National Forest Plan 2011/12-2021/22

1. Increase economic productivity and employment through forest production, processing and service industries

2. Raise incomes for households through forest-based initiatives;

3. Restore and improve ecosystem services derived from sustainably managed forest resources Investment Priorities In line with the NDP, the forestry sector will focus on promoting the development of products and services which have high contribution towards accelerated social-economic transformation. Accordingly, the following products and services will be promoted under this NFP:

1. High grade timber and associated products

2. Firewood and charcoal (household, commercial and industrial)

3. Construction and industrial poles

4. Tree seed and planting materials

5. Non-wood forest products (rattan, bamboo, etc)

6. Fruit trees

7. Bee products

8. Water catchment services

9. Biodiversity products (e.g. herbal medicine, wild coffee)

10. Ecotourism (the forests – water – landscape connection)

11. Carbon sequestration services

12. Ecological functions through sustainable forest management using forest certification standards

13. Aromatic oils x In order to realise the products and services above, the NFP will focus investments in the following priority areas:

1. Planted trees and forests

2. Restoration of degraded natural forests

3. Promotion of forest-based industries and trade

4. Forest law enforcement and governance

5. ICT in forest management Programmes and Strategies Based on the priorities listed above, investment will be channelled into the following programmes: Core programs Support programs Cross-cutting issues Programme 1: Development of Programme 6: ICT in forest management commercial forest plantations and advisory services 1. Gender

2. HIV/AIDS Programme 2: Promotion and Programme 7: Forestry Education and 3. Environment intensification of tree growing on- Training 4. Climate farm Programme 8: Forestry research change Programme 3: Restoration and Programme 9: Supply of quality tree conservation of natural forests seeds and planting materials Programme 10: Forest sector institutional Programme 4: Forest product development and coordination processing and value addition Programme 11: Forest law enforcement Programme 5: Promotion of Urban and forest governance Forestry Programme 12: Forest financing and resource mobilization Programme 13: Forest certification Under each of the Programmes above, the following strategies have been elaborated: Programme 1: Development of commercial forest plantations

1. Expand and sustainably manage commercial timber and pole plantations

2. Establish and sustainably manage energy plantations

3. Encourage development of community-based out-grower forest plantation schemes around large plantations Programme 2: Promotion and intensification of tree growing on farm

1. Support establishment and management of woodlots, hedgerows, windbreaks and shelter belts

2. Promote on-farm growing of high conservation value species Programme 3: Restoration and conservation of natural forests

1. Restore / rehabilitate degraded and deforested natural forests in CFRs and wildlife conservation areas

2. Promote the restoration / rehabilitation of natural forests on private and communal lands xi

3. Restore / rehabilitate water catchment areas and fragile ecosystems (bare hills, river banks, lakeshores)

4. Build capacity for community based natural resource forest management and collaborative forest management

5. Promote the development of natural forest related enterprises

6. Promote conservation of biodiversity in priority forest reserves and wildlife conservation areas

7. Promote management of important biodiversity corridors on private and communal land. Programme 4: Forestry product processing and value addition

1. Promote small and medium capacity sawmills with high recovery rates

2. Improve harvesting and processing practices for higher revenue returns from natural forests

3. Build the capacity for value addition for processing wood and non-timber forest products Programme 5: Promotion of urban forestry

1. Mainstream forestry in urban development plans

2. Manage urban forest reserves

3. Increase urban tree growing and protection

4. Support urban tree nurseries to produce quality planting materials Programme 6: ICT in Forest Management and Advisory Services

1. Develop and implement user-friendly information management systems to collect, process and disseminate forest information

2. Develop and implement a forestry sector communication strategy

3. Establish national and regional forestry stakeholders consultative fora for information sharing and review of forestry sector performance

4. Build the capacity of service providers (NGOs, private consulting & contracting companies, etc.) to effectively deliver forestry services

5. Promote energy saving technologies in wood deficient areas and high population centres

6. Build the capacity of local community institutions to demand for forestry advisory services Programme 7: Forestry education and training

1. Develop and periodically review curricula for professional and technical forestry training to enhance knowledge, attitude and skills

2. Conduct tailored apprenticeship and on-job training for staff of NFA, DFS, FSSD and other forest related organizations to improve their performance

3. Promote farmer field schools and agro-forestry demonstrations 4. Build knowledge, attitude and skills of service providers for effective delivery of forestry services

5. Promote and strengthen the integration of forestry related co-curricular activities in primary and secondary education Programme 8: Forestry Research

1. Develop and implement Strategic Plans for Forestry Research and Development through relevant research institutions

2. Undertake species trials for indigenous trees to inform diversified plantation development

3. Promote research on-farm

4. Promote research by forest management institutions

5. Develop and implement a tree improvement programme

6. Undertake specific studies to fill information gaps

7. Develop and implement mechanisms for transfer of technologies Programme 9: Supply of quality tree seed and planting materials

1. Improve tree seed procurement, testing, storage and distribution

2. Establish and maintain quality tree seed sources xii

3. Produce quality tree seedlings and other planting materials

4. Promote the multiplication and use of indigenous species

5. Develop a Seed Certification Scheme Programme 10: Forest sector institutional development and coordination

1. Improve the capacity of FSSD, NFA and DFS in terms of staffing, skills, equipment, etc for better performance of their mandates

2. Improve coordination, networking and partnerships for all forestry sector stakeholders

3. Improve sector monitoring and evaluation

4. Promote domestication, coordination and implementation of regional and international forestry related multi-lateral environment agreements

5. Promote the participation of private sector institutions and communities in forest management Programme 11: Forest Law Enforcement and Forest governance

1. Strengthen the development, dissemination and implementation of relevant forestry policies, regulations, standards and guidelines, and the periodic reviews thereof

2. Prepare and implement participatory Forest Management Plans

3. Restore the physical integrity of forests in protected areas

4. Promote professionalism among forestry practitioners (codes of ethics, skills, professional standards)

5. Develop the capacity of CSOs and local communities to contribute to FLEG and hold government institutions accountable

6. Strengthen collaborative forest management partnerships for improvement of the wellbeing of forest-edge communities

7. Increase collaboration and coordination between formal forestry institutions and law enforcement agencies Programme 12: Forest Financing

1. Mobilize conditional grants for forestry management by local governments

2. Operationize the Tree Fund provided for under the law to support tree growing initiatives at local government and community levels

3. Develop economic instruments (financial, taxes, green levies, payment for ecosystem services, etc) for funding forest management

4. Increase the economic productivity of natural forests in order to generate incomes for re- investment

5. Develop innovative (e.g. expanding landscape tourism, botanical gardens, butterfly farming, value addition, etc) to diversify incomes/revenue sources

6. Promote corporate social responsibility initiatives that support tree growing and natural forest management

7. Mainstream tree planting in all public and private sector development programmes

8. Promote private-public partnerships to enhance forest sector financing

9. Mobilize long-term low-interest finance from pension funds, insurance and financial institutions for forest developers Programme 13: Forest Certification

1. Develop systems for independent verification of legal sources of marketable forest products

2. Establish and support a National Working Group under the auspices of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

3. Develop the national standards, criteria and indicators in accordance with FSC SFM principles and generic criteria & indicators

4. Publicize and develop markets for the forest certification initiative

5. Manage selected natural forests and plantations for production according to SFM principles in a phased manner xiii

6. Organize and encourage PFOs (of both plantations and natural forests) to produce for the markets that take products from forests managed under the certification scheme

7. Build the capacity of public and private tree growers, PFO organisations and individuals to implement SFM principles Financing Arrangements for the National Forest Plan The total budget over the ten years of the NFP is UGX 915.219 billion (USD 415 million), progressing with the intensity of activities from UGX 23.9 billion (USD 10.89 million) in the first year, and reaching UGX 159.7 billion (USD 72.6 million) in the 10th year. 41% of the budget will be funded by Government (including Development Partners funding through line government ministries and local governments), 44% will be funded by the private sector, and 15% through civil society organisations. These funds will be mobilised through: x Increased capacity to generate revenues from the forest products through value addition and diversification x Payment for environmental services, especially through carbon sequestration and watershed protection services x Private sector sources (domestic and external) x Public funds, including Official Development Assistance x Government instruments like guaranteeing loans and tax relief for the private sector x Public-Private Partnerships, especially in commercial timber and energy plantations x Long-term loans from pension & insurance funds, and development banks xiv PART 1: REVIEW OF THE 2002 NATIONAL FORESTRY PLAN 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and context The National Forest Plan (NFP) is a sector-wide strategy for managing forestry resources in Uganda. The first NFP was approved by Cabinet in October 2002 as one of the outcomes of the Forest Sector Reform process that was initiated in1996 by the then Forestry Department, and further developed by Government through the Uganda Forestry Sector Coordination Secretariat (1999 – 2004). The other major outcomes of the reform included the Uganda Forestry Policy (2001), the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act (2003), and a new institutional arrangement to replace the Forest Department. This arrangement devolved the responsibilities and functions for forestry sector management to the following institutions: x Forestry Sector Support Department (initially Forestry Inspection Division) as the technical arm of the Ministry responsible for forestry. x National Forestry Authority (NFA) to manage Central Forest Reserves (CFRs), x District Forestry Services (DFS) to promote responsible management of forests outside the protected areas (PAs) Through the Uganda Forestry Policy (2001), Government sets out the direction for managing the sector, through prescribing the sector vision, goal, guiding principles and policy statements. The Policy was agreed upon through a lengthy consultative process with key agencies, organizations and individuals at national, district and local levels across the sector. The NFP was developed to put into action the provisions of this policy. 1.2 Forest Sector Vision, Goal and Objectives under NFP (2002) The Forestry Policy (2001) provides the sector Vision and Goal which were adopted by the NFP (2002). These are described below. Vision: The Vision of the forestry sector in Uganda is, “A sufficiently forested, ecologically stable and economically prosperous Uganda”. Goal: The goal of the forestry sector is, “An integrated forest sector that achieves sustainable increases in economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees by all the people of Uganda, especially the poor and vulnerable”. Objectives: The objectives of the NFP conformed to the then national planning framework, the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), now replaced by the National Development Plan (2010). The main focus was on the management of tree and forest resources for the economic, social and environmental benefits for all the people of Uganda, in line with the pillars of PEAP. To this end, the NFP was designed to improve the livelihoods of Ugandans, especially those living in rural areas through raising the incomes of the poor people, increasing the number of jobs and enhancing the contribution of forests to Uganda’s economic development, while ensuring that the future of the country was not jeopardized in the process. 1 As the new strategic planning framework for turning the forestry policy into action, the NFP provided the following strategic objectives to contribute to the achievement of the sector Vision and Goal. (i) To raise incomes for households through forest-based initiatives, targeting improvement of the well-being of small-scale, largely rural stakeholders; (ii) To increase economic productivity and employment in forest industries, targeting large- scale, commercial investors; (iii) To restore and improve ecosystem services derived from sustainably managed forest resources 1.3 The Need to Revise National Forest Plan, 2002 The NFP was designed as a ten-year rolling strategic development plan for the forestry sector, and hence would expire in 2012. However, the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) recognized new developments which had occurred in the forestry sector and the national landscape as a whole, which necessitated a new strategic outlook for the sector. Some of the changes are described below. a) The national planning framework has changed from a ―poverty eradication‖ approach to the ―National Enterprise‖ approach, which is the main philosophy in Uganda’s National Development Plan (NDP), 2010. The NDP requires that “…all ministries, departments, and autonomous and semi-autonomous entities will realign their development priorities with the NDP” (Republic of Uganda, 2010). The NDP also places forestry at the centre of Uganda’s development agenda by categorizing it as a primary growth sector, alongside other sectors like agriculture, tourism, industry, and oil & gas. The NFP must therefore be refocused to portray this position. The recognition of the role of forestry in national development today offers favourable prospects for increased investment for forestry within the national budget and donor programmes, and through the private sector. b) Uganda’s population has continued to increase at an average of 3.2% annually, rising from 24.2 million in 2002 to 31.8 million people in mid-2010 (UBOS, 2010). With the increasing population, there is greater demand for land for agricultural expansion, increased pressure on forest lands, and increased consumption of forest products like timber, charcoal, & firewood. Therefore, the strategies for the management and conservation of forests and trees urgently need to be recast to address the increasing demands. c) Uganda’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at an average of 7.5% between 2002 and 2008 (UBOS, 2009). Such growth meant that the various sectors (e.g. construction, energy for small & medium-scale processing industries, and farmland) which use forest products increased their demand, thus escalating pressure on forest resources and forestlands. d) New opportunities for financing sustainable forest management (SFM) from forest revenues have emerged. For example, forest products and services which were not prominent as generators of forestry revenues are now becoming more marketable and a promising source of income for the forest owners. The non-traditional forest revenue sources emerging today include ecotourism, art & crafts, bee products, carbon, and biodiversity, among others. An emerging non-forest source of investment funds is corporate social responsibility among large private companies (mainly with international connections) and national statutory bodies. e) The institutional framework that came with the forest sector reform has not delivered in many of the prescribed functions as had been envisaged: 2 i The Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD) is still struggling to recruit staff, nine years down the road. Further, government funding from the Consolidated Fund has not been as forthcoming as had been anticipated. This has rendered the FSSD poorly equipped to execute its policy and legal mandate of oversight and coordination of the entire forestry sector. FSSD has been able to support only some districts through the Farm Income Enhancement and Forest Conservation Project (FIEFOC). i The National Forestry Authority (NFA), charged with management of central forest reserves (CFRs) did well during its first four years, but later it became dogged with problems of governance. In addition, NFA failed to achieve financial self-sufficiency by the 4th year of its existence, as had been anticipated, and it is still highly dependent on external support. This has now been exacerbated by the fact that the timber plantations, which provided the bulk of its internal revenues, are depleted. i The District Forestry Offices (DFOs) of local governments (LGs) are still struggling to find means of effectively implementing their mandate of supervising management of forests on private lands. During the sector reform, Government decentralised this responsibility for supervision of forest management without a proportionate decentralisation of financial resources. i It was also envisaged that Private Forest Owners (PFOs) with registered forests would operate as ―Responsible Bodies‖, along with NFA, LGs, and communities with registered communal forests. However, there is no private or community forest that has been registered since the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act (NFTPA) was enacted in

2003. In spite of this, the private sector is now more vibrant than it was in 2002. Private investment in commercial timber plantations is fast gathering pace, largely due to the realisation that timber and related products will soon become precious commodities as the sawlog stock in the country runs out. There is also growing interest among small tree growers to establish woodlots. The private natural forests on the other hand have received little attention, and are rapidly being converted to agricultural production. f) Emerging global forestry-related instruments and markets, especially the international initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), which was formally agreed during the Bali Climate Conference in 2007. The international community is now actively engaged in developing the REDD+ operating mechanisms. Uganda is preparing plans to take advantage of REDD+ to benefit from restoration of natural forests and other conservation & SFM activities. Also emerging are global markets that are responsive to products harvested from forests under sustainable management standards, especially forest certification. In view of this changing landscape, the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) considered it necessary to revise the NFP, to bring it in line with the current Uganda’s national development agenda, while recognizing the international cooperation arrangements that are emerging. 1.4 The Revision Process The process of revising the NFP took a consultative and participatory approach, combined with expert opinions of consultants and members of the National Technical Committee which reviewed the work of the consultants. The review process was cognizant of the fact that the implementation of the revised plan would involve a highly diverse stakeholder landscape. Therefore, the participatory process also served to prepare the stakeholders for the actual implementation of the NFP. The revision was done mainly through the following activities: 3 Review of Documents Various relevant documents were reviewed, including national and sectoral strategic plans, as listed in Appendix 1 Key Informant Interviews The interviews of key informants were conducted covering a wide range of forestry-related institutions, including central government Ministries, Departments and agencies, LGs, Development Cooperation Partners, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and the private sector. The list of the stakeholders interviewed is shown in appendix 2 (a) Administration of a Questionnaire The open-ended questionnaires were administered to various stakeholder groups, including central and LG officials, the private sector, forestry-related civil society groups, researchers, and trainers. Specific studies The NFP revision process benefited a lot from parallel studies and processes on forest governance, REDD+, Forestry sector review, forest financing, enhancing stakeholder participation, forestry partnerships and benefit sharing, ICT in forest governance, etc. Regional stakeholders’ workshops The stakeholders at sub-national and community level were consulted through two major regional workshops. The list of participants in the regional workshops is shown in appendix 2(b). Peer reviews The multi-stakeholder Technical Committee (Appendix 2(c) set up by the Ministry of Water and Environment reviewed the drafts respectively. In between, drafts were circulated to a wider range of stakeholders for comments. Therefore, stakeholders were kept engaged progressively in the revision process. National stakeholders’ workshop A national consultative workshop was conducted to validate the draft NFP. The list of participants in the regional and the national workshops is shown in appendix 2(d). 4 2.0 FORESTRY IN NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 2.1 General Information about Uganda Uganda covers a total surface area of just over 24 million hectares (ha), 17.3% of which is covered by open water and swamps. As of 2005, forests and woodlands covered just over 3.6 million ha or 18% of the land area (Uganda Bureau of Statistics [UBOS], 2009). Table 1 summarises the basic information about Uganda. Table 1: Basic Information about Uganda Latitude 4o12’N & 1o29’S Longitude 29o34’E & 35o0’W Minimum altitude above sea level 620 metres maximum altitude above sea level 5,110 metres Total surface area 241,550.7 km2 Land Area 199,807 km2 Area under water and swamps 41,743 km2 Average temperature 15-31oC Average rainfall 735 -1863 mm/year Per capita GDP at constant (2002) market prices (UBOS, 2006) UGX 646,477 (US$ 360)1 GDP growth rate at constant (2002) market prices (2008/09) 7 percent Contribution of agriculture (including forestry) to GDP at constant (2002) market prices 15.1 percent Contribution of forestry to GDP at constant (2002) market prices 2.6 percent2 Total population (2009 mid-year) 30.7 million Percentage of females (2002) 51 percent Percentage urban (2009 mid-year) 14.8 percent Percentage of forest cover (2005) 15 percent Percentage of people living below the poverty line (2005/06 31.1 percent Population growth rate 3.2% Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics,(2009) 2.2 Economic Value of Uganda’s Forests Bush, Nampindo, Aguti and Plumptre (2004) estimated the total economic value (marketable and non-marketable values) of Uganda's forests at UGX 593.24 billion (USD 300 million). However, the estimation of the contribution of forests to the national economy in Uganda still presents both conceptual and methodological challenges. In general, it is believed that the contribution of forests is routinely underestimated. Some of the challenges in forest evaluation include: ƒ Forests produce multiple products that make it difficult to assign values to some of the products. ƒ Forests produce many non-market products and services. Forests have provided safety nets against shortages of food, fuel, income and against ill-health, especially during times of natural or economic shocks that perpetuate vulnerability and poverty. ƒ Timber and some other forest products result from biological processes that take a very long time to realize. ƒ Scientific data on forest production functions is inadequate. 1 Statistical Abstract, Official Middle Exchange Rate, 2002: US$ 1 = UGX 1797 2 A study by Glenn Bush et al, 2004, which included the total economic values of forests, put the contribution of forestry to GDP at 5.2% 5 ƒ Many forest products and services are important to the livelihood of the rural poor, but these products have little weight in organized commodity markets. 2.3 Contribution to Gross Domestic Product The forestry sector’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by economic activity at current prices was estimated at UGX 1,038 billion, of which, UGX 418 billion was monetary and UGX 619 billion non-monetary (UBOS, 2009). Based on this, the percentage share of GDP made by the forestry sector was 3.5% (1.4% monetary and 2.1% non-monetary). The trends for the period 2004/05 – 2008/09 are shown in Table 2. Table 2: GDP Share (at current market prices) Economic Activity 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Average Agriculture, forestry & fishing 25.1 24.1 22.3 21.2 23.7 23.3 Cash crops 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.9 Food crops 15.5 14.5 12.6 11.1 13.7 13.5 Livestock 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.7 Forestry 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 Fishing 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.8 Source: Adapted from UBOS (2009) However, these figures exclude values of benefits from forestry services like watershed protection, biodiversity conservation, sequestration of greenhouse gases, and control of soil erosion. In addition, other forestry contributions which can be monetised are also accredited to other sectors. For example, ecotourism is accredited to the Tourism Sector, while value-added timber is accredited to the construction and manufacturing sectors (UBOS, 2009). Consequently, other studies that have taken a Total Economic Value (TEV) outlook have independently estimated the sector contribution to GDP closer to 6% (MWLE, 2001, Bush, Nampindo, Aguti and Plumptre, 2004). 2.4 Woody Biomass Energy Biomass is the dominant energy resource for households, and small & medium scale industries such as lime, brick and tile making and a number of agro-based industries. 92% of Uganda’s energy needs are met from woody biomass (Republic of Uganda, 2010). UBOS (2009) indicated that the nominal value of household expenditure on firewood and charcoal (in both monetary and non-monetary terms), increased from 18 million tonnes in 1996/97 to 32.8 million tonnes in 2005/06, or 82 percent increase over a period of 9 years. The value of charcoal consumption more than doubled, while the value of firewood consumption for the same period increased by 68 percent (Figure 1). 6 Figure 1: Value of Firewood and Charcoal Consumption at Household Level (million Shillings) 35,000 Value of Household expenditure (Mil ion UGX) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1996/97 2002/03 2005/06 Charcoal 4,076 6,936 9,345 -----+- Firewood 13,967 20,677 23,435 Tot al 18,043 27,613 32,780 Financial Year Source: Adapted from UBOS (2009) 2.5 Round-wood for the Construction Sector Forests and trees are an important source of construction materials in Uganda by providing timber, poles, ropes, and other construction materials. Over 42% of dwelling units in Uganda use mud and poles for the walls of dwelling units, and 98% of the dwelling units use timber or poles (with iron sheets or grass-thatch) as a component for roofing (UBOS, 2006). The construction industry has grown at an average rate of nearly 13% annually during the period 2004/05 - 2008/09 (UBOS, 2009), with direct consequence of increasing demand for the forest products. 2.6 Contribution to Household Incomes Forestry still contributes a lot to the livelihood of the great majority of Ugandans, mostly in the informal economy. Forestry has continued to form a large part of the informal sector through sale of firewood, charcoal, furniture, craft materials, fruits, seedlings, honey, etc. In the life of the NFP various efforts have been undertaken to help the poor gain more access to forestry resources through agroforestry and community planting by NGOs, government and donors but access to resources still eludes many among the poor as seen from the increasing distances to collect firewood and growing scarcity of other products like timber. 2.7 Contribution to Amelioration of the Effects of Climatic Change Forests and trees help to mitigate the effects of climate change. Opportunities for payment for mitigation of the effects of climate change through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and more recently, REDD+ have emerged on the international scene. The product traded is carbon. Uganda can greatly benefit through these opportunities in terms of generating income for the forest owners. 2.8 Employment in the Forest Sector The forest sector is an important employer in Uganda, especially in rural areas. The Government estimates that the forest sector employs about 1 million people. 100,000 of these are employed in the formal sector (Forest Policy 2001). During the period 2004-2007, 21,000 ha of plantation has been established leading to an additional 10,000 permanent jobs & another 15.000 part time jobs, which translates into UGX 20 billion (USD 12.1 million) (Kaggwa, R; Hogan, R. and Hall, B (2009a). 7 Future trends show that employment in the forestry sector is going to increase considerably in the area of plantation establishment. By 2025, about 100,000 jobs will have been created (Table 3) from forest plantations alone. Table 3: Future Trends in Job Creation from Industrial Forest Plantations Year Area to be Planted (ha) No of Jobs Value 2008 6,100 3,050 5,490,000,000 2009 6,200 3,100 5,580,000,000 2010 6,760 3,380 6,084,000,000 2011 7,390 3,695 6,651,000,000 2012 8,020 4,010 7,218,000,000 2013 8,650 4,325 7,785,000,000 2014 9,280 4,640 8,352,000,000 2015 9,910 4,955 8,919,000,000 2016 10,540 5,270 9,486,000,000 2017 11,170 5,585 10,053,000,000 2018 11,800 5,900 10,620,000,000 2019 12,430 6,215 11,187,000,000 2020 13,060 6,530 11,754,000,000 2021 13,690 6,845 12,321,000,000 2022 14,320 7,160 12,888,000,000 2023 14,950 7,475 13,455,000,000 2024 15,580 7,790 14,022,000,000 2025 16,210 8,105 14,589,000,000 196,060 98,030 176,454,000,000 Source: Calculated from NFA Records 2.9 Forests and Trees as Safety Nets Forests have provided safety nets against shortages of food, fuel and income and against ill- health (especially important at times of natural or economic shocks that perpetuate vulnerability and poverty). Vulnerability to natural calamities however increased in areas where forests have been cleared resulting in landslides, famine, poor health and suffering. A sad example is the Bududa disaster of 2010 in which hundreds of residents died and many were displaced due to the landslides. In 2002 it was estimated that 15% of the population of Uganda live in parishes that neighbour forest reserves. Many other people (two or even three parishes away) also use these resources, This scenario has not changed and as a result many millions of farmers use trees on-farm for firewood, poles or as part of their farming systems and sell a variety of tree products like poles, timber, fuelwood and charcoal for basic income in the home. 2.10 Contribution of Forests to Other Sectors The forestry sector is crucial for the productivity and survival of other sectors. Forests, woodlands and trees render ecological services and support to agriculture, livestock production, industry, water, energy, health, wildlife, and tourism among others, These services are often taken for granted or are poorly understood. Virtually all forest reserves (FRs), i.e. over one million hectares serve the important functions of protecting biodiversity, water catchments, riverbanks, lakeshores and stabilising of steep slopes (NFA, 2005). 8 Water sector Forests play a key role in protecting water catchments, ensuring sustainable supply of water for domestic consumption, industrial use and generation of energy. Access to safe drinking water has been rising, standing at 61% (UBOS, 2006) due to drilling of boreholes, protection of wells & springs, and treatment of water from open reservoirs. All these sources are dependent on watersheds that are protected by forests. The value of watershed protection services is estimated at UGX 160 billion annually, considering only the aspects domestic water consumption in the community around the natural forests (Glenn Bush, et. al, 2004). The downstream costs of the effects of erosion or siltation of surface water sources further down the catchment and the impact of eutrophication on fisheries have not been included. Agriculture sector Forests and trees play a key role in servicing agriculture through regulation of underground water flows, stopping soil erosion and improving soil fertility. For example, on average there is 14 cm more topsoil on forested hillsides, trees can add up to 150kg of nitrogen per hectare, increasing maize yields up to 5 times (MWLE, 2002). Tourism development Some of the CFRs also offer important tourist attractions, especially cherished by those who love nature in its rustic form. Manufacturing sector In the small to medium manufacturing industries, woody biomass is the main energy source for small & medium scale industries such as lime, brick and tile making, and a number of agro- based industries (UBOS, 2009) Forests also support the production of hydro-electric power by contributing to maintenance of the hydrological cycle. The deforestation in the lake’s catchment areas partly contributed to the reduction in water levels of Lake Victoria in the mid-2000s, leading to the lowering of hydro- power output in the mid-2000s. As a result, the manufacturing sector was severely affected, with its GDP growth dropping from 10.8% in 2004/05 to 4.5% in 2005/06 [MoFPED, 2006]. Most manufacturers were consequently forced either to reduce production or to continue using generators leading to high production costs. Forests are a source of raw materials for the manufacturing sector (e.g. honey, fruits, medicines and aromatic products). There is a big potential for bio-diversity enterprises to contribute to industrial development and competitiveness that is yet to be tapped. For instance, herbal medicines are beginning to make inroads into the medicine chests of homes, especially as the Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory progresses in validating the medicinal properties of many tree and shrub species. 9 3.0 FORESTRY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND TRENDS 3.1 Management of Forests General Forest cover Forests cover 3,604,176 ha , of which 17% consist of CFRs managed by the NFA, 18% consists of National Parks and Wildlife Reserves (NPs & WRs) managed by Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), 0.85% is jointly managed by NFA and UWA, and 0.03% are local forest reserves (LFRs) managed by respective LGs. The rest of the forests (64%) are on private and communal lands, and hence managed by private and local community forest owners. Table 4 shows how the forests are distributed among the Responsible Bodies. Table 4: Management of Land Cover (including forests) in Uganda Land Cover Local NFA UWA Joint Private Total Governments (CFRs) (NPs & NFA Land (LFRs) WRs) &UWA Plantations Hardwoods 335 4,863 52 0 9,536 14,786 Plantations softwoods 19 14,091 2,430 0 2,201 18,741 THF- Normal 123 246,860 249,192 23,468 81,312 600,957 THF-Low Stocked 120 36,715 1,810 0 153,049 191,694 Woodlands 614 325,422 389,664 7,279 2,055,019 2,777,998 Bush lands 413 188,332 316,994 11,417 2,451,519 2,968,675 Grasslands 202 179,469 765,652 44,233 3,074,026 4,063,581 Wetlands 296 9,073 33,966 2,196 707,511 753,041 Subsistence farmlands 2,725 161,514 60,857 741 8,621,755 8,847,592 Commercial Farmlands 6 2,977 928 56 102,662 106,630 Built up areas 118 1,084 2,263 0 93,807 97,270 Water 24 889 14,744 149 3,690,684 3,706,489 Impediments 0 1,145 729 116 5,814 7,804 Total Area of category 4,995 1,172,433 1,839,278 89,657 21,048,895 24,155,259 Forest Cover in category 1,211 627,951 643,148 30,747 2,301,117 3,604,176 Forest % in that category 0.03 17 18 0.85 64 100 Source: NFA, 2009 The line Ministry responsible for the oversight and coordination of forestry developments in the country is the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), through the FSSD as its technical arm. However, the wildlife conservation areas are under the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry. The Permanent Forest Estate About 9% of the total land area of Uganda (or 1.9 million ha) constitutes Uganda’s permanent forest estate (PFE) covering CFRs, LFRs and forested areas in NP & WRs (Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001). In NP & WRs, the main functions of the PFE are ecological & biodiversity protection. The forests also play an important role of bolstering ecotourism, especially in terms of chimpanzee and gorilla ecotourism. In CFRs, the functions also include production of forest goods & services to meet economic & social needs of society. Table 5 shows the areas in CFRs serving these functions. 10 Table 5: Categorising Central Forest Reserves by Function Category No. of CFRs Total Area (ha) Remarks Protection of steep slopes, water Ecological and biodiversity catchments, river banks, importance 353 1,074,000 lakeshores and wetlands Industrial forest plantations 108 151,200 Mainly in the cattle corridor CFRs for production of assorted Small CFRs, especially suited for forest goods & services 1363 45,597 small-scale investments Total 506 1,270,797 Source: NFA Records However, it must be noted that the CFRs of ecological and biodiversity importance also provide goods and services under a zoning scheme that sets aside about 20% of the natural forests as strict nature reserves, 30% as buffer zones and 50% as production zones (Forest Department, 2002). Forests and trees on private and communal land The Forestry Policy (2001) places privately and communally owned forests under ―forestry on private land‖. They include Tropical Moist Forests (TMFs), Other Wooded Lands on privately and communally owned lands and forest plantations. They may be registered or not, found in licensed CFR areas or not, declared as community forests or not (MWE, 2007). By 2005, private forests covered 2.3 million hectares or 64% of Uganda’s total forest area. According to the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 (NFTPA), PFOs are Responsible Bodies for managing their own forests, as long as the forests are registered. It should be noted that very little planned management is taking place in private forests. Establishment and management of private commercial timber plantations are beginning to pick up, after years of declining stocks. This has been made possible by incentives of start-up capital extended to private sector plantation growers by the Sawlog Production Grant Scheme (SPGS) funded by the European Union and more recently, by the Norwegian Government. 3.2 Changes in Forest Cover in Uganda Forest area In 1990, the area of natural forests and woodlands was estimated at 4.9 million hectares, representing 24% of the land area (NFP, 2002). However, as of 2005, this area had reduced to just over 3.6 million ha or 18% of the land area (NFA, 2009). Hence within a period of 15 years, the forest over had reduced by approx. 1.3 million ha (or a loss of 27%). Table 6 gives the trends categorized under each forest management institution. Table 6: Trends in forest cover (1990-2005) Management Ownership Forest area in Forest area in Loss of forest % loss of 1990 (ha) 2005 (ha) area (ha) forest area Local governments (LFRs) 1,628 1,211 417 25.6 NFA (CFRs) 752,143 627,951 124,192 16.5 UWA (NPs, WRs, 679,724 643,148 36,576 5.4 Joint NFA and UWA 37,560 30,747 6,813 18.1 Private land 3,462,923 2,301,117 1,161,806 33.5 Total 4,933,978 3,604,174 1,329,804 27.0 Percentage of total land area 24% 18% 3 Includes all the 91 LFRs covering an area of 4,997 hectares 11 The highest loss of forest cover was registered on private forests, (approximately 1.2 million hectares, representing a loss of 33.5% over the 15 years). But even within the protected areas (PAs)4 there was a significant loss of 168,000 hectares (about 11.4%), being highest in CFRs (124,000 hectares), followed by the wildlife conservation areas (43,000 ha) and local forest reserves (417 ha). Deforestation and Forest Degradation Uganda’s forest cover consists largely of woodlands and tropical moist forests and plantations. Over the 15 years, the average annual rate of deforestation was 1.8%. The reduction of vegetation cover over the period was most pronounced in woodlands (29 percent change in area), followed by TMFs- low stocked (26 percent), broad leaved plantations (21 percent) and THF – well stocked (17 percent). Table 7 gives an outline of the changes. Table 7: Forest Cover Change (1990 – 2005) Year/ Land Broad leaved Conifer TMF well TMF low Wood land Total Forest cover/use Plantations Plantations stocked stocked Cover 1990 18,682 16,384 650,150 274,057 3,974,102 4,933,746 2005 14,841 18,766 540,289 201,644 2,818,921 3,594,462 Change in Area -3,841 2,382 -109,861 -72,413 -1,155,181 -1,339,284 Annual change -256 53 -2,256 -5,776 -83,667 -91,919 (ha) % Change in Area -21% 15% -17% -26% -29% -27% % Change per year -1.37% 0.97% -1.13% -1.76% -1.94% -1.81% Source: NFA (2009) The relatively lower rate of deforestation of TMFs is partly because priority was over the years placed on the management of the large forests like Mabira, Budongo, Kalinzu, Maramagambo and Bugoma, because of their economic and biological diversity values. In addition, these large forests are easier to protect because of their size. In most of the CFRs which had sustained management activities by the former Forestry Department, and later NFA, forest restoration was realized. For example, NFA inventory records showed that overall gross volume for trees of dbh 50 cm + in the production zones of Budongo CFR increased from 86.9m3/ha in 1992 to 88.5m3/ha in 2006(over a period of 14 years). In Mabira, the formerly encroached areas were substantially restored with a young forest consisting of 46 TMF species, within 16 years after the encroachers left (about the same period referred to in the Budongo inventory above). These examples show that with improved management, the natural forests can recover. However, in areas like Mayuge, Mubende and Kiboga Districts, large tracts of natural forests, including nature reserves, have been converted into agricultural land through encroachment, which has made their management difficult. Most of the small TMFs have been decimated. There has been general increase in the forest plantation area, although the rate of planting does not match with the overall deforestation rate. Between 2002 and 2008, an area of 35,000 hectares of new plantations was established, over 70% of which is by the private sector (NFA Records, 2009). The causes of loss of forest cover continued to be over-harvesting of forest products, forest clearance for agriculture, overgrazing, urbanisation, and industrial development. Encroachers in CFRs (for rural settlements, agriculture, and urban expansion) increased from 180,000 people in 2004/05 to 220,000 a year later (NFA, 2006). The problems were exacerbated by the rapid population growth (average 3.2% annually), which exerts pressure on the forestry resources. 4 Protected Areas include forest reserves, national parks and wildlife reserves 12 Further, the institutions like NFA that are mandated to play a lead role in the sector have shown poor governance, which reduces their effectiveness in meeting the challenges of implementing the good policies and enforcing the good laws. More serious deforestation and forest degradation has taken place in the central districts of Uganda where there are intense economic activities like agricultural expansion, brisk firewood and charcoal trade, a fast-growing furniture industry, and small-scale manufacturing industries like bakeries, and brick making. In general, limited capacity in districts has contributed to poor control of access and exploitation of the private and community forests. Therefore, over- exploitation and creaming off of high timber value species is very common in these forests, with virtual disappearance of species like mahoganies and mvule. 3.3 Consumption of Forest Products Roundwood Uganda registered a steady increase in the total roundwood production over the period 2003 to 2007 and this trend is likely to continue into the future (Figure 22). Figure 2: Amount of Roundwood Produced in 2007 35,000 34,000 ~ '000 Tonnes of roundwood 33,000 ~ 32,000 ~ 31,000 ~ 30,000 ~ 29,000 ::::::::::::::: 28,000 27,000 26,000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 j J j j l=- Total 29,157 J 30,358 J 31,614 J 32,987 J 34,434 Year Source: UBOS, 2009) The booming construction industry (growing at an average annual rate of 13% from 2004/05 – 2008/09) and inadequate supply of the alternative sources of fuel has pushed up the demand for wood consumption in commercial, industrial and other use sectors, which in 2007, surpassed wood used as fuel by households (UBOS, 2009). Figure 33 shows the proportions of wood used as fuelwood and wood put to other uses. Figure 3: Wood fuelwood and other wood uses by percentage of total, 2003 - 2007 80 - % of Wood Used 60 - -~ 40 20 -- - - 0 I" ... - Wood used as fuel 2003 60.8 2004 60.5 2005 60.2 2006 59.8 2007 45 - by Households (percent) Wood for other uses 39.2 39.5 39.8 40.2 55 (percent) Year Source: UBO S (2009) 13 Roundwood production in 2007 was used mainly as firewood, charcoal, sawn timber and poles. Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal) accounted for the lion’s share (94%), while sawn timber and poles each accounted for 3% of the total wood used (Figure 44). Figure 4: Roundwood production in 2007 Sawn timber Poles 3% Charcoal 3% 20% Firewood 74% I □ Sawn timber ■ Poles □ Firewood □ Charcoal Data Source: UBOS (2009) Sawn timber The volume of recorded timber harvested and moved by licensed pitsawyers jumped from 55,000M3 during FY 2004/05 to 100,000M3 during FY 2005/06 (NFA Annual Report, 2005/06). When the timber that goes unrecorded is factored in, timber consumption in the country during 2005/06 reached around 300,000M3. This was equivalent to approx. 900,000M 3 of roundwood annually generating about US$ 50 million. These figures reflect the demand for timber on the domestic market since the timber volumes imported are insignificant. On the other hand, annual allowable cut of roundwood from natural forests in CFRs stands at about 53,000m3 (NFA, 2008). Mature timber plantations are virtually exhausted. The same applies to timber from private natural forests. As effectiveness in law enforcement and governance increased, official revenue collection progressively rose nearly 16 times from 1995/96 to 2005/06. On the other hand, revenue from impounded timber sold by public auction progressively dropped from 25% of total revenue in 1995/96 to 8% in 2005/06. This shows that people reverted to legitimate business as law enforcement and governance improved. Firewood and charcoal The national annual consumption of biomass energy in form of charcoal increased from 6 million M3 in 1994 to 11 million M3 in 2007. In addition, national consumption of firewood was estimated at 32.8 million M3 annually (NDP, 2010), showing a growing demand on the dwindling biomass resources in the country and limited access to alternative sources of energy. By 2002, about 73 % of all the districts in Uganda were already experiencing a deficit of accessible woody biomass for fuelwood (NFA, 2009). This can only have gotten worse given that population has increased from 24 million in 2002 to just over 30.6 million in 2009 (MoFPED, 2009). The result is that people walk longer distances to collect firewood, or use poor alternatives such as crop residues. The supply of electricity is still limited and not affordable to most rural & urban poor and middle income groups. 14 Most of the charcoal is consumed in urban centres. According to Forest Department records (FD, 1995), charcoal consumption in all urban centres was estimated at 270,000 tonnes annually, valued at UGX 31.4 billion (USD 31.4 million). Based on population increase, charcoal consumed in all urban centres was estimated in 2006 to be 463,437 tonnes, valued at UGX 141.8 billion (USD 79 million), indicating growing production & trade in both volume & value of charcoal (Kaggwa, et al 2009a). As the services sector such as hotels and restaurants grows (substantial growth rate of 9.6% in 2005/06), the demand for firewood and charcoal will also continue to rise. Transmission poles The market for high quality transmission poles is increasing: annual consumption of transmission poles (wet poles) rose from 7,500 in 1999, valued at UGX 225 million (USD 141,000), to 25,000 in 2008, valued at UGX 1 billion (USD 606,000) - (Kaggwa et al, 2009a}. 3.4 External Trade in Forestry Products In terms of external trade, Uganda is a net importer of forestry products, and the gap between the imports and exports has been widening (Figure 55). This has important implications for the forest industry in Uganda. Figure 5: External Trade in Forestry Products, 2003 – 2007: Source of Data: ,UBOS (2008) 80 70 ... Value in Million USD 60 50 ■ 40 30 20 10 - 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year 3.5 Imports Investments in private forest development --- Exports Investment in Forestry In the natural forests, there are no records to show investment trends by PFOs but anecdotal information indicates that the PFOs have invested very little in deliberate forest management. Recently, the African Development Bank and the Nordic Fund, is funding the Farm Income Enhancement and Forest Conservation (FIEFOC) Project which is providing assistance to PFOs to plan for and manage their forests, especially those located in watersheds. In addition, some NGOs under the umbrella of the Uganda Forestry Working Group, have been supporting PFOs to develop forest-based enterprises (FBEs) as an incentive towards planned management of their forests For the PAs, the main investment has been from official development assistance (mainly European Union, the Norwegian Government and the World Bank). This support has helped to bolster the local revenues being collected by NFA and UWA. 15 There has been a tremendous growth of interest in commercial forestry by medium and small scale tree growers since the inception of the NFP in 2002. The larger portion of investment is from donor funds (European Union, Government of Norway, World Bank, Africa Development Bank), but there has also been growing capital injection by the private sector. In the period 2002 to 2008, the private sector invested Ushs 90 billion in commercial forestry (NDP, 2010). The trend in private sector investment in commercial forest plantations is shown in Figure 66. Figure 6: Annual Progress in Timber Plantation Investment by the Private Sector through Funding from Domestic Sources (2002 – 2008) 25,000 Volume of Investment (million UGX) 20,000 - 15,000 ~ 10,000 / 5,000 .... __/ - 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 I--+- UGX 4,567 5,891 12,433 13,105 16,186 19,017 19,630 Year Source: Adapted from Kamugisha-Ruhombe, (2010) To-date nearly 149,000 ha of CFRs has been licensed to private tree growers. However, the actual area planted so far is about 10%. 16 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE 2002 NFP Evaluation of performance of the NFP was set against its impact on the PEAP II (2002/03 – 2004/05). However, for purposes of this assessment, the forestry indicators for PEAP III (2005/06- 2007/08) have also been included. The assessment has also been based on the performance towards the achievement of the NFP programmes and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). 4.1 Performance against PEAP-Based Indicators (i) Indicator: Percentage of land under quality forests cover increasing (ii) Indicator: Reversed rate of deforestation, increasing tree cover on-farm Achievements x The land under forest cover reduced from 4.9 million ha (24% of the total land area) in 1990 to 3.6 million hectares (18%) in 2005 (NFA, 2009). This is a total loss of forest cover of 1,329,804 ha (or 27%) between 1990 and 2005 x The biggest loss of forest cover has been on private land - 1,161,806 ha Challenges x The forest cover data is outdated given that there has been a lot of forest loss between 2005 and 2010. Update requires elaborate and expensive satellite imagery and ground truthing. x Forest encroachment remains the biggest threat to forests in PAs (iii) Indicator: Area of FRs under productive forest management by the NFA and local governments increasing, through better control and management Achievements x Forest management plans (FMPs) covering all the 506 CFRs have been prepared in a participatory manner, and are being partially implemented. Only 5 FMPs have been approved by the Minister x Community Action Plans and FMPs for all LFRs are in progress with support of FIEFOC. All districts do not have District Forestry Development Plans. x Some forest management technologies for plantation and natural forests (nurseries, plantation establishment, restoration of degraded natural forests and yield regulation) have been developed for sustainable forest management practices x 4,000km out of 11,000 Km of boundaries had been opened by 2008. About 800km of the opened boundaries had been verified using registered surveyors. x 21,000 ha of new quality timber plantations worth US$ 37.5 million, were established by NFA and the private sector during the period 2004/05 – 2006/07. Challenges x All FMPs have not been approved by the Minister responsible for forestry as required by the law x Boundary re-opening, demarcation and maintenance exercises in many forest reserves are still challenged by local people. x Lack of, or limited appropriate technologies for processing forest products (adding value), and management and processing of non-timber forest products undermines efficiency in forest utilization and management control x Encroachment continued to be the main obstacle to private investment in forest plantations 17 (iv) Indicator: Value of commercial investment in forestry businesses increasing Achievements x Nearly 149,000 ha has been licensed to private tree growers in CFRs, 69% of this was licensed by NFA between the years 2005 and 2009, as a strategy to increase private sector investment in plantation development. x The number of seedlings sold by NFA in 2007/08 was about 3 million, up from 70,000 sold by its predecessor (FD) in between 2003/04, representing over 300% increase within a period of four years. Eighty percent (80% of the seedlings raised in the country were for industrial forest plantations (pine and Eucalypts). Challenges x There is no information on private small and medium scale forestry enterprises (such as nurseries, bee-keeping, fruit tree growing, woodlots, etc, and yet they have significant contribution to household incomes and peoples well-being; x It is difficult to access investment finance for commercial forestry business, due to the long term nature of the business, among other reasons. It takes at least 10 years to receive returns on capital; x Encroachment of most of the forest reserves allocated for commercial plantations development is a big disincentive to investors, including NFA (v) Indicator: Volumes and values of forest products traded (domestic and international) increasing Achievements x Total roundwood production increased from 29,157,000 tonnes in 2003, worth UGX 218.8 billion (c. USD 110 million) to 34,434,000 tonnes worth UGX 258.4 billion (c. USD 13 million) Challenges x There is no system for capturing data on forest products trade. x There are no records on export of forest related products x The quality of forest products is still low and cannot easily attract buyers on the international market. (vi) Indicator: Number of people and wage rates (by gender, socio-economic group, geographic location) in forestry-related employment increasing in the formal sector Achievements x Over 1 million people are employed by the forest sector (MWE, 2001). x 10,000 permanent jobs and another 15,000 part-time jobs created through establishment of 21,000 ha of new plantations Challenges x Inadequate centralised data to update the information contained in the 2001 Forestry Policy x No data available to enable segregation of the employment numbers into gender (vii) Indicator: Value and percentage contribution of forestry to GDP increasing through higher production & value addition Achievements x Forestry contributes 6% of the GDP 18 Challenges x Forest valuation needed to establish the real value of Uganda’s forests. (viii) Indicator: Number of effective CFM agreements in FRs increasing Achievements x Since 1997 when CFM started, it has grown to cover sites in 43 CFRs, involving 85 CFM groups. The process started off sluggishly with only two CFM agreements signed by 2004 (for Budongo and Tororo CFRs). By end of 2010, 25 CFM agreements had been signed, while 60 were at various stages of development (WWF, 2010) x FBEs, including bee-keeping, craft making and fruit growing have been initiated as income- generating activities (IGAs) Challenges x Communities have not yet substantially benefited from the implementation of CFM agreements x The Forestry Policy and law are not specific on benefits that should accrue to communities under CFM arrangements (ix) Indicator: Number and areas of community forests increasing Achievements x Three pilot programs initiated in Masindi District under the provisions of the Communal Land Associations enshrined in the Land Act, 1998. x National guidelines on establishment and management of community forests are in place Challenges x Extension services through the DFS to community forest owners have been inadequate x Land tenure in some parts of the country is a hindrance to expansion of community forests. (x) Indicator: Open access to public information on forestry increasing, through improved communications and popular participation Achievements x There is increased participation of the civil society in forestry information gathering and dissemination x The Uganda Forestry Working Group (an alliance of NGO/CBOs with forestry-related mandates) have simplified, reproduced, translated, and distributed forestry publications such as the Uganda Forestry Policy, National Forest Plan, National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, and CFM Guidelines, among others x Studies carried out by NGOs (on, for instance, forest governance, commercial forest plantation, management of private forests, CFM, and forest-based enterprises), have been used as a basis for lobbying and advocacy x Access to public information, through the semi-autonomous NFA is easier than it was under the then Forestry Department (FD), and NFA staff are more accessible to the media to discuss forestry-related issues, Challenges x The flow of forest research information to the civil society has remained slow resulting in inadequate up-to-date literature for constructive lobbying and advocacy. x Some information regarding sensitive matters like corruption in high places is still withheld from CSOs and other stakeholders 19 (xi) Indicator: Percentage of household income derived from different forestry-related enterprises increasing Achievements x 11 - 27% of household cash incomes of communities around FRs was derived from forestry (Glenn Bush, et al 2004) x The share of total annual household income from forests has increased by 4 percent since sector reforms of 2000 (Jagger, P. 2008) x The share of income from forests has declined by 10.7% for the poorest households and increased by 11.6% for the wealthiest households (Jagger, P., 2008) Challenges x No subsequent studies conducted to establish the trend in forest-related incomes. x Poor people in rural areas find it difficult to access markets. (xii) Indicator: Number of NAADS contracts for forestry advisory services increasing Achievements x Percentage of forest-related enterprises funded under NAADS has improved from 0 – 3% between 2003 to 2007 (FSSD, 2007) Challenges x There has been slow progress due to limited awareness about the economic returns of forestry, the long-term nature of tree growing, and lack of demonstrable successes in forest- based investment (xiii) Indicator: Number of poor people with tree-growing permits in FRs increasing x 2,350 people licensed to grow trees in CFRs had actually planted trees, areas varying between one and over 1,000ha per licensee. x Most of the investors in commercial forest plantations are small to medium scale (up to 500 ha) tree growers constituting 99.8% of the number of investors in commercial forest plantations. This category of investors has planted 15,104 ha, which is 69% of the planted area, indicating that tree growing is becoming an attractive small to medium-scale enterprise, even if payback is long-term (Global Mechanism, 2009) Challenges x The high investment costs in establishment of plantations x Investment finances for the small-scale commercial tree growers are still largely sourced from personal savings (xiv) Indicator: Number of farmers using improved agroforestry technologies increasing x Traditional agroforestry is the most practiced technology (used by 35%), followed by boundary planting (10%), woodlot establishment (7.4%), alley cropping (1.4%) and hedgerows (1.2%) of the rural communities (FSSD, 2007) x Only 20.7% of the households in the sample taken attempted modern agroforestry practices5 on their farms, especially with respect to integrating food crops with trees (FSSD, 2007) 5 Deliberately and systematically planting trees among crops and in pasture on farms 20 (xv) Indicator: Distance to collect fuelwood halved within 10 years x 97.4% of households in rural areas use firewood for cooking (FSSD, 2007) x On average, the distance travelled to collect firewood has increased from 0.73 Km (in 2000) to more than 1 Km (FSSD, 2007). In some districts like Kitgum, Nebbi, Gulu/Amuru, Nakasongola, Lira, Sironko and Adjumani districts, the households travel more than 4 Km to collect firewood and this is done largely by women and children. Challenges x 73 % of all the districts in Uganda were experiencing a deficit of accessible woody biomass for fuelwood (NBS, 2003) x 58.9% of the firewood used is obtained from woodland forests (mainly in Mbarara, Lira, Nakasongola, Kumi and Adjumani Districts) and 34.6% is collected from plantation/planted forests (mainly in from Masaka, Bushenyi and Kasese Districts) (FSSD, 2007) x 3.4% of the people use plant residues for cooking, mostly in Eastern Uganda districts, such as Iganga and Kamuli Districts (FSSD, 2007). This has far-reaching effects on soil fertility because nutrient recycling through these residues is hampered, leading to reduced agricultural productivity, and the need to apply expensive artificial fertilizers (xvi) Indicator: Number of households and businesses using improved biomass energy technologies Achievements x From the FIEFOC survey (FSSD, 2007), on average, a household uses 150Kg (2-3m3) of fuelwood per month. x The use of energy saving stoves like the improved household stoves of Rocket Lorena type has increased especially in urban areas, x The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development through the Energy Advisory Project provided technical and other advisory support to stove producers x NGOs ad community-based organisations (CBOs) have been instrumental in disseminating the improved stove technologies x The Ministry of Energy developed a strategy for sustainable charcoal production and licensing targeting 14 charcoal producing districts. However, this has not been implemented. Challenges x Improved household cooking stoves are not extensively disseminated due to their costs, lack of awareness and a variety of social-economic barriers. x Even where they are disseminated, there is poor actual application of the technology, with many individuals still preferring the three-stone technology. 4.2 Performance against Forest Policy and NFP Programmes General Performance The Uganda Forestry Policy (2001) provides direction to the forest sector developments through specific forestry policy statements. The National Forest Plan (2002) developed strategies, organized into relevant programmes, for the realization of the policy statements. The NFP programmes were assessed through a participatory process to gain a general stakeholder impression about their performance over the period 2002-2010. The results presented below are the voices from the stakeholders. 21 The perception of stakeholders about the performance of the various NFP programmes was assessed using relevant central themes, as indicated below. Programme Central theme assessed

1. Enabling institutions x General oversight and performance of forestry developments

2. National agencies x investments in management of PFE x partnerships for management of PFE

3. District Forest Services x provision of support services

4. Private Sector Development x commercial forestry

5. Urban Forestry x urban forestry

6. Forestry Research x Research

7. Forestry Education x Training The perception of the respondents was assessed on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). Figure 7 shows the results of how the stakeholders viewed the performance of each programme with respect to the central theme. Figure 7: Performance of the National Forest Plan, 2002 7.0 6.0 Mean score (out of 10) N )\/ 5.0 // ?·/ -J'x ?x :1,(> )'-7 VY> ~ 4.0 ~ ~ ~ « X)'y -Zx \'.x »V-x -z-z- « .,,.,., )=.,;x « rZ/2 1\'.x) 3.0 2.0 «-Z? -x;'.x X)'· Y-x x> ll « »;-:-xS ✓✓ J'-x\'. rZx\ r-sx>-~ "Y-x x;x ;;-:;x t: -::,(-x -Z? -x-zx ~ 1.0 "Y-x -/ x;x }; s:x: -Z-x t: -:-x;;x -x? s-? SS ~? ~ rZ/2 S\: -x;'.x V-x NXX ½ \:~ 1:-?x\ S\: ~ "X \:\: :,-. X "X ): - Program Program Program Program Program Program Program 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I □ Mean score 5.0 4.9 4.2 6.0 3.2 4.2 5.1 Source: Questionnaire on Stakeholder Perceptions Performance for Programme 4 (Private Sector Development) was ranked the best with a mean score of about 6.0 out of 10, followed by Programme 7 on forestry training with a mean score of 5.1, Programme 1 on enabling agencies (Mean score = 5.0) and Programme 2 on national agencies. Urban forestry was ranked the lowest (Mean score = 3.2). Overall, the performance of NFP programmes indicates that there were some areas of good and poor performance. Several factors were identified as contributing to the positive performance, as indicated in ( Figure 88). 22 Figure 8: Areas of improved performance in overall forestry development 45 40 39 35 30 25 Percentage 25 20 17 15 10 10 6 5 2 2 - access of FLEG Institutional community Availability of Policy, legal Afforestation land framework participation donor funds & planning framework Reasons for good performance Afforestation was mentioned by 39% of the respondents as the reason for good performance of the forestry sector. This was followed by institutional set-up (25%), and policy, legal and planning framework (17%), as other key success factors. The stakeholders noted that there was increased afforestation, especially through commercial forestry and establishment of woodlots by the private sector. They were also happy about the current institutional set-up, consisting of the MWE/FSSD, NFA and DFS as key institutions in the sector. The forestry policy, planning and legal framework was also considered to be strong to support forestry developments. On the other hand, the stakeholders also felt that the sector had not performed well in a number of areas as analysed in Figure 99. Figure 9: Reasons for Less than Satisfactory Performance of the National Forestry Plan, 2002 23 60 54 ~ 50 40 ~ 32 F - ~ 30 CL 20 10 4 4 n n 3 2 - 1 Population Unsat isfacto ry Instituti onal r7 Inadequate nLi nited lnadeq1..0te Little attentio n to pressu re FLEG f ai lures f inancing awareness pact ica l sk ill s in natural forest forestry rra,agernBlt Reaso nsfo r inadeqaute perfo rrrance Unsatisfactory Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) and institutional failures emerged as the major challenges to the performance of the forestry sector (contributing 54 and 32 percent respectively). Inadequacies in FLEG included flouting of policies, laws, and plans, inadequate stakeholder participation in implementation of the NFP, and little attention given to natural forest management. Performance by Programmes Programme 1 – Enabling Institutions Under this programme, MWE is charged with coordinating, guiding and monitoring forest sector development. Formal sector coordination has been largely through the Environment and Natural Resource Working Group, which was later enlarged into the Water and Environment Sector Working Group. This arrangement has not been beneficial to forestry as a sub-sector. The coordination mechanisms which were established under the Uganda Forestry Policy and NFTPA (the Forest Sector Coordination Structure, the Consultative Forum, and the Forest Management Committees), were not operationalized. In terms of providing guidance to the sector, some guidelines and standards have been prepared, but a number of them have not been fully implemented. The Forest Regulations have been drafted but they have not been gazetted, and hence there are still difficulties in implementing the NFTPA. In addition, the DFS Handbook was drafted but it has also not yet been adopted as an official guide for the operations of the DFS. As the technical arm of the Ministry, FSSD is responsible for the supervision and monitoring of the forest sector. However, because of being under-resourced, this has not been effectively done. The role of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) was to develop and implement strategies for biomass energy conservation. To this end, the MEMD has promoted energy saving cook stoves and developed a strategy for sustainable charcoal production. However, the impact of these interventions on households, charcoal producers and industrial 24 consumers is not yet evident. However, additional interventions of the MEMD in terms of alternative energy sources include (MEMD, 2007): x Implementation of the Rural Electrification Project to some district headquarters, institutions, agro-processing industries and fish landing sites x Promotion of biogas technologies, but this technology is curtailed by the high upfront costs, design-related challenges, operation and maintenance issues, and limited public awareness x Promotion of solar energy for lighting and heating Overall, only about 1 % of Ugandans use these forms of energy, and the majority (over 98%) still rely on biomass energy. Since 2002, the participation of the CSOs in forestry sector development has been increasing. Their main areas of participation include: x Engagement with government on policy and strategic plan dialogues; x Undertaking advocacy roles for public concerns in forest conservation; x Promoting participation of stakeholders; and x Delivering services to the communities. The CSOs have had significant contribution in forestry development at LG and community levels, and supported activities such as: agro-forestry; training of local communities in various aspects of forestry and tree management; development and support of FBEs; building organizational capacity of CBOs; development of bylaws; and public awareness and information dissemination. In most districts, the CSOs almost single-handedly supported LGs to implement the activities under this programme. Unfortunately, the coverage of CSOs is still limited geographically. Therefore, their impact is localized. At the national level, there is limited visible improvement in terms of agro-forestry, and the private natural forests continue to decline. Programme 2 – National Agencies This programme was essentially aimed at effectively managing the PFE through partnership arrangements between the NFA, LGs and local communities. To this end, the following work has been done: x Some efforts have been made to develop collaboration between NFA and LGs, e.g. through memoranda of understanding (MoUs) x Partnerships with local communities are being implemented through CFM, although coverage is still limited x NFA has signed MoUs with NGOs, research and training institutions x NFA has also had formal working arrangements with the Police and other law enforcement agencies Because these efforts are still in their infancy, the impact of partnerships is not yet visible Now that the first NFP after transformation of the forestry sub-sector has been implemented, new challenges regarding the capacity of government institutions (NFA, FSSD, & LGs) to administer and manage Uganda’s forests have emerged: o The government funding from the Consolidated Fund has not been disbursed as had been hoped, 25 o NFA has not managed to become self-financing as had been planned, o The District Forestry Departments (DFDs) have not been operationalised to a level where they would deliver as had been hoped o The PFOs have not embraced their responsibilities of managing their forests and have continued to convert them into agricultural lands o None of the private or communal forests have been registered and so, there is no PFO who is a Responsible Body under the law. Programme 3 – District Forestry Services Under this programme, forestry activities outside CFRs were decentralized to LGs. Forestry advisory services were designed to be delivered under NAADS in a demand-driven arrangement. District forestry grants were expected to be established to encourage tree growing in environmentally sensitive areas. The ultimate result was expected to be improved agro-forestry and management of private natural forests and watersheds. In practice, environment and natural resources have been decentralised without the corresponding resources from the Centre. As a result, forestry is low on the list of LG priorities in terms of budget allocation. However, recently, Government has mobilized resources through FIEFOC, and as a result, implementation of some activities such as watershed management planning, tree planting and management of private natural forests, has started. The demand-driven advisory services under NAADS have not yet been beneficial to forestry development. Forestry enterprises are rarely chosen, although the aspect of fruit tree growing is picking up in some districts. The District Forestry Grants have not been established. Government established a Vote in the Water and Environment Sector for transfer of funds to enable LGs to implement natural resources activities, but this has never been operationalized for forestry. Therefore, forests (especially natural forests) continue to deteriorate. Programme 4 – Private sector development The main focus of this Programme was the development of commercial forestry businesses by the private sector. Among all the Programmes, this has been the most successful, as corroborated by the stakeholders interviewed. The long period of awareness building that started during the forestry reform process has started bearing fruit. The lead role taken by the then Forestry Department and later, the NFA in establishing and maintaining demonstration timber plantations is beginning to yield dividends. During the period 2004/05 – 2006/07, 21,000 ha of new quality timber plantations worth US$ 37.5 million, were established by NFA and the private sector. Investment in tree growing is a long term business (over 20 years for industrial plantations) and therefore it requires incentives. An initial step has been taken through the SPGS initially funded by the European Union and now, also the Norwegian Government. The scheme aims at promoting private investment in timber production in Uganda. It started in 2003 and in three years, it promoted the establishment of some 15,000 hectares of industrial timber plantations throughout the country. The SPGS provides financial and technical support to investors in plantation establishment. The financial assistance comes in the form of a direct subsidy (or grant) paid in the first three years after planting. The total grant is currently UGX 1,800,000 per hectare, paid in instalments over a period of three years. The money is only paid where planters meet the standards as laid out in the contracts that have to be agreed first. 26 The other complementary incentive is availing FR land to the private sector investors under license. Over the last 10 years, the forestry sector has seen a surge in private investment in growing of industrial forest plantations. To-date nearly 149,000 ha has been licensed to private tree growers in CFRs. However, encroachment continued to be the main obstacle to private investment in forest plantations. As a result of implementing this programme: x At least 21,000 hectares of quality commercial forest plantations have been established x A vibrant private sector organisation (Uganda Timber Growers Association) has been established to champion the interests of commercial private tree growers x Skills in plantation establishment and management are increasing in the country x A vibrant sector to service the establishment and maintenance of commercial plantations is growing, including specialized contractors in nursery production, plantation establishment and maintenance, x Foreign direct investment in forest plantations is increasing x Investments through domestic sources of funding (e.g. private savings, corporate social responsibility, etc) are increasing (Figure 6 above) x Management of forest plantation for carbon sequestration and FSC certification is slowly taking root In spite of these achievements however, the rate of planting is still far lower than the loss of forest cover in the country, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, the high cost of investment and long rotation period discourages many small-scale investors in venturing into the sector. Government has also invested very little in improving the necessary infrastructure like roads in the prospective forest plantation growing areas. Investment risks, such as fires and diseases, have not been addressed and incentives are insufficient to attract investment especially among the local population. Encroachment in CFRs is also a big hindrance to private forest plantation developers in the country. In terms of harvesting and processing of forest products, little progress has been made. The sector is still characterized by antiquated technologies and practices like pitsawying, charcoal production using earth kilns, inappropriate sawmilling technologies, and use of rudimentary technologies in tree nursery production, among others. Programme 5 – Urban forestry This programme was aimed at greening of the urban environments. In practice, the development of urban forestry performed very poorly in most districts, as urban greens have been converted into concrete structures with little regard for maintaining a green environment. The pressure to convert urban forest reserves into buildings is increasing. There is very little or any efforts towards urban tree growing. However, there is booming business in roadside nurseries to supply ornamental trees to wealthy property developers and tree planters in peri-urban and rural areas. Programme 6 – Forestry research This programme was aimed at responding to the priorities of forest producers and users through provision of information and technology development. Forestry research has developed a home and modest infrastructure with wide linkages to expertise across the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) in Uganda, the regional and sub-regional organisations. 27 While strategic planning for research has been done in consultation with stakeholders, actual implementation has tended to respond to the priorities of the funding agencies. For example, agro-forestry research has been conducted, but the technologies have not been widely adopted by the local farmers, indicating that the research was not farmer-led. On the other hand, there has been little research work done in natural forest management and plantation aspects, where there are no funding agencies supporting these thematic areas. Recently, commercial tree growers led by the Uganda Timber Growers Association (UTGA), with support from SPGS, have mobilized a number of research institutions into a collaborating arrangement under the Commercial Forestry Research and Training Group (COMFORT). Priority research needs are identified by the Association and implemented through COMFORT. In terms of information dissemination, the Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Centres (ARDCs) have not been effective in providing information, training and demonstration services, for forestry development. Further, the link between farmers, management institutions like NFA and NaFORRI is weak, thus curtailing interactions between researchers and users of the research findings. Programme 7 – Forestry education This Programme was intended to strengthen forestry education and professional development in the sector. Makerere University Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation and Nyabyeya Forestry College have continued to provide training in forestry. The curricula in both institutions have expanded to accommodate new courses to match with emerging needs. The cross- cutting issues of gender and HIV/AIDS have been integrated in the training processes. However, there is still a gap in development of adequate practical skills during the training. Informal education and training has also been offered, largely through CSOs. This is the main avenue for training local communities and imparting practical skills. However, there is a serious gap in knowledge and skills among local communities and private forest owners, which the current levels of informal training cannot bridge expeditiously enough. 4.3 Performance under other International Instruments Forestry in the MDGs In Uganda, forestry is a cross-cutting contributor in achieving the MDGs. Most Ugandans depend on forest and tree products for energy, building materials, medicine, wild foods, supply of clean water, and maintenance of soil fertility. FBEs, are gaining prominence in raising the cash incomes of the poor, and hence contributing to the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1) Forests are a source of products and services consumed by the education sector, and therefore forests contribute to the achievement of Universal Primary Education (MDG 2). Primary school enrolment more than doubled from 3.1 million pupils in 1996 to 7.5 million in 2008 (UBOS, 2009). This necessarily required a corresponding expansion of infrastructure like classrooms, teachers’ houses, etc. This expansion requires timber and furniture. On the other hand, the schools largely depend on fuelwood for cooking food for pupils. Universal Primary Education has now encompassed the Universal Secondary Education, with a corresponding expansion of school infrastructure, and thus further demand on forest products. 28 Forests are a rich resource for medicinal plants on which many Ugandans depend for maternal health care, HIV/AIDS palliatives, malaria control, treatment of children’s diseases and other human ailments (MDG 4, 5 & 6). Data about the population segment that uses herbal medicine in Uganda is hard to find but World Health Organisation (2003) estimates that in Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, the first line of treatment for 60% of children with high fever resulting from malaria is the use of herbal medicines at home. The situation is most likely the same in Uganda. Sustainable management of forest ecosystems contribute to environmental sustainability (MDG 7). In Uganda, forests play a key role in protecting water catchments, ensuring sustainable supply of quality water for domestic consumption, industrial use and generation of energy. Access to safe drinking water from boreholes, protected wells & springs, and gravity flow schemes stood at nearly 60% of the rural population in 2008 (MWE, 2009). All these water sources are dependent on watersheds that are protected mostly by forests and woodlands. Unfortunately, SFM is elusive in Uganda today. This is clearly seen in the reducing forest cover in the country, a reduction of 27% between 1990 and 2005 (NFA, 2009). Because of its crosscutting nature, forestry provides a platform for global partnerships (MDG 8) in the areas of biodiversity conservation, climate change, conservation of water resources, sustainable land management and improvement of governance. Uganda subscribes to the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) in which Governments; multi-lateral and bilateral development institutions committed themselves to, among others: x Strengthen partner countries’ national development strategies and associated operational frameworks (e.g. planning, budget, and performance assessment frameworks). x Increase alignment of aid with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures and help to strengthen their capacities. x Enhance donors’ and partner countries’ respective accountability to their citizens and Parliaments for their development policies, strategies and performance. x Eliminate duplication of efforts and rationalise donor activities to make them as cost- effective as possible. x Reform and simplify donor policies and procedures to encourage collaborative behaviour and progressive alignment with partner countries’ priorities, systems and procedures. x Define measures and standards of performance and accountability of partner country systems in public financial management, procurement, fiduciary safeguards and environmental assessments, in line with broadly accepted good practices and their quick and widespread application. Climate Change Instruments Uganda ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 25th March 2002. The Focal Office is located in the Climate Change Unit (CCU) at the MWE. The CCU is the Secretariat of the National Climate Change Steering Committee, composed of representatives of private sector, public institutions and civil society organisations. The first Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Reforestation Project is the Uganda Nile Basin Reforestation Project located in Rwoho CFR that spreads into Isingiro, Mbarara and Ntungamo Districts. The project is implemented by the NFA, in close partnership with local communities, and the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank is buying the emissions reductions (ERs) from the NFA. The local community groups have been contracted by the NFA to plant up to 20% of the project area. However, NFA is responsible for the delivery of all ERs under the contract. The beneficiaries will get a share of the money received from the sale of the emission reductions in accordance with the areas planted. 29 In Uganda, the country has embarked on the first steps towards preparation of its REDD+ Strategy. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility of the World Bank is currently assisting the country to prepare its Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP). NFA, as the national focal point institution for REDD+, is spearheading this REDD readiness preparation process. To this end, a REDD Working Group has already been put in place and a draft R-PP is has been informally presented to the World Bank. If the R-PP is accepted by the World Bank, then Uganda will access funding that will facilitate the process of preparing the actual REDD+ Strategy over the next 2 years. 4.4 Funding Implementation of the NFP Domestic Public Sector Funding The Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) was the main public investment vehicle during the currency of the NFP, 2002. Linked into the PEAP is the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) which is a strategic budgeting framework that is reviewed and extended during the annual budgeting cycles. The PEAP (2004/05 – 2007/08) was strong on statements about the need to reduce deforestation, funding management of district and community forests, reducing soil and forest degradation, meeting domestic energy needs and increasing service delivery in the field of forestry among others. However, these strong statements were not accompanied by commensurate resources in the MTEF to implement them. Figure 10 compares the budget allocations for sectors that can be considered complementary because they depend on the activities of each other to deliver services to society. Figure 10: Budget Allocations to the ENR Sector 6 Percentage Budget Share of .--- -- --- •• 5 -- - . - . - . - -• • ... 4 .- 3 ... Complementary Sectors 2 1 0 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 --+- ENR 0.5 0.7 1 1.1 - ... -Agric 3.6 4.1 4.3 5.5 Water 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.5 Source: MoFPED, (2009) Clearly, forestry is a very low underdog, both at central and LG levels. LG budgets largely mirror the finances being transferred from the Central Government. While the mobilization of funds for the sector is the responsibility of MWE, the Ministry has not prioritized forestry for resource allocation. The Ministry has also barely pursued the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED) to establish conditional grants to LGs for forestry developments. Management of CFRs is a responsibility of the NFA, a semi-autonomous statutory body which has its own planning and budgeting process. Its main strategic planning document is the 5-year business plan. At the establishment of NFA, it was agreed by the main funding agencies (government and Development Partners) that the bulk of its budget would be funded through official development assistance (ODA) for the first 4 years. After this, it was expected that the 30 NFA would be able to meet its routine operating expenses from its own revenue. Figure 111 shows that NFA’s own revenues have been increasing while ODA has been decreasing. Figure 11: NFA Revenues for the Period 2003/04 (3 months) to 2008/09 14,000 Revenue in (million UGX) 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Donor Funding 1,391 6,613 5,114 6,125 3,744 2,909 GoU Subvention 0 138 100 21 6 141 NFA Own Revenue 25 5,512 6,439 6,639 11,331 13,222 Source: NFA Reports , This looks like a healthy development until one realises that timber plantations, which provided 72% of the total revenues collected in 2008/09 are now virtually exhausted. This has raised questions about the initial assumption that NFA would be financially self-sustaining after the first 4 years of its operation. In addition, Government of Uganda (GoU) subvention to NFA was expected to be UGX 1.45 billion for the first four years. However, the actual allocation in the years indicates failure of Government to meet its obligation in providing initial funding for NFA, and hence increasing the dependence of NFA on internally generated revenues. In general terms, public sector funding for the Environment Sector has been on the downward trend (Figure 122). Figure 12: Public Sector Funding for the Period 2007/08 – 2010/11 30.0 Projected Budget (billion UGX) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Public Funding 12.2 4.1 6.6 6.7 (Domestic) Public Funding (Donor) 17.1 28.0 11.3 2.8 Financial Year Source: MoFPED (2009) The forestry sector has particularly depended more on funding coming from ODA sources in form of programmes and projects, as shown in Table 8. Table 8: Programmes funded under ODA Implementing List of Program/project Agency Total Cost Location Donor Remarks 31 Implementing List of Program/project Agency Total Cost Location Donor Remarks Forest Resources Management and Ended in Conservation Programme FD/NFA €12 million mainly CFRs EU Dec 08 €10 million + whole EU & Renewed Sawlog Production Grant Scheme MWE US$10 million country NORAD in 2009 Sustained development of the Uganda National Forestry Authority with enhanced focus on Northern Uganda NFA Kampala NORAD On-going 33 districts Farm Income Enhancement and (100 Forest Conservation Project MWE subcounties) ADB On-going Preparation of NFM & community Ended forests Guidelines FSSD Kampala FAO 2007 National Forestry Programme UFWG FAO On-going Albertine Rift, Northern WCS Uganda On-going Wildlife, Landscapes and Development for Conservation Northern Ends June (WILD) WCS Uganda USAID 2011 Western Prime West Uganda USAID Ended??? MS Uganda NFC NFC Ended??? Echuya, K- On- Nature Uganda Kitomi going?? Nature Kasyoha DANID Participatory Env. Mgt project Uganda/WWF Kitomi A On-going Mt. Elgon MERCEP NFA watershed Norway On-going Northern Albertine Rift Forest Conservation Section of Project MWE/WWF Albertine Rift GEF On-going Lake Albert L. Albert Catchment Conservation Catchment Ended Project WWF Area 2009 on- Mt. Rwenzori conservation Project WWF going?? SFM and Forest Certification, Climate DANID Design change and Energy WWF $ 199,000 Kampala A phase (2 projects) JGI GEF Ended??? CARE On-going Ended EMPAFORM CARE €2.8 million East Africa EU 2009 World whole Bank & REDD Preparation Proposal NFA country Norway World Carbon Pilot Project NFA Rwoho CFRs Bank on-going Kasagala & Mt. Rwenzoori World Carbon Pilot Project NFA CFRs Bank on-going whole Review of NFP MWE USD 41,000 country FAO On-going Lake Victoria World LVEMP MWE Catchment Bank?? On-going 32 Implementing List of Program/project Agency Total Cost Location Donor Remarks Area BTC Irish Aid Research Funding various research institutions and programmes and activities Universities Various CSOs Private Sector funding In terms of private sector investment in forestry, tree growing is the favourite destination for domestic private sector funds. This observation is corroborated by a survey of forestry stakeholders conducted in Uganda (Global Mechanism, 2009), in which it was established that 90% of the forest stakeholders invested in tree growing and management and the associated raising of seedlings (Table 9). Table 9: Forest Management Activities Invested In Fund Destination % of Responses Tree growing and management 71 Seedling raising 19 Bee keeping 4 Natural forest management 5 Ecotourism 1 Medicinal plants production 1 Others 1 Total Responses 100 Source: Global Mechanism (2009) Only 4.9% of the stakeholders indicated that they had invested in natural forest management. Ecotourism and medicinal plants, which are closely associated with natural forest management, had the least response of 1%. In fact, some of the respondents indicated that investment in natural forest management was ―not applicable‖. All these observations show that there is a general lack of interest by the private sector to invest in natural forest management and conservation, which is often considered to be of ―public good‖ nature. On the other hand, private sector investment in industrial forest plantations has been on the increase since 2004. Analysis of the area of timber plantations established in CFRs under license by 2008 showed that small and medium scale investors (growing up to 500 ha) contributed 69% of the total area planted, while foreign direct investment (injected through three Companies) contributed to establishing about 6,400 ha, or 29% of the total area planted (Global Mechanism (2009). Table 10 shows the detailed analysis. Table 10: Classification of Tree Growers in Uganda Class range (Ha) No. of people who planted Total Area planted (ha) % of area planted Less than 6 1,988 4,812 22 6-10 172 1,398 6 33 Class range (Ha) No. of people who planted Total Area planted (ha) % of area planted 11-20 76 1,251 6 21-40 43 1,279 6 41-60 20 966 4 61-80 9 645 3 81-100 7 638 3 101-500 23 4,115 19 Sub-total 2,338 15,104 69 501-1000 1 514 2 1001+ 3 6,397 29 Grand Total 2,342 22,015 100 Source: Global Mechanism (2009) According to the Global Mechanism study, the factors that tend to motivate private sector investment in forestry include: (i) Profit and the relatively low risk which the respondents associated with tree growing as a business. Ultimately, profit leads to national economic growth and a secure income for the PFOs (most of them are small to medium scale growers), reduced levels of poverty, and improved livelihoods. (ii) Availability of Grant Funds to augment initial capital triggers investment of private sector funds to highly significant levels. This has a catalytic effect on further investment after the grant has served its purpose. This has been demonstrated by the SPGS which has mobilised the private sector to invest (iii) Supply of fuelwood has become more important as the small to medium scale processing and service industries increase. The industries include bakeries, beer brewing & distillation of local gin, hotels & restaurants, preparation of school meals, etc. The hotels and restaurants industries grew at an average rate of 9.6% (constant 2002 market prices) between 2004 and 2008) (MoFPED, 2009), which is indicative of increase in industrial fuelwood consumption. (iv) Availability of Land, whether private or institutional (under license) is also a motivator for tree growing. However, while CFR land may be a good motivator for growing trees today, it appears that this motive may not remain strong, as people begin to invest in tree growing on their own land. This has something to do with the growing uncertainty of keeping licensed land in CFRs long enough to guarantee investment. Perhaps not too surprisingly, protection of the environment, which has often been promoted to encourage tree growing and forest management, showed the least significance in the relationships between the area planted and the incentives. People simply do not invest in tree growing because the environment is at stake. That is the preserve for public investment. 34 Draft 1 5.0 SYNTHESIS OF STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were generated through stakeholders at national level. 5.1 Strengths (i) Supportive policy and legislation x The forest policy and law are robust and provide a good basis for institutional frameworks for responsible forest management. x The law gives NFA a semi-autonomous status, which allows it to operate with adequate freedom for decision-making, flexibility in resource mobilization and to function in a business-like manner, without facing the bureaucratic challenges associated with line government departments. x The various forestry-related laws prescribe procedures for transparency in decision- making and resource management. (ii) Good systems for implementation of responsible forest management x NFA has developed sound guidelines and practices for sustainable forest management x Modern technologies are being used in some forest management operations. For example, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is used in forestry inventories (biomass, timber and biodiversity) to produce information needed for policy development and forest management (iii) Increased access to forestry information and awareness o A lot of information to aid decision-making in forestry is available, albeit being dispersed among many institutions o The public is increasingly becoming aware of the importance of forestry for their well-being. This has been demonstrated by: a) tree growing picking up; b) increased public pressure on Government to manage forests and trees responsibly c) increased involvement of private companies in tree/forest-related corporate social responsibility investments d) increased investment in FBEs by local communities (iv) Increased stakeholder participation o Community participation has been fostered mainly through CFM. In addition, there have also been other arrangements of collaborating with communities. Participation clarifies the benefits to the local people and thus creates a strong sense of ownership of the resource, and motivates them to effectively participate in protection of the forest o CSOs are increasingly being seen by government institutions as serious partners in the development of the sub-sector. (v) Available formal training in forestry o Forestry training institutions have produced many trained foresters who can be easily equipped with the necessary skills to manage forestry programmes 35 Draft 1 (vi) Increasing private sector involvement in forestry related investments o The private sector and communities are increasingly getting involved in commercial forestry plantation development and tree growing o Availability of land in CFRs for private sector investment (e.g. forest plantation establishment, eco-tourism) has encouraged tree planting among people with little private land. 5.2 Weaknesses (i) Corruption o Corruption is manifested through embezzling of money or forest products by the custodians of the forest resources, fuelled by greed, bribery and influence peddling. Officials in positions of power go against acceptable professional practices and break the law, often with impunity. o In terms of revenue collection, flouting of procedures has resulted in sale of forest produce at prices that are far less than the market values, and hence caused revenue losses. o Unscrupulous business operators, politicians and technocrats use their positions of influence to discredit the comparative benefits of responsible forest management so that they can influence the transfer of government forest lands to other land uses. o Business people use their connections with high level politicians to appropriate for themselves forest resources at give-away prices. (ii) Inadequacies in implementation of policy, legislation and plans o Levels of compliance with forest-related policies and laws are variable. There are many cases in which the policies and laws are flouted not only by the law breakers, but also those charged with implementing the policies and enforcing the laws. o On the regional scene, there are no legal mechanisms to regulate trans-boundary forest management, thus affecting the conservation of cross border forests and inadequacies in regional trade in forest products. o Private forest owners have not performed well in protecting and managing their forests as Responsible Bodies because they do not have adequate legal provisions to back them up. o Failure to approve the forestry regulations and management plans (FMPs) has continued to foster ad hoc management of forest resources o The legal framework is silent about forest management authorities being accountable to the people who are affected by their decisions. Legal provisions are not forceful enough to enable the public to easily demand and get accountability from government institutions responsible for management of forestry resources. (iii) Limited forestry research o Little research is being carried out with respect to technical forest management. Most of the research that has been done has concentrated on the social and agroforestry aspects leaving out the technical aspects of natural forests and forest plantations. o Even in cases where research has been carried out, packaging and dissemination of research findings still leaves much to be desired. (iv) Inadequate Forestry Skills Training o Generally, there are low levels of practical skills among the staff of forestry related institutions. Most of the staff are not able to handle some of the more technical forestry operations like inventories, harvesting, stock surveys, etc. effectively o Private forest owners have even much lower levels of skills in managing their forests 36 Draft 1 (v) Inadequate incentives to support sustainable forest management o There are limited incentives for investment in tree growing and virtually none for sustainable management of natural forests, especially those on private land (vi) Inadequate financing for forest resource management o Domestic public funding for forestry is limited mostly to salaries and wages, with very little left over to meet operational expenses of the forest management institutions like FSSD and DFDs o The financial sustainability of NFA after four years of operation was over-optimistic. Since the timber plantations are now exhausted, it will be impossible for NFA to cater for all the recurrent and investment needs of managing the CFRs o Revenue from natural forests is not sufficient to fund sustainable management of these forests at present. The situation is even graver for forests on private lands. (vii) Technical constraints o Forest products prices are based on what the market offers instead of the true value of the forest products and services. It is still not yet feasible to include ecosystem values into the forest product prices. o Illegal timber on the market tends to depress the prices of legally sourced timber. o Increasing population imposes pressure on resources use. As population increases, there is expansion of agriculture, and consumption of forest products like timber, charcoal, & firewood increases, which in turn increases pressure on forest resources. o Uganda’s GDP grew at an average of 7.5% between 2002 and 2008 (UBOS, 2009). This meant that the demand for forest products (e.g. for construction, energy for small & medium-scale processing industries, and farmland) increased, thus escalating pressure on forest resources and lands. o The demand for forestry products & services far exceeds the carrying capacity of many forests, leading to over-exploitation of the forests o In terms of external trade, Uganda is a net importer of forestry products, and the gap between the imports and exports has been widening (UBOS, 2008) o The management of forests is generally characterized by antiquated technologies in forest production, harvesting and processing. Consequently, very low recovery rates (often less than 20%) are experienced in the timber processing industry. Production of tree seed and planting materials is still done through rudimentary technologies. o Many forest reserve boundaries are being contested by local communities o Over-reliance of communities on woodfuel is exerting pressure on forestry resources. In terms of fuelwood, 73 % of all the districts in Uganda were already experiencing a deficit of accessible woody biomass for fuelwood even by 2002 when the NFP was prepared (Forestry Department, 2003). This can only have gotten worse given that population has increased. Today there is limited emphasis on the production of fuelwood for the country’s energy requirements, especially in the rural areas o Oil exploitation can have far-reaching negative impacts on the forest resources by increasing rates of deforestation, increasing demand for biomass energy, and aggravating pollution and forest fires. Oil exploration and exploitation, will attract more people in the areas of exploitation and this will result in problems for forest resource security o There is limited capacity of the private sector to deliver internationally acceptable and competitive carbon credits. (viii) Poor coordination, supervision and monitoring o The preferential treatment of NFA favoured the management of the CFRs and NPs & WRs leaving other forests to suffer. Consequently, pressure is now being turned onto FRs, and this will be very difficult to contain as more forests on private lands continue to disappear. 37 Draft 1 o Low priority is being given to the management of private natural forests in terms of resource mobilisation, inventories, and research, among others. o Most of the forestland is being converted to other land uses. In PAs, this is being done through encroachment while PFOs simply convert their land to agriculture, livestock production and other uses which they deem more income generating. o The actual decisions related to forestry management frequently do not follow the laid down procedures. For example, harvesting is sometimes done without following the guidelines laid down in the FMPs and other technical manuals o Weak sector coordination o Weak sector supervision and technical guidance o Illegal logging in CFRs and uncontrolled harvesting on private lands (ix) Weak partnerships with local communities o Management of forests has tended to concentrate on forests themselves, leaving the people who should benefit from these forests at the periphery. This is why there is continued cutting down of the forests without due regard for sustainability. o Observations indicate that in spite of the long gestation period of CFM in Uganda (since 1997), it has not yet been widely adopted as the obvious forest management practice. o Planning and implementation of CFM is hampered by covert interests of some stakeholders, especially those in leadership positions. o The benefits that communities receive under CFM arrangements are not enough to create incentives for improved management of CFRs. o Some of the management information is highly technical and cannot be easily understood by local people. In addition, most stakeholders cannot readily access some of the information available at the relevant institutions. 5.3 Opportunities (i) Support of some politicians at various levels o There is positive support from some politicians and decision makers at various levels, especially in terms of providing policy direction for forestry development. Political support is very instrumental to the success of public institutions, as was the experience of NFA during its first four years, and the subsequent slow-down of performance when political support waned. (ii) Financing forest management o Forestry has been categorised as a primary growth sector in the NDP, which provides an opportunity for forestry institutions to mobilize financial resources for forestry development o A number of products and services from forests are now becoming more marketable and therefore, a promising source of income for the forest owners and revenue for government forest management institutions. o Forest biodiversity is becoming a niche for Uganda within the East African Community, and landscape tourism is a real possibility in the rugged terrain in Northern Uganda (NFA, 2008). o There is increasing financing for corporate social responsibility programmes related to forestry o Large amounts of money are deposited in social security schemes (pension funds) every year. These funds could be accessed for investment in forestry o The law provides for a Tree Fund and an Environment Fund, which can be operationalised for forestry development o There is goodwill among development partners to finance forestry in the country o International initiatives on climate change are providing further opportunities for funding forestry programmes. These include REDD+ and reforestation and afforestation under CDM; 38 Draft 1 o Increased revenue from forests by attracting higher incomes through forest certification initiatives. o The oil revenues from the Albertine Rift Grabben will provide an excellent opportunity to increase public investment into SFM. 5.4 Threats (I) Political interference o During elections of political leaders, the rule of law meets its greatest challenges. Political leaders are unwilling to antagonise voters and therefore the leaders often compromise their otherwise laudable stand on issues of responsible forest management. Knowing this, the forest managers and law enforcement agencies normally withdraw from effective law enforcement until long after the elections are over. By this time the damage done to the forests is, in most cases, irreversible. o Forest stewardship and governance are often coloured by the pressure of the vote, especially during presidential and parliamentary elections. The voters have come to understand the power they have over those seeking to be elected. Unfortunately, the realisation of this power has led to the piling up of pressure on incumbent political leaders to de-gazette PAs and thus side with the people in breaking the law. o The drive by individuals in central and local governments to de-gazette FRs is undermining the sanctity of the PAs. o Unprecedented political interference has, in most cases, aided intense hostility and social stress between the institutions managing forests and the local communities. 39 Draft 1 Part 2: THE REVISED NATIONAL FORESTRY PLAN, 2010 40 6.0 MAIN CONSIDERATIONS SHAPING THE NATIONAL FOREST PLAN 6.1 Period of the Plan The NDP divides the period in which to achieve Uganda’s Vision (30 years) into three 10-year NDPs. Each 10-year NDP is further divided into two five-year NDPs. In view of the nature of much of the investment ventures in forestry, this NFP will cover a period of 10 years (2011/12 – 2020/21), in order to stay in sync with the NDP planning cycles. However, the NFP will be reviewed to take into account emerging issues every five years, in line with the 5-year NDP periods. 6.2 Beneficiaries The target beneficiaries of this NFP are now categorised as follows: x Small-scale rural producers and users that include local communities, e.g. tree farmers, users and processors of non-wood forest and tree products, pastoralists, forest dwellers, brick and lime makers, fish dryers, commercial nursery operators and seed producers. x Small-scale urban producers and users e.g. urban and peri-urban tree growers; charcoal and firewood users, nursery operators, and processors of wood and non-wood products x Larger-scale commercial producers and users that include private timber producers, natural forest owners, and those who grow trees for commercial purposes (e.g. tobacco growers, tea and sugar estates, religious and traditional institutions, hydro-power processors, manufacturers of soft-drinks, construction companies and tourism industries) x The wood processors have included charcoal makers, commercial fuelwood and charcoal traders, pitsawyers, sawmillers, timber traders, plywood manufacturers, carpenters, joiners and artisans. x Institutionalized producers and consumers (e.g. NFA, UWA and local governments, research institutions, training institutions, and CSOs; ) x The International community including tourists, funding agencies, researchers, buyers of forest products, conservationists, and the global community, among others. 6.3 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, as revised in 2005, aims at sustainable national development that takes into account environmental conservation, social development and economic growth. It empowers Government, including LGs, to hold in trust for the people and protect forest reserves (FRs) and reserve any other land for ecological and touristic purposes for the common good of all of the citizens of Uganda. The Constitution differentiates forests managed by the Central Government and those managed by Regional Governments (Republic of Uganda, 2005). The Central Forest Reserves (CFRs) and forests in NP&WRs are managed by Central Government Statutory Bodies, while the Local Forest Reserves (LFRs) and all forests outside the PAs are under the jurisdiction of LGs. 6.4 The Uganda Forestry Policy, 2001 The Uganda Forestry Policy (2001) will continue to provide political guidance to forestry developments. Therefore, the second NFP aims at contributing to the forest sector vision and goal enshrined in the Forestry Policy, and putting into action the policy statements contained therein. Table 11 gives the policy statements as prescribed in the current Forestry Policy. 41 Table 11: Policy statements from the Uganda Forestry Policy (2001)

1. Forestry on government The Permanent Forest Estate under government trusteeship will be land protected and managed sustainably

2. Forestry on private land The development and sustainable management of natural forests on private land will be promoted

3. Commercial forest Profitable and productive forestry plantation businesses will be plantations promoted

4. Forest products A modern, competitive, efficient and well-regulated forest processing industries products processing industry will be promoted in the private sector

5. Collaborative forest Collaborative partnerships with rural communities will be management developed for the sustainable management of forests

6. Farm forestry Tree-growing on farms will be promoted in all farming systems, and innovative mechanisms for the delivery of forestry advisory services will be developed

7. The conservation of Uganda’s forest biodiversity will be conserved and managed in forest biodiversity support of local and national socio-economic development and international obligations

8. Watershed Watershed protection forests will be established, rehabilitated and management conserved

9. Urban forestry Urban forestry will be promoted

10. Education, training and The government will support sustainable forest sector development research through appropriate education, training and research

11. Supply of tree seed Innovative mechanisms for the supply of high quality tree seed and and planting stock improved planting stock will be developed In addition, the policy prescribes the following measures to facilitate its implementation. (i) Adopt a national forest programme approach (ii) Develop a favourable investment climate for private and public investment in the sector (iii) Establish appropriate sectoral co-ordination structures (iv) Strengthen the institutional framework for the forest sector (v) Develop a new legal framework for the forest sector (vi) Specifically enable women, youth and poor people to benefit from development of the forest sector (vii)Participate fully in the development and implementation of international obligations and cross-border co-operation agreements (viii) Monitor and regularly assess Implementation of the Forestry Policy 6.5 Implementation of forestry related policies The energy policy for Uganda (2002) The main policy goal of the energy sector is ―to meet the energy needs of Uganda’s population for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner‖ (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2002). Biomass (firewood, charcoal and crop residues) is recognized as important renewable source of energy, and providing almost all the energy used to meet basic needs of cooking and water heating in rural and most urban households, institutions and commercial buildings. One of the objectives of the energy policy is to develop the use of renewable energy resources for both small and large-scale applications. This is to be achieved through supporting the 42 dissemination of biomass and other renewable energy technologies to increase positive impact on the energy balance and the environment, and supporting efforts to develop biomass resource in agreement with the Uganda Forestry Policy and the National Forest Plan. Other sector policies Policies of other sectors which affect or are affected by forestry include the Gender Policy (1997), National Environment Management Policy (1994), National Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources (1995), The Wildlife Policy (1999) the National Water Policy (1999) and the National Agricultural Research Policy (2005). 6.6 Sector laws and regulations The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 (NFTPA), The National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003 is the main legislative framework for the forestry sub-sector. Key provisions of the Act include: i A National Forest Plan as the main public framework for implementation of the forestry policy and programmes in the forestry sub-sector i Management of all types of forests (forest reserves, community forests and private forests) in a sustainable manner i Responsible Bodies (National Forestry Authority, UWA, Local Governments and Private Forest Owners) for the management and supervision of forests in Uganda i CFRs and LFRs managed by the central and local governments respectively i Involvement of local communities in planning and management of forest reserves i Tree growing on farm i Establishment of the NFA as a central government Statutory Body for management of CFRs; and a District Forestry Office as the technical arm of the District Councils in supervising management of LFRs, private forests and trees on farm i Statutory regulations to implement the Act The Land Act (CAP 227) The Land Act vests ownership of land in the citizens of Uganda. However, it: i Requires all landowners to manage and utilize their land in accordance with the Forests Act and other relevant laws. i Empowers Government, including LGs, to hold in trust for the people, and protect forest reserves and other land for the common good of the citizens of Uganda. i Prohibits Government from leasing out or alienating any natural resource mentioned in the Act (including forest reserves), without the approval of Parliament. However, Government may grant licenses, concessions or permits. i Encourages LGs to request the central government for authority to manage any of the resources that are held by the Central Government. The National Environment Act (CAP 53) The Act creates the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with the overall responsibility of making sure that all parties involved carry out their activities in an environmentally friendly manner. It provides for establishment of LG Environment Committees to coordinate activities at various LG levels. The Act links into the NFTPA by providing for management of all forests in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. It establishes a relationship between NEMA and the lead agency in forestry. 43 Other Laws Other laws that are important for SFM include: x Uganda Wildlife Act (CAP 200) x Local Governments Act (CAP 243) x the National Agricultural Research Act (2005) x The Traditional Rulers (Restitution of Assets and Properties) Statute (CAP 247) x The Inspector General of government Act (CAP167) x The Leadership Code (CAP 168) x The Magistrates Act (CAP 16) x The Police Act (CAP 303), and The Evidence Act (CAP 6) Stakeholder Views During a study undertaken by the World Bank, 2010, the reasons for the decline in forest resources were attributed by respondents mostly to poor forest governance. Some of the issues raised in the study and which are relevant to policy & law include: o The forest policy & law contain very clear principles of sustainable forestry in Uganda. However, the commitment of government in implementing the provisions in these documents is less than desired o In increasing cases, offenders are becoming very aggressive, resulting in confrontations which have sometimes resulted into death of the offender or the defender of the resource o Mechanisms for transparency and accountability are well grounded in the laws and institutional procedures, but they are not always followed o Mechanisms to enable people who are affected by the forest policy and related actions to influence them are inadequate. Those that exist are not widely respected o All forest dependent communities have legal access (licenses, free issues) to the necessary forest resources, but their rights are not fully respected. In the process of revising the National Forest Plan, 2002, interviews involving key stakeholders at national level showed that 65% of all the reasons for the poor performance of the NFP were connected with FLEG and institutional issues (Table 12). Table 12: Reasons contributing to poor NFP performance (percentage) Grouping of Issues Percent Forest law enforcement & governance 34.41 Institutional issues 30.11 Training 4.30 planning and monitoring issues 4.30 Reforestation and conservation 4.30 Community based natural resource management 3.23 Research and Information management 3.23 Awareness 3.23 Commercial plantation development 3.23 Land use issues 2.15 Forest products & services 2.15 Financing 2.15 policy issues 2.15 Population pressure 1.08 100.00 Source: World Bank study (2010) 44 6.7 The National Development Plan The NDP development strategy aims at directing Uganda’s development towards a vision of “A transformed Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years”. The NDP looks forward to 2017 when the country will be dominated by a middle income society. To this end, the NDP elaborates 6 attributes of this vision. The ones of direct relevance to forestry are: i The population is equipped ―…with the relevant knowledge, information and skills to enable them improve their quality of life, respond to development challenges and compete nationally, regionally and internationally‖ i Ugandans should be able to exploit and use national resources gainfully and sustainably …‖ in a way that supports stability and protection of biological and physical systems. In line with these attributes, the NDP emphasises “…sustainable development through preservation of natural resources such as forests and wetlands …” Accordingly, the NDP places forestry at the centre of Uganda’s development agenda by categorizing it as a primary growth sector, alongside other sectors like agriculture, tourism, industry, oil & gas. Key provisions on forestry are given in Table 13. Table 13:NDP provisions on forestry Forestry Sector Objective Strategies 1. restore forest cover (i) Re-forestation and afforestation of 1,266,000ha in 698 forest reserves and from 3,604,176ha as of 730,000ha in national parks and game reserves 2005 to 4,933,746ha (ii) Promote greening along and around public infrastructure and (1990 levels) by 2015 establishments (iii) Promote commercial tree planting on private land (iv) Increase involvement of the population in tree planting (v) Support research and development to promote high yielding and appropriate tree varieties (vi) Strengthen the capacity of relevant sector institutions to effectively enforce forest and environmental laws and regulations

2. Restore degraded (i) Improve low stocked natural forests using the landscape approach natural forests in forest (ii) Protect the government permanent forest estate reserves and private forests

3. Reduce pressure on (i) Speed up implementation of the rural electrification programme forest cover as a source (ii) Scale up incentives to promote investment in generation and use of of woodfuel and alternative energy construction materials (iii) Promote the use of efficient energy saving stoves (iv) Invest in research and development for alternative energy sources (v) Promote efficient use of timber in the construction and furniture industries (vi) Regulate forestry activity on private land in line with the land use policy

4. Promote forestry based (i) Promote forest habitat-based livelihoods and products (e.g. apiculture industries and trade and natural medicines) (ii) Promote ecotourism (iii) Introduce and popularise the use of timber and timber product substitutes and processing technologies (iv) Strengthen networks for participation of local private sector in the global carbon credit market In addition to the above provisions, forestry is also provided for under other sectors in the NDP. These provisions are shown in Table 14. 45 Table 14: Integration of forestry in other sectors under the NDP Sector Strategy

1. Energy (i) Promote and facilitate the use of renewable energy technologies at household and institutional levels (ii) Promote and facilitate the use of bio-fuels

2. Water (i) Manage water resources at catchment areas (ii) Foster partnerships with relevant agencies to ensure proper use and protection of catchments to minimise degradation of water resources

3. Environment (i) Restore forest cover to the 1990 levels (ii) Restore wetlands, rangelands, and monitor restoration of all ecosystems (iii) Support environmental improvement initiatives (iv) Develop national, regional & international partnerships & networks to enhance trans-boundary environmental management (v) Increase public awareness and environmental education (vi) Promote compliance with environmental laws and regulations (vii) Increase and enhance access to environmental information for investment and environmental management

4. Climate Change (i) Address legal and institutional frameworks necessary for the implementation of the UNFCCC (ii) Re-define climate change as a development issue (iii) Provide and promote incentives for clean environment (iv) Implement climate change conventions

5. Urban Development (i) Develop & implement urban beautification and landscape plans for selected urban areas (ii) Carry out urban greening Stakeholders agree that since forestry has been categorised as a primary growth sector in the NDP, activities should aim at delivering according to the expectations of the NDP. 6.8 Sector Plans Environment and Natural Resources Sector Investment Plan Forestry is one of the sub-sectors under the Environment and Natural Resources Sector whose ten- year Sector Investment Plan (SIP) runs over the period 2008/09 to 2017/18. Within the Key Result Areas, the forestry sub-sector addresses the following strategic objectives: Key SIP Result Area Relevant Strategic Objectives Sustainable To improve the ability of forests and trees to yield increases in economic, social Harnessing/Use of Natural and environmental benefits for all people especially the poor and vulnerable Resources now and in future generations To effectively conserve and manage wildlife and protected areas in order to contribute to poverty eradication Clean, Healthy and To comprehensively establish laws, policies, regulations, standards and Productive Environment guidelines for efficient and effective management of the ENR sector To significantly strengthen the capacity of lead agencies and other institutions to implement programmes on environmental management Productive Natural To progressively make changes in the restoration of environmentally degraded Resources Base ecosystems To promote research for the improvement of Environment & Natural Resources The Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan The Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan was developed through the 1990s and published in June 2002. The Plan describes how to integrate the conservation of biodiversity and other environmental protection measures into forestry sector programmes. It makes recommendations for forest management and provides for its own revision as new information becomes available and experience is gained. Specifically, the Plan aims to: 46 x Outline a broad strategy for integrating nature conservation and other forest management objectives that the relevant forestry agency and its partners can refer to as a guide. x Describe the specific actions which need to be taken to protect biodiversity and other environmental values within the forest estate, including those related to the establishment, demarcation and management of Nature Reserves; protection activities in other management zones; institutional and financial arrangements; local community involvement; and legislation & policy requirements; Development Strategy and Investment Plan for the Agricultural Sector Environment is treated as a cross-cutting issue within the Agriculture Sector Development and Investment Plan, 2010/11 – 1014/15, (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries, 2010). Agricultural activities have major impact on land-use, soil, water, biodiversity and landscape. The specific environmental issues mentioned as having significant implications on the performance of the agriculture sector include: x Land degradation, including erosion, compaction and overuse; x Agro-chemical pollution of ground and surface water; x Loss of forests and wetlands, leading to loss of biodiversity; x Loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes through the introduction of non-native species, among others. To address such challenges, the investment plan aims at promoting sustainable land management (SLM) practices to increase food production, conserving soil and water, restoring productive natural resources, and enabling farmers and communities to adapt and become more resilient to climate change. Some of the activities proposed include: x Promote watershed management practices and rehabilitate degraded sites/micro- catchments; x Promote conventional soil and water conservation practices; x Promote incentive mechanisms for SLM adoption; x Promote biomass energy/charcoal saving technologies; x Improve water supply (for production and domestic uses) to pastoral communities; x Promote small scale irrigation practices; and x Promote diversification. The SIP also aims at promoting research activities under NARO, which houses NaFORRI. In addition, the District Forestry Officers are envisaged to provide forestry advisory services to the farmers under the umbrella of NAADS. 6.9 Inter-governmental Arrangements at the International Level Forestry in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Forestry contributes virtually to all the MDGs, but in Table 15, only those goals and strategies which directly relate to forestry are listed: 47 Table 15: Forestry in the Millennium Development Goals Goal Targets Goal 1. Eradicate extreme Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day poverty and hunger Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five Goal 5: Improve maternal health Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Goal 7: Ensure environmental Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies sustainability and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water Goal 8: Develop a global Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory partnership for development trading and financial system Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction — both nationally and internationally In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests The United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), the main international forum for discussing forestry policy reached an agreement on the Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests in 2007 (UNFF, 2007). In the Instrument, the Member States committed themselves to work towards achieving progress in the following global objectives on forests by 2015: i) Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through SFM, including protection, restoration, afforestation and reforestation, and increase efforts to prevent forest degradation ii) Enhance forest-based economic, social and environmental benefits, including by improving the livelihoods of forest dependent people iii) Increase the area of protected forests worldwide and other areas of sustainably managed forests, as well as the proportion of forest products from sustainably managed forests iv) Reverse the decline in official development assistance for SFM and mobilize significantly increased, new and additional financial resources for the implementation of SFM In order to work towards achieving the above global objectives, Member States agreed on 25 national policies and measures and 19 actions on International cooperation and means of implementation. Clean Development Mechanism The CDM defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol provides for Annex I Parties to implement project activities that reduce emissions in non-Annex I Countries, in return for certified emission reductions (CERs). The CERs generated by such project activities can be used by Annex I Parties to help meet their emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM was expected to generate investment in developing countries, especially from the private sector, and promote the transfer of environmentally-friendly technologies in that direction. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Pursuant to the earlier decisions of the UNFCCC, the Bali Climate Conference in November 2007 agreed to include REDD in the mitigation of, and adaptation to climate change impacts. During the conference, the countries agreed to enhance national/international action on mitigation of climate change through policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to REDD in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable 48 management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). To this end, Member Countries were encouraged to explore actions, identify options, and undertake efforts, to address the drivers of deforestation relevant to their national circumstances, with a view to enhancing forest carbon stocks due to sustainable management of forests. Consequent to this, Uganda is in the process of completing its REDD+ Readiness Preparation Plan (R-PP). It is expected that the R-PP will lead to a process of preparing the country’s REDD+ Strategy, and thus make the country an effective contributor to the international climate change efforts. In the process, Uganda will also benefit from restoration and sustainable management of its natural forests. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) In its 10-year Strategic Plan (2008-2018) the UNCCD Parties provided for the strengthening of SFM and integrated water management in critical watershed areas in order to maintain ecosystem services in affected mountain areas, to prevent soil erosion and flooding, to increase the size of atmospheric carbon sinks, and to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. In order to achieve its objectives and strategies, UNCCD has established The Global Mechanism (GM) with the purpose of promoting “… actions leading to the mobilization and channelling of substantial financial resources, including for the transfer of technology… to affected developing country Parties...” To implement its activities relating to forestry, the GM has developed the Forest Finance Programme. The main objective of the Programme is to increase investment flows for degraded forests as a direct contribution to reduction of poverty and enhanced rural development. The specific objective is to promote the rehabilitation of degraded forests as part of the overall efforts to mobilize resources for implementation of the UNCCD. The programme focuses on degraded forests outside PAs, since the bulk of forest and tree cover is situated outside PAs, where their value to local economies, livelihoods and carbon sequestration has often been overlooked. In many areas these forests have been subjected to uncontrolled harvesting (especially for wood-fuel), arable farming and overgrazing, thus creating land degradation. Uganda is one of the 4 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa in which the Forest Finance Programme is aiming at: i Mainstreaming National Action Plans for SLM priorities in national policies, strategies and budgeting processes; i Enhancing partnerships between governments and development partners for SLM investments; i Supporting countries to formulate better programmes for SLM investments i Exploring linkages with GM’s strategic programmes and introducing initiatives that can broaden the funding base of National Action Plans for SLM The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The CBD addresses forestry in its expanded Programme of Work on Forest Biological Diversity (COP6, April 2002 - annex to decision VI/22). The Programme constitutes a broad set of goals, objectives and activities aimed at the conservation of forest biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable use of the benefits arising from the utilization of forest genetic resources. Key programme goals include: i To protect, recover and restore forest biological diversity i To promote the sustainable use of forest biological diversity 49 i Access and benefit-sharing of forest genetic resources i Enhance the institutional enabling environment i Increase public education, participation, and awareness The EAC adopted a Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management With respect to biological diversity, the protocol provides for: i Development of mechanisms that ensure sustainable utilization of trans-boundary ecosystems i Development, harmonization, adoption and implementation of common policies, laws, strategies, plans and programmes relating to the conservation and use of all forms of biological resources, in the Community. i Protection and promotion of the use of indigenous knowledge that is compatible with conservation or sustainable use of biological resources; i Management of biological resources outside conservation areas in a sustainable manner; i Establishment of a system of protected or conservation areas, and to this end, development of common guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected or conservation areas. With specific reference to forest and tree resources, the Protocol sets out provisions as given in Box 1. Box 1: Provisions of the East African Community Protocol on Environment and Natural Resources Management for Forestry under Article 11 (Management of Forest and Tree Resources)

1. The Partner States shall co-operate in all activities relating to development, conservation, sustainable management and utilisation of all types of forests, trees, and trade in forest products throughout the Community.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States shall: (a) Develop, publish, review and evaluate regularly the effectiveness of national forest policies, programmes and plans; (b) Develop common criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management; (c) Undertake regular assessment of forests encompassing all forest resources and all forested lands, regardless of ownership; (d) Protect ecologically viable forests and forests that have cultural, traditional, aesthetic, historic, spiritual or religious value and also to protect endangered or threatened forest species; (e) Encourage local communities to grow and conserve trees and to integrate the growing of trees into farming systems; (f) Develop common guidelines for the management of forest resources; (g) Regulate and control introduction of alien species, plant pests and diseases, and develop early warning systems for all types of threats to forest resources; (h) Promote the growing, processing and sale of valuable medicinal plants; (i) Promote the sustainable use of non-wood products; (j) Recognize, respect and protect the rights of individuals and communities over their traditional forest-related knowledge and their right to benefit from the utilization of this knowledge; and (k) Promote capacity building and public awareness on forests and forest related activities and products and strengthen research and promote data and information exchange of all types of forests and trees in the Community

3. The Partner States shall harmonise and enforce national policies, laws and programmes to promote sustainable forest management.

4. The Partner States shall adopt common national policies and programmes that allow local communities to effectively participate in forest management activities and to benefit from the forest resources.

5. The Partner States shall cooperate, and where necessary, enter into agreements or other arrangements, in the management of transboundary forests ecosystems and protected areas. 50 7.0 NFP PRIORITIES, OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAMMES 7.1 The NFP Vision and Goal The Forest Sector study (2010) indicated that the Uganda Forestry Policy (2001) was still relevant and sufficiently takes into consideration key policy requirements, and adequately covers emerging issues such as expanding private forestry and carbon forestry initiatives. The policy is also in conformity with the various national policies, plans and strategies. Therefore, the Vision for the forestry sector remains as stated in the Uganda Forestry Policy (2001) and the NFP (2002), as follows: “A sufficiently forested, ecologically stable and economically prosperous Uganda” Similarly, the Goal for the forestry sector remains as follows: “An integrated forest sector that achieves sustainable increases in economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees by all the people of Uganda, especially the poor and vulnerable” 7.2 Objectives of the NFP The objectives of the NFP focus on the management of tree and forest resources as a business that contributes to economic, social and environmental benefits for all the people of Uganda. In this respect, the main objectives are to: (a) Enhance the capacity of forestry institutions to enable them effectively perform their mandates (b) Increase the forest resource base by increasing forest cover to the 1990 levels (c) Increase economic productivity of forests and employment in the forestry sector (d) Raise incomes for households through forest-based initiatives (e) Restore and improve ecosystem services derived from sustainably managed forests 7.3 Priority forest products and services In line with the National Development Plan, the forestry sector will focus on development of products and services which have high contribution towards social-economic transformation. The ―Business Approach‖ in the NDP provides a re-orientation of forestry resource management with special attention to developing forestry-related enterprises that contribute to economic growth, employment, prosperity and improving public service delivery. Therefore, priority forest products and services have been selected, based on the following criteria. x Extent to which the product or service will generate business opportunities and thus contribute to increased income at household, local community, LG, and national levels. x Degree to which the product or service is essential for maintaining and uplifting the wellbeing of Ugandans (employment, household needs, income-generation at local community level) and therefore contribution to peace and security in the country x Degree to which the product or service is essential in the production processes of other sectors in the economy (multiplier effects) x Feasibility for production in various locations in the country 51 In accordance with the criteria above, the following products and services will be promoted under this NFP: (i) High grade timber and associated products (ii) Firewood and charcoal (household, commercial and industrial) (iii) Construction and industrial poles (iv) Tree seed and planting materials (v) Non-wood forest products (rattan, bamboo, etc) (vi) Fruit trees (vii) Bee products (viii) Water catchment services (ix) Biodiversity products (e.g. herbal medicine, wild coffee) (x) Ecotourism (the forests – water – landscape connection) (xi) Carbon sequestration services (xii) Ecological functions through SFM, using forest certification standards (xiii) Aromatic oils 7.4 Critical NFP priorities for the period 2011-2021 The achievement of the NFP objectives depends on the improvement of the forest resource base and its productivity to counter deforestation and forest degradation, and to step up supply of goods and services that support enterprise development in the sector. Therefore, all efforts in the sector will focus on increasing the quantity and quality of planted trees, and enhancing the productivity of natural forests both within the PAs and on private land. To this end the critical priorities are outlined below: (i) Forest law enforcement and governance (FLEG) (ii) strengthening of institutions responsible for forest management (iii) Planted trees and forests (iv) Restoration of degraded natural forests (v) Promotion of forest-based industries and trade 7.5 NFP Programmes In order to manage the forests to generate the priority products and services above, three categories of programmes have been identified based on their functional contribution: a. Core programmes - aimed at increasing the forest base for production of the priority forest products and services b. Support programmes - aimed at providing services to improve production, productivity and utilization of the forestry resources c. Cross-cutting issues - to ensure that forest management addresses the issues that cut across all national development programmes. Table 16 is a summary of the Programmes. 52 Table 16: Summary of NFP programmes A The core programs B The support programs C Addressing Cross- cutting issues Programme 1: Development of Programme 6: ICT in forest 1. Gender commercial forest plantations management and advisory services Programme 2: Promotion and Programme 7: Forestry education and 2. HIV/AIDS intensification of tree growing training on-farm Programme 3: Restoration and Programme 8: Forest research 3. Environment conservation of natural forests Programme 4: Forest product Programme 9: Supply of quality tree 4. Climate change processing and value addition seeds and planting materials Programme 5: Promotion of Programme 10: Forest sector Urban Forestry institutional development and coordination Programme 11: Forest law enforcement and forest governance Programme 12: Forest financing and resource mobilization Programme 13: Forest certification 7.5.1 Development of commercial forest plantations Uganda is experiencing a timber deficit, with the demand for timber and associated products fast exceeding supply. It is estimated that at least 67,000 ha of plantations will be required to produce around 1million M3 of sawlogs by 2025 (NFA, 2006). To meet the growing needs, tree planting must be taken seriously, with pro-active investment by both Government and non- government actors. The following will be targeted as the major products from commercial forest plantations: (i) High grade timber and associated products; (ii) Construction and Industrial poles; (iii) Industrial fuelwood (firewood and charcoal) (iv) Carbon sequestration services (v) Tree seed and planting materials (vi) Aromatic oils NFA will continue to establish and maintain quality forest plantations and provide the needed support to the private sector to grow industrial forest plantations. The role of public-private partnership in increasing investment in commercial forest plantations will be stepped up, building on the experience from the SPGS initiatives. Similar incentive schemes to stimulate private sector investment will be developed. Private investors usually require large blocks of land in order to rationalize costs of their operations. The minimum area (cluster) that would justify overhead costs ranges in the region of 5,000 – 10,000 ha. This area can be in one block or adjacent blocks. This type of land can be found in some FRs and therefore, large scale plantation developers will be encouraged to access lands in CFRs, as well as buy or lease private land for forest plantation development. Local communities will also be encouraged to participate in commercial plantations development through community associations to produce viable quantities of produce. The government will play a supporting role through guidelines and standards, promotions, demonstrations and information dissemination. The quality of forest management will be improved to take advantage of the emerging local and export markets. This will be through skills training, use of quality planting materials and timely management. 53 Key strategies for commercial forest plantation development Strategy Primary beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Expand and sustainably manage Large-scale tree growers Private commercial timber and pole sector/Government plantations institutions

2. Establish and sustainably manage Large-scale tree growers NFA, private sector energy plantations

3. Encourage development of community Small-scale tree growers; NFA, Private sector based out-grower forest plantation communities schemes around large plantations 7.5.2 Promotion and intensification of tree growing on farm Forestry is crucial to the lives of millions of Ugandans, especially the poorest sections of society. Most rural communities depend on forests and trees on-farm for part of their livelihoods. In spite of this importance of forestry, the forests and woodlands continue to disappear. If the current rate of deforestation continues, the economy and the livelihoods of many Ugandans will suffer, especially the rural communities who are exposed to stress and shocks resulting from inadequate supplies of the forest products and services. In turn, the productivity of the human capital will be reduced. The decentralised forestry services have not yet helped farmers to grow trees on their land. Most on-farm tree growing initiatives have been through the NGOs/CBOs. The DFDs have not effectively recruited staff to support the decentralized forestry service delivery, promote tree planting and protect vulnerable areas and watersheds. Government is committed to promoting tree growing on farms in all farming systems (Policy Statement #6). Tree growing on farm will be encouraged to optimise the flow of economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees to the local communities as well as contribute to improved conservation of forest resources. Increased income will be created at household level by increasing wood stocks on farm through agroforestry and other farm forestry technologies. Growing of trees and woodlots on institutional land, e.g. schools, faith-based organizations, Uganda Prisons, Uganda Police, Uganda Army and institutions of traditional and cultural leaders, etc will be promoted. This programme aims at increasing the on-farm production of various forest products such as poles, firewood, fruit trees, high grade timber, tree seeds and planting materials and aromatic oils. With increased tree cover, there will be improvement of the environmental functions (windbreaks, shade, soil and water conservation, etc). Planting of indigenous trees will also target species of high conservation value such as Milicia excelsa (Mvule), mahoganies, Prunus africana, rattan, bamboo, etc. Key strategies for tree growing on-farm In order to produce the above, the following strategies will be adopted: Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Support establishment and Small scale tree growers DFS, NGOs management of woodlots, hedgerows, and farmers, especially windbreaks, shelter belts and fruit women and the youth orchards

2. Promote on-farm growing of high Small scale tree growers DFS, NGOs conservation value species and the international community 54 7.5.3 Restoration and conservation of natural forests in protected areas and private lands Natural forests are important for their multiple uses, which include biodiversity conservation and provision of various forest goods and environmental services (e.g. timber, poles, firewood, charcoal, tourist attractions, and ecological functions, among others). The quantity and quality of these products and services have fast declined over the past two decades, leading to reduced supply of wood and non-wood forest products and the negative impact on the ecological functions. In order to enhance the conservation of the forest biological diversity, the biodiversity hotspots within PAs and biodiversity corridors on private land will be promoted (Policy Statement #7), with a focus of enhancing their ability to yield financial returns on investment. Under the Forestry Conservation Master Plan, a total area of 810,000 ha was identified as area of prime, core or secondary conservation importance, and progress has been made in demarcating 350,000 ha of strict nature reserves (SNRs) and 460,000 ha of buffer zones for ensuring management of these areas for conservation. Effective protection of these forests will be an important activity if the intended flora and fauna are to be conserved. Special attention will be given to the woodland reserves of high biodiversity conservation values. Investments will be made in areas of non-consumptive uses of natural forest and woodland resources, such as eco-tourism, recreation, bee-keeping and other initiatives in order to increase the conservation status of these forests. Restoration processes through forest protection and affirmative silviculture6 will be fundamental in ensuring recovery of the highly degraded natural forests to yield increased stocks of high grade marketable timber and non-timber products, and improvement of biological diversity of the forests. Activities such as enrichment planting, encroachment planting, protection, liberation tending, etc will receive high priority in order to halt deforestation and forest degradation. The private sector will be encouraged to tap into the growing opportunities in FBEs in view of the demonstrated financial returns that accrue from both the consumptive and non- consumptive uses of the forests. The PFOs will particularly benefit from producing and supplying various products arising out of sustainable management and conservation of the natural forests. These products include: (i) High grade timber and associated products (ii) Ecotourism (forests – water – landscape connection) (iii) Bee products (iv) Carbon sequestration services (v) Water catchment services (vi) Biodiversity products (e.g. herbal medicine, wild coffee, birds, butterflies) To encourage PFOs, various incentive schemes will be necessary to address issues likje ownership and protection, boundaries, registration of forests and development of FBEs. Key strategies for restoration and conservation of natural forests The following strategies will be used in restoring and managing natural forests sustainably in order to produce the above products and services: 6 Affirmative silviculture includes enrichment planting, inducement of natural regeneration, liberation tending to promote high conservation value species, etc. 55 Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Restore / rehabilitate degraded and Institutional produces; large- NFA, UWA deforested natural forests in CFRs and scale consumers; small-scale wildlife conservation areas consumers and international community

2. Promote the restoration / rehabilitation Small scale producers and Private Forest of natural forests on private and consumers; international Owners, DFS, communal lands community (biodiversity NGOs/CBOs corridors)

3. Restore / rehabilitate water catchment Small scale produces and DFS, Private areas and fragile ecosystems (bare consumers; agricultural forest owners hills, river banks, lakeshores, wetlands) producers, hydro-power processors, processors of soft drinks, etc)

4. Build capacity for community based Local communities; DFS, N natural resource/forest management institutionalized government GOs/CBOs (CBNRM) and collaborative forest producers management (CFM)

5. Promote the development of natural Local communities; small and DFS, NGOs/CBOs forest related enterprises medium scale processors;

6. Promote conservation of biodiversity in Institutionalized producers and NFA, UWA priority forest reserves and wildlife consumers; researchers, local conservation areas communities; International community;

7. Promote management of important Institutionalized producers and PFOs, DFS, biodiversity corridors on private and consumers; researchers, local NGOs/CBOs communal land. communities; International community; 7.5.4 Forestry product processing and value addition The secondary wood and non-wood processing industry comprises both industrial operations and traditional trades. Industrial production of wood-based products for the market is small, relatively unsophisticated and not widely diversified. In contrast, traditional carpentry and joinery trades, as well as artisanal and handicraft trades based on rattan cane furniture, woodcarving, drum making and other wood and non-wood handicrafts, are flourishing with varying sizes of enterprise. The quality of forest product processing will be enhanced through use of more efficient technologies or practices and value addition to take full advantage of the emerging local and export markets. Private sector involvement will focus on improving technologies for processing forest products such as timber, bee products, aromatic oil, fruits, charcoal, and briquettes. There will also be a deliberate effort to expand and diversify the range of forest products. Harvesting practises will be improved to ensure higher income from forest products. Key strategies for product processing and value addition Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Promote small and medium capacity Wood processors; Private sector; NFA; sawmills with high recovery rates Government and private LG producers; timber users

2. Improve harvesting and processing Private and community Private sector; NFA; practises for higher revenue returns forest owners; LG from natural forests institutionalized producers;

3. Build the capacity for value addition wood and non-wood Private sector; NFA; for processing wood and non-wood processors; Government LG forest products and private producers 56 7.5.5 Promotion of urban forestry Urban forestry is important for providing a wide range of environmental services and also tangible benefits of goods needed by the urban population. Urban forestry may be categorized into: x Forests gazetted as central or local forest reserves (about 3,600 ha), and located within or near the urban centres x trees planted on private compounds, along streets and on public access roads within the urban centers x trees planted and maintained as planned green parks x tree nurseries within urban areas The main objectives of gazetting urban Forest Reserves was to ensure sustainable supply of wood resources (e.g. poles, food/spices, herbs/medicines, fibres, fuel wood), protect watersheds, rivers and swamps/wetlands within urban areas, and provide a healthy urban environment. The majority of Uganda’s urban Forests Reserves are strategically located at the head of watersheds from where streams within the urban areas originate or are located on the flood plains of such streams that flow across the city, municipalities and townships. Others offer protection to adjoining wetlands, steep valleys and hills. Therefore, they act as insurance cover to sustainable supply of domestic water in the form of wells, springs, boreholes and pipe water systems within urban centres as they stabilize seasonal fluctuations in the water table and enhance water quality. Urban forests control urban flooding by reducing storm water run-off, urban soil erosion, and the swamps improve on quality of domestic water supply. The eucalyptus plantations in swamps within these urban Forest Reserves are anti-malarial plantations meant to enhance water drainage within the urban areas and deny breeding places for mosquitoes, thereby contributing to the control of incidences of malaria within the urban centres. The urban Forests Reserves also enhance the urban landscape, protect urban wildlife/biodiversity, modify urban climate, provide urban green spaces, break the monotony of buildings, control noise levels and air pollution by fumes and smokes from factories and vehicles in urban centres. Urban forests break wind gusts and, at all times, protect buildings/infrastructure from being blown off by strong winds that pass through the city, municipalities and townships. Urban tree nurseries are an important source of household income and job creation for both skilled and unskilled manpower, and provide planting materials for growing trees for amenity, timber, poles and other uses. Urban authorities often viewed tree planting as wastage of land for development. Therefore, LGs and urban authority councilors and technical staff will be sensitized on the importance of mainstreaming forestry in urban development plans. Tree growing in urban and peri-urban areas will be encouraged to increase aesthetic and environmental values, and provide opportunities for environmental education. In addition, the growing tree nursery enterprise in urban centres will be supported to produce better quality planting materials. Integration of forestry in urban planning will be an important entry-point for ensuring establishment and management of forest resources. Where they exist, the forest reserves will be given priority to ensure that they provide forest products and services, especially to the urban poor. Additionally, forests on administrative centres (district, county, subcounty and parish headquarters) will be maintained. New areas will be established especially in developing rural growth centres, with establishment of forest parks and urban green landscapes. 57 Key strategies for urban forestry Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Mainstream forestry in urban Small-scale urban Urban authorities; development plans producers and users; urban local governments authorities and local governments

2. Manage urban forest reserves All stakeholders LGs/Urban authorities; NFA

3. Increase urban tree growing and Small-scale urban Urban authorities; protection producers and users; urban local governments; authorities and local private sector governments

4. Support urban tree nurseries to produce Small- and medium scale Urban authorities; quality planting materials nursery producers; tree local governments growers; 7.5.6 ICT in Forest Management and Advisory Services Over the years, the forest sector service delivery has been too inadequate, inconsistent and ineffective on the ground to cause significant social-economic transformation and positive environmental impact. There is need to improve on the delivery of information and advisory services among the various actors within the forestry sector in all areas of Uganda, with emphasis on increased beneficiary satisfaction through: x Developing, streamlining, simplifying and maintaining forestry information and advisory services to target actors in strategic areas x Promoting SFM through coordination, delivery and monitoring of the information and advisory services x the provision of appropriate assistance to enable local people to raise their quality of life by means of increased income x Building and retaining relationships between and among beneficiaries and service providers To enhance information exchange among the stakeholders, national and regional forestry stakeholders consultative fora will be established to debate on various forestry issues, exchange information, develop networks and social interaction. Forest information and advisory services delivery will be improved, with emphasis on promoting SFM and raising the quality of life through forestry enterprises. This strategy will be achieved by ensuring that information and services are delivered by responsive people who know the targeted recipients, work proactively, listen well and can solve problems. Partner organisations (MWE/FSSD, DFS, NFA, UWA, NGOs/CBOs) will work closely to develop, deliver and monitor forestry-related technical solutions and services to support community and private sector forestry developments. The capacity of these service providers (also including NGOs, private consulting & contracting companies, etc.) will also be built to ensure effective delivery of forestry services 58 Key strategies for ICTs and Advisory services This programme will be implemented through the following strategies: Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Develop and manage user-friendly All categories FSSD, NFA information management system to collect, process and disseminate forest information

2. Develop and implement a national All categories FSSD forestry communication strategy

3. Establish national and regional forestry All categories FSSD, DFS stakeholders consultative fora for information sharing and review of forestry sector performance

4. Build the capacity of service providers All categories FSSD, NGOs (NGOs, private consulting & contracting companies, etc.) to effectively deliver forestry services

5. Promote energy saving technologies in Small-scale rural and urban DFS; NGOs wood deficient areas and high users (especially women and population centres the youth), including processors

6. Build the capacity of local community Local communities, including DFS; NGOs institutions to demand for forestry women organizations advisory services 7.5.7 Forestry education and training Uganda’s training institutions must produce graduates that will be competitive on the employment market. Today, there is greater realisation that forests must be managed with a business understanding and therefore FBEs will become more popular especially among PFOs. Training institutions need to work with the private sector and government institutions directly managing forests in developing training packages which are more practical oriented. Also important is to enhance on-job training for all cadres of forestry staff and stakeholders. Therefore, formal forestry education at the university and technical forestry training institutions will continue but with modification in curricula aimed at enhancing practical skills training. As we move into the East African Community where we expect freedom of labour movement across borders, Uganda’s training institutions must produce graduates that will be competitive on the market. To this end, the curricula will be revisited to increase the proportion of time spent on practical skills training. Formal and informal training in the forestry sector has improved over the last 10 years with the introduction of new courses. However, it has also been noted that the training has been commercialized and is more vulnerable to being compromised on quality standards and competences. Similarly, informal training, which has been largely spearheaded by the NGOs, has gaps in knowledge and skills. There are limited knowledge and practical skills among forestry practitioners in many areas of forestry and natural resource management, such as silvicultural practices, management of protected areas; management and protection of ecologically fragile ecosystems/watersheds ; forestry related enterprises and business development, forestry economics and forest valuation. Forestry education and training has not effectively addressed ethics and codes of conduct in natural resource management. The NFP will also focus on in-service training for knowledge and skills transfer to staff responsible for forestry management and service providers. On-farm skills training in agro-forestry, forest plantation management and natural forest management (including woodlands) will be 59 conducted by NGOs and private sector of proven experience (e.g. SPGS, consultants) and Government agencies. Professional training at tertiary institutions will also be designed with practical field orientation to produce forest graduates that meet the current market demands. Key strategies for forestry education and training The following strategies will be implemented to provide an effective forestry education programme: Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Develop and periodically review All categories FSSD, NFC, curricula for professional and technical Universities forestry training to enhance knowledge, attitude and skills

2. Conduct tailored apprenticeship and on- Institutionalized producers NFA, DFS; FSSD; job training for staff of NFA, DFS, FSSD NFC; private sector; and other forest related organizations to NGOs improve their performance

3. Promote local community training through Local communities, DFS, NGOs farmer field schools and agro-forestry demonstrations

4. Build knowledge, attitude and skills of Service providers; local DFS; NGOs; FSSD service providers for effective delivery of communities, local forestry services governments

5. Promote and strengthen the integration of Youth in schools; local DFS; NGOs, School forestry related co-curricular activities in communities administrations primary and secondary education. 7.5.8 Forestry research Forestry research will continue delivering technologies and knowledge needed to improve livelihoods in Uganda through conservation and sustainable management of natural and plantation forests; growing and managing trees-on-farm; developing and promoting tree products and services; integrated pests, diseases, and fire management; recreation, landscapes and urban forestry; mitigation and adaptation to climate change; minimizing biodiversity loss; and any other emerging issues. The National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NaFORRI) and other research institutions in close collaboration with their partners will establish and implement an effective research agenda, based on best practices and procedures to meet stakeholder needs. Currently, NaFORRI has developed a home and modest infrastructure that supports formal research. In addition, wide linkages have been developed with expertise across the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) in Uganda, the regional and sub-regional organisations, and the international organizations, such as the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system. The forestry research agenda will be developed and implemented through a Research and Development Strategic Plan, with a view to addressing the challenges of how to enhance and sustain livelihoods through forestry, agroforestry, conservation of indigenous tree species and other uses of forest resources, while protecting the environment. The forest resource managers such as NFA, UWA, DFDs and the private sector will also be encouraged to carry out or commission relevant research that supports forest conservation, development and utilization of forests, and the conservation of biological diversity and genetic resources. 60 On-farm research will also be promoted through an approach that allows the participation of farmers in the research agenda. Key Strategies for Research This programme will be implemented through the following strategies: Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Develop and implement Forest All categories NaFORRI, Research and Development Strategic Universities Plans through relevant research institutions

2. Undertake species trials for NaFORRI, NFA indigenous trees to inform plantation development

3. Promote research on-farm Local communities NaFORRI,

4. Promote research by forest Institutionalized producers and NFA, UWA, DFS management institutions users; local communities

5. Develop and implement a tree Small scale and large scale NaFORRI, NFA improvement programme producers

6. Undertake specific studies to fill All categories FSSD, NFA, information gaps NaFORRI, NGOs

7. Transfer technologies to forest All categories NaFORRI, DFS, NFA resource producers and consumers 7.5.9 Supply of quality tree seed and planting materials The demand for quality planting materials is increasing due to the increased interest in afforestation and reforestation activities. In the short term, importation of some tree seeds from certified sources especially for commercial plantation development will be encouraged. So far, a few private suppliers are importing seeds from Brazil, Australia and South Africa. In the long term, the development of tree seed stands and undertaking of a tree improvement program will be key to the country’s seed and tree planting materials supply. NFA manages the National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) whose capacity has been developed over the past years to meet the demand for seed and planting materials. However, NTSC has lost the confidence of its clients by supplying unreliable seed and seedlings. NFA will restore the credibility of the NTSC, and continue to build its capacity so that it effectively supplies quality tree seed and planting materials to meet the increasing stakeholder demand. Other private operators will be encouraged to supplement the supply of quality seeds and planting material under appropriate guidelines and a quality assurance scheme. The establishment of tree seed stands will be encouraged to reduce dependence on importing seeds and planting materials. Most of the tree seed stands have either been harvested for timber or their management has deteriorated. The seed sources that still exist are of very poor quality and lack appropriate maintenance. Also lacking has been the effort to undertake tree improvement programs for producing quality planting materials. Attempts by NaFORRI in collaboration with the private sector have not yielded much and have been limited to a few species, especially clonal eucalyptus. Lack of guidelines and monitoring of production and supply of tree seed and planting materials has resulted into springing up of unregulated tree nurseries, most of which are mixing different species in the same beds. There are incidents where seedlings are raised and planted without due regard to site species matching. 61 It has been established that supply of tree seeds and planting materials is an economically viable venture. Therefore, the involvement of the private sector in production and management of tree seed stands and planting materials will be encouraged under appropriate guidelines and regulations. Priority will also be put on development of skills of the private sector for the purpose. Key strategies for tree seed and planting materials This programme will be implemented through the following strategies: Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Improve tree seed procurement, Small and large scale producers NFA, Private sector testing, storage and distribution and users, including nursery operators

2. Establish and maintain quality As above NFA, Private sector tree seed sources

3. Produce quality tree seedlings As above NFA, Private and other planting materials sector

4. Promote the multiplication and Small scale producers and users; NaFORRI, NFA, use of indigenous species of high institutionalized producers, local Private sector conservation value communities

5. Develop and implement a Seed Small and large scale producers FSSD; NFA Certification Scheme and users, including nursery operators 7.5.10 Forest sector institutional development and coordination The institutional landscape consisting of the Ministry/FSSD, NFA/UWA and DFDs, has failed to deliver on their respective roles and responsibilities, largely because of poor start-up. Institutional development in terms of human resource and provision of operational funds was skewed to favour the establishment of NFA, without parallel effort to build FSSD and DFDs. During the 2-3 years during which NFA was well funded, it was able to show visible impact on forestry. On the other hand, DFDs and the FSSD were under resourced, and thus, they have had little impact. FSSD was unable to effectively carry out its mandate, leading to weak sector coordination, linkages, networking and partnerships. The cross-cutting nature of forestry means that there is need to coordinate the various stakeholders and provide guidance for their proper functioning. However, it is still important for players within the forestry sector, or those with interests in the sector, to coordinate their work to avoid unnecessary competition for resources, and operate synergistically to optimise the use of resources. It is also important because it reduces the possibilities of conveying conflicting messages to the public, and this bolsters harmony and a common purpose in the development agenda. Similarly, the DFDs have not been effective in undertaking their functions of developing LFRs and fostering forestry developments outside the other PAs. The designated DFD staff level in each district is 2-3 technical staff, but many recently created districts do not have technical forestry staff. In addition, it is difficult to recruit high calibre staff at the low salary rates offered by LGs. DFD staff are demoralized by the low priority status of forestry in LGs, and by political pressures to go against professional ethics. On the other hand, the capacity of NFA has been affected by political pressures, poor staff development & retention, and reduced internal and external funding, which have over time, 62 adversely affected their effectiveness in the management of the CFRs and delivery of services to LGs, the private sector, and local communities. The development of the institutional framework will be promoted for effective implementation and coordination of forestry sector plans and activities. In particular, the key government institutions in the sector (FSSD, NFA, UWA, and DFDs) will be strengthened to enable them to perform their functions better and allow for effective coordination with the various actors in the sector. Interventions will be based on the understanding that if the capacity of these institutions is increased, the delivery of forestry services will be better. Increase in capacity involves providing an enabling environment for the institutions to function well, including inter-alia, staff development; use of appropriate technologies; availability of operational funds; technical guidance and political support. Every effort will be made to improve on the staffing and financing for FSSD, NFA, UWA, and DFDs) in order to improve their performance. In addition, sector coordination will be promoted at national and regional level to ensure information exchange, networks, partnerships and synergies. The mobilization of the private sector will be promoted through national and sub- national PFOs associations to enhance their capacity for resource mobilization, benefit from economies of scale, and create a common voice for sector developments. Key strategies for institutional development and coordination Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Improve the capacity of lead All categories MWE/FSSD, MPS, MLG, forestry institutions (FSSD, NFA and District local DFS) in terms of staffing, skills, governments equipment, etc, for better performance of their mandates

2. Improve coordination, networking All categories MWE/FSSD, NFA, local and partnerships for all forestry governments sector stakeholders

3. Improve forestry sector monitoring All categories MWE/FSSD, NFA, UWA, and evaluation local governments

4. Promote domestication, All categories MWE/FSSD, MWE/CCU, coordination and implementation of NFA, UWA, NEMA, regional and international forestry MAAIF related multi-lateral environment agreements (MEAs)

5. Promote the participation of private Small and large scale DFS; private sector; sector institutions and communities producers; local NGOs in forest management communities 7.5.11 Forest Law Enforcement and Forest governance FLEG is one of the most serious challenges facing the forestry sector today, and is likely to remain so in view of the fledgling nature of Uganda’s young democracy. Inadequate implementation of FLEG has contributed to deforestation and forest degradation, depriving Ugandans of the use of forests, and is discouraging sustainable investment in the sector. When there is political capital to be gained, political pressure to act contrary to the interests of SFM is intensified. For example, the ever-growing problem of encroachment in forest reserves, especially during periods of election, gives ample testimony to political interference. On the other hand, when there are no political gains to be obtained, then political decision-makers become indifferent to the needs in the forestry sector. 63 FLEG will be done through rigorous demonstration of integrity, transparency, accountability and professionalism, in line with established policies and laws. In order to enhance participation, transparency, accountability and efficiency in conducting of public affairs in the forestry sector, interaction between formal institutions, private sector, local communities and civil society organisations will be encouraged. Cooperation and coordination between the formal forestry sector institutions, the Justice Law & Order Sector (police, judiciary, prisons, legal fraternity, LC courts) and the defence sector will be promoted to improve law enforcement and compliance. Formal links with the security agencies will be pursued so as to strengthen law enforcement capacity of the forestry institutions. This will not only help in the PAs, but also in forests on private lands. Improved FLEG will ultimately lead to control of illegal activities, removal of forest encroachers, forest owners achieving their rightful benefits, and re-demarcation and maintenance of forest reserve boundaries. To enhance accountability within the sub-sector, the forestry legislation process which started with the Forestry Policy in 2001, the National Forestry Plan (2002) and the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act (2003) will be taken to its completion. This will entail gazettement of the Forestry Regulations; preparation and gazettement of LG Ordinances and bye-laws, and development & gazettement of relevant Guidelines & Standards, including the District Forest Services Handbook. Local communities have demonstrated the ability to enforce forest laws. For example, communities of Sango Bay were able to stop powerful government functionaries’ from illegally harvesting timber from the CFR. Therefore, local communities will be empowered to take active participation in law enforcement. At the community level, where CFM agreements are being implemented, there have been significant tangible benefits to the communities that have encouraged more communities to join and participate in CFM activities. Therefore NFA and other actors will focus on the improvement of forest-edge community wellbeing. The partnerships with the forest-edge local communities through CFM arrangements will be expanded to other CFRs, including NFA plantations and woodland reserves. Baseline surveys to determine the impact of FBEs under CFM arrangements to the wellbeing of the current community groups will be undertaken to help re-focus CFM arrangements toward increased benefits for the forest-edge local communities. The local communities will be empowered to effectively and efficiently run FBEs, and take on new & feasible ones. Promotion of professionalism among forestry practitioners will also be emphasised through codes of ethics and professional standards. The process and practice will help in building the confidence of various stakeholders, including the development partners and investors in the forestry sector. Addressing political interference will be achieved by raising the economic profile of forestry with the resultant increase in the relevance of forestry in the political development processes. 64 Key Strategies for FLEG Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Strengthen the development, dissemination All categories FSSD, NFA, UWA and implementation of relevant forestry policies, regulations, standards and guidelines, and the periodic reviews thereof

2. Develop and implement participatory All categories NFA, UWA, LGs Forest Management Plans

3. Restore the physical integrity of forests in All categories NFA, UWA, LGs PAs (boundaries opening, eviction of encroachers, etc.)

4. Promote professionalism among forestry Small and large scale FSSD, practitioners (codes of ethics, skills, producers and users; NGOs/CBOs, professional standards) institutionalized producers Private sector and users

5. Develop the capacity of CSOs and local Institutionalized producers NGOs communities to contribute to FLEG and hold government institutions accountable

6. Strengthen CFM partnerships and increase Institutionalized producers, NFA, UWA, DFS, benefits for improvement of the wellbeing of local communities NGOs/CBOs forest-edge communities

7. Increase collaboration and coordination Institutionalized producers FSSD, NFA, UWA, between formal forestry institutions DFS (including PFOs associations), CSOs and law enforcement agencies for effective FLEG

8. Promote accountability within the sector All categories FSSD, through an annual National Forestry NGOs/CBOs, Congress for all stakeholders to take stock Private sector in the sector 7.5.12 Forest Financing Resource mobilisation and distribution is crucial for the function of the key institutions and other players in the forestry sector. Therefore, innovative mechanisms for resource mobilisation will be explored to improve the performance of the key players. As much as possible, forests will be managed in a business-like manner to generate incomes from SFM. In addition, forest management institutions and CSOs will continue to lobby Government and other financial institutions to increase funding for forestry development at all levels. Funds will be mobilised to stimulate investments in forestry. This will help in ameliorating the effects of the long pay-back period associated with forest investments. The bulk of investors in commercial forest plantations in Uganda are small to medium-scale, and this is likely to remain the same because of the nature of the land holdings (small and fragmented). This is exacerbated by the situation in which most of the financial institutions do not have financing arrangements for forest management projects which are largely long-term. To this end, mobilizing financial resources for managing commercial forest plantations will focus on domestic private sources. In addition, Government, working together with long-term finance institutions will develop long-term financing arrangements for small-holder private sector investment in forest management. Since tree growing for timber, poles and firewood in a business environment is now generating resources from private sector sources, public funding will shift to support owners of natural forests to enable them to increase financial returns from their forests. Financial resources will also 65 be mobilised from Government and development partners to meet the cost of delivering public good services, such as watershed management, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, soil protection, climatic amelioration. Government Budget Framework Papers have got strong positive statements on forestry, and therefore one would expect a corresponding priority rating for forestry. However, when it comes to the allocation of budgetary resources, forestry is ranked very low. The same thing happens at LG levels. In addition, forestry outside the PAs was decentralized without the corresponding financial resources to manage them sustainably. Increasing corruption in government institutions has also negatively affected the goodwill of development partners to finance forestry activities, especially in public forests. Key strategies for forest financing Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Mobilize conditional grants for forestry DFS, local communities MWE/FSSD; LGs developments in local governments and from Central government.

2. Operationalise the Tree Fund provided Small and large scale MWE/FSSD, NFA, for under the law to support tree producers; local DFS, NEMA, UWA, growing initiatives communities

3. Develop economic instruments Institutionalized producers; MWE/FSSD, Private (financial, taxes, green levies, etc) for small and large scale sector funding forest management and producers; local communities

4. Develop innovative and non-traditional Institutionalized producers; NFA, UWA, PFOs, enterprises (e.g. Payment for small and large scale NGOs/CBOs Ecosystem Services,, botanical producers; local gardens, butterfly farming, value communities addition, etc) to diversify incomes & revenue sources

5. Promote corporate social responsibility Institutionalized producers; Private sector; FSSD, initiatives that support tree growing small and large scale NFA and natural forest management producers; local communities

6. Mainstreaming tree planting in all All categories FSSD, DFS public and private development programmes and projects

7. Promote private-public partnerships to All categories FSSD, NFA; Private enhance forest sector financing sector; UIA

8. Mobilize long-term low-interest finance Large-scale producers FSSD, Private sector from pension funds, insurance and financial institutions for forest developers

9. Mobilise financing from Development All categories FSSD, NFA; Private partners for specific initiatives like sector, CSOs conservation of global biodiversity, carbon sequestration and tree planting 7.5.13 Forest Certification Uganda’s production forests have not been certified, and the chains of custody are poorly developed. Therefore, Uganda cannot sell most of its forest products on some of the international markets because consumers require products which are certified. Some steps have been taken in this direction, but they are still in their formative stages. 66 Emerging sources of forest revenues (e.g. carbon, certified bee products, certified charcoal, etc.) require independent monitoring of SFM criteria and indicators. To this end, forest management standards composed of criteria and indicators which have been agreed by consensus of all stakeholders will be developed and implemented. The quality of the standard will also meet internationally accepted principles of SFM in order for the producers to benefit from the international marketing arrangements based on SFM. The private sector will be introduced to the advantages of certification of their natural forests and plantations to promote SFM and access international markets that require certified forest products. Government will invest in natural forests in order to manage them sustainably. The aim will be to produce internationally certified forest products. In addition, forest production like certified emissions reductions require a set of standards. These standards will be adopted for afforestation and reforestation projects under CDM and REDD+ Uganda will undertake forest certification using the phased approach within the framework of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Starting with selected forests, lessons will be generated that will guide further expansion of the certification programme. Key strategies for forest certification Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Develop systems for independent Large scale producers and Private sector; verification of legal sources of marketable users; institutionalized NGOs; FSSD, forest products producers and users NFA

2. Establish and support a National Working All categories FSSD; private Group under the auspices of the FSC sector; NGOs

3. Establish and support the formation of a All categories National National Initiative under auspices of the Working Group FSC

4. Establish and maintain linkage with the All categories National FSC on matters of certification, Initiative monitoring/audits and markets

5. Develop the national standards, criteria All categories FSSD, NFA and indicators in accordance with FSC principles and generic criteria & indicators

6. Publicize and develop markets for the All categories FSSD forest certification initiative

7. Manage selected natural forests and Institutionalized producers; NFA plantations using SFM principles and private/community forest acquire FSC certification in a phased owners manner

8. Organize and encourage PFOs to produce Large scale producers and Private sector; for the markets that take products from users; institutionalized FSSD, NFA, forests managed under the certification producers and users scheme

9. Build the capacity of public & PFO Large scale producers and FSSD, NFA; LG; organisations, and individuals to users; institutionalized NGOs implement SFM producers and users 67 7.6 Addressing Cross-cutting Issues 7.6.1 Gender In Uganda, firewood and water for domestic use is usually collected by women and children. Therefore, the Programmes on ―watershed management‖ and ―pole & fuelwood plantations‖ will be implemented with close participation of women and school children. Particular attention will be paid to women and the girl-children who have to walk long distances to access products, especially for domestic use. On the other hand, charcoal burning is mainly carried out by male youths, while retail trade and use of charcoal at home are mainly carried out by women in urban centres. Therefore the Programme of sustainable charcoal & fuelwood processing & use will target youth and women. The majority of employment in the wood trades is dominated by male youth, while women specialise in processing of non-wood forest produce. Capacity building programmes will be tailored with these considerations in mind. Key strategies for incorporating gender Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Prepare programmes that will specifically small scale producers and NGOs; FSSD, benefit rural women, youth, the elderly and users; local communities NFA children

2. Gender training to support equitable Service providers on gender MEW, FSSD, NFA, access to and control over benefits in issues at national, district DLG, NGO, UWA forest management activities and local levels

3. Have a gender specialist within any small scale producers and MEW, FSSD, NFA, Project/program Implementation Unit users; local communities DLG, NGO, UWA

4. Have gender disaggregated data small scale producers and MEW, FSSD, NFA, collection, collation, analysis and reporting users; local communities DLG, NGO, UWA 7.6.2 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS has adverse effects on all aspects of the economic and social well-being of society. Therefore, HIV/AIDs education will be incorporated in all training and public education programmes during implementation of this NFP. Key strategies for incorporating HIV/AIDS education Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Prepare standard training materials for All categories NGOs; FSSD stakeholder education

2. Conduct studies regarding the palliative All categories NGOs; Private nature of herbal medicines sector 7.6.3 Environment Environmental issues to be considered include human-induced environment-related disasters like human settlement, land degradation, pollution control, hazardous waste management, effluent management, waste disposal, and the management of river banks and lake shores, among others. These concerns will be incorporated and addressed through Environmental Impact Assessments in accordance with the National Environment Act, CAP 153. 68 Key strategies for incorporating environment Strategy Primary Responsibility Beneficiaries

1. Conduct studies on specific functions of forestry in All categories NEMA; NFA conservation of the environment

2. Promote EIAs for major forest operations (e.g. commercial All categories NEMA; NFA; plantations, timber harvesting, ecotourism, etc.) Private sector; Climate change The negative impacts of climate change are forecast to increase, and therefore, weather and climate have been mainstreamed into the forestry sub-sector. Forests and trees act as sinks for green house gas emissions, and are the most visible frontline assets available for Uganda for mitigation of climate change effects. Therefore tree growing and sustainable management of natural forests will not only enable Uganda to make its due contribution to the fight against climate change through CDM and REDD initiatives, but it will also bring in income to the forest owners who manage their forests according to SFM standards. GOU and partners efforts to promote forestry production and productivity has a comparative advantage of mitigating climate variability and climate change while at the same time improving on food security, reducing rural employment and rural poverty. Despite the fact that forestry is being affected by climate variability/change impacts, it also contributes to GHG emissions. Changes in land use and clearing of forests represent 17.4% of total global GHG emissions. Because forestry capture carbon through photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, they have very high potential for reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. It is estimated that the biophysical mitigation potential of forestry is estimated to average 1.5 GtC eqv./yr (5.4 Gt CO2 eqv./yr, IPCC 2001) without the realization of a substantial part of this mitigation. Therefore finding an efficient mix of mitigation and adaptation solutions through forestry development should be a priority policy issue. FAO submission to UNFCCC in 2009 noted that ―Perhaps no sectors other than agriculture, forestry and fisheries have the potential to contribute so directly to the provisions of Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): the ultimate objective of the Convention is stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level which ensures that food production is not threatened and enables economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.‖ Key Strategies for incorporating climate change Strategy Primary Beneficiaries Responsibility

1. Prepare and implement the REDD+ Large scale producer; Private sector; NGOs; Strategy institutionalized producers; NFA; UWA; FSSD; small-scale producers PFOs

2. Scale up afforestation and reforestation All categories Private sector; NGOs; projects in line with CDM arrangements NFA; PFOs

3. Promote climate change mitigation and All categories Private sector; NGOs; adaptation implementation through NFA; PFOs public-private partnership arrangement 69 8.0 FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL FOREST PLAN 8.1 Indicative budget for implementing the NFP Table 17 summarizes the indicative budget required for the implementation of the NFP. The total budget over the ten years is UGX 395.151 billion, progressing with the intensity of activities from 13.3 billion in Yr1, reaching 68 billion at Yr 10. This budget includes the work of other government players apart from the traditional institutions that manage forests. Table 17: NFP Summary Indicative Budget (excluding Salaries), 2011-2020 (UGX millions) US$1 UGX equivalent 2,200 Programme Private Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Total GoU Sector CSOs Development of commercial 1 forest plantations 8,400 16,800 25,200 33,600 42,000 50,400 58,800 67,200 75,600 84,000 462,000 108,900 353,100 0 Promotion and intensification 2 of tree growing on farm 4,160 8,320 12,480 16,640 20,800 24,960 29,120 33,280 37,440 41,600 228,800 117,040 22,000 89,760 Restoration and conservation of natural 3 forests 825 1,650 3,000 4,425 5,900 7,775 9,450 11,725 13,600 16,750 75,100 52,000 9,575 13,525 Forest product processing 4 and value addition 70 120 240 317 504 926 1,023 1,465 1,695 1,835 8,195 1,494 6,636 65 5 Urban Forestry 770 1,122 1,474 1,827 2,179 1,700 1,910 2,120 2,330 2,540 17,972 8,552 9,420 0 Forest Information and 6 Advisory Services 800 1,132 1,627 1,827 2,395 2,310 2,395 2,310 2,395 2,310 19,500 10,378 290 8,915 7 Forestry training 1,780 1,880 1,900 1,960 2,020 2,120 2,140 2,200 2,260 2,320 20,580 10,460 2,100 8,020 8 Forestry research 1,805 2,009 2,014 2,015 2,215 2,085 2,085 2,085 2,085 2,085 20,482 18,482 0 2,000 Supply of quality tree seeds 9 and planting material 290 530 770 975 1,215 265 265 265 265 265 5,105 4,620 485 0 Forest sector institutional development and 10 coordination 862 920 412 400 100 100 100 100 600 900 4,494 3,070 0 1,424 Forest Law Enforcement and 11 Forest governance 2,790 2,945 3,376 3,656 4,338 3,672 3,897 3,762 3,987 3,987 36,412 27,778 970 7,663 12 Forest financing 1,110 2,110 2,030 2,020 320 320 320 320 320 320 9,190 6,550 0 2,640 13 Forest Certification 300 650 700 850 800 850 870 790 790 790 7,390 5,225 1,275 890 Total UGX 23,962 40,188 55,222 70,512 84,785 97,483 112,375 127,622 143,367 159,702 915,219 374,550 405,851 134,902 US$ Equivalent 10.89 18.27 25.10 32.05 38.54 44.31 51.08 58.01 65.17 72.59 416.01 170.25 184.48 61.32 Percentage Contribution 41 44 15 70 8.2 Sources of funding To address the financial constraints related to the long pay-back period of forestry investments, funds will be mobilised to stimulate investments in forestry developments. The funds will be mobilised through: x Increased capacity to generate revenues from the forest products through value addition and diversification. x PES, especially through carbon sequestration and watershed protection services; x Private sector sources (domestic and external) x Public funds, including Official Development Assistance (ODA), most of which are disbursed through Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks that are approved by the Water and Environment Sector Working Group x Government instruments like guaranteeing loans and provision of tax relief for the private sector x Public-Private Partnerships, especially in commercial timber and energy plantations x Long-term loans from pension funds and development banks It is envisaged that 41% of the total NFP budget will be funded by Government through the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework; 44% will be mobilized through the private sector, and 15% will be mobilized through the civil society organizations. 8.3 Dangers of not funding the NFP programmes If the Government (includingLGs and ODA) does not fund the forestry sub-sector, the trend in forest loss will escalate, leading to the following:

1. Negative impacts of climate change evidenced by increasingly dry to desert conditions, high incidences of floods and the attendant health and nutritional problems.

2. Declining biodiversity, thus affecting the basis of proper functioning of ecosystems that support life at local, national and global levels through its products and services;

3. Reduced energy supply for domestic use, the manufacturing industry and the service sector, including scarcity of woodfuel for small-scale processing industries, such as brick- making, bakeries, pottery, hotels and schools. This will lead to increased costs of production and thus lower Uganda’s competitive edge in the region.

4. Increased hardships for the poor who directly derive 27 % of their cash income from forests.

5. Reduced and low-quality water supply for domestic and industrial use as the water reservoirs (lakes, rivers and wetlands) become polluted and eventually silt up. Water tables would become lower, leading to drying up of wells, springs and boreholes, and the consequent increased costs of providing water to the population and livestock.

6. The Government’s Water for Production Programme in support of PEAP would be rendered unviable because it requires forests as natural regulators and reservoirs of water flow. The whole country would therefore be rendered unviable for cattle grazing and agriculture. For example, the Uganda National Household Survey 2005/2006 (Agriculture Module) revealed that 43 percent of all national crop plots suffered from damage, mainly due to rain shortage (19 percent), followed by crop disease (10 percent). 71

7. Reduced raw materials, especially timber for construction would undermine the fast growing construction industry. This would directly affect economic growth and employment opportunities.

8. Escalating import bills. IUCN (2001), for example, estimated that if kerosene was used instead of charcoal in urban households, there would be an annual increase in the national import bill by US$180 million. Such a move would also lead to loss of jobs by poor people involved in woodfuel (charcoal and firewood) income-generating activities.

9. The environment in the fast-growing urban areas will become more polluted and a danger to people’s health. This would lead to increased costs of providing health care, higher incidences of respiratory diseases and the consequent increased misery for the poor living in urban areas. Some of the effects of the Government not funding the forestry sub-sector can be mitigated by promoting private sector investment. Since most of the investment in forestry is of a public nature, however, it will not be possible to attract sufficient private sector investment in the next 10 years. Therefore, the Government and its development partners will have to invest directly in forestry over the coming years. Government should also continue to go into partnerships with the private sector. 72 9.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE NFP IMPLEMENTATION The roles of lead institutions in the forestry sector were defined during the forestry sector reform, and aimed at strengthening sector coordination and performance. It is considered that the roles and responsibilities as stated in the 2002 NFP are clear and still valid for the implementation of this revised NFP. It is extremely important that the different institutions that will be involved in the implementation of the NFP have a clear understanding of their roles. Table 18 summarizes the functions of the key institutions in the sector Table 18: Key Institutions in the Forestry Sector Institution Responsibilities in the forest sector Enabling Ministries, Departments and agencies, Ministry of Water and x Formulation and oversight of appropriate policies, standards and Environment / Forestry legislation for the forest sector Sector Support x Co-ordination and supervision of technical support and training to Department local government x Inspection and monitoring of local government and the NFA performance in forest sector development x Co-ordination of the NFP and cross-sectoral linkages x Mobilisation of funds and other resources for the forest sector x Promotion, public information and advocacy for the forest sector Ministry of Finance, x Provision of policies, standards and guidelines and information Planning and that are needed for planning Economic x Sector budget allocations Development x ensure coherence of forestry policy and practices x Oversee the NFA performance contract x mobilise funds and other resources x Provide information on green accounting. x Macro-economic stability through ensuring sustainable natural resources through extraction levies and licenses. x Implementation of social and environment assessments to facilitate planning and economic stability. x Provision of incentives and disincentives (Economic Instruments) for forestry development Ministry of Tourism, x Promotion of international markets that focus on the Trade and Industry environmentally safe products (e.g. organic coffee, vanilla, pineapples, honey) and are willing to buy at a premium prices. x Domestication of the Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) is important in the control of trans-boundary trade, e.g. under CITES. x Supply of the capital base (natural resource and biodiversity) on which the industry is based. x Regulations, guidelines, standards and provisions for effective management of biodiversity and ecosystem management for effective survival of tourism industry. Ministry of Energy and x Policies, laws, regulations, standards and guidelines for Mineral Development sustainable production and provision of energy from various sources. x Biomass energy conservation technologies x Promotion of energy substitution (solar, hydro power, petroleum, etc) x Environmental related funding mechanisms (global funds) that support the energy sector, e.g. CDM, Voluntary Markets, PES etc 73 Institution Responsibilities in the forest sector Ministry of Agriculture, x Agriculture and forestry interface Animal Industry and x Delivery of advisory services – to mainstream forestry in NAADS Fisheries x Enabling policies, laws and regulations and standards provide guidance for good agricultural practices that enhance sustainable land management x Promotion of agro-forestry practices on-farm x contribute forestry advice in the implementation of UNCCD Ministry of Education x Integration of forestry management in formal education for and Sports sustainable development through development of curriculum x Demonstration of forestry management in schools for good practices. Schools serve as a natural laboratory for good learning environment x Promotion of forestry education in schools, colleges and vocational training institutes x Promotion of forestry-focussed school programmes and initiatives x Promotion of tree growing on school/college land (woodlots, aesthetic, windbreaks, roadside planting, etc) Ministry of Gender, x Enabling policies, laws, regulations and standards related to Labour and labour and gender concerns Community x Community mobilisation Development National Environment x Control of forestry activities in relation to environmental legislation Management Authority x Provide environmental planning framework through the National Environment Policy and National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) x Supports local governments in the development and implementation of the District Environment Action Plans (DEAPs). The DEOs provide a linkage in implementing forestry components of DEAPs x Provides guidance and advice on forestry EIAs Ministry of Local x Decentralised services through local government structures Government x Ensures coherence of forestry policy and practice x Provides support for District Forestry Services x Performance monitoring of local governments Ministry of Public x Public sector reforms Service x Strengthening staffing levels of FSSD and DFS x Monitoring sector institutional performance Ministry of Internal x Build capacity for enforcement of environmental laws and Affairs (Police, Prisons) regulations both within Justice Law and Order Sector and within civil society for community management of ecosystems x Enforcement of forest laws x Promotion of tree growing initiatives on institutional land (woodlots, aesthetic, windbreak, roadside plating, etc) Ministry of Defence x Promotion of tree growing on institutional land (woodlots, aesthetic, windbreak, roadside plating, etc) Uganda Revenue x Taxes on forest products, businesses and trading Authority Uganda Investment x Investment promotion in forestry-based businesses, including Authority plantation development and processing National Forestry Agencies National Forestry x Management of CFRs in partnership with private sector and local Authority communities x Advisory, research or commercial services on contract x Seed supply (NTSC) x National forest inventory and other technical services (NBS) 74 Institution Responsibilities in the forest sector Uganda Wildlife x Management of the forest resources in national parks, wildlife Authority reserves and wildlife sanctuaries (about 50% of the gazetted forests x Joint-management with NFA of some central forest reserves under this management status NARO/NaFORRI x Research and development x Promotion of forestry technologies Universities and x Forestry training forestry colleges x Research o MUFFNC o Other universities o Nyabyeya Forestry College Decentralised forestry services Local governments x Establish District Forestry Services and Urban Authorities x Strengthen forestry in production and environment committees and District Development Plans x Implement international and national policies on forests x Permits, licence fees and tax collection x Mobilise funds for forestry development x Develop and enforce bye-laws x Support and quality control of forestry extension, brokering between farmers and service providers, providing market information x Manage LFRs in partnership with communities and private investors x Land administration, surveying, approval of Community Forests Private sector and civil society organizations Private Sector x Forest management and tree farming investments on private o forest owners, land o tree growers and x Forest investments in CFRs on rented land other investors, x Collaborative Forest Management of CFRs o communities, x Wood and NWFP processing o forest industries, x Trade in forest products o traders in forest x Efficient use of fuelwood products Civil society x Advocacy for increased understanding of the role of forests in organizations national and local development o CBOs x Promotion of government accountability with regard to use of o NGOs resources and delivery of services o Media x Participating in partnership arrangements for management and organizations utilisation of forests o Faith-based x Public education, information dissemination, organizations x training of local communities, private forest owners and resource o Institutions of managers traditional and x Action research cultural Leaders x Advisory service delivery x Mobilise local communities to participate in the development process 75 10.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (how will we know we have arrived?) 10.1 Indicators of Achievement Narration Indicator Means/sources of Lead Verification Responsibility Goal: An integrated forest sector that achieves sustainable increases in economic, social and environmental benefits from forests and trees by all the people of Uganda Objectives

1. Enhance the capacity (i) Positive public perception of reports of bi-annual Uganda of forestry institutions to performance for forestry studies carried out Forestry enable them institutions and organisations independently of Working effectively perform increasing government Group; their mandates institutions Uganda Forestry Association (ii) Proportion of the NFP reports of annual FSSD operations budget funded forest sector from the private sector investment increasing assessment studies (iii) Public funding of government annual sector FSSD forestry institutions disbursed in performance accordance with the NFP review reports Budget

2. Increase the forest (i) area of forest cover reports of biomass NFA resource base by expanding studies done once increasing forest cover every 5 years to the 1990 levels (ii) Rate of deforestation reports of biomass NFA decreasing studies done once every 5 years

3. Increase economic (i) area of commercial forest annual reports NFA, national production and plantations and woodlots private forest productivity of forests increasing owners and employment in the associations forestry sector (ii) area of well-stocked tropical reports of biomass moist forests increasing studies done once every 5 years (iii) No. of people formally household surveys UBOS employed in forestry and related work increasing (iv) total economic value of report of a study FSSD forestry resources increasing carried out once every five years (v) Value and diversity of forest o Annual FSSD products from sustainably independent UBOS managed forests traded on studies the market annually increasing o annual reports UBOS reports (vi) 80%of forest products traded Independent NFA; DFDs on the market coming from verification reports; independently verifiable legal NFA and DFO’s sources annual reports 76 Narration Indicator Means/sources of Lead Verification Responsibility

4. To raise incomes for (i) Household income generated Household surveys UBOS households through from forestry-based initiatives forest-based initiatives increasing (ii) number of community groups o annual reports DFDs engaged in forest-related o studies done development projects in each once every 3 district increasing years in each district (iii) diversity of forest-based Household survey UBOS products marketed expanding

5. To restore and improve (i) area of natural forests under annual reports; DFDs; NFA ecosystem services restoration management o comprehensive derived from increasing study once every sustainably managed five years forests (ii) area of forests under o annual reports FSSD community-based watershed management programmes at district level expanding (iii) 250,000 ha of natural forests in annual reports; NFA forest reserves and 75,000 on independent private lands managed under verification reports legally acceptable forest management standards (iv) Positive public perception of bi-annual studies Uganda stakeholder participation in Forestry decision-making in key forestry Working institutions & organisations Group increasing (v) National SFM standards Uganda gazette FSSD; NFA developed in line with FSC generic standards and gazetted 10.2 Programmes and Targets The strategies below will be implemented not only by the traditional forest sector institutions but also by those institutions that have included forestry and related activities in their plans contained in the NDP. Programmes Strategy Target

1. Development of (a) Expand and sustainably (i) 60,000 ha of commercial timber commercial forest manage commercial timber and pole plantations (utility poles) plantations and pole plantations established (b) Establish and sustainably (ii) 25,000 ha of commercial energy manage energy plantations plantations established (c) Encourage development of (iii) 5,000 ha of plantations community-based out- established through out-grower grower schemes around schemes large plantations 77 Programmes Strategy Target

2. Promotion and (a) Support establishment and (i) 40,000 ha of woodlots established intensification of management of woodlots, by household, tree growing on- hedgerows, windbreaks and (ii) 5,000 Km of hedgerows farm shelter belts established by households (iii) 5,000 ha of windbreaks and shelter belts established (b) Promote on-farm growing of (i) 2,000 ha of at least 5 high high conservation value conservation value tree species species planted

3. Reforestation and (a) Restore / rehabilitate (i) 20,000 ha of CFRs recovered from conservation of degraded and deforested encroachers restored through natural forests natural forests in CFRs and tree growing and effective wildlife conservation areas protection (b) Promote the restoration / (i) 5,000 ha of degraded natural rehabilitation of natural forests on private land re-planted forests on private and communal lands (c) Restore / rehabilitate water (i) 20,000 ha of community water catchment areas and fragile catchment areas and fragile ecosystems (bare hills, river ecosystems being managed for banks, lakeshores) water and soil conservation (d) Build capacity for community (i) At least 200,000 ha of CFRs being based natural resource forest managed under CFM management (CBNRM) and collaborative forest management (CFM) (e) Promote the development of (i) At least three natural forest FBEs natural forest related promoted enterprises (f) Promote protection and (i) At least 20% of forest permanent conservation of biodiversity in estate demarcated and priority forest reserves and managed as Strict Nature wildlife conservation areas Reserve, and 30% as Buffer Zone (ii) The permanent forest estate is effectively protected against encroachment, and other illegal activities (g) Promote management of (i) Incentives developed to promote important biodiversity protection of at least 500,000 ha corridors on private and of natural forests on private land communal land. within priority biodiversity corridors

4. Forest products (a) Promote small and medium (i) 50,000 cu. metres of timber harvesting, capacity sawmills with high harvested annually from TFM of processing and recovery rates central forest reserves according value addition to SFM guidelines (ii) 500 ha of plantation forest harvested annually from CFRs (b) Improve harvesting and (i) 50% of the tops and lops of trees processing practises for harvested from natural forests higher revenue returns from utilized through innovative natural forests practices (ii) Improved charcoal production technologies piloted at least 3 78 Programmes Strategy Target sites (iii) 10,000 ha of woodlands harvested for sustainable charcoal production (c) Build the capacity for value (i) Wood products utilizing sawdust, addition for processing wood off-cuts and other wastes and non-wood forest developed and marketed products (ii) 5 regional CFM groups and PFO Associations processing bee products for the market (iii) 3 regional units processing tree fruits (iv) 1 processing unit for aromatic oils

5. Promotion of (a) Mainstream forestry in urban (i) 50% of local governments/ urban Urban Forestry development plans authorities sensitized on urban forestry (b) Manage urban forest (i) 3,000 ha of FRs in urban and peri- reserves urban areas developed for forestry purposes (green parks, forest recreation areas, etc.) (c) Increase urban tree growing (i) 100 urban & peri-urban settings and protection planted with at least 10 Km of avenue trees (ii) At least 100 rural growth centres managing at least one urban green park/garden (d) Support urban tree nurseries (i) 600 private tree nursery operators to produce quality planting trained in quality nursery materials production

6. ICT in Forest (a) Develop and manage user- (i) Functioning information centre for management and friendly information forestry and trees established at advisory services management system to FSSD to local collect, process and (ii) 10 Functioning regional communities disseminate forest information centres for forestry information and trees established (b) Develop and implement a (i) A National Forestry national forestry Communication Strategy in place communication strategy and being implemented (c) Establish national and (i) One national consultative forum regional forestry stakeholders bi-annually consultative fora for (ii) 4 regional consultative forums bi- information sharing and annually review of forestry sector performance (d) Build the capacity of service (i) 600 service providers at district providers (NGOs, private level trained consulting & contracting companies, etc.) to effectively deliver forestry services (e) Build the capacity of local (i) At least 100 districts providing community institutions to advisory services in forestry to demand for forestry advisory local communities services

7. Forestry training (a) Develop and periodically (i) Forestry Curricular for Universities 79 Programmes Strategy Target and education review curricula for and NFC comprehensively professional and technical reviewed once every 5 years forestry training to enhance knowledge, attitude and skills (b) Conduct tailored (i) At least 200 staff of key forest- apprenticeship and on-job related institutions and training for staff of NFA, DFS, organisations (GoU & CSOs) FSSD and other forest related undergoing at least one organizations to improve apprenticeship & on-job training their performance event annually. (c) Promote local community (i) At least 400 farmers given on-farm training through farmer field skills training in tree growing and schools and agro-forestry agro-forestry practices annually demonstrations (ii) At least 400 private forest owners trained in practical natural forest management practices annually (d) Build knowledge, attitude (i) At least 100 service providers and skills (KAS) of service trained annually providers for effective delivery of forestry services (e) Promote and strengthen the (i) Forestry practices integrated into integration of forestry related curriculum for all Teacher Training co-curricular activities in Institutions primary and secondary (ii) 4,000 primary and secondary education. schools engaged in forestry- related key co-curricular activities

8. Forestry research (a) Develop and implement (i) At least 5 NFP related research Forest Research and projects initiated by NaFORRI and Development Strategic Plans other research institutions per through relevant research year, applying an enterprise institutions approach (b) Undertake species trials for (i) Trial plots established and indigenous trees to inform maintained for at least three plantation development indigenous species of high conservation value (c) Promote research on-farm (i) At least 20 contact tree growers participating in on-farm research (d) Promote research by forest (i) At least 2 research initiatives management institutions – conducted every year by key forest management institutions and their partners (NFA, UWA, DFOs, key NGOs) (e) Develop and implement a (i) Tree improvement programme for tree improvement selected species conducted at programme 10 sites (f) Undertake specific studies to (i) At least 2 national level studies fill information gaps conducted annually to fill information gaps in the forestry sector (g) Transfer of technologies (i) At least 2 research technologies disseminated through end-user outreach programmes

9. Supply of quality (a) Improve tree seed (i) 6,000Kg of quality tree seed of tree seeds and procurement, testing, storage assorted species distributed planting materials and distribution annually 80 Programmes Strategy Target (b) Establish and maintain quality (i) 500 ha of quality seed stands tree seed sources established (c) Produce quality tree (i) 250 million seedlings of various seedlings and other planting species produced materials (d) Promote the multiplication (i) 500,000 seedlings/planting and use of indigenous materials of at least five species of high conservation indigenous species supplied value annually (e) Develop and implement a (i) Tree seed certification scheme Seed Certification Scheme developed with Uganda Seed Agency

10. Forest sector (a) Improve the capacity of lead (i) Functional analysis of the key institutional forestry institutions (FSSD, NFA government forestry institutions development and and DFS) in terms of staffing, (FSSD, NFA, DFOs) undertaken coordination skills, equipment, etc, for (ii) Recommendations of the better performance of their functional analysis implemented mandates (b) Improve coordination, (i) Multi-sectoral Coordination networking and partnerships Structure in place and functional for all forestry sector (ii) Joint Forestry Sector Review stakeholders, including a conducted annually regional approach to (iii) An MoU developed between NFA managing forests that cross and UWA for effective national borders management of the protected areas (iv) A regional instrument for managing cross-border forests (c) Improve sector monitoring (i) Baseline studies conducted to and evaluation facilitate monitoring of the NFP (ii) Detailed forestry sector monitoring and evaluation System in place and functional (iii) NFA Performance Contract revised, monitored and evaluated annually (d) Promote domestication, (i) Functional coordination coordination and mechanism for each MEA implementation of regional (ii) A national coordination structure and international forestry for all MEAs established and related multi-lateral functional environment agreements (MEAs) (e) Promote the participation of (i) One national level PFOs private sector institutions and Association and at least 10 communities in forest District-level associations management established & operational (f) Develop guidelines for (i) Guidelines gazetted management of forests that cross LG boundaries

11. Forest law (a) Strengthen the development, (i) Forestry regulations finalised and enforcement and dissemination and gazetted forest governance implementation of relevant (ii) Forestry guidelines and standards forestry policies, regulations, developed, disseminated and standards and guidelines, being implemented 81 Programmes Strategy Target and the periodic reviews (iii) District Forestry Services Manual thereof operationized (b) Develop and implement (i) 50 FMUs for CFRs with published participatory Forest forest management plans (with Management Plans major reviews in YR 5-7) (ii) At least 100 FMPs prepared and published at District level for LFRs (with major reviews in YR 6-10) (iii) At least 50 Districts with District Forestry Development Action Plans approved and integrated in DDPs (iv) 50 private/community forests using legally acceptable FMPs (c) Restore the physical integrity (i) Mechanism for resolving political of forests in protected areas pressures on management of protected areas developed and functional (ii) At least 4,000 Km of boundary for critical forests under dispute re- opened (iii) The forest estate effectively protected against illegal activities (iv) Encroachers removed from at least 100,000 ha of FRs (v) A chain of custody for priority products and mechanism to track compliance to the laws from source to market place established. This includes labels and produce movement permits (vi) A voluntary compliance motivation scheme at national level established to reward those who report forest crime operational (d) Promote professionalism (i) A legally established forestry (codes of ethics, skills, professional body in place and professional functional standards)among forestry (ii) Honorary Forest Officers and practitioners Authorized Forest Officers appointed as provided for in the NFTPA (iii) Law enforcement personnel at FMU level[1] trained in skills forest law enforcement skills (intelligence gathering and packaging, networking, negotiations and research) (e) Develop the capacity of (i) Forestry-related NGOs/CBOs CSOs and local communities identified, documented and to contribute to FLEG and empowered to participate in hold government institutions forestry resource management accountable and development (ii) At least 7 National Annual Forestry 82 Programmes Strategy Target Congresses held with at least 2,000 participants in each congress (f) Strengthen collaborative (i) At least 10 Village savings and forest management loans associations (VSLAs) partnerships for established in CFM areas improvement of the annually wellbeing of forest-edge communities (g) Increase collaboration and (i) A formal coordination coordination between formal arrangements developed for law forestry institutions (including enforcement between Forestry private forest owners institutions and law enforcement associations) and law agencies enforcement agencies for effective FLEG

12. Forest financing (a) Mobilize conditional grants (i) At least 50% of districts receiving and resource for forestry developments in conditional grants from central mobilization local governments government for forestry development (ii) At least 70% of internally generated forestry revenues from local government ploughed back for forestry development (b) Incorporate the forest stocks (i) Total economic values reflected and flows into the national in the Statistical Abstracts and the accounting system National Budgets (c) Operationize the Tree Fund (i) An operational Tree Fund provided for under the law to support tree growing initiatives (d) Develop economic (i) Payment of biodiversity and instruments (financial, taxes, ecosystem services, particularly green levies, etc) for funding carbon sequestration, water forest management and PES catchments protection developed (management thru the Tree Fund and REDD+ mechanisms) (ii) Economic valuation of at least two forests annually (e) Develop innovative and non- (i) At least 10 enterprises developed traditional enterprises (e.g. to levels that produce for the expanding landscape market tourism, botanical gardens, butterfly farming, value addition, etc) to diversify incomes/revenue sources (f) Promote corporate social (i) At least 20 private companies responsibility initiatives that investing in CSR related to forestry support tree growing and natural forest management (g) Mainstreaming tree planting (i) Public programmes for key in all public and private ministries that consume forest development programmes products and services contain a 83 Programmes Strategy Target and projects substantial tree growing element (h) Promote private-public (i) Government increases budget Partnerships to enhance allocation to sector to about 10% forest sector financing (i) Mobilize long-term low- (i) At least one pension/insurance interest finance from pension scheme investing in forestry funds, insurance and (ii) Insurance for forest investment financial institutions for forest /estate developers (iii) Forest loans from financial institutions

13. Forest certification (a) Develop systems for (i) A functioning system for independent verification of independent verification of legal legal sources of marketable sources of forest products (chain forest products of custody) in place (b) Establish and support a (i) FSC National Working Group in National Working Group place and operational under the auspices of the (ii) FSC National Initiative in place Forest Stewardship Council and functional with an office (FSC) (c) Develop the national (i) FSC standards and criteria standards, criteria and reviewed and domesticated indicators in accordance with FSC SFM principles and generic criteria & indicators (d) Publicize and develop (i) A vibrant internal market for markets for the forest certified forest products created certification initiative (e) Manage selected natural (i) Forest certification undertaken in forests and plantations for 5 major production natural forest production according to reserves using the phased sustainable forest approach management principles in a (ii) 4 timber plantation groups phased manner certified using the phased approach (f) Organize and encourage (i) At least two natural forest PFO PFOs to produce for the groups producing for certification markets that take products markets from forests managed under the certification scheme Incorporation of (g) Prepare programmes that will (i) At least one continuous forestry or Gender Issues specifically benefit rural related programme incorporated women, youth, elderly and in key women’s organisations in children all districts e.g. tree growing, technologies for biomass energy processing & use (ii) At least one continuous forestry or related programme incorporated in key youth organisations in all districts e.g. tree growing on sub- county land, technologies for charcoal processing, etc HIV/AIDS (h) Prepare standard training (i) A forestry-AIDS training kit materials for stakeholder developed and translated into at education least five of the major local languages 84 Programmes Strategy Target (i) Conduct studies regarding (i) An information kit on herbal the palliative nature of medicines for HIV/AIDS prepared herbal medicines by the National Chemotherapeutics Organisation and translated into at least five of the major local languages Environment (j) Conduct studies on specific (i) comprehensive studies covering management functions of forestry in at least five major functions of conservation of the forests in environment environment conservation (k) Promote EIAs for major forest (i) all new commercial plantations, operations (e.g. commercial timber harvesting licenses and plantations, timber ecotourism operations are harvesting, ecotourism, etc.) covered by EIAs Climate Change (l) prepare and implement the (i) all the natural forests in the PFE REDD+ Strategy and registered private & community forests managed under REDD+ requirements (ii) voluntary schemes for payment of ERs from natural forests and trees on farm expanded to cover the whole country (m) Scale up afforestation and (i) All major new commercial timber reforestation projects in line plantations established under the with CDM arrangements CDM arrangements 10.3 Assumptions and risks

1. The national land use policy will support the forest policy by guaranteeing forest ownership and stewardship. Forestry is a long term investment destination and therefore, it requires certainty of long term forestland ownership to guarantee security of investment. This is especially so where registered or gazetted forestland is involved. This requires clauses in the land policy and law stating inviolate guarantees of forestlands.

2. Bureaucracies at Universities and Technical Colleges will allow for flexible programmes that will offer tailor-made training courses for a variety of stakeholder needs. Low levels of technology will require re-equipping with skills in order to re-orient stakeholders towards production on commercial scales. Therefore relevant short skills training curricula will be needed to meet especially the needs for independently verifiable sustainable forest management & chain-of-custody and processing of non-timber forest products

3. Niche markets for products from independently verifiable SFM and chain-of-custody will continue to grow. This is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Uganda's forest products (e.g. charcoal, bee products) and services (e.g. ecosystem services) on the domestic, regional and international markets. On the other hand, it will be difficult for Ugandan forestry products (especially from natural forests) to be accepted on the international market, or even by big development projects financed from ODA, if forest management and chains of custody are not independently verifiable.

4. ICT infrastructure will be established upcountry where forests are being grown and where industries are located. ICT solutions are necessary to improve communication and hence 85 transfer of data in a timely manner. Delivery of information at the right time, in the right format, can keep an enterprise a step ahead of others

5. Financial institutions and pension funds will develop financing products to enable investors in primary forest production (e.g. establishment of forest plantation, management of natural forests for timber) to access low interest loans. Forest management requires long term investment with the bulk of the returns coming after 15-25 years, or even more for the natural forests

6. Roads leading to the high production forest locations will be maintained in a motorable condition even during the wet seasons. This is especially so for the feeder roads passing through major plantation CFRs and natural forests of high ecotourism potential. This will attract private sector investment in the more remote areas where there are big chunks of land which are suitable for large scale timber plantations and terrains with potential for landscape ecotourism. Such areas are to be found in the Albertine Rift and the northern axis stretching from the Karamoja to West Nile Regions.

7. The forest law enforcement agencies like police, the courts of law and the IGG, among others, will deal with corruption and forest crime firmly and expeditiously. FLEG is crucial for maintaining foreign investment and ensuring that capital finance remains, and continues to increase in the sector. The struggle for FLEG starts within the institutions responsible for forest management and pans outwards to other players in the rest of society.

8. The meteorology services will provide timely & accurate weather and meteorological information to enable correct timing for planting, and fire protection, and harvesting. Millions of dollars invested in forest plantations can go up in smoke if the weather cannot be forecasted accurately and in a timely manner.

9. Ministry of Public Service will accept to review the numbers of approved positions and fill them, especially in FSSD and LG Forestry Departments. These institutions cannot deliver according to expectations of clients unless they are adequately staffed.

10. No more land titles for other uses will be issued in PAs. This includes gazetting of urban centres in PAs, and legalizing activities like polling centres. This is necessary to ensure a PFE that will cushion the country against the vagaries of primitive accumulation of wealth.

11. Agricultural practices that optimise sustainable land management will be embraced by society. This is necessary to reduce the rate of expansion of farmlands but increase agricultural production levels. Without this, reversing forest clearing will become very difficult. 86

Appendix 1: List of Documents Reviewed Author Year Title FAO Uganda Country Office 2010 The FAO Guidance, Intentions and commitment to climate change for Uganda (2010-2014) Kaggwa, R; Hogan, R. and Hall, 2009 (a) Environment & Natural Resource Series -Enhancing B (Editors). Forestry Contribution to Growth Employment and Prosperity) Kaggwa, R; Hogan, R. and Hall, 2009 (b) Environment & Natural Resource Series –Enhancing B (Editors). the Contribution of Weather, Climate and climate Change to Growth, Employment and Prosperity Bush, G. S. Nampindo, C. Aguti 2004 The value of Uganda’s forests: A livelihoods and and A. Plumptre ecosystems approach Forest Department 2002 Forest Nature Conservation Master Plan Global Mechanism, 2009 Financing Forest Management Investments from Domestic Private Sources – Uganda Study Report Jagger, P. 2008 . Forest Incomes after Uganda’s Forest Sector Reform - Are the Rural Poor Gaining? Kamugisha- Ruhombe J 2010 The Challenges of Mobilising Forest Finance in Heavily Indebted Poor Country: Case Study of Uganda Unasylva 234/35, Vol. 61, 2010 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal 2010 Development Strategy and Investment Plan for the Industries and Fisheries Agricultural Sector Ministry of Energy and Mineral 2002 The Energy Policy for Uganda Development Ministry of energy and Mineral 2007 Annual Report for 2007 Development Ministry of finance, Planning 2009 National budget framework paper 2009/2010 – and Economic Development 2013/2014 Ministry of finance, Planning 2008 Background to the budget 2008/09 fiscal year and Economic Development Ministry of Finance, Planning 2009 National Budget Framework Paper FY 2009/10 – FY and Economic Development 20013/2014 Ministry of Water and 2010 Water and Environment sector performance report Environment (2009/10) Ministry of Water and 2009 Water and Environment sector performance report Environment (2008/09) Ministry of Water and 2007 Guidelines for Management of Private Natural Forests Environment Ministry of Water and 2009 Water and Environment Sector Performance Report, Environment Ministry of Water, Lands and 2002 The National Forest Plan Environment Ministry of Water, Lands and 2002 National Forest Plan Environment Ministry of Water, Lands and 2001 Uganda forestry policy Environment National Forest Authority 2005 Timber Plantation Investment Programme – A briefing Note National Forestry Authority 2009 National biomass study (2009)??? National Forestry Authority 2008 Managing Central Forest Reserves for the people of Uganda: A strategic Action Plan for the period 2008/09 – 2012/13 National Forestry Authority 2005 Plantation Development Strategy 87 National Forestry Authority 2009 Start-up funding - Final Performance Report, 2003 National Forestry Authority 2009 Annual Report 2008/09 Republic of Uganda 2010 National Development Plan (2010/11 – 2014/15 Republic of Uganda 2003 National Forestry and Tree Planting Act Republic of Uganda 2005 Acts Supplement No. 11, Act 21: The Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 2005 Steve Nsita & Gaster Kiyingi 2010 Forest Governance Reforms in Uganda – Proceedings (Consultants) of the Workshop organized by the Ministry of Water and Environment, and the World Bank (Final draft Report submitted to the World Bank) Steve Nsita (consultant) 2010 The Effectiveness of Collaborative Forest Management as a Means of Engaging Local Communities in Forest Conservation - Study Report on Lessons Learned From Uganda (Final draft Report submitted to the WWF Uganda Country Office, 2010) Steve Nsita (consultant) 2010 Forest Partnerships and Benefit Sharing Arrangements in Uganda - A Synthesis of Four Case Studies (Final draft Report submitted to the World Bank) Steve Nsita (consultant) Current and potential use of ICTs in the forest sector governance in Uganda (Final draft Report submitted to the World Bank) Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2009 2009 Statistical Abstract Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2006 Uganda National household Survey, 2005/2006 – Report on the Socio-Economic Module UNFCCC 1998 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC 2007 Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007 - Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its thirteenth session United Nations Economic and 2007 Official Records, Supplement No. 52 Social Council World Health Organisation 2003 Fact Sheet on Traditional Medicine: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/e n/ 88 Appendix 2 (a): List of Key Informants Interviewed Name Designation Organization 1 Joseph Sebastian General Manager Nile Plywood (U) LTD, Jinja 2 Kannan Bhaskar Plantation Manager Nile Plywood (U) LTD, Jinja 3 Nassuna Sarah Industrial Operations Manager Busoga Forestry Co. LTD 4 Prof. Gombya Sembajje Senior Lecturer Faculty of forestry & nature conservation, MUK 5 Prof. John Tabuti Makerere institute of environment & natural resource 6 John Tumuhimbise SNR Energy Officer, MoEMD 7 Stephen Fred Okiror Wildlife Officer, MTTI 8 Chris Karugaba Superintendent of prison, i/c Uganda Prisons Afforestation 9 John Bugere Project officer Church of Uganda 10 Vasco Kura Provincial Education Coordinator, Church of Uganda 11 Alfred Kisembo Uganda Wildlife Authority 12 Andrew Kitamirike National Bureau of standard 14 Uma Agula Francis Assistant Commissioner MOES ,Secondary (General), 15 Muziribi Betty Assistant Commissioner, Primary MOES Education, 16 Zigiti Zeridah Senior Economist/Desk Officer, MFPED Water & Environment Sector, 17 J.J Nsoko Head of Human Resource Ministry of Local Government Management /Deputy ACP Manager; 18 Seth N. Mayinza Director, Uganda Census of Uganda Bureau of statistics Agriculture, 19 Dr, Peter Ndemere Executive Secretary The National Council of Science & Technology 20 John Tugumisirize SSP Police 21 Lubwama Joseph Najja Timber Workshop, Kireka 22 Robert Nabanyumya Chairperson UTGA 23 Justine Mwanje Private Forestry Practitioner Mutesasira 24 Ochom Paul Nursery Manager, Umoja Farmers Ltd 25 Njuki Benedict Nursery Manager, BOSNUM Wood Workshop 26 Kiyingi Gaster National Programs Advisor Tree Talk Plus 27 Kagolo Sizomu President Uganda Wood Farmers association (UWFA) 28 F.X. Mawanda Assistant Commissioner I/C Farms Uganda Prisons 29 Ambrose Kyaroki President, Uganda Forestry Association 30 Anguti Patrick Forest Officer Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited 31 Twesigye Bashir Research officer Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment (ACODE) 32 Nkabakyenga Geoffrey Sole Proprietor Private Tree Farmer, Forest Produce Dealer (Rukungiri) 33 Principal Land Officer Ministry of Lands, Housing and (Geometrics/ Land Information), Urban development 34 Kasimbazi David Senior Urban Officer Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban development 89 Name Designation Organization 35 Ogaro Wilson Principal Land Officer Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban development 36 J. Twinomugisha SSP Uganda Police Force 37 Wesinge Nathan Head of Marketing ERIMU Co. Ltd 38 Cornelius Kazoora Consultant Sustainable Development Centre 39 Christine Nantongo Coordinator Uganda Forestry Working Group 40 Kura Vasco Church of Uganda 41 Asiimwe Private Tree Grower 42 Andrua Hudson Ag. Executive Director NFA 43 Godfrey Acaye Ag. Director, Natural Forests NFA 44 Kamese I/C REDD & Climatic Change National Association of Professional Environmentalists (NAPE) 45 Dickson Forestry and Environmental Development Network FEDN 46 Leo Twinomuhangi Range Manager, NFA 47 Simon Nampindo Wildlife Conservation Society 48 No name International organisation 49 No name International organisation 50 No name International organisation 51 Mr. David Duli Country Director, WWF/UCO 52 Mr. P. Jacovelli Chief Technical Advisor SPGS 53 Mr. L. Okwerede Principal Water Quality Control National Water & Sewerage Corp. Officer, 54 Mr. Sam Otuba Assistant Comm. Planning MWE 55 Mrs. R. Musoke Commissioner FSSD 56 Mr. Stephen Mugabi Asst. Commissioner, Environment Sector Support Department 57 Eng. S. Watenga Senior Engineer Directorate of Water Development 58 Dr. P. Apell Field Programme Manager Jane Goodall Inst. 59 Ms. Helle. Biseth First Secretary, Royal Norwegian Embassy 60 Mr. D. Oponya Technical Advisor/Climate GTZ Change & Mitigation 61 Ms. Lucy Iyango Asst. Commissioner Wetlands Department 62 Mr. Maikut. Chebet Head Climate Change Unit, MWE 63 Ms. B. Nakangu Head IUCN Uganda Office Bugembe 64 Dr. A. Neilage Country Director Wildlife Conservation Society 65 Mr. F. Ogwal NRMS (B & R) NEMA 66 Ms. Jalia Kobusinge Operations Manager EC Delegation 67 Ms. Edith K. Kasajja Manager/Agriculture and National Planning Authority Natural Resources 68 Ms. E. Kabesiime Manager CARE 69 Mr. Abubaker Wandera. Coordinator UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme 70 No name (35 respondents) 90 Appendix 2 (b): Participants in Regional Stakeholder Consultative Workshops List of Participants in the Regional Consultative Workshop - Central Held on 27th – 28th September 2010 No. NAME DISTRICT DESGINATION 1. Gateese Teopisita Luwero DEO 2. Luzze Charles Luwero Planner 3. Mujimbi Deogratious Luwero DFO 4. Mulami Mukiibi T.S. Luwero Sec Production 5. Kambedha Irene Lyantonde DFO 6. Nayebale Fred Lyantonde Sec. for Prod. 7. Ssekamatte John Lyantonde Environment 8. Yiga Matovu Paul Lyantonde Planner 9. Baraza Ben Mubende CDO 10. Kakinda Matovu William Mubende D/Planner 11. Katukore Blazio Mubende DFO 12. Kinene Vicent Mubende Sen. Env. Officer 13. Balimunsi Moses Mukono For Env. Officer 14. Mujuni William Mukono DFO 15. Njoola Charles Mukono Planner 16. Anne Nakafero Wakiso D/Env. 17. Nankya Harriet Wakiso DFO 18. Ssenduli John Wakiso CDO 19. Khaukha Stephen CADMA Consult 20. C. D. Langoya CADMA Consult List of Participants in the Regional Consultative Workshop - Western Held on 27th – 28th September 2010 No. NAME DISTRICT DESGINATION 1. Mwebaze Charles Bushenyi D/Planner 2. Perez R. Kakumu Bushenyi DFO 3. Rev. Mugarura L. Bushenyi Sec / Production 4. Bagambe John B. Isingiro SEO 5. Besiga Stephen Isingiro District Planner 6. Bwengye Emmanuel Isingiro DFO 7. Mugarura Edward Isingiro DCDO 8. C. Magezi Kabale For Planner 9. Kyomuhangi Eddie Kabale SCDO – Gender 10. Kyomukama Adios Kabale DFO 11. Mugume Isaac Kyenjojo D/Planner 12. Onzima L.P. B Kyenjojo DFO 13. Twooli Yafesi F. Kyenjojo DCDO 14. Bigabwa Julius Kyenjonjo Sen. Env. Officer 15. Kayumbi William Mbarara DCDO 16. Musingwire Jeconious Mbarara DNRO 17. Tinkamanya Emmauel Mbarara SFTO 18. Tusimireyo J. Mbarara D/Planner 91 List of Participants in the Regional Consultative Workshop - Eastern Held on 15th – 16th November 2010 No. NAME DISTRICT DESGINATION 1. Titua Ouma Busia CDO 2. Erienyu Johnson Busia DEO 3. Ouma W. Anthony Busia DFO 4. Wabwire Patrick Busia District Planner 5. Wambi Nasser Jinja For DFO 6. Isabirye Robert Kamuli DEO 7. Isanga Joseph Kamuli DFO 8. Banafamu Robert Kamuli Planner 9. Madada David Kamuli CDO 10. Mabuya George Mbale DFO 11. Wanaga Charles Mbale Secretary for Production & Natural Resources 12. Wakube Charles Mbale DEO 13. Annet K. Magola Mbale For Planner 14. Akello Stella Soroti For DCDO 15. Opolot Francis Soroti DEO 16. Adutu George Soroti DFO 17. Wakwesa E Soroti Planner List of Participants in the Regional Consultative Workshop - Northern Held on 15th – 16th November 2010 No. NAME DISTRICT DESGINATION 1. Tollea Franco Arua CDO 2. Ogwanga Cyprian Arua For Dist. Planner 3. Andiandu Joackim Arua DEO 4. Adiribo Edison Arua DFO 5. Nsimiire William Masindi DEO 6. Nekesa Victoria Masindi For DCDO 7. Biryetega Simon Masindi DFO 8. Mugisa M.M. Masindi For Dist. Planner 9. Abal Peter Kitgum DAO 10. Otim Alfred Gulu CDO 11. Otim Chris N. Gulu District Planner 12. Adong Vicky Gulu For DFO 13. Anywar Martin Kitgum DFO 92 Appendix 2(c): Multi-Stakeholder Technical Committee Members Name Designation Organization 1. Mr. Onyango Gershom Director Environment Ministry of Water and Affairs Environment 2. Mrs. Musoke Rachel Commissioner Forestry Sector Support Department 3. Charles Byaruhanga Forest Officer Forestry Sector Support Department 4. Ms. Adata Margaret Assistant Forestry Sector Support Commissioner Department 5. Ms. Christine Nantongo Executive Director Uganda Forestry Working Group 6. Dr. Kaboggozza Senior Lecturer Makerere University 7. Dr. Wilson Kasolo Principal Nyabyeya Forestry College 8. Kabi Maxwell National Forestry Authority 9. Mr. Robert Nabanyumya Executive Director Uganda Timber Growers Association 10. Dr. Epila Director National Forestry Resources Research Institute 11. Matyama Fred Assistant Ministry of Finance, Planning and Commissioner Economic Development 12. Dr. Peter Ngategize Director Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development 13. Mr. Mutabwire Commissioner Ministry of Local Governments 14. Mr. Kagolo Sizomu President Private forest owner Michael 15. Mr. Muwaya Stphen Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries 16. Richard Kapere Uganda Wildlife Authority 93 Appendix 2(d): Participants in National Stakeholder Consultative Workshop held on Friday 18 th March 2011 (Fairway Hotel-Kampala) S/ NAME INSTITUTION DESIGNATION EMAIL TELEPHONE No 1. Hollie Manuel Uganda holliemanuel@uganda 0758518229 Carbon carbon.com Bureau 2. Thomas Otim WWF-UCO CN totem@wwfuganda.org 077248851…. 3. Asiimwe Martim WWW Fuco Manager CFM masimwe@wwfuganda.org 0774193999 4. Nakigudede Irene UTGA. Programs inakigudde@yahoo.com 078257891/ B. Manager 078426 5 Adrine Kirabo ECOTRUST Program adrine@yahoo.co.uk 0782578791 Coordinator 6. David Walugembe Uganda Secretary ug-for-assoc@yahoo.com 0772312992 Forestry davidwalugambe@yahoo.co Association m 7. Lawrence Lee FAO Env-Management lawrencelee@gmax.com 0787017581 8. Gaster Kiyingi Tree Talk National Program gasterk@yahoo.com 0772448110 Manager 9. John Tabuti MUCAES Professor jtabuti@muinr.mak.ac.ug 0772960880 10. Racheal Musoke FSSD/DEA Commissioner rachealmusoke@yahoo.com 0772489308 11. Mwayafu David UCSD Program Officer mwayafu@ugandacoaltion.or 0752521230 g.ug 12. David K. Nkwanga Nature Palace Director naturepaldn@gmail.com 0772625963 Foundation 13. Steve Nsita CADMA Consultant steaveamoti@gmail.com 0772616759 Consult 14. Epila Otara NFoRRi SPRO piraotara@gmail.com 0782475013 15. CD. Langoya CADMA Team Leader cadma.consult@gmail.com 0772605432 Consult 16. Ceaser Kimbugwe Environmental UFWG ckimbugwe@envalert.org 0712564542 Alert Coordinator 17. Stephen Khauka CADMA Consultant stephenkauka@gmail.com 0772561….. 18. Lesya Vereheijen World Bank Operations LveRheijen@worldbank.org Analyst 19. Diana Wabwire Nature Research dianah.nalwanga@natureuga 0772929626 Uganda Coordinator nda.org 20. Henry Mukasa NAADS- Core Coordinator FADS hmukas2003@yahoo.com 077353906 team 21. Oluka Akileng MWE/FSSD PFO oluka-akialeng@yahoo.com 0772495070 22. Francis Ogwal NEMA NRMS (B&R) fogwal@nemaug.org 0772517045 23. Keith Bitomize ARPFOCA C/Pervern keithbitomize@yahoo.com 0772479569 24. Paul Mafabi WMD/MWE Commissioner Paufabi@yahoo.co.uk 0772503255 25. Paul Ochom Umoja/USUFO Operations paulochop@gmail.com 0782529133 PS Manager 26. Margaret FSSD/MWE ACF magathieno@yahoo.com 0772470023 Mwebesa 27. George MTTI SWO gwoyesogire@yahoo.com 0773226841 Owoyesigire 28. Mucunguzi Percy MWE Economist percy2mu@gmail.com 0782283285 29. Nanjobe Umah MWE S/Scientist umanjobe@yahoo.com 0782901155 30. Kyaryoki Ambrose UFA Forester ambrosekyaryoki@gmail.com 0772496572 31. Edith Kabesiime CARE Uganda Program kabesiime@careuganda.org 0759491189 Manager 32. Mpagire Stephen MWE/FSSD SFO mpangirestephen@yahoo.co 0772593287 m 33. Margaret Lwanga MOLG ES mlwanga@gmail.com 0772422947 34. Charles MWE/FSSD SFO Charles- 0772469162 94 Byaruhanga kbyaruhanga@yahoo.com 35. Sophie Kutegeka IUCN Uganda Program Officer sophiekutegeka@iucn.org 0772610061 36. Mark Owor New Vision Photojournalist mower@newvision.co.ug 0752813720 37. Edward Mupada Havilla Director Edward.mupada@gmail.com 0772435347 company Ltd 38. Levand Turyomu MWE/FIEFOC M&E S turyomurugyendo@yahoo.co. 077276520… uk 39 Katwesigye Issa MWE FO Isa20781@yahoo.com 0782432048 40. Kaganzi Emanuel MLHUD SPP kagaemma@yahoo.co 0772603521 41. Michael MEMD SEO mahimbisibwe@energy.go.ug 078205929.. Ahimbisibwe 42. Mugabi S.D MWE Assistant mugabisd@gmail.com 078205929 Commissioner 43. Alastair Mc WCS Country Director amcneidage@wcs.org 0772709754 Neilage 44. Bermarol Cabbe EU …………. Bermarol.crabbe@ec.europa. 0777674735 45. Zalibwegirire Julius MLHUD SAS zarijulius@mld.go.ug 0782766274 46. Aribo Lawrence CCU/ Senior Program Aribo311@gmail.com 0712832926 MWE Officer 47. Walakira Paul UNBS Standards Officer walakirap@yahoo.com 077237159 48. Paul Buyerah NFA Director paulm@nfa.org.ug/paulbuyer 07724666569 Musamali Corporate Affairs a@yahoo.co.uk 49. Robert Nabanyuya 0772435355 50. Henry Sekanjako New Vision Reporter hsekanjako@newvision 0782717329 51. Mugabe Motram CADMA mmotram@yahoo.com 0782717329 52. Patrick Byakagaba Faculty of Assistant Lecturer Byaks2001@yahoo.com 0783563709 Forestry MUK 53. Gershom Onyango MWE D/DEA ggonyango@yahoo.co.uk 0772491807 54. Magumba Sarah MWE Trainee mukisarah@yahoo.co.uk 0772904530 55. Nakamoga MWE Trainee hanienaks@yahoo.com 078299016 Hanifah 56. Bazira Henry Water Executive Director info@watergovinst.org 0752859475 Governance Institute 57. Ronald Kagwa NEMA Environment rkaggwa@nemaug.org 0772461828 Economist 58. Maria F. MWE Administration fieriam@yahoo.com 0772888089 Nabukenya Secretary 59 Bob Kazungu MWE/ FSSD FO Bob.kazungu@mwe.go.ug 0782712196 60. Michael Mbogga Forestry- Lecturer mboga@forest.mak.ac.ug 0772483723 Makerere 95

Appendix 2(e): Participants in National Stakeholder Consultative Workshop held (Group discussion) Group 1 reviewed the following programs: x Commercial Forest plantations x Tree Growing on Farm x Urban Forestry x Tree seed and Planting Materials Members 1. Bob Kazungu 2. Nakigudde Irene Barbra 3. Lawrence Lee 4. Kyaryoki Ambrose 5. Ochom Paul 6. Kagazi Emmanuel 7. Zaribwegire Julius 8. Hanifah Nakamoga 9. Maria F. Nabukenya Group 2 reviewed the following programs: x Restoration and Conservation of Natural forest x Forest Products Processing and value Addition. Group Members 1. David K. Nkwanga 2. Keith Bitamazire 3. Sophie Kutegeka 4. Katwesigye Issa 5. Dianah Wabwire 6. Nanjobi Umah 7. Michael Ahimbisibwe 8. Walakira Paul 9. Alastair MacNeilage 10. Hollie mauel 11. Kagwa Ronald 12. Michael Mbogga Group 3 reviewed the following programs: x Information and advisory Services x Forestry Education and Training x Forestry Research Members 1. Henry Mukasa 2. Oluka Akileng 3. Epila Otara 4. Charles Byaruhanga 5. Francis Ogwal 96 6. Adrine Kirabo 7. Robert Nabanyumya 8. Henry Sekanjako 9. Mugabe Motran 10. Gershom Onyango 11. Magumba Sarah 12. Henry Bazira Group 4 reviewed the following programs: x Institutional development and Coordination x Law Enforcement and Governance Members 1. Ceasar Kimbugwe 2. Stephen Mpangire 3. Paul Mafabi 4. David walugembe 5. Mwayafu David 6. Edith Kabesiime 7. Mugabi Stephen David 8. George Owoyesigire 9. Lesya Veeheijen 10. Aribo Lawrence 11. Recheal Musoke Group 5 reviewed the following programs: x Forest Financing x Forest Certification Members 1. Asiimwe Martin 2. Mucunguzi Percy 3. Patrick Byakagaba 4. Gaster Kiyingi 5. Margeret Mwebesa 6. Bermarol Cabbe 7. Thomas Otim 8. John Tabuti 9. Margaret Lwanga 10. Lavand Turyomurugyendo 11. Paul Buyera Musamali Workshop Facilitators; 1. Langoya Council Dickson 2. Steve Nsita 3. Stephen Khaukha 4. Mupada Edward 97