National Agriculture Policy, 2013

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA SEPTEMBER 2013 NATIONAL AGRICULTURE POLICY MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES SEPTEMBER 2013 NATIONAL AGRICULTURE POLICY MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES 5National Agriculture Policy4 National Agriculture Policy ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS iv GLOSSARY v FOREWORD 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 BACKGROUND 1 2.1 Importance of Agriculture 1 2.2 Agricultural Sector Performance 2 2.3 Agricultural Policy Environment since 1997 2 2.4 Agricultural Sector Management 2 2.5 Agricultural Development Challenges 3 2.6 Potential for Agriculture 3 3.0 GUIDING PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 4 3.1 Guiding Principles 4 3.2 Policy Objectives and Strategies 6 3.2.1 Vision 6 3.2.2 Mission 6 3.2.3 Objectives and Strategies 6 4.0 AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT SECTOR POLICIES AND SERVICES 12 4.1 Ministry Responsible for Energy and Minerals 12 4.2 Ministry Responsible for Transport Infrastructure 13 4.3 Ministry Responsible for Agricultural Finance 13 4.6 Ministry Responsible for Market Information 15 4.7 Ministry Responsible for Trade and Industry 15 4.8 Agricultural Training and Skills Development 16 4.9 Agricultural Labour 16 4.10 Agricultural Statistics 16 4.11 Agro-processing 17 4.12 Community Empowerment and Development 17 4.13 Health and Nutrition 17 4.14 Land for Agricultural Production 18 4.15 Population 18 4.18 Agencies Responsible for Early Warning, Disaster Preparedness and Management 19 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 19 5.1 Implementation Issues 19 5.2 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities 20 5.2.1 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) 20 5.2.2 Local Governments 23 5.2.3 Private Sector 24 5.2.4 Civil Society 24 5.2.5 Development Partners 25 5.3 Implementation Coordination 25 5.3.1 Intra-sectoral Coordination 25 5.3.2 Inter-sectoral Coordination 25 6.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 26 6.1 Purpose of the Monitoring and Evaluation System 26 6.2 Operationalising the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 26 7.0 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 27 8.0 CONCLUSION 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7National Agriculture Policy6 National Agriculture Policy ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ASRDS National Agriculture Sector and Rural Development Secretariat CDO Cotton Development Authority COCTU Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda DDA Dairy Development Authority DSIP Development Strategy and Investment Plan HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MTIC Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives MWE Ministry of Water and Environment NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NAGRC&DB National Agricultural Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank NARO National Agricultural Research Organisation NDP National Development Plan PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PFA Prosperity for All PMA Plan for Modernization of Agriculture PNSD Plan for National Statistical Development RDS Rural Development Strategy SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisation TPM Top Policy Management UCDA Uganda Coffee Development Authority Agriculture (also called farming or husbandry): The growing of crops, livestock or fish. Agricultural sector: Includes crops, livestock, agroforestry and fishing activities. Commercial agriculture: Production of crops, livestock or fish for sale. Farmer: A person who grows crops, and/or rears livestock and/or fish. Private sector: That part of the economy, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as an enterprise for profit, and is not operated by the state. Subsistence agriculture: A type of farming in which most of the produce is con- sumed by the farmer and his or her household, rather than being produced for sale. GLOSSARY 9National Agriculture Policy8 National Agriculture Policy I am pleased to present this National Agriculture Policy to the people of Uganda and our Development Partners. This Policy is important because it responds to the demand by the agriculture sector stakeholders but also because it provides a shared vision for the development of sustainable agricultures. Agriculture has made significant contribution to Uganda’s socioeconomic development through generation of household and national incomes; reduction of hunger; and growth in trade, investments, industrialization, economic diversification and job creation. As we look to the future, agriculture will continue to be essential to Uganda’s development and to achieve the ambitious goals of Vision 2040, whose strategic goals is “A Transformed Uganda Society from a Peasant to a Modern and Prosperous Country within 30 Years”. Vision 2040 recognizes the central role of agriculture in this transformation process. The vision of the National Agriculture Policy is “A Competitive, Profitable and Sustainable Commercial and Agriculture Sector”. The overall objective is to promote food and nutrition security and to improve household incomes through coordinated interventions that will enhance sustainable agricultural productivity and value addition; provide employment opportunities, and promote agribusinesses, investments and trade. For this objective to be achieved interventions under this Policy will cater for all farmer categories and the private sector. It will also require that all stakeholders, including farmers, government ministries, local governments, the private sector, civil society and development partners work closely together. This Policy is a result of close consultation and partnership between the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries and farmers’ organizations, the private sector, civil society, development partners, local governments and other government ministries, departments and agencies. I thank all of those who were engaged in the process of formulating this policy. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries is committed to maintaining this partnership during its implementation. Together we shall realize an agricultural revolution in this country. For God and My Country Tress Bucyanayandi (MP) Minister MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES FOREWORD 11National Agriculture Policy10 National Agriculture Policy 1. This National Agriculture Policy (NAP) has been formulated in line with the Con- stitution of the Republic of Uganda. Objective XI (ii) of the Constitution provides that the state shall “stimulate agricultural, industrial, technological and scientif- ic development by adopting appropriate policies and enactment of enabling leg- islation.”Objective XXII (a) provides that the state shall “take appropriate steps to encourage people to grow and store adequate food.” 2. The National Agriculture Policy is aimed at translating these high level national obligations into policies and strategies to enable their achievement. The poli- cy shall guide all agriculture and agriculture related sub-sector plans, policy frameworks and strategies existing and those to be formulated in future. 3. In addition to its constitutional obligations, the Government has a national vision aimed at achieving Prosperity For All (PFA). Agricultural development is a cen- tral strategy for achieving this Prosperity For All vision. 4. The policy is derived from the need to achieve the national development objec- tives of increasing household incomes, food and nutrition security and employ- ment as stipulated by the National Development Plan (NDP) in which agriculture is identified as one of the primary drivers of growth in the economy. 5. The detailed investments to operationalise this policy are laid out in periodic Agriculture Sector Development Strategies and Investment Plans (DSIP). 2.1 Importance of Agriculture 6. Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Uganda’s economy in terms of food and nutrition security, employment, income, raw materials for industry and exports to regional and interna- tional markets. Agriculture has the potential to sustain its historical rep- utation as the primary driver of economic growth and poverty reduction. Therefore, agriculture has to be given the highest degree of attention in national development planning. 2.2 Agricultural Sector Performance 7. Despite the importance of agriculture in the economy, the sector’s per- formance in recent years in terms of production, productivity, food and nutrition security has been mixed. For the sector to have a sustained pos- itive impact on economic growth, poverty reduction and food security, the growth rate of the agricultural sector must be higher than the national population growth, attaining the NDP average of 5.6 percent, and even better at the DSIP target of 6 percent. The DSIP target is aligned to the annual target of the African Union’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture De- velopment Programme (CAADP). 2.3 Agricultural Policy Environment since 1997 8. The policy environment for agriculture in Uganda since 1997 has been shaped by several national level policy frameworks. These include the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) and its successor the National De- velopment Plan (NDP); as well as the Prosperity for All (PFA). At agricul- ture sector level, these frameworks were implemented through the Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) and the Rural Development Strat- egy (RDS). For a while, the PMA and RDS existed in parallel, were dupli- cative and recommended varied approaches. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) published the first DSIP in 2005 to implement the MAAIF component of the PMA and the second DSIP in 2010 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 BACKGROUND 13National Agriculture Policy12 National Agriculture Policy to implement the agriculture chapter of the NDP. This policy is intended to harmonize the different thoughts and approaches to national agricultural development. 2.4 Agricultural Sector Management 9. MAAIF is responsible for managing and coordinating agricultural poli- cies and interventions. It does so through the Ministry’s autonomous and semi-autonomous agencies, local governments, farmers and farmers’ organizations, other ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), the pri- vate agribusiness and agro-processing sector, civil society, development partners and academia. 10. As a strategy to enhance efficiency in the delivery of agricultural goods and services, seven statutory semi-autonomous institutions were formed under MAAIF, these are the: i. National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO); ii. National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS); iii. National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank (NAGRC&DB); iv. Cotton Development Organisation (CDO); v. Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU); vi. Dairy Development Authority (DDA); and vii. Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA). 11. The Secretariat for the Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) is an administrative (management services) Unit for policy harmonisation and inter-sectoral coordination. Actualisation of the agricultural development targets is highly dependent on the interventions of other government sec- tors. 12. The creation of these agencies has in turn resulted into the restructuring of divisions and departments of the ministry headquarters to manage ag- ricultural policy formulation, planning, regulation, disease and pest con- trol, monitoring, and the supervision of the sector. 2.5 Agricultural Development Challenges 13. Agriculture in Uganda faces several challenges at the different stages of the commodity value chain. These include: i. low production and productivity; ii. low value addition to agricultural produce; iii. lack of sustainable or dependable access to markets; iv. failure to maintain a consistent policy regime and functional institutions; v. insufficient skilled agricultural labour force; vi. high human disease burdens; and vii. inadequate attention to natural resources sustainability. 2.6 Potential for Agriculture 14. There are many factors that favour agricultural development in Uganda. These include: i. adequate land and water resources for agricultural production; ii. high potential to improve productivity; iii. high export potential for agricultural products to regional and inter- national markets; and iv. support from the renewed regional and international focus on agri- culture as a critical mechanism for sustainable social and economic development. 2.7 Emerging Opportunities and Threats to Agricultural Development 15. In addition to existing challenges and potentials within the agricultural sec- tor, there are several emerging opportunities and threats affecting the sector. These include: i. Multiple and contradictory land tenure systems, often leading to land fragmentation, land degradation, and insecurity of tenure; ii. High population growth at 3.4% which is decreasing per capita land availability for agricultural production; iii. Climate change effects which are adversely impacting agricultural productivity and sustainability of farmer livelihoods; iv. The discovery of oil which may provide an opportunity for increased investment in agriculture sector or alternatively, could turn attention and investment away from the agriculture; and v. Increasing medium and large scale private sector investment in ag- ricultural value chains, which has the potential to increase private sector agricultural financing and more efficient use of agricultural resources. 16. The National Agriculture Policy will address the above challenges and po- tential threats, exploit the existing potentials and optimize the opportuni- ties for the future. 15National Agriculture Policy14 National Agriculture Policy 3.1 Guiding Principles 17. Agricultural policy in Uganda shall be guided by six principles. These prin- ciples are derived from the country’s experiences and lessons learned in implementing the PEAP, the PMA, and from implementation of decentral- ized governance through the Local Government Act of 1997. i. The Government of Uganda is pursuing a private sector-led and mar- ket-oriented economy. In doing this, the government shall work on constraints that hinder the private sector from increasing investment in agriculture. Government shall support existing partnerships and form new partnerships with private sector actors. Government ac- tions shall aim to strengthen the private sector through improved public service delivery and by putting in place an enhanced regulatory environment for the agricultural sector in Uganda. ii. Agricultural development strategies will be developed and pursued according to the agricultural production zones through a commodi- ty-based approach. Commodities that are best suited for each zone will receive public sector support for the purposes of food security and for commercialization. Efforts will be made to support commod- ity value-chain development of strategic commodities in the different zones in order to develop viable agro-industrial centres. iii. Agricultural development services will be provided to all farmer cat- egories as individuals or in groups, ensuring gender equity. The focus on strategic commodities in the different zones will be in addition to the continued provision of agricultural services for general agricul- tural production through central government agencies and local gov- ernments. iv. Government shall continue to provide agricultural services through the decentralized system of government and will work to strengthen this system. In particular, MAAIF will increase its collaboration with and support to district and sub-county local governments to improve accessibility and quality of service delivery to farmers. MAAIF shall also improve its supervisory, inspection and monitoring functions through enhanced collaboration with local governments. v. Government interventions will strive to achieve equity in agricultur- al growth by ensuring that agricultural interventions are balanced across the different regions, agricultural zones, and between gen- ders. Where necessary, government shall give focused attention to parts of the country with specific needs and to vulnerable or margin- alized groups. vi. Government shall ensure that key agricultural resources, including soils and water for agricultural production, are sustainably used and managed to support adequate production for the current and for fu- ture generations. 3.2 Policy Objectives and Strategies 3.2.1 Vision 18. The vision of the policy is “A Competitive, Profitable and Sustainable Agricultural Sector”. 3.2.2 Mission 19. The mission of the policy is to: “Transform subsistence farming to sustainable commercial agriculture.” 3.2.3 Objectives and Strategies 20. The overall objective of the agriculture policy is to achieve food and nu- trition security and improve household incomes through coordinated in- terventions that focus on enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity and value addition; providing employment opportunities, and promoting domestic and international trade. 21. To achieve the broad objective, Government shall pursue six inter-relat- ed specific objectives. For each of the objectives, Government shall em- ploy specific strategies to achieve the objectives, working closely with all stakeholders in agriculture, including central and local government minis- tries, departments and agencies, private sector, civil society, farmers, and development partners. These strategies were formulated with consider- ation and reference to existing policies. 3.0 GUIDING PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 17National Agriculture Policy16 National Agriculture Policy Objective 1: Ensure household and national food and nutrition security for all Ugandans 22. Increasing household food and nutrition security is dependent on expand- ed production, increased incomes to support purchases of food and other elements necessary for improved nutrition, enhanced storage capacity, and improved access to key markets and market information. To realize this objective, Government shall: i. Promote agricultural enterprises that enable households to earn dai- ly, periodic and long-term incomes to support food purchases; ii. Promote and facilitate the construction of appropriate agro-process- ing and storage infrastructure at appropriate levels to improve post harvest management, add value and to enhance marketing; iii. Develop and improve food handling, marketing and distribution sys- tems and linkages to domestic, regional and international markets; iv. Support the establishment of a national strategic food reserve system; v. Support the development of a well coordinated system for collect- ing, collating and disseminating information on agricultural produc- tion, food and nutrition security across households, communities and agricultural zones; vi. Encourage and support local governments to enact and enforce by- laws and ordinances that promote household food security through appropriate food production or storage practices; vii. Promote the production of nutritious foods, including indigenous foods (enterprise mix) to meet household needs and for sale; viii. Promote consumption of diversified nutritious foods including indige- nous foods at household and community levels; and ix. Promote appropriate technologies and practices for minimizing post harvest losses along the entire commodity value chain. Objective 2: Increase incomes of farming households from crops, livestock, fisheries and all other agriculture related activities 23. To increase household incomes in an economy where the prices are deter- mined by the market, farmers have to increase the volume of their output, improve quality, undertake market discovery and organize for collective marketing. Increased access to recommended technologies and inputs and mechanization is critical for raising farm productivity. Therefore, Gov- ernment shall implement the following strategies to boost production and productivity as a means of raising household incomes: i. Increase the access of the population to agricultural training and skills development opportunities; ii. Facilitate farmers to organize themselves into production and mar- keting groups or cooperatives to increase their bargaining power in commodity and input markets and to facilitate efficient service deliv- ery; iii. Generate, demonstrate and disseminate appropriate, safe, and cost-effective agricultural technologies and research services to en- hance production and increase quality of products through access to high quality agricultural technology, agribusiness and advisory ser- vices for all categories of farmers; iv. Promote agricultural mechanization through the application of ap- propriate machinery and expansion of animal traction; v. Encourage and promote dry season livestock feeding through pas- ture preservation and other feeding practices; vi. Promote strategic partnerships between technology development research and advisory services at all levels; vii. Provide vaccination services for animal vector disease control. Stock vaccines and essential drugs for all notifiable diseases; viii. Strengthen capacity for pest, weed, disease, and vermin control at all levels; ix. Promote large scale farming enterprises, block farming, and out grower schemes where appropriate; x. Promote financial services to enable farmers to access agricultural inputs, services, and equipment along the value-chain; xi. Promote the growth of a vibrant private sector-led agricultural in- put supply system that is responsive to farmer and sector needs. Strengthen the certification and regulatory system to guarantee the quality of agriculture inputs at all levels; xii. Develop and implement a policy and regulatory framework for bio- technology in agriculture; and xiii. Support development and sustainable use, management, and main- tenance of water and land resources for agriculture to boost pro- duction, enhance value-addition, and reduce the effects of climactic shocks. 19National Agriculture Policy18 National Agriculture Policy Objective 3: Promote specialization in strategic, profitable and viable enterprises and value addition through agro- zoning 24. Commodity specialization and agro-zoning strengthens agri-business, en- hances profitability and market access and leads to creation of on-farm and off-farm employment. Creating additional employment opportunities will necessitate increased commercialization of agriculture and the estab- lishment of industries for value addition to agricultural products. Adding value to agricultural products is vital for the development of agriculture in Uganda. The benefits include reducing losses by increasing the shelf life of products, reducing transport costs associated with the movement of unprocessed bulk produce; resulting into increased earnings. Government shall: i. Review, operationalise and deepen (sub-zone specific) agriculture production zones in Uganda; ii. Ensure the provision of basic infrastructure and reliable access to utilities to encourage investment in agro-processing; iii. Promote the development and dissemination of efficient, cost-effec- tive and appropriate technologies for processing and preserving agri- cultural commodities; iv. Promote the establishment of large scale farming enterprises and outgrower schemes as appropriate; v. Support private and public sector initiatives aimed at establishing agro-processing industries; and vi. Establish and enforce safety standards and quality assurance to en- sure that agricultural products from Uganda compete effectively in domestic, regional and international markets. Objective 4: Promote domestic, regional and international trade in agricultural products. 25. In order to sustain improvements in agriculture, farmers need to be as- sured of market outlets for their produce. They need sustainable and reli- able market access. Market reliability and efficiency supports sustainable agriculture production plans. To promote trade in agricultural products, government shall: i. Develop and expand a sustainable nationwide market information system that is transparent and accessible to all agricultural sector stakeholders; ii. Ensure the development, maintenance and improvement of physical agricultural market infrastructure at strategic locations, including crop and livestock markets, abattoirs, and fish landing sites; iii. Ensure the development of infrastructure and utilities that are nec- essary for agricultural trade, including transport infrastructure and reliable access to fuel and electricity; iv. Strengthen national capacity for quality assurance, regulation, and safety standards to promote increased trade at all levels; v. Promote Uganda’s agricultural products in local and international markets and in trade fairs as a recognizable national brand; and vi. Address supply and demand constraints to domestic, regional and international markets, such as those related to inadequate informa- tion, inappropriate production and value-addition technologies, or poor handling, transportation and marketing infrastructure. Objective 5: Ensure sustainable use and management of agricultural resources 26. Achievement of the above four objectives largely hinges on the extent to which the environment and natural resources that are necessary for agricultural production are sustainably managed and utilized. Society as a whole, needs to be guided on the proper use and maintenance of key agricultural resources particularly soils and water for agricultural pro- duction. To ensure sustainable use and management of these resources, government shall: i. Periodically map and document the state of agricultural resources and their use patterns in the country; ii. Regulate the exploitation of agricultural resources within ecologically sustainable levels, including addressing the hazards of land fragmen- tation; iii. Ensure the collection, analysis and dissemination of information to households and communities regarding proper use and conservation of agricultural resources; iv. Promote and support the dissemination of appropriate technolo- gies and practices for agricultural resources conservation and main- tenance among all categories of farmers, including Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Conservation Agriculture (CA); v. Work collaboratively with the sector responsible for environment to strengthen the capacity for collection, analysis and dissemination of agricultural meteorological data at all levels; vi. Promote a sustainable network of community-level meteorological stations across the country; vii. Develop capacity to harvest and utilize rain water for agricultural production; 21National Agriculture Policy20 National Agriculture Policy viii. Encourage and support local governments to enact and enforce ordinances and by-laws regarding local utilization and management of agriculture resources; ix. Promote land use and farm planning services among farmers; and x. Develop capacity at all levels for planning and implementation of activities to address climate change and its impact on agriculture. Objective 6: Develop human resources for agricultural development 27. Successful implementation of this policy will require a skilled labour force. The sector requires well-trained professionals in a wide range of disci- plines for both planning and programme design at central government level and programme implementation at local government level in order to provide effective delivery of services to farmers and agribusinesses. In addition, farmers themselves need regular training and constant access to new knowledge and agricultural practices and technologies. In order to achieve this objective, government shall: i. Support agricultural training institutions including their sustainable funding and increase agricultural training at all levels of education; ii. Promote professionalism in agriculture, strengthening the linkage between formal and non-formal agriculture education including practical skills; iii. Promote positive attitudes towards agriculture, by integration of agriculture in the national education and value systems; iv. Develop capacity of farmers and farmer organizations to engage more effectively in agribusiness. Provide education programmes to engage farmers more effectively in the competitive market environ- ment; v. Provide information including other support to farmers to aid them with their enterprise selection, production and marketing decisions; vi. Undertake education programmes to engage farmers more effec- tively in the liberalized market environment; vii. Encourage continuous training and career development in order to retain effective agricultural staff at MAAIF Headquarters; in local government positions that support agriculture; as well as ensuring a critical mass of agricultural technologists and service providers in the private sector; viii. Enhance research capacity to generate new knowledge and technol- ogies for agricultural development; ix. Reorient the curriculum at universities and agricultural training institutions to focus on the needs of the agricultural sector. Encour- age sustainable funding for the institutions that offer agricultural training; x. Promote the preservation and utilization of appropriate indigenous knowledge; and xi. Encourage, promote and support the formation of strong self-regu- lating professional associations, guilds and partnerships committed to agricultural development. 23National Agriculture Policy22 National Agriculture Policy 28. The achievement of the objectives laid out in this policy is dependent on complementary policies and actions by other supporting sectors. These sectors include energy, transport, agricultural finance, education and training, and natural resource use and management. Government shall set up a planning and coordination mechanism that will link MAAIF and the relevant support sectors and services. The responsibilities of these other sectors in supporting agricultural development are clearly specified in the NDP. The Office of the Prime Minister is identified as the most robust coor- dinating entity to establish a mechanism for the linkages between sectors. 4.1 Ministry Responsible for Energy and Minerals 29. The policy strategies on agricultural mechanization, transportation, stor- age and value addition will require increased, affordable and reliable en- ergy resources. Currently, energy sources for agricultural production, processing, and agribusiness include hydroelectric power and petroleum products, but the costs of these sources are high. Other forms of ener- gy, including wind, biogas, and solar, are not well developed. The Energy Policy for Uganda shall ensure that appropriate strategies are in place to ensure that energy and associated services are available for agriculture and agriculture-related services. The Ministry responsible for energy will initiate new investments and scale up existing investments in energy for agriculture. 30. The policy strategies to increase agricultural production and productivity require access to quality and affordable fertilizers. The country’s known mineral potential including oil, lime, vermiculite and phosphates provides an opportunity to develop a local fertilizer industry. These opportunities need to be fully exploited. The Ministry responsible for mineral develop- ment will promote investment in the local manufacture of fertilizers. 4.2 Ministry Responsible for Transport Infrastructure 31. The strategies for agricultural production, marketing, and trade and pro- cessing under this policy will require a well-developed and maintained ru- ral feeder, national and international transport infrastructure. Transport in Uganda includes roads, rail, water, and air transport. The roads, espe- cially feeder and community roads are currently in a poor state, while the other forms of transport are characterized by high cost, inefficiency and insufficient capacity. The Government Transport Policy aims at developing transport services that will support increased agricultural and industrial production and promote trade. The Ministries and agencies responsible for transport infrastructure and local governments will ensure that their policies, strategies and investments address the transport needs of the agricultural sector. 4.3 Ministry Responsible for Agricultural Finance 32. Commercialization of smallholder agriculture will require access to finan- cial products and services – loans and savings. Further, along the com- modity value chains, there is a similar demand for both short term work- ing capital and medium to longer term finance for productivity and quality enhancing investments in marketing and processing. From the point of view of liberalised financial institutions, the agricultural sector, especially at the production end, is unattractive due to the twin issues of risk and cost of capital. The farming investments of borrowers are vulnerable to unreli- able weather patterns and pest and disease attacks, while a scattered and small-scale clientele means that a financial institution faces high costs of information capture and client servicing. The Ministry responsible for fi- nance, in collaboration with other financial sector players, will continue to develop policies, financial products, and services that are appropriate for use by the agriculture sector for short, medium, and long-term financing along the value-chain. Complete information on the financial products and services available will be appropriately packaged and disseminated to all potential beneficiaries. 4.4 Ministry Responsible for Water, Environment and Natural Resources 33. The strategy for water for agricultural production laid out in this policy is based partly on the availability of bulk water supply, which is currently under-developed. Therefore, the ministries responsible for agriculture and water must continue planning jointly for provision of adequate water for agricultural production to cover irrigation for improved crop production, livestock production needs, and aquaculture. Accordingly, the Ministry 4.0 AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT SECTOR POLICIES AND SERVICES 25National Agriculture Policy24 National Agriculture Policy responsible for water shall increase investment in off-farm bulk water development, including larger reservoir dam construction, bulk water transfer systems, water diversion systems, and aquifer exploration, in collaboration with MAAIF. 34. The increased frequency and intensity of weather events linked to climate change including heavy rainfall, floods, and hailstorms, negatively affect agricultural activities and food security. Currently, there are no reliable predictions or early warning systems of the likely impacts of climate change in Uganda. In addition, drought and other climatic extremes are factors contributing to food insecurity in the famine prone areas of the Karamoja region and the cattle corridor between south-western Uganda and Karamoja. Most of these areas are semi-arid, with annual rainfall of less than 700 mm, which is subject to a high degree of unreliability both from year to year and in the distribution within each year. 35. The environment and natural resources sector shall mainstream appro- priate policy measures on environmental management and natural re- sources in their programmes and intervene, in collaboration with MAAIF and other relevant ministries and agencies, to mitigate the impact of cli- mate change and extreme weather events on agriculture in areas of high risk. An Environment and Natural Resources Sector Investment Plan has been developed and it addresses the points of concern relevant to the agriculture sector. Implementation of this Sector Investment Plan will be coordinated in collaboration with MAAIF, other relevant ministries, and lo- cal governments. 4.5 Ministry Responsible for Market Infrastructure Development 36. The policy strategies on production, storage, marketing and quality as- surance and control require a well developed and maintained agricultural marketing infrastructure. The infrastructure includes, but is not limited to physical crop and livestock markets, fish handling facilities, abattoirs, warehouses, silos and cold chain storage. Though the quantity and quality of market infrastructure has improved over time due to investments by the national government, local governments, and the private sector; infra- structure is still inadequate, generally in poor condition, and unevenly dis- tributed. The Ministry responsible for Local Government, in collaboration with other relevant ministries and local governments, will work with the private sector to establish, rehabilitate, improve, and manage marketing infrastructure and ensure that the facilities are located at strategic points for optimal access by producers, processors, traders, and consumers. 4.6 Ministry Responsible for Market Information 37. Farmers and agribusinesses require market information to take advan- tage of market opportunities in the domestic, regional and international markets. While there are several market information products and ser- vices in Uganda in both the public and private sectors, their scope, access, quality and timeliness are generally insufficient. The Ministry responsi- ble for Trade and Industry shall collaborate with MAAIF, other relevant ministries and the private sector to implement policies, that will foster efficient, sustainable and timely market information systems for farmers, traders and processors. In addition, market information users shall be educated on optimal utilization of the information provided. 4.7 Ministry Responsible for Trade and Industry 38. Trade services include financial services, market information, storage and transport. As Uganda’s domestic and external trade in food and agricul- tural products expands, there is need to ensure compliance with interna- tionally recognized product safety regulations and standards. The Minis- try responsible for Trade and Industry in collaboration with MAAIF and the private sector will review or enact necessary laws and regulations and enhance private and public sector capacities to enforce and implement them. The curricula at agribusiness-related training institutions will be upgraded in order to build the capacity of agribusinesses to comply with these standards and regulations. It will also be responsible for deepening and increasing coverage of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). 39. Agricultural trade related services include trade information, trade fi- nance, standards and regulations. The Ministry responsible for Trade and Industry shall, in collaboration with MAAIF, the private sector and other related MDAs, develop and implement a national agricultural trade and marketing information system; increase awareness of the private sector on available financing options and standards; formulate and implement agriculture and food safety standards and policies on sanitary and phy- tosanitary measures and promote the effective positioning of Uganda’s agricultural products and services in regional and international markets. 4.8 Agricultural Training and Skills Development 40. The strategies pursued by this policy on production, marketing and value addition require skilled and creative human resources. The Ministries re- sponsible for training and skills development will promote investments in agricultural education, research and advisory services in collaboration with MAAIF, the Ministries of Education and Local Government and the local governments. 27National Agriculture Policy26 National Agriculture Policy 4.9 Agricultural Labour 41. The number and diversity of large scale agricultural enterprises (e.g. plan- tations and estates) in Uganda, while relatively low, is increasing. Effective delivery of the strategies of this policy on production and farm employ- ment will require the improvement of labour issues related to working conditions (e.g. wages, hours of work and leave policies) and conditions of life (e.g. medical benefits, education facilities, housing, occupational safe- ty and health) for workers on these large-scale agricultural enterprises. Labour laws are still inadequate to adequately govern all labour issues arising for large-scale agricultural enterprises. The Ministry responsible for Labour will ensure that the fundamental principles and rights for agri- cultural workers and labour standards are understood and adhered to by large-scale agricultural employers. 4.10 Agricultural Statistics 42. Planning of agricultural production, marketing, measuring performance and agricultural forecasting requires timely and high quality agricultural statistics. Government developed a Plan for National Statistical Develop- ment (PNSD) which provides a base for collection of agriculture sector statistics. Sources of agricultural data include censuses, surveys and ad- ministrative records. The success of the statistical plan in the agriculture sector will depend on the financial and technical input of other stakehold- ers including Uganda Bureau of Statistics, other MDAs, Bank of Uganda, lo- cal governments and farmers. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics and local governments shall continue to integrate agricultural data needs into their statistical systems. A functional national agricultural statistics system will be strengthened to deepen a direct linkage between the Uganda Bu- reau of Statistics, the statistics division in MAAIF and its semi-autonomous agencies, and local governments. 4.11 Agro-processing 43. A principle focus of the National Industrial Policy is agro-processing, which includes processing of food commodities, leather and leather products, textiles and garments, sugar, dairy products, and value added products for niche export markets. The Prosperity For All policy assigned oversight of primary processing activities to MAAIF and tertiary processing to the Ministry responsible for Trade and Industry (MTI). The Uganda Industrial Research Institute has also provided research and development services to agro-processing. MTI, in collaboration with MAAIF will foster the link between primary and tertiary agro-processing levels and encourage de- velopment and support of start-up agro processing enterprises in agricul- tural zones. 4.12 Community Empowerment and Development 44. Community mobilization and empowerment is necessary for this policy to achieve its objectives of engaging women, men, youth, and vulnerable populations in agricultural programs and ensuring optimal utilization of agricultural services. The ministries and agencies responsible for com- munity mobilization and empowerment will work to build the demand for agricultural programmes and services by mobilizing communities to rec- ognize the value of these services and for communities to understand the process for accessing them. 4.13 Health and Nutrition 45. The strategies covered by this policy for increasing labour productivity and improving household food and nutrition security require an agricultur- al workforce that is healthy and well-nourished. Therefore, partnerships will be strengthened between MAAIF, the Ministry of Health, and other partners to ensure that issues of nutrition and health are mainstreamed so that farming households are empowered to adopt positive behaviours that mitigate the effects of disease and poor nutrition. 4.14 Land for Agricultural Production 46. There are major challenges related to the different land tenure systems existing in Uganda; as well as the major and emerging risks of land frag- mentation occasioned by poor property inheritance practices. Sustainable use and management of agricultural resources is an objective of this policy that is fundamental to future development of the agriculture sec- tor. This objective is also addressed in several policies and laws on land management, including the land use policy and amendments to the Land Act. MAAIF will collaborate with MWE, the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, and local governments to increase awareness for achievement of this objective. 4.15 Population 47. With a 3.4 percent per annum growth rate in 2010, Uganda’s has one of the fastest going populations in the world. The momentum of population growth remains strong because of the age structure of the population and high fertility rates. While the youthfulness of the population is an oppor- tunity for the country’s labour intensive agriculture sector, the extremely high growth rate also poses challenges to assuring adequate food securi- ty and gainful employment. In the past, agricultural growth was sustained mainly through area expansion. In many parts of Uganda, family-based land sub-division practices and population pressure are contributing to 29National Agriculture Policy28 National Agriculture Policy smaller farm sizes. The ministries and agencies responsible for popula- tion affairs, in collaboration with MAAIF, shall take necessary policy mea- sures both to address the challenges and to take advantage of population growth. 4.16 Farmers Organizations 48. Facilitated farmers working together in groups are able to realize signifi- cant increases in their productivity and incomes. Farmer institutions can be powerful advocates for new policies to support agricultural develop- ment. Over the years, the Uganda National Farmers Federation; the Na- tional Farmers Forum, which is legally bound to the National Agricultural Advisory Services; and the Uganda Co-operative Alliance have mobilized small-scale farmers into groups or co-operatives, so that now there over 45,000 farmer groups nationwide. In addition to offering avenues for ex- tension service delivery, some of these groups have engaged in collective production and marketing. There are also commodity specific farmer or- ganisations, for example in coffee, fisheries and dairy. The promotion of the system of warehouse receipts and Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOs) shall further strengthen these organisations to un- dertake joint activities, especially with respect to marketing. Government will empower farmers and farmers’ organisations through building their capacity in management, entrepreneurship, and group dynamics skills. These efforts will contribute to mobilising farmers to increase production and productivity, as well as to engage in higher-level value-chain activities, including collective marketing. 4.17 Vulnerability 49. Vulnerable groups include households headed by women and children, the elderly, the poor, and people living with disabilities and disease. In 2006, about nine percent of rural households were headed by widows or widow- ers – widowed largely due to HIV/AIDS – and seven percent had members who were disabled. Vulnerable households are less productive and are more likely to suffer from food insecurity. MAAIF shall mainstream active responses to the needs of vulnerable groups in sector plans and interven- tions. 4.18 Agencies Responsible for Early Warning, Disaster Preparedness and Management 50. The strategies covered by this policy on national food and nutrition securi- ty require the establishment of effective forecasting, early warning mech- anisms, and strategic food reserves in order to respond to emergency situations. The agencies responsible for early warning, disaster prepared- ness and management, in collaboration with MAAIF, will prioritize and im- plement these interventions at all levels. The office of the Prime Minister shall continue to lead, coordinate and galvanise all responsible MDAs and local governments to timely respond to disasters in the country. 31National Agriculture Policy30 National Agriculture Policy 5.1 Implementation Issues 51. This policy shall be implemented by the Government of Uganda through the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries, other related MDAs, the private sector, farmers and farmers groups, civil society or- ganisations, and development partners. For effective implementation of the policy, Government shall ensure that the following implementation actions are taken: i. Establish and operationalise an agriculture service delivery system with optimal structures and capacities at all levels; ii. Improve coordination and supervision by the sector ministry (MAAIF) of the semi-autonomous agencies, local governments, and other actors in the agricultural sector; iii. Ensure functional and well-coordinated inter-sectoral linkages and alignment of strategies and implementation plans between MAAIF and the other MDAs; iv. Enhance private sector capacity to support Government in policy implementation; and v. Improve inspection and monitoring of policy implementation across different agencies centrally and at the local government level. 5.2 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities 52. The institutional roles that are specified for MAAIF refer to the ministry as well as all its semi-autonomous agencies. The roles of other MDAs that are critical for effective implementation of this policy are elaborat- ed above. MAAIF has overall responsibility of ensuring that this policy is fully implemented and monitored. This will necessitate strengthening in- tra-sectoral and inter-sectoral linkages with other MDAs as well as the local governments, private sector, civil society, development partners and the farmers. 5.2.1 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) 53. The mandate of MAAIF is to “support, promote and guide production of crops, livestock and fisheries, so as to improve quality and increased quantity of agricultural produce and products for domestic consumption, food security and export”. 54. MAAIF’s core functions shall be: 5.2.1.1 Policy and Programme Coordination and Monitoring i. Formulate and review national policies, plans and legislation, standards and programmes supporting the agricultural sector; ii. Design, develop and maintain a national information base on the agricul- ture sector including agricultural statistics; iii. Mobilise financial and technical assistance for the development of the ag- ricultural sector; iv. Promote the interests of local governments, private sector, farmers, and other sector stakeholders in relation to the sector; v. Coordinate, facilitate, monitor, supervise and evaluate (a) national agricul- tural development projects and programmes; (b) the operations of the Ministry’s semi-autonomous agencies; and (c) sector outputs; vi. Regulate and monitor private providers of services in the agricultural sec- tor to ensure compliance with national standards; vii. Account to the President, Cabinet and Parliament on the performance of the sector; and viii. Maintain effective national platforms for engagement and active owner- ship of programmes by all agriculture sector stakeholders. 5.2.1.2 Regulation and Quality Assurance i. Control and manage crop and animal epidemic diseases, pests and vec- tors affecting production; ii. Intensify regulatory services to ensure that all actors adhere to rules and standards; iii. Control the use of agricultural chemicals, and enforce animal health and phytosanitary regulations, including seed quality standards; iv. Promote and regulate livestock and fisheries activities including aquacul- ture; v. Support and regulate the agricultural input supply system; and vi. Establish technical specifications and quality assurance standards for ag- ricultural infrastructure. 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 33National Agriculture Policy32 National Agriculture Policy 5.2.1.3 Advisory and Training Services i. Provide technical advice, quality assurance, technical audits and support supervision through agricultural and agribusiness advisory services for crop, livestock, fisheries and entomology; and ii. Provide training and capacity building in the fields of agricultural extension and vector and vermin control, as required by the local governments. 5.2.1.4 Research Services i. Generate and disseminate appropriate, safe and cost effective agricultural technologies; ii. Enhance the participation and coordination of the public and private ser- vice providers in the delivery of high quality and efficient agricultural re- search services; and iii. Empower farmers by involving them in identifying and prioritizing their re- search needs and in procuring agricultural research services, while tech- nically and professionally guiding them to make informed production and marketing decisions. 5.2.1.5 Value-chain Development and Commercialisation i. Promote and support commercialization of the agricultural sector through value chain development; ii. Review and fully operationalise agricultural production, processing and marketing zones countrywide; iii. Guide strategic enterprise selection at farm level to ensure competitive- ness and profitability of the chosen commodities; iv. Promote primary and secondary processing of agricultural commodities v. Promote non-traditional high value agricultural production, including api- culture, sericulture and spices; vi. Operationalise water for value-chain development, especially for agricul- tural production andprimary processing; vii. Promote labour saving technologies, agricultural mechanization and engi- neering; and viii. Promote, coordinate, monitor and build capacity of farmer organisations. 5.2.1.6 MAAIF Support to Local Government i. Inspect, monitor and evaluate the agricultural activities of local govern- ments; ii. Co-coordinate Government’s agricultural policies, initiatives, projects and programmes as they apply to local governments; iii. Provide technical assistance, support supervision and training to agricul- tural advisory services personnel within local governments; iv. Facilitate development of local-level agricultural services infrastructure in coordination with local governments; v. Restock, multiply and ensure access to improved genetic resources by producers; vi. Strengthen human and financial capacity of local governments to plan and implement agricultural projects and programmes; and vii. Promote collaboration among districts in the same agricultural produc- tion and marketing zone to achieve economies of scale. 5.2.2 Local Governments 55. The core functions of the districts and lower-level local governments shall be to: i. Implement all of the decentralized and devolved agricultural ser- vices, including advisory and regulatory services; ii. Develop and implement appropriate by-laws to regulate food secu- rity, animal movement, local taxation and any other areas that sup- port the effective local implementation of agricultural programmes; iii. Monitor implementation of agricultural plans and policies at the district and within the lower-level local governments; iv. Mobilise and empower farmers and farmer groups to produce, pro- cess and market their commodities; v. Sensitize and guide communities and implementers on addressing traditional and cultural issues affecting selection, promotion and utilization of strategic agricultural enterprises; and vi. Increase awareness of the farmers to protect agricultural produc- tion natural resources, especially land and water. 5.2.3 Private Sector 56. The private sector shall complement public sector institutions and be responsible for the following core activities: i. Invest in agricultural production at small, medium and large scales; ii. Invest in agricultural commodity processing and value addition; iii. Participate actively in technology development, multiplication and dissemination; iv. Participate in marketing of both inputs and outputs domestically, regionally and internationally; v. Provide agricultural finance services to support investment in pro- duction, processing and marketing of agricultural produce; vi. Advocate for improved policy, regulatory and institutional frame- works that effectively support private sector activities. Dialogue with government and other stakeholders on strategic actions need- ed for agricultural development; 35National Agriculture Policy34 National Agriculture Policy vii. Improve farmer access to key agricultural support services; and viii. Invest in rural infrastructure through public-private partnerships. 5.2.4 Civil Society 57. Civil society organisations, including the higher-level farmer organisa- tions, and traditional, cultural and faith based institutions shall undertake the following core functions: i. Mobilise farmers to access financial products and services, farm inputs, markets and other relevant agricultural goods and services; ii. Advocate for improvement in agricultural services within the prevailing policy and regulatory environment; iii. Monitor implementation of government programmes; iv. Develop and implement complementary agricultural programmes in line with government policy and plans; and v. Contribute to policy formulation and reviews at all levels. 5.2.5 Development Partners 58. The role of development partners shall be to: i. Share good practices and alternative approaches to agricultural development; ii. Provide financial support and technical support to the agriculture sector; and iii. Adhere to partnership principles between Government and donors. 5.3 Implementation Coordination 59. This policy shall be implemented through a sector wide approach that involves both state and non-state actors at both central and local gov- ernment levels. Effective implementation will necessitate two types of coordination mechanisms to be established: intra-sectoral coordination to deal with internal issues within the agriculture sector; and inter-sectoral coordination to create functional linkages between MAAIF, other MDAs and local governments. 5.3.1 Intra-sectoral Coordination 60. The Top Policy Management (TPM) of MAAIF will ensure that there is con- sistency and coherence in policy formulation, implementation and moni- toring by MAAIF and all its affiliated semi-autonomous agencies. The TPM will ensure that the programmes that fall under the semi-autonomous agencies are properly integrated to meet the overall vision, mission and objectives of the agriculture sector. This will necessitate bringing togeth- er the plans and budgets of the ministry headquarters and its agencies within the sector wide approach to address common goals in line with this agriculture policy. The decisions of TPM shall be guided by the Agriculture Sector Working Group which is broader than the TPM of MAAIF and is comprised of a wider section of stakeholders in the agriculture sector. 5.3.2 Inter-sectoral Coordination 61. The Cabinet and Parliament will ensure that implementation of this poli- cy is well coordinated. An inter-ministerial coordination arrangement will be established to advocate and lobby for cross-sectoral collaboration to address the needs of this policy. In particular, this mechanism shall guide and strengthen the vertical linkages between MAAIF and local govern- ments to ensure effective implementation of the policy. For this purpose, a National Agriculture Sector and Rural Development Secretariat (ASRDS) shall be created. It is accordingly proposed to designate the existing PMA Secretariat as the ASRDS. The Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture will play an oversight role to ensure that the agricultural sector is allo- cated adequate resources to enable implementation of the strategies that are identified in this policy. 37National Agriculture Policy36 National Agriculture Policy 6.1 Purpose of the Monitoring and Evaluation System 62. MAAIF under its DSIP has developed a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. The purpose of the system is to regularly and transparently as- sess the implementation of this policy, sector investments, sector per- formance and the welfare indicators of Ugandan households, including incomes and food and nutrition security. MAAIF shall use the M&E results to make necessary adjustments for better performance and improved outcomes for the sector. MAAIF shall develop this system in collabora- tion with other agricultural sector stakeholders and shall link it with other relevant national policy monitoring and evaluation systems. 6.2 Operationalising the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 63. MAAIF shall collaborate with other agricultural sector stakeholders in the operationalisation of the M&E system. The operational framework will also define roles and responsibilities in the M&E system. 64. MAAIF shall collaborate with other stakeholders including local govern- ments and set up effective agricultural statistics and management infor- mation systems to collect, manage and analyse data and report informa- tion that can be used in the M&E system. Mechanisms to review progress to ensure that the policy, programmes and processes are on track to meet sector objectives, are part of the M&E system. The review process- es shall be transparent, broad and inclusive. MAAIF shall disseminate the outcomes of the reviews to the public through agreed channels. 65. MAAIF shall develop and promote linkages and networking between all its agencies, programmes and projects as well as with agricultural sec- tor stakeholders in order to improve knowledge sharing, information ex- change and learning from M&E results. 66. The communication strategy shall address agriculture and agriculture re- lated information and knowledge from within and from outside the sector. MAAIF has developed a communication strategy which sets out a frame- work for communicating such information and knowledge both to agricul- tural sector stakeholders and to those outside the sector. The framework provides for refining and synthesizing the knowledge generated so that it can be shared through accredited communication channels. The informa- tion provided will improve awareness and understanding of agriculture in Uganda and enhance dialogue, buy-in, collaboration and participation of all agricultural stakeholders in policy implementation. 67. Two-way communication between government and other stakeholders will be institutionalised through facilitating opportunities for public dia- logue, knowledge sharing, and enabling information flows from grass- roots levels. These communication activities will promote and inform evidence-based planning at all levels. The Agriculture Sector Working Group of MAAIF will use this information to debate and provide appro- priate feedback on Government strategies for agricultural development. Awareness of the potential for agricultural development in Uganda and political commitment to development will be fostered through communi- cation between and among different technical and non-technical audienc- es, government and non-government audiences, development partners, and the wider population at farming community level, sub-county, district, regional and national levels. 6.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 7.0 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 38 National Agriculture Policy 68. The National Agriculture Policy (NAP) is specifically designed to actualize an agricultural revolution in Uganda. 8.0 CONCLUSION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES P.O. Box 102 Entebbe, Uganda Tel: +256 414 320 004 Website: www.agriculture.go.ug