Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Programme

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA TANZANIA CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE PROGRAMME COORDINATED BY MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES AND VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE 2015 – 2025 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 i Contents LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. iv FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................. viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Alignment with the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme, National Development Goal, Agriculture Sector Strategies, National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans, Water Resources Management Strategic Interventions and Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation ........................................................................ 2 1.3 Preparation Process ........................................................................................................... 3 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 General Trends ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Agricultural Production Trends ....................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Crop Production .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Livestock Production ................................................................................................. 7 2.2.3 Fisheries Production .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.4 Forest Resources ........................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Food Consumption and Nutrition Trends ....................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Levels of food consumption...................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Nutrition trends ........................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Enabling Policy Environment ......................................................................................... 10 Agricultural Sector ............................................................................................................. 12 National Agricultural Policy .............................................................................................. 12 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 ii National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) ..................................................................... 13 2.5 Constraints to Agriculture Development and Growth ............................................... 13 2.5.1 Land Degradation and Soil Health ......................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Climate Change and Variability ............................................................................. 14 2.5.3 Agricultural Finance and Investments .................................................................. 19 2.6 Agricultural Growth Potential and Sources of Growth .............................................. 20 3.0 VISION AND OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Vision ................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.0 PROGRAMATIC RESULT AREAS ............................................................................................ 23 4.1 Result Area 1: Improved Productivity and Incomes ................................................... 23 4.1.1 Component 1: Improved productivity and nutrition .......................................... 23 4.1.2 Component 2: Irrigation and agricultural water management ........................ 24 4.1.3 Component 3: Improved Food Storage and Distribution ................................... 25 4.1.4 Component 4: Increased Growth of Incomes ...................................................... 26 4.2 Result Area 2: Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits............. 28 4.2.1 Component 1: Improve soil health, and restore degraded lands .................... 28 4.2.2 Component 2: Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments ............... 29 4.2.3 Component 3: Insurance and Other Safety Nets ................................................. 31 4.2.4 Component 4: Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness .............. 31 4.2.5 Component 5: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced ................... 32 4.3 Result Area 3: Value Chain Integration ........................................................................ 33 4.3.1 Component 1: Value addition process for agricultural products ..................... 33 4.3.2 Component 2: Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets .............................................................. 33 4.4 Result Area 4: Research for Development and Innovations ..................................... 35 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 iii 4.4.1 Component 1: Agricultural research funding and Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain .................................................. 35 4.4.2 Component 2: Research Extension Linkage strengthened and made functional by 2018 ..................................................................................................................................... 36 4.5 Result Area 5: CSA Knowledge, Extension and Agro-weather Services .................. 36 4.5.1 Component 1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination.......................... 36 4.5.2 Component 2: Enhance extension, climate information services and agro- weather advisories ............................................................................................................. 37 4.6 Result Area 6: Improved Institutional Coordination .................................................. 38 4.6.1 Component 1: Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination ............................................................................................................................................... 38 4.6.2 Component 2: Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations ....................................................................................................................... 39 4.6.3 Component 3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened ....................................................................................................................... 40 5.0 COORDINATION FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................. 41 5.1 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................................ 41 5.2 Coordination of Activities ......................................................................................... 41 6.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT SECTORS ............................................ 43 6.1 MAFC and MANR Divisions and Units ........................................................................ 43 6.2 Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) ...................................................... 43 6.3 Non-State Actors ......................................................................................................... 43 6.4 Sub-National Entities ................................................................................................. 44 7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION .................................................................................... 46 8.0 TEN - YEAR PROGRAMME FINANCING FRAMEWORK ................................................... 47 8.1 Cost Estimates and indicative Financing Plan ............................................................ 47 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 49 Annex I: Tanzania Map ........................................................................................................... 49 Annex IIa: Tanzania Agricultural Zones .............................................................................. 50 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 iv Annex IIb: Tanzania Agricultural Map ................................................................................. 53 Annex III: Agricultural production ....................................................................................... 54 Annex IV: Agriculture Sector Financing Gap (TShs) 2010/2011 – 2014/2015 ............... 56 Annex V: Resource Requirement for Zanzibar................................................................... 56 Annex VI: Wood Fuel Demand and Consumption .............................................................. 57 Annex VII: Logical Framework Matrix or Program Design Matrix ............................... 58 Annex VIII: Budget Estimates for 2015 - 2025 ................................................................... 66 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Share of Agriculture in the National Gross Domestic Product: 2005 - 2013 ..................... 4 Table 2: Production of livestock products 2008/2009 to 2013/2014 ............................................. 7 Table 3: Trends in per capita supply of major foods groups (in g/per day) .................................... 9 Table 4: The prevalence of various forms of nutrient deficiencies in Tanzania according to population groups ......................................................................................................................... 10 Table 5: Key policies relevant for CSA implementation and scale out in Tanzania ....................... 11 Table 6: Roles and Responsibilities of Different Sectors ............................................................... 44 Table: 7. Summary of CSA Cost Estimates for 10 Years ................................................................ 48 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Food Crop Yield 2004 – 2013............................................................................................ 5 Figure 2: Industrial Crop Yield 2004 – 2014 .................................................................................... 5 Figure 3: Sugarcane Yield 2004 – 2013. .......................................................................................... 6 Figure 4: Horticultural Crops Yield 2004 – 2013.............................................................................. 6 Figure 5: Livestock Population Trend. ............................................................................................. 7 Figure 6: Aquaculture Production Trend in Tanzania (2010-2014) ................................................. 8 Figure 7: Climate change impacts in Tanzania with respect to temperature under lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios.................................................... 14 Figure 8: Climate change impacts in Tanzania with respect to precipitation in Tanzania under lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios ................................. 15 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 v Figure 9: Percent change in precipitation in 2080 under the higher RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenario based on an ensemble of 19 climate models from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. ........................................................................................................................................... 16 The darker bars represent months with greater average precipitation (from Climate Wizard, CIAT, 2015). Climate Impacts to Crops .......................................................................................... 16 Figure 10: Percent change in suitable area for major crops in Tanzania due to climate change. 17 Figure 11: Projected changes Above ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) in Tanzania’s rangelands ANPP by 2050s and RCP8.5 (high-end emissions) in relation to the mean value of 1971-1980. .................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 12: Future emission projections 2007 – 2030 Source: The Economics of Climate Change in Tanzania ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 13: Trend in Agricultural Financing (2001/02 - 2010/11). .................................................. 19 Figure 14: Coordination mechanism among the different implementers of CSA practices ......... 42 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 vi FOREWORD In Sub-Saharan Africa, heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture renders farming communities more vulnerable to effect of climate change and variability resulting in widespread food insecurity and poverty. Climate change and variability present new challenges particularly for smallholder farmers whose main stay is agriculture. Providing food for the future will require a holistic approach in order to produce on less land and by using appropriate methods. Farming communities and researchers are obliged to re-evaluate mainstreaming of farming practices and techniques and look for ways of securing food through adoption of conservation agriculture, integrated livestock keeping, fish farming and agro-forestry. High dependence on rain-fed agriculture and poor soil health increases vulnerability of farming systems and predisposes rural households to food insecurity and poverty thus eroding their productive assets and weakening their coping strategies and resilience to external shocks. Increasingly, the onset, duration and intensity of rains vary considerably from year to year, while the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as drought and floods are on the increase with devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Moreover agricultural seasons in some areas of the country are expected to shift. Drastic and innovative measures are therefore needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected weather patterns. The most affected will be the rural poor, who are dependent on farming as a livelihood. Because of their poverty status, they have less ability to accumulate and protect assets and have the least adaptive capacity to respond to climatic shocks occasioned through extreme events as well as variability in weather during the cropping seasons. Changes in climate may be faster and more intense than in the past and existing knowledge on approaches and practices in agriculture may not be sufficient to address the adaptation needs. To ensure that the country is food secure and for food producers to improve their livelihoods, climate smart agriculture (CSA) is the most appropriate approach. The CSA approach would ensure sustainable increase in agricultural productivity; build resilience in food systems and adapt to climate change; Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 vii reduce food losses and waste; and contribute to the reduction and removal of greenhouse gas emissions, where possible. I believe that this CSA Programme, which is the result of a collective, sector- wide consultation effort, places Tanzania firmly on a new and ambitious growth trajectory for the future. We recognise the vital role that agriculture must play in growing the economy and creating decent jobs. In this respect, the agriculture sector as a whole is determined to optimise its contribution. The successful implementation of this programme will require multi-level partnerships between the public and private sector, civil society and citizens. I acknowledge with appreciation the constructive and cooperative relationships we have already built in this regard with all parties involved. I believe that agriculture in this country will grow from strength to strength. This, however, will require a shift in the way we do things, in line with the new strategic approach. Finally, I would like to thank the many people who have contributed to the development of this programme. Our thanks to the panel of 10 experts from across all stakeholder groups in the sector, chaired by Ms. Shakwaanande Natai, for the pivotal role they played in guiding the development of the Programme, and for their commitment to the process. I would also like to express our appreciation for those who submitted comments and made inputs that tmade the document better. We are grateful for your commitment and dedication to walk this path with our Ministry. Steven Masatu Wassira (MP) MINISTER FOR AGRICULTURE FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The preparation of the Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Program has been spearheaded by a multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholders National Expert Team from relevant Ministries, Departments, Agencies, Researchers and Academia, Civil Society Organization (CSOs) and Private Sector under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives (MAFC) and the Vice President’s Office (VPO). Following the development of National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA), adoption of the National Climate Change Strategy (NCCC) and Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan (ACRP), it was found necessary to prepare the Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Program to guide implementation of the identified interventions. Preparation of the Tanzania CSA Program would not have been possible without the financial and technical support from the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Agency (NEPAD), Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC) and the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Special thanks are due to National Team of Experts led by Shakwaanande Natai (Chairperson, National CSA Program Task Force), Eng. Isaria Mwende, Ombaeli Lemweli, Elirehema Swai, Mary Majule, Tereza Massoy, (MAFC), Joseph Kihaule (VPO), Dr. Lucy Ssendi (PMO-RALG), Lucia Chacha (MLFD), Nassor Mkarafuu (MANR - Zanzibar), Dr. Fadhila Hemed (NEMC), Mathew Ndaki (TMA) Prof. Salim Maliondo (SUA) and Mary Swai (TaTEDO) for their expertise and valuable inputs in the development of the program. Special gratitude is extended to the Tanzania government officials in relevant ministries, Development Partners, NGOs, Private Sector and other stakeholders who went through the draft and shared their ideas and opinions. We would also like to acknowledge tireless support of Dr. George Wamukoya (Climate Advisor, COMESA Secretariat) and Dr. James Kinyangi (Regional Program Leader - CCAFS) during the process of developing the CSA program. Finally, we appreciate the constructive contributions received from National Stakeholder’s Validation Workshop participants. Sophia Elias Kaduma PERMANENT SECRETARY MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACRP Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan AEZ Agro-ecological zone AfDB African Development Bank AGOA Africa Growth Opportunity Act ANSAF Agricultural Non State Actors Forum ARI Agricultural Research Institutes AR5 Fifth Assessment Report ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Programme ASDP-2 Second Agriculture Sector Development Programme ASLM Agriculture Sector Lead Ministries AU African Union BFSC Basket Fund Steering Committee BRN Big Results Now CA Conservation Agriculture CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CBF Community Based Forest Management CARE CARE International CBO Community Based Organization CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organization DALDO District Agricultural and Livestock Officer DADP District Agriculture Development Plan DPP Department of Policy and Planning DRD Department of Research and Development DRTE Department of Research, Training and Extension DRM Disaster Risk Management EAC East African Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EMU Environment Management Unit FANR Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Division FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FSDP Fishery Sector Development Program GDP Gross Domestic Product HEMU Head, Environment Management Unit ICRAF International Center for Research in Agroforestry ICT Information and Communication Technology IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KR Key result area LDCs Least Developed Countries LGA Local Government Authority LSDS Livestock Sector Development Strategy Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 x MAFC Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives MANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Zanzibar MDAs Ministries/Departments/Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals MICCA Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Programme MITM Ministry of Industries, Trade and Marketing MIVARF Marketing, Infrastructure, Value Addition and Rural Finance MJUMITA Mtandao wa Jamii wa Usimamizi wa Misitu Tanzania MKUKUTA National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty MLDF Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries MLHHS MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MoFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MNRT Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism MoW Ministry of Water MT Metric Tones MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NAFORMA National Forest Resource Monitoring and Assessment NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NARS National Agricultural Research System NCCFP National Climate Change Focal Point NCCS National Climate Change Strategy NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee NCCTC National Climate Change Technical Committee NCSATF National Climate Smart Agriculture Task Force NEMC National Environmental Management Council NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NPS National Panel Survey NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty PMORALG Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local Government PPP Public Private Partnership PPVA Postharvest Process and Value Addition REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation RCP Representative Concentration Pathways SACCOs Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies SADC Southern African Development Community (SADC) SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania SECAP Soil Erosion Control and Agro forestry Project SRI Sustainable Rice Intensification SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture TaCRI Tanzania Coffee Research Institute TADB Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank TDV Tanzania Development Vision TAFIRI Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute TAFORI Tanzania Forest Research Institute Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 xi TAFSIP Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund TaTEDO Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organisation TCCIA Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture TFCG Tanzania Forest Conservation Group TIB Tanzania Investment Bank TMA Tanzania Meteorological Agency TNA Training Needs Assessment TORITA Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania TPRI Tropical Pesticide Research Institute TRIT Tea Research Institute of Tanzania TV Television TWG Technical Working Group UDSM University of Dar es Salaam UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme URT United Republic of Tanzania USAID United States Agency for International Development VPO-DoE Vice President's Office - Division of Environment WARC Ward Agricultural Resource Centre WB World Bank WG I Working Group I WG II Working Group I WUE Water Use Efficiency Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tanzania, an East African country, is endowed with important land and water resources that have a high agricultural potential. Agriculture is a key sector of Tanzania’s economy, as it accounts for 24.1 percent of GDP and is the source of livelihoods for more than three-quarters of the population. Majority of the population still live in rural areas although urbanization has increased in the last three decades to reach 38 percent. The population is very young, as the youth (18-35 years) accounts for 65 percent. High dependence on rain-fed agriculture and poor soil health increases vulnerability of farming systems and predisposes rural households to food insecurity and poverty thus eroding their productive assets and weakening their coping strategies and resilience to external shocks. Increasingly, the onset, duration and intensity of rains vary considerably from year to year, while the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as drought and floods are on the increase with devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Moreover agricultural seasons in some areas of the country are expected to shift. Drastic and innovative measures are therefore needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected weather patterns. Given that over 90.4 percent of active women in Tanzania are engaged in agricultural activities, producing about 70 percent of the country’s food requirements, and that youth who constitute about 65 percent of the total labor force in Tanzania are less engaged in agricultural activities and emerging opportunities, it is imperative that transformation and growth in the agriculture sector target both women and the youth. To address these challenges and to harmonize and enhance CSA initiatives being undertaken by different stakeholders throughout the country, the Government of Tanzania through the CSA programme, has identified six strategic priorities as sources of Tanzania’s agricultural development and growth in a changing climate. The six strategic priorities are as follows: Improved Productivity and incomes – a pro-growth and pro-poor development agenda that supports agricultural sustainability and includes better targeting to climate change impacts will improve resilience and climate change adaptation. Because climate change has a negative impact on agricultural production, achieving any given food and nutrition security target will require greater investments in agricultural productivity. It is important that Agricultural growth Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 xiii does not jeopardize soil quality or groundwater resources. Public and private sectors as well as public-private partnerships will play a critical role. Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits - CSA practices that will help reduce vulnerability of Tanzania’s agriculture sector by increasing productivity, enhancing adaptation and resilience of the farming systems and reducing emissions intensity in the context of achieving food and nutrition security, sustainable development and poverty reduction. Value Chain Integration - This approach is holistic in that considers input supply, production, agricultural services, traceability, marketing and business support services as necessary building blocks. Under the approach, both public and private sectors are seen as critical actors in the value chain. Knowledge and capacity building are critical strategic priorities to leverage innovations and increase efficiencies. The approach also provides enabling framework for integrating gender and the needs of the youth. Research for Development and Innovations - Although Tanzania has a well- developed agricultural research system, use of modern science and climate smart technologies in agricultural production is still limited. Inadequate research–extension–farmer linkages to facilitate demand-driven research and increased use of improved technologies continue to constrain efforts to increase agricultural productivity as farmers continue to use outdated and ineffective technologies. The role of research will be reoriented to support innovations that facilitate the transition to climate-smart agriculture by smallholder farmers. New and emerging agricultural research partnerships will identify technological advances that respond to the impacts of climate change and climate variability. A major thrust will be on the use of climate-smart agricultural practices, promoting improved land management and sustainable crop-livestock and aquaculture intensification, in order to bolster farmers’ adaptive capacity and support the national vision of achieving food security. Improving and Sustaining Agricultural Advisory Services - Agro-advisory services that include climate applications for agriculture will help farmers to better make informed decisions in the face of risks and uncertainties, in addition to the integrated management of present and emerging pests and disease challenges. Climate knowledge applications include seasonal weather forecasts, monitoring and early warning products for drought, floods and pests and disease surveillance. These products and services would increase the preparedness of the farmers, well in advance, to cope with risks and Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 xiv uncertainties. In this regard, dissemination of agro-weather advisories and other climate-smart agricultural practices will be enhanced through Public Private Partnerships. Furthermore, robust agro-advisory services are expected to catalyze private sector investment in priority areas such as weather-based index insurance and associated infrastructure. Further, insurance instruments shall be linked to incentives for adaptation (or risk prevention and reduction, e.g. by introducing drought resistant crops, drip irrigation, or similar measures). Improved Institutional Coordination – Improved institutional coordination is crucial for achievement of horizontal and vertical integration required for effective discharge of the CSA Programme. The achievement of horizontal integration requires a framework that provides for high-level guidance while vertical integration is instrumental in determining the roles of various sector institutions and devolved governments in performing CSA mandates. The proposed coordination framework will improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government coordination, enhance partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations, and strengthen coordination with development partners. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The agriculture sector is key to overall economic growth and development of Tanzania. It provides livelihoods to over 80 per cent of the population, generates about 24.1 percent of GDP, contributes 30 percent of export earnings and employs 75 percent of the total labor force (URT, 2013). In the national development agenda, agriculture is expected to lead the growth and structural transformation of the economy and maximize the benefits of accelerated growth. Significant improvements in the productivity of the agriculture sector are required to raise the average real incomes of Tanzanians. The food and agriculture sector also has direct impact on the attainment of at least five of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the emerging sustainable development goals (SDGs) that include poverty reduction. Agricultural growth is a proven driver of poverty reduction. When agriculture stimulates growth in Africa, the growth is twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth based in other sectors. Thus, agricultural growth also means more production, improved food security and economic growth. Tanzania depends largely on agriculture, which is strongly dependent on natural resources such as land, forests, air, and water. Sustainable utilization of these resources is vital for the growth and sustainability of the sector. However, agriculture is vulnerable to the effects of climate change associated with global warming. Smallholder farmers dominate the agricultural sector with average farm sizes of between 0.2 and 2.0 hectares, depending on the location. Yields have been mostly stagnant for the last ten years and agricultural productivity gains have been based more on the expansion of cultivated land, which is one of the major drivers of deforestation and land degradation in the country. Studies by the Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) have shown that some of the previously known highly productive areas such as the Southern and Northern Highlands will continue to be affected by declining rainfall, frequent droughts and significant increase in spatial and temporal variability of rainfall with long term implications in the agricultural sector planning and resources allocation, such as improved seeds -, pesticides and even the shifts in types of agricultural produce (URT, 2009). Tanzania’s National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA, 2007) ranked agriculture and food security as the most vulnerable and important sector that is severely impacted by climate change and advocated that studies on the impact of climate change in the sector and on food security be a priority activity. Despite the uncertainty and recognizing the potential risks, climate challenges for agriculture are reflected in Tanzania’s development plans at the highest levels. For example, the Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP 2011/12 – Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 2 2015/16), MKUKUTA-II, National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS, 2012) and Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan (ACRP, 2014-2019) include climate change as a threat to economic growth and an “underlying pre-requisite” which must be addressed to ensure success of agriculture as a core growth priority. The NCCS highlights agriculture as a key climate-sensitive sector where impacts of climate variability are already experienced by farmers, including declines in agricultural productivity, shifting Agro Ecological Zones (AEZ), increased incidents of pests and diseases, and increasingly unreliable rainfall. This CSA Program will support climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives in the agricultural sector. Climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries (CSA), as defined by FAO 2010, - contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals and integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges. CSA has three main pillars:  Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes.  Adapting and building resilience to climate change.  Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases emissions, where possible. CSA is an approach to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change. In this context, the CSA approach in Tanzania is designed to identify and operationalize sustainable agricultural development within the explicit parameters of climate change and variability 1.2 Alignment with the continental, regional and national agriculture and climate change policies, strategies and plans This CSA Programme is aligned with the national economic blue print – Tanzania Vision 2025 and the National Development Plan. The Programme is also in line with the broad national objectives of the agricultural sector of contributing towards attainment and maintenance of domestic supply of main food items, production of raw materials for industries and creation of gainful employment of men, women and the youth. Similarly, the CSA Programme is aligned with the Water Resources Management Strategic Interventions and Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation. The programme is further aligned with National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan as it addresses the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. At the regional level, the CSA Program enhances the implementation of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and responds to the 23rd Ordinary African Union Assembly – Decisions and Declaration (Malabo Declaration), in particular: Assembly/AU/Dec. 538 (XXIII) on Climate Change and agriculture; Assembly/AU/Decl.1 (XXIII) on Accelerated agricultural growth and transformation; and Assembly/AU/Decl.4 (XXIII) on Nutrition security for Inclusive economic Growth and Sustainable Development. At the national level, Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 3 the CSA Program will contribute to Tanzania’s efforts to adapt and build resilience in - agriculture under the National Adaptation plan of Action (NAPA), The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS), Agriculture Climate Resilient Plan (ACRP) and The National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan. The CSA Program is intended to harmonize and enhance CSA initiatives being undertaken by different stakeholders. 1.3 Preparation Process In preparation of this CSA Program, the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives and the Vice President’s Office pursued a consultative approach under the guidance of a Multi-disciplinary Team of Experts drawn from relevant Ministries and Departments, Agencies, Civil Society Organization (CSOs), Private Sectors, Researchers and Academia. The Program was developed through a four-step procedure as follows: 1. conducting technical working sessions that took stock of the sector’s programmes, strategies and performance from a historical perspective, as well as an analysis of options for agricultural sector growth in a changing climate; 2. consultative sessions were carried out with interested groups, particularly the National Designated Authority (NDA) for Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF) Focal Point, Planning Commission, Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, CSOs, umbrella private sector organizations such as the Tanzania private sector association and farmer organizations, Local Government Authority and Development Partners; 3. National stakeholder validation workshop where comments from stakeholders were discussed and incorporated; and 4. Resource mobilization to support implementation of Tanzania CSA Programme. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 4 2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS 2.1 General Trends The agriculture sector in Tanzania provides livelihoods to over 80 percent of the population, generates about 24.1 percent of GDP (Table 1), contributes 30 percent of export earnings and employs 75 percent of the total labor force (URT, 2013). Tanzania is endowed with 44 million hectares (46 percent of total land) suitable for agriculture. However, part of this arable land is only marginally suitable for agricultural production due to a combination of factors including infertile soils, soil erosion, degradation and likelihood of drought. Moreover, about 28% of the land area is inaccessible to agriculture as it is under protection as Forest reserves and Wildlife protected areas. Currently, only 32 percent of the available arable land is cultivated. Tanzania also has significant potential for irrigated agriculture, with the area suitable for irrigation estimated to be about 29.4 million ha. Yet only 1.5 percent (441,000 ha) of potential irrigated areas is currently under irrigation. Smallholder agriculture is predominantly rain fed especially in arid and semi-arid regions that depend entirely on subsistence livestock and food crop production for their livelihoods. Table 1: Share of Agriculture in the National Gross Domestic Product: 2005 - 2013 YEAR SECTOR (percent) Agriculture Industry Services Other (Net Indirect Taxes) 2005 26.9 20.8 42.5 9.8 2006 25.3 20.8 43.3 10.6 2007 25.0 21.2 43.3 10.5 2008 24.9 21 43.8 10.3 2009 23.8 22 43.6 10.6 2010 24.1 21 49.5 5.4 2011 24.7 21 50 4.3 2012 24.8 21 50 4.2 2013 24.7 25 47.7 24.7 Source: URT (2013). The Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance. 2.2 Agricultural Production Trends 2.2.1 Crop Production Smallholder farmers dominate the agricultural sector with average farm sizes of between 0.2 and 2.0 hectares, depending on the location. Yields have been Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 5 mostly stagnant for the last ten years and agricultural productivity gains have been based more on the expansion of cultivated land, which is one of the major drivers of deforestation and land degradation in the country. The major food crops include maize, sorghum, rice, pulses, cassava and potatoes (Figure 1). Figure 1: Food Crop Yield 2004 – 2013 Source: FAOSTAT 28/03/2015 Industrial crops (Figures 2 & 3), commonly referred to as cash crops, are mainly grown as a source of income. These include tea, coffee, pyrethrum, tobacco, sisal, cashew and sugarcane among others. Figure 2: Industrial Crop Yield 2004 – 2014 Source: FAOSTAT 28/03/2015 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 6 Figure 3: Sugarcane Yield 2004 – 2013. Source: FAOSTAT 28/03/2015 The horticulture sub-sector is one of the fastest growing sectors contributing to food security, nutrition improvements and economic growth (Figure 4). It has been identified as one of the priority sub-sectors in the National Export Strategy (2008), the Kilimo Kwanza Resolution and a key component in the diversification of the agricultural sector from over dependence on traditional primary agricultural products. The sub-sector has a potential to become one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings and a significant driver of economic growth. For instance, indigenous fruits, vegetables, spices and flowers have been cultivated in Tanzania for generations and traded throughout the region and internationally (e.g. the country is thought to have started exporting bean seed to Europe in the 1950s). Horticulture is mainly practised by small-scale farmers with a few large-scale operators. Local and foreign investors endow the floriculture and export vegetables sub-sector. Figure 4: Horticultural Crops Yield 2004 – 2013 Source: FAOSTAT 28/03/2015 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 7 2.2.2 Livestock Production The country has an estimated population of 22.8 million cattle, 15.6 million goats, 7 million sheep, 35.5 million local chickens; 24.5 million improved chicken breed and 2.1 million pigs1. However, 97 percent of all livestock are indigenous breeds which are kept by rural farmers and are grazed under natural pasture, while only 3 percent are improved breeds either grazed and or fed in cut and carry systems with minimal supplements. Figure 5: Livestock Population Trend. Source: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, 2014 Table 2: Production of livestock products 2008/2009 to 2013/2014 Source: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (2014) 1 Budget Speech 2014/2015 Product 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/2014 Meat Production (Tonnes) Cattle 225,178 243,943 262,606 289,835 299,581 309,353 Goats/sheep 82,884 86,634 103,709 111,106 115,652 120,199 Pig 36,000 38,180 43,647 47,246 50,814 79,174 Chicken 78,168 80,916 93,534 84,524 87,408 54,360 Total 422,230 449,673 503,496 532,711 553,455 563,086 Milk Production ('000' litres) Local Cattle 1,012,436 997,261 1,135,422 1,255,938 1,297,775 1,339,613 Modern Cattle 591,690 652,596 577,962 597,161 623,865 650,570 Total 1,604,126 1,649,857 1,713,384 1,853,098 1,921,640 1,990,183 Egg Production ('000') Eggs 2,806,350 2,917,875 3,339,566 3,494,584 3,725,200 3,899,568,750 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 8 Despite the large livestock population size, its contribution to the national economy (GDP) has persistently been declining from 18 percent in 2001 to 4.4 percent (TBS, 2013). Major challenges include recurring droughts which reduce pasture productivity and water availability; alien invasive species, pests and diseases. Furthermore, uncontrolled livestock mobility brings about conflicts between crop farmers and livestock keepers. 2.2.3 Fisheries Production Tanzania has total water area of 62,000 km2 potential currently employing more than 4 million people. In Zanzibar, the fisheries sector is largely artisanal currently employing about 20 percent of the island population with mariculture activities such as seaweed and prawn farming also supplementing the incomes of - island households. Climate change impacts on fisheries are mainly associated with degradation of fish areas and fish stock. For instance, sea level rise, which is associated with global warming, may cause sea water to rise above optimal levels, and increased sea water acidification bleaching corals, causing degradation of fish nursery grounds, breeding and feeding areas. Moreover, drought and frequent floods increases sedimentation in freshwaters, negatively affecting fisheries in fresh water bodies. Aquaculture in Tanzania has a huge potential but yet untapped for widespread household and commercial use. The high potential for development of aquaculture is due to availability of water resources and diversified species in the wild potentially suitable for aquaculture. Currently, the total number of people involved in the aquaculture is about 17,100 (with 14,100 involved in freshwater fish farming and about 3,000 in seaweed farming). Youths play an important role in aquaculture in pond construction, management and distribution of fish. Figure 6: Aquaculture Production Trend in Tanzania (2010-2014) Source: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 9 2.2.4 Forest Resources The total forest area in Tanzania is 48 million ha, of which 93 percent of this is woodlands and only 7 percent are classified as forest reserves (mangroves, coastal forests, humid montane forests and plantations). Forest ecosystems in Tanzania are major sources of various ecosystem goods and services. They cover and protect most of the water catchments in the country and serve as a link in the agriculture-water-energy nexus. Besides timber and other non- timberforest products, the most important use of wood in Tanzania is provision biomass energy (fuel wood and charcoal) used by over 90% of the population. Some forest areas also support agriculture and livestock keeping. 2.3 Food Consumption and Nutrition Trends 2.3.1 Levels of food consumption Cereals and roots and tubers serve as staples for the majority of the population in rural as well as in urban areas. Maize is consumed in all regions, especially in rural areas while rice is mostly consumed in urban and coastal regions. Other staples include plantain, potatoes, rice, cassava and sorghum. Other cereals such as sorghum and millet; roots and tubers such as yams and sweet potatoes are known but contribute less to the diet, as they are less preferred. The main dish is a stiff porridge (known in Kiswahili as ugali) made from maize flour, sorghum or cassava. The staple is eaten with a relish either made of vegetables, sardines, pulses or meat. The diet is often monotonous with a limited diversity of foods; it is based on starchy foods with high fibre content. Frequency of vegetable consumption is high, especially among rural communities where they are included in every meal, but generally quantities are small. Therefore, vegetables do not contribute substantially to nutrient intake. Table 3: Trends in per capita supply of major foods groups (in g/per day) Major food groups Supply for human consumption in g/day 1966-68 1973-75 1980-82 1987-89 1994-96 2001-2003 Starchy roots 742 755 691 494 592 518 Cereals (excl. beer) 181 245 318 328 283 307 Fruit and vegetables 283 257 262 228 173 158 Other 149 152 280 211 203 191 Milk and eggs 87 75 71 67 62 72 Pulses, nuts, oil crops 54 51 52 55 44 42 Meat and offals 32 30 30 33 31 30 Fish, seafood 28 33 32 42 26 19 Sweeteners 20 23 18 13 18 21 Vegetable oils 7 9 10 11 11 14 Animal fats 3 3 2 2 2 2 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 10 Source: FAOSTAT In rural areas and among the low-income section of the urban population, the quantity of food consumed can be limited and meal frequency varies with the season. It is limited to one meal per day during the wet season (lean months) and to two meals during the dry or harvest season. Frequency of meat and milk consumption is extremely low, on average once a week or even less. Among certain communities these products are consumed very rarely, for example once a month or less. 2.3.2 Nutrition trends Under-nutrition and malnutrition are still highly prevalent in Tanzania. More than a third of children under five years are affected by chronic malnutrition (stunting). In the Southern zone prevalence surpasses 50 percent. Stunting is due to a combination of factors including maternal malnutrition, inadequate infant feeding practices, low quality of health care and poor hygiene. Breastfeeding is widely practiced but exclusive breastfeeding is not widespread and complementary feeding practices are inadequate. At the same time, the country is undergoing a nutrition transition due to changes in dietary habits, especially among middle and high-income groups living in urban areas who consume energy dense and processed foods. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is noticeable among women (almost one woman out of five). Table 4: The prevalence of various forms of nutrient deficiencies in Tanzania according to population groups Category of population affected Type of deficiency and percent affected PED Anaemia IDD VAD Children under-five years 52.0 45.0 13.0 30.0 Pregnant and lactating women 13.0 80.0 52.0 0.7 Remaining groups 20.0 20.0 40.0 0.1 General population 28.0 32.0 25.0 6.1 Source: Kavishe F.P (1987), TFNC Report no. 1215 2.4 Enabling Policy Environment Policy reforms are cited as one of the drivers of productivity gains experienced in the agriculture sector. These policy reforms substantially improve the economic environment for agriculture through improvements in better policies on pricing -, trade, exchange rates, institutions and markets. The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has over the years developed policies and strategies to enhance agricultural growth, natural resource management and climate change interventions. The Table 5 below summarizes the key policies and strategies that the GoT ratified and implemented in the country, and which, through their objectives and action plans, have an impact on CSA Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 11 implementation (Table 3). The summary of the enabling and (potentially) obstructing policies are provided in Table 5. Table 5: Key policies relevant for CSA implementation and scale out in Tanzania Regional Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Based on four reinforcing pillars for investment in agriculture to improve performance through strengthening country presence, focused lending program based on coordinated sector plans, enhanced capacity for policy, analytical work, and knowledge/partnership management: 1. Expanding the areas under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems. 2. Improving rural infrastructure and trade related capacities for market access 3. Increasing food supply and reducing hunger 4. Expanding agricultural research and technology transfer and dissemination East Africa Community Food Security Action Plan Developed to address food insecurity in the region. It forms the initial step of implementing the provisions of the EAC Treaty as set out in Chapter 18 Articles 105 -110. One of the main objectives of the EAC as set out in the Treaty is the achievement of food security and rational agricultural production. The EAC- Food Security Action Plan will guide coordination and implementation of the joint programmes and projects emanating from this plan. East Africa Community Climate Change Policy The purpose is to guide EAC Partner States and other stakeholders on the implementation of collective measures to address climate change impacts and causes in the region through adaptation and mitigation actions while assuring sustainable social and economic development. Macro economics Tanzania Development Vision (TDV) 2025 Developed with the intention of coordinating and directing national’s efforts and resources towards economic and social development by 2025. 1. Achieving quality life for all, 2. Good governance and the rule of law, and 3. Building a strong and resilient economy that can effectively withstand global competition. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 12 The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II Sets targets and goals on accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and improving living standards and social welfare of Tanzanians. Agricultural Sector National Agricultural Policy Aims at setting instruments for the development of an efficient, competitive and profitable agricultural industry that contributes to nation’s economic growth and wellbeing of Tanzanians. Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP) Ten-year investment plan, which maps the investments, needed to achieve the CAADP target of six percent annual growth in agricultural sector GDP. It aims to contribute to the national economic growth, household income and food security in line with national and sectoral development aspirations. Agricultural Sector Development Programme (ASDP) Main objectives are to enable farmers to have better access to and use of agricultural knowledge, technologies, marketing systems and infrastructures for higher productivity and profitability; and to promote involvement of the private sector in agricultural transformation under improved regulatory and policy frameworks. Livestock Sector Development Strategy (LSDS) Aims at developing a competitive and more efficient livestock industry that contributes to the improvement of the livelihoods of all livestock keepers and the national economy. Fisheries Sector Development Programme (FSDP) Designed to develop a sustainable, competitive and more efficient fisheries and aquaculture industry that contribute to the sustainable livelihood improvement and the national economy. Tanzania Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan (ACRP) Developed to implement strategic adaptation and mitigation actions in the crops sub-sector. It presents a wide range of adaptation options including, but not limited to: improving agricultural land and water management, accelerating uptake of CSA, reducing impacts of climate-related shocks through risk management, and strengthening knowledge and systems to targeted climate action. Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) The goal is to expand investment in agribusiness leading to income growth among smallholders and employment generation across agribusiness value chains in the Southern Corridor Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 13 Big Result Now (BRN) The objective is to address critical sector constraints and challenges and to speed-up agriculture GDP, improve smallholder incomes and ensure food security by 2015, mainly through smallholder aggregation models for main cereals and high potential crops contributing to import substitution, farm income and food security. Environment and Climate Change National Environmental Policy (NEP) Aims at ensuring sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting basic needs, preventing and controlling degradation of land, water, vegetation and air, and improving the condition and productivity of degraded rural and urban areas National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) Sets out strategic interventions for climate change adaptation measures and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. It has outlined objectives for all sectors and proposed strategic interventions in those sectors and themes that are highly vulnerable to climate change such as agriculture. Land, Land use and Forestry The National Strategy (and Action Plan) for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) The strategy (and plan) aims to facilitate effective and coordinated framework for reducing deforestation and forest degradation. It guides the implementation and coordination of mechanisms required for Tanzania to benefit from a post-2012 internationally approved system for forest carbon trading, based on demonstrated emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation and other aspects of REDD+ 2.5 Constraints to Agriculture Development and Growth 2.5.1 Land Degradation and Soil Health Demands on the land for economic development and pressures from a growing population are leading to unprecedented land use change. In turn, unsustainable land use is driving land degradation. The result is - loss of land productivity with impacts on livelihoods and the economy. The impacts of land degradation and desertification include a reduction in crop and pasture productivity and fuel-wood and non-timber forest products, which are closely linked to poverty and food insecurity. The damage to soil, loss of habitat, water shortages, and siltation reduce biodiversity and ecosystem services and has wider economic consequences. Land degradation manifests itself in many forms; among them are soil erosion, increased sediment loading of water bodies, loss of soil fertility, increased salinity, reduced ground cover, and the reduced carrying capacity of pastures. To address this challenge, the Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 14 government launched the National Strategy on Urgent Actions to Combat the Degradation of Land and Water Catchment Areas in Tanzania (URT, 2006) that has not yet been fully implemented. 2.5.2 Climate Change and Variability Agriculture in Tanzania is acutely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to dependency on climate. Unreliable rainfall, extreme weather events and poor rainfall distribution are the most damaging risks of production among smallholder farmers and fisher-folks. Drought and floods are the major natural disasters in Tanzania accounting for up to 70 percent of all recorded natural calamities causing large-scale famine, diseases and deaths for human beings, plants and animals. A range of Global Circulation Models (GCM) and emission scenarios projections indicate future changes in rainfall and increases in average annual temperatures of 1ºC to 3ºC above the baseline period (1961-1999) by the 2050s, with the latest projections indicating a high certainty of a 1 ºC rise across the country. Figures 7 and 8 show Climate change impacts in Tanzania with respect to temperature and rainfall respectively under lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Figure 7: Climate change impacts in Tanzania with respect to temperature under lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 15 The thick black lines represent the average of 29 different climate models, whereas the grey box and dashed lines represent the range of climate models. Although precipitation is projected to increase by most climate models, the timing of precipitation is also changing with some months projected to decrease. Figure 8: Climate change impacts in Tanzania with respect to precipitation in Tanzania under lower (RCP 4.5) and higher (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios Although climate change is projected to bring more rain to Tanzania in some areas, models show that this increase in rainfall is only during the middle of the rainy season (November-April rain season) with all other months projected to decrease in precipitation (see Figure 9). This would result in the rainy season becoming shorter but more intense, and the dry season becoming drier. Increased intensity in frequency of storms, drought, flooding, may alter the hydrological cycles while variable precipitation may have implications for food, pasture and water availability. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 16 Figure 9: Percent change in precipitation in 2080 under the higher RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenario based on an ensemble of 19 climate models from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. The darker bars represent months with greater average precipitation (from Climate Wizard, CIAT, 2015). Climate Impacts to Crops Agricultural crop modeling shows that climate change has impacts depending on the crop. Maize is expected to have 25 to 75 percent decreases in area suitable for cultivation (Figure 10). Likewise, sorghum is expected to have a moderate decrease in area suitable for cultivation. However other crops such as beans, cassava and banana are expected to increase in area suitable. While forage for livestock grazing is very important to Tanzania, climate change is projected to decrease rangeland productivity (Figure 11 below). Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 17 Figure 10: Percent change in suitable area for major crops in Tanzania due to climate change. The red line represents the average projected change and the blue box and dashed lines represent uncertainty associated with the crop modeling. Analysis provide by J. Vargas, CIAT Figure 11: Projected changes Above ground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) in Tanzania’s rangelands ANPP by 2050s and RCP8.5 (high-end emissions) in relation to the mean value of 1971-1980. This provides a good proxy for climate change impacts to livestock productivity. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 18 Tanzania currently has very low emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), in total and per capita. The published inventory for 1994 puts per capita emissions at 1.3 tones of CO2e (all GHGs) and 0.1 tCO2 (CO2 only). However, if land use changes and forestry (including deforestation) are included, the per capita emission estimates rise to 2.67 (all GHGs) and 1.65 (CO2 only). The key emitting sectors are forestry, due to deforestation, and agriculture, primarily from livestock (CH4 from enteric fermentation) and soils (N2O from fertilizers, animal manure, etc.). These two sectors accounted for 93percent of emissions in 1994 (forests 70percent, agriculture 23percent). In the future, it is inevitable that GHG emissions in Tanzania will increase under the planned current development baseline. For example, between 2005 and 2030 under the current projected baseline, per capita emissions are set to increase to 1.5 tCO2e and 0.5 tCO2 (CO2 only). The future emission projections (excluding LUCF sector) are shown in Figure below Figure 12: Future emission projections 2007 – 2030 Source: The Economics of Climate Change in Tanzania Building resilience and adaptation in the agriculture sector is very crucial due to the vulnerability and the observed impacts of climate change in the country. With a vulnerable rainfed agricultural sector, a well-functioning early warning system is a key factor in risk reduction and enhancing productivity. The institution responsible for provision of early warning information in Tanzania include Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA), in collaboration with international partners and national partners such as Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives (MAFC), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development - and Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. However, these early warning systems are inefficient in terms of the means of communicating the intended information. The common means of communicating the information is via radio and Television broadcasting, newspapers, websites and Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 19 emails. With this method, the information is not delivered on time, and thus difficult to integrate it into farming decisions. 2.5.3 Agricultural Finance and Investments The Government through the national budget is the main funder of the agricultural sector, supplemented by Development Partners (DPs), private sector and civil society organizations thus making significant contributions to the sector. According to the Maputo Declaration of the African Union in 2003, it was agreed that all African countries, including Tanzania strive to commit at least 10 percent of the national budgets to agriculture. Although Tanzania has not attained the annual target of 10 percent, over the years, there has been a remarkable increase in investments in agriculture currently standing at about 8 percent. Figure 13: Trend in Agricultural Financing (2001/02 - 2010/11). In addition, the Government in collaboration with DPs and private sector have put in place measures aimed at improving the flow of finance and investment to the agriculture sector such as: the Export Credit Guarantee Scheme, USAID Guarantee for Input Scheme, Private Agriculture Sector Support (PASS), the Agro-Dealers Scheme and the Agriculture Input Trust Fund (AGIFT). Other initiatives that enhance Public Private Partnerships include the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) and Big Results Now (BRN). One of the main constraints to private sector investment in agriculture is lack of appropriate financing arrangement, particularly considering the high risks associated with investments in the agriculture as compounded by the impacts of climate change and climate variability. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 20 2.6 Agricultural Growth Potential and Sources of Growth Agriculture in Tanzania has a huge potential and opportunities for development. About 44 million hectares are suitable for agricultural production and only 10.8 million hectares (25%) are cultivated mostly under subsistence agriculture (i.e., smallholders operating between 0.2 and 2 hectares with low productivity). The potential therefore exists for expansion and intensification. In addition, the area with irrigation potential is 29.4 million hectares, but only 1.5 % (440,000 ha) so far utilized. Tanzania has a dual agricultural economy: smallholder farmers on one side dominate the agricultural sector, carrying out rainfed agriculture, producing a variety of subsistence crops, such as maize, sorghum, millet, cassava, sweet potatoes, pulses, paddy, wheat, fruits and vegetables. On the other side, cash crops like sisal, sugarcane and tea are grown on large-scale commercial farms and cashew nut, coffee, cotton and tobacco are grown on small-scale farms. Peri-urban agriculture (mainly horticultural crops) for household food consumption is rapidly increasing. High dependence on rainfed agriculture and poor soil health largely due to land mismanagement increases vulnerability of farming systems and predisposes rural households to food insecurity and poverty thus eroding their productive assets and weakening their coping strategies and resilience. Increasingly, the onset, duration and intensity of rains vary considerably from year to year, while the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as drought and floods are on the increase with devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Moreover agricultural seasons in some areas of the country are expected to shift. Drastic and innovative measures are needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected weather patterns. Over 90.4 percent of active women in Tanzania are engaged in agricultural activities, producing about 70 percent of the country’s food requirements. Moreover, youth who constitute about 65 percent of the total labor force in Tanzania, are less engaged in agricultural activities and emerging opportunities. It is imperative that transformation and growth in the agriculture sector target both women and the youth. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 21 3.0 VISION AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 Vision The Vision for the CSA Program is to have an “Agricultural sector that sustainably increases productivity, enhances climate resilience and food security for the national economic development in line with Tanzania National Development Vision 2025.” 3.2 Objectives The five core objectives of the Country CSA Programme are: 1. Increase productivity of the agricultural sector through (appropriate) climate smart agriculture practices that consider gender. 2. Enhance climate resilience of agricultural and food systems. 3. Strengthen policy, legal and institutional framework to increase efficiency and effective implementation of climate smart agriculture. 4. Improve infrastructure to support value addition, marketing, trade and postharvest management. 5. Develop financing mechanisms to solicit resources through national, international and public private partnerships to support climate smart agriculture. The Programme, therefore, aims to build resilience of agricultural farming systems for enhanced food and nutrition security through six Programmatic Result Areas, namely: Improved Productivity and incomes – a pro-growth and pro-poor development agenda that supports agricultural sustainability and includes better targeting to climate change impacts will improve resilience and climate change adaptation. Because climate change has a negative impact on agricultural production, achieving any given food and nutrition security target will require greater investments in agricultural productivity. It is important that Agricultural growth does not jeopardize soil quality or groundwater resources. Public and private sectors as well as public-private partnerships will play a critical role. Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits - CSA will help reduce vulnerability of Tanzania’s agriculture sector by increasing productivity, enhancing adaptation and resilience of the farming systems and reducing emissions intensity in the context of achieving food and nutrition security, sustainable development and poverty reduction. Value Chain Integration - This approach is holistic in that it considers input supply, production, agricultural services, traceability, marketing and business support services as necessary building blocks. Under the approach, both public and private sectors are seen as critical actors in the value chain. Knowledge Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 22 and capacity building are critical strategic priorities to leverage innovations and increase efficiencies. The approach also provides enabling framework for integrating gender and the needs of the youth. Research for Development and Innovations - Although Tanzania has a well- developed agricultural research system, use of modern science and climate smart technologies in agricultural production is still limited. Inadequate research–extension–farmer linkages to facilitate demand-driven research and increased use of improved technologies continue to constrain efforts to increase agricultural productivity as farmers continue to use outdated and ineffective technologies. The role of research will be reoriented to support innovations that facilitate the transition to climate-smart agriculture by smallholder farmers. New and emerging agricultural research partnerships will identify technological advances that respond to the impacts of climate change and climate variability. A major thrust will be on the use of climate-smart agricultural practices, promoting improved land management and sustainable crop-livestock and fisheries intensification, in order to bolster farmers’ adaptive capacity and support the national vision of achieving food security. Improving and Sustaining Agricultural Advisory Services - Agro-advisory services that include climate applications for agriculture will help farmers to better make informed decisions in the face of risks and uncertainties, in addition to the integrated management of present and emerging pests and disease challenges. Climate applications include seasonal weather forecasts, monitoring and early warning products for drought, floods and pests and disease surveillance. These products and services would increase the preparedness of the farmers, well in advance, to cope with risks and uncertainties. In this regard, dissemination of agro-weather advisories and other climate-smart agricultural practices will be enhanced through Public Private Partnerships. Furthermore, robust agro-advisory services would catalyze private sector investment in priority areas such as weather-based index insurance and associated infrastructure. Improved Institutional Coordination – Improved institutional coordination is crucial for achievement of horizontal and vertical integration required for effective discharge of the CSA Programme. The achievement of horizontal integration requires a framework that provides for high-level guidance while vertical integration is instrumental in determining the roles of various sector institutions and devolved governments in performing CSA mandates. The proposed coordination framework will improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government coordination; enhance partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations; and strengthen coordination with development partners. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 23 4.0 PROGRAMATIC RESULT AREAS 4.1 Result Area 1: Improved Productivity and Incomes 4.1.1 Component 1: Improved productivity and nutrition Development issues:  Low use of CSA technologies and practices in crops, livestock and fisheries by men and women farmers/fisher-folk.  Low use of inputs by smallholder men and women farmers.  High levels of stunting and high mineral deficiency levels.  High poverty levels.  Low capacity for adaptation to climate change and variability  Poor knowledge on CSA technologies 4.1.1.1 Output 1: Sustainable CSA technologies adopted by smallholder farmers and yields of staple crops (such as maize, rice, sorghum, cassava, potatoes and beans) increased by 50 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Identify, upgrade, disseminate and practice climate smart technological packages. 2. Introduce improved crop varieties (high yielding, early maturing, disease and pest resistant and nutrient fortified). 3. Increase access to farm inputs (fertilizers/pesticides/seeds/vet drugs) and its wise application/use 4. Strengthen surveillance of agricultural input trade and use. 5. Identification of best indigenous knowledge and its interaction with scientific knowledge to enhance climate change adaptation 6. Train farmers on CSA agronomic practices 4.1.1.2 Output 2: Production of poultry, cattle, small ruminants and pigs increased by 30 percent through adoption of sustainable CSA technologies Actions: 1. Introduce improved livestock breeds (increased productivity, disease resistant and drought tolerant). 2. Undertake genetic characterization and improvement of local livestock breeds. 3. Identify, upgrade, disseminate and practice livestock technological packages. 4. Train farmers on livestock husbandry and disease management. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 24 4.1.1.3 Output 3: Productivity of aquaculture increased by 50 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Develop and disseminate best management practices of aquaculture throughout the country. 2. Train fisher folks in good fishing practices. 3. Strengthen fish health and disease surveillance. 4. Strengthen and increase fingerlings breeding and multiplication centers 5. Strengthen integrated fish farming (e.g. in paddy farms) 6. Sensitize and support private sector involvement in fingerling and feed production and distribution 4.1.1.4 Output 4: Stunting and underweight in children as well as micronutrient deficiencies in children and women of reproductive age reduced by 50 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Promote production and consumption of high quality protein cereals, orange fleshed sweet potatoes (for vitamin A) and leafy vegetables. 2. Develop other high quality staples through breeding – cassava, rice, potatoes etc. 3. Promote fortification of staples during processing (micronutrient fortification and blending products). 4. Educate and train consumers on appropriate food combination 4.1.2 Component 2: Irrigation and agricultural water management Development issues:  Overdependence of agriculture on inadequate and erratic rainfall (rain- fed agriculture).  Inadequate infrastructure development for irrigation, drainage and water storage  Inefficient water use of existing irrigation systems.  Low productivity on existing irrigation schemes.  Inadequate and un-coordinated information in irrigation research, science and technology.  Inadequate operation and maintenance practices of existing irrigation schemes.  Limited knowledge on the role of in-situ rainwater harvesting technologies through tillage and Conservation Agriculture. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 25 4.1.2.1 Output 1: Irrigation schemes productivity increased by 25 percent and integrated farming systems increased by 50 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Promote development and diffusion of appropriate efficient small-scale irrigation technological packages. 2. Train extension workers on irrigation and water management technologies and skills. 3. Build the capacity of Irrigators Organizations in agricultural water management and their obligations 4. Undertake comprehensive management needs assessment of existing large scale irrigation schemes. 4.1.2.2 Output 2: 1.5 million ha of irrigation developed by 2025 to benefit 2.3 million households. Actions: 1. Review of the National Irrigation Master Plan (2002) and update irrigation potential areas for small scale irrigation systems. 2. Train farmers in the installation, operation and maintenance of recommended irrigation technologies. 3. Establish links to input and output markets and service providers (strengthen value chain and technical backstopping). 4.1.2.3 Output 3: 500,000 ha of integrated farming systems with sustainable water harvesting and management systems developed by 2025 to benefit 700,000 households. Actions: 1. Identify suitable areas for rainwater harvesting and agricultural water management systems. 2. Train farmers/household members in water harvesting and agricultural water management technologies. 3. Facilitate the construction of water harvesting structures at household and community levels. 4. Introduce and promote in-situ rainwater harvesting technologies (e.g. Conservation agriculture) 4.1.3 Component 3: Improved Food Storage and Distribution Development issues:  High post-harvest losses along the value chain. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 26  Low integration of agricultural commodity markets  Inadequate cold storage and cool trucks for perishable produce  Inadequate agro-processing industries 4.1.3.1 Output 1: Post harvest losses for staple food crops (such as maize, rice, sorghum, cassava, potatoes and beans), horticultural crops, livestock and fish value chains reduced by 30 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Invest in improved appropriate storage facilities and technologies along the value chain. 2. Promote small scale agro-processing industries in rural areas. 3. Train producers, processers and marketers in post-harvest management. 4. Provide regular market information (deficit/surplus areas) to improve distribution of agricultural commodities/food stuffs. 5. Facilitate establishment of market centres in rural areas with the appropriate infrastructure. 6. Link Region and District by feeder roads to various market centres and highways. 4.1.3.2 Output 2: Private sector capacity enhanced to store 5000 Mt of grain annually and to process and package 50 percent of cereals, cassava and sorghum products annually by 2025. Actions: 1. Strengthen and link the smallholder farmers to the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) in the grain supply chain. 2. Rehabilitate existing warehouses and silos and establish Public-Private- Partnerships. 3. Support private sector to invest in food processing as well as value addition, including packaging and branding. 4. Facilitate linkages with relevant service providers and markets (inputs and outputs). 4.1.4 Component 4: Increased Growth of Incomes Development issues:  Low levels of income from food and cash crop production by smallholder farmers (men, women and youth).  Low productivity of animal breeds and low production of improved breeds to meet demand. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 27  High levels of animal diseases and inadequate feed and water for animals.  Limited market linkages for livestock and livestock products.  Low production of aquaculture to meet the increasing demand.  Limited adoption of integrated farming production systems with potential high incomes.  Limited access to input and output markets.  Potential for urban and peri-urban agriculture as a source of food and income is under exploited. 4.1.4.1 Output 1: Income from food and cash crop production by men and women increased by 20 percent and 30 percent, respectively by 2025. Actions 1. Build capacity of nursery operators in all crop growing areas and support them to expand and improve quality of seedlings. 2. Build capacity of Quality Declared Seed producers and support them to expand and improve quality of seed. 3. Build capacity of food and cash crop farmers to improve productivity and produce quality. 4. Facilitate contractual arrangements between food and cash crop producers and market/industry. 5. Develop and promote innovative micro-financing packages to facilitate food and cash crop farmers to access credit. 4.1.4.2 Output 2: Income from livestock production by men and women increased by 20 percent and 25 percent respectively by 2025. Actions 1. Rehabilitate, restock and build capacity of livestock breeding centres to produce improved breeds of livestock. 2. Facilitate and support the acquisition of improved breeding stocks by men and women farmers. 3. Provide adequate and effective extension knowledge and agro-weather information. 4. Strengthen and/or establish efficient and sustainable animal health and artificial insemination services. 5. Develop and support innovative micro-financing packages to support livestock keepers’ access to credit and markets. 6. Identify areas with acute problem of water for livestock and construct water infrastructures. 7. Facilitate improvement of demarcated grazing lands. 8. Promote use of crop residues and agro-industry byproducts. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 28 9. Promote value addition for livestock products. 4.1.4.3 Output 3: Income from aquaculture production by men and women increased by 20 percent by 2025. Actions 1. Facilitate and support acquisition of fingerlings by men and women fish farmers. 2. Promote value addition for fish products. 3. Facilitate contractual arrangements between fish farmers and market. 4. Establish and support innovative micro-financing packages to support fisherfolks access to credit. 4.1.4.4 Output 4: Output for Urban and peri-urban agriculture increased by 30 percent by 2025. Actions 1. Support Local Governments to identify and demarcate potential areas within urban and peri-urban areas for agricultural activities. 2. Train urban and peri-urban producers in CSA Practices. 3. Monitor the safety of outputs from urban and peri-urban agriculture. 4. Enforce laws and bylaws related to urban and peri-urban sustainable land use. 4.2 Result Area 2: Building resilience and associated mitigation co- benefits 4.2.1 Component 1: Improve soil health, and restore degraded lands Development issues:  Land degradation  Soil and water conservation.  Soil erosion and nutrient depletion  Loss of biodiversity  Low capacity at all levels for implementation CSA and SLM practices  Low adoption of CSA and SLM technologies and practices at community level  Most CSA and SLM activities are of pilot in nature  Weak collaboration of relevant ministries and agencies to ensure CSA and SLM up scaling. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 29 4.2.1.1 Output 1: Adoption of sustainable climate smart technologies and sustainable land management practices by 5 million households by 2025. Actions 1. Promote integrated soil fertility and water management interventions. 2. Establish CSA/SLM knowledge hubs across the country to support adoption of CSA and SLM technologies and practices by men and women that improve soil health and restore degraded lands. 3. Enhance the capacities of private sector service providers and farmer- based organizations to support farmers’ adoption of existing/new/improved CSA and SLM technologies and practices. 4. Develop and integrate CSA and SLM principles into farmer-field schools, primary, secondary and tertiary curriculum. 5. Establish mechanisms for joint planning and implementation of CSA and SLM at the local level. 4.2.1.2 Output 2: Technology dissemination and adoption for scaling up of CSA and SLM promoted by 2025. Actions: 1. Develop and implement sustained awareness creation program on CSA and SLM in addressing soil health and land degradation challenges. 2. Facilitate the development and implementation of at least five (5) small scale CSA Projects annually. 3. Facilitate the dissemination and adoption of CSA and SLM technologies and practices at the farm level across the country through Local Government’s CSA Projects. 4.2.1.3 Output 3: CSA and SLM knowledge to support policy and investment decision making generated and adequately managed by 2025 Actions 1. Establish CSA/SLM Knowledge Platform with disaggregated data on men and women. 2. Document and publicize successful CSA/SLM technologies, practices and interventions. 4.2.2 Component 2: Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments Development issues:  High Deforestation and Forest Degradation  Poor Natural forest management including low adoption of Participatory Forest Management  Low Forest Plantation area to meet the high wood demand Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 30  Low adoption of Agroforestry/Community Forestry  Extensive Land degradation, Soil erosion and siltation  High loss of natural and agro- biodiversity  Unsustainable Biomass Energy Production and use 4.2.2.1 Output 1: The National REDD+ Strategy implemented in 25 percent of Natural forests in the country by 2025 Actions 1. Upscale Natural Forest Conservation through Participatory Forest Management (PFM) 2. Protect water catchment areas through integrated watershed management. 3. Increase forest cover through natural regeneration, Agroforestry, Reforestation. and Afforestation. 4. Promote best management practices for natural resources management to improve and maximize net benefits for the farmers and other downstream users (e.g. power generation and urban water supply). 5. Promote and support on farm soil conservation activities 6. Promote sustainable production and marketing of charcoal from miombo woodlands 7. Promote sustainable land use management. 4.2.2.2 Output 2: Farm/community forest cover increased by 20 percent by 2025 Actions 1. Develop a business model for ecosystem management in order to facilitate payment for ecosystem services (e.g. tourism revenue used to motivate farmers to conserve wildlife and payment for water in urban areas used to pay farmers for conservation of water catchments). 2. Develop and implement management plans for ecosystems in order to encourage sustainable use 3. Document biodiversity in the ecosystems including below ground biodiversity and develop eco-tourism opportunities in such areas 4. Undertake natural resources accounting for ecosystem services. 5. Identify agroforestry species for different agro-ecological zones and support farmers to increase tree cover 6. Undertake afforestation and reforestation through Public-Private Partnerships. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 31 4.2.3 Component 3: Insurance and Other Safety Nets Development issues:  Vulnerability and increasing risks to climate change.  Shifting spatial distribution of events  High incidence of poverty making it difficult for small scale farmers to recover after experiencing extreme weather events and climate variability  Inadequacy of traditional approaches to risk transfer and risk management. 4.2.3.1 Output 1: Crop and livestock weather-indexed insurance increased by 30 percent by 2025. Actions 1. Develop and implement varied innovative crop and livestock weather- indexed insurance packages. 2. Develop agro-meteorological infrastructure to support weather-indexed insurance and to use them for improved weather and climate information services for farmers. 3. Enhance the capacity of micro-finance institutions to act as agents to deliver innovative crop and livestock weather-indexed insurance packages. 4. Raise awareness within the insurance industry of extreme weather and climate risks and communicate actions and opportunities. 5. Undertake farmer education to address their concerns regarding insurance products with a view to gain their trust 6. Establish livestock insurance schemes and use of insured livestock as collateral 7. Explore ways of using existing and other safety nets such as cash transfers or workfare programmes. 4.2.4 Component 4: Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness Development issues:  Susceptibility of crops, livestock and fisheries to extreme weather events, pests and diseases.  Fragmented and inefficient early warning systems.  Inadequate systems, knowledge and capacity at household, LGAs and national levels to respond to emergencies.  Lack of contingency plans at district level. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 32 4.2.4.1 Output 1: A Comprehensive Early Warning System and Contingency Plan developed and implemented by 2017 Actions: 1. Prepare vulnerability maps for targeting food security and emergency preparedness interventions. 2. Develop tools to support vulnerable households and communities to establish household community systems that can respond to emergencies (with regards to food insecurity) 3. Monitor crops, livestock and fish pests and diseases. 4. Integrate scientific weather forecasting and indigenous knowledge for early warning and to inform farmer decisions. 5. Establish a National Seed Emergency stock. 6. Improve EWS messages (clear, consistent) that include risk information; designed to link threat levels. 7. Capacity development to farmers on early warning systems and emergency preparedness. 8. Improve mass delivery system particularly on content development and communication channels. 9. Establish a feedback and evaluation process of messages delivered. 10. Develop an effective frame-work for collaboration emergency communication centres/stakeholders. 11. The explicit development of contingency plans on district level is not mentioned as an activity. 4.2.5 Component 5: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced Development issues:  Agriculture sector is a source of GHG emissions  Some adaptation actions have mitigation as co-benefits  Increased soil carbon has beneficial effects on soil fertility 4.2.5.1 Output 1: Reduction of GHG emissions intensity from the agriculture sector Actions 1. Promote adoption of low cost climate smart technologies that minimize emission of carbon dioxide and enhance soil carbon sequestration. 2. Develop a national carbon accounting and measurement, reporting and verification system. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 33 4.3 Result Area 3: Value Chain Integration 4.3.1 Component 1: Value addition process for agricultural products Development issues:  Most agricultural commodities are sold on the farm as a result the quality is compromised and the farmers obtain low prices.  Most of agricultural produce are sold raw and thus bulky with short shelf lives.  Lack of supportive infrastructure for agricultural value chain.  Disjointed value chains with regards to most agricultural commodities. 4.3.1.1 Output 1: At least two new commercially viable products developed from each of the staple crops, horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries by 2025. Actions 1. Solicit funds for research and innovation into agricultural value chains. 2. Develop improved infrastructure for agricultural value chains. . 3. Institute competitive grant scheme for agriculture value chains. 4. Identify existing value addition technologies and incentivize the private sector to promote them. 4.3.1.2 Output 2: Efficient pilot value chains developed for two selected commodities in each agro-ecological zone. Actions 1. Establish regional hubs (a cluster of livelihood zones in the same AEZ) for value chain development and backstopping. 2. Identify and build capacity of actors in value chain processes. 3. Undertake advanced market feasibility studies to promote demand for the selected commodities. 4. Facilitate linkages to markets for the selected commodities. 4.3.2 Component 2: Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets Development issues  Low levels of local market penetration by smallholder men and women farmers.  Low capitalization of bulk traders.  Poor grading and standardization system. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 34  High consumer preference of imported commodities that have local substitutes.  Inadequate volumes with the required specifications and quality to supply the international market.  Limited capacity to fully comply with international sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards. 4.3.2.1 Output 1: Marketed output of food and cash crops, livestock and fish products by smallholders increased by 50 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Create agricultural, livestock and fish commodity hubs through participation of private sector especially micro-financiers and apply viable models of linkage with smallholders. 2. Facilitate capacity building of farmers on demand- and market-driven production. 3. Design and launch a market promotion program for import substitution commodities. 4. Work with supermarkets, hotels and restaurants to participate in selected commodity value chains with a smallholder production base. 4.3.2.2 Output 2: Export of non-traditional agricultural commodities by men and women smallholders increased by 50 percent by 2025 Actions: 1. Identify successful lead private sector firms with access to assured markets and apply viable models of linkage with smallholders. 2. Design sustainable programmes to support the certification of smallholders for export markets. 3. Develop branding of Tanzania produce for regional and international markets. 4.3.2.3 Output 3: Grading and standardization systems of agricultural commodities (crops, livestock and fish) developed and improved. Actions: 1. Develop grading and standardization systems for agricultural commodities that do not have grades and standards 2. Promote the adoption of grading and standardization systems for all agricultural commodities for both domestic and export markets. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 35 4.4 Result Area 4: Research for Development and Innovations 4.4.1 Component 1: Agricultural research funding and Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain Development issues:  Low public expenditure funding into agricultural research.  Limited participation of private sector in funding agricultural research and innovations.  Poor dissemination and management of agricultural research information.  Poor coordination and collaboration among the institutions involved in research. 4.4.1.1 Output 1: Increased funding in research and development and innovations by 50percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Increase public expenditure into research and development and innovations through national budget. 2. Incentivize private sector investments in research and development and innovations. 4.4.1.2 Output 2: Adoption of improved CSA technologies and practices by men and women along the value chain increased by 30 percent by 2025. Actions 1. Conduct participatory research work on improved technologies and practices that is informed by needs of users and agro-ecological zones along the value chain. 2. Conduct on-farm research into low-cost appropriate technologies and practices and deliver them as packages. 3. Build the capacity of extension, producers and other stakeholders in the use of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. 4. Support development of private sector input and appropriate CSA technologies outreach and distribution networks. 5. Intensify field demonstration/field days/study tours to enhance adoption of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 36 4.4.2 Component 2: Research Extension Linkage strengthened and made functional by 2018 Development issues:  Poor management and sharing of agricultural research information.  Poor packaging of research information for the benefit of farmers.  Lack of appropriate platforms for researchers and farmers to interact and share knowledge and experiences. 4.4.2.1 Output 1: Research Extension Linkage and made functional by 2018 Actions: 1. Establish a platform through which researchers will have regular contacts with stakeholders and other users at the national, local and farm levels. 2. Prepare CSA information packages and disseminate them to interested stakeholders using ICT. 4.5 Result Area 5: CSA Knowledge, Extension and Agro-weather Services 4.5.1 Component 1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination Development issue  Fragmented CSA knowledge and understanding of what CSA is.  Lack of CSA knowledge Management System across the country. 4.5.1.1 Output 1: Robust CSA Knowledge Management System (Platform/Hub) across the country Actions 1. Undertake a CSA knowledge mapping, audit and analysis. 2. Build CSA knowledge Resource Centre. 3. Develop and maintain a robust and functional CSA knowledge management system. 4. Build capacity to different stakeholders in the agricultural value chain at the national and local levels. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 37 4.5.1.2 Output 2: Synthesis reports and case studies on CSA best approaches and guidelines prepared and disseminated Actions: 1. Undertake analyses and provide tools to support CSA decision-making. 2. Bundle and provide synthesized information on CSA approaches and case studies on CSA best approaches. 3. Develop and test CSA guidelines and decision-making support tools. 4.5.1.3 Output 3: Multimedia CSA knowledge products, training and communications packages produced Actions: 1. Produce regular CSA information and communication materials for influential stakeholders to support and inform policies, planning and agricultural advisory services. 2. Produce CSA information and communication materials to strengthen capacity of researchers, private sector, CSOs and farmer organizations to influence policy and decision makers. 3. Develop practical guides and applied training materials and packages for training on best practices for CSA. 4.4.5.4 Output 4: CSA knowledge networks and partnerships strengthened Actions: 1. Strengthen CSA knowledge and information sharing networks/forums. 2. Develop a portfolio of information sharing technology tools to support sharing of CSA information and learning resources. 3. Establish CSA knowledge partnerships on knowledge generation, sharing and mobilization with governments, international organizations, research institutions, farmer organizations, private sector and civil society organizations. 4.5.2 Component 2: Enhance extension, climate information services and agro- weather advisories Development issues  Low use of climate information services and agro-weather advisories in agricultural planning and farm management decision making (Highly inadequate agro-climate information services and inappropriate agro- weather products)  Low reliability and availability of climate information Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 38  Role of climate change and weather variability in the increased post- harvest losses, and increased energy use, along value chains are not clearly known  Low integration of climate research with agricultural research,  Poor knowledge on weather data processing, packaging and timely dissemination. 4.5.2.1 Output 1: Agro-climate information services and timely-use of agro- weather products increased by 40 percent by 2025. Actions: 1. Identify appropriate climate/weather services and products for small scale farmers 2. Apply user friendly software such as INSTAT to generate products for improving smallholder decision making. 3. Promote integrated weather observation for improving availability and reliability of climate information. 4. Digitize historical climate data to enhance availability and accessibility of climate information. 5. Downscaling forecasted weather to various localities to promote the appropriate climate/weather services and products for small scale farmers, and pre-season dissemination of agro weather advisories 6. In-season community agro-weather monitoring and post-season agro- weather review 7. Upscale the mobile phone based early warning system. 8. Strengthen integration of climate research with agricultural research 9. Training of Regional Coordinators on CSA 4.6 Result Area 6: Improved Institutional Coordination 4.6.1 Component 1: Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination Development issue:  Inadequate inter-ministerial coordination including collaboration with PMO Disaster Management Department.  Inadequate coordination between national and local governments on agriculture related issues.  Low capacity for cross-sectoral planning.  Ineffective communication within and between ministries. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 39 4.6.1.1 Output 1: A joint platform for collaboration between ministries responsible agriculture, livestock, fisheries, environment, forestry, water, finance and planning established and strengthened by end of 2015. Actions: 1. Develop and implement an inter-ministerial communications strategy with respect to inter-ministerial coordination on matters relating to climate smart agriculture. 2. Introduce a biannual joint planning and review session between inter- ministerial team and the country government officials responsible for agriculture. 3. Train national and local government staff in cross-sectoral planning and implementation. 4. Build policy review and analytical capacity at the national and local levels. 5. Strengthen the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at the national and local levels. 6. Establish a framework for disseminating CSA programmatic planning and implementation as well as annual reports and studies and receiving feedback at national and local levels. 4.6.2 Component 2: Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations Development issue:  Lack of structured framework for private sector and CSOs to engage national and local governments on CSA issues.  Inadequate incentives for private sector to invest in CSA. 4.6.2.1 Output 1: A platform for private sector and CSOs engagement with national and local governments established and strengthened by end of 2017. Actions: 1. Engage private sector to identify opportunities for increased investments in CSA. 2. Organize regular consultative meetings with private sector and CSOs on the planning and implementation of the CSA Program. 3. Identify appropriate incentives to catalyze private sector and CSO investments in CSA activities. 4. Publicize the Country CSA Program to private sector and CSOs with a view to identifying areas for their participation. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 40 5. Establish communication channels for consultations between private sector and CSOs in the programmatic planning and implementation of CSA activities at the national and local levels 4.6.3 Component 3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened Development issue:  Fragmented projects/programmes on CSA or CSA-related initiatives.  Varied financial management, procurement, monitoring and evaluation systems.  Weak ownership of intervention at the national and local levels. 4.6.3.1 Output 1: GoT – Development Partner Coordination and Collaboration strengthened and Development Partners fund a common Country CSA Program by end of 2015 Actions: 1. Harmonize GoT and development partners’ investments in climate smart agriculture through a common Country (National) CSA Program. 2. Strengthen collaboration between GoT and the Development Partners’ Agriculture Coordination Group (with a standing agenda item programmatic planning and implementation of CSA Program). Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 41 5.0 COORDINATION FRAMEWORK 5.1 Institutional Arrangements The National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) and National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) will guide the coordination and implementation of the CSA Program. The NCCTC shall provide technical advice to the National Climate Change Focal Point (NCCFP) in the Vice President’s Office – Division of Environment, while the NCCSC shall provide policy guidance and ensure coordination of Programmatic Result Areas as well as cross-sectorial participation. The MAFC Environment Management Unit (EMU) will be the implementation Sector focal point for the Country CSA Program. In that case Head of EMU is responsible and accountable for ensuring the smooth implementation of the Country CSA Program. The main constraint is that EMU does not currently have a budget allocation for climate change activities including CSA. The National Climate Smart Agriculture Task Force (NCSATF) formed under the EAC directives with a broad range of government and non-governmental stakeholders will have an overall responsibility for coordination and delivery of the expected Programmatic Result Areas outcomes. Hence, NCSATF will monitor implementation of the Country CSA Program, serve as a vital coordination function between MAFC, MDAs, NSAs, and regional entities such as the EAC, SADC, COMESA and issue directives to all relevant MAFC departments and units for implementing Programmatic Result Areas. 5.2 Coordination of Activities Coordination mechanism of different activities that will be implemented by different sectors involved in the promotion of CSA practices is highlighted in Figure 10. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 42 Figure 14: Coordination mechanism among the different implementers of CSA practices Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 43 6.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENT SECTORS The implementing partners of the Country CSA Program will have different roles and responsibilities as highlighted in the following table: 6.1 MAFC and MANR Divisions and Units All MAFC and MANR Divisions/Units will be instrumental in implementing the Country CSA Program as well, and include technical and research units at the national and sub-national levels. Of particular importance is the Department of Policy and Planning (DPP) under MFC– as the entity with responsibility for strategic planning and policy development, will need to assist with ensuring that resources are allocated for the program implementation. The ICT unit will have a key role in managing the developed ACRP website where all the information and communication- on CSA will be done. Technical divisions/departments will have a key role in implementing Programmatic Result Areas. Importantly MAFC will work closely with major agricultural programmes and initiatives related to agriculture as well as climate change, including the ASDP-2 Secretariat, the Big Results Now Presidential Delivery Bureau- and the SAGCOT Centre to promote the implementation of the Programmatic Result Areas. Large agriculture programmes and initiatives are well placed to promote climate resilience, pilot innovations, and reduce the environmental impacts of the sector that can drive climate vulnerability. 6.2 Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) Several other MDAs are linked with agricultural activities and necessary for implementation of CSA activities for building resilience in the agriculture sector. MAFC will be responsible for forging links with these MDAs and incentives to coordinate. It will be important for other sectors with linked activities to coordinate with MAFC, as their action plans are developed to identify opportunities to link activities, since climate change is an issue that cuts across sectors. 6.3 Non-State Actors Non-State Actors, including research institutions, universities, the private sector, NGO and CSOs, and Development Partners include key stakeholders that can contribute to fulfilling research needs, providing financial resources, and technical assistance toward implementation of the Country CSA Program. MAFC will need to coordinate closely especially with NGOs who are working in the field and are on the front line of practices that can be scaled up with additional support. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 44 6.4 Sub-National Entities Sub-national entities will be key recipients of Programmatic Result Areas, including training, finance, and technical assistance, but much of the Result Areas implementation will rest at the sub-national level as well. Entities such as District-level Local Government Authorities, District Irrigation Development Teams, Zonal Plant Health Centres, regional Agricultural Research Institutes, and River Basin Offices will all play a role in each of the Programmatic Result Areas actions. Table 6: Roles and Responsibilities of Different Sectors ORGANIZATION/ STAKEHOLDER ROLES/ RESPONSIBILITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE TARGET WHAT THEY CAN DO FOR CSA COUNTRY PROGRAMME VPO / 1st VP (Zanzibar)  Climate Change Focal Point  Climate Change Expertise  Climate Change adaptation and mitigation  Technical support by Climate Change Secretariat MAFC  Coordination  Monitoring and Evaluation  Technical Expertise  Productivity and food security  Technical and financial support  Monitoring and Evaluation MANR (Zanzibar)  Co-coordination  Technical Expertise  Productivity and food security  Technical and financial support National Climate Smart Agriculture Taskforce (NCSATF)  Solicit funds, information sharing  Technical Expertise  Climate Smart Agriculture adoption  Mainstreamin g and adoption MoF  Climate financing  Financial Expertise  Climate finance  Technical and financial support MNRT, MLFD, PMO- RALG, NEMC, TMA, MITM, MoW, MEM, Planning Commission, MLHHS,  Policy formulation, capacity building, monitoring and evaluation, technical backstopping on CSA - Technical Expertise - Physical and financial resources  Service provision, CC adaptation and mitigation  Enabling environment Regional Secretariat  Coordination of LGAs  Linkage between Sector Ministries and LGAs  Monitoring and evaluation  Coordination mechanism  Provide linkage  Coordination and reporting LGAs  Policies / strategies / programmes  Nationwide coverage in implementation  Adoption of CSA technologies  Dissemination Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 45 ORGANIZATION/ STAKEHOLDER ROLES/ RESPONSIBILITY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE TARGET WHAT THEY CAN DO FOR CSA COUNTRY PROGRAMME implementers  Formulation of by - laws and practices Research Institutions / Academia  Research and technology development  High tertiary level Training (short and long-term)  Scientific knowledge management  Scientific expertise  Training capacity  Access to new scientific knowledge  Infrastructure  International collaboration  Identification and development of sustainable CSA technologies  Research on improving CSA technologies  Technology evaluation, improvement and validation,  Disseminatio n of innovative CSA technologies to different to agro- ecological zones NGOs, CBOs, FBOs  Dissemination of CSA extension packages/ awareness raising  Close to the community, lobbying and advocacy on CSA related matters  Adoption of CSA technologies and practices, awareness creation  Dissemination Private Sector (TCCIA, ANSAF, etc.)  Resource mobilization  Entrepreneursh ip investment facility, input supply, credit facility  Investment and business opportunities  Financial support Development Partners  Resource mobilization, technical assistance  Technical expertise  Financial resources  Climate Change adaptation and mitigation  Financial and technical support Regional initiatives (CCAFS, COMESA, EAC and SADC)  Resource mobilization, technical assistance  Technical expertise  Financial resources  Climate Change adaptation and mitigation  Financial and technical support Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 46 7.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) framework that ensures the project targets are met and learning achieved will be an emphasis of the proposed investment plan. Capacity building in PM&E and mentoring process for site team and other core members will be done in each target area. The process will include participatory monitoring and tracking of major outcomes for each specific objective. The PM&E will serve several functions such as tracking progress, learning and change as well as collecting data for answering key questions, and for project management. Technical and financial reports will be delivered on an agreed-upon schedule to communicate progress to the different stakeholders. The reporting framework including the content of reports, frequency of submission, responsible parties and target recipients will be developed and agreed between parties involved. As mentioned in the previous sections this is a multi-partner programme involving the central government, local government, private sector and non-governmental organisations. The tools for M&E will include the programme log frame and annual work plan and budget. Audit of project activities constitutes part of M&E system. Activity Based Result framework is attached as annex VII. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 47 8.0 TEN - YEAR PROGRAMME FINANCING FRAMEWORK The CSA programme document is mainly intended to be a guiding document that will be used to leverage financial support from the Government of Tanzania and various Development Partners. It is in particular anticipated that most of the activities will carried out as separate projects with detailed operationalization narratives and budgets. Prior to, and during the Stakeholders’ Validation workshop, different Development Partners have expressed interest in funding various components depending on their priorities. As such the document therefore broadly identify focus areas where funding during the next 10-years should be directed. The sustainability of CSA programme is mainly based on the premise that activities under different focus areas will be mainstreamed in various plans of the different ministries and other stakeholders. 8.1 Cost Estimates and indicative Financing Plan Table 7 shows cost estimates of US $32.158 Million projected over ten years in nominal terms. Budget for first three years are higher due the needed investment in terms of infrastructure and equipment. However, this figure is only indicative and does not prescribe a limit. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 48 Table: 7. Summary of CSA Cost Estimates for 10 Years Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Total A: Investment 2,250,000 1,110,000 1,610,000 930,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 0 0 5,300,000 B: Components 1.1 Improved productivity and nutrition 650,000 680,000 680,000 530,000 490,000 450,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 5,060,000 1.2 Irrigation and water management 295,000 295,000 260,000 200,000 200,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 155,000 2,085,000 1.3 Improved Food Storage and Distribution 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 157,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 1,447,000 1.4 Increased Growth of Incomes 540,000 540,000 540,000 495,000 460,000 285,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 3,820,000 2.1 Improve soil health and restore degraded lands 270,000 270,000 220,000 165,000 165,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 1,765,000 2.2 Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments 186,000 186,000 186,000 149,000 164,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 1,541,000 2.3 Insurance and Other Safety Nets 125,000 125,000 131,000 51,000 51,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 708,000 2.4 Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness 188,000 188,000 108,000 58,000 58,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 840,000 2.5 Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 460,000 3.1 Development of new agricultural products 100,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 60,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 510,000 3.2 Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets 145,000 145,000 84,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 766,000 4.1 Agricultural research funding and Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain 304,000 304,000 304,000 269,000 269,000 215,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 2,065,000 4.2 Research Extension Linkage strengthened and made functional by 2018 65,000 65,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 410,000 5.1 CSA knowledge generation and dissemination 138,000 173,000 133,000 133,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 1,165,000 5.2 Enhance extension, climate information services and agro- weather advisories 325,000 325,000 325,000 325,000 280,000 185,000 185,000 145,000 145,000 145,000 2,385,000 6.1 Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination 245,000 245,000 205,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 955,000 6.2 Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations 163,000 163,000 85,000 55,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 496,000 6.3 Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 380,000 GRAND TOTAL 6,347,000 5,272,000 5,364,000 3,979,000 3,284,000 2,521,000 2,194,000 2,154,000 1,904,000 1,889,000 32,158,000 BASE COSTS IN US$ Summary Cost by Component Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 49 ANNEXES Annex I: Tanzania Map Tanzania showing regional and international boundaries Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 50 Annex IIa: Tanzania Agricultural Zones Zone Sub-Zone and areas Soils and Topography Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm/yr) Growing season COAST North: Tanga (except Lushoto), Coast and Dar- es- Salaam Infertile sands on gently rolling uplands, Alluvial soils in Rufiji, Sand and infertile soils Under 3000 North: Bimodal, 750- 1200mm October- December and March- June South: Eastern Lindi and Mtwara (except Makonde Plateau) Fertile clays on uplands and river flood plains South: Unimodal, 800- 1200mm December- April ARID LANDS North: Serengeti, Ngorongoro Parks, Part of Masai land North: Volcanic ash and sediments. Soils variable in texture and very susceptible to water erosion 1300- 1800 North: Unimodal, unreliable, 500-600mm March- May Masai Steppe, Tarangire Park, Mkomazi Reserve, Pangani and Eastern Dodoma South: Rolling plains of low fertility. Susceptible to water erosion. Pangani river flood plain with saline, alkaline soil 500-1500 South: Unimodal and Unreliable, 400-600mm SEMI-ARID LANDS Central Dodoma, Singida, Northern Iringa, some of Arusha, Shinyanga Central: Undulating plains with rocky hills and low scarps. Well drained soils with low fertility. Alluvial hardpan and saline soils in Eastern Rift Valley and lake Eyasi. Black cracking soils in Shinyanga. 1000- 1500 Central: unimodal and unreliable: 500-800mm December - March Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 51 Zone Sub-Zone and areas Soils and Topography Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm/yr) Growing season Southern: Morogoro (except Kilombero and Wami Basins and UluguruMts).Also Lindi and Southwest Mtwara Southern: Flat or undulating plains with rocky hills, moderate fertile loams and clays in South (Morogoro), infertile sand soils in centre 200-600 South-eastern: Unimodal 600- 800mm PLATEAUX Western: Tabora, Rukwa (North and Centre), Mbeya Western: Wide sandy plains and Rift Valley scarps 800-1500 Western: unimodal, 800- 1000mm November- April North: Kigoma, Part of Mara Flooded swamps of Malagarasi and Ugalla rivers have clay soil with high fertility 1,500- 1,700 Southern: Ruvuma and Southern Morogoro Southern: upland plains with rock hills. Clay soils of low to moderate fertility in south, infertile sands in North. 500- 2,000 Southern: unimodal, very reliable, 900- 1300mm SOUTHERN AND WESTERN HIGHLANDS Southern: A broad ridge of from N. Morogoro to N. Lake Nyasa, covering part of Iringa, Mbeya Southern: Undulating plains to dissected hills and mountains. Moderately fertile clay soils with volcanic soils in Mbeya 1200- 1500 Unimodal, reliable, local rain shadows, 800-1400 December – April South-western: Ufipa plateau in Sumbawanga South-western: Undulating plateau above Rift Valleys and sand soils of low fertility 1400- 2300 Unimodal, reliable, 800- 1000 November- April Western: Along the shore of Lake Tanganyika in Kigoma and Kagera Western: North-south ridges separated by swampy valleys, loam and clay soils of low fertility in hills, with alluvium and ponded clays in the valleys 100-1800 Bimodal, 1000- 2000 October- December and February- May Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 52 Zone Sub-Zone and areas Soils and Topography Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm/yr) Growing season NOTHERN HIGHLANDS Northern: foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru. Eastern Rift Valley to Eyasi Northern: Volcanic uplands, volcanic soils from lavas and ash. Deep fertile loams. Soils in dry areas prone to water erosion. 1,000- 2,500 Bimodal, varies widely 1000- 2000 November- January and March-June Granite MtsUluguru in Morogoro, Pare Mts in Kilimanjaro and UsambaraMts in Tanga, Tarime highlands in Mara Granite steep Mountain side to highland plateaux. Soils are deep, arable and moderately fertile on upper slopes, shallow and stony on steep slopes 1,000- 2,000 Bimodal and very reliable 1000-2000 October- December and March- June ALLUVIAL PLAINS Kilombero (Morogoro) Cental clay plain with alluvial fans east and west 750-1200 Unimodal, very reliable, 900- 1300 November- April Rufiji (Coast) Wide mangrove swamp delta, alluvial soils, sandy upstream, loamy down steam in floodplain <500 Unimodal, often inadequate 800-1200 December- April Usangu (Mbeya) Seasonally Flooded clay soils in North, alluvial fans in South 2,400- 5,000 Unimodal, 500- 800 December- March Wami (Morogoro) Moderately alkaline black soils in East, alluvial fans with well drained black loam in West 400- 1,000 Unimodal, 600- 1800 December- March Source: Modified from de Pawn, 1984 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 53 Annex IIb: Tanzania Agricultural Map Source: SUA Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 54 Annex III: Agricultural production ‘000 Metric Tons Year 2003/0 4 2004/0 5 2005/0 6 2006/0 7 2007/0 8 2008/0 9 2009/1 0 2010/1 1 2011/1 2 2012/1 3 2013/14 * Maize 3,157 3,219 3,423 3,302 3,556 3,326 4,475 4,341 5,104 5,288 6,734 Sorghum 757 714 712 971 861 709 789 807 839 782 883 Millets 201 221 228 194 203 220 372 312 214 292 363 Rice 688 759 805 872 875 868 1,700 1,461 1,170 1,342 1,681 Wheat 67 102 110 83 92 95 62 113 109 102 167 Pulses 879 886 1,050 1,156 1,126 1,116 1,254 1,632 1,827 1,871 1,697 Cassava 1,480 1,846 2,053 1,733 1,797 1,972 1,464 1,549 1,821 1,878 1,664 Bananas 734 991 1,169 1,028 982 1,073 975 1,048 842 1,317 1,064 Potatoes 874 931 1,396 1,322 1,379 1,392 1,231 1,710 1,418 1,808 1,761 Crop Metric Tons 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 Tea 32,000 30,000 34,446 32,698 34,165 33,160 35,000 33,000 33,700 33,000 Sugarcane 229,620 263,317 192,535 265,434 276,605 279,850 317,000 260,055 286,380 293,011 Tobacco 51,970 56,500 65,299 55,567 58,702 60,900 78,000 126,624 74,240 100,000 Cotton 344,210 376,591 130,565 200,662 368,229 267,004 260,000 225,938 351,151 246,767 Pyrethrum 1,000 2,800 1,500 2,800 3,280 3,320 5,000 5,700 6,100 7,000 Sisal 26,800 27,794 30,934 33,039 33,208 26,363 35,000 33,406 23,344 41,104 Coffee 54,000 34,334 48,869 43,000 62,345 40,000 60,575 33,219 71,200 48,599 Cashew 81,600 77,158 92,232 99,107 79,068 74,169 121,070 160,00 121,704 127,939 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 55 Crop 2008/2009 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 Fruits 557,400 3,297,910 3,751,170 3,938,730 4,096,280 4,416,690 Vegetables 602,000 766,570 858,740 901,680 937,750 1,005,305 Flower 8,670 9,100 9,850 10,200 10,790 Spices 6,865 7,150 7,370 8,125 8,377 Source: BEST, 2014 Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 56 Annex IV: Agriculture Sector Financing Gap (TShs) 2010/2011 – 2014/2015 Annex V: Resource Requirement for Zanzibar Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 57 Annex VI: Wood Fuel Demand and Consumption Wood Fuel Demand (2012) Woodfuel Demand Firewood Charcoal Total Charcoal & Firewood in m3 Fuel Wood (mi) Tonnes (mi) M3 Fuel wood (mi) Tonnes (mi) M3 Fuel wood equiv (mi) Rural 20.97 29.96 0.52 3.88 33.83 Urban 1.64 2.34 1.51 11.38 13.72 Total 22.60 32.29 2.03 15.26 47.55 Source: Adapted from BEST, 2014 Tanzania Fuel Wood Consumption by household (2012) Area Total Population percent Population using wood No. using wood Dar es Salaam 4,364,541 3.0 percent 130,936 Other Urban 7,316,739 19 percent 1,381,334 Rural 33,246,720 90.0 percent 29,922,048 Total 44,928,000 70.0 percent 31,434,318 Sources: National Bureau of Statistics 2002 and 2012 Census, and 2007 Household Budget Survey, and Tanzania Commission for AIDS, Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12 (NBS, 2007, NBS, 2009, NBS, 2013b and TACACIDS, 2013) Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 58 Annex VII: Logical Framework Matrix or Program Design Matrix Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Overall Goal Tanzania achieves enhanced sustainable productivity, climate resilience and food security for the agricultural sector growth CSA Policy index (CSA-Pol) CSA Results index (CSA-Res)  Specialized targeted surveys  End of Program evaluation Report  Available policies to support CSA  Available services and infrastructure to support CSA  Governments continue to support agriculture and poverty reduction as priorities  Equitable distribution of benefits occurs PDO (Purpose) The PDO is: A: Enhanced climate resilience of agricultural and food systems B: CSA Program - Strengthens policy, legal and institutional framework to increase efficiency and effective implementation of climate smart agriculture C: Enhance collaboration in CSA related activities among ministries, agencies institutions and private sector service providers % of farming communities practicing CSA (disaggregated by gender) Rate of change of adoption of sustainable climate smart technologies and sustainable land management practices (disaggregated by type) – (in %) Rate of increase in CSA information and knowledge transfer among stakeholders Rate for adaptation to climate change and variability  End of Program evaluation Report  Mid-Term Reports  Quarterly Reports Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 59 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Tanzania CSA programs accesses climate financing and uses it effectively to support climate change resilience and low carbon sustainable growth Level of stakeholder satisfaction with the CSA technologies and innovations (%) by number of products users (by gender, age, and location) Transparent national Climate Change financing mechanism established Intermediate Outcomes Component 1: Improved Productivity and incomes CSA Program has enhanced use of climate-smart agricultural practices, promoting improved land management and sustainable crop-livestock and fisheries intensification New CSA practices developed relative to plan (%) Number of Sustainable CSA technologies adopted by smallholder farmers Increased annual yields of targeted crops (such as maize, rice, sorghum, cassava, potatoes and beans, aquaculture and livestock Percent of farmers using improved inputs. Number of extension officers and management of Irrigators  Evaluation Reports  Annual Reports  Communication priority setting document  Annual survey reports.  Mid Term Reports  Review Missions Implementation support Reports  Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 60 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Organization trained. Number of farmers trained on irrigation technologies % increase in irrigated land Number of irrigation schemes constructed to its full potentiality. % increase in Income from crop, livestock, aquaculture production by men and women Component 2: Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits Strengthened policy, legal and institutional framework to increase efficiency and effective implementation of climate smart agriculture in identified priority areas. Number of evidence based policy responses to food insecurity adopted Number of established CSA/SLM Knowledge Platforms with disaggregated data on men and women. Number of villages with land use plan. Number of small scale CSA projects implemented annually. % change in Farm/community forest cover  Quarterly Reports  Annual survey reports.  Evaluation Reports  CSA Program Annual Reports  Specialized survey Reports Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 61 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Rate of Adoption of sustainable climate smart technologies and sustainable land management practices Number of generated CSA and SLM knowledge to support policy and investment decision making % change in Crop and livestock weather-indexed insurance Reduction of GHG emissions intensity from the agriculture sector (%) Component 3: Value Chain Integration Availability of infrastructure to support value addition, marketing, trade and postharvest management. Number of new commercially viable products developed from each of the staple crops, horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries Number of Efficient pilot value chains developed for selected commodities in each agro-ecological zone Value and Quantity of Marketed output of food and cash crops, livestock and fish products by smallholders  Quarterly Reports  Evaluation Reports  Annual Reports  Mid Term Reports  Review Missions Implementation support Reports  TRA data.  Annual survey reports  Partnerships and platforms with adequate capacity for generation and uptake of technologies and innovations exist  Government, non- government, regional and national organizations operate effectively at appropriate levels. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 62 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Value of Export of non-traditional agricultural commodities by men and women smallholders Established Grading and standardization systems of agricultural commodities Component 4: Research for Development and Innovations Generated and disseminated improved land management and gender sensitive climate resilient agricultural practices and technologies in targeted areas Hectares of land managed under climate-resilient practices Number of CSA technologies developed Increased funding in research and development and innovations % adoption of improved CSA technologies and practices by men and women along the value chain  Quarterly Reports  Publications  Mass media  Evaluation Reports  Annual survey reports  Annual Reports  Mid Term Reports  Review Missions Implementation support Reports  Diagnostic Survey Reports  Agricultural research in support of CSA  Conducive policy environment maintained Component 5: Improving and Sustaining Agricultural Advisory Services Knowledge on Climate Smart Agriculture documented and scaled up and out in targeted areas. Number of existing and new CSA practices disseminated targeted areas Number of Ward Resource Centres equipped with CSA knowledge.  Quarterly Reports  Publications  Mass media  Annual survey reports.  Evaluation Reports  Annual Reports  Mid Term Reports  Government, non- government, regional and national organizations operate effectively at appropriate levels.  Conducive policy environment maintained  Partnerships and platforms Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 63 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions Number of demand-driven gender- responsive CSA made available to uptake pathways Number of technology uptake pathways (e.g. web-based information platform, radio, TV program, etc.) compared to plan. Established robust CSA Knowledge Management System (Platform/Hub) across the country Number of synthesis reports and case studies on CSA best approaches and guidelines prepared and disseminated % increase in agro-climate information services and timely-use of agro-weather products Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with the technology uptake pathways (%) Number of stakeholders whose capacity building needs have been addressed Number of networks and stakeholder  Review Missions Implementation support Reports with adequate capacity for generation and uptake of technologies and innovations exist  Primary schools leavers with CSA knowledge and practice Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 64 Verifiable Indicators Source of Verification Assumptions platforms Number of staff trained (short-term and study tours) and applying skills acquired in conducting CSA practices Component 6: Improved Institutional Coordination Coordination and management of CSA activities and initiatives in all implementing agencies enhanced Number of Climate Change plans developed in key sector ministries, private sector Percent of CSA Program activities implemented according to plan. Harmonized M&E system for CSA Program developed, adopted, and implemented according to plan (%). Established effective joint platform for collaboration between ministries responsible agriculture, livestock, fisheries, environment, forestry, water, finance and planning Number of relevant policies, laws, regulations, and/or procedures reviewed for harmonization Level of compliance with the Environment and Social Safeguards.  Evaluation Reports  Annual Reports  Mid Term Reports  Review Missions Implementation support Reports  Quarterly Reports Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 65 Footnote: 1. The CSA-Pol reflects the most significant aspects of the enabling environment for implementing CSA at the national level. 2. The CSA-Res indicators provide an understanding about the short-term to medium-term results of a CSA intervention which may relate to food security, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 66 Annex VIII: Budget Estimates for 2015 - 2025 Activities Expendit ure Account Unit of measure Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Unit Cost (in US$) Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Total Rehabilitate existing warehouses and silos Works Set 0 2 2 1 0 30,000 0 60,000 60,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Rehabilitate, restock and build capacity of livestock breeding centres to produce improved breeds of livestock. Works Set 1 1 1 0 0 100,000 100,000 100,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200,000 Develop agro-meteorological infrastructure to support weather-indexed insurance Works Unit 0 2 2 0 0 150,000 0 300,000 300,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600,000 Construction of water harvesting structures at household and community levels. Works Unit 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50,000 0 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 100,000 710,000 610,000 280,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 0 0 950,000 Procurement of office equipment/a Goods Unit 24 0 12 0 0 15 50,000 1,200,000 0 600,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,800,000 Procurement of vehicles Goods Unit 10 0 0 5 0 10 50,000 500,000 0 0 250,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 750,000 1,700,000 0 600,000 250,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,550,000 Short term courses Study tour Tour Lump sum 60 50 50 50 0 5,000 300,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,050,000 short-term training Training Lump sum 50 50 50 50 50 20 20 20 20 3,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 750,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,800,000 2,250,000 1,110,000 1,610,000 930,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 0 0 5,300,000 ** Footnotes: a/ Computer set= computer, printer, scanner and accessories, photocopiers, GPS Total Cost Physical and Human Resources BASE COSTS US$ 1.1. Physical resources QuantitiesA: Investment 1.2: Human resources Sub Total Civil Works Sub Total Office Equipments Sub Total Human Resources 1.1.2: Office equipments 1.1.1: Civil works 1.2.2: Trainings and tours Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 67 4.1 Improved Productivity and Incomes Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Total Identify, upgrade, disseminate and practice climate smart technological packages service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Introduce improved crop varieties (high yielding, early maturing, disease and pest resistant and nutrient fortified) Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 500,000 Increase access to farm inputs (fertilizers/pesticides/seeds/vet drugs) and its wise application Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Strengthen surveillance of agricultural input trade and use Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 600,000 Identification of best indigenous knowledge and its interaction with scientific knowledge to enhance climate change adaptation Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Train farmers on CSA agronomic practices Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 400,000 Introduce improved livestock breeds (increased productivity, disease resistant and drought tolerant) Service Lumpsum 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 60,000 60,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Undertake genetic characterization and improvement of local livestock breeds Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 200,000 Identify, upgrade, disseminate and practice improved livestock technological packages. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120,000 Train farmers on livestock husbandry and disease management Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 400,000 Develop and disseminate best management practices of aquaculture throughout the country Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 210,000 Train fisher folks in good fishing practices Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 Strengthen fish health and disease surveillance. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 120,000 Strengthen and increase fingerlings breeding and multiplication centers Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 160,000 Sensitize and support private sector involvement in fingerling and feed production and distribution Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Strengthen integrated fish farming (e.g. in paddy farms) Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Promote production and consumption of high quality protein cereals, orange fleshed sweet potatoes (for vitamin A) and leafy vegetables Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Develop other high quality staples through breeding – cassava, rice, potatoes etc Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Promote fortification of staples during processing (micronutrient fortification and blending products) Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Educate and train consumers on appropriate food combination Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 650,000 680,000 680,000 530,000 490,000 450,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 5,060,000 Unit Cost (in US$) Sub Total BASE COSTS IN US$ Component Activities Quantities 4.1.1 Improved productivity and nutrition Expenditure Account Unit of measure Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 68 Promote development and diffusion of appropriate efficient small-scale irrigation technological packages. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Train extension workers on irrigation and water management technologies and skills. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 Build the capacity of Irrigators Organizations in agricultural water management and their obligations Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Undertake comprehensive management needs assessment of existing large scale irrigation schemes. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 Review of the National Irrigation Master Plan (2002) and update irrigation potential areas for small scale irrigation Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70,000 Train farmers in the installation, operation and maintenance of recommended irrigation technologies. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Establish links to input and output markets and service providers (strengthen value chain and technical backstopping). Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Identify suitable areas for rainwater harvesting and agricultural water management systems. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Train farmers/household members in water harvesting and agricultural water management technologies. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 135,000 Facilitate the construction of water harvesting structures at household and community levels. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Introduce and promote in-situ rainwater harvesting technologies (e.g. Conservation agriculture) Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 450,000 295,000 295,000 260,000 200,000 200,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 155,000 2,085,000 4.1.2 Irrigation and water management Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 69 Invest in improved appropriate storage facilities and technologies along the value chain. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 200,000 Promote small scale agro-processing industries in rural areas. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Train producers, processers and marketers in post-harvest management. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Provide regular market information (deficit/surplus areas) to improve distribution of agricultural commodities/food stuffs. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Facilitate establishment of marketing centres in rural areas with the appropriate infrastructure. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 125,000 Link Region and District by feeder roads to various marketing centres and highways. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 120,000 Strengthen and link the smallholder farmers to the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS) in the grain supply chain. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 180,000 Establish Public-Private-Partnerships management. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 150,000 Support private sector to invest in food processing, pasture and pasture seed production as well as value addition, Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 150,000 Facilitate linkages with relevant service providers and markets (inputs and outputs). Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 0 0 0 0 72,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 157,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 1,447,000 4.1.3 Improved Food Storage and Distribution Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 70 Build capacity of nursery operators in all crop growing areas and support them to expand and improve quality of seedlings. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Build capacity of Quality Declared Seed producers and support them to expand and improve quality of seed. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Build capacity of food and cash crop farmers to improve productivity and produce quality. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Facilitate contractual arrangements between food and cash crop producers and market/industry. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 150,000 Develop and promote innovative micro- financing packages to facilitate food and cash crop farmers to access credit. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Rehabilitate, restock and build capacity of livestock breeding centres to produce improved breeds of livestock. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 120,000 Facilitate and support the acquisition of improved breeding stocks by men and women farmers. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Provide adequate and effective extension knowledge and agro-weather information. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Strengthen and/or establish efficient and sustainable animal health and artificial insemination services. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 Develop and support innovative micro- financing packages to support livestock keepers’ access to credit and markets. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 175,000 Identify areas with acute problem of water for livestock and construct water infrastructures. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 125,000 Facilitate improvement of demarcated grazing lands Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Promote use of crop residues and agro- industry byproducts Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 Promote value addition for livestock products Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 Facilitate and support acquisition of fingerlings by men and women fish farmers Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Promote value addition for fish products Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 125,000 Facilitate contractual arrangements between fish farmers and market Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Establish and support innovative micro- financing packages to support fisherfolks access to credit. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Support Local Governments to identify and demarcate potential areas within urban and peri-urban areas for agricultural activities. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 Train urban and peri-urban producers in Good Agricultural Practices. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Monitor the safety of outputs from urban and peri-urban agriculture. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Enforce laws and bylaws related to urban and peri-urban land use. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 540,000 540,000 540,000 495,000 460,000 285,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 3,820,000 1,707,000 1,737,000 1,702,000 1,447,000 1,372,000 1,062,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 835,000 12,412,000 4.1.4 Increased Growth of Incomes Sub Total TOTAL RESULT AREA 1 : IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOMES Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 71 4.2. Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Unit Cost (in US$) Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Promote integrated soil fertility and water management interventions. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 Establish CSA/SLM knowledge hubs across the country to support adoption of CSA and SLM technologies and practices by men and women that improve soil health and restore degraded lands. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 Enhance the capacities of private sector service providers and farmer-based organizations to support farmers’ adoption of existing/new/improved CSA and SLM technologies and practices. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Develop and integrate CSA and SLM principles into farmer-field schools, primary, secondary and tertiary curriculum. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 Establish mechanisms for joint planning and implementation of CSA and SLM at the local level. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 Develop and implement sustained awareness creation program on CSA and SLM in addressing soil health and land degradation challenges. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Facilitate the development and implementation of at least five (5) small scale CSA Projects annually. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 Facilitate the dissemination and adoption of CSA and SLM technologies and practices at the farm level across the country through Local Government’s CSA Projects. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 1,000,000 Establish CSA/SLM Knowledge Platform with disaggregated data on men and women. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 Document and publicize successful CSA/SLM technologies, practices and interventions Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 270,000 270,000 220,000 165,000 165,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 1,765,000 TotalBASE COSTS IN US$Component Activities Unit of measure Expenditure Account Quantities Sub Total 2.1 Improve soil health and restore degraded lands Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 72 Upscale Natural Forest Conservation through Participatory Forest Management (PFM) Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 180,000 Protect water catchment areas through integrated watershed management. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 Increase forest cover through natural regeneration, Agroforestry, Reforestation. and Afforestation Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Promote best management practices for natural resources management to improve and maximize net benefits for the farmers and other downstream users (e.g. power generation and urban water supply). Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Promote and support on farm soil conservation activities Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Promote sustainable production and marketing of charcoal from miombo woodlands Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 130,000 Promote sustainable land use management Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 Develop a business model for ecosystem management in order to facilitate payment for ecosystem services (e.g. tourism revenue used to motivate farmers to conserve wildlife and payment for water in urban areas used to pay farmers for conservation of water catchments). Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Develop and implement management plans for ecosystems in order to encourage sustainable use Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Document biodiversity in the ecosystems including below ground biodiversity and develop eco-tourism opportunities in such areas Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Undertake natural resources accounting for ecosystem services. Service Lumpsum 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 90,000 Identify agroforestry species for different agro-ecological zones and support farmers to increase tree cover Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36,000 Undertake afforestation and reforestation through Public-Private Partnerships. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 180,000 186,000 186,000 186,000 149,000 164,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 1,541,000Sub Total 2.2 Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 73 Develop and implement varied innovative crop and livestock weather-indexed insurance packages. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Develop agro-meteorological infrastructure to support weather-indexed insurance and to use them for improved weather and climate information services for farmers. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 Enhance the capacity of micro-finance institutions to act as agents to deliver innovative crop and livestock weather- indexed insurance packages. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Raise awareness within the insurance industry of extreme weather and climate risks and communicate actions and opportunities. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 Undertake farmer education to address their concerns regarding insurance products with a view to gain their trust Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 150,000 Establish livestock insurance schemes and use of insured livestock as collateral Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Explore ways of using existing and other safety nets such as cash transfers or workfare programmes. Service Lumpsum 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6,000 0 0 6,000 6,000 6,000 0 0 0 0 0 18,000 125,000 125,000 131,000 51,000 51,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 708,000 2.3 Insurance and Other Safety Nets Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 74 Prepare vulnerability maps for targeting food security and emergency preparedness interventions. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Develop tools to support vulnerable households and communities to establish household community systems that can respond to emergencies (with regards to food insecurity). Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 Monitor crops, livestock and fish pests and diseases. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 80,000 Integrate scientific weather forecasting and indigenous knowledge for early warning and to inform farmer decisions. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 Establish a National Seed Emergency stock. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 60,000 60,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120,000 Improve EWS messages (clear, consistent) that include risk information; designed to link threat levels. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 Capacity development to farmers on early warning systems and emergency preparedness. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 Improve mass delivery system particularly on content development and communication channels. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 Establish a feedback and evaluation process of messages delivered. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 Develop an effective frame-work for collaboration emergency communication centres/stakeholders. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 The explicit development of contingency plans on district level Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 188,000 188,000 108,000 58,000 58,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 840,000 Promote adoption of low cost climate smart technologies that minimize emission of carbon dioxide and enhance soil carbon sequestration. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 400,000 Develop a national carbon accounting and measurement, reporting and verification Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 460,000 829,000 829,000 705,000 463,000 478,000 402,000 402,000 402,000 402,000 402,000 5,314,000 2.4 Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness 2.5 Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced Sub Total Sub Total TOTAL RESULT AREA 2 : BUILDING RESILIENCE AND ASSOCIATED MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 75 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Solicit funds for research and innovation into agricultural value chains service Lumpsum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Develop improved infrastructure for agricultural value chains. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 Institute competitive grant scheme for agriculture value chains. Service Lumpsum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Identify existing value addition technologies and incentivize the private sector to promote them. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 Establish regional hubs (a cluster of livelihood zones in the same AEZ) for value chain development and backstopping. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 Identify and build capacity of actors in value chain processes. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 180,000 Undertake advanced market feasibility studies to promote demand for the selected commodities. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Facilitate linkages to markets for the selected commodities. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 60,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 510,000 Unit of measure Expenditure Account Total Unit Cost (in US$) BASE COSTS IN US$ 4.3.1 Development of new agricultural products Component Activities Quantities Sub Total 3. Value Chain Integration Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 76 Create agricultural, livestock and fish commodity hubs through participation of private sector especially micro-financiers and apply viable models of linkage with smallholders Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,000 Facilitate capacity building of farmers on demand- and market-driven production. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 80,000 Design and launch a market promotion program for import substitution commodities. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36,000 Work with supermarkets, hotels and restaurants to participate in selected commodity value chains with a smallholder production base. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 80,000 Identify successful lead private sector firms with access to assured markets and apply viable models of linkage with smallholders. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 Design sustainable programmes to support the certification of smallholders for export markets. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 Develop branding of Tanzania produce for regional and international markets. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 Develop grading and standardization systems for agricultural commodities that do not have grades and standards Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26,000 26,000 26,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52,000 Promote the adoption of grading and standardization systems for all agricultural commodities for both domestic and export markets. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 400,000 145,000 145,000 84,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 766,000 245,000 245,000 184,000 116,000 116,000 74,000 74,000 74,000 74,000 74,000 1,276,000 Sub Total TOTAL RESULT AREA 3 : VALUE CHAIN INTEGRATION 4.3.2 Increased competitivenes s and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 77 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Increase public expenditure into research and development and innovations through national budget. service Lumpsum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Incentivize private sector investments in research and development and innovations. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105,000 Conduct participatory research work on improved technologies and practices that is informed by needs of users and agro- ecological zones along the value chain. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 0 0 0 0 330,000 Conduct on-farm research into low-cost appropriate technologies and practices and deliver them as packages. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 0 0 0 0 360,000 Build the capacity of extension, producers and other stakeholders in the use of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 600,000 Support development of private sector input and appropriate CSA technologies outreach and distribution networks. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 54,000 54,000 54,000 54,000 54,000 54,000 0 0 0 0 0 270,000 Intensify field demonstration/field days/study tours to enhance adoption of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 400,000 304,000 304,000 304,000 269,000 269,000 215,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 2,065,000 Establish a platform through which researchers will have regular contacts with stakeholders and other users at the national, local and farm levels. Service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,000 Prepare CSA information packages and disseminate them to interested stakeholders using ICT. Service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 65,000 65,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 410,000 369,000 369,000 339,000 304,000 304,000 250,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 2,475,000 TotalUnit Cost (in US$) 4: Research for Development and Innovations Sub Total TOTAL RESULT AREA 4 : RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATIONS 4.1 Agricultural research funding and Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain 4.2 Research Extension Linkage strengthened and made functional by 2018 Expendit ure Account Unit of measure BASE COSTS IN US$QuantitiesComponent Activities Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 78 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Undertake a CSA knowledge mapping, audit and analysis. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 Equip Ward Resource Centres with CSA knowledge. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Develop and maintain a robust and functional CSA knowledge management system. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 250,000 Build capacity to different stakeholders in the agricultural value chain at the national and local levels. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 500,000 Undertake analyses and provide tools to support CSA decision-making. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 Bundle and provide synthesized information on CSA approaches and case studies on CSA best approaches. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Develop and test CSA guidelines and decision- making support tools. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 Produce regular CSA information and communication materials for influential stakeholders to support and inform policies, planning and agricultural advisory services. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 Produce CSA information and communication materials to strengthen capacity of researchers, private sector, CSOs and farmer organizations to influence policy and decision makers. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 180,000 Develop practical and applied training materials and packages for training on CSA. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 Strengthen CSA knowledge and information sharing networks/forums. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 Develop a portfolio of information sharing technology tools to support sharing of CSA information and learning resources. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 330,000 Establish CSA knowledge partnerships on knowledge generation, sharing and mobilization with governments, international organizations, research institutions, farmer organizations, private sector and civil society organizations. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Strengthen curriculum and put emphasis on practical experience. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 105,000 Sub total 138,000 173,000 133,000 133,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 1,165,000 BASE COSTS IN US$Unit Cost (in US$) Component Activities Quantities 4.5.1 CSA knowledge generation and dissemination 5: CSA Knowledge, Extension and Agro-weather Services TotalUnit of measure Expenditure Account Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 79 Identify appropriate climate/weather services and products for small scale farmers service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 125,000 Promote integrated weather observation for improving availability and reliability of climate information. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 500,000 Digitize historical climate data to enhance availability and accessibility of climate information. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 175,000 Downscaling forecasted weather to various localities to promote the appropriate climate/weather services and products for small scale farmers, and pre-season dissemination of agro weather advisories service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 180,000 Promote in-season community agro-weather monitoring and post-season agro-weather review service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Improve dissemination channels of climate information (e.g. use of mobile phone based early warning system). service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 300,000 Generate user friendly and tailor made products for improving smallholder farmers ‘decision making. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 350,000 Strengthen integration of climate research with agricultural research service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 0 0 0 0 0 175,000 Training of Regional Coordinators on CSA. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 280,000 325,000 325,000 325,000 325,000 280,000 185,000 185,000 145,000 145,000 145,000 2,385,000 463,000 498,000 458,000 458,000 378,000 283,000 283,000 243,000 243,000 243,000 3,550,000 Sub Total TOTAL RESULT AREA 5 : CSA KNOWLEDGE, EXTENSION AND AGRO-WEATHER SERVICES 4.5.2 Enhance extension, climate information services and agro- weather advisories Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 80 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Develop and implement an inter- ministerial communications strategy with respect to inter-ministerial coordination on matters relating to climate smart agriculture. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40,000 40,000 40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 Introduce a biannual joint planning and review session between inter-ministerial team and the country government officials responsible for agriculture. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 150,000 Train national, regional and local government staff in cross-sectoral planning and implementation. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 300,000 Build policy review and analytical capacity at the national and local levels. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 Strengthen the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at the national and local levels. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 200,000 Establish a framework for disseminating CSA programmatic planning and implementation as well as annual reports and studies and receiving feedback at national and local levels. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75,000 245,000 245,000 205,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 955,000 Total 6: Improved Institutional Coordination Expenditure Account Unit of measure Unit Cost (in US$) BASE COSTS IN US$ 4.6.1 Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination Component Activities Quantities Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 81 Engage private sector to identify opportunities for increased investments in CSA. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 Organize regular consultative meetings with private sector and CSOs on the planning and implementation of the CSA Program. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 150,000 Identify appropriate incentives to catalyze private sector and CSO investments in CSA activities. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90,000 Publicize the Country CSA Program to private sector and CSOs with a view to identifying areas for their participation. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33,000 33,000 33,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66,000 Establish communication channels for consultations between private sector and CSOs in the programmatic planning and implementation of CSA activities at the national and local levels. service Lumpsum 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,000 45,000 45,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90,000 163,000 163,000 85,000 55,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 496,000 Harmonize GoT and development partners’ investments in climate smart agriculture through a common Country (National) CSA Program. service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 0 0 0 0 0 180,000 Strengthen collaboration between GoT and the Development Partners’ Agriculture Coordination Group (with a standing agenda item programmatic planning and implementation of CSA Program). service Lumpsum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 200,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 380,000 484,000 484,000 366,000 261,000 236,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 1,831,000 Sub Total 6.3 Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened TOTAL RESULT AREA 6 : IMPROVED INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION 4.6.2 Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations Sub Total Tanzania Climate Smart Agriculture Program 2015 - 2025 82 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8 Yr 9 Yr 10 Total A: Investment 2,250,000 1,110,000 1,610,000 930,000 400,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 0 0 5,300,000 B: Components 1.1 Improved productivity and nutrition 650,000 680,000 680,000 530,000 490,000 450,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 395,000 5,060,000 1.2 Irrigation and water management 295,000 295,000 260,000 200,000 200,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 155,000 2,085,000 1.3 Improved Food Storage and Distribution 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 222,000 157,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 1,447,000 1.4 Increased Growth of Incomes 540,000 540,000 540,000 495,000 460,000 285,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 3,820,000 2.1 Improve soil health and restore degraded lands 270,000 270,000 220,000 165,000 165,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 135,000 1,765,000 2.2 Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments 186,000 186,000 186,000 149,000 164,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 134,000 1,541,000 2.3 Insurance and Other Safety Nets 125,000 125,000 131,000 51,000 51,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 708,000 2.4 Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness 188,000 188,000 108,000 58,000 58,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 840,000 2.5 Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 460,000 3.1 Development of new agricultural products 100,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 60,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 510,000 3.2 Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets 145,000 145,000 84,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 56,000 766,000 4.1 Agricultural research funding and Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain 304,000 304,000 304,000 269,000 269,000 215,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 2,065,000 4.2 Research Extension Linkage strengthened and made functional by 2018 65,000 65,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 410,000 5.1 CSA knowledge generation and dissemination 138,000 173,000 133,000 133,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 98,000 1,165,000 5.2 Enhance extension, climate information services and agro- weather advisories 325,000 325,000 325,000 325,000 280,000 185,000 185,000 145,000 145,000 145,000 2,385,000 6.1 Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination 245,000 245,000 205,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 955,000 6.2 Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations 163,000 163,000 85,000 55,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 496,000 6.3 Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 76,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 380,000 GRAND TOTAL 6,347,000 5,272,000 5,364,000 3,979,000 3,284,000 2,521,000 2,194,000 2,154,000 1,904,000 1,889,000 32,158,000 BASE COSTS IN US$ Summary Cost by Component