazette some of the forest reserves to pave way for urban development. b) Kyoga Zone This zone will cover the entire Lake Kyoga and its associated wetlands. It will also cover the nearby lakes and rivers. The districts in this zone include Buyende, Kaliro, Pallisa, Ngora, Soroti, Serere, Amolatar, Kaberamaido and Kalaki. Crocodiles and Hippopotamus have become problem animals in this zone. In addition, poaching of animals which live in the Kyoga wetlands has also increased due to limited presence of wildlife staff in the region. The zone will be managed from Serere District. c) Ranger Outposts Uganda Wildlife Authority will initially create at least three outposts in each Zone which will administratively operate under wildlife stations. The creation of wildlife outposts will be guided NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 41 by wildlife abundance and concentrations that requires to be conserved in given locations of the Zone and the relative distance between the locality and the Wildlife Station. The number and frequency of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in a given area will be another key consideration in the establishment of the proposed outposts. Management actions Uganda Wildlife Authority will establish the necessary administrative infrastructure in each wildlife station and outposts. The following actions will be implemented, details of which appear in Annex IV. 1. Establish six Wildlife Management Stations a) Hire office space in 6 Wildlife Stations (2 offices, conference halls, accounts office etc.) b) Hire accommodation for zonal wardens c) Hire accommodation for wildlife rangers including Sergeant Majors 2. Purchase land for office space and staff accommodation 3. Construct office and accommodation for staff 4. Procure communication equipment 5. Procure field equipment 6.4.2 Staffing structure Output 2: An elaborate structure with adequate, skilled and motivated staff for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas put in place Rationale for staffing structure In order to implement the plan effectively, UWA will review the current staffing structure and put in place an elaborate staffing structure for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. The structure will be designed to deliver the identified functions of the Wildlife Zones and Wildlife Stations. Management actions The key actions listed below will be implemented. Details are shown in the work plan in Annex 1. 1. Conduct a staff capacity needs assessment 2. Review and develop a staff structure for management of wildlife outside PAs 3. Recruit staff for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas 4. Conduct trainings to address capacity gaps identified 5. Conduct exposure visits for selected staff 6.5 GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAMME Program objective: To enhance stakeholder relations and public image implementation of the plan Outcome: Improved stakeholder collaboration Issue: Inadequate information sharing and limited stakeholder coordination in management of wildlife resources outside UWA protected areas Specific objective: To improve stakeholder cooperation and staff coordination NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 42 Issues and rationale Effective management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas requires effective inclusive participation, communication and coordination with all stakeholders. Uganda Wildlife Authority will spearhead stakeholder coordination efforts which will include establishing a stakeholder coordination structure with clear terms of reference as will be articulated in the development of regulations for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. During the formulation of the regulations, the Wildlife Committees stipulated in the Uganda Wildlife Act 2019 will be considered. Management actions UWA will implement the following actions which are detailed in the work plan attached as Annex IV. 1. Develop regulations for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas 2. Enhance coordination among lead agencies on enforcement of laws 3. Develop and sign collaborative management agreements with community groups and private land owners 4. Orient the stakeholder representatives on their roles and responsibilities 5. Conduct regular stakeholder coordination meetings 6. Develop and implement a Communication Strategy for the Plan 7. Organize joint stakeholder field visits to selected wildlife sites for learning 8. Identify and support cultural practices that enhance conservation 9. Participate in selected district and sub-county meetings 6.6 PLAN IMPLEMEMTATION AND COSTINGS This plan will be implemented through coordination and collaboration with key partner institutions, stakeholders, communities and Local Governments. An implementation workplan has been developed and is attached as Annex IV. The plan has also been costed (Annex V) to guide the mobilisation of the necessary financial resources for its implementation. The implementation of this plan is expected to cost UGX 91,694,192,000. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 43 NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 44 MONITORING AND EVALUATION7.0 7.1 Introduction The Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the National Plan for Wildlife Outside UWA protected Areas is very crucial in tracking and assessing the effectiveness of the proposed management actions in the delivery of the objectives and outputs of this plan. The routine monitoring of the planned activities will help to collect and analyze data to generate information for management decisions. The overall Monitoring and Evaluation Framework is based on the various Management Programmes. The framework under each programme comprises a log frame. The Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for each programme stipulates the program goal, outcomes, outputs, indicators, means of verifications and assumptions. The work plan provides a basis for tracking progress of implementation through comparing the baseline and the extent of achieving the targets. The years under which the targets are placed are derived from the summary of the management actions for each output in the various Programmes. 7.2 Implementation process and Financing Mechanisms The National Plan will be implemented within 10 financial years for the period 2021/2022 - 2030/2031. Annual Operational Work Plans will be elaborated for each financial year of implementation and will therefore be the basis for the delivery of the activities and outputs for the specific year in question. UWA will coordinate with other stakeholders in the implementation of specific aspects of the plan that fall within their respective mandates. In this respect joint stakeholder planning meetings will be held with respective stakeholders. While the funds to implement certain activities may not be centrally managed by UWA, the contribution of other stakeholders in implementation of the plan will be documented and acknowledged. The National Plan will be financed through several avenues, including government institutions responsible for management of different categories of wildlife habitats,fundraising and direct funding through the National Development Plan specifically drawing on the budget allocation for Sustainable Industrialization under NDPIII. In line with institutional mandates, UWA has a role to fund the management of wildlife outside the traditional UWA protected areas and therefore will contribute to the budget for implementing the plan. NFA and District Local Governments are mandated to manage Central and Local Forest Reserves respectively and will therefore be expected to finance some of the activities that fall under their mandate. Similarly, the Wetlands and Water departments will also be expected to finance specific activities that are within their respective mandates and jurisdictions. UWA and other institutions will use the plan as a tool for fundraising through proposal development targeting development partners and NGOs. 7.3 Monitoring Monitoring of the national Plan will be the main engine for tracking and assessing progress in the implementation of the plan and the level of success in the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. The monitoring process will entail regular and systematic collection and processing of data from all management programmes articulated in the Plan. The process will involve UWA staff and other stakeholders as a means of consolidating stakeholder coordination and firsthand information sharing. The monitoring approaches will involve both conventional UWA monitoring approaches and participatory approaches such as joint stakeholder field monitoring visits. The data collected will be analyzed and presented in a manner that enables UWA to make decisions on a regular basis. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 45 Quarterly stakeholder and UWA meetings will be held in Wildlife Management Zones/Wildlife Stations to share monitoring results and also to generate actions to address the issues identified during monitoring. 7.4 Reporting Monthly, quarterly and annual reports will be prepared in line with UWA’s reporting standards and guidelines. The reports will be shared with relevant stakeholders as tools for information sharing and decision making. The monthly reports will be prepared strictly for UWA’s internal use unless critical issues emerge that dictate the sharing of these reports with relevant stakeholders as necessary. UWA will share quarterly and annual reports with stakeholders in line with established stakeholder coordination mechanisms. 7.5 Evaluation of the National Plan Evaluation of the National plan will be very crucial in determining the extent to which the overall purpose and the objectives of each programme have been achieved have been achieved. Evaluation will also assess the effectiveness of the approaches, methods and interventions in achieving the purposes and objectives under each programme. Efficient use of resources such as funds, equipment, human resources and time will also be evaluated. To ensure that UWA Management and stakeholders are able to take informed decisions regarding corrective actions required to enhance the implementation process before end of the plan, a mid-term evaluation will be conducted at the end of the fifth year. The evaluation team will comprise representatives from UWA, NFA, DLGs, Wetlands and NEMA. The team will be led and technically supported by the UWA Monitoring and Evaluation Unit. The results of the mid-term evaluation will be used to make the necessary improvements in implementation of the plan in order to fully realize its purpose by the end of the 10-year period. A final evaluation will be conducted by an external consultant during the 10th year of implementation of this plan. The results of the final evaluation will inform the development of the subsequent 10-year National Plan for Wildlife Outside UWA Protected Areas. NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 46 References 1) African Union (1968): The African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available at: https://au.int/en/treaties/african- convention-conservation-nature-and-natural-resources 2) Akankwasah, B., Buyinza, M., Kansiime, F., Basuta-Isabirye, G. (2010): The effects of crop raiding on household food security in the Albertine rift: A case study of Queen Elizabeth National Park, Western Uganda. Available from google website: https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871200903115070 3) CBD (1992): Article 6: General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use. Convention on biological diversity. Rio de Janeiro. 4) East African Community (1999): The East African Community Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources. Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania. 5) MLHUD (2013): The Uganda National Land Policy. Ministry of lands, Housing and Urban Development, Kampala, Uganda. 6) MTWA (2014): Uganda Wildlife Policy. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities Kampala, Uganda. 7) MWE (1995): Uganda National Wetlands Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment, Kampala, Uganda. 8) MWE (2013): The National Forestry Plan. Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Environmental Affairs. Kampala, Uganda. 9) MWE (2016): State of Uganda’s Forestry 2015. Forestry Sector Support Department, Ministry of Water and Environment. Kampala, Uganda. 10) MWE (2016): Uganda Wetland Atlas Volume II. Ministry of Water and Environment. Kampala, Uganda 11) MWE (2019): State of Uganda’s Forestry 2019. Forestry Sector Support Department, Ministry of Water and Environment. Kampala, Uganda. 12) MWLE (2001): Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment: The Uganda Forestry Policy. Kampala, Uganda. 13) NPA (2013): Uganda Vision 2040. National Planning Authority, Kampala, Uganda. 14) NPA (2020): The National Development Plan III (NDPIII) 2020/21-2024/25. National Planning Authority, Kampala, Uganda 15) Olga, L., Kupika, E., Gandiwa, S.K., and Nhamo, G. (2017): Impacts of Climate Change NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 47 and Climate Variability on Wildlife Resources in Southern Africa: Experience from selected Protected Areas in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar. org/paper/Impacts-of-Climate-Change-and-Climate-Variability-Kupika-Gandiwa/343872c 8517aad139d3d4968e71ddf6d9dc5a769#citing-papers 16) Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S., Pomeroy, D., Tushabe, H., Nangendo, G., Mugabe, H., Kirunda, B., Nampindo, S. (2017): Conserving Uganda’s Biodiversity: Identifying critical sites for threatened species and habitats. 10.13140/RG.2.2.35138.27845. Kampala, Uganda. 17) Ramsar Convention (1976): Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. Switzerland. Available from: https://www.ramsar.org/documents 18) The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995. Amended 2005. 19) The National Environment Act (Cap 153) 1995. Kampala, Uganda 20) The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003. Kampala, Uganda. 21) The Uganda Wildlife Act, 2019. Act No. 17, Acts Supplement No. 10 22) Ross, T.S., Arne, B.R.W., Aool, W., Pratt, C.F. (2017): Distribution of the invasive alien weed, Lantana camara, and its ecological and livelihood impacts in eastern Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science (Volume 34, 2017 - Issue 1) 23) Thomas S. (2016): National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II (NBSAPII). Available from website: https://climatefinance.gov.gd/embedded-pdf/national-biodiversity- strategy-and-action-plan2016-2020/ 24) UWA (2012): Murchison Falls Conservation Area General Management Plan 2012 to 2022. Kampala, Uganda. 25) UWA (2018): State of Wildlife Resources in Uganda 2018. Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala 26) UWA (2019): The Uganda Protected and other Biodiversity Areas Assessment Report Volume 1 27) WWF (2012): National Timber Trade and FLEGT Solutions for Uganda. 28) WWF (2018): Social- Economic and Forest Land Restoration Baseline NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 48 Annexes NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 49 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas Annex I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas SAMPLE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION POPULATION THREAT LEVEL MAMMALS Elephants Otzi-Dufile-East Madi corridor, Areas around QECA, KCA, MFCA, BMCA, KVCA Moderate High Hippos Kalangala, areas around LMCA, Katonga, Packwach, Lake Victoria shores High High Buffaloes Karenga, East Madi, Nwoya, LMCA, Kakuuto-Sango Bay corridor Moderate High PRIMATES chimpanzees Kibale and Kikuube, Kagadi Districts, Bugoma and Budongo forests High High Baboons Around PAs and Forest Reserves High Low Black and White Colobus Rwenzori region, Mt Elgon, Forest Reserves High High Red Tailed Monkey Every where High High Red colobus Monkey Forest reserves High High Vervet Monkey Every where High High Blue Monkey Forest reserves Moderate High Grey Cheeked Mangabeys Around PAs and forest reserves Low High Patas Monkey Karamoja, Around MFCA, Low High CANIVORES Cheetah Pian Upe, Low High Leopards Karenga, Nakasongola, Nakaseke LMCA Ranches, Low High Lions QECA, MFCA Low High Hyenas Around PAs Low High Serval Cats Around PAs widely distributed Low High NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 50 P a g e | 2 2 | P a g e BIRDS Vultures Around Pas Low high Shoebill Around Wetlands Low high Crested Crane Around Wetlands Low high REPTILES Crocodiles Kalangala, Mayuge, Masaka, Kafu and other Lake Victoria shores, LMCA, QECA Katwe, water bodies Moderate high Pythons Getting displaced in most wetland areas and lake shores, riverine forests moderate high UNGULATES Kob Kafu basin- Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Nwoya, Kilak around PAs moderate high Reed buck Kafu basin- Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Nwoya, Kilak, Karenga Low high Sitatungas different wetlands and around water bodies moderate high Kudus Amudat, Karenga, Karamoja region moderate high UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 51 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas Annex II: Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas Brief notes Location/Region Ecotourism Community based tourism generating revenue for the people helps improve attitude Bwindi. Karenga, Kanungu, Kisoro. Kyambura, Kasese, Bigodi-Kamwenge Growth of tourism industry Bird watching, safari, back packers, Collaborative wildlife management Concession was given to a private company(Albert safaris) to do sport hunting of Sitatunga Kalangala Local governments gazette areas for wildlife conservation Some local governments have developed ordinances for conservation of natural resources and wildlife. Mayuge(Bukaleba CFR, Namugongo peninsula), Masaka(Wamba forest) Institutionalization of posts for wildlife management at district levels Recruitment of vermin control, tourism officers at district Note: need for linkage to line ministries All PPP Community participation in wildlife management tap into synergy BINP, Acholi sub region, Kiruhura, Kafu area Corporate social responsibility Oil companies, have started investment in tree planting Integration of traditional systems and structures Totems, beliefs, norms could be identified and further developed Bunyoro-planting 5 indigenous trees at burial ceremonies, 5 in Buganda – introductions Countrywide, Acholi, Kasese, Bugisu sub region, Ankole, Bunyoro, Buganda Opportunities for research Research funding opportunities exist, research targeting co-existence and viable land use enterprises There are also wildlife research centres in e.g. wildlife clubs in schools and snake parks Karenga, Lipan, Kafu, Sango bay, Katakwi, Musambwa Island in Kalangala, Crater lakes around Kabarole, Rubirizi Trade in herbal and traditional medicine Research and trade in herbal and traditional medicine is on the increase. This an opportunity for conservation of wildlife habitats as sources of raw materials for herbal medicine and research grounds Country wide ANNEX II: Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 52 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 4 4 | P a g e Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas Brief notes Location/Region Wildlife based enterprises These include wildlife ranching; licensing for domesticating wild animals Wildlife ranching in Lipan, Kiruhura, Kafu area, Amudat, Karenga, Teso sub region License to domesticate wildlife e.g. Ostrich farm in Kyotera, Crocodile farm in Buwama-Mpigi; Rhino sanctuary in Nakasongola Upgrading status from Forest reserves Opportunity to strengthen wildlife conservation Busitema, Mabira, Budongo, Echuya, Maramagambo, Zulia, Kadam, Kalinzu, Mpanga Readiness to engage in dialogue with stakeholders Ranchers, other land owners, public land, NGOs Support from donors/ development partners and NGOs Budget support for conservation projects and programs ( WWF, AWF, WCS) Karamoja, Kanungu, Kisoro, Kasese, Bushenyi, Kiruhura, FACE, Kabarole and Kamwenge Opportunity to undertake re- introductions and enrichment Boosting wildlife numbers Karenga, Lipan, Kiruhura PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services) Habitat management Rwenzori, Mt. Elgon, Kibale Conservation Areas, Bunyoro sub region Re-afforestation and afforestation programs Develop mechanisms for better conservation and restoration of forest cover Bunyoro sub region, Rukungiri, Rubirizi, Bugisu and Sebei sub regions Declaration of special conservation areas provision in the new NEA Act (section 51) The is an opportunity to identify wildlife habitats which can be forwards for consideration and declaration as special conservation areas Natural capital accounting Include value of natural capital in national accounting Creation of environment protection force in section 25 of the new NEA This help to address the wide spread wildlife habitat degradation especially in CFRs, wetlands and private land UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 53 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 5 5 | P a g e Opportunities and initiatives for management of wildlife outside wildlife protected areas Brief notes Location/Region Landscape approach to management of wildlife (management plan for wildlife dispersal areas in the Kidepo critical landscape The landscape approach encompasses all wildlife habitats under the various mandates and tenure systems including rangelands, wetlands/rivers, forest reserves, National Park and wildlife reserves. North-Eastern Uganda Avenues for collaboration between UWA, NFA and NEMA UWA and NFA are already collaborating in areas of dual management; NEMA’s mandate includes overseeing effective management of wildlife habitats under the mandate of UWA and NFA District, Regional and National levels Opportunities to promote community conservation UWA, NFA and wetlands department are already promoting collaborative management which has helped to improve relations. This is an opportunity to extend similar initiatives to manage wildlife on private landscapes. National Parks, CFRs, selected wetlands in Kasese (Kahokya, Mahango wetlands), Kabarole and Kamwenge (Mpanga and Rwambu wetlands) district Opportunities for biodiversity offsets (section 115 in the new NEA This provision will put control measure on degradation of biodiversity resources arising from development projects. Linkage to international conventions and protocols (CBD, CITES, Ramsar, etc. Uganda has signed agreements to implement the International conventions and protocols such as CBD, CITES, Ramsar, etc. all of which contribute to conservation of wildlife habitats and species Local government structures and water and environment/NEMA regional offices In some districts, there is a provision for positions of wildlife, vermin guard and tourism officers. NEMA has also created regional offices in an addition to existing District Environment officers. These will help in effective management of wildlife habitats and species in the various localities. Various districts (Mayuge, Kagadi, Kyegegwa, Kalangala, Abim) have Wildlife/Tourism or Vermin guards. NEMA has a regional office in Mbale. Fort-Portal has a regional Water Management Zone Office Conservancy development/ - PPPs for wildlife conservation This is being piloted around Kidepo National Park with lessons for scaling up the initiative Agago, Abim and Kitgum districts UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 54 ANNEX III: Planning Team P a g e | 6 6 | P a g e Annex III: Planning Team NAME DESIGNATION Edgar Buhanga Deputy Director Planning Monitoring and Research, UWA Richard Kapere Manager Planning, UWA Justus Tusubira Senior Manager Awareness, Education and Human Wildlife Conflict Management, UWA Fredrick Wanyama Senior Monitoring and Research Officer, UWA Joseph Muhereza Concessions Officer, UWA Florence Kyalimpa Planning Unit, UWA Grace Natukunda Senior Warden Legal, UWA Candia Leone Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities Asa Kule Musinguzi Chief Warden, Lake Mburo National Park Johnson Masereka Chief Warden,, Kidepo Valley Conservation Area Deziderius Irumba Consultant Gladys Nagawa Co-Consultant UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 55 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 7 7 | P a g e Annex IV: Work Plan Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE PROTECTION Wildlife habitats outside UWA Protected areas maintained Bush and forest fires regulated Conduct awareness campaigns on wild fires AEU DLG, NFA, MAAIF Lobby LGs to develop and enforce ordinances and bylaws on wild fires Legal Unit DLG and S/C LGs, NFA Identify and map out areas with high wildlife population density prone to wildfires M&R Unit MAAIF, Wetlands Dept, NFA Support the development and implementation of wildlife management plans for high wildlife population density areas prone to wildfires Planning Unit NFA, DLG, MAAIF, Private land owners Work with LGs to mobilize communities for wildfire fighting AEU D/L G Enhance capacity in terms of training and equipment HRU DLG Wildlife in critical eco-systems outside UWA protected areas protected from poaching. ANNEX IV: Work Plan UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 56 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 8 8 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions Conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns on poaching AEU CSOs Assess and implement alternative livelihoods and incentives for communities UR&BS Unit NFA, LGs Establish and operationalize community wildlife scouts HWC Units KGs Identify and procure law enforcement equipment (Drones, motorcycles, Vehicles, camera traps HRU NFA, MTWA Conduct joint Law enforcement operations and prosecutions LEU NFA, Tourism Police, DLG Conduct operations to curb illegal wildlife trade and trafficking LEU Tourism Police Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses controlled Create awareness on the dangers of exotics on biodiversity AEU NFA, DLG, NGOs Support communities to identify and demarcate areas for collaborative wildlife management on private land AEU District Lands office, NGOS Provide incentives and rewards for people who conserve habitats outside UWA protected areas UR&BS Unit NEMA, NFA, MWE Acquire critical habitats for wildlife conservation Legal Unit MTWA, NGOs Monitor compliance to wildlife, environment policies and EIA Unit NFA, NEMA, DLGs UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 57 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 9 9 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions regulations Identify and restore critical degraded eco-systems in collaboration with stakeholders M&R Unit CSO’s, NFA, DLGs, Wetland Dept Critical wildlife habitats protected from adverse impacts of mining and infrastructural developments Collaborate with MEMD to create awareness and sensitization campaigns on mining and processes involved to reduce on impacts on wildlife habitats. EIA Unit MEMD, DLG, NEMA, Mining Agencies e.g. Uganda Chamber of Mines Identify and map critical wildlife areas especially breeding sites M&R Unit Ministry of lands, Conservation NGOs Assess the impact of mining in critical wildlife areas and implement recommendations of the assessment report EIA Unit Ministry of lands Collaborate with MEMD to promote appropriate mining technologies to minimize impacts on wildlife EIA Unit NEMA, UWA Strengthen involvement in EIA processes in developments affecting wildlife and conservation EIA Unit MEMD, NEMA COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 58 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 10 10 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Reduced conflict between communities and wildlife Human-Wildlife conflicts minimized Identify and document problem animal hotspots HWCU LG Support community-based interventions that address Human Wildlife Conflicts HWCU Conservation NGOs, LGs Support land use practices compatible with wildlife conservation e.g. buffer crops, tree planting, Chili growing, bee keeping, tourism, wildlife use rights UR&BS DNRO, Conservation NGOs Implement the human-wildlife conflict management strategy HWCU Conservation NGOs Support Local Governments to develop and enforce land use plans around conservation areas Planning Unit UWA Recruit and facilitate more vermin guards and wildlife scouts HWCU UWA Implement regulations for compensation in line with Wildlife Act 2019 HWCU LG Profile best practices AEU LG Transmission of diseases and parasites among wildlife, UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 59 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 11 11 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions domestic animals and humans controlled Collaborate with MAAIF to map out critical wildlife habitats with high risks of disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals Vet Unit DVO Carry out regular disease surveillance in partnership with MAAIF Vet Unit MAAIF, UVRI,DVO Develop protocols and Stand Operating Procedures for managing outbreaks of disease in collaboration with MAAIF Vet Unit MAAIF, MOH Work with MAAIF to sensitize communities on disease transmission Vet Unit MAAIF,DVO Liaise with MAAIF to undertake vaccination of domestic animals Vet Unit MAAIF Carry out diagnostics for both wildlife and domestic animals Vet Unit MAAIF Wildlife based enterprises identified and promoted to improve people’s livelihoods Support communities to identify suitable economic wildlife based enterprises in selected wildlife habitat sites UR&BS Unit DCDO Support community groups and individuals to develop their UR&BS Unit DCDO, NFA UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 60 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 12 12 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions enterprises Support communities to develop and promote eco-tourism in selected areas BDU NFA ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM Management decisions are made based on research findings Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. Carry out biodiversity inventories in critical wildlife areas outside UWA protected areas M&RU UWRTI, NFA, MTWA, MWE, WCS, Research institutions Conduct ecosystems valuation in selected sites M&RU DLG, NFA, Wetlands Department Conduct feasibility studies on wild based enterprises in selected areas UR&BS Unit NFA, Prospective proprietors Conduct management-oriented research in critical wildlife areas M&RU UWRTI, NFA, Conservation NGO’s e.g. WCS Routine monitoring on ecological and socio-economic dynamics conducted to UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 61 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 13 13 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions generate information for decision making Produce a state of wildlife resources report outside UWA Protected areas. M&RU NFA, DLGs Conduct surveillance studies on diseases in specific areas Vet Unit DVOs Maintain a data base on wildlife issues outside UWA Protected areas M&RU UWA, NFA, DLG Undertake regular censuses in selected areas outside PAs M&RU NFA, DLG Carry out wildlife inventories M&RU NFA, DLG CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Organizational capacity to manage wildlife outside UWA Protected areas strengthened Wildlife management zones, stations and outposts established Establish six Wildlife management stations LEU Hire office space in 6 wildlife stations (2 offices, conference halls, accounts office etc.) Hire accommodation for zonal wardens UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 62 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 14 14 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions Hire accommodation of wildlife rangers including Sergeant Majors Purchase land for office space and staff accommodation Construct office and accommodation for staff Procure a set of communication equipment DDFO, PM Procure field equipment DDFO,PM An elaborate structure with adequate, skilled and motivated staff for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas put in place Review and develop a staff structure for management of wildlife outside PAs HRU Recruit staff for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas HRU NFA, DLG, UWA HR Conduct a staff capacity needs assessment HRU Conduct trainings to address capacity gaps identified HRU Conduct exposure visits for selected staff HRU NFA GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAM UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 63 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 15 15 | P a g e Task Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Responsibl e Units Other Institutions Improved stakeholder collaboration To improve stakeholder cooperation and staff coordination Develop regulations for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas Planning Unit MTWA Enhance coordination among lead agencies on enforcement of laws Partnership Unit NFA, NEMA, Wetland Dept Develop and sign collaborative management agreements with community groups and Private land owners Partnership Unit MTWA, MWE, NEMA, MAAIF, NFA, DLG Orient the stakeholder representatives on their roles and responsibilities Partnership Unit MTWA, MWE, NEMA, MAAIF Conduct regular stakeholder coordination meetings Partnership Unit MTWA, MWE, NEMA, MAAIF Develop and implement Communication Strategy for the Plan Communicat ions Unit MTWA Organize joint stakeholder field visits to selected wildlife sites for learning Partnership Unit NFA, WETLANDS, NEMA Identify and support cultural practices that enhance conservation AEU NFA, DLGs Participate in selected district and sub-county meetings Partnership Unit WCEED UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 64 ANNEX V: Plan Costing/ Budget P a g e | 16 16 | P a g e Annex V: Plan Costing/ Budget Program Objective Output Y1 (000) Y2 (000) Y3 (000) Y4 (000) Y5 (000) Y6 (000) Y7 (000) Y8 (000) Y9 (000) Y10 (000) Grand Total UGX (000) ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAMME Wildfires Output 1: Bush and forest fires regulated and minimized 194,040 280,213 81,817 83,453 185,490 71,014 72,435 73,883 75,361 76,868 1,194,576 Poaching Output 2: Wildlife in critical eco- systems outside UWA protected areas protected from poaching 4,458,400 1,924,128 2,064,611 2,266,863 2,395,940 4,843,878 2,490,614 2,432,183 2,589,070 2,530,443 27,996,128 Encroachment on wildlife habitats Output 3: Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses controlled 1,279,400 962,688 981,342 1,467,169 1,147,378 1,169,726 1,541,054 1,215,770 1,239,486 1,263,676 12,267,688 UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 65 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 17 17 | P a g e Program Objective Output Y1 (000) Y2 (000) Y3 (000) Y4 (000) Y5 (000) Y6 (000) Y7 (000) Y8 (000) Y9 (000) Y10 (000) Grand Total UGX (000) Mining and infrastructural developments Output 4: Critical wildlife habitats protected from adverse impacts of mining and infrastructural developments 196,500 251,430 204,439 259,527 242,698 247,552 304,523 309,573 262,704 267,958 2,546,904 Total 6,128,340 3,418,459 3,332,208 4,077,012 3,971,506 6,332,170 4,408,625 4,031,410 4,166,621 4,138,945 44,005,295 COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Human Wildlife conflict Output 1: Human Wildlife conflicts around wildlife habitats and corridors minimized 1,660,450 1,656,480 1,689,610 1,723,402 1,847,870 1,819,037 1,828,888 1,865,466 1,902,775 2,032,630 18,026,607 Transmission of diseases and parasites Output 2: Transmission of diseases and parasites among wildlife, domestic animals and 625,750 512,550 522,801 533,257 647,962 554,801 587,572 577,215 588,759 600,534 5,751,200 UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 66 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 18 18 | P a g e Program Objective Output Y1 (000) Y2 (000) Y3 (000) Y4 (000) Y5 (000) Y6 (000) Y7 (000) Y8 (000) Y9 (000) Y10 (000) Grand Total UGX (000) humans controlled Wildlife Based Enterprises development Output 3: Wildlife based enterprises identified and promoted to improve people’s livelihoods 172,000 175,440 178,949 182,528 186,178 189,902 193,700 197,574 201,525 205,556 1,883,352 Total 2,458,200 2,344,470 2,391,359 2,439,187 2,682,010 2,563,740 2,610,159 2,640,254 2,693,059 2,838,720 25,661,159 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME Research Output 1: Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas. 360,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 5,687,766 UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 67 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 19 19 | P a g e Program Objective Output Y1 (000) Y2 (000) Y3 (000) Y4 (000) Y5 (000) Y6 (000) Y7 (000) Y8 (000) Y9 (000) Y10 (000) Grand Total UGX (000) Monitoring Issues Output 2: Routine monitoring on ecological and socio-economic dynamics conducted to generate information for decision making 369,600 258,366 263,533 336,430 274,180 279,664 354,235 290,962 296,781 373,075 3,096,827 Total 729,600 725,566 740,077 822,505 769,976 885,376 1,222,062 921,145 939,568 1,028,718 8,784,593 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Administrative Infrastructure for management of Wildlife Output 1: Wildlife management zones, stations and outposts established 1,665,600 405,240 5,952,545 - - - - - - - 8,023,385 Staffing Structure UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 68 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 20 20 | P a g e Program Objective Output Y1 (000) Y2 (000) Y3 (000) Y4 (000) Y5 (000) Y6 (000) Y7 (000) Y8 (000) Y9 (000) Y10 (000) Grand Total UGX (000) Output 2: An elaborate structure with adequate, skilled and motivated staff for management of wildlife outside protected areas put in place 276,400 275,808 331,324 21,224 27,769 22,082 73,523 22,974 29,676 23,902 1,104,681 Total 1,942,000 681,048 6,283,869 21,224 27,769 22,082 73,523 22,974 29,676 23,902 9,128,066 GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAMME Stakeholder Cooperation and staff coordination 381,600 441,186 228,160 454,573 387,377 653,958 267,367 503,528 278,169 519,161 4,115,079 Total 381,600 441,186 228,160 454,573 387,377 653,958 267,367 503,528 278,169 519,161 4,115,079 Grand Total 11,639,740 7,610,729 12,975,673 7,814,501 7,838,639 10,457,325 8,581,737 8,119,310 8,107,092 8,549,446 91,694,193 UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 69 ANNEX VI: Monitoring and Evaluation Log Frame RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME LOG FRAME P a g e | 21 21 | P a g e Annex VI: Monitoring and Evaluation Log Frame RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME LOG FRAME Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program objective: To maintain viable wildlife habitats for the survival of wildlife outside UWA protected areas Number of wildlife in the habitats; percentage changes in land cover Assessment and survey/census reports; vegetation mapping Viable habitats for wildlife exist Outcome: Wildlife habitats outside UWA protected areas maintained Number of wildlife in the habitats; percentage changes in land cover Assessment and survey/census reports; vegetation mapping Viable habitats for wildlife exist Output 1: Bush and forest fires regulated and minimized No of incidences of bush/forest fires; No of awareness campaigns on wild fires Incidence reports, activity reports The community is aware of the dangers and consequences of wildfires Activity 1: Conduct awareness campaigns on wild fires Number of meetings held Targets 2 zonal level stakeholder meetings held in Kafu and Karenga zones annually 2 community awareness meetings held annually at each outpost Minutes of the meetings, Field reports Willingness of the community to cooperate Availability of funds Activity 2: Develop and enforce ordinances and Number of council meetings held Minutes of deliberations from the meetings, Bylaws Cooperation of the council officials UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 70 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 22 22 | P a g e bylaws on wild fires Targets One district council meeting and one sub county council meeting held in year 1 and 5 and ordinances on fire in place Activity 3: Identify and map out areas with high wildlife population density prone to wild fires Percentage of wildlife dense areas mapped out Targets 50% of wildlife dense areas mapped out in year 1 A map of wildlife dense areas in place Field reports Availability of funds Willingness of the community to have their areas mapped Activity 4: Support the development and implementation of wildlife management plans for high wildlife population density areas prone to wild fires Number of consultative meetings held Targets 3 consultative meetings with relevant institutions held in year 2 A management plan in place and being implemented Availability of funds Activity 5: Work with LGs to mobilize communities for wild fire fighting Number of mobilization meetings held Targets 12 mobilization meetings held every fire season Field reports Availability of funds Cooperation of the community members to fight the fires Activity 6: Enhance capacity in terms of training and equipment Number of training sessions conducted Targets 2 training sessions held every year from year 1-5 Assorted equipment procured for fighting fires Training reports, Presence of procured equipment Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 71 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 23 23 | P a g e Output 2: Wildlife in critical eco- systems outside UWA protected areas protected from poaching -No of sensitization meetings -No of joint law enforcement operations -No of community scouts -No and type of alternative livelihood initiatives -No of poachers arrested and prosecuted -Activity and assessment reports -Register of community scouts recruited -The provided alternative livelihood options are commensurate enough to deter the community from poaching -The communities are willing to volunteer as scouts Activity 1: Conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns on poaching Number of stakeholder meetings held Targets 5 zonal level stakeholder meetings per zone held quarterly Minutes of the meetings held The community will appreciate the value of protecting wildlife from poaching Activity 2: Assess and implement alternative livelihoods and incentives for communities Number of community livelihoods and incentives assessed Targets 12 community livelihoods and incentives assessed in year 4 Signed contract with the consultant Minutes of the meetings Field reports from inspection of the livelihoods in place -Willingness of communities to accept the alternative livelihoods initiatives -Availability of funds Activity 3: Establish and operationalize community wildlife scouts Number of operational community scouts Target 30 scouts in every zone trained and facilitated Minutes of the mobilization meetings filed, Presence of scouts on ground, filed reports -Availability of funds -Willingness to volunteer as scouts Activity 4: Identify and procure law enforcement Number of equipment procured Equipment acquisition documents -Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 72 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 24 24 | P a g e equipment Target 2 drones,18 motorcycles, 6 vehicles, assorted equipment e.g. camera traps Activity 5: Conduct joint law enforcement operations and prosecutions Number of joint law enforcement operations carried out Target One joint operation carried out every 3 months Field report, number of convicted cases vs the arrested culprits -Availability of funds -The justice system appreciates the impacts of wildlife crime Activity 6: Conduct operations to curb illegal wildlife trade and trafficking Number of operations carried out Target 5 operations conducted annually in every zone Activity reports, number of arrested traffickers, number of confiscated wildlife items -Availability of funds Output 3: Conversion of wildlife habitats to other land uses controlled -No of km of the boundary of community wildlife areas demarcated -No of ha of wildlife habitats on private land Annual reports; patrol reports; activity reports The land owners appreciate the need and value for protecting wildlife habitats on their land Activity 1: Create awareness on the dangers of exotics on biodiversity Number of awareness meetings carried out Targets Two awareness workshops conducted yearly in every zone Activity report, Availability of funds Activity 2: Support communities to identify and demarcate areas for Number of areas demarcated for collaborative wildlife A map of the demarcated areas, field visit reports Availability of funds Willingness of communities to provide land for collaborative UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 73 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 25 25 | P a g e collaborative wildlife management on private land management Targets 6 areas demarcated for collaborative wildlife management wildlife management Activity 3: Provide incentives and rewards for people who conserve habitats outside UWA protected areas Number of people rewarded for conservation initiatives Targets Annual assessment of outstanding conservationists done Report of awarding ceremony, interviews with awardees -Willingness of the community to conserve -Availability of funds Activity 4: Acquire critical habitats for wildlife conservation Number of habitats gazetted for conservation Target One critical habitat per zone acquired Land purchase deed in place -Availability of funds Activity 5: Monitor compliance to wildlife, environment policies and regulations Number of monitoring visits conducted Target 20 compliance monitoring visits carried out in every zone annually Field reports -Availability of funds Activity 6: Identify and restore critical degraded eco-systems in collaboration with stakeholders Number of degraded ecosystems restored Target At least 2 degraded areas identified and restored in every zone annually Field and restoration activity reports Availability of funds Collaboration of the land owners UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 74 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 26 26 | P a g e Output 4: Critical wildlife habitats protected from adverse impacts of mining and infrastructural developments -No of critical wildlife areas mapped out in mining areas -No of approved EIAs for mining in wildlife habitats -Level of compliance to mitigation measures Activity reports/EIA reports; compliance monitoring reports There is collaboration at sectoral level (e.g. mining, wildlife, energy) Activity 1: Collaborate with MEMD to create awareness and sensitization campaigns on mining and processes involved to reduce on impacts on wildlife habitats. Number of sensitization campaigns carried out Target 4 awareness and sensitization campaigns carried out annually in every zone Activity reports -Willingness to collaborate from both sectors -Availability of funds Activity 2: Identify and map critical wildlife areas especially breeding sites Number of wildlife breeding areas mapped out Target All breeding sites identified and mapped in each zone Map of the breeding site on file Availability of funds Activity 3: Assess the impact of mining in critical wildlife areas and implement recommendations of the assessment report Number of assessments done Target One assessment conducted in year 4 and 8 Assessment report Availability of funds Activity 4: Strengthen involvement in EIA processes in Number of EIAs developed in consultation with the EIA reports in place, activity reports Availability of funds P a g e | 27 27 | P a g e COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME developments affecting wildlife and conservation staff Target All EIAs developed with consultation of staff Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program objective: To enhance livelihoods and co-existence between wildlife and communities. -No of livelihood-based interventions -No of reported incidences resulting into human wildlife conflict -Annual reports -Assessment reports -Case files Communities embrace the various interventions Outcome: Reduced conflict between communities and wildlife - No of reported incidences resulting into human wildlife conflict -Case files -Annual reports -Assessment reports All incidences are reported Output 1: Human Wildlife conflicts in wildlife habitats and corridors minimized -No of incidences of human- wildlife conflicts; -No of human-wildlife conflict interventions supported; -No of people compensated for losses due to wildlife -Monitoring reports -Compensation reports -Assessment reports -Communities are willing to coexist with wildlife Activity 1: Identify and document problem animal hotspots Number of problem animal hotspots documented Target Map problem animal hotspots in Activity report, map showing the hotspots Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 75 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME P a g e | 27 27 | P a g e COMMUNITY CONSERVATION AND WILDLIFE BASED ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME developments affecting wildlife and conservation staff Target All EIAs developed with consultation of staff Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program objective: To enhance livelihoods and co-existence between wildlife and communities. -No of livelihood-based interventions -No of reported incidences resulting into human wildlife conflict -Annual reports -Assessment reports -Case files Communities embrace the various interventions Outcome: Reduced conflict between communities and wildlife - No of reported incidences resulting into human wildlife conflict -Case files -Annual reports -Assessment reports All incidences are reported Output 1: Human Wildlife conflicts in wildlife habitats and corridors minimized -No of incidences of human- wildlife conflicts; -No of human-wildlife conflict interventions supported; -No of people compensated for losses due to wildlife -Monitoring reports -Compensation reports -Assessment reports -Communities are willing to coexist with wildlife Activity 1: Identify and document problem animal hotspots Number of problem animal hotspots documented Target Map problem animal hotspots in Activity report, map showing the hotspots Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 76 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 28 28 | P a g e all zones in year 1 and 6 Activity 2: Support community-based interventions that address Human Wildlife Conflicts Number of community-based interventions to address HWCs supported Target At least 5 interventions in every zone supported Field visits Availability of funds Activity 3: Support land use practices compatible with wildlife conservation e.g. buffer crops, tree planting, Chili growing, bee keeping, grazing, tourism, wildlife use rights Number of land use practices supported Target 3 land use practices supported in each zone Field visits -Willingness of communities to embrace new land use practices -Availability of funds Activity 4: Implement the human-wildlife conflict management strategy Percentage level of implementation of the strategy Target At least 10% of the strategy implemented annually Activity reports Availability of funds Activity 5: Support Local Governments to develop and enforce land use plans around conservation areas Number of land use plans developed and implemented around CAs Target 3 districts in each zone with land use plans being implemented Field reports Availability of funds Activity 6: Recruit and facilitate more vermin guards and wildlife scouts Number of vermin guards recruited Target All districts in each zone with Copy of advert, Payroll copies -Presence of community members willing to volunteer -Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 77 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 29 29 | P a g e vermin guards Activity 7: Implement regulations for compensation in line with Wildlife Act 2019 Number of compensation claims settled Target At least half of the reported cases compensated Guidelines on file Availability of funds Activity 8: Profile best conservation practices Number of best conservation practices profiled Target All best practices identified and documented in year 5 and 10 Document detailing the best practices Availability of funds Output 2: Transmission of diseases and parasites among wildlife, domestic animals and humans controlled -No of community sensitizations -Incidences of reported wildlife diseases -Disease surveillance reports -Activity reports Stakeholders remain vigilant on disease outbreaks and mitigation Activity 1: Collaborate with MAAIF to map out critical wildlife habitats with high risks of disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals Number of areas with high risks of disease transmission mapped out Target Critical wildlife habitats with high risk of disease transmission mapped out in every zone in year 1 and 5 Map showing the critical high-risk areas Availability of funds Activity 2: Carry out regular disease surveillance in partnership with MAAIF Number of disease surveillances carried out Target Activity reports, surveillance report Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 78 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 30 30 | P a g e 2 disease surveillances carried out annually in every zone Activity 3: Develop protocols and Stand Operating Procedures for managing outbreaks of disease in collaboration with MAAIF Protocols and SOPs for managing disease outbreak developed Target Protocols for disease outbreak management developed in year 1 and reviewed in year 7 Protocols and SOP documents in place Availability of funds Activity 4: Work with MAAIF to sensitize communities on disease transmission Number of sensitization campaigns on disease transmission carried out Target 2 sensitization campaigns held annually in each zone Activity reports Availability of funds Activity 5: Liaise with MAAIF to undertake vaccination of domestic animals Number of animals vaccinated Target At least 50% of all domestic animals in all zones are vaccinated annually Vaccination records Availability of funds Activity 6: Carry out diagnostics for both wildlife and domestic animals Number of animal diagnostic records Target Diagnostics carried out on at least 50% of the animals annually Diagnostics records Availability of funds Output 3: Wildlife based enterprises identified and promoted to -No of wildlife enterprises identified -No of community groups and -Activity reports -Monitoring reports The supported groups and individuals are able to link the livelihood interventions to UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 79 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 31 31 | P a g e improve people’s livelihoods individuals supported -No of eco-tourism sites developed conservation of wildlife Activity 1: Support communities to identify suitable economic wildlife- based enterprises in selected wildlife habitat sites Number of community-based enterprises identified Target All viable enterprise identified every zone Activity reports -Willingness of communities to engage in wildlife-based enterprises -Availability of funds Activity 2: Support community groups and individuals to develop their enterprises Number of community groups supported Target 1 community group supported in every zone annually Field reports Availability of funds Activity 3: Support communities to develop and promote eco-tourism in selected areas Number of eco-tourism enterprises developed and promoted Target 1 ecotourism venture supported annually in every zone Field reports Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 80 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME P a g e | 32 32 | P a g e ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program objective: To generate credible data and information to guide decision making and management of wildlife resources outside UWA protected areas -No of surveys conducted -No. of research studies undertaken -Survey reports -Research reports The conducted research is effectively and efficiently used by the relevant stakeholders in the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas Outcome: Management decisions are made based on research findings No. of decisions made based on research findings Minutes of management meetings Researches undertaken address management issues Output 1: Research studies conducted to generate information for the management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas -No of research studies conducted -No of research study findings used for management decision making -Research study reports -Management reports -Minutes of management meetings Researches undertaken address management issues Activity 1: Carry out biodiversity inventories in critical wildlife areas outside UWA protected areas Number of biodiversity inventories carried out in each critical zone Target One biodiversity inventory carried out every 2 years A biodiversity inventory report on record Availability of funds Activity 2: Conduct ecosystems valuation in selected sites Number of sites valued Target Valuation carried out in all selected sites Document of ecosystem value Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 81 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 33 33 | P a g e Activity 3: Conduct feasibility studies on wild based enterprises in selected areas Number of wildlife- based enterprises with feasibility studies done Target At least 50% of all wildlife- based enterprises with complete feasibility studies Document in place Availability of funds Activity 4: Conduct management-oriented research in critical wildlife areas Number of management- oriented researches conducted Target 3 management oriented researches carried out every year Research fund operational Availability of funds Output 2: Routine monitoring on ecological and socio- economic dynamics conducted to generate information for decision making -No of routine monitoring visits -No of decisions made based on the findings from routine monitoring -Monitoring reports -Minutes of management meetings The findings from the routine monitoring are being used effectively for decision making Activity 1: Produce a state of wildlife resources report outside UWA Protected areas. Wildlife resources report in place Target A state of wildlife report produced every year Report on file Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 82 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 34 34 | P a g e Activity 2: Conduct surveillance studies on diseases in specific areas Number of surveillance studies conducted Target Surveillance carried out once every year in each zone Surveillance report Availability of funds Activity 3: Maintain a data base on wildlife issues outside UWA Protected areas Data base in place Target A data base system developed in year 1 and maintained all through the plan period Database in place and operational Availability of funds Activity 4: Undertake regular censuses in selected areas outside PAs Number of censuses undertaken Target Census carried out every after 2 years in all zones Activity reports, record of wildlife numbers Availability of funds Activity 5: Carry out regular wildlife inventories Number of wildlife inventories carried out Target An inventory carried out in every zone in year 5 and 10 Activity reports, inventory report Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 83 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME LOG FRAME P a g e | 35 35 | P a g e CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME LOG FRAME Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program Objective: To strengthen organizational capacity to manage wildlife outside UWA protected areas -Number of skilled staff -Number of administrative infrastructure (e.g. offices, accommodation) -Number of equipment -Staffing structure and payroll -Certificate of completion -Field verification reports Availability of funds Outcome: Organizational capacity to manage wildlife outside UWA protected areas strengthened -Number of skilled staff -Number of administrative infrastructure (e.g. offices, accommodation) -Number of equipment -Staffing structure and payroll -Certificate of completion -Field verification reports Availability of funds Output 1: Wildlife management zones, stations and outposts established -No of wildlife management stations and outposts established -Field verification reports -Availability of funds -Willingness of LGs to accommodate wildlife staff Activity 1: Establish six wildlife management stations Number of management stations established Target Hire office space in year 1 Purchase land for construction of buildings in year 2 Office space occupied by staff, land title deeds on file Availability of funds Activity 2: Establish ranger outposts in each wildlife zone Number of outposts established in each zone Target Hire accommodation for rangers in year 1 Accommodation facilities available for the staff Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 84 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 36 36 | P a g e -Purchase land for construction of accommodation for rangers in year 2 Activity 3: Procure field equipment and materials for wildlife management stations and ranger outposts Number of equipment and materials procured Target 15 vehicles, 12 motorcycles and other assorted equipment procured Equipment acquisition documents on file Availability of funds Output 2: An elaborate structure with adequate, skilled and motivated staff for management of wildlife outside protected areas put in place -No. of staff recruited -No. of staff whose capacity of the management of wildlife has been built -Staff records -Training reports -Availability of funds Activity 1: Review and develop a staff structure for management of wildlife outside PAs Staff structure for management of wildlife outside PAs in place Target Staff structure reviewed and developed A comprehensive staff structure in place Willingness of management to comprehensively deal with wildlife outside protected areas Activity 2: Recruit staff for management of wildlife outside UWA protected areas Number of staff recruited Target At least 108 staff recruited Staff contracts signed Availability of funds Activity 3: Conduct a staff capacity needs assessment Staff capacity needs assessment conducted Target Capacity needs assessment Capacity assessment report Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 85 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 37 37 | P a g e done in year 1,5 and 9 Activity 4: Conduct trainings to address capacity gaps identified Number of trainings conducted Target 1 training carried out every year in every zone Training report Availability of funds Activity 5: Conduct exposure visits for selected staff Number of exposure visits conducted Target 2 exposure visits carried in every zone in year 3 and 7 Activity reports Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 86 GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAMME LOG FRAME P a g e | 38 38 | P a g e GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS PROGRAMME LOG FRAME Objective Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions Program objective: To enhance stakeholder relations and public image during implementation of the plan -Number of MoUs signed -Number of CSR activities carried out -Activity reports -MoU documents Stakeholders are willing to collaborate Outcome: Improved stakeholder collaboration -Number of MoUs operationalized -Number of stakeholders participating in wildlife management activities -Activity reports Stakeholders are willing to collaborate Output 1: Stakeholder cooperation and coordination with staff improved -No of coordination mechanisms -No. of functional MoUs -No of joint stakeholder interventions -Reports -Joint intervention activity reports All relevant stakeholders cooperate and coordinate amongst each other Activity 1: Orient the stakeholder representatives on their roles and responsibilities Number of orientation meetings held Target National stakeholders and local stakeholders in every zone oriented once in year 1 and 6 Activity reports Availability of funds Activity 2: Conduct regular stakeholder coordination meetings Number of coordination meetings held Target 1 coordination meeting Activity reports, minutes of meetings Availability of funds UGANDA WILDLIFE AUTHORITY NATIONAL PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE OUTSIDE UWA PROTECTED AREAS 87 ANNEX I: Status of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas P a g e | 39 39 | P a g e conducted every quarter in each zone Activity 3: Develop and implement Communication Strategy for the Plan Communication strategy in place Target Communication strategy implemented Communication strategy on file Availability of funds Activity 4: Organize joint stakeholder field visits to selected wildlife sites for learning Number of stakeholder field visits conducted Target One visit per zone organized every after one year Field reports Availability of funds Activity 5: Identify and support cultural practices that enhance conservation Number of cultural practices identified and supported Target 20% of identified cultural practices supported Activity reports Availability of funds Activity 6: Participate in selected district and sub-county meetings Number of district and subcounty meetings attended Target At least 50% of the meetings organized by the local governments attended every year Activity reports Availability of funds, willingness of the district to invite the staff 88 Published by: Uganda Wildlife Authority Plot 7 Kira Road, Kamwokya P.O. Box, Kampala Uganda © 2021 Uganda Wildlife Authority