National Climate Change Action Guidelines

1. Prospects Developing adaptation strategies and a net-zero emissions pathway is essen- tial to building a green and low-carbon homeland capable of adapting to cli- mate risks and ensuring the nation's sustainable development.

2. Objectives (1) Strengthen overall adaptability to climate changes, minimize vulnerability, and bolster resilience against the impacts of climate change. (2) The long-term national GHG emission reduction goal shall achieve net-zero emissions of GHG by 2050. II III. General Principles The government shall observe the following principles:

1. Comply with the provisions of the Paris Agreement to enhance greenhouse gas mitigation and gradually phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (which have high global-warming potential) pursuant to the Kigali Amend- ment to the Montreal Protocol.

2. Enhance intergenerational justice, environmental justice, and a just transition, while ensuring easy public access to pertinent climate change information. Consider nature-based solutions while also taking into account strategies that mutually benefit adaptation and mitigation efforts.

3. Implement a cap-and-trade scheme for greenhouse gases and taxation to put carbon pricing and green finance into practice and utilize economic incentives to expedite the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, assist industrial trans- formation, improve national competitiveness, and promote social welfare.

4. Comply with the objective of a nuclear-free homeland, such that expansion in nuclear power will not be adopted as a means of combating climate change, with the goal of diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and working toward achieving renewable energy targets.

5. Take mitigation and adaptation strategies into consideration while perform- ing environmental impact assessments.

6. Enhance capacities with regard to basic science, early warning, adaptive response to climate change, and resilience development.

7. Improve energy and resource utilization efficiency, boost resource recy- cling, and ensure national energy security and sustainable utilization of re- sources.

8. Establish a communication platform on which to build partnerships be- tween the central and local governments, as well as cooperation between III the public and private sectors to practically execute localized adaptation and mitigation measures.

9. Boost international cooperation and authentic participation, based on the principle of reciprocity, to maintain industries’ international competitive- ness.

10. Raise public awareness and build the capacity to respond to climate change, and proactively assist non-governmental organizations to partici- pate in relevant events. IV. Adopted Policies

1. Climate Change Adaptation Drawing from the most recent scientific research, analyses, and scenario projections both domestically and internationally, and considering climate change risk factors, it is imperative to bolster climate change adaptation ca- pabilities, diminish vulnerability, and strengthen resilience. These efforts are vital to ensure the sustainable development of the nation and encompass cli- mate change risk assessment, as well as the establishment of early warning mechanisms and systematic monitoring plans. (1) Enhance resilience of infrastructure ● Integrate the resilience and adaptability of flood control and water man- agement and enhance the response capabilities of public works. ● Improve adaptability of facilities of transport, communications, and in- formation systems against climate change. (2) Maintain a balance between water supply and demand ● Establish diversified water resource acquisition strategies as well as water conservation and water circulation habits; reasonably allocate water resources for different purposes to ensure sustainable usage of water. IV ● Strengthen the flexibility of the water resource system against climate change, so as to respond to the drastic increase in rainfall, and increased volatility of water levels during wet and dry seasons. (3) Facilitate the rational allocation of land use and bolster national land resil- ience ● In light of the growing trend of extreme rainfall, both urban and rural areas shall implement a range of adaptation strategies. ● Enhance water resource storage capacity and mitigate the impact of droughts. ● In reaction to the increasing trend of extreme high temperatures, efforts will be made to enhance the adaptability of the built environment. ● Enhance the adaptation of natural ecosystems. ● Re-evaluate spatial planning and land use controls as part of depart- mental plans to enhance climate change resilience. (4) Prevent coastal hazards and ensure sustainability of marine resources ● Establish appropriate prevention facilities or mechanisms to mitigate coastal disasters. ● Preserve marine resources and marine wildlife habitats and utilize na- ture-based solutions to enhance carbon sinks, fostering the sustainable development of the ecosystem. ● Strengthen monitoring and an early warning mechanism to respond to coastal hazards and impacts of coastal change. (5) Improve adaptability of the energy supply system and industries ● Ensure the safety and stability of energy supply infrastructure, particu- larly in response to the proactive management of increased power de- mand during high-temperature periods. ● Build an environment that reduces climate risks and strengthens adap- tive capacities. V ● Enhance businesses' capabilities in risk management and opportunity exploration, with a focus on improving industrial climate risk manage- ment and the development of climate-resilient products and services. (6) Secure agricultural production and ensure biodiversity ● Enhance the ecosystem's capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change and stabilize the foundation of agricultural production and eco- logical resilience. ● Enhance the agricultural sector's climate risk management capabilities and tighten regulations related to financial risks in the agricultural in- dustry due to climate factors. ● Explore diverse agricultural opportunities in the face of climate change and optimize the economic resilience of agricultural products. (7) Reinforce the public health and epidemic prevention system and improve health risk management ● Enhance the capabilities of the public health and epidemic prevention systems for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and recovery in re- sponse to extreme weather conditions. ● Enhance the capacity of medical and care systems to address the con- sequences of climate change, strengthen health promotion capabilities, and bolster the resilience of vulnerable populations. ● Enhance the capacity for health risk monitoring, impact assessment, and prevention to mitigate the health costs of climate change.

2. Climate Change Mitigation (1) Establish a zero-carbon energy system and enhance the stability and resil- ience of the power supply network. ● Revise the energy structure by advancing the development of estab- lished renewable energy sources like solar photovoltaics and offshore wind power. Additionally, focus on innovative energy applications such VI as geothermal energy, biomass energy, and ocean energy, while also constructing a zero-carbon fuel supply system. ● Improve the efficiency of energy generation, usage, transmission and distribution, and promote energy conservation. ● Enhance the resilience of the energy system to ensure a stable power supply, while also considering environmental quality and the require- ments of regional development. ● Establish a hydrogen energy supply and demand system, ensuring the stability of hydrogen energy supply, and improving infrastructure for transportation and storage. Additionally, promote the development and utilization of hydrogen energy technology. (2) Encourage the green transformation of industries and embrace a sustaina- ble production model focused on the principles of the circular economy. ● Offer advisory services to support the transformation of industries into green and low-carbon enterprises, with a goal of achieving zero emis- sions. Additionally, promote the growth of green energy industries to enhance the international competitiveness of products. ● Accelerate efforts to enhance the energy efficiency of industrial pro- cesses and equipment and establish intelligent energy management sys- tems. ● Compose comprehensive incentives for greenhouse gas reduction and augment greenhouse gas mitigation measures taken by industries. ● Advance the transition to a circular economy in the industrial sector and promote the development of innovative recycling material technol- ogies. (3) Promote the development of smart and environmentally friendly transpor- tation systems, encouraging the transition to zero-emission modes of trans- portation. VII ● Encourage electrification and the adoption of carbon-free transporta- tion methods, while also enhancing the energy efficiency of transpor- tation systems and vehicles. ● Build and enhance public transportation networks while reinforcing transportation demand management. ● Establish a human-centric and inclusive transportation environment. (4) Build sustainable net-zero structures and promote a low-carbon transfor- mation. ● Reinforce energy conservation regulations for buildings, improve en- ergy efficiency of buildings, implement carbon reduction measures for both new and existing buildings. ● Promote the assessment of building performance classification and the enhancement of energy efficiency in existing public buildings. ● Enhance the energy efficiency of household appliances. (5) Boost the development of sustainable agriculture, improve ecosystem management ● Promote environmentally friendly agriculture and establish a stable, low-carbon agricultural production system. Provide guidance on the re- cycling of agricultural resources, strengthen mechanisms for utilizing renewable energy, and ensure the sustainable development of agricul- ture. ● Strengthen the management of natural environmental resources through activities such as afforestation, soil conservation, marine re- source preservation, and other relevant measures, with the aim of ex- panding the country's carbon sinks. This effort will increase carbon se- questration and optimize the overall benefits of ecosystem services. (6) Alleviate environmental burdens and build a society that circulates and recycles energy and resources VIII ● Incorporate practical actions of building resilience, greenhouse gas re- duction, and environmental co-benefits when conducting environmen- tal impact assessment of government policies and development projects. ● Perform energy and resource recycling to enhance the reuse of regional energy and resources. ● Promote the recycling and reutilization of biomass energy to minimize greenhouse gas emissions arising from waste and sewage treatment processes. ● Promote source reduction and strengthen resource circulation to reduce waste generation.

3. Complementary Policies (1) Leverage private sector capital through the implementation of green fi- nance to support the growth of the green energy industry and enhance the resilience of both the financial and industrial sectors. This approach will encourage a positive cycle where industries prioritize green and sustaina- ble development, guiding the economy towards achieving net-zero emis- sions. (2) Conduct a comprehensive review and enhancement of laws and regula- tions pertaining to renewable energy, energy management, transportation, and housing to strengthen the legal framework for addressing climate change. (3) Internalize the external costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions through the implementation of a carbon pricing scheme, which includes mechanisms such as collecting carbon fee and implementing a cap-and- trade system. (4) Integrate technology with humanities and social sciences to advance five key net-zero technology domains: "sustainable and forward-looking en- ergy," "low carbon," "carbon negative," "circular economy," and "human- ities and social sciences." IX (5) Engage in research and development related to climate change science and adaptation to its impacts. Collaborate with meteorological authorities to research, analyze, and understand climate change trends. Compile and or- ganize climate scenarios, climate change science, and impact data to peri- odically release scientific reports on climate change. Additionally, estab- lish an early warning mechanism and a systematic monitoring system. (6) Create diverse channels for climate change information dissemination to encourage behavioral changes and raise climate change awareness among the public. This initiative aims to build knowledge and consensus, ena- bling the adoption of a net-zero lifestyle that delivers co-benefits of both adaptation and mitigation. (7) Promote climate change-related environmental education; cultivate pro- fessional personnel to respond to climate change issues; enhance the awareness and skills of the general public and convert them into daily low- carbon actions. (8) Improve social communication and implement a "Social and Institutional Support for a Just Transition System" that encourages citizen participation. Establish a just transition committee that actively solicits input from indi- viduals and organizations across all sectors of society. V. Future Implementation To accomplish the net-zero transformation, while upholding the principle of equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation, the central competent author- ity shall develop this action guideline in consultation with relevant central in- dustry competent authorities, taking into account Taiwan's economic, energy, and environmental conditions, as well as international contexts. The Action Guidelines shall be reviewed every four years. The central industry competent authorities shall use the Action Guidelines as a basis to formulate the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan X and the Climate Impact Adaptation Plans within their respective domains of authority and responsibility. These plans should be submitted to the central competent authorities for approval by the Executive Yuan, with regular rolling reviews. Furthermore, local governments shall formulate the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Implementation Plan and the Climate Change Adaptation Imple- mentation Plan. The integrated communication mechanism, operating vertically and hor- izontally across different branches of the Taiwan government, will effectively oversee the reduction of GHG emissions across various sectors. This approach aims to build a common platform for the sustainable development of society, the economy, and the environment, while also safeguarding the mutual benefits related to the public’s health. XI