National Adaptation Plan for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

2030 (Vision 2030, Theme V), the National Climate Change Policy, the Carbon Reduction Strategy, the The Honourable Pennelope Beckles, Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Minister of Planning and Development. Agreement, and the Long-term Strategy for Low Emissions Development. Created through a multi-year, inclusive development process, the NAP is a living policy document that provides clear guidance for navigating an uncertain future using climate resilient development pathways. As the vehicle for our first Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC, this NAP reaffirms our commitment to global action against climate change. We are pleased to share our experiences, successes, challenges and needs with the international community. The support of the United Nations Development Program, Global Environment Facility, European Union and the many sub-national actors who contributed to the preparation of this NAP is acknowledged with sincere appreciation. Together we have devised a comprehensive plan and together we shall undertake the extraordinary effort to adapt to the present danger of climate change while building long-term resilience. For we must do no less if we are to surmount this global challenge and ensure that no one is left behind. i NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) expresses its deepest appreciation to everyone who supported the development of this National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for Trinidad and Tobago. This NAP is a product of a robust, multi-year programme of work coordinated by the Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit of the Ministry of Planning and Development. The time, creativity and knowledge of persons across multiple sectors were essential for creating a comprehensive, strategic plan for adapting to climate change whilst building long-term resilience. Therefore, the GORTT extends sincere thanks to the following stakeholders who have influenced this NAP: 1. Academic institutions including but not limited to the University of the West Indies, and University of Trinidad and Tobago. 2. Governmental entities including, but not limited to, the Tobago House of Assembly, Ministerial Divisions and Units, local government, statutory bodies, and State-owned companies. 3. Private sector companies and consulting firms. 4. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) including community-based groups and non-governmental organizations. 5. All individuals and/or entities in the Climate Change Focal Point Network, and other participants in the various stakeholder engagements. Special thanks are also extended to the Global Environmental Facility, European Commission and United Nations Development Programme for their generous technical and financial support, without which the preparation of this NAP would not have been possible. If we have inadvertently omitted any name, entity or group, we sincerely apologise. Be assured, it is not intended to diminish or overlook the useful contributions which are immensely appreciated. ii NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................9 1.1 Understanding Climate Change Adaptation and this National Adaptation Plan..............................................9 1.2 Mandate for the NAP and Adaptation Communications ...............................................................................10 1.3 Trinidad and Tobago’s NAP Process ...............................................................................................................11 2.0 Legal and Institutional Basis for Adaptation ............................................................................................ 15 2.1 Legal Frameworks ...........................................................................................................................................15 2.2 Institutional Frameworks................................................................................................................................18 3.0 National Circumstances .......................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Geographic .....................................................................................................................................................25 3.2 Environmental ................................................................................................................................................25 3.3 Economic ........................................................................................................................................................26 3.4 Social...............................................................................................................................................................26 3.5 Gender ............................................................................................................................................................27 4.0 Rationale for Climate Change Adaptation ................................................................................................ 28 4.1 Climate Change Analysis and Projected Changes...........................................................................................28 4.1.1 Current Climate .......................................................................................................................................28 4.1.2 Historical Climate Trends.........................................................................................................................30 4.1.3 Projected Climate Trends ........................................................................................................................31 4.2 Hazard Profile ...........................................................................................................................................32 4.1.1 Geological Hazards ..................................................................................................................................32 4.2.2 Hydrometeorological Hazards .................................................................................................................33 iv NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4.2.3 Hazard Ranking for Trinidad and Tobago ................................................................................................33 4.3 Sovereign Risk.................................................................................................................................................34 4.4 Sectoral Vulnerability, Risks and Impacts .......................................................................................................36 4.4.1 Coastal Zone Resources ...........................................................................................................................36 4.4.2 Agriculture and Food Security .................................................................................................................40 4.4.3 Water Resources .....................................................................................................................................43 4.4.4 Human Health..........................................................................................................................................45 4.4.5 Biodiversity ..............................................................................................................................................48 4.4.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements ..................................................................................................51 4.4.7 Financial Services .....................................................................................................................................53 5.0 Trinidad and Tobago’s Approaches to Adaptation and Delivering Climate Resilience ...................................56 5.1 Purpose of the NAP ........................................................................................................................................56 5.1.1 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Vision................................................................................................56 5.1.2 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Mission .............................................................................................56 5.1.3 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Objectives ........................................................................................56 5.1.4 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Principles ..........................................................................................57 5.2 Climate Risk Management Approach .............................................................................................................59 5.3 Climate Resilient Development Pathway Approach.......................................................................................60 5.3.1 Pathway Development for this NAP. .......................................................................................................61 6.0 Adaptation Priorities .............................................................................................................................. 63 7.0 Adaptation Strategies ............................................................................................................................. 64 7.1 Past Strategies and Actions ............................................................................................................................64 7.2 Barriers, Challenges and Gaps related to Further Adaptation Action ............................................................71 7.3 Overview of Present and Future Strategies....................................................................................................72 7.4 Enabling Strategies: Implementation Status ..................................................................................................78 7. 5 Sectoral Strategies: Implementation Status ..................................................................................................80 v NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.5.1 Coastal Zone Resources ...........................................................................................................................80 7.5.2 Agriculture and Food Security .................................................................................................................81 7.5.3 Water Resources .....................................................................................................................................83 7.5.4 Human Health..........................................................................................................................................95 7.5.5 Biodiversity ..............................................................................................................................................96 7.5.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements ..................................................................................................97 7.5.7 Financial Services .....................................................................................................................................99 7.5.8 Tobago ...................................................................................................................................................100 7.6 Sectoral Adaptation Pathways .....................................................................................................................103 7.6.1 Coastal Zone Resources .........................................................................................................................104 7.6.2 Agriculture and Food Security ...............................................................................................................105 7.6.3 Water Resources ...................................................................................................................................106 7.6.4 Human Health........................................................................................................................................110 7.6.5 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................110 7.6.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements ................................................................................................111 7.6.7 Financial Services. ..................................................................................................................................112 7.6.8 Tobago ...................................................................................................................................................112 8.0 NAP Implementation and Support Needs .............................................................................................. 113 9.0 NAP Communication ............................................................................................................................ 122 10.0 NAP Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal and Regulatory Frameworks ........................................... 123 11.0 NAP Review and Assessment .............................................................................................................. 132 11.1 Monitoring and Evaluation .........................................................................................................................132 11.2 Review of the NAP ......................................................................................................................................134 12.0 Next Steps .......................................................................................................................................... 135 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 136 vi NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Schematic of the NDC Implementation framework to be adopted for the NAP. ....................................19 Figure 2 – Spatial distribution of rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago ............................................................................28 Figure 3 – Historical tracks of tropical cyclone systems relative to Trinidad and Tobago from 1916 – 2015 ..........29 Figure 4 – Average monthly temperature in Trinidad and Tobago, 1960 – 2012 ....................................................30 Figure 5 – Average monthly rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago, 1960 – 2012 ..............................................................31 Figure 6 – Summary of projected climate change trends for Trinidad and Tobago until 2100................................31 Figure 7 – Percentage Difference in GDP per capita in “no climate change” and “climate change” scenarios. ......34 Figure 8 – Terrestrial area within Trinidad and Tobago’s Coastal Zone ...................................................................37 Figure 9 – Conceptual Model showing the relationship between adaptation action and climate risk. ...................59 Figure 10 – Annotated DAPP process diagram showing Trinidad and Tobago’s approach to CRDP Development.61 Figure 11 – Illustration of the DAPP method using 4 adaptation actions. ...............................................................62 Figure 12 – Indicative Coastal Zone (SCZN) adaptation action pathways ............................................................. 104 Figure 13 – Indicative Agriculture and Food Security (SAFS) adaptation action pathways ................................... 105 Figure 14 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRA) adaptation action pathways ..................................................... 106 Figure 15 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRB) adaptation action pathways ..................................................... 106 Figure 16 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRC) adaptation action pathways ..................................................... 107 Figure 17– Indicative Water Resources (SWRD) adaptation action pathways ...................................................... 107 Figure 18– Indicative Water Resources (SWRE) adaptation action pathways ...................................................... 108 Figure 19– Indicative Water Resources (SWRF) adaptation action pathways ...................................................... 108 Figure 20– Indicative Water Resources (SWRG) adaptation action pathways...................................................... 109 Figure 21– Indicative Water Resources (SWRH) adaptation action pathways ...................................................... 109 Figure 22 – Indicative Human Health (SHUH) adaptation action pathways .......................................................... 110 Figure 23 - Indicative Biodiversity (SBDV) adaptation action pathways................................................................ 110 Figure 24 - Indicative Infrastructure and Human Settlements (SIHS) adaptation action pathways...................... 111 Figure 25 – Indicative Financial Services (SFIS) adaptation action pathways........................................................ 112 Figure 26 – Indicative Tobago (STGO) adaptation action pathways ..................................................................... 112 Figure 27 – Spectrum of Alignment ....................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 28 – Schematic diagram illustrating the philosophical components of M&E............................................. 134 vii NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Summary of activities undertaken towards the preparation of the Trinidad and Tobago NAP ...............12 Table 2 – Sample of national policies and laws that also support climate change adaptation ................................17 Table 3 - Roles and responsibilities of various institutions in the strategic programme for climate risk management ............................................................................................................................................................20 Table 4 – Key Climate Statistics for Trinidad and Tobago.........................................................................................28 Table 5 – Hazard Ranking of selected hazards affecting Trinidad and Tobago ........................................................33 Table 6 – Historical costs of hydrometeorological disasters in Trinidad and Tobago ..............................................35 Table 7 – Climate risks and impacts on the coastal resources sector. .....................................................................38 Table 8 – Climate risks and impacts on the agriculture and food security sector. ...................................................41 Table 9 – Climate risks and impacts on the Water Resources Sector. .....................................................................44 Table 10 – Climate risks and impacts on the Human Health Sector. ........................................................................47 Table 11 – Climate risks and impacts on the Terrestrial Biodiversity Sector............................................................49 Table 12 – Climate risks and impacts on the infrastructure and human settlements sector...................................52 Table 13 – Non-exhaustive summary of past adaptation strategies and their benefits to various sectors .............64 Table 14 - Identification and analysis of key challenges to adaptation action .........................................................71 Table 15 – Listing of Trinidad and Tobago’s Priority Adaptation Strategies.............................................................72 Table 16 – Strategies for enabling nation adaptation action and their implementation status. .............................78 Table 17 – Strategies for Coastal Zone adaptation action and their implementation status...................................80 Table 18 – Strategies for Agriculture and Food Security adaptation action and their implementation status. ......81 Table 19 – Strategies for Water Resources adaptation action and their implementation status. ...........................83 Table 20 – Strategies for Human Health adaptation action and their implementation status. ...............................95 Table 21 – Strategies for Biodiversity adaptation action and their implementation status. ...................................96 Table 22 – Strategies for Infrastructure and Human Settlements adaptation action and their implementation status. .......................................................................................................................................................................97 Table 23 – Strategies for Financial Services adaptation action and their implementation status. ..........................99 Table 24 - Strategies for adaptation action in Tobago and their implementation status. .................................... 100 Table 25 - Summary of Costs for enhancing the Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management (EMNP-004). ............................................................................................................................................................................... 113 Table 26 – Estimated costs of present and proposed adaptation measures segregated by category .................. 114 Table 27 – Estimated cost of all listed adaptation measures. ............................................................................... 115 viii NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Table 28 – NAP alignment with International Conventions ...................................................................................124 Table 29 – NAP alignment with Regional Conventions ..........................................................................................126 Table 30 – NAP alignment with select National Policies, Laws and Plans ..............................................................127 Table 31 – Summary table of initial indicators to be adopted at programmatic level of M&E..............................133 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADCOM Adaptation Communication BPOA Barbados Programme of Action BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report CEC Certificate of Environmental Clearance CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCMC Climate Change Ministerial Committee CEA Cost Effectiveness Analysis CIMS Coastal Information Management System CCFPN Climate Change Focal Point Network CCRIF-SPC Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility – Segregated Portfolio Company CDRM Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management CNCMP Comprehensive National Coastal Monitoring Programme COPE Council of Presidents for the Environment CRDP Climate Resilient Development Pathway CReW Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management CREWS Coral Reef Early Warning Systems CSO Civil Society Organizations DAE Direct Access Entity DAPP Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathway DMAC Disaster Management Advisory Council DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EBA Ecosystems Based Adaptation Eco-DRR Ecosystems-based Disaster Risk Reduction EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Authority EM Act Environmental Management Act Chap. 35:05 ERIC Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville GCF Green Climate Fund ix NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO GCM Global Climate Models GHG Greenhouse Gas GoLoCarSe Global to Local Caribbean Socio-Economic Climate Change Scenarios Project GORTT Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago IADB Inter-American Development Bank ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMA Institute of Marine Affairs IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management KMS Knowledge Management System LARPDU Local Area and Regional Planning and Development Unit LEG LDC Expert Group LT-LEDS Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEAU Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit MSI Mauritius Strategy for Implementation MPD Ministry of Planning and Development MRV Monitoring Review and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCP National Climate Change Policy NCCTS National Climate Change Transparency System NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEP National Environmental Policy NGC National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago NIE National Implementing Entity NRCSWLP National Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, Wildlife and Livelihoods Project NRWRP National Reforestation and Watershed Rehabilitation Programme NWRF National Waste Water Revolving Fund. ODPM Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management PSIP Public Sector Investment Programme RCM Regional Climate Models SAMOA SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action SEI Stockholm Environmental Institute SEIP State Enterprise Investment Programme SIDS Small Island Developing States SIMS Spatial Information Management System x NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO SNC Second National Communication to the UNFCCC THA Tobago House of Assembly TNC Third National Communication to the UNFCCC TTGF Trinidad and Tobago Green Fund TTMS Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service TWG Technical Working Group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UN SDGs United Nations Sustainable Development Goals/ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. UWI University of the West Indies VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment WASA Water and Sewerage Authority WGA Whole-of-Government-approach WRA Water Resources Agency xi NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change. ▪ The country’s geography exposes it to several climate-exacerbated natural hazards including earthquakes, tropical cyclones, drought, intense rainfall, sea-level rise and flooding. ▪ Over 80% of economic activity is concentrated within the coastal zone – inclusive of the country’s oil and gas sector – which contributes to as much as 35-36% of the country’s GDP. Over 70% of the population, 80% of urban centres and 50% of essential transportation arteries exist within the coastal zone. ▪ Most of the country’s natural ecosystems face pressures from human activity in addition to climate risks, resulting in increased vulnerabilities to both natural capital and the communities that depend directly on their provisional services. ▪ Climate change threatens to worsen existing gender disparities in Trinidad and Tobago. 2. Trinidad and Tobago has experienced and will continue to experience the adverse effects of climate change based on the country’s observed data, and best-available scientific projections. ▪ Temperature recordings have shown an increasing trend of 0.27°C /decade for Trinidad and 0.17°C /decade for Tobago since 1961; becoming more pronounced within the last three decades. ▪ Tobago’s rainfall data exhibits a declining trend when recent decades are compared to the 1969- 1990 average. ▪ The peak values of one-day rainfall recordings have increased over the last two decades, occurring within the dry season. ▪ General Circulation Models and Regional Climate Models project worsening climate conditions for Trinidad and Tobago towards the year 2100. ▪ Caribbean tidal gauging stations reveal an increase in sea level rise of about 1.5 mm – 3 mm per year. IPCC projections indicate that this can range from 0.18 m – 1.45 m by 2100 depending on the extent of ice sheet melt by 2100. AIR ANNUAL SEA SURFACE MONTHLY RAINFALL SEA LEVEL RISE TEMPERATURE RAINFALL TEMPERATURE  + 7mm     2.4 – 3.6˚C 22% - 30% 0.9˚C – 3.1˚C 75 – 126cm - 40mm Projected shifts in climate variables through to 2100. 1 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 3. Climate risks pose a direct economic threat. These threats will increase the economic costs of disasters while constraining GDP growth toward the end of the century. ▪ For three (3) consecutive Octobers (2017 – 2019) Trinidad and Tobago has received pay outs from the CCRIF due to flooding caused by excess rainfall “anomalies”. The most significant event in 2018 resulted in over US$3,700,000 in infrastructure damage and adversely impacted the lives of over 150,000 people. ▪ It is estimated that hurricane damages alone may exceed US$24,000,000 per year by the end of the century, with the aggregated cost of unmitigated damages from sea level rise and hurricanes to exceed US$12 billion by 2100. ▪ The impacts of climate change threaten the sustainability and productivity of most economic sectors. Considering only the anticipated changes in temperature, Trinidad and Tobago’s GDP may be reduced by 9% in 2030, 30% in 2050, and 82% by 2100 unless adaptation actions are taken. 4. This National Adaptation Plan was prepared through a multi-year, participatory approach spanning several projects supported by the European Union and the United Nations Development Programme/Global Environmental Facility. ▪ This NAP satisfies the provisions of Article 7 of the Paris Agreement which calls for countries to prepare national adaptation plans (NAPs) and to communicate adaptation actions to the UNFCCC. This NAP also serves as Trinidad and Tobago’s first Adaptation Communication. ▪ Through a series of Conference of Parties (COP) decisions and technical documents the UNFCCC presents a recommended framework for preparing NAPs, recognizing that each NAP should be country-driven, appropriate to their context, and avoid duplication of effort. ▪ Since 2014, the GORTT has engaged in several projects with overlapping elements of the NAP process and has opted to leverage these synergies to prepare the NAP instead of creating it through a stand-alone process. ▪ Each project was highly participatory and consultative, with a diverse cross-section of stakeholders contributing to project outcomes. Sectoral Technical Working Groups (TWGs) led the national vulnerability and capacity assessment which forms an integral part of this NAP. 5. Trinidad and Tobago has a strong legal and institutional framework for addressing climate change risks, composed of various actors from the public, private and non-governmental sectors. 2 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ▪ The primary policy governing climate change adaptation is the National Climate Change Policy which describes a clear adaptation mandate, coordinating mechanism, and implementation mechanism. Implementation will be overseen by a Climate Change Ministerial Committee (CCMC). The Secretariat to the CCMC, the Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit (MEAU), shall utilize the Climate Change Focal Point Network (CCFPN) to form sub-committees to guide sectoral implementation. Sectoral actors – which are public, private and non-governmental stakeholders – are responsible for the execution as well as the project level monitoring and evaluation of adaptation actions. ▪ Central to this coordination and implementation framework will be the expansion of National Climate Change Transparency System (NCCTS) to include adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) into the Knowledge Management System (KMS) of the National Climate Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV). ▪ Four policies explicitly mandate climate change adaptation action: The National 2015 Development Strategy (VISION 2030) 2016 – 2030, the 2017 Integrated Water Resources Management Policy, the 2018 National Environmental Policy, and the 2020 Integrated Coastal Zone Policy Framework. ▪ Dozens more domestic policy instruments are thematically aligned with adaptation and resilience building although ‘adaptation’ is not explicitly mentioned. ▪ This NAP is aligned with ten (10) international and regional strategies and agreements related to sustainable development, climate change, and disaster risk reduction. 6. This National Adaptation Plan adds to the climate change policy landscape by setting a clear vision, objectives, principles, approaches and strategies for adaptation. ▪ NAP Vision: “A climate-resilient nation that routinely evaluates and reduces its physical, social and economic vulnerability through timely, cost-effective adaptation measures.” ▪ NAP Mission: "To enhance the adaptive capacity of all sectors while simultaneously contributing to sustainable development and building long-term resilience to the effects of climate change.” ▪ NAP Objectives: 3 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO i. Understanding the national development context and synthesizing available information, resources, programmes, projects, stakeholders, gaps and needs regarding adaptation ii. Enhancing capacity to analyse and understand climate change scenarios and risks iii. Defining and strengthening governance arrangements for adaptation action iv. Identifying and executing adaptation strategies and actions that address immediate climate impacts to human and natural systems, while building long-term resilience v. Ensuring that adaptation pathways are sustainable, cost-efficient, inclusive and considerate of the most vulnerable vi. Communicating climate risk and adaptation information to all stakeholders and international entities, as required vii. Continuously monitoring, evaluating, reporting, improving and learning from adaptation efforts ▪ NAP Principles: i. Prioritize “no regret”, “low regret” and “win-win strategies” ii. Be participatory and inclusive of all genders and socio-economic groups iii. Be evidence-based iv. Be dynamic to allow for learning and innovation to suit the local context v. Demonstrate transparency, efficiency and integrity vi. Avoid damage vii. Harmonize with national planning and development viii. Leave no one behind ix. Build capacity and enhance resilience ▪ NAP Approaches: i. Multi-partite Climate Risk Management ii. Climate Resilient Development Pathways ▪ NAP Strategies: ✓ Ninety (90) adaptation strategies proposed ✓ Nine (9) strategies identified as ‘enabling strategies ✓ Eighty-one (81) strategies identified as “Sectoral” and specifically focus on Tobago, and seven (7) climate-affected economic sectors: Coastal Zone Resources, 4 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Agriculture and Food Security, Water Resources, Human Health, Biodiversity, Infrastructure and Human Settlements, Financial Services ✓ Sixteen (16) strategies classified by sectoral working groups as being “No Regret- High Impact” strategies 7. Since 2013, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has led several projects geared to adaptation, or that yielded adaptation co-benefits across the 7 “sectors” most affected by climate change. Barriers and Gaps exist, but strategies to address these are proposed in this NAP. ▪ The government recognizes that civil society and the private sector have undertaken meaningful adaptation efforts; however, there has not been a methodical system of documenting these efforts. ▪ The government has undertaken at least 30 projects that support adaptation and resilience building within the affected sectors since 2013. ▪ Barriers and Gaps that have stymied adaptation action include, but are not limited to, issues with: Information quality and access, regulatory and institutional frameworks, availability of financial resources, technical capacity of institutions, and social awareness regarding climate change. 8. Trinidad and Tobago’s top priority is strengthening the human and technical resources of twelve (12) key public and non-governmental institutions which are core actors to the Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management. ▪ Project cost of this intervention is US$19,725,857.00 1over five years. This intervention provides the foundation for a multi-partite risk management approach to climate change. It supports improved data collection, modelling, public education, institutional strengthening and stakeholder coordination. 9. To fully implement this National Adaptation Plan the GORTT will require a total of US$150,723,357.00 in financial support which it will access through a blend of domestic and international sources. Summary Table showing the financial requirements of Trinidad and Tobago’s National Adaptation Plan 1 Based on 2019 values. 5 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ESTIMATED COST (USD) CATEGORY OF STRATEGY NO REGRET-HIGH OTHER PRIORITY /ACTION IMPACT STRATEGIES EADF Adaptation Financing US$ - US$ 350,000.00 EMOE Monitoring and evaluation US$ - US$ 70,000.00 EMNP Mainstreaming into National Planning US$ 19,725,857.00 US$ 20,000.00 SCZN Coastal Zone Resources US$ 50,000.00 US$ 2,035,000.00 SAFS Agriculture and Food Security US$ 1,920,000.00 US$ 1,460,000.00 SWRA Water Resources US$ 892,500.00 US$ 80,095,000.00 -SWRH SHUH Human Health US$ 200,000.00 US$ 28,100,000.00 SBDV Biodiversity US$ - US$ 600,000.00 SIHS Infrastructure and Human Settlements US$ 95,000.00 US$ 5,230,000.00 SFIS Financial Services US$ - US$ 450,000.00 STGO Tobago US$ 50,000.00 US$ 9,380,000.00 SUB- TOTAL US$ 22,933,357.00 US$ 127,790,000.00 TOTAL US$ 150,723,357.00 10. This National Adaptation Plan is a living document that will change over time as the national context changes and new knowledge is developed. The primary mechanism for this evolution will be a climate resilient development pathway approach that has been applied to the target sectors of this NAP. ▪ Trinidad and Tobago will continuously monitor and pivot its adaptation action based on best available information using the UNFCCC-recognized ‘dynamic adaptive policy pathway’ technique. ▪ The pathway approach is ideally suited to adaptation given the uncertainties that exist around the nature and extent of future climate change, sub-national issues, and the effectiveness of adaptation measures in our unique context. ▪ This NAP presents fifteen (15) indicative sector-based Climate Resilient Development Pathways. However, these pathways can be improved upon through subsequent analyses of costs and co- benefits. ▪ Indicative sectoral pathways utilize the visualization model of Haasnoot et al (2013) which has been widely adopted globally. 6 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Illustrative figure showing dynamic adaptation policy pathway approach utilized by Trinidad and Tobago. Source: Haasnoot et al., 2013 11. This National Adaptation Plan provides foundational guidance for a NAP Communications Strategy and an Enhanced Transparency System for ensuring successful NAP Outcomes. ▪ The Communication Strategy will build on past trainings of media personnel and be led by public and non-governmental institutions and will target various audiences. ▪ The National Climate Change Transparency System will be expanded to programmatic and project-level monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of adaptation actions. ▪ M&E will be coordinated by the MEAU and supported by public sector and non-governmental entities. 7 “Climate change is the single greatest threat to a sustainable future but, at the same time, addressing the climate challenge presents a golden opportunity to promote prosperity, security and a brighter future for us all.” Ban Ki-Moon, Former Secretary-General of the United Nations NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Understanding Climate Change Adaptation and this National Adaptation Plan In 2020, the World Economic Forum reported that climate-related issues such as extreme weather, failure of climate action and natural disasters were among the most likely and impactful global risks facing humanity over the next decade.[1] For Small Island Developing States (SIDS) such as Trinidad and Tobago and its Caribbean neighbours, the social, environmental and economic cost of inaction can be staggering.[2][3] Conversely, these changes have created prospects for research, innovation and business as countries make the best of the rapidly evolving situation.[4][5] Action is needed to reduce our vulnerabilities and to capitalize on the opportunities that can arise from these global changes. There is a need for climate change adaptation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change adaptation as the “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to an actual or expected climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities”.[6] However, making these adjustments is not a straightforward endeavour. Firstly, the scientific techniques used to project future effects and risks are continuously improving, and experience has shown that best-available models have historically underestimated risks.[7] Adaptation measures that are not properly grounded in a holistic assessment of circumstances can lead to “maladaptation” which has deleterious consequences to the economic, environmental and social systems.[8] Still, even well intended measures that yield immediate positive adaptation benefits in the short term, can become maladaptive and increase vulnerability at longer time scales.[8][9] Given the cost of adaptation, such uncertainty can make long-term adaptation planning impractical, if not impossible.[10] Adaptation planning must be continuous, iterative and flexible so that adjustments can be made as new information is presented, contexts change, and lessons are learned. Secondly, balancing adaptation, mitigation, and development measures can be challenging given the limitless range of approaches available under those areas of work.[10][11] Climate Change mitigation is a critical, supporting effort to adaptation: Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions today may reduce future climate risks and thus, lower the long-term costs of adaptation.[12] However, some mitigation and adaptation strategies do not always complement each other and may even be counterproductive.[13][14] Identifying and utilizing synergistic strategies that balance the trade-offs between approaches can reduce costs while advancing both goals.[15] Thus, it is critical that adaptation be considered in the context of continuous development planning, towards low- carbon, climate-resilient development. 9 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Thirdly, some degree of climate change is now inevitable, and its effects may exceed the limits of adaptation.[16] It is estimated that the lag-time between emissions and the manifestation of their impacts can vary from a decade to a century.[17] For Caribbean SIDS, the unmitigated impacts are expected to exceed US$22 billion annually by 2050 due to their inherent vulnerabilities.[18][19][20] At the national scale, these impacts can erode decades of developmental gains.[21] More critically however, is the significant impact to the poor and marginalized communities that traditionally exist in the transitional spaces between ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ known as “adaptation frontiers”.[22] Proper adaptation planning must be considerate of this reality and ensure that a proper adaptation framework is in place to enhance the resilience of ecosystems, economies and communities that exist at the frontline of climate change consequences. Considering these factors and the increasing urgency to act, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) has prepared this National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP is a product of years of participatory development and is complementary to Trinidad and Tobago’s Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). This plan describes an integrated approach to climate change adaptation with leadership coming from governmental, private and civil society actors. This plan differs from convention by recognizing that maximum flexibility is needed for facing the uncertain future and adopting a “climate resilient development pathways approach” to adaptation implementation. The Trinidad and Tobago NAP is agile, utilizing the combination of approaches needed at the right times to ensure that cost-effective adaptation against the short-term effects of climate change is met while building long-term resilience through climate-smart, low- emission development pathways. 1.2 Mandate for the NAP and Adaptation Communications The Paris Agreement establishes climate change adaptation as a key issue for global governance.[23] Article 7(1) sets a clear global goal for adaptation, namely [24]: i. to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience; ii. to reduce vulnerabilities, with a view to contributing to sustainable development; and iii. to ensure an adequate adaptation response in the context of holding average global warming wellbelow 2oC and pursuing efforts to hold it below 1.5oC. Article 7(9) establishes a requirement of all parties to engage in adaptation planning and implementation which includes, inter alia, the development of a national adaptation plan [24]: 10 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Article 7(10) and 7(11) recommends that parties should submit and update an “Adaptation Communication” (ADCOM) as appropriate, as a component of, or in conjunction with, other National Communications (NC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[24] This means that the ADCOM can be a stand-alone document or a component/companion of other communication instruments including but not limited to the NAP, NC, Biennial Update Reports (BURs), Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).[24][25] At the 24th Conference of Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC held in Katowice (2018), further guidance on the structure of an AC was adopted under decision 9/CMA.1 and its accompanying Annex.[26] Towards ensuring that its obligations to the Paris Agreement are met, the GORTT has sought to use this NAP as the vehicle for its first Adaptation Communication. Thus, this document goes beyond what is required of a typical NAP and includes the core components of an ADCOM as well. 1.3 Trinidad and Tobago’s NAP Process At the 16th COP of the UNFCCC in 2010, The Cancun Adaptation Framework established NAPs as a means of identifying medium and long-term adaptation needs for reducing vulnerabilities to climate impacts and developing and implementing strategies and programmes for addressing those needs.[27] At COP 17 (2011) in Durban, parties defined the process of developing NAPs (i.e., “the NAP process”) by outlining its objectives and principles and providing an initial guideline in an Annex.[28] Especially relevant are the following paragraphs: “Further agrees that enhanced action on adaptation should be undertaken in accordance with the Convention, should follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional and indigenous knowledge, and by gender-sensitive approaches, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, where appropriate” (Decision 5/CP.17, par 3) And “Agrees that the national adaptation plan process should not be prescriptive, nor result in the duplication of efforts undertaken in-country, but should rather facilitate country-owned, country- driven action.” (Decision 5/CP.17, par 4) 11 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO The initial guidelines contained four elements of a NAP. The following year, in 2012, the LDC Expert Group (LEG) prepared technical guidelines elaborating the NAP process which expanded the number of suggested elements to 17.[29] Still, they maintained that there is no prescriptive format for a NAP and that flexibility remains a core tenet of NAP development.[29] This is evident in that each of the 23 NAPs submitted to the UNFCCC by developing countries to date has its own unique structure with few overlapping elements.[30] The GORTT has recognized that many of the steps that comprise the elements of an effective NAP process overlap with measures the government has pursued since 2014 towards satisfying its UNFCCC reporting requirements and meeting its national climate change goals. To minimize duplicity, the NAP process that underpins this first NAP was not established as its own stand-alone project. Instead, synergies with long-standing and new climate change efforts were exploited to create a unique, nationally appropriate process that transcends multiple projects and project donors. Some LEG recommended steps were overlooked as they were not aligned with the country’s context and vision for the NAP. For example, “setting a long-term implementation strategy” is incongruent with the GORTT’s preferred reiterative pathways approach. Still, the result is a comprehensive, participatory and gender-sensitive NAP. Table 1 – Summary of activities undertaken towards the preparation of the Trinidad and Tobago NAP NAP Element Activities Undertaken Project (Funding Support) Year Laying the Established spearheading/coordinating entity N/A 2011 groundwork • The National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) (GORTT) identifies the Multilateral Environmental and addressing Agreements Unit (MEAU) of the Ministry of the gaps Planning and Development (MPD) as the coordinating entity for Trinidad and Tobago’s climate change obligations, inclusive of preparing national adaptation planning through the National Climate Change Policy. Operationalized the adaptation planning process by N/A 2014 accessing support through several projects. (GORTT) – • Through several projects funding was received to 2021 establish many of the elements of the NAP. Preparing Conducted a stocktake of on-going/ past adaptation Vulnerability and Capacity 2018 Elements activities Assessment (VCA) Report for • Literature review under the national Vulnerability Trinidad and Tobago and Capacity Assessment. (European Union) Synthesized available analysis of current and future Vulnerability and Capacity 2018 climate at the broad scale. Assessment (VCA) Report for • Modelling done through the national Vulnerability Trinidad and Tobago and Capacity Assessment (European Union) 12 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO NAP Element Activities Undertaken Project (Funding Support) Year Assessed potential barriers and gaps to undertaking Vulnerability and Capacity 2018 adaptation Assessment (VCA) Report for • Discussion of the national Vulnerability and Trinidad and Tobago Capacity Assessment (European Union) Developed and implemented climate change NDC Support Programme 2019 programmes on communication, public awareness and (UNDP/GEF) education • Media Sensitization Sessions on Climate Change Reporting Examined gender data with regards to climate change NDC Support Programme 2019 action (UNDP/GEF) • Gender Analysis and Action Plan for the NDC Implementation Plan. Analysed current climate to identify trends and indices Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 that could help in decision-making Assessment (VCA) Report for • Trend Analysis of the national Vulnerability and Trinidad and Tobago Capacity Assessment (European Union) Assessed vulnerability to climate change at sector, Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 subnational and national levels through robust Assessment (VCA) Report for consultative processes Trinidad and Tobago • Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Strategy (European Union) of the national Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 Assessment Third National Communication • VCA of coastal zones for the Third National (TNC) and 1st Biennial Update Communication (TNC)/ 1st Biennial Update Report Report (BUR) Project. (BUR) (UNDP/ GEF) Ranked climate change risks and vulnerabilities Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 • Hazard Assessment of the national Vulnerability and Assessment (VCA) Report for Capacity Assessment Trinidad and Tobago • Sectoral Assessment of the national Vulnerability (European Union) and Capacity Assessment Appraised individual adaptation options through Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 participatory stakeholder processes Assessment (VCA) Report for • Sectoral Assessment of the national Vulnerability Trinidad and Tobago and Capacity Assessment (European Union) Third National Communication (TNC) and 1st Biennial Update 2019 Report (BUR) Project. (UNDP/ GEF) 13 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO NAP Element Activities Undertaken Project (Funding Support) Year Compiled information on the main development Capacity Development for Improved 2021 objectives, policies and plans Management of Multilateral • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Identified synergies between development and Capacity Development for Improved 2021 adaptation objectives, policies, plans and programmes Management of Multilateral • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Identified opportunities and constraints for integration of Capacity Development for Improved 2021 climate change into planning Management of Multilateral • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Prepared National Adaptation Plan Capacity Development for Improved 2021 • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Management of Multilateral Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Implementation Strengthened institutional and regulatory framework for NDC Support Programme 2019 implementation through national and sectoral levels (UNDP/GEF) Strategies • Institutional Capacity Assessment • Draft Climate Change Legislation Vulnerability and Capacity 2019 • Delineated Main Ridge Forest Reserve Tobago Assessment (VCA) Report for • GIS capacity building Trinidad and Tobago • NDC Financial Implementation Plan (European Union) • Climate Finance Opportunities Assessment Third National Communication 2019 (TNC) and 1st Biennial Update Report (BUR) Project (UNDP/ GEF) Identified priority adaptation strategies. Third National Communication 2019 • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS (TNC) and 1st Biennial Update Report (BUR) Project. (UNDP/ GEF) Capacity Development for Improved Management of Multilateral 2021 Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Developed criteria for choosing adaptation pathways. Capacity Development for Improved 2021 • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Management of Multilateral Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits media (UNDP/ GEF) 14 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO NAP Element Activities Undertaken Project (Funding Support) Year Identified opportunities and synergies between the NAP Capacity Development for Improved 2021 and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements Management of Multilateral (MEAs) Environmental Agreements for • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Reporting Established review cycle for the NAP Capacity Development for Improved 2021 Monitoring • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Management of Multilateral Environmental Agreements for and Review Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Establish areas for improvement of the NAP Capacity Development for Improved 2021 • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Management of Multilateral Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) Disseminate the NAP to the UNFCCC and other relevant Capacity Development for Improved 2021 stakeholders, as it becomes available Management of Multilateral • Preparation of the NAP and LT-LEDS Environmental Agreements for Global Environmental Benefits (UNDP/ GEF) 2.0 Legal and Institutional Basis for Adaptation 2.1 Legal Frameworks Whereas the GORTT has long undertaken action to address climate change at the national, regional and international level, its policy focus has traditionally been towards greenhouse gas mitigation.[31] Notwithstanding, the GORTT has established five policies that provide an explicit basis for adaptation action: 1. The National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), 2011 [32] The NCCP firmly addresses climate change adaptation (CCA) in its vision and in its policy statements under Section 9.3 – Adaptation. Aligned with the requirements of the UNFCCC, the NCCP commits the GORTT to, inter alia, strengthening its institutional arrangements for research and modelling, assessing vulnerability and developing adaptation options, incorporating adaptation into sectoral policies and national plans, enhancing resilience of human and natural environments, and promoting community- based adaptation through the Trinidad and Tobago Green Fund (TTGF). 15 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 2. The National Development Strategy (NDS), 2015 [33] Under its fifth theme “Placing the Environment at the Centre of Social and Economic Development” the NDS identifies two explicit strategic initiatives that directly speak to adaptation: (i) determine areas of greatest climate risk, and (ii) design and implement adaptation action for vulnerable sectors. 3. Integrated Water Resource Management Policy (IWRM), 2017 [34] The IWRM Policy recognizes the adverse effects of climate change on watersheds and water systems, as well as the roles that water systems, such as wetlands, can play in adaptation. It makes explicit reference in sub-section 6.1.1 “Climate Adaptation Instruments” wherein the GORTT reaffirms its commitment to action by, inter alia, reducing vulnerability; developing resilient infrastructure, water and food systems; developing integrated plans for the coastal zone, water resources and agriculture; and protecting and rehabilitating areas affected by drought and flooding. 4. The National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2018 [35] The NEP places “Addressing Climate Change and Environmental and Natural Hazards” as one of six priority areas for Trinidad and Tobago. Within that priority, the GORTT reaffirms and expands on the policy statements previously provided in the NCCP in relation to adaptation and resilience building. Among adaptation actions are establishing global partnerships to mobilize adaptation financing, conducting vulnerability and risk assessments, establishing early warning systems, mainstreaming adaptation in national and sectoral policies, strengthening institutional arrangements, supporting community-based adaptation and enhancing climate-resilient ecosystems, human settlements and infrastructure. 5. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) policy framework 2020 [36] The ICZM Policy Framework highlights strategies to “Plan and manage development in the coastal zone to avoid increasing exposure of people, property and economic activities to significant risk from natural and anthropogenic impacts including climate change (e.g. coastal flooding, salinization)” as one of its eleven strategic objectives. The policy framework lists four strategies that speak to this objective, including encouraging the protection and maintenance of dynamic coastal features that protect the coast, conducting coastal vulnerability and risk assessments, developing and implementing holistic programmes for coastal zone protection, and establishing legislation for coastal protection infrastructure and measures. 16 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Additionally, the GORTT has established several policies that have significant co-benefits to adaptation or enhancing resilience through disaster risk reduction (DRR). A non-exhaustive, cross-section of these policies is provided in Table 2. The GORTT especially recognizes the 2014 Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management (CDRM) Policy Framework [37]] The provisions of these sectoral policies contribute directly to CCA and are interconnected with the contents of this NAP. The GORTT has not yet established legislation to specifically address climate change. As such there is not an explicit legislative basis for undertaking climate change adaptation. Draft legislation for this is currently being considered. Still, there are some legislative frameworks through which adaptation and resilience action may be executed in accordance with national policy. These include the Environmental Management Act Chap 35:05 (“EM Act”) [38] and its subsidiary legislation, as well as the Disaster Measures Act Chap 16:50, [39] and the Tobago House of Assembly (THA) Act Chap. 25:03.[40] Consequently, the Environmental Management Authority (EMA), the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) and the Tobago House of Assembly shall have a critical role as Trinidad and Tobago embarks on its “whole of government approach” (WGA) to addressing CCA. This NAP adds to the library of policy instruments that reflect Trinidad and Tobago’s continued commitment to addressing climate change. It serves as a keystone that connects national policy, legislation and the government’s commitments under various multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Table 2 – Sample of national policies and laws that also support climate change adaptation. Policy Instrument Year METHOD OF SUPPORTING ADAPTATION. Policy National Cooling Strategy for Trinidad and 2020 Sets strategies for GHG emissions reductions from the Tobago cooling sector that lowers future climate risks Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy 2019 Supports healthy coastal ecosystems, a coordinated mechanism for coastal activities, reduces vulnerability of people, properties and livelihoods National Protected Areas System Plan 2019 Reduces ecosystem vulnerability and promotes ecosystem-based management NDC Implementation Plan 2017 Outlines system for achieving GHG emission reductions that lowers future climate risks Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) 2015 Sets targets for GHG emission reductions that lower future climate risks. Carbon Reduction Strategy 2015 Sets strategies for GHG emission reductions that lower future climate risks Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management 2014* Proposes structure for assessing and undertaking disaster Policy Framework risk reduction efforts National Forest Policy 2011 Supports ecosystem services from forests 17 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO National Protected Areas Policy 2011 Supports ecosystem services from protected areas National Tourism Policy 2010 Supports environmental protection, especially of coastal resources. National Policy and Programmes on Wetland 2001 Supports wetland conservation Conservation for Trinidad and Tobago Legislation Environmental Management Act and its 2001+ Creates an Authority with the broad mandate to address subsidiary legislation environmental issues and the power to create subsidiary legislations. Mandates for education and pollution control exercised through subsidiary legislation support CCA. Miscellaneous Taxes Act and Green Fund 2007+ Provides Funding to civil society organizations (CSO) and Regulations governmental entities for environmental efforts. Tobago House of Assembly Act 1996 Creates governing body for Tobago with a responsibility for, inter alia, the environment. Disasters Measures Act 1978* Establishes an Authority with the mandate to undertake relief action in the face of disasters. * These policy instruments are being actively revised in 2021 concurrent with the production of this NAP. 2.2 Institutional Frameworks As articulated in the NCCP, the national response to climate change must be multipartite.[32] Effective adaptation and long-term resilience building depend on the meaningful collaboration and participation of academia, research institutions, public and private sector, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community- based organisations (CBOs), business and industry organisations, and the citizenry at large. This NAP constitutes the Strategic Framework and Programme for Climate Resilience and, as such, aims to build the capacity of national actors towards long-term resilience. Whereas multiple policies address adaptation and carry within them their own institutional framework, this NAP shall be coordinated using the mechanism described in the NCCP, which is considered the primary policy for the climate change ‘sector’. The relevant provisions of the 2011 NCCP are: “The implementation of this policy shall be coordinated by the Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit of the Ministry, which has primary responsibility for the implementation of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol as well as other multilateral environmental agreements to which Trinidad and Tobago is signatory, and for which the Ministry is the National Focal Point” (Section 9.1 pg.27). 18 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO And “Implementation of this policy will be done through the setup of relevant stakeholder networks designed to facilitate self-monitoring and reporting” (Section 10, pg.21) This framework has been operationalized towards Trinidad and Tobago’s mitigation targets and is elaborated in its NDC Implementation Plan (Figure 1).[41] This institutional framework shall also be applied for the NAP. NAP implementation will be overseen by a Climate Change Ministerial Committee (CCMC). The Secretariat to the CCMC, the Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit (MEAU), shall utilise the Climate Change Focal Point Network (CCFPN) to form sub-committees to guide sectoral implementation. Sectoral actors responsible for executing adaptation actions shall also be responsible for self-monitoring and reporting on these activities. The general roles and responsibilities of sub-national institutions are presented in Table 3. Figure 1 – Schematic of the NDC Implementation framework to be adopted for the NAP. Source: UNDP, 2017 [41] The GORTT has established a robust Monitoring Review and Verification (MRV) system for the purpose of tracking and reporting on its mitigation targets. Vital to this system is a climate change Knowledge Management System (KMS) which is operated by the Environmental Management Authority (EMA). It is proposed that the KMS also be the repository of adaptation information for the purpose of centralizing national climate change information and exploiting synergies that exist between data collected on mitigation actions for nationalreporting. In doing this, reporting on adaptation will be made more efficient and there will be reduced burden oninstitutional actors who may need to reiterate information to multiple monitoring agencies operating under 19 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO various policy frameworks. For example, monitoring progress on the 2018 NEP, VISION 2030, 2017 IWRM Policy, and UN SDGs all advocate for adaptation action. The GORTT recognizes that measuring the effectiveness of adaptation efforts is much more complex given that it is context specific and lacks a common global reference metric for external verification.[42] Whereas mitigation has an MRV system, adaptation will utilise an enhanced Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system aimed at assessing the adaptive value of interventions, improvement and learning. The Monitoring & Evaluation, framework is elaborated upon in Chapter 11 of this NAP. Like the emissions MRV system, the M&E system will rely on the institutional relationships between the MEAU, EMA and sectoral actors tasked with self-reporting. Both the MRV and M&E systems will comprise the National Climate Change Transparency System (NCCTS). Institutional frameworks established under policies other than the NCCP shall consult with the CCMC Secretariat before establishing and undertaking adaptation action, to minimize duplication of effort and maximize synergies. This includes but is not limited to the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) established under the NEP, and the Disaster Management Advisory Council (DMAC) established under the CDRM Policy Framework. Towards holistic management of climate risks – including through adaptation – the GORTT has conceptualized a ‘Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management’. This programme ascribes specific responsibilities to key governmental and civil society institutions. The role of and responsibilities for the institutions in this programme are presented in the following table. Table 3 - Roles and responsibilities of various institutions in the strategic programme for climate risk management ROLE INSTITUTION CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES Coordination of Multilateral • Coordinate review and implementation of NCCP climate change Environmental • Coordinate the design and implementation of climate change risk management, Agreements Unit, risk management framework mitigation MRV Ministry of Planning • Coordinate the development of climate change management and adaptation and Development M&E. legislation • Coordinate the NAP process and production of the NAP and NDCs • Coordinate development and implementation of a national MRV framework for mitigation and national M&E framework for adaptation • Coordinate GHG, mitigation, support, and adaptation data into the climate change KMS • Coordinates the CCFPN 20 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ROLE INSTITUTION CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES • Develop, monitor and report on indicators for costs and losses associated with climate change • Serve as the National Focal Point and National Designated Authority for international frameworks related to climate change management • Provides oversight to NDC implementation, and NAP implementation Ministry of Finance • Integrate climate change risk management into budget processes, including into the Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP) and State Enterprise Investment Programme (SEIP) • Collate data and information on costs and losses associated with climate change • Input of cost and loss data into the national budget, financial planning processes, and the KMS • Coordinate and oversee climate change risk assessments and management across the financial sector Tobago House of • Integrate climate change risk management into THA budget and Assembly (THA) operations • Develop, monitor, and report on indicators for THA costs and losses associated with climate change • Input of climate change impacts, costs, and losses for Tobago into KMS Management of Environmental • Integrate climate change risk management into the subsidiary climate change Management legislation of the Environmental Management Act Chap. 35:05. risk, mitigation Authority (EMA) • Host and manage the national climate change KMS MRV and • Ensuring quality control of the national GHG inventory system adaptation M&E • Serve as the national implementing entity (NIE) accredited by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) • Serve as the operational entity to the Global Environment Facility • Develop, monitor, and report on indicators for climate resilience in terrestrial ecosystems & natural resources • Input of terrestrial data for MRV GIS • Produce national communications to the UNFCCC • Support public education, sectoral alignment and mainstreaming of climate change Institute of Marine • Integrate climate change risk management into the design and Affairs (IMA) implementation of coastal zone management plans • Develop, monitor, and report on indicators for climate resilience in coastal ecosystems 21 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ROLE INSTITUTION CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES • Provide coastal and marine data to the KMS Office of Disaster • Undertake national and site-specific hazard mapping Preparedness and • Provide training to communities in managing climate change Management risk (ODPM) • Coordinate the development, execution, and periodic review of training exercises on climate change risk management targeting households, businesses, communities, and sectors • Coordinate the collection of data on costs, loss, and damage from natural disasters to infrastructure and human health • Coordinate the integration of climate change projections in building codes • Provide hazard mapping data to the KMS Trinidad and Tobago • Continuous monitoring and sharing of robust, high-quality Meteorological climate data Services • Climate change research and projections for climate variability • Develop, produce, and disseminate climate risk products to each sector • Undertake education and awareness campaigns on climate change hazards and risks • Provide climate data, projections, and modelling to the KMS Ministry of Public • Build capacity for climate change risk management within the Utilities energy sector and electrical utilities • Build capacity for climate change risk management within the water and wastewater sectors • Develop a list of critical infrastructure to be outfitted with emergency back-up solar panels and electrical storage facilities Management of Water Resources • Integrate climate change risk management into development climate change Agency (WRA) and implementation of water resource management policy and risk, mitigation plans MRV and • Develop, monitor, and report on indicators for climate resilience adaptation M&E in water ecosystems • Input of water resources data into the KMS • Continuously monitoring and sharing robust and high-quality hydrological data to inform decision making • Make projections on water demand and water availability studies in the context of climate change • Conduct education and awareness programmes on climate variability and climate change impacts that affect water management • Support flood mapping and undertake flood early warning monitoring 22 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ROLE INSTITUTION CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES Ministry of Works • Assess and manage climate change risks to critical and Transport infrastructure, assets, and properties • Develop, produce, and disseminate guides on integrating climate change risks into the design of critical infrastructure, assets, and properties • Coordinate the development, adoption, and implementation of Climate Resilient and Green Energy Building Codes • Input of climate change impacts, costs and losses on critical infrastructure, assets, and properties into the KMS Ministry of Health • Assess and manage climate change risks to public health and health service delivery • Assess and manage climate change risks to health infrastructure • Develop, produce, and disseminate information on climate change risk to health sector • Education and awareness on climate change risks to public health • Input of climate change impacts, costs, and losses to the health sector into KMS Ministry of • Assess and manage climate change risks to agriculture, fisheries, Agriculture, and food security Lands and • Integrate climate change and disaster hazard maps into Spatial Fisheries Information Management System (SIMS) and the KMS • Provide education and awareness on climate change risks to farmers, fisherfolk, and aquaculturists • Input of climate change impacts, costs and losses to the agriculture, fishery, and aquaculture sector into the KMS Management of Ministry of Rural • Assess and manage climate change risks to local government climate change Development critical infrastructure and service delivery risk, mitigation and Local • Integrate climate change risks into local level disaster MRV and Government management plans adaptation M&E • Develop, produce, and disseminate guides on integrating climate change risks into the design and construction of homes and commercial buildings • Input of climate change impacts, costs and losses on local government and communities into KMS • Coordinate the collection of data on costs, loss, and damage from climate change at the Municipal level • Hazard mapping at the Municipal level using real time data as well as utilize indigenous knowledge 23 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ROLE INSTITUTION CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES • Coordinate plot level hazard and risk assessments to be filed with the Land Information System. • Continuous and ongoing training in climate change risk management and data collection Support for Financial Services • Utilize hazard mapping for mortgages, commercial loans, and climate change Sector insurance programmes risk management, • Develop products with incentives for climate adaptation and mitigation mitigation. MRV and adaptation • Develop and implement micro-finance and micro-insurance M&E products that support the most vulnerable Utility Companies • Integrate climate change risk management into the design and operation of utility infrastructure and operations Town and Country • Develop and implement a climate resilient building code Planning Division • Integrate climate change risk management, hazard mapping and (TCPD) the climate resilient building code into the physical development application process Non-Governmental • Execute climate change education and awareness programmes Organizations that target the individual, household, and community levels, (NGOs), and with special emphasis on at-risk and vulnerable groups Community-based • Build the climate change risk management capacity in local Organizations (CBOs). communities • Undertake resilience building and adaptation projects • Support the Monitoring and Evaluation of adaptation projects Tertiary-level • Develop and implement climate risk management accreditation Education • Conduct Training programmes on climate risk management Institutions. Regional and • Provide technical and financial support to adaptation efforts International • Support project implementation Institutions. 24 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 3.0 National Circumstances 3.1 Geographic The twin-island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is the southernmost island state in the Caribbean. Located northeast of Venezuela, and south of Grenada, the country is roughly between 10˚N and 11.5˚N (degrees North) latitude, and between 60˚W and 62˚W (degrees West) longitude. This also means that it shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast, and Guyana to the southeast. The country measuresin at 5,128 square kilometres (1,979 square miles) and consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, along with numerous smaller landforms. Approximately 45.7% of its land surface is covered by primary and secondaryforests, while the remaining 54.3% consists of various agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial usage.[43] Due to the movement of both the Caribbean and South American tectonic plates, several fault systems run across Trinidad, including the El Pilar Fault system, the Northern Range Fault, Central Range Fault, Darien Ridge, Los Bajos Fault and the Arima Fault. Trinidad and Tobago, as a tropical island nation, has a corresponding climate, with distinct wet- and dry- seasons that are heavily influenced by the northeast trade winds. The island of Trinidad features three mountain ranges, the Northern Range, the Central Range, and the Southern Range, all of which determine the island’s drainage and watershed patterns and provide most of the potable water that the nation consumes. Trinidad’s seabed also contains an oil-bearing belt, and this underground hydrocarbon storage aids in giving rise to several mud volcanoes on the island. This supply of fresh crude oil also contributes to the formation of the largest natural deposit of pitch in the world, the ‘Pitch Lake’, in La Brea, Trinidad. The smaller island of Tobago features one prominent mountain range, the Main Ridge, that runs through the island’s centre. Tobago’s main marine feature is its coral plains which give rise to several coral reefs along its perimeter. These reefs are home to a variety of marine species, and contribute greatly to Trinidad and Tobago’s biodiversity and tourism and fishing sectors. 3.2 Environmental The tropical climate combined with its geological origins as a former part of South America results in a wide array of distinct physical environments and ecosystems. These include rivers, streams, mangrove forests, evergreen and deciduous forests, savannahs, beaches, seagrass beds and coral reefs. This diversity gives rise to  Gaspar, Grande, Monos, Chacachacare, Huevos, Little Tobago and St. Giles island. 25 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO robust biological diversity. Trinidad and Tobago boast of over 6000 species, with 78 confirmed endemics.[43] Over the past decade, terrestrial and mangrove forest cover has increased.[43][44] On the other hand, marshlands have been decreasing and the state of the country’s freshwater systems are increasingly poor due to pollution and development activities.[43] Marine ecosystems have seen a decline as well due to localized pollution and unsustainable harvesting, exacerbated by the effects of climate change.[43][45] Terrestrial forests have been valued at US$2,195 per hectare per year for the ecosystem services they provide.[46] Similarly, the environmental services provided by coastal ecosystems have been estimated to be US$924 per hectare per year, providing as much as US$49.6 million annually in protective services against the effects of climate change.[47][48] Considering this, Trinidad and Tobago has made a concerted effort to implement ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) and ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) methodologies to improve biodiversity conservation and support local communities.[49] 3.3 Economic Due to the oil-bearing belt on the west coast, Trinidad and Tobago was able to achieve significant economic growth because of its energy industry since the early 20th century. The sector currently contributes as much as 36% of the country’s annual gross domestic product (GDP) of approximately US$24 billion.[50][51] Notwithstanding, the country has registered negative ‘real GDP’ growth rates since 2014.[52] This has been exacerbated by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted in widespread contractions in all indices of ‘real economic activity’.[52] Reduced revenues and large COVID-19 driven expenditures have resulted in a fiscal deficit equivalent to roughly 10% of its GDP, bringing the country’s debt-equivalent to almost 81% of its GDP.[53] 3.4 Social The population of Trinidad and Tobago is estimated at roughly 1.4 million persons with 4% (60,000 people) living in Tobago. It is estimated that roughly 70% of the population is located along the coastal zone, with population densities greater along the Western sides of both islands.[54] In 2020, Trinidad and Tobago’s total labour force was estimated to be 637,047 persons, with roughly 250,000 persons earning up to TT$7000 per month.[55][56] Trinidad is split into 14 Regional Corporations and municipalities, consisting of 9 regions and 5 municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy. Tobago is administered by the Tobago House of Assembly. 26 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 3.5 Gender In Trinidad and Tobago, most women have access to excellent healthcare, maternity services, and education. Approximately 74.5% of all girls and 71.2% of all boys in Trinidad and Tobago have some degree of secondary school education, while enrolment at the tertiary level is skewed towards women: 37% men and 63% women.[57] However, these statistics are not directly transferred into the working environment. In the formal labour market 51% of all women participate in comparison to 73.7% of all men. In every sector of employment and occupational group womencompromise the majority of the unemployed and are paid less than men.[57][58] Pay inequality, unfavourable working conditions, sexual harassment and unequal opportunities for upward mobility are common barriers for women entering the labour market, except when employed by the State.[59] Gender-based violence is a persistent problem, with one in three womenaged 15 – 64 having experienced some form of sexual or physical violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime.[60] Despite these challenges, Trinidad and Tobago has in recent times experienced positive trends regarding women in authority. Women occupy 21% of leadership positions within Trinidad’s 14 municipal districts: 32% of Parliamentary seats, and account for over 70% of the high-court judges.[57][58] The country had its first female Prime Minister over the period 2010 – 2015 and has had a female President since 2018. Trinidad and Tobago has a Gender Inequality Index of 0.324, making it a “medium to high” inequality country.[57] 27 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4.0 Rationale for Climate Change Adaptation 4.1 Climate Change Analysis and Projected Changes 4.1.1 Current Climate Trinidad and Tobago’s overall climate is shaped by several Table 4 – Key Climate Statistics for Trinidad interacting and counteracting forces, but its geographical position is and Tobago a predominant factor. The country is close to the equator and its TEMPERATURE [oC] location places it within the zones of influence of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the North Atlantic Sub-Tropical High- Average Daily 26.5 pressure cell and the Tropical Atlantic Cyclone or Hurricane Belt which collectively contribute to the temperature, rainfall and wind Average 31.3 regimes that are experienced on the twin-island republic. Key climate Maximum statistics for these parameters are presented in Table 4. The spatial Average 22.7 pattern of rainfall is presented in Figure 2. Minimum Figure 2 – Spatial distribution of rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago RAINFALL [mm] Trinidad Average 2000 Tobago Central 3800 Tobago Coastal 1250 WINDSPEED [m/s] Annual Average 3.15 Wet Season 3.35 Average Dry Season 2.61 Average 28 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO D Distinct dry and wet seasons, a characteristic of many other Caribbean territories, last from January through May and June through to December, respectively. Variances in temperature, rainfall and wind patterns are observed across seasons, due to meso- and macro-climatic determinants. Trinidad and Tobago also exhibit varied climates, conditioned by factors of land size, orography, elevation, orientation in terms of the trade winds and geographical location. Due to its location at the southern border of the Tropical Atlantic Hurricane Belt, Trinidad and Tobago, is not as frequently affected by tropical disturbances and cyclone activity as its neighbours in the Eastern Caribbean. However, Tobago, the more northerly of the two islands, is more vulnerable to impacts than Trinidad. Figure 3 shows the tracks of historical systems passing directly over or near to Trinidad and Tobago between 1916 and

2015 (100 years). Figure 3 – Historical tracks of tropical cyclone systems relative to Trinidad and Tobago from 1916 – 2015 29 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4.1.2 Historical Climate Trends Observed data for Trinidad and Tobago indicate varied degrees of change in temperature and rainfall variables over the last half-century. Temperature recordings for Trinidad and Tobago exhibit an increasing trend averaging 0.27°C and 0.17°C per decade, respectively. The increase measured over the last three decades has been especially marked as shown in the figure below. Figure 4 – Average monthly temperature in Trinidad and Tobago, 1960 – 2012. Monthly Temperature [°C] 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 1960 1961 1963 1965 1967 1968 1970 1972 1974 1975 1977 1979 1981 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1995 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 Rainfall changes over the same period are less clear cut with more sporadic changes that vary both spatially and temporally. However, some key trends have been observed: a) Tobago’s rainfall data exhibits a declining trend when recent decades are compared to the 1969- 1990 average. b) The highest values of one-day rainfall recordings have increased over the last two decades, occurring within the dry season. c) The highest number of extremely wet days recorded at Piarco for the last five decades were observed during the most recent 2001 – 2010 decadal period, lending to a possible trend of recent increase in intense, short-duration rainfall. d) Dry seasons in the drier, southern region of Trinidad have become 10% drier over the last century (1901-2010), based on gridded data records. 30 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Figure 5 – Average monthly rainfall in Trinidad and Tobago, 1960 – 2012. 500 450 Monthly Precipitation [mm] 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 1960 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 1969 1971 1972 1974 1975 1977 1979 1980 1982 1983 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 1994 1996 1998 1999 2001 2002 2004 2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 4.1.3 Projected Climate Trends Projected climate trends have been assessed using General Circulation Models (GCM) and Regional Climate Models (RCM) outputs from climate modelling work recently conducted for Trinidad and Tobago as well as Caribbean regional data from the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report.[61][62] A summary of findings is presented below. Figure 6 – Summary of projected climate change trends for Trinidad and Tobago until 2100 AIR ANNUAL MONTHLY SEA SURFACE SEA LEVEL RISE TEMPERATURE RAINFALL RAINFALL TEMPERATURE   + 7mm    2.4 – 3.6˚C 22% - 30% - 40mm 0.9˚C – 3.1˚C 75 – 126cm Tidal gauging stations around the Caribbean reveal an increase in sea level rise (SLR) of about 1.5 mm – 3 mm per year. IPCC projections range between 0.18 to 0.56 m by 2100 under emissions scenarios A2, whilst alternative scenarios based on accelerating ice sheet melt indicate increases of up to 1.45 m.[62] 31 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4.2 Hazard Profile Trinidad and Tobago, like most SIDS, are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change because of their developing status, small physical size, low-lying coastal areas, low availability of resources, small but rapidly growing population and increasing pressures on natural resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters, excessive dependence on international trade and vulnerability to global developments.[63][64] Data gathered by the ODPM has indicated that Trinidad and Tobago is susceptible to a variety of natural andanthropogenic hazards.[65] Categories of hazards include, but are not limited to biological, industrial/technological,social/organizational, and environmental.[65] Historically, the most frequent environmental hazards have been geological or hydrometeorological in nature – both of which must be understood and considered for robust CCA. Trinidad and Tobago has benefited from multiple studies of its climate change hazards, vulnerabilities, risks and impacts. This chapter summarizes the information provided from the 2014 preliminary vulnerability assessment conducted by the ODPM;[65] 2014 assessments on the economics of climate change adaptation conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB);[2] 2019 national VCA conducted by the EU;[66] and

2019 VCA on the coastal resources of Trinidad and Tobago conducted by the UNDP.[67] Additionalcontemporary data has also been provided where possible. 4.1.1 Geological Hazards A major fault line runs through the islands making it highly susceptible to seismic events .[65] High- magnitude earthquakes are few and far between; however low magnitude tremors are felt as often as once per month. The UWI Seismic Research Centre estimates that roughly 280 earthquakes have been detected around Trinidad and Tobago annually since 1990, with less than 50 being greater than magnitude 3.5 .[68] Given the number of fault lines that run through urban areas, and the extent of development along the coast, earthquakes and corresponding liquidation and tsunami events are low-probability, high-impact hazards. The most recent earthquake of note was a 6.9 tremor in 2018 which caused damage to buildings throughout the country.[68] Seismic hazards have the potential to adversely impact physical adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Earthquakes may cause immediate physical damage to adaptive infrastructure while sea level rise (SLR) associated with climatechange may exacerbate the impact of earthquake generated tsunamis.[69] There is also evidence to suggest a correlation between global temperature rise and seismic activity, with glacial melt resulting in enhanced seismic activity globally due to “isostatic rebound” of tectonic plates.[70][71] 32 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4.2.2 Hydrometeorological Hazards Due to its geographic location, tropical cyclones rarely make direct contact with Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, only 2 hurricanes and 5 tropical storms have affected Trinidad since 1850 while Tobago has experienced 21 tropical storms and 6 hurricanes since 1872. This makes tropical cyclones a low-probability, high- impact hazard. Meteorological hazards are weather-related events such as flooding, lightning, landslides, tides, fires and high wind events. Excessive rainfall related hazards, viz., landslips, riverine flooding and flash flooding, are especially frequent and problematic. During the period 2011-2014, Trinidad recorded 695 floods, 277 strong wind events and 179 landslides.[72] Conversely, low-rainfall hazards in the form of meteorological drought occur with moderate frequency, several years apart and lasting several months. The most notable droughts in recent history occurred over the period 1997- 1998, 2002 – 2004, and 2009 -2010 with the last due to the average precipitation being reduced by 75%.[2] Hydrometeorological hazards are greatly exacerbated by projected climate change.[64] These hazards have the potential to directly impact physical mitigation and adaptation initiatives as well as pervasively disrupt human health, livelihoods, and social networks. CCA efforts will primarily focus on building resilience against anticipated hydro meteorological hazards. 4.2.3 Hazard Ranking for Trinidad and Tobago The GORTT recognizes that the threats presented by hazards are not uniform across communities, sectors, or islands. The vulnerability and adaptive capacity are highly localized and context driven. Nevertheless, through an inclusive, participatory process with sector experts, a national level appraisal of hazards was undertaken to broadly rank the hazards facing Trinidad and Tobago based on frequency, area of impact, and magnitude.[66] The result of this assessment is presented in Table 5. Table 5 – Hazard Ranking of selected hazards affecting Trinidad and Tobago PRIORITY HAZARD FREQUENCY AREA MAGNITUDE POTENTIAL IMPACT DAMAGE

1 Earthquake 3 3 3 18

2 Flooding 3 2 3 15 33 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

3 Tropical Cyclone 2 2 3 12

3 Landslides 2 2 3 12

5 Tsunami 1 2 3 9

7 Pollution/ Contamination 3 3 1 6

8 Sea Level Rise 3 2 1 5

9 Coastal Erosion 2 2 1 4

9 Storm Surges 2 2 1 4

9 Saltwater Intrusion 2 2 1 4

10 Land subsistence 1 1 1 2

10 Ocean Acidification 1 1 1 2 *Notes: • Potential damage = (Frequency + Area Impact) x Magnitude • Frequency was assessed on a 4-point scale: (0) No occurrences, (1) below average (2) average (3) above average. • Area Impact was assessed on a 4-point scale: (0) No areas affected, (1) one community, no sensitive areas affected (2) one or more communities with sensitive areas affected (3) entire country affected. • Magnitude was assessed on a 4-point scale: (0) No damages or disruptions (1) No major disruptions in the day- to-day activities, (2) physical and environmental damage, loss of property, minor injuries (3) death, loss of livelihoods, severe environmental degradation. Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.3 Sovereign Risk Climate change represents a significant sovereign risk to Trinidad and Tobago. The observed and anticipated changes to Trinidad and Tobago’s climate adversely impact social and economic activity across a multitude of sectors, particularly those dependent on natural resources. Additionally, the anticipated effects promise to exacerbate the frequency and severity of natural hazards which pose a direct threat to Trinidad and Tobago’s environmental, social and economic assets. This creates an untenable situation in which the GORTT may be constrained in servicing its debts and serving public interests. It has been estimated that unless adaptation measures to address the anticipated temperature increases are adopted, Trinidad and Tobago’s GDP would be reduced by 9% in 2030, 30% in 2050 and 82% by 2100.[73] Figure 7 – Percentage Difference in GDP per capita in “no climate change” and “climate change” scenarios. 34 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Source: Clarke, 2019 [67] adapted from Burke et al., 2015 [73] This does not consider potential losses that may occur from climate-change exacerbated natural disasters, which could also be significant. The historical impacts of natural hazards over the period 1933 – 2018 are presented in Table 6. In October 2018, Trinidad and Tobago experienced an unprecedented flooding event because of a series of weather ‘anomalies’ which led to an entire month’s worth of rain being released over 48 hours. [74] This resulted in 80% of the country being affected by flash and riverine flooding which severed transportation routes, affected over 150,000 people, and caused an estimated US$3.7 million in infrastructural damage.[75] It is estimated that the aggregated cost of unmitigated damage from sea level rise and hurricanes to Trinidad and Tobago could exceed US$12 billion by 2100.[76] Table 6 – Historical costs of hydrometeorological disasters in Trinidad and Tobago 35 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Source: Fontes de Meira and Phillips, 2019 [75] The decline in GDP along with increasing costs of disaster creates a macro-economic imperative for CCA. The following section details the specific vulnerabilities, risks and impacts faced by specific economic sectors. 4.4 Sectoral Vulnerability, Risks and Impacts 4.4.1 Coastal Zone Resources The GORTT considers its coastal resources to be the natural capital found within its coastal zone. This includes marine and coastal ecosystems, their ecosystem services and natural resources. Trinidad and Tobago’s ICZM Policy framework defines the coastal zone as: “the geographical area covering both the maritime and terrestrial parts of the shore, including off- shore islands, salt-water ponds, and wetlands in contact with the sea. The coastal zone of Trinidad and Tobago shall mean all areas of sea extending to the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and includes the shoreline and coastal lands, which are inland areas above the high-water mark that influence the quality or composition of coastal waters, or are influenced in some way by their proximity to coastal waters” (Section 3, page 5) [36] 36 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Figure 8 – Terrestrial area within Trinidad and Tobago’s Coastal Zone Source: GORTT, 2020 [36] Such wide jurisdictional space not only covers a marine area 15 times larger than the country’s landmass but also encompasses the majority of Trinidad and Tobago’s surface area.[36] Consequently, the ‘coastal resources sector’ intersects, protects and supports many other economic sectors including, but not limited to oil and gas, agriculture and fisheries, tourism, water resources, human health, biodiversity and transportation. It is estimated that within the coastal zone lies: • 70% of the population and 80% of urban areas • 80% of critical economic infrastructure and activities, including oil and gas • 60% of small-scale economic activities that are significant to supporting human lives • 50% of the country’s total roads and national transportation arteries • 90% of tourist facilities and hotels • Fisheries infrastructure responsible for 90% of annual production; and • 81% of annual GDP activity[77] 37 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Oceans and coastal ecosystems are critical for their direct provisional benefits as well as their protective benefits across the entirety of Trinidad and Tobago’s economy. Trinidad and Tobago’s coastal zone and coastal resources are highly vulnerable to climate change. These impacts are expected to stem from rising temperature, decreased precipitation and SLR. Yet, maintaining healthy, functioning ecosystems is critical for maximizing their effectiveness in reducing human vulnerability and supporting adaptation to climate change. CCA in the coastal resources sector is critical for the GORTT’s thrust for a ‘blue economy’ centred on oceans as good business.[78] The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s coastal resources by the TWG is presented in Table 7. It was determined that the highest risk to this sector is from extreme weather events, resulting in damage and destruction of coastal infrastructure, fisheries infrastructure and equipment, coastal ecosystems and biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, forests. However, it was believed that the probability in the short term is low.[66] Table 7 – Climate risks and impacts on the coastal resources sector CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON COASTAL RESOURCES SECTOR Sea Level Rise • The loss, damage, erosion or retreat of ecosystems • Coastal inundation leading to loss of fishery nurseries, freshwater ecosystems, agriculture and related saltwater intrusion Sea Level Rise and Storm • Coastal and inland flooding leading to impact on freshwater ecosystems, Surge agriculture, aquaculture and coastal infrastructure • Damage to fisheries infrastructure, vessels, gear, and equipment, leading to loss of earnings by fisher folk • Loss of habitat and destruction to nesting sites of migratory and other bird species • Loss of nesting sites for marine turtles • Disturbance and destruction of seagrass beds • Accelerated loss of beach sediment impacting beach fauna, tourism and land protection services Variations in temperature • Negative impact on forest biodiversity (Air) • Influence on sex ratio of turtle hatchlings • Spatial changes in biodiversity and species distribution Increased GHG emissions • Increased ocean acidification leading to impacts on calcareous organisms and leading to changes in ecosystems Carbon Sequestration • Increases in sea grass and forestry productivity levels Variations in temperature • Increase in coral bleaching and death to coral reefs resulting in adverse (Sea surface) impacts to fishery nurseries and coastal defences, leading to reduced ecotourism and income 38 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON COASTAL RESOURCES SECTOR • Reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration • Increase in algal blooms, planktonic concentration and variation in composition of these, leading to increased fish kills and incidence of food poisoning • Migration of pelagic species out of the region to cooler waters impacting upon viability of fisheries • Increases in sea grass and forestry productivity • Changes in growth and life cycle of biodiversity Variations in precipitation • Change in precipitation may affect fish catch and change behaviour of some (localized) commercially viable species such as fish schooling after rains, and mollusc reproduction. • Coastal erosion, flooding, inundation and pollution to nearshore water which can reduce shellfish quality. • Reduced salinity from excessive runoff with possible impact on estuarine and nearshore species • Reduction in beach and water quality • Increased risk of fungal and bacterial related diseases in biodiversity and proliferation of water and vector borne diseases • Changes in location of migratory species • Spatial changes in biodiversity leading to species distribution changes • Overall negative impacts on biodiversity, leading to shortfalls in the eco- tourism sector Extreme Weather Events • Flash flooding leading to increased runoff, coastal erosion, inundation and (intense precipitation) may in turn cause pollution to shellfish, increased instances of fish kills and food poisoning from coastal runoff, coastal infrastructure and fish landing sites • Reduced salinity from excessive runoff may affect estuarine and nearshore species Extreme Weather Events • Increase in instances of heat related health issues for fisherfolk (extreme heat) • Increase in instances of heat stress on biodiversity and disruption of breeding cycles • Hypersalinity of wetland ecosystems • Impacts on soil moisture, chemistry and productivity leading to negative impact on agricultural and soil biodiversity • Increase in instances of forest fires • Localized increase in sea surface temperature resulting in changes to dissolved oxygen concentration resulting in fish mortality • Drying out of small pools and ponds leading to die off in biodiversity 39 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON COASTAL RESOURCES SECTOR Extreme Weather Events • Damage and destruction of coastal infrastructure, fisheries infrastructure (likelihood of increase in and equipment, coastal ecosystems and biodiversity, terrestrial ecosystems, category 4 and 5 agriculture and forests. hurricanes and change in • Loss of life and injury to fisherfolk. hurricane tracks) • Short term negative impacts on beaches, coastal erosion, water quality. • Destruction or damage of genetic diversity and collections of interest such as the cocoa gene bank. Increase in climate • Changes in seasonally dependent biodiversity such as pollinators, birds, variability amphibians, reptiles and insects. • Increase in range and population of invasive species, pests, vectors and diseases. • Agricultural systems, productivity increases for some crops. • Negative impact on marine food chain. Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.2 Agriculture and Food Security Trinidad and Tobago’s agricultural sector has shifted from an export-oriented industry to one geared towards meeting domestic demands to ensure food security. Currently only 10.5% of the total land area is categorised as agricultural land and the country is highly dependent on food imports. The decline of the agriculture sector especially in terms of real contribution to GDP, threatens the seemingrelevance of the sector to the national economy and thus places it at a disadvantage in terms of investments. Crop production is affected biophysically by meteorological variables, including rising temperatures,changing precipitation patterns, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, the availability of water resources and the anomalous presence of extreme events. Key climate-related impacts already being observed include increased aridity of soils and decreased crop yields due to an increase in air temperature, salinization of soils and ground water due to coastal inundation as wellas reduced availability of freshwater due to lower precipitation. Assessments indicate that by 2050 there will be a significant reduction in the area suitable for growing tomatoes due to changing climatic conditions, and though cocoa may be less affected by temperature precautions are necessary to ensure sufficient irrigation.[79] Shifts in agroecological conditions by 2050 suggest that agricultural encroachment may occur on upland forested areas.[79] For root crops, fisheries and vegetables combined, the cumulative loss under A2 is calculated as approximately 40 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO US$ 352.8 million and approximately US$ 270.8 million under B2 by 2050. This is equivalent to 1.37 % and 1.05 % of 2008 GDP under the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively.[80] Projected climate change impacts are expected to negatively affect the agricultural sector nationwide, with more pronounced effect in the central to southern parts of Trinidad compared to other areasand Tobago.[66] The vulnerability of agricultural systems globally and the continued reliance of Trinidad and Tobagoon imports of staples such as wheat and maize coupled with declines in domestic agriculture is an important consideration for climate change planning. The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s agriculture and fisheries sector by the TWG is presented in Table 8. It was determined that the highest risks from climate change are from sea level rise and storm surges with associated flooding and damage to fisheries infrastructure, fishing vessels, gear and equipment. Using the multi-criteria evaluation system, the impact of this risk was ranked as “high” with a “very high” ranking based on frequency and probability. The following communities were identified as those being most vulnerable to this risk[66]: 1. Salybia/ Balandra. 4. Charlotteville - Tobago. 2. Blanchisseuse. 5. Coastal and low-lying areas. 3. Claxton Bay. Table 8 – Climate risks and impacts on the agriculture and food security sector. CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Sea Level Rise • Destruction of nurseries and breeding grounds of commercial species via inundation and shoreline erosion. • Saltwater intrusion into marshlands and agricultural areas such as the Nariva Swamp which will reduce crop quality and change land productivity. • Loss of arable land near coastline due to erosion and inundation. • Increase in risk of flooding of landing sites and fisheries infrastructure. • Negative impact on coral reefs via changes in light penetration, productivity, temperature and species migration. • Gradual detrimental effects on crop production and food security. • Change in the type of species in swamp areas due to salinity changes. Sea Level Rise and Storm • Damage to fisheries infrastructure such as fish landing sites. Surge • Damage and loss of fishing vessels, gear, and equipment. • Increase in risk to human health, injury and death to farmers and fisherfolk. • Short term changes in migration of coastal fish species. • Short term damage to coastal nurseries and fish stocks. • Short term disruption of transportation of food and other resources between islands. • Increase in coastal erosion causing loss of coconuts and other products. 41 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY • Short term disruption of food imports via marine transport. • Short term flooding of food processing and storage areas in lowland coastal areas. Variations in temperature • Increase in humidity negatively affecting aspects of food production (Air) • Increase in evapo-transpiration rates resulting in reduced water for irrigation • Reduced productivity of ecosystems due to lower stream flow • Reduction in nutritional profile of crops such as mangoes • Reduction in productivity and health of employees such as labourers and fisherfolk • Reduction in the diversity of crops that are heat tolerant • Increase in heat resilient pests and diseases • Increased soil aridity leading to lowered soil production • Reduced livestock production due to heat stress, water stress, mortality, biological contaminants and disease Variations in temperature • Impact to spawning rates of fish species, variably depending on the species. (Sea surface) • Atypical migrations of fish species • Increase of algal blooms and changes in plankton concentrations leading to fish kills and food poisoning • Coral bleaching and die off which affects nurseries and habitat Variations in precipitation • Disruption in production cycle from planting times and application of (localized) agrochemicals to bearing and reaping times • Reduced water run-off leads to reduced crop yields • Types of crop species will seasonally change • Disruption in agricultural practices and land use Extreme Weather Events • Intense flooding of agricultural lands and access roads with a negative (intense precipitation) impact on yields • Destruction of agriculture infrastructure, equipment, crops and processing plants • Increased risk of flooding and destruction by landslides to fisheries landing sites, storage and processing facilities. • Short term disruptions in food transportation. • Reduction in the supply and quality of locally produced agricultural products resulting in price increases in the short term. Extreme Weather Events • Negative impact on livestock, dairy production and increase in mortality (extreme heat) • Heat stress amongst agriculture workers and fisher folk • Increased crop mortality • Increased water stress for aquaculture • Increased water demand for irrigation • Increased incidence and variation of disease and pests • Structural collapse of agricultural sector and reliance on imports leading to an increase in the food import bill and loss of jobs Extreme Weather Events • Catastrophic destruction of crops, livestock and infrastructure (likelihood of increase in • Catastrophic destruction of fisheries and aquaculture infrastructure as well Category 4 and 5 as vessels, gear, and equipment 42 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Hurricanes and change • Loss of revenue, life and employment in the Agriculture and Fisheries sector. inhurricane tracks) • Increased payment to farmers and fisherfolk. Increase in climate • Disruption of production cycle variability • Increased pests and diseases • Increased in livestock mortality • Changes in microclimates in areas of agriculture production • Changes in viability of certain crops Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.3 Water Resources There are 55 watersheds in Trinidad and 15 in Tobago. However, large scale development of surface water has been limited to just four rivers: the Caroni and Oropouche Rivers in Trinidad’s Northern Basin; the Navet River in Trinidad’s Central Range; and the Hillsborough River in Tobago, which is the principal source of supply for Scarborough and southwest Tobago. Prior to 1981, 60 % of the total municipal water supply was provided by groundwater. After large surface water plants were constructed, such as the Caroni-Arena Pump Storage Complex and the North Oropouche Scheme, groundwater has accounted for only about 25 % of the total water supply of Trinidad.[66] While the Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) is the major abstractor of water resources, other users include industrial and agricultural facilities. Approximately 94.7 % of the population in Trinidad and 84.8 % in Tobago are connected to the piped water supply network.[66] A 24-hour supply is provided to only 16.6 % and 39.6 % of the population in the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, respectively.[66] The quality of the surface water is deteriorating in many locations as evidenced by high levels of biological oxygen demand, bacterial content, turbidity and the presence of chemical pollutants in rivers. The main threats are uncontrolled point waste discharges, from industries and domestic sources, as well as the high level of erosion in the upper reaches of watercourses. Pollution of surface water not only affects the production of drinking water, but also the ability of the rivers to provide productive habitats for terrestrial and aquatic species. Reduced freshwater supply has also been reported due to decreased rainfall and subsequent reduction in stream flow. Projections suggest an increase in intense rainfall events over shorter periods that will result in lower surface water quality and a reduction in the recharge of ground water due to increased runoff. Longer dry spells and drought events, coupled with warmer temperatures will increase the demand for agricultural irrigation, while affecting crop scheduling and increasing health impacts, coral bleaching and saline intrusion. 43 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Given the climate risk factors to water resources, the increasingly warmer climate, frequency of intensifying cyclones, droughts and floods are of major concern. These factors also present varying degrees of challenges to developing adaptation strategies. The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s water resourcessector by the TWG is presented in Table 9. It was determined that the highest risks from climate change are from variations in localized precipitation resulting in a higher incidence of water contamination as pollution control systems are not designed to deal with increased pollution and sedimentation of water resources. Using the multi-criteria evaluation system,the impact of this risk was ranked as “high” with a “very high” ranking based on frequency and probability of occurring within the next 10 years. The TWG determined that the following communities are most vulnerable to this risk: 1. Caroni River Basin (15 watersheds). 2. South West Tobago. Table 9 – Climate risks and impacts on the Water Resources Sector. CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES SECTOR Sea Level Rise • Declining water quality due to salt water intrusion • Increased flooding around rivers affecting water supply and ecosystems • Increased risk to coastal water-related infrastructure e.g., septic tanks, water treatment plants and other facilities affected by erosion Sea Level Rise and Storm • Increased flooding leading to negative impact on water pipelines and Surge infrastructure • Increased risk to coastal water related infrastructure, including issues related to availability, accessibility and potential contamination • Changes in salinity of ecosystems which may affect mangroves and agriculture, in particular • Salt water intrusion into groundwater sources Variations in temperature • Increase in stress on water treatment plant processes resulting in the (Air) pollution of nearby water resources • Increased evaporation rates at reservoirs and rivers, reducing the available water supply and affecting ecosystem resilience Variations in temperature • n/a (Sea surface) Variations in precipitation • Changes in seasonality leading to changes in reservoir and river recharge or (localized) rain not falling in traditional areas such as where reservoirs are located, leading to challenges in water resource management and water supply • Higher incidence of water contamination as pollution control systems are not designed to treat with variations, resulting in increased pollution and sedimentation of water resources 44 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES SECTOR • Increased conflict in water resource allocation and access • Reduced ability to rely on rainwater harvesting in areas where there is less rainfall and reduced adequacy and quality of storage in areas of high precipitation • Increased sedimentation in reservoirs and higher maintenance costs Extreme Weather Events • Flash flooding and related impact on floodplains resulting in the shutdown of (intense precipitation) water facilities, damage to water infrastructure, excessive sediment intakes and increased conflict in water resource allocation • Increased cost for providing water and finding alternative sources of water for supply • Significant changes in water quality due to sedimentation and breaches in the controls for other sources of contamination • Challenges in management of reservoirs as extreme precipitation may cause breaches due to higher volume collected than volume of storage capacity available as there are limitations with design Extreme Weather Events • Increased evaporation rates at reservoirs and rivers resulting in less water (extreme heat) available for distribution and affecting ecosystem resilience • Increased water demand from workforce, livestock, farmers, ecosystems • Changes to water cycle such as reduced infiltration, increased runoff, evapo- transpiration and forest fires causing changes to water capture and ecosystems with the further potential for salt water intrusion and an increase inconflict Extreme Weather Events • Damage, destruction and loss of functionality of water infrastructure (likelihood of increase in including monitoring equipment and related management systems category 4 and 5 • Increased instance of pollution due to infrastructural damage and failures hurricanes and change in • Increased cost of recovery, retrofitting and replacement of damaged water hurricane tracks) infrastructure • Increased demand for potable water and water extraction licenses for truck borne and bottled water companies Increase in climate • Seasonality of water demand from farmers, dependent on growing seasons. variability • Seasonality of precipitation leading to variability in water demand and impacting water planning and management throughout the year. • Negative impact on aquatic ecosystem health. Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.4 Human Health Human health is of paramount importance to the socio-economic state of the people of Trinidad and Tobago; and healthcare is provided through both public and private health facilities across the country. The Caribbean region, including Trinidad and Tobago, has been plagued recently by mosquito-borne communicable diseases with outbreaks of Chikungunya in 2015 and Zika in 2016. The social sector investment 45 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO programme (2017) indicated that the number of laboratory-confirmed cases for Chikungunya and Dengue was 38 and 23 respectively as of July 2015 and Zika cases were 335 as of August 2016. There have been no endemic cases of malaria recorded in recent history as it is not endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. However, several imported cases of malaria are reported every year along with cases of local persons travelling to malaria endemic countries. Epidemiological research has confirmed that outbreaks of Dengue fever are a rainy season phenomenon which may be exacerbated by warmer temperatures which have been observed [66]. As observed, increases in Dengue cases tend to follow an increase in both rainfall and temperature by about three weeks. The impact of climate change on human health, especially for SIDS like Trinidad and Tobago, can be devastating. Although the island has a well-developed health system, the varying threats and the unpredictability with regard to timing and types of disease, and their relation to climate is hard to predict. Trinidad and other SIDS will face direct health impacts from heatwaves, floods, droughts and storms, as well as indirect impacts, such as changes in infectious disease patterns, pollution, malnutrition, mass migrations and conflicts. It was found that in years with early warmer periods epidemics appeared to occur early. Direct effects include increased deaths/injuries from heatwaves among the elderly/infirmed, the young, and outdoor workers, direct injury or death – from flooding, landslides or hurricanes; increase in hunger and malnutrition from crop failure and increased food prices, increase in respiratory morbidity and mortality from increased dust and ground- levelozone, psychological effects such as anxiety and depression from increasing insecurities and stress; increased coronary diseases from decreasing quality of life and resulting increased stress and trauma from permanent loss of homes from inundation through sea level rise or increased seasonal flooding or landslides. Indirect effects include increase in water-borne diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, vector-borne diseases such as Dengue (high risk); leptospirosis (high risk); Lyme disease; malaria (medium risk); and long term physical and psychological conditions resulting from disease and increasing insecurity of water, food and shelter. The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s human health sector by the TWG is presented in Table 10. It was determined that the highest risks from climate change are from extreme weather events such as intense rainfall; increase in flash flooding leading to power supply interruption, injury, interruption of routine health service delivery and response. Using the multi-criteria evaluation system, the impact of this risk was ranked as “high” with a “very high” ranking based on frequency and probability of occurring within the next 10 years. Given the small size of Trinidad and Tobago the climate risks to public health apply to the entire country. However, the TWG identified the following communities as being especially vulnerable[66]: 1. Tunapuna-Piarco 4. Siparia 7. Sangre Grande 46 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 2. Penal - Debe 5. Port-of-Spain 8. Tobago 3. Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo 6. Diego Martin 9. Mayaro Table 10 – Climate risks and impacts on the Human Health Sector. CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE HUMAN HEALTH SECTOR Sea Level Rise • Increased risk to structures in low lying land • Increased flooding in river systems and poor drainage such as in Las Lomas which suffers infrastructure damage and vector borne disease • Increased risk to transportation infrastructure and access for health service delivery in certain areas • Changes to salinity of environmental biomes and water resources for human and biodiversity consumption • Changes in time and range of disease vectors due to changes in inundation patterns and other related features • Increase in stress and mental health issues along with physical implications of these due to changes in environment Sea Level Rise and Storm • Risk to transportation infrastructure, electricity, water and access for health Surge service delivery in certain areas • Increased risk to water quality and waste disposal which impacts spread of diseases via overflowing sewage tanks and related spread of contaminated matter • Increased instance of injury, death and spread of disease. • Runoff impeded by SLR and storm surges leading to spread of disease from stagnant water • Increase risk to agriculture and livestock, vermin and domesticated animals and related spread of diseases • Disruption to marine transport of food and medical supplies • Disruption of electrical supply resulting in health impacts such as inability to boil potentially contaminated water or not having cold storage, heat stroke, anddeteriorated conditions for storage of vaccines and blood supply Variations in temperature • Sewage treatment negatively impacted by temperature increase (Air) • Increase in vector activities and biospheres in which they proliferate • Increase in instances of respiratory illness and diseases • Increased stress in managing heat for workplaces and impact on workers both indoors and outdoors Variations in temperature • Negative impact on coral and other marine environments impacting food (Sea surface) security and in turn nutrition • Increase in frequency of algal blooms; increasing incidence of food poisoning Variations in precipitation • Potential negative impact on farmers and related food security leading to (localized) negative health impacts • Increase in number of potential breeding sites and range of vector and water borne diseases 47 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE HUMAN HEALTH SECTOR Extreme Weather Events • Increase in flash flooding leading to power supply interruption, injury, (intense precipitation) interruption of routine health service delivery and response • Expansion of vulnerable areas and communities, increasing the number of persons requiring health intervention and services • Strain on human resources, support services, financial and physical resources during response activities • Strain on health service planning and management Extreme Weather Events • Increased instances of drought affecting local food security and higher food (extreme heat resulting in prices impacting health and nutrition. drought) • Water quantity and quality challenges during extreme dry seasons and related restrictions. • Increased instances of bushfires leading to death, injury, respiratory disease, loss of food security, wildlife, movement of vectors, vegetation change and local food production loss. • Increased instances of dry conditions exacerbating respiratory disease. • Increased incidence of heat waves and dehydration and related heat stress on workers. Extreme Weather Events • Health infrastructure damages, compromised health service delivery and (likelihood of increase in related costs category 4 and 5 • Strain on workforce and access; availability of security, vaccines and blood; hurricanes and change in overstretched capacity of healthcare sites, dilemma of warded patients vs. hurricane tracks) emergencycases • Inadequate emergency response capacity, problem of access to and supply of safe food,water and medical supplies to facilities and public • Impacts to mental health and stress of workers and the public • High incidence of death and injury • Displacement of population and related outbreaks of violence, crime and communicable diseases • Increased risk due to public’s complacency, dependence on the State and lack of preparedness and sense of risk which leads to increased exposure and vulnerability to risk Increase in climate • Local food production and related food security and lifestyle diseases variability • Economic impact on tourism with a spill-over effect on health service delivery and resources • Impact on planning of health infrastructure and health service delivery Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.5 Biodiversity Trinidad and Tobago’s biodiversity includes an abundance of species and ecosystems.[43] Ecosystems include forest ecosystems; inland freshwater systems (rivers and streams); coastal and marine ecosystems (viz., coral reefs, mangrove swamps, seagrass beds and open ocean); savannas; karst landforms (including caves); and 48 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Man-made/induced systems (such as secondary forests, agricultural lands and freshwater dams). The services provided by these systems support human well-being in direct and tangible ways such as through the provision of freshwater, forest products and fisheries. These systems also offer indirect benefits in the form of regulatory services, supporting services and cultural services.[35][43] The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s terrestrial/coastal biodiversity sector by the TWG is presented in Table 11. It was determined that the highest risk from climate change to this sector is from extreme weather events resulting in damage and destruction of coastal infrastructure, fisheries infrastructure and equipment, coastal ecosystems and biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, forests. However, using a multi-criteria evaluation system, the impact of this risk was ranked as “very low to low” with a “very low” ranking based on frequency and probability of happening within the next 10 years. Table 11 – Climate risks and impacts on the Terrestrial Biodiversity Sector. CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE TERRESTRIAL/COASTAL BIODIVERSITY SECTOR Sea Level Rise • The loss, damage, erosion or retreat of ecosystems • Coastal inundation leading to loss of fishery nurseries, freshwater ecosystems, agriculture and related saltwater intrusion Sea Level Rise and Storm • Coastal and inland flooding leading to impact on freshwater ecosystems, Surge agriculture/aquaculture, coastal infrastructure • Damage to fisheries infrastructure, boats, landing sites, leading to loss of earnings by fisherfolk • Loss of habitat and destruction to nesting sites of migratory and other bird species • Loss of nesting sites for marine turtles • Disturbance and destruction of seagrass beds • Accelerated loss of beach sediment impacting beach fauna, tourism and land protection services Variations in temperature • Negative impact on forest biodiversity (Air) • Influence on sex ratio of turtle hatchlings Spatial changes in biodiversity and species distribution Variations in temperature • Increase in coral bleaching and death to coral reefs resulting in adverse (Sea surface) impact on fishery nurseries and coastal defences, leading to reduced ecotourism and income • Reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration • Increase in algal blooms and planktonic concentration and composition leading to increased fish kills and incidence of food poisoning • Migration of pelagic species out of the region to cooler waters impacting upon viability of fisheries • Increases in sea grass and forestry productivity • Changes in growth and life cycle of biodiversity 49 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE TERRESTRIAL/COASTAL BIODIVERSITY SECTOR Variations in precipitation • Change in precipitation may affect fish catch and change behaviour of some (localized) commercially viable species such as fish schooling after rains, and mollusc reproduction. • Coastal erosion, flooding, inundation and pollution to nearshore water which can reduce shellfish quality • Reduced salinity from excessive runoff may affect estuarine and nearshore species. • Reduction in beach and water quality • Increased risk of fungal and bacterial related diseases in biodiversity and proliferation of water and vector borne diseases • Changes in location of migratory species • Spatial changes in biodiversity leading to species distribution changes Increased GHG emissions • Increased ocean acidification leading to impacts on calcareous organisms and leading to changes in ecosystems like shellfish and viability of oceans to sustain marine life Carbon Sequestration • Increases in sea grass and forestry productivity levels Extreme Weather Events • Flash flooding leading to increased runoff which in turn may cause coastal (intense precipitation) erosion, flooding, inundation and pollution to shellfish, increase instances of fish kills and food poisoning from coastal runoff, coastal infrastructure and fish landing sites. • Reduced salinity from excessive runoff may affect estuarine and nearshore species. Extreme Weather Events • Increase in instances of heat related health issues for fisherfolk (extreme heat) • Increase in instances of heat stress on biodiversity and disruption of breeding cycles • Hypersalinity of wetland ecosystems • Impacts on soil moisture, chemistry and productivity leading to negative impact on agricultural and soil biodiversity • Increase in instances of forest fires • Localized increase in sea surface temperature resulting in changes to dissolved oxygen concentration resulting in fish mortality • Drying out of small pools, ponds leading to die-off in biodiversity Extreme Weather Events • Damage and destruction of coastal infrastructure, fisheries infrastructure (likelihood of increase in and equipment, coastal ecosystems and biodiversity, terrestrial ecosystems, category 4 and 5 agriculture and forests hurricanes and change in • Loss of life and injury to fisherfolk hurricane tracks) • Short term negative impacts on beaches, coastal erosion, water quality • Destruction or damage of genetic diversity and collections of interest such as the cocoa gene bank Increase in climate • Changes in seasonally dependent biodiversity such as pollinators, birds, variability amphibians, reptiles and insects. • Increase in range and population of invasive species, pests, agricultural systems, agricultural productivity increase in vectors and diseases. 50 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE TERRESTRIAL/COASTAL BIODIVERSITY SECTOR • Impact on marine food chain and ecology. Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements For administrative purposes, Trinidad is now typically divided into fourteen (14) municipalities and Tobago into seven (7) parishes. In Trinidad and Tobago, areas are classified as urban or rural based primarily on the population density per square kilometre. By this standard, 71% of the population lives in urban areas, while the remaining 29% reside in smaller rural villages and towns. Settlement patterns show a marked concentration of urban settlements in the western half of Trinidad, and the south-west of Tobago. A large proportion of Trinidad’s population is concentrated in urbanised regions of the East/West and North/South Corridors. This contrasts with eastern Trinidad and the southwest peninsula which are relatively sparsely populated. In Tobago, the lowest population is found in the north-east. Trinidad and Tobago does not yet have a formal inventory of critical facilities, therefore specific conclusions on vulnerability cannot be drawn.[65] However, it is understood that critical facilities exist within the area of influenceof the coastal zone, and as such may be vulnerable to SLR, flooding and tropical cyclone events. Settlements in high-risk zones are those found on marginal lands such as hillsides, flood plains and surrounding industrial areas.[66] Growing development on reclaimed land in Port of Spain and Point Lisas is also a concern, as these settlements are at high risk for seismic hazards and are particularly susceptible to the hazard of liquefaction. Studies have found that many of the settlements established on high-risk zones have traditionally been low- income squatter settlements, where homeowners have not received building approval. Such informal settlements typically feature poorly constructed buildings, have little or no access to basic amenities, proper sewage facilities and mechanisms for risk transfer. The risk assessment of Trinidad and Tobago’s infrastructure and human settlements sector by the TWG is presented in Table 12. It was determined that the highest risks from sea level rise and storm surge are: damage to access roads and major roads and transportation links like marinas, ports, jetties and sea defences and offshore industrial, residential infrastructure, utilities, industrial facilities and plants including sewerage. The highest risks from intense rainfall events were found to be flash flood damage to bridges, roads, residential and commercial properties, utilities, access, services, critical infrastructure, cultural historical buildings and recreational structures along with impacts on sewage and garbage management and infrastructure. Using the multi-criteria evaluation system, the 51 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO impact of this risk was ranked as “high” with a “very high” ranking based on frequency and probability that it will happen within the next 10 years. The TWC identified the key areas that were vulnerable to damage of access roads and major roads and transportation links like marinas, ports, jetties and sea defences and offshoreindustrial, residential infrastructure, utilities, industrial facilities and plants including sewage. These areas are: 1. Guayaguayare/ Mayaro/ Manzanilla 4. Penal 2. Sangre Grande/ Toco/ Matelot 5. Roxborough/ Charlotteville 3. Oropouche (Mosquito Creek) 6. Cap-de-ville Specific areas vulnerable to flash flood damage to bridges, roads, residential and commercial properties, utilities, access, services, critical infrastructure, cultural historical buildings and recreational structures as well as on sewage and garbage management and infrastructure were identified as follows: 1. Penal/ Debe/ Barrackpore 3. Port-of-Spain 2. Caroni Central. 4. Mafeking/ Mayaro. Table 12 – Climate risks and impacts on the infrastructure and human settlements sector. CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SECTOR Sea Level Rise • Increase in flooding of coastal settlements and infrastructure and other low- lying areas/ flood plains Sea Level Rise and Storm • Damage to access roads and major roads and transportation links like Surge marinas, ports, jetties and sea defences, and offshore industrial, residential infrastructure, utilities, industrial facilities and plants including sewage. • Flooding causing agricultural damage and loss of access and transportation of resources such as goods and services Variations in temperature • Costs will increase for cooling and refrigeration (Air) • Reduction in efficiency of sewage treatment plants Variations in temperature • Substantial coastal damage due to loss of coral defences (Sea surface) • Increased instance of flash flooding from precipitation causing damage to infrastructure and human settlements • Negative impact on the viability of fishing communities due to migration of fish stocks and increased instances of invasive species Variations in precipitation • Increase in runoff and localized flooding events, landslides and coastal (localized) erosion causing damage to infrastructure and access roads • Affects availability of water for human activities and location of human settlements such as agriculture and access to water • Negative effect on tourism industry, support services and water infrastructure. • Increased outbreaks of mold in buildings and increased costs of HVAC unit cleaning 52 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CLIMATE RISK POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS SECTOR Extreme Weather Events •Damage to coastal sewage treatment plants impacts on human health (intense precipitation) •Flash flood damage to bridges, roads, utilities, residential and commercial properties, utilities, access, services, critical infrastructure, cultural historical buildings and recreational structures and Impacts on sewage and garbage management and infrastructure • Increase in water and vector borne diseases causing loss of viability of services and functionality of buildings and infrastructure. Increased costs of providing water and sewage services • Undermining of land use and construction options in vulnerable areas prone to flooding and landslides such as cemeteries and cremation sites and may exacerbate flooding events or cause them in new areas Extreme Weather Events • Increase in destruction and damage of buildings and infrastructure and (likelihood of increase in offshore petroleum structures category 4 and 5 • Increased instance of migration to less vulnerable areas hurricanes and change in • Disruption of essential services to communities hurricane tracks) • Extreme increase of waste and debris at dumps which increases stress on garbage collection services and infrastructure • Demand for hurricane resistant infrastructure and change in buildings, architecture and technologies to resist hurricanes such as green resilient housing Increase in climate • Seasonality of construction such as wet and dry season inconsistency with variability increased cost of maintenance and rebuilding • Drainage and pooling of water on major roadways Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] 4.4.7 Financial Services The financial services sector encompasses finance, insurance and real-estate. The commercial banking industry has been the primary driver for growth in this sector and plays a critical role in climate-related financing and investment into. Given that credit-risk management is essential to business, understanding how climate change will impact or enhance their client portfolios is essential. Likewise, understanding the economic risks associated with the effects of climate change is of major importance to the insurance industry. However, there has been no systematic collection of data and information concerning costs and losses associated with climate change which is urgently needed to manage financial and economic risks resulting from flooding and other extreme events associated with climate change. It was clearly identified that the financial services sector is cross cutting, and if impaired, would have adverse consequences in other sectors adapting and recovering from the effects of CCA. The dearth of information 53 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO connecting climate change risks and financial services is a major impediment to the sector and represents a key vulnerability. It was also noted that the entire Caribbean is also grouped with Florida and neighbouring states for reinsurance purposes. This means that damage and losses incurred in these states and neighbouring territories, will affect insurance rates in the Caribbean although the Caribbean may not have been directly impacted. Given the threat of climate change to sovereign debt and personal livelihoods, the financial services sector has established some mechanisms to offer disaster protection at the national scale, such as sovereign risk insurance, and personal scale, such as individual flood insurance. Still, as of January 2021, the country’s penetration rate for general insurance, which includes protection of assets from environmental hazards, stands at just 1.8% of GDP – roughly the same as it was in 2013.[81][82] The potential loss and associated recovery costs represents another risk to the financial services sector. The TWG on financial services was not able to connect the expected climate risks to potential impacts on their facilities or operations. Notwithstanding, proposals for CCA were made based on the following understandings by the TWG: a. Climate change will increase costs for the financial sector if no action is taken. Banks and investors in particular need a clear regulatory framework on climate policy which they can adapt and base their investment and lending decisions on, while insurers face the prospect of heavy losses. b. The financial sector is well placed to prepare itself for the negative effects that climate change may have on its business and on its customers; and to significantly help mitigate the economic risks and enter the low-carbon economy by providing appropriate products and services. c. The financial services sector is well placed to: • Engage with company management to understand how climate change is impacting their business and what strategies they are employing to minimize its risks or maximize opportunities; • Educate clients about the benefits and processes being used to incorporate extra-financial issues in the management of their assets; • Evaluate their client portfolios for climate change risks and opportunities to be able to respond to changes in climate change policy and legislation; and • Request and reward external research providers, such as brokers, to produce consistent, high quality,long term research, which incorporates extra-financial issues such as climate change and to integratesuch issues into their mainstream analysis and investment decisions, by utilizing in-house or external SRI expertise. 54 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO d. New science needs to be integrated with financial models to allow better evaluation of investments most at risk. e. To adapt their own operations to the new challenge, financial services companies should include climate change risk in their internal governance procedures, in line with existing financial corporate risk identification, controlling and reporting structures and best practice in reporting requirements. f. Renewable energy technology and carbon capture and storage attract major investment with enormous growth opportunities. 55 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 5.0 Trinidad and Tobago’s Approaches to Adaptation and Delivering Climate Resilience 5.1 Purpose of the NAP 5.1.1 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Vision Arising from the National Climate Change Policy, the adaptation from this vision is: “A climate-resilient nation that routinely evaluates and reduces its physical, social and economic vulnerability through timely, cost-effective adaptation measures.” 5.1.2 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Mission In congruence with the GORTT’s obligations under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, as well as national policies on the environment and development, the Mission of this NAP is: “To enhance the adaptive capacity of all sectors while simultaneously contributing to sustainable development and building long-term resilience to the effects of climate change.” 5.1.3 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Objectives Adaptation actions will be taken towards the following mutually interactive objectives: I. Understanding the national development context and synthesizing available information, resources, programmes, projects, stakeholders, gaps and needs regarding adaptation. II. Enhancing capacity to analyse and understand climate change scenarios and risks. III. Defining and strengthening governance arrangements for adaptation action. IV. Identifying and executing adaptation strategies and actions that address immediate climate impacts to human and natural systems V. Ensuring that adaptation pathways are sustainable, cost-efficient, inclusive and considerate of the most vulnerable. VI. Communicating climate risk and adaptation information to all stakeholders and international entities, as required. VII. Continuously monitoring, evaluating, reporting, improving and learning from adaptation efforts. 56 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 5.1.4 Trinidad and Tobago’s Adaptation Principles This NAP adds to the library of national policies and plans used to guide sustainable development. All the activities undertaken towards its production were guided by the principles contained within the country’s overarching policies on climate change, such as: The National Climate Change Policy, National Development Strategy, and National Environmental Policy. Likewise, actions occurring because of the implementation of this NAP shall be in accordance with the principles of these critical national documents. In addition to these overarching principles, the GORTT recognizes that climate change adaptation calls for specific, flexible guidance to ensure equitable and effective implementation. To this end, the GORTT commits that adaptation action at the national level shall: 1. Prioritize “no regret”, “low regret” and “win-win strategies”. The GORTT shall firstly prioritize “no regret” options which do not involve hard ‘trade-offs’ with other policy options and which are cost-effective under present and future climate scenarios. Secondly, it shall prioritize “low-regret” options which have relatively low costs compared to large benefits under future climate scenarios. Finally, “win-win” options which yield adaptation benefits and co-benefits regarding mitigation and sustainable development will be preferred. High-cost, high-emission options shall be avoided as far as practicably possible. 2. Be participatory and inclusive of all genders and socio-economic groups. Adaptation efforts are most effective and efficient when informed, led and executed at the local scale by those who benefit directly from the adaptation effort. Thus, the development of adaptation measures shall be done through participatory processes. As far as possible and appropriate, implementation and monitoring shall be community-based. Adaptation action shall be gender-sensitive and inclusive of vulnerable and/or under-represented groups such as women, youth and the elderly. 3. Be evidence-based. The appraisal of adaptation options and their effectiveness shall be done in an evidence-based manner. Evidence shall be obtained through the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional and indigenous knowledge. The GORTT recognizes the great uncertainties that exist around long-term climate projections and reaffirms its commitment to supporting action in the absence of absolute scientific certainty in keeping with the “precautionary principle”. 57 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 4. Be dynamic to allow for learning and innovation to suit the local context. A pathways approach to adaptation, informed by local contexts and anticipated risks, will be used to ensure that maximum flexibility is kept. Reiterative cycles of learning will inform pathway changes. 5. Demonstrate transparency, efficiency and integrity Adaptation options shall be developed, prioritized, funded, managed and executed in a manner that demonstrates transparency, efficiency. Implementation plans shall be monitored. Allocation of funding shall be done in a transparent manner. Mechanisms shall be established to address grievances and provide redress. 6. Avoid damage Aligned with its nationally established principles of “prevention”, “inter-generational and intra- generational equity” and “responsibility to avoid transboundary harm”, adaptation options that cause in- situ damages, transboundary harm, or potentially non-retractable harm to future generations shall be avoided. 7. Harmonize with national planning and development. Adaptation shall complement national planning and development strategy. The NAP shall be incorporated into national budgeting, planning and development processes to ensure long-term resilience building. This ensures national ownership of the NAP. 8. Leave no one behind. Adaptation options shall, as far as practicably possible, create economic opportunities for the most economically vulnerable in society. The GORTT shall pursue adaptation strategies that protect thephysical, psychological, social, environmental and financial stability of those most vulnerable to the effectsof climate change. 9. Build capacity and enhance resilience. Adaptation options that increase the adaptive capacity of individuals, organizations and communities shall be undertaken. Adequate resources will be made available increasing social cohesion, livelihood protection, enhancing social capital and establishing adaptive physical infrastructure. Ecosystem-based approaches that build resilience to biodiversity, ecosystems and natural capital shall be considered. 58 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 5.2 Climate Risk Management Approach The GORTT considers climate risk to be the product of (i) environmental hazards triggered or exacerbated by climate change, (ii) the exposure of people, infrastructure and ecosystems to those hazards, and (iii) the vulnerability of those social, financial, physical and natural systems. It recognizes climate change impacts to be the physical manifestation of climate risk, and that those impacts may vary across spaces, sectors and time. Addressing climate change means addressing climate risks through policy and action. This shall be done through a combination of mitigation measures to reduce the long-term risk of climate change, adaptation measures to reduce the immediate effects of climate change, and resilience-building to prepare for unavoidable future residual risks. This multi-pronged risk management approach links to the casual fabric of risks by reducing hazards, exposure and vulnerability. The IPCC recognizes this as an ideal approach to addressing climate risk.[83] Figure 9 – Conceptual Model showing the relationship between adaptation action and climate risk. Source: IPCC, 2019 [83] The GORTT recognizes however, that undertaking a risk management approach that is coordinated, efficient and effective requires a “whole of government approach” to provide appropriate evidence and leadership. It also requires that key stakeholders within the public sector, private sector and civil society are well  Mitigation measures are detailed in Trinidad and Tobago’s Nationally Determined Contributions and Long-Term Strategy for Low Emissions Development. 59 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO equipped to actively participate in the design, implementation and monitoring of adaptation action. Furthermore, it demands that the citizenry – and especially the most vulnerable – are informed of climate risks and the adaptation actions necessary. Climate change risk management must be inclusive and participatory. Thus, the GORTT must simultaneously create the enabling environment for adaptation action, while advancing sectoral adaptation. Chapter 7.2 details the enabling and sectoral strategies selected by Trinidad and Tobago through its NAP process. 5.3 Climate Resilient Development Pathway Approach The GORTT recognizes that the management of climate risk through adaptation requires flexibility as new information is acquired, national and global conditions change, and the efficiency of adopted measures isassessed. Adaptation plans must be able to accommodate the complexity and uncertainties that surround climatechange. Thus, the GORTT has adopted the approach of “adaptation pathways” towards climate resilience. Adaptation pathways have risen to prominence within the past decade as an effective process for adapting to climate change.[84] This is evidenced by the positioning of “climate resilient development pathways” (CRDP) by the IPCC and endorsement of the method by the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Committee.[85][86][87] Adaptationpathways capture the implementation process by specifying which measure(s) are to be taken immediately and which are to be implemented progressively over time once certain conditions or thresholds are met.[88] They are considered climate resilient pathways when mitigation and sustainable development considerations are includedin decision making.[85] The GORTT recognizes that this approach to planning and implementation yields severalbenefits, which include but are not limited to the following: 1. The ability to identify “no regret” or “low regret” interventions. 2. Supporting policymakers in prioritizing adaptation decisions that are beneficial to all 3. Meeting short-term and long-term adaptation needs 4. Promotes collaborative learning, adaptive planning and adaptive capacity 5. Accounts for complexity and long-term change including the potential need for transformative change 6. Avoiding a “lock-in” to adaptation decisions that may become maladaptive, i.e., increase climate vulnerabilityand risk in the long-term 7. Avoids “path-dependency” resulting from past-decisions. 60 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO The CRDP approach adopted by the GORTT, in keeping with its guiding principles for adaptation, shall be collaborative and informed by experts and stakeholders who are meaningfully engaged in the design, implementation and monitoring of adaptation actions. 5.3.1 Pathway Development for this NAP. There is a diverse array of methodologies used to identify adaptation measures and represent adaptation pathways.[84] However, the most prominent methodology is the “dynamic adaptive policy pathway (DAPP)” method developed by Haasnoot et al, for which they have made a public pathways generator app available.[84][89][90] The execution of the DAPP approach in the preparation of the NAP is illustrated below: Figure 10 – Annotated DAPP process diagram showing Trinidad and Tobago’s approach to CRDP Development. EXECUTION THROUGH NAP PROCESS DAPP Approach described in Haasnoot et al., 2019 [91] National VCA [66] TWGs were provided with information on climate projections and hazard data for Trinidad and Tobago. Boundaries of sectors identified. National VCA [66] TWGs identified the vulnerabilities and adaptation options for their sectors. National VCA, TNC/BUR [66][67] Options were evaluated using multi-criteria analysis and cost-efficiency analysis. “no-cost high-impact” measures identified for short term prioritization. Short-term measures costed. Cap. Dev. For Improved Management of MEAs Indicative pathway maps were prepared for representation in the NAP. Cap. Dev. For Improved Management of MEAs Short term sectoral strategies and enabling strategies were identified. Framework for monitoring plan prepared. 1st NAP prepared. Not yet undertaken. NAP Strategies partially implemented in an ad- hoc fashion. Coordinated action not yet implemented. Not yet undertaken. M&E system still to be developed and implemented. 61 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Adaptation options were derived through participatory, inclusive stakeholder consultations as well as expert judgement under two major projects: the national climate change VCA supported technical assistance through the EU Delegation, and the coastal zone VCA conducted in preparation of Trinidad and Tobago’s 1 st BUR and TNC.[66][67] Technical Working Groups identified the top-most climate risks using participatory multi-criteria analysis and then identified potential adaptation options to address the expected climate change impacts. Cost Efficiency Analysis (CEA) was then used to identify “no cost, high impact” strategies, also referred to as ‘no regret’ strategies. These were costed and form the priority actions to be undertaken by Trinidad and Tobago in the short- term. In the preparation of this NAP, expert judgement was used to prepare indicative adaptation pathways for each sector, considering all the strategies proposed. A generic DAPP presented in Haasnoot et al, 2013 is presented in Figure 11. Figure 11 – Illustration of the DAPP method using 4 adaptation actions. Source: Haasnoot et al., 2013 Given that adaptation planning is complex and dynamic, it is acknowledged that revisions to these pathways are to be done on a consistent basis (as seen in Steps 4 and 7 of the DAPP diagram in Figure 10). As such, the Pathway diagrams presented in Chapter 7.5 should be considered indicative rather than absolute. 62 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 6.0 Adaptation Priorities The adaptation priorities can be broadly separated into two categories: 1. Priorities for Enabling Adaptation Action These aim to create an enabling environment to support adaptation action across all sectors as well as proper monitoring and reporting of implementation. These actions are critical towards having an institutionalized process for satisfying Articles 13 and 14 of the Paris Agreement [24]. These strategies are classified into the following categories: i. Adaptation Financing ii. Monitoring and Evaluation iii. Mainstreaming into National Planning. 2. Priorities for Enabling Sectoral Adaptation Action Based on extensive technical analysis of the historical and anticipated threats of climate change, seven sectors were identified as requiring urgent adaptation intervention: i. Coastal Zone Resources ii. Agriculture and Food Security iii. Water Resources iv. Human Health v. Biodiversity vi. Infrastructure and Human settlements vii. Financial Services Within these broad categories of adaptation action, 16 specific strategies were identified as being “no regret” due to their “no cost-high impact” classification following a cost efficiency analysis. These sectoral strategies identified by the sectoral TWGs shall be prioritized in Trinidad and Tobago’s near-term adaptationactions. Among them, EMNP-004 “Enhancing the human and technical capacities of key stakeholders to understand and manage climate risks towards informed decision making.” is central to the GORTT’s strategic framework and programme for climate risk management and will be given special prioritization in the near term. Although Trinidad and Tobago is one nation, it is recognized that Tobago has its own distinct cultural and local context. As such, Tobago is given special focus in the following discussion on past and future adaptation strategies. 63 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.0 Adaptation Strategies 7.1 Past Strategies and Actions Historically, adaptation efforts and efforts which yield adaptation co-benefits have been undertaken by governmental, non- governmental, and private sector actors.[32][92] However, the GORTT does not yet have a methodical system for recording these efforts or evaluating their success. Whereas this NAP proposes strategies to address those gaps among others, Table 13 highlights some government driven efforts undertaken since the Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC was submitted in 2013. Table 13 – Non-exhaustive summary of past adaptation strategies and their benefits to various sectors PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO 2005- National Gas Company Led by the NGC, 16,000 trees have been planted across 267

2019 (NGC) Reforestation hectares of degraded forests in southern Trinidad as of 2019. Programme.[93][94] Estimated to have sequestered 8,322 tons of CO2 in addition to X X X providing adaptive co-benefits such as soil stabilization, water purification and enhancing food security. 2007- Caribbean Catastrophe Since 2007 the GORTT has purchased parametric catastrophe

2021 Risk Insurance Facility - insurance from the CCRIF-SPC for Tropical Cyclone and Segregated Portfolio Earthquake coverage. The country’s earthquake coverage is at Company (CCRIF-SPC) least US$90 million. In 2017, the GORTT purchased two X X X X X parametric insurance additional policies: 1 excess rainfall for Trinidad and one for coverage.[95][96][97] Tobago. Since then, the policies have triggered for 3 consecutive Octobers (2017-2019), rewarding the GORTT with a combined US$9,905,418 which was spent on emergency relief and infrastructure repairs. 2012- Project for Ecosystem Collaborative effort between the UWI and the Cropper

2016 Services (ProEcoServ). Foundation with GEF funding, this project calculated the value [46][98] of ecosystem services at the Nariva Swamp, Buccoo Reef and X X X X X X X X eastern Northern Range. By ascribing a monetary value to otherwise intangible adaptation and resilience building services 64 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO such as water purification and flood prevention, the outputs of this project support the rationale for EBA. Outputs were also used to prepare Trinidad and Tobago’s first Environmentally Adjusted National Accounts (EANA) 2010- National Restoration, Implemented by the EMA with funding from the TTGF, the

2020 Carbon Sequestration, project has replanted over 125 hectares of degraded forest and X X X X X X Wildlife and Livelihoods mangrove at the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad’s largest wetland. Project (NRCSWLP).[99] Resilience and mitigation benefits include improving the livelihood and food security of local communities, biodiversity conservation, and protection from floods. 2014- Global to Local Led by the UWI in collaboration with the Stockholm

2017 Caribbean Socio- Environmental Institute (SEI), the project sought to build X X X X X X Economic Climate resilience and improve adaptive capacity by downscaling global Change Scenarios climate projects presented in AR5 and creating locally relevant (GoLoCarSe) Project.[100] scenarios for vector borne diseases, coastal flooding, forest cover, biodiversity loss and cocoa coverage. 2014- National Reforestation Led by the Forestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture Land 2019 and Watershed and Fisheries this project aimed to establish 5,000 acres of Rehabilitation commercial forest of plantations on State lands. The builds X X X X X Programme adaptive capacity and resilience through poverty alleviation, (NRWRP).[101][102] hillside erosion control, water conservation and carbon sequestration.

2014 National Preliminary Led by the ODPM, this national assessment analysed the Vulnerability factors that contribute to disaster vulnerability and made X X Assessment.[65] recommendations towards DRR and increasing resilience.

2014 Established Established by the ODPM to guide DRR across Trinidad and Comprehensive Disaster Tobago. The framework includes systems for coordination and X X X X risk management management of disaster risk and reducing vulnerabilities. This framework.[37] document is actively being updated as of 2021. 65 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO

2014 National Wastewater Established by the GEF to support the GORTT, this revolving Revolving Fund fund capitalizes wastewater projects. The first-generation (NWRF).[103] project is the refurbishment of the Scarborough Wastewater X X X X Treatment Plant and construction of 215 sewer connections. This project enhances resilience and adaptive capacity by reducing risks to public health and reversing the degradation of coastal ecosystems from land-based sources of pollution.

2014 Institutional This technical cooperation (TC) between the GORTT and the Strengthening of the IADB reviewed the technical, human resource and legislative Environmental capacity of the EMA to support climate change mitigation and X X X X X X X Management Authority adaptation. Recommendations arising from this process in Relation to Climate constitute a core role in the Strategic Programme for Climate Change.[32] Risk Management and once implemented will benefit multiple sectors exposed to the EMA’s regulatory processes.

2014 Assessment of the This TC between the GORTT and the IADB presents the hazards economics of climate due to climate change, calculates the potential economic change adaptation.[2] losses, and presents a cost-benefit analysis of proposed climate X X X X X X X X risk mitigation options. Critical study for developing the rationale for climate change adaptation nationally and across sectors.

2015 Piloting of Coastal Zone A TC between the GORTT and IADB, executed by the Institute Management and of Marine Affairs (IMA) yielded several adaptation benefits in Climate Change both policy and application. The project provided a gap X X X X X Adaptation in Southwest assessment for ICZM, a VRA for Tobago, a coastal EBA response Tobago.[104] plan for southwest Tobago, the deployment of a coral reef early warning system (CREWS) at the Buccoo Reef, and best practices for adapting coastal economic activities at risk. 2015- National Critical Coastal Undertaken by the Coastal Protection Unit (CPU) of the

2018 Protection Ministry of Works and Transport this programme establishes Programme.[105] engineering measures to abate shoreline erosion and monitors X X 66 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO shoreline changes. Over the period 2015 – 2018 the project has established seawalls and coastal stabilization measures at Manzanilla beach (2015), North Cocos Bay (2015), Shore of Peace Coastal Cliff (2016), and Quinam (2018).

2016 Feasibility studies for a A TC between the GORTT and IADB, executed by the IMA, this risk-resilient coastal study produced several GIS maps and projections of climate X X X zone management change impacts to Trinidad and Tobago’s coastal zones. Results programme.[77][106] underpin the 2020 ICZM Policy Framework.

2017 Integrated Water The overarching national policy aimed at the improvement of Resources Management the water sector through a comprehensive, integrated water Policy.[34] resource management framework. Supports adaptation by X X X X X reducing the vulnerability of the water resources sector and increases resilience in the domains of human health.

2017 Establishment of San In 2013 the GORTT received a US$246,500,000 loan from the Fernando Wastewater IDB to undertake a “Multiphase Wastewater treatment Treatment Plant.[107] programme Phase-1”. In 2017 a new wastewater treatment plant was commissioned in San Fernando to treat waste water X X X X X from the entire catchment and meet the needs of a 2035 forecasted population of 111,600 persons. This state-of-the-art facility improves resilience and adaptive capacity by reducing water resource pollution and environmental degradation and improves sanitization.

2018 Update of public The Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service (TTMS) weather early warning restructured its weather warning system to a risk-based, system.[108] colour-coded system in line with the common alerting protocol X X X X (CAP), an international standard for public alerts and warnings. This measure enhances adaptive capacity by allowing better communication between authorities and the public during times of hydro meteorological hazards. 67 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO

2018 Revision of the 2006 Led by the EMA, the revision of the 2006 NEP integrated the National Environmental SDGs and contemporary issues into the national policy Policy.[35] framework. CCA is given its own explicit section in the NEP under the priority area of “Addressing Climate Change and X X X X X X X X Environmental and Natural Disasters”. As the overarching policy document for sustainable development, the 2018 NEP enhances resilience and supports adaptation by addressing underlying drivers of risk across all environmental themes and promoting a green economy.

2018 Creation of the National Led by the Gender and Child Affairs Division of the Office of the Policy on Gender and Prime Minister, this national policy creates a national mandate Development – Green for the mainstreaming of gender into all facets of public X X X X X X X X Paper.[59] interest, including addressing climate change. The policy increases the adaptive capacity across all sectors by advocating for the meaningful participation and inclusion of women.

2019 National Capacity and A TC with the EU, this CVA was led by the MPD to provide the Vulnerability first comprehensive national assessment of climate change Assessment.[66] vulnerabilities across 7 economic sectors. A foundational X X X X X X X X document for understanding past and projected climate risks, and the potential impacts to sectors.

2019 Establishment of In 2013 the GORTT received a US$246,500,000 loan from the Malabar Wastewater IDB to undertake a “Multiphase Wastewater treatment Treatment Plant.[107] programme Phase-1”. In 2019 a new wastewater treatment plant was commissioned in Malabar to treat waste water from X X X X X the entire catchment and meet the needs of a 2035 forecasted population of 108,630 persons. This state-of-the-artfacility improves resilience and adaptive capacity by reducing water resource pollution and environmental degradation and improves sanitization.

2019 Update of the ICZM Led by the ICZM Inter-Ministerial Committee (2018), the Policy Framework.[36] updated framework is based on stakeholder comments received 68 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO through a continuous consultative process. This foundational X X X X X X X X document defines the coastal zone and explicitly calls for CCA through coastal EBA and other measures. It contributes to adaptation and resilience building by providing an overarching framework for climate-smart, environmentally responsible economic activity within the coastal zone of Trinidad and Tobago.

2019 Vulnerability and Prepared by the MPD towards the preparation of Trinidad and Adaptation Assessment Tobago’s 1st BUR and TNC, this document provides seminal of the Coastal Zone.[67] work for Trinidad and Tobago’s pathways approach as well as X X X X X X X its existing capacity to manage climate risks within the coastal zone. It builds on the national VCA and provides pointed recommendations for capacity building.

2019 Revision to the Water Led by the EMA, the revision of the Water Pollution Control Pollution Control Rules was done to better reflect the Polluters Pay Principle in Rules.[108] the national permitting structure. The revised fee structure serves as a form of resilience building and adaptation by X X X X X X X lessening effluent discharge into the environment, and thus reducing pressures on water resources, human health, biodiversity and other sectors dependent on healthy freshwater systems. This reduced pressure increases the adaptive capacity of human and natural systems against climate change.

2019 GCF Pre-Accreditation Through the Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme, Gap Assessment of the the EMA identified its institutional gaps that prevent it from X X X X X X X X Environmental becoming a Direct Access Entity for Trinidad and Tobago. Management Becoming a DAE enables funding access for this NAP. Authority.[109]

2019 Establishment of Couva Led by the Ministry of Health this facility increases national X Hospital and Multi- capacity to cope with the ill and infirmed, including those Training Facility.[110] whose ailments are caused or exacerbated because of climate change impacts. 69 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PAST ADAPTATION DESCRIPTION OF PAST ADAPTATION ACTION LED OR SECTORAL BENEFICIARIES FROM INTERVENTION STRATEGY/ ACTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE GORTT CZ AG WR HH BIO IHS FS TGO

2019 Toco Health Centre Led by the Ministry of Planning and Development with financial Retrofit Project.[111] support from the EU, this pilot project sought to create the country’s first climate-resilient health centre through X X X X adaptation and efficiency upgrades. This included upgrades to the sewer system, installation of solar power and a rainwater harvesting system. This supports adaptation by ensuring that the vulnerable, rural communities of north east Trinidad have access to medical services despite climate-exacerbated disasters.

2020 Establishment of Point Led by the Ministry of Health this facility increases national X Fortin Hospital.[112] capacity to cope with the ill and infirmed, including those whose ailments are caused or exacerbated because of climate change impacts.

2020 Establishment of Arima Led by the Ministry of Health this facility increases national X General Hospital.[113] capacity to cope with the ill and infirmed, including those whose ailments are caused or exacerbated because of climate change impacts.

2021 Establishment of Led by the Ministry of Health this facility increases national X X Roxborough capacity to cope with the ill and infirmed, including those Hospital.[114] whose ailments are caused or exacerbated because of climate change impacts. 70 CZ = Coastal Zone | AG = Agriculture and Food Security | WR = Water Resources | HH = Human Health | BIO = Biodiversity IH = Infrastructure and Human Settlements | FS = Financial Services | TGO = Tobago NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.2 Barriers, Challenges and Gaps related to Further Adaptation Action THE GORTT acknowledges that there will be challenges and gaps that limit effective adaptation action, or that place limits on adaptation. Through a robust consultative process with the various TWGs the barriers to effective adaptation action were identified and analysed. The key findings are presented in Table 14 below. Table 14 - Identification and analysis of key challenges to adaptation action. GAPS IMPORTANCE TO ROOT CAUSE OF TWC IDENTIFIED CLIMATE CHANGE BARRIER/ CHALLENGE RECOMMENDATION MANAGEMENT Information Quality • Scenario planning Lack of communication, Implementation of a singular and Access • Community risk participation and data management entity profiling partnerships. through point Ministry. • Developing early warning systems • Preparing emergency preparedness and response plans Regulatory and • Coordinating Actions Lack of specific Climate Climate Change Act with Institutional • Mandating compliance Change legislation and enforceable frameworks. Frameworks • Mainstreaming CCA limited enforcement of • Securing financial existing legislation. resources Financial Resources • Supporting adaptation Budgetary constraints and Budgetary allocations and actions. limited access to strict monitoring; enhancing • Securing human international financing. capacity to access resources for CCA international funds. Technical Capacity • Ensuring high quality Lack of use of local capacity Managing body to stock take analysis and knowledge and shortage of training local experts and those with products. opportunities capacity as well as build • Empowering capacity through training stakeholders. programmes Social Awareness • Driving community- Lack of unified government “Whole of government” based action. approach to sensitization. approach to alignment and • Supporting difficult Limited NGO/CBO inclusion mainstreaming. Participatory ‘trade-offs’ in CCA mainstreaming. engagement with the public • Maintaining a and stakeholders. responsible social footprint. To address these challenges, GORTT is committed to targeting their root causes and putting measures in place to ensure the barriers to climate change adaptation are reduced as far as practicably possible through its enabling strategies. 71 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.3 Overview of Present and Future Strategies The priority adaptation strategies for Trinidad and Tobago moving forward are shown in Table 15. Strategiesdemarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “NoRegret- High Impact”. Table 15 – Listing of Trinidad and Tobago’s Priority Adaptation Strategies # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ENABLING Adaptation Financing 01 EADF-001 Establish a “Climate Change Window” under the Trinidad and Tobago Green Fund (TTGF) 02 EADF-002 Strengthen partnerships with multilateral agencies and donors for adaptation financing. 03 EADF-003 Obtain direct access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Monitoring and Evaluation

04 EMOE-001 Develop a participatory Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) framework.

05 EMOE-002 Establish framework for capturing climate change adaptation efforts in the national climate change knowledge management system (KMS) Mainstreaming into National Planning 06 EMNP-001 Establish multiparty working groups across government, private sector and civil society to integrate climate change adaptation into budgets and decision making. 07 EMNP-002 Establish national climate change legislation to give legal authority to a governmental body to mainstream adaptation into planning and development. 08 EMNP-003 Make legislative amendments to incorporate adaptation considerations into permitting requirements.

09 EMNP-004 ◆ Enhancing the human and technical capacities of key stakeholders to understand and manage climate risks towards informed decision making. SECTORAL Coastal Zone Resources 10 SCZN-001 ◆ Evidence-based coastal vulnerability and risk assessment information made available to stakeholders.

11 SCZN-002 Give the responsibility of conservation, restoration and management of coastal ecosystems in T&T to civil society organizations. 72 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 12 SCZN-003 Improve public education through the incorporation of climate change, storm planning/disaster management into the national curriculum. 13 SCZN-004 Implement Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) adaptive strategies and encourage protection and maintenance of dynamic coastal buffer features. 14 SCZN-005 Establish engineering-based solutions where appropriate to protect critical infrastructure. 15 SCZN-006 Establish a Coastal Information Management System. Agriculture and Food Security 16 SAFS-001 ◆ Increase the availability and awareness of technology to improve water management.

17 SAFS-002 Promote protected agriculture.

18 SAFS-003 Promote climate-sensitive farming.

18 SAFS-004 Improve land distribution and management to secure areas for agricultural production. 20 SAFS-005 Improve research and development considerably by learning from the examples of several climate and crop studies carried out in the Caribbean. 21 SAFS-006 Streamline climate change issues into agricultural planning and management.

22 SAFS-007 Re-orient agricultural support policies. 23 SAFS-008 Improve climate monitoring systems for the agricultural sector. Water Resources – Integrated Water Resources Management 24 SWRA-001 Improve and enforce the water resources master plan which embodies the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). 25 SWRA-002 Conduct a national water resources quantification study for surface water, coastal/marine waters, and groundwater.

26 SWRA-003 Implement a national water quality monitoring programme for surface, coastal/marine, and groundwater.

27 SWRA-004 Improve and enforce the water resources master plan which embodies the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Water Resources – Improved Agro-hydro-meteorological Monitoring 28 SWRB-001 Deploy and install a catchment-based network of surface water flow gauges

28 SWRB-002 Deploy and install a catchment-based tipping bucket rain gauge network on a national scale in support of IWRM. 30 SWRB-003 Implement a groundwater flow, salinity and quality testing programme at the national scale.

31 SWRB-004 Deploy and install a network of tidal gauges at the national scale. 73 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES

32 SWRB-005 Develop a data management framework for hydro-meteorological data across public sector bodies. Water Resources – Flood Mitigation and Flood Risk Management 33 SWRC-001 ◆ Inclusion of flood risk reduction measures as part of the national development process. 34 SWRC-002 Implement a national flood modelling, flood risk assessment and flood hazard mapping programme. 35 SWRC-003 Development of flood response and recovery plans for flood-prone areas. 36 SWRC-004 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and tidal data, and the development of a national database to house said data. 37 SWRC-005 Carry out a national assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to flooding. Water Resources- Drought Mitigation and Drought Risk Management

38 SWRD-001 ◆ Inclusion of projections from the Caribbean Drought and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CDPMN) in the decision-making process for drought mitigation and drought risk management. 39 SWRD-002 The exploration of storm water, rainwater and greywater harvesting and reuse as an alternative means of potable and non-potable water supply augmentation. 40 SWRD-003 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and groundwater data, and conduct a groundwater study. 41 SWRD-004 The exploration of groundwater extraction points at higher elevations. Water Resources- Water Supply and Demand Management 42 SWRE-001 ◆ Implementation of a national education-centred water demand management programme. 43 SWRE-002 ◆ Incentivizing the use of water-efficient fixtures. 44 SWRE-003 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters as a means of ‘demand management’ for water for high-volume users of water resources. 45 SWRE-004 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters at the individual customer level, along distribution lines, and on storage infrastructure. 46 SWRE-005 Execution of a national fresh water demand forecasting project, disaggregated by metering district and industry. Water Resources- Infrastructure, Development and Planning 47 SWRF-001 ◆ Strategic construction of stormwater retention and detention structures and reservoirs.

48 SWRF-002 Revision of building standards to require the storage of a certain percentage of surface runoff on-site for new and existing development as part of the development of a new climate-resilient National Building code.

49 SWRF-003 Drafting and enforcement of legislation Water Resources- Education and Capacity Building 50 SWRG-001 ◆ Execution of a national training programme for farmers, focused on IWRM.

51 SWRG-002 ◆ The updating of job descriptions across the water management-related fields within the public sector. 74 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 52 SWRG-003 Execution of a national public education and awareness-building programme to reduce water wastage and overall water usage.

53 SWRG-004 Execution of a national public education programme to build public awareness of the projected effects of climate change on water resources, including fresh water availability, water quality, and flood risk.

54 SWRG-005 Execution of a national training programme on IWRM for technical professionals in the construction, engineering, architecture, planning, and water resource management fields. Water Resources- Legislation and Regulation

55 SWRH-001 ◆ The drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the sharing of environmental data across public sector agencies.

56 SWRH-002 ◆ Draft and enforce legislation pertaining to the utilization of land in flood-prone areas.

57 SWRH-003 The drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the execution of a national flood modelling, flood risk assessment and flood hazard mapping programme every ten years.

58 SWRH-004 The drafting and enforcement of legislation defining the standards for drinking and recreational/bathing water quality.

59 SWRH-005 The drafting and enforcement of legislation defining standards for wastewater and industrial effluent quality.

60 SWRH-006 The drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the development of a water resources master plan every ten years.

61 SWRH-007 The drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the execution of a national water resources quantification study every ten years. Human Health 62 SHUH-001 ◆ Hazard mapping to identify country-wide and site-specific risks to the health sector.

63 SHUH-002 Development and implementation climate change preparedness planning and a Public HealthEducation programme. 64 SHUH-003 Undertake an inter-agency and utilities climate change risk assessment with the focus on health service delivery and health infrastructure.

65 SHUH-004 Upgrading of drainage infrastructure. 66 SHUH-005 Improve climate change risk management within health service delivery including built- in redundancy Biodiversity 67 SBDV-001 Improve the practice of biodiversity management through the participatory development of a National Protected Area System Plan 68 SBDV-002 Rationalize and coordinate the policy, legal and legislative framework for the management of biodiversity

69 SBDV-003 Raise awareness of policy makers and the public to biodiversity conservation and climate change and the link to quality of life 75 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES Infrastructure and Human Settlements 70 SIHS-001 ◆ Public awareness concerning climate change risks to critical infrastructure and settlements, including informal settlements

71 SIHS-002 ◆ Expansion and improved efficiency of community-based early warning systems, evacuation and egress

72 SIHS-003 Collection geo-references data and information on hazard and climate change risks

73 SIHS-004 Review of building standards being used; and development of a climate-resilient National Building Code

74 SIHS-005 Production of a risk assessment of sea level rise, storm surge and intense precipitation on infrastructure and settlements, including informal settlements, by key agencies

75 SIHS-006 Compilation an inventory of critical, commercial, and industrial infrastructure and develop anational-level risk management plan for critical infrastructure and settlements 76 SIHS-007 Installation of green areas on the roofs of buildings.

77 SIHS-008 Standardization of emergency protocols under a common framework so that they are easy tounderstand and accessible to the public.

78 SIHS-009 Implementation of training programmes to educate and inform public officials on climate change and itseffects Financial Services

79 SFIS-001 Develop on and improve the current insurance instruments for disaster risk insurance.

80 SFIS-002 Establishment of a framework for consistent re-evaluation of climate change adaptations to develop innovative insurance instruments that properly account for the dynamics of climate change.

81 SFIS-003 Establishment of a framework to ensure relevancy of climate change and insurance data and information, and to make this data accessible and easily disseminated to the population and the government.

82 SFIS-004 Design of a method via which insurance agencies can emphasize risk reduction strategiesand risk management to their policyholders. Tobago

83 STGO-001 ◆ Development and adoption of climate resilient land use policy and supporting legislation to ensurethat all design and construction in Tobago is climate resilient. 84 STGO-002 Increase focus on building capacity at the community level to build climate resilience. 85 STGO-003 Improve the capacity for the management of influxes of Sargassum seaweed; and enhance the ability to capitalize on its resource value.

86 STGO-004 Improve research to define climate change triggers for Sargassum outbreaks. 76 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 87 STGO-005 Undertake fish stock inventory and climate risk management programme. 88 STGO-006 Provide technical and financial resources and training of fisher folk. 89 STGO-007 Undertake vulnerability and risk assessment at the household and building level

90 STGO-008 Legal establishment and enforcement of a national hurricane resilient building code 77 Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.4 Enabling Strategies: Implementation Status Table 16 – Strategies for enabling nation adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS Adaptation Financing EADF-001 Establish a “Climate Change Window” under the Not yet commenced. Trinidad and Tobago Green Fund (TTGF) Provisions for this have been included in a draft climate change legislation developed under the NDC Implementation project. EADF-002 Strengthen partnerships with multilateral agencies Ongoing. and donors for adaptation financing. Relationships are constantly fostered and supported by the MEAU and other government agencies. EADF-003 Obtain direct access to the Green Climate Fund Ongoing. (GCF) The Ministry of Planning and Development, as the National Designated Authority (NDA) of Trinidad and Tobago has nominated the Environmental Management Authority (EMA) to become a Direct Access Entity (DAE) to the GCF. The EMA is currently in the process of closing institutional gaps so that it can become accredited. Monitoring and Evaluation EMOE-001 Develop a participatory Monitoring & Evaluation Not yet commenced. (M&E) framework. Recognizing that adaptation efforts are best led at the local/community level, a participatory M&E framework needs to be developed to ensure consistency in adaptation evaluation, reporting and improvement. This will be critical input for subsequent NAPs and adaptation pathways. EMOE-002 Establish framework for capturing climate change Not yet commenced. adaptation efforts in the national climate change The KMS is the central repository of climate change information in Trinidad and knowledge management system (KMS) as part of an Tobago and is at the heart of Trinidad and Tobago’s climate change Monitoring enhanced National Climate Change Transparency Review and Verification (MRV) system. The MRV system focuses primarily on GHG System. inventories, mitigation and support. The system was piloted under the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT and NDC Support Programme). However, given the potential synergies between mitigation and adaptation options and the 78 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS role of the KMS as the core database of climate change information, it is envisioned that a framework for adaptation be established in which adaptation M&E is kept within the KMS. Both MRV and M&E systems will provide the KMS with data as part of a single enhanced National Climate Change Transparency System. Mainstreaming into National Planning EMNP-001 Establish multiparty working groups across Not yet Commenced. government, private sector and civil society to There are currently two institutional mechanisms through which this action can be integrate climate change adaptation into budgets undertaken. Firstly, the Multilateral Environmental Agreements Unit (MEAU) as and decision making. the coordinating entity for climate change established under the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) may use its Climate Change Focal Point Network (CCFPN) to establish working groups towards mainstreaming adaptation into organizational level and national budgeting and planning. Similarly, the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) appointed under the National Environmental Policy (NEP) may establish a working group to address adaptation mainstreaming. EMNP-002 Establishment of national climate change Ongoing. legislation to givelegal authority to a governmental Under the NDC Support Programme a draft legislation has been developed but body to mainstream adaptation into planning and requires further review and comment before submission to Parliament for development. consideration. EMNP-003 Legislative amendments to incorporate Not yet Commenced. adaptation considerations into permitting The Environmental Management Act Chap. 35:05 and its Certificate of requirements. Environmental Clearance (CEC) Rules, 2001 guide development by requiring listed development activities to first attain CEC, or sometimes conduct an EIA, prior to establishment. This legislative process can be amended to support climate change adaptation mainstreaming into national planning and development. EMNP-004 Enhancement of the human and technical ◆ Not yet Commenced. capacities ofkey stakeholders to understand and The Technical Working Groups (TWGs) behind the national Capacity and manage climate risks towards informed decision Vulnerability Assessment (CVA) identified 12 organizations that need to have their making. human resource and technical capacity enhanced to enhance the government’s collaborative climate risk management approach and climate resilient development pathway approach to adaptation. This enabling activity was described as central to the “strategic framework and programme for climate risk management”, and was considered to be “no-regret, high-impact” by the TWGs. 79 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7. 5 Sectoral Strategies: Implementation Status 7.5.1 Coastal Zone Resources Table 17 – Strategies for Coastal Zone adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SCZN-001 Evidence-based coastal vulnerability and risk ◆ Not yet commenced. assessment information made available to This adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation stakeholders. includes: • Creating a network for dissemination of information, either via physical copy or through an online database. SCZN-002 Assignment of responsibility of conservation, Not yet commenced. restorationand management of coastal This adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation ecosystems in T&T to civil society organizations. includes: • Developing a policy that recognizes the role that civil society organizations play in coastal resource management. • Build capacity amongst civil society organizations, community-based organizations (CBO’s), and government departments in coastal resource management through a 3-day training course. SCZN-003 Improvement of public education through the Not yet commenced. incorporationof climate change, storm This adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation planning/disaster management into the national includes: curriculum. • Developing the curriculum to include climate change and disaster risk management. • Build capacity amongst teachers through a 3-day training course. • Developing and printing resource packs for teachers. SCZN-004 Implementation Integrated Coastal Zone Not yet commenced. Management(ICZM) adaptive strategies and Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation encourage protection and maintenance of includes: dynamic coastal buffer features. • Make amendments to the Certificate of Environmental Clearance (CEC) process to better consider the impacts on development on the future environment influenced by climate change. • Carry out mangrove restoration projects. 80 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Performing coral restoration projects. • Establish Marine Protected Area’s (MPA’s). SCZN-005 Establishment of engineering-based solutions Ongoing. whereappropriate to protect critical The CPU is actively undertaking shoreline stabilization works at the following infrastructure. areas: San Souci, Matelot, Cocos Bay, South Cocos Bay, Cap-de-Ville. SCZN-006 Establishment of a Coastal Information Ongoing. ManagementSystem. Since 2019 the CPU has been in the process of establishing a Comprehensive National Coastal Monitoring Programme (CNCMP) which includes a Coastal Information Management System. 7.5.2 Agriculture and Food Security Table 18 – Strategies for Agriculture and Food Security adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SAFS-001 Increased availability and awareness of ◆ Not yet commenced. technology to improve water management. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Encourage water-saving irrigation and water management systems. • Encourage building on-farm water storage facilities. • Promote rain water harvesting and conservation strategies. SAFS-002 Promotion of protected agriculture. Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Promote greenhouse facilities. • Amend cultural practices to reflect awareness of climate change. • Introduce windbreaks on farms. SAFS-003 Promotion of climate-sensitive farming systems. Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Create programmes to increase awareness and communication amongst those in the sector. • Relocate agricultural production to less sensitive locations. • Adjust planting calendars and cycles based on changing rainfall patterns. 81 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Facilitate the development/introduction of salt tolerant/resistant crop varieties. • Adopt a more integrated and intensive form of livestock farming. • Establish food storage systems. • Improve irrigation and agricultural drainage systems. • Facilitate the design of better livestock housing facilities. • Establish early warning systems. • Increase warehousing to increase food security as climatic conditions change. SAFS-004 Improved land distribution and management Not yet commenced. tosecure areas for agricultural production. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Develop a system that allocates lands with good agricultural capability for farms. • Adopt improved soil conservation technologies. • Develop and implement land policy to preserve high quality agricultural lands. • Promote integrated watershed management. SAFS-005 Improved research and development considerably Not yet commenced. bylearning from the examples of several climate Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation and crop studies carried out in the Caribbean. includes: • Establish germplasm banks of indigenous, drought-tolerant varieties. • Investigate the feasibility of altering the crop calendar for short-term crops. • Develop methods of controlling invasive species. • Adopt cultural/biological control measures. • Develop and implement a responsive extension system that allows for easy information flow amongst those in the sector. SAFS-006 Streamlining climate change issues into Not yet commenced. agriculturalplanning and management. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Diversify agricultural products. • Introduce more drought-resistant/tolerant species. • Establish wildfire eradication schemes at the national and farm levels. 82 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Prepare and adopt disaster management plans for farmers and farming communities. SAFS-007 Re-orientation of agricultural support policies Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Diversify agricultural exports through niche and organic productions. • Expand non-traditional produce for export, especially if preferential agreements already exist for them. • Assess and reduce inadequacies in agricultural support systems. • Incentivize environmentally friendly practices. • Perform continuous assessment and monitoring of farming practices. • Establish crop and livestock insurance and credit schemes. SAFS-008 Improved climate monitoring systems for Ongoing. theagricultural sector. The GORTT with readiness support from the GCF has embarked on a project titled “Improving the monitoring system for climate change impacts on the agriculture sector” in 2020. The US$260,000 project aims to gather critical hydrometeorological, economic and gender data from the sector and build the capacity of stakeholders to enhance their resilience through mobile phone applications. 7.5.3 Water Resources Table 19 – Strategies for Water Resources adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SWRA-001 Improvement and enforcement of the water Not yet commenced. resources master plan which embodies the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation principles of Integrated Water Resources includes: Management (IWRM). • Review and update the existing water resources management plans and reports. • Incorporate the projected effects of climate change, population, the national economy and industry into the plan. • Engage in consultations with relevant stakeholders. 83 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SWRA-002 Implementation of a national water resources Not yet commenced. quantification study for surface water, Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation coastal/marine waters, andgroundwater. includes: • Assess rainfall and surface and groundwater flow data, water quality data, and current and projected freshwater supply and demand. • Assess how the quantity of water resources is expected to change over time with respect to climate change. • Assess the economic value of the country’s water resources. SWRA-003 Implementation of a national water quality Not yet commenced. monitoringprogramme for surface, Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation coastal/marine, and groundwater. includes: • Collect and analyse water quality samples. • Perform monitoring of surface water quality. • Produce reports on water quality for surface, coastal/marine, and groundwater resources, and make these reports accessible to the public. SWRA-004 Improvement and enforcement the water Not yet commenced. resources master plan which embodies the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation principles of Integrated Water Resources includes: Management (IWRM). • Identify ministries, agencies, and organizations that have responsibilities for managing watersheds and/or managing activities. • Produce documents to facilitate training and capacity building in line with IWRM principles. • Utilize these documents to aid in incorporating IWRM policies into the day-to-day operations of the identified stakeholders. SWRB-001 Deployment and installation of a catchment- Not yet commenced. based network ofsurface water flow gauges Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Identify environments within which to install: Rivers, gullies, and streams Constructed and natural channels Lagoons and detention ponds and basins. • Develop a deployment plan for the surface water flow gauging network in conjunction with plans for rain and groundwater gauging networks. 84 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Develop a data management plan for the surface water flow gauging network in conjunction with those for rain and groundwater gauge networks. • Procure flow gauges with telemetry capability. • Deploy flow gauges and collect data in real time and store it. SWRB-002 Deployment and installation of a catchment- Not yet commenced. based tipping bucket rain gauge network on a Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation national scale insupport of IWRM. includes: • Develop a deployment plan for the rain gauging network in conjunction with plans for surface water flow and groundwater gauging networks. • Develop a data management plan for the rain gauging network in conjunction with those for surface water flow and groundwater gauge networks. • Procure rain gauges with telemetry capability. Deploy rain gauges and collect data in real time and store it. SWRB-003 Implementation of a groundwater flow, salinity Not yet commenced. and quality testing programme at the national Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation scale. includes: • Develop a testing plan for a groundwater gauging network. • Develop a data management plan for the groundwater gauging network in conjunction with those for surface water flow and rain gauge networks. • Procure groundwater gauges. • Deploy groundwater gauges and collect and store data. SWRB-004 Deployment and installation of a network of tidal Not yet commenced. gauges at thenational scale. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Develop a testing plan for a tidal gauging network. • Develop a data management plan for the tidal gauging network in conjunction with those for surface water flow and rain gauge networks. • Procure tidal gauges with telemetry capability. • Deploy tidal gauges and collect data in real time and store it. SWRB-005 Development of a data management framework Not yet commenced. for hydro-meteorological data across public sector Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation bodies. includes: 85 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Engage GIS/data management consultant. • Engage in consultation with relevant public sector bodies. • Create a draft data management framework. • Solicit feedback from relevant public sector bodies and test framework as part of a participatory workshop. • Implement data management framework. SWRC-001 Inclusion of a flood risk reduction measures as part ◆ Not yet commenced. ofthe national development process. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the results of national flood modelling, flood risk assessment, and flood hazard mapping programme. • Prepare draft legislation. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. SWRC-002 Implementation of a national flood modelling, flood Not yet commenced. risk assessment and flood hazard mapping Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation programme. includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess current hydrometeorological data availability that is relevant to flood modelling and management. • Assess current climate models, and collect additional data as required. • Build and test urban, fluvial, and coastal models. • Validate models against measured data in the field. • Produce flood hazard maps. • Produce reports on national flood modelling, flood risk assessment, and flood hazard mapping, and make these reports accessible to the public and other relevant stakeholders. SWRC-003 Development of flood response and recovery plans Not yet commenced. for flood-prone areas. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess the results of national flood modelling, flood risk assessment and flood hazard mapping programme. • Determine flood evacuation routes. 86 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Develop plans for removal of flood waters after extreme events. • Develop clean-up plans for severe flooding. • Finalize comprehensive flood response and recovery plans. SWRC-004 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and Not yet commenced. tidal data, and the development of a national Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation database to house said data. includes: • Develop a testing plan for rainfall, surface flow, and tidal gauging network. • Develop a data management plan for these gauging networks in conjunction with a national database to store said data. • Procure gauges with telemetry capability. • Deploy gauges and collect data in real time and store it in the database. SWRC-005 Implementation of a national assessment of socio- Not yet commenced. economicvulnerability to flooding. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Engage relevant consultant. • Carry out assessment via GIS data review, survey questionnaires and public consultations. • Produce report on socio-economic vulnerability to flooding and make this report accessible to the public and relevant stakeholders. SWRD-001 Inclusion of projections from the Caribbean Drought ◆ Not yet commenced. and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CDPMN) in Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation the decision-making process for drought mitigation includes: and drought risk management. • Engage CIMH. • Facilitate the training of technical staff in the interpretation of data and the translation of information into effective drought management actions. • Include projections in drought mitigation and drought risk management on a systematic basis. SWRD-002 Exploration of storm water, rainwater and Not yet commenced. greywater harvesting and reuse as an alternative Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation means of potable and non-potable water supply includes: augmentation. • Engage relevant consultant. 87 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Assess the potential of storm water, rainwater, and greywater harvesting and reuse for water supply augmentation, including for potable and non- potable use. • Assess the potential yield of these approaches. • Engage in consultations with potential users, with particular attention to the public, and the hospitality, tourism, and food sectors. • Incorporate circumstances and concerns of potential users into the overall strategy. • Develop appropriate water quality standards and quality control measures. • Produce report on the potential exploitation of storm water and wastewater harvesting reuse for water supply augmentation and make the report accessible to the public and relevant stakeholders. SWRD-003 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and Not yet commenced. groundwater data, and conduct a groundwater Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation study. includes: • Engage relevant consultant. • Assess current hydrometeorological data availability relevant to the groundwater study. • Assess current climate models. • Collect additional data as required. • Build and test groundwater model/s. • Validate model/s against measured data in the field. • Produce diagrammatic outputs, including groundwater contours, saltwater-freshwater interface maps, maps of the potentiometric surface of both saline and fresh water, etc. • Produce report on national groundwater study and make the report accessible to the public and relevant stakeholders. SWRD-004 Exploration of groundwater extraction points at Not yet commenced. higher elevations. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Engage relevant consultant. • Procure groundwater gauges. • Deploy gauges and collect and store groundwater data. • Assess and prioritize new extraction points. 88 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Develop a plan for the exploitation of new groundwater extraction points. SWRE-001 Implementation of a national education-centred ◆ Not yet commenced. water demand management programme. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess water demand based on district and sector. • Utilize this data to develop a report on water demand and make this report available to the public and relevant stakeholders. • Utilize the information in this report to develop an education-centred water demand management programme. SWRE-002 Incentivizing the use of water-efficient fixtures. ◆ Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Ensure that water-efficient fixtures are available for the average citizen to purchase and install in their homes. • Develop awareness-raising programmes to educate the public about the importance of saving water. • Develop incentives to encourage the purchase and use of water-efficient fixtures. SWRE-003 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters as a means of Not yet commenced. ‘demand management’ for water for high-volume Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation users of water resources. includes: • Publish tender notice for meters. • Engage relevant tenderers/suppliers. • Produce and install meters. • Collect and store data. • Perform this in conjunction with a national public education and awareness-building programme aimed at reducing water wastage and overall water usage (SWRG-004). SWRE-004 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters at the individual Not yet commenced. customer level, along distribution lines, and on Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation storage infrastructure. includes: • Publish tender notice for meters. • Engage relevant tenderers/suppliers. • Produce and install meters. • Collect and store data. 89 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Perform this in conjunction with a national public education and awareness-building programme aimed at reducing water wastage and overall water usage (SWRG-004). SWRE-005 Execution of a national fresh water demand Not yet commenced. forecasting project, disaggregated by metering Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation district and industry. includes: • Engage relevant consultant. • Assess the results of national water resources quantification study. • Estimate future water supply under a range of climate and economic scenarios. • Assess projection trends for population growth and economic activity. • Estimate future water usage under a range of population growth and economic scenarios. • Produce report on future national fresh water demand and make this report accessible to the public and to relevant stakeholders. SWRF-001 Strategic construction of stormwater retention and ◆ Not yet commenced. detention structures and reservoirs. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Engage relevant consultant. • Assess the results of national flood modelling, flood risk assessment, and flood hazard mapping programme. • Strategically locate stormwater retention, reservoir, and detention structure. • Carry out preliminary designs of structures. • Carry out environmental impact assessment for the proposed works. • Carry out detailed structure designs. • Publish tender for the construction of structures. • Construct structures. • Perform routine monitoring of water levels, flow, and water quality at structures. SWRF-002 Revision of building standards to require the Not yet commenced. storage of a certain percentage of surface runoff Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation on-site for new and existing development as part of includes: 90 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS the development of a new climate-resilient National • Engage relevant consultant. Building code. • Review existing building standards relative to drainage and flood management. • Assess the results of national flood modelling, flood risk assessment, and flood hazard mapping programme. • Determine the percentage surface runoff to be retained on-site for new and existing development, based on the relative flood risk within reach catchment area. • Develop new climate-resilient National Building Code. SWRF-003 Drafting and enforcement of legislation. Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Draft and enforce legislation restricting development in flood-prone areas. • Draft and enforce legislation requiring the preservation of drainage reserves. • Draft and enforce legislation limiting the percentage of impermeable area created during new development. SWRG-001 Execution of a national training programme for ◆ Not yet commenced. farmers, focused on IWRM. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Engage in consultations with farmers. • Determine the existing perception/knowledge of IWRM and ascertain gaps in knowledge. • Develop and execute training programme. • Perform routine assessments of the impact of the programme through follow-up consultations. SWRG-002 The updating of job descriptions across the water ◆ Not yet commenced. management-related fields within the public sector. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Carry out a situational analysis of current water resources management human resources within the public sector. • Assess the capacity of these professionals to address current and projected challenges in water resources management. • Identify areas of duplication of effort. 91 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Combine and/or separate roles as appropriate to improve efficacy and efficiency. SWRG-003 Execution of a national public education and Not yet commenced. awareness-building programme to reduce water Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation wastage and overall water usage. includes: • Select a focus group and determine the existing public perception/knowledge of climate change and its projected impacts on water availability, water quality, and flood risk. • Ascertain gaps in perception/knowledge. • Develop and execute educational programmes. • Perform routine assessments of the impact of the programme through consultations with focus groups. SWRG-004 Execution of a national public education Not yet commenced. programme to build public awareness of the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation projected effects of climate change on water includes: resources, including fresh water availability, water • Select a focus group and determine the existing public quality, and flood risk. perception/knowledge of water resources and water availability/scarcity. • Ascertain gaps in perception/knowledge. • Develop and execute educational programmes. • Perform routine assessments of the impact of the programme through consultations with focus groups. SWRG-005 Execution of a national training programme on Not yet commenced. IWRM for technical professionals in the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation construction, engineering, architecture, planning, includes: and water resource management fields. • Engage in consultations with technical professionals. • Determine the existing perception/knowledge of IWRM and ascertain gaps in perception/knowledge. • Develop and execute training programmes. • Perform routine assessments of the impact of the programme through follow-up consultations. SWRH-001 Drafting and enforcement of legislation ◆ Not yet commenced. requiring the sharing of environmental data across Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation public sector agencies. includes: 92 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Engage relevant consultants. • Prepare draft legislation. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. SWRH-002 Drafting and enforcement of legislation ◆ Not yet commenced. pertaining to theutilization of land in flood- Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation prone areas. includes: • Draft and enforce legislation restricting development in flood-prone areas. • Draft and enforce legislation requiring the preservation of drainage reserves. • Draft and enforce legislation limiting the percentage of impermeable area created during new development. SWRH-003 Drafting and enforcement of legislation Not yet commenced. requiring the execution of a national flood Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation modelling, flood risk assessment and flood hazard includes: mapping programme every ten years. • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the results of the national flood modelling, flood risk assessment and flood hazard mapping programme. • Prepare draft legislation, inclusive of the stipulation of re-development every ten years. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. SWRH-004 Drafting and enforcement of legislation definingthe Not yet commenced. standards for drinking and recreational/bathing Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation water quality. includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the results of the national water quality monitoring programme. • Prepare draft legislation. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. 93 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SWRH-005 Drafting and enforcement of legislation defining Not yet commenced. standards for wastewater and industrial effluent Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation quality. includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the results of the national water quality monitoring programme. • Prepare draft legislation. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. SWRH-006 Drafting and enforcement of legislation Not yet commenced. requiring the development of a water resources Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation master plan every ten years. includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the results of the overall state of the water resources sector. • Prepare draft legislation, inclusive of the stipulation of re-development every ten years. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. SWRH-007 Drafting and enforcement of legislation Not yet commenced. requiring the execution of a national water Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation resources quantification study every ten years. includes: • Engage relevant consultants. • Assess the current quantity of water resources. • Prepare draft legislation, inclusive of the stipulation of re-development every ten years. • Finalize legislation through a consultative process. • Facilitate training for enforcement officers. • Enforce legislation. 94 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.5.4 Human Health Table 20 – Strategies for Human Health adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SHUH-001 Hazard mapping to identify country-wide and site- ◆ Not yet commenced. specific risks to the health sector. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Collect and utilize data to identify specific risks to the health sector. • Develop geo-spatial map. • Make these maps available to key agencies. SHUH-002 Development and implementation climate change Not yet commenced. preparedness planning and a Public Health Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation Education programme. includes: • Create and distribute literature on preparedness planning at the community level. • Develop the Public Health Education programme to be able to address issues at a household level. SHUH-003 Undertaking an inter-agency and utilities climate Not yet commenced. change risk assessment with the focus on health Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation service delivery and health infrastructure. includes: • Identify the gaps and needs of the sector. • Propose strategies to address risks to service delivery and health infrastructure. SHUH-004 Upgrading of drainage infrastructure. Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess the deficiencies in the drainage systems, with particular focus on drains and river banks. • Develop and implement plans to address the identified deficiencies. SHUH-005 Improved climate change risk management within Not yet commenced. health service delivery including built-in redundancy Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: 95 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Improve the early warning system for the public health sector. • Assess the associated risks within the health service delivery system and develop plans to address them. • Assess existing measures to improve the health service delivery system to avoid redundancy in the planning process. 7.5.5 Biodiversity Table 21 – Strategies for Biodiversity adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SBDV-001 Improving the practice of biodiversity management Not yet commenced. through the participatory development of a National Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation Protected Area System Plan includes: • Develop and effect the plan through legislation. • Develop plans for subsequent investment into the development of site management plans by applying the National Protected Area System Plan at a site level. SBDV-002 Rationalization and coordination of the policy, Not yet commenced. legal andlegislative framework for the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation management of biodiversity includes: • Develop a system that contributes to creating synergies in climate change adaptation and mitigation with other sectors, reduce conflict among resource managers, and improve the effectiveness of the enforcement of management decisions. SBDV-003 Sensitization of policy makers and the public to Not yet commenced. biodiversity conservation and climate change and Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation the link to quality of life includes: • Develop programmes to raise awareness of policy makers, including training sessions. • Implement subsequent programmes that will raise awareness of the public, including a link to an improvement in quality of life. 96 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.5.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements Table 22 – Strategies for Infrastructure and Human Settlements adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SIHS-001 Public awareness concerning climate change risks to ◆ Not yet commenced. critical infrastructure and settlements, including Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation informal settlements includes: Develop programmes that engage the public in raising their awareness of climate change risks to critical infrastructure and settlements. SIHS-002 Increased the use and efficiency of community- ◆ Not yet commenced. basedearly warning systems, evacuation and egress Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Collect data on vulnerable areas. • Evaluate and develop areas that are ideal to be used as evacuation routes. • Develop early warning and egress systems for different sectors/locations. SIHS-003 Collection of geo-references data and information on Not yet commenced. hazard and climate change risks Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Invest in systems to collect geo-referenced data. • Develop training for personnel to manage geo-spatial data. • Prioritize the areas identified as most vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge: Guayaguayare/Mayaro/Manzanilla Sangre Grande/Toco/Matelot Oropouche (Mosquito Creek) Penal Roxborough/Charlotteville Cap-De-Ville And the areas identified as most vulnerable to intense precipitation: Penal/Debe/Barrackpore Caroni Central 97 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS Port-of-Spain Mafeking/Mayaro. SIHS-004 Review of building standards being used; and Not yet commenced. development of a climate-resilient National Building Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation Code includes: • Assess current building standards. • Develop legislation regarding building in climate-sensitive areas. • Incorporate climate-resilient measures and considerations in the development of a new National Building Code. SIHS-005 Implementation of a risk assessment of sea level Not yet commenced. rise, storm surge andintense precipitation on Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation infrastructure and settlements, including informal includes: settlements, by keyagencies • Collect data on location and status of critical infrastructure and settlements. • Develop plans that revolve around retrofitting, reconstruction, relocation, and repurposing of infrastructure. SIHS-006 Compilation an inventory of critical, commercial, Not yet commenced. andindustrial infrastructure and develop a Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation national level risk management plan for critical includes: infrastructure and settlements • Develop the national risk management plan with detailed budgets and identification of key stakeholders. • Define responsibilities of important stakeholders including utilities, regional corporations, Finance, Marine Affairs, WASA, T&TEC, Ministry of Energy, CDA, Ministry of Planning and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, ODPM, and TTMS. SIHS-007 Installation of green areas on the roofs of buildings. Not yet commenced. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Develop legislation surrounding the implementation of green roofing systems. • Incentivize property owners to construct green areas on roofs. • Establish the provision of goods and services for the implementation and maintenance of green roofing systems. SIHS-008 Standardization of emergency protocols under a Not yet commenced. common framework so that they are easy to Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation understand and are accessible to the public. includes: 98 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Assess current emergency protocols to determine common standards between them. • Create or adopt an emergency framework to use as a base for standardizing/remodelling emergency protocols. SIHS-009 Training programmes to educate and inform public Not yet commenced. officials on climate change and its effects. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Create and disseminate materials for public officials to learn about climate change and its effects. • Implement training sessions where officials of different sectors can learn together and integrate knowledge of their respective sectors. 7.5.7 Financial Services Table 23 – Strategies for Financial Services adaptation action and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS SFIS-001 Further development and improvement of the Not yet commenced. current insuranceinstruments for disaster risk Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation insurance includes: • Develop frameworks for assessing and improving the following insurance instruments as they relate to climate change and affected sectors: o Sovereign Disaster Risk Insurance o Micro-Insurance o Agricultural Insurance o Property Catastrophe Risk Insurance o Health Insurance. SFIS-002 Establishment of a framework for consistent re- Not yet commenced. evaluation of climate change adaptations to develop Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation innovative insurance instruments that properly includes: account for the dynamics of climate change • Develop or adopt a framework for implementing climate change dynamics into insurance schemes. • Establish plans for consistent re-evaluation of climate change adaptations. 99 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS • Develop innovative insurance instruments to incorporate these adaptations. • SFIS-003 Establishment of a framework to ensure relevancy Not yet commenced. of climate change and insurance data and Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation information, and to make this data accessible and includes: easily disseminated to the population and the • Make relevant data accessible to both government officials and the public. government • Develop and enforce legislation relating to the consistent updating of climate change data. SFIS-004 Design of a method via which insurance agencies Not yet commenced. canemphasize risk reduction strategies and risk Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation management to their policyholders includes: • Develop awareness raising materials about risk reduction strategies for the public, and for insurance agencies to use to address their policyholders. 7.5.8 Tobago Table 24 - Strategies for adaptation action in Tobago and their implementation status. REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS STGO-001 Development and adoption of climate resilient land ◆ Not yet commenced. use policyand supporting legislation to ensure that Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation all design and construction in Tobago is climate includes: resilient. • Develop a framework for legislation and support measures that encourage climate-resilient building measures for Tobago’s specific context. STGO-002 Increased focus on building capacity at the Not yet commenced. community level to build climate resilience. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess relevant climate change risks facing communities in Tobago. • Develop programmes to reduce risk to hurricanes and associated flooding and landslides, with a focus on including community members. 100 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS STGO-003 Capacity improvement for the management of Not yet commenced. influxes of Sargassum seaweed; and enhance the Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation ability to capitalize on its resource value. includes: • Carry out regular clean-up and maintenance of beaches where Sargassum seaweed is known to wash up on. • Implement monitoring programmes on beaches where Sargassum seaweed is known to wash up on. STGO-004 Improved research to define climate change Not yet commenced. triggersfor Sargassum outbreaks. Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Conduct research into the conditions which allow Sargassum seaweed to thrive and spread. • Develop measures to control the spread, or to reduce the impacts that Sargassum seaweed has on the marine environment. • STGO-005 Implementation of fish stock inventory and Not yet commenced. climate riskmanagement programme Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess the impact of climate change on fish stocks. • Develop and implement measures to improve the capacity of research, data collection, and evaluation of the effect of sea surface temperature on fish migration patterns. • Establish programmes to increase education and awareness about fish migration patterns in relation to climate change. • Make research and information available for local fishing communities. STGO-006 Provision of technical and financial resources Not yet commenced. andtraining of fisher folk Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Develop a framework that allows for capacity building and support for fishing communities. • Develop and establish financial support systems for fishing communities. • Establish support and training for developing deep sea fishery. STGO-007 Implementation of a vulnerability and risk assessment Not yet commenced. at the household and building level 101 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REF CODE DESCRIPTION OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION STATUS/DETAILS Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Assess vulnerability of infrastructure by district. • Use this information to supplement the development of new climate- resilient building requirements for Tobago’s specific context. STGO-008 Legal establishment and enforcement of a national Not yet commenced. hurricane resilient building code Adaptation has not yet been implemented. Recommended implementation includes: • Develop or adapt a climate-resilient land use policy for Tobago’s context. • Incorporate data collected via the implementation of the previous adaptation measures to develop supporting legislation for ensuring climate-resilient design and construction in Tobago. 102 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6 Sectoral Adaptation Pathways In this section, the different adaptation measures will be presented in a conceptual ‘pathways maps’. These maps will be used to show, using time as a scale, how effective each identified measure should be for both ‘Rapid Implementation’ and ‘Slow Implementation’ scenarios. A rapid implementation scenario assumes the almost unhindered implementation of the proposed measures, and a low implementation scenario assumes that proposed measures are implemented at a much slower rate. It is important to note that the barriers to implementation are not explored in the representation that these maps provide, but it can be used a plausible gauge considering the details and impacts of each proposed measure. Proposed measures will be referred to by the codes provided in Tables 15 and 17 and will be represented by a single solid-coloured line to be interpreted as the implementation of a single measure. The solid-coloured lines will run to the assumed end point, which is based on the consideration of the priority, details, andprojected impact of the measures. At this point one of two things can happen: i. The proposed measure can switch entirely to another measure – represented by a solid-coloured line transitioning to another solid-coloured line. OR ii. The proposed measure runs simultaneously with another measure – represented by a multi-coloured line which can consist of two or more colours. The colours within these lines indicatewhich measures are considered for each effective time projection. It is important to note that even though these multi-coloured lines start at a later point in the diagram, all lines are assumed to be starting from the ‘current position’ point of the time scale. This therefore means that the identified end points of each single solid or possible colour combination line are projected based on having the same starting implementation time. The map therefore does not account for the case that when a single measure ends that the combination measure is only then implemented. This will also mean that the more proposed measures that are implemented within a combination, the longer the effective time would be. 103 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.1 Coastal Zone Resources Figure 12 – Indicative Coastal Zone (SCZN) adaptation action pathways 104 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.2 Agriculture and Food Security Figure 13 – Indicative Agriculture and Food Security (SAFS) adaptation action pathways 105 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.3 Water Resources Figure 14 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRA) adaptation action pathways Figure 15 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRB) adaptation action pathways 106 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Figure 16 – Indicative Water Resources (SWRC) adaptation action pathways Flood Risk Reduction Figure 17– Indicative Water Resources (SWRD) adaptation action pathways 107 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Figure 18– Indicative Water Resources (SWRE) adaptation action pathways Water use efficiency Figure 19– Indicative Water Resources (SWRF) adaptation action pathways 108 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Figure 20– Indicative Water Resources (SWRG) adaptation action pathways Figure 21– Indicative Water Resources (SWRH) adaptation action pathways Quality of CCRM System 109 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.4 Human Health Figure 22 – Indicative Human Health (SHUH) adaptation action pathways 7.6.5 Biodiversity Figure 23 - Indicative Biodiversity (SBDV) adaptation action pathways Increased Climate Resilience 110 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.6 Infrastructure and Human Settlements Figure 24 - Indicative Infrastructure and Human Settlements (SIHS) adaptation action pathways 111 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.6.7 Financial Services. Figure 25 – Indicative Financial Services (SFIS) adaptation action pathways 7.6.8 Tobago Figure 26 – Indicative Tobago (STGO) adaptation action pathways 112 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 8.0 NAP Implementation and Support Needs The successful implementation of the enabling and sectoral strategies and actions require enhanced institutional capacities and direct financial investments into on-the-ground adaptation efforts. First and foremost, the most critical enabling action, EMNP-004 “Enhancing the human and technical capacities of key stakeholders to understand and manage climate risks towards informed decision making.”, is essential for enhancing the integrity and efficiency of the national Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management. Thirteen (13) public sector and non-governmental actors have been identified for having their human resource, technical and technological capacities enhanced under this measure at a cost of US$19,725,857.00 over five years. Table 25 - Summary of Costs for enhancing the Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management (EMNP-004). INSTITUTION IDENTIFIED AS IN NEED OF URGENT INDICATIVE COSTS FOR HUMAN AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT FOR CCA RESOURCE CAPACITY BUILDING (USD) Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville (ERIC) US$ 556,154.00 University of Trinidad and Tobago US$ 230,770.00 Council of Presidents for the Environment (COPE) US$ 226,524.00 US$ 145,262.00 Environmental Management Authority US$ 2,120,000.00 Environment Tobago US$ 80,770.00 US$ 363,231.00 Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries US$ 558,769.00 Ministry of Health (For a Health National Adaptation Plan) US$ 2,295,385.00 Institute of Marine Affairs US$ 3,869,231.00 Local. Area and Regional Planning and Development Unit (LARPDU), US$ 1,440,991.00 Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Services US$ 451,385.00 Coastal Protection Unit, Ministry of Works and Transport US$ 1,292,308.00 Water Resources Agency US$ 6 , 0 6 5 , 0 7 7 . 00 TOTAL US$ 19,725,857.00 Adapted from: Clarke, 2019b [115] using an exchange rate of 1 USD: 6.5TTD. 113 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO A summary of costs across all adaptation actions by category are presented in Table 26. Table 26 – Estimated costs of present and proposed adaptation measures segregated by category. ESTIMATED COST (USD) CATEGORY OF STRATEGY NO REGRET-HIGH OTHER PRIORITY /ACTION IMPACT STRATEGIES EADF Adaptation Financing US$ - US$ 350,000.00 EMOE Monitoring and evaluation US$ - US$ 70,000.00 EMNP Mainstreaming into National Planning US$ 19,725,857.00 US$ 20,000.00 SCZN Coastal Zone Resources US$ 50,000.00 US$ 2,035,000.00 SAFS Agriculture and Food Security US$ 1,920,000.00 US$ 1,460,000.00 SWRA Water Resources US$ 892,500.00 US$ 80,095,000.00 -SWRH SHUH Human Health US$ 200,000.00 US$ 28,100,000.00 SBDV Biodiversity US$ - US$ 600,000.00 SIHS Infrastructure and Human Settlements US$ 95,000.00 US$ 5,230,000.00 SFIS Financial Services US$ - US$ 450,000.00 STGO Tobago US$ 50,000.00 US$ 9,380,000.00 SUB- TOTAL US$ 22,933,357.00 US$ 127,790,000.00 TOTAL US$ 150,723,357.00 Adapted from: Clarke, 2019b [115] Table 27 shows the estimated cost for each specific adaptation strategy. Strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. 114 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Table 27 – Estimated cost of all listed adaptation measures. # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD) ENABLING Adaptation Financing

01 EADF-001 Establish a “Climate Change Window” under the Trinidad US$ 0.00 and Tobago Green Fund (TTGF)

02 EADF-002 Strengthen partnerships with multilateral agencies and US$ 0.00 donors for adaptation financing.

03 EADF-003 Obtain direct access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) US$ 350,000.00 Monitoring and Evaluation

04 EMOE-001 Develop a participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, US$ 20,000.00 (M&E) framework.

05 EMOE-002 Establish framework for capturing climate change US$ 50,000.00 adaptation efforts in the national climate change knowledge management system (KMS) Mainstreaming into National Planning

06 EMNP-001 Establish multiparty working groups across government, US$ 0.00 private sector and civil society to integrate climate change adaptation into budgets and decision making.

07 EMNP-002 Establish national climate change legislation to give legal US$ 10,000.00 authority to a governmental body to mainstream adaptation into planning and development.

08 EMNP-003 Make legislative amendments to incorporate adaptation US$ 10,000.00 considerations into permitting requirements.

09 EMNP-004 ◆ Enhancing the human and technical capacities of key US$ 19,725,857.00 stakeholders to understand and manage climate risks towards informed decision making. SECTORAL Coastal Zone Resources

10 SCZN-001 ◆ Evidence-based coastal vulnerability and risk assessment US$ 50,000.00 information made available to stakeholders.

11 SCZN-002 Give the responsibility of conservation, restoration and US$ 125,000.00 management of coastal ecosystems in T&T to civil society organizations. 115 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD)

12 SCZN-003 Improve public education through the incorporation of US$ 150,000.00 climate change, storm planning/disaster management into the national curriculum.

13 SCZN-004 Implement Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) US$ 1,430,000.00 adaptive strategies and encourage protection and maintenance of dynamic coastal buffer features.

14 SCZN-005 Establish engineering-based solutions where appropriate US$ 230,000.00 to protect critical infrastructure.

15 SCZN-006 Establish a Coastal Information Management System. US$ 100,000.00 Agriculture and Food Security

16 SAFS-001 ◆ Increase the availability and awareness of technology to US$ 1,920,000.00 improve water management.

17 SAFS-002 Promote protected agriculture. US$ 50,000.00

18 SAFS-003 Promote climate-sensitive farming. US$ 200,000.00

19 SAFS-004 Improve land distribution and management to secure US$ 50,000.00 areas for agricultural production.

20 SAFS-005 Improve research and development considerably by US$ 400,000.00 learning from the examples of several climate and crop studies carried out in the Caribbean.

21 SAFS-006 Streamline climate change issues into agricultural US$ 400,000.00 planning and management.

22 SAFS-007 Re-orient agricultural support policies. US$ 100,000.00

23 SAFS-008 Improve climate monitoring systems for the agricultural US$ 260,000.00 sector. Water Resources – Integrated Water Resources Management

24 SWRA-001 Improve and enforce the water resources master plan US$ 400,000.00 which embodies the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

25 SWRA-002 Conduct a national water resources quantification study US$ 200,000.00 for surface water, coastal/marine waters, and groundwater.

26 SWRA-003 Implement a national water quality monitoring US$ 2,540,000.00 programme for surface, coastal/marine, and groundwater. 116 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD)

27 SWRA-004 Improve and enforce the water resources master plan US$ 50,000.00 which embodies the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Water Resources – Improved Agro-hydro-meteorological Monitoring

28 SWRB-001 Deploy and install a catchment-based network of surface US$ 1,500,000.00 water flow gauges

29 SWRB-002 Deploy and install a catchment-based tipping bucket rain US$ 1,500,000.00 gauge network on a national scale in support of IWRM.

30 SWRB-003 Implement a groundwater flow, salinity and quality US$ 1,500,000.00 testing programme at the national scale.

31 SWRB-004 Deploy and install a network of tidal gauges at the US$ 2,000,000.00 national scale.

32 SWRB-005 Develop a data management framework for hydro- US$ 1,840,000.00 meteorological data across public sector bodies. Water Resources – Flood Mitigation and Flood Risk Management

33 SWRC-001 ◆ Inclusion of flood risk reduction measures as part of the US$ 50,000.00 national development process.

34 SWRC-002 Implement a national flood modelling, flood risk US$ 400,000.00 assessment and flood hazard mapping programme.

35 SWRC-003 Development of flood response and recovery plans for US$ 400,000.00 flood-prone areas.

36 SWRC-004 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and tidal US$ 8,340,000.00 data, and the development of a national database to house said data.

37 SWRC-005 Carry out a national assessment of socio-economic US$ 75,000.00 vulnerability to flooding. Water Resources- Drought Mitigation and Drought Risk Management

38 SWRD-001 ◆ Inclusion of projections from the Caribbean Drought and US$ 37,500.00 Precipitation Monitoring Network (CDPMN) in the decision-making process for drought mitigation and drought risk management.

39 SWRD-002 The exploration of storm water, rainwater and greywater US$ 280,000.00 harvesting and reuse as an alternative means of potable and non-potable water supply augmentation.

40 SWRD-003 Systematic collection of rainfall, surface flow, and US$ 6,340,000.00 groundwater data, and conduct a groundwater study.

41 SWRD-004 The exploration of groundwater extraction points at US$ 200,000.00 higher elevations. Water Resources- Water Supply and Demand Management

42 SWRE-001 ◆ Implementation of a national education-centred water US$ 200,000.00 demand management programme. 117 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD)

43 SWRE-002 ◆ Incentivizing the use of water-efficient fixtures. US$ 50,000.00

44 SWRE-003 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters as a means of US$ 7,800,000.00 ‘demand management’ for water for high-volume users of water resources.

45 SWRE-004 Installation of ‘smart’ water meters at the individual US$ 39,000,000.00 customer level, along distribution lines, and on storage infrastructure.

46 SWRE-005 Execution of a national fresh water demand forecasting US$ 500,000.00 project, disaggregated by metering district and industry. Water Resources- Infrastructure, Development and Planning

47 SWRF-001 ◆ Strategic construction of stormwater retention and US$ 280,000.00 detention structures and reservoirs.

48 SWRF-002 Revision of building standards to require the storage of a US$ 4,530,000.00 certain percentage of surface runoff on-site for new and existing development as part of the development of a new climate-resilient National Building code.

49 SWRF-003 Draft and enforce legislation pertaining to the utilization US$ 50,000.00 of land in flood-prone area. Water Resources- Education and Capacity Building

50 SWRG-001 ◆ Execution of a national training programme for farmers, US$ 150,000.00 focused on IWRM.

51 SWRG-002 ◆ The updating of job descriptions across the water US$ 25,000.00 management-related fields within the public sector.

52 SWRG-003 Execution of a national public education and awareness- US$ 200,000.00 building programme to reduce water wastage and overall water usage.

53 SWRG-004 Execution of a national public education programme to US$ 50,000.00 build public awareness of the projected effects of climate change on water resources, including fresh water availability, water quality, and flood risk.

54 SWRG-005 Execution of a national training programme on IWRM for US$ 150,000.00 technical professionals in the construction, engineering, architecture, planning, and water resource management fields. Water Resources- Legislation and Regulation

55 SWRH-001 ◆ Drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the US$ 50,000.00 sharing of environmental data across public sector agencies.

56 SWRH-002 ◆ Drafting and enforcement of legislation pertaining to the US$ 50,000.00 utilization of land in flood-prone area.

57 SWRH-003 Drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the US$ 50,000.00 execution of a national flood modelling, flood risk 118 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD) assessment and flood hazard mapping programme every ten years.

58 SWRH-004 Drafting and enforcement of legislation defining the US$ 50,000.00 standards for drinking and recreational/bathing water quality.

59 SWRH-005 Drafting and enforcement of legislation defining US$ 50,000.00 standards for wastewater and industrial effluent quality.

60 SWRH-006 Drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the US$ 50,000.00 development of a water resources master plan every ten years.

61 SWRH-007 Drafting and enforcement of legislation requiring the US$ 50,000.00 execution of a national water resources quantification study every ten years. Human Health

62 SHUH-001 ◆ Hazard mapping to identify country-wide and site-specific US$ 200,000.00 risks to the health sector.

63 SHUH-002 Develop and implement climate change preparedness US$ 400,000.00 planning and a Public Health Education programme.

64 SHUH-003 Undertake an inter-agency and utilities climate change US$ 200,000.00 risk assessment with the focus on health service delivery and health infrastructure.

65 SHUH-004 Upgrade of drainage infrastructure. US$ 25,000,000.00

66 SHUH-005 Improve climate change risk management within health US$ 2,500,000.00 service delivery including built-in redundancy Biodiversity

67 SBDV-001 Improve the practice of biodiversity management US$ 400,000.00 through the participatory development of a National Protected Area System Plan

68 SBDV-002 Rationalize and coordinate the policy, legal and legislative US$ 100,000.00 framework for the management of biodiversity

69 SBDV-003 Raise awareness of policy makers and the public to US$ 100,000.00 biodiversity conservation and climate change and the link to quality of life Infrastructure and Human Settlements

70 SIHS-001 ◆ Public awareness concerning climate change risks to US$ 50,000.00 critical infrastructure and settlements, including informal settlements 119 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD)

71 SIHS-002 ◆ Increase the use and efficiency of community-based early US$ 45,000.00 warning systems, evacuation and egress

72 SIHS-003 Collect geo-references data and information on hazard US$ 100,000.00 and climate change risks

73 SIHS-004 Review of building standards being used; and US$ 4,530,000.00 development of a climate-resilient National Building Code

74 SIHS-005 A risk assessment of sea level rise, storm surge and US$ 200,000.00 intense precipitation on infrastructure and settlements, including informal settlements, by key agencies

75 SIHS-006 Compile an inventory of critical, commercial, and US$ 400,000.00 industrial infrastructure and develop a national level risk management plan for critical infrastructure and settlements

76 SIHS-007 Installation of green areas on the roofs of buildings. US$ 250,000.00

77 SIHS-008 Standardise emergency protocols under a common US$ 0.00 framework so that they are easy to understand and accessible to the public.

78 SIHS-009 Training programmes to educate and inform public US$ 200,000.00 officials on climate change and its effects Financial Services

79 SFIS-001 Develop on and improve the current insurance US$ 150,000.00 instruments for disaster risk insurance.

80 SFIS-002 Establishment of a framework for consistent re- US$ 100,000.00 evaluation of climate change adaptations to develop innovative insurance instruments that properly account for the dynamics of climate change.

81 SFIS-003 Establishment of a framework to ensure relevancy of US$ 100,000.00 climate change and insurance data and information, and to make this data accessible and easily disseminated to the population and the government.

82 SFIS-004 Create a method via which insurance agencies can US$ 100,000.00 emphasize risk reduction strategies and risk management to their policyholders. 120 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # REF CODE PAST AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATED COST ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION (USD) Tobago

83 STGO-001 ◆ Develop and adopt climate resilient land use policy and US$ 50,000.00 supporting legislation to ensure that all design and construction in Tobago is climate resilient.

84 STGO-002 Increase focus on building capacity at the community US$ 300,000.00 level to build climate resilience.

85 STGO-003 Improve the capacity for the management of influxes of US$ 100,000.00 Sargassum seaweed; and enhance the ability to capitalize on its resource value.

86 STGO-004 Improve research to define climate change triggers for US$ 50,000.00 Sargassum outbreaks.

87 STGO-005 Undertake fish stock inventory and climate risk US$ 200,000.00 management programme.

88 STGO-006 Provide technical and financial resources and training of US$ 4,000,000.00 fisher folk.

89 STGO-007 Undertake vulnerability and risk assessment at the US$ 200,000.00 household and building level

90 STGO-008 Legal establishment and enforcement of a national US$ 4,530,000.00 hurricane resilient building code Adapted from: de Berdt Romilly, 2019 [66] and Clarke, 2019b [115] 121 Sectoral strategies demarcated with a “◆” represents a strategy identified by the sectoral TWGs and technical experts as being “No Regret- High Impact”. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 9.0 NAP Communication The GORTT acknowledges the critical importance of all members of society understanding climate risks and their role in CCA. Essential to the success of any strategy – and this NAP in entirety – is the meaningful participation and involvement of individuals, communities, interest groups, stakeholders, private sector, academia, international partners and decision-makers. It is imperative that this NAP be communicated clearly and efficiently to these groups, with special emphasis given to under-represented, marginalized or vulnerable groups. In the preparation of this NAP, the GORTT has begun establishing an enabling environment for this work by providing media sensitization sessions on climate change reporting to the benefit of 54 persons across 29 media organizations. However, communication of the NAP and its contents must go beyond reporting. It must be promoted across sectors by multiple actors through various channels making use of targeted communication strategies. It is the shared responsibility of all stakeholders that comprise the Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management. However, it is hoped that stakeholders with the longest track record of environmental education and sensitization play a pivotal leadership role in this regard. The development of national and sectoral communication strategies and campaigns should follow international best practice, refined by learning-by-doing in our unique national context. Campaigns should be designed after considering the needs and interests of the target audience, their media consumption preferences, and sharing habits. Messages should be tailored to connect CCA to the values of the audience. The communication of this NAP and subsequent updates to the UNFCCC shall be the responsibility of the UNFCCC National Focal Point which is currently the Ministry with the responsibility forplanning. NAP communication should be explicitly monitored by the coordinating bodies of the NAP, and data captured through the M&E system described in Chapter 11. This would ensure cost-effective, impactful communication. 122 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 10.0 NAP Alignment with Existing Strategic, Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Sustainable development, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction are closely interconnected concepts which are distinguished politically by different multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs).[116] These include the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (“UN SDGs”), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), to name a few. The GORTT has established a suite of policy instruments to operationalize these international commitments. However, it recognizes that planning, implementing and monitoring these processes independently of each other can lead to conflicts and added costs among sub-national actors. Thus, the GORTT has made a conscientious decision to ensure that there is alignment between existing strategic, legal and regulatory frameworks and new policy tools, such as this NAP. Alignment is defined as “a process of identifying synergies among policy processes with common objectives to increase coherence, efficiency and effectiveness for improved outcomes”.[117] It differs from “mainstreaming” in that it does not seek to integrate topical considerations into planning, budgets, implementation or monitoring. Rather, it is the comparison of the text and themes of different policy instruments that share a common objective to discover synergies and possible conflicts.[117] Policy alignment exists on a spectrum based on the similarity and differences in their preparation, stakeholders, operating mechanisms, coordination, vision and policy statements. There is a clear convergence between sustainable development, climate change, and disaster risk reduction. The GORTT has used the alignment categories presented by Daze et al. (2018) for assessing the degree of alignment between this NAP and national, regional and international frameworks for these three domains [117]. Figure 27 – Spectrum of Alignment Source: Daze et al, 2018 [39]. 123 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Table 28 – NAP alignment with International Conventions # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF INTERNATIONAL POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT

1 UNFCCC Paris Agreement An agreement on the global response to climate High. Systematic alignment. change with emphasis on adaptation, This NAP was crafted specifically to satisfy the mitigation, loss and damage, and finance. The provisions of the UNFCCC and the Paris global goal on adaptation focuses on enhancing Agreement with regards to enhanced adaptation, adaptive capacity, increasing resilience and adaptation communication, and global stocktake. limiting vulnerability. There is high synergy in its vision. The NAP has a clear coordinating entity and takes actions across sectors and levels of government.

2 UN General The 2030 Agenda for A voluntary global commitment to eradicate Moderate. Strategic alignment. Assembly Sustainable Development poverty and achieve sustainable development This NAP differs in vision and objective with the by 2030, ensuring no one is left behind. SDG 13 2030 Agenda, however; the vision of the NAP is dedicated to taking urgent action to combat supports sustainable development. The strategies climate change and its impacts. Action on and actions contained within this NAP yield co- climate change resilience is relevant to most benefits across other SDGs apart from SDG 13. A SDGs, including poverty eradication, economic resilient nation can weather the shocks of climate growth, health and well-being, clean water change and its adverse effects on development. supply and sanitation, sustainable cities, The NAP therefore supports the goals of the 2030 environmental protection and land use. Agenda by protecting, among others, the least vulnerable.

3 UNDRR The Sendai Framework for An international framework on disaster risk Moderate. Strategic alignment. Disaster Risk Reduction reduction with four priorities for action: This NAP differs in vision and objective; however, understanding disaster risk; strengthening the vision of the NAP supports resilience building. disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; Overlaps between the NAP and the Sendai investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience; Framework regarding resilience building and risk enhancing disaster preparedness for effective management. response and to “build back better”. 124 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF INTERNATIONAL POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT

4 UN General Barbados Programme of A series of policy frameworks that recognizes Moderate. Strategic alignment. Assembly Action (BPOA), The Mauritius the unique vulnerabilities of SIDS and provides Meaningful overlap and synergies exist between Strategy for Implementation recommendations and mechanisms for both documents specifically in relation to (MSI) and the SIDS advancing sustainable development, climate recognizing the vulnerabilities of SIDS and Accelerated Modalities of action and disaster risk reduction. commitments to addressing climate change, Action (SAMOA) Pathway sustainable development and disaster risk (2014-2024). reduction.

5 UN DESA Addis Ababa Action Agenda A global framework that seeks to align financing Low. Informal alignment. flows and policies with economic, social and Enabling strategies proposed in the NAP support environmental priorities in developing national ownership of adaptation efforts through countries. The Agenda recognizes the role of public finance. The NAP also speaks to leveraging public and private business and finance, as well international finance towards sustainable as the role of international trade, debt and debt development and adaptation action. sustainability for international development. It further acknowledges the importance of addressing systemic issues, including science, technology, innovation and capacity building.

6 CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 aims Low. Informal alignment. 2011 -2020 and the Aichi to halt biodiversity loss and enhance the The NAP advocates for ecosystem-based Biodiversity Targets benefits it provides to people, highlight climate approaches to adaptation and other measures to change as a major pressure on biodiversity, protect biodiversity from the impacts of climate while recognising its role in supporting change. adaptation to climate change. Twenty Aichi Biodiversity Targets are organized under five Strategic Goals. The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is expected to be agreed on in 2021.

7 UN Habitat III New Urban Agenda A new global standard for sustainable urban Low. Informal alignment. development, whose focus includes Stakeholders in the urban planning, infrastructure strengthening resilience in cities to reduce the and development sectors were included in the risk and the impact of disasters, as well as action development of the NAP, and recommendations 125 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF INTERNATIONAL POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT to address climate change by reducing their follow that support adaptation for infrastructure greenhouse gas emissions. and human settlements. Table 29 – NAP alignment with Regional Conventions # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF REGIONAL POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT

1 CARICOM The Caribbean Regional A regional framework specifically geared to High. Systematic alignment. Framework for Achieving increasing climate resilience and The vision and objectives of both documents are Development Resilient to mainstreaming adaptation into the social, harmonious. The adaptation actions contained Climate Change (2009 – 2015) economic and environmental systems of within the NAP align with those of the CARICOM and the Implementation Plan CARICOM Member States. Explicitly calls for Implementation Plan. for the CARICOM Regional adaptation mainstreaming, implementation Framework for Achieving of adaptation action, vulnerability reduction, Development Resilient to and sustainable development. Climate Change (2011 – 2021)

2 CARICOM Liliendaal Declaration on Regional agreement that calls for inter alia, Moderate. Strategic alignment. Climate Change and collaborative effort towards realizing the The vision and objectives of both policy instruments Development (2009) goals of the UNFCCC, climate change are closely aligned. adaptation and capacity building, improved access to mitigation technologies, streamlined climate finance, institutional capacity building at the national level, and more effective preparedness for natural disasters.

3 CARICOM CARICOM Comprehensive This regional framework establishes the need Moderate. Strategic alignment. Disaster Management and mechanisms for integrating disaster Both documents have an aim to increase resilience Framework management considerations into the however the NAP differs in its lack of emphasis on development, planning and decision-making CDRM. process of CDEMA Participating States (PSs). 126 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF REGIONAL POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT SVG, as a PS, is committed to building a safer and more resilient country through comprehensive disaster management. Table 30 – NAP alignment with select National Policies, Laws and Plans # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF DOMESTIC POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT

1 GORTT National Climate Change Overarching national policy on climate change that High. Systematic alignment. Policy (2011) aims to satisfy the UNFCCC’s requirements and offers Vision of the NAP influenced by the vision of guidance on transitioning to a low-carbon economy the NCCP. High synergies regarding policy through reduced GHG emissions, enhanced carbon statements and coordination mechanisms. sinks, resilience building and capacity building. Establishes the climate change focal point network and the national focal point for climate change coordination.

2 GORTT Carbon Reduction A comprehensive plan for reducing GHG emissions in Low. Informal alignment. Strategies (2015) Trinidad and Tobago until 2040 with specific focus on Thematically linked. Some proposed measures the country’s top emitting sectors: power generation, in the NAP may support the objective of transport and heavy industry. reducing carbon emissions, albeit not necessarily from the emitting sectors focused on in the CRS.

3 GORTT Nationally Determined A submission to the Paris Agreement that expresses a Low. Informal alignment. Contributions (2015) national, unconditional commitment to reduce its Thematically linked. Although the NDC emissions in the public transportation sector by 30% reaffirms commitment to adaptation, it does by 2030, equivalent to 1.7 MtCO2e relative to 2013 not provide additional connectivity to this levels. In addition, T&T commits to reduce cumulative NAP. 127 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF DOMESTIC POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT emissions by 15% by 2030 from business as usual (BAU) in three key sectors: Energy, transport, and industrial processes, equivalent to 103 MtCO2 e and conditional upon international financing.

4 GORTT NDC Implementation Plan A comprehensive plan aimed at achieving the Low. Informal alignment. (2017) country’s NDC goals through sectoral plans and the Thematically linked. The Implementation Plan mainstreaming of climate change issues into the contains measures that provide co-benefits to legislative framework. Contains a capacity building adaptation. However, no direct linkage. The plan, a MRV system, and a climate finance plan. KMS which forms part of the NDC MRV Requires an estimated US$2 billion to implement. framework can be used to support Adaptation M&E.

5 GORTT National Environmental The overarching policy for guiding the environmental High. Systematic alignment. Policy (2018) dimension of sustainable development. Establishing The vision of the NEP does not mention national principles for development and identifies six resilience or adaptation and thus represents a priority areas for achieving environmental point of departure. However, the governing sustainability. Climate Change adaptation is explicitly principles are harmonized with the NAP. included as a sub-thematic area. Additionally, the policy statements on climate change adaptation are aligned with priority actions in the NAP.

6 GORTT ICZM Policy Framework A heavily consulted policy framework that defines the High. Systematic alignment. (2020) coastal zone and facilitates an integrated approach to The NAP is heavily influenced by the ICZM coastal zone management aimed at enhancing the policy framework, with particular emphasis on functional integrity of the coastal resource systems the coastal zone. The NAP promotes while enabling sustainable economic development. significant action aligned with the ICZM Policy Framework.

7 GORTT IWRM Policy (2017) The overarching national policy aimed at the Moderate. Strategic alignment. improvement of the water sector through a Several aspects of the NAP overlap with the IWRM policy statements. This NAP promotes 128 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF DOMESTIC POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT comprehensive, integrated water resource significant action towards the water resource management framework. sector.

8 GORTT National Development The key development strategy for Trinidad and Tobago Moderate. Strategic alignment. Strategy (2015) through to 2030. Aligned with the Sustainable The vision and implementation structure of Development Goals it sets out broad development both documents differ. However, the NAP is a strategies and measures for monitoring and evaluating direct product of Theme V-Goal 3 of the national progress. national development strategy, i.e., to identify vulnerable sectors and to design and implement adaptation actions.

9 GORTT National Gender Policy – a A policy that provides the framework for including Low. Informal alignment. Green Paper (2018) gender perspectives in all activities and fostering Thematically aligned. The National Gender gender equality within the context of national Policy – Green Paper refers to gender and development. climate change in specific regard to emissions reductions, and a brief nod to “risk mitigation”. This NAP was developed using a gender-sensitive approach with equal opportunities provided to both men and women. The NAP advocates for gender inclusivity and balance in all actions arising from it.

10 GORTT National Cooling Strategy A ten-year policy that sets the various initiatives to be Low. Informal alignment. undertaken nationally to address sustainable and Thematically aligned. Indirectly supports environment friendly refrigeration and cooling in adaptation by reducing emissions from the alignment with the Montreal Protocol and Kigali RAC sector which contributed to long term Amend climate risks. Adds to long-term resilience by providing for low-polluting, high efficiency cooling that supports growing demand for 129 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF DOMESTIC POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT cooling as an adaptation measure.

11 GORTT Environmental Primary legislation that governs the management of Low. Informal alignment. Management Act. Chap the environment towards sustainable development. No explicit connection. “climate” is considered 35:05 Establishes the EMA, Environmental Commission, and in the definition of “environment” over which Environmental Trust Fund. Explicitly deals with the EMA has the responsibility to manage, environmental conservation, pollution regulation, and regulate and educate on. May be used to education. support adaptation action.

12 GORTT CEC Rules, 2001 Subsidiary legislation to the Environmental Low. Informal alignment. Management Act Chap 35:05. Regulates the process of No explicit connection. EIA and conditions attaining a CEC for development projects. may support adaptation.

13 GORTT Disaster Measures Act Primary legislation that governs response to disasters Low. Informal alignment. 16:50 and establishes the Office of Disaster Preparedness Limited in its scope to emergency response and Management. and preparedness. Does not include comprehensive risk management or adaptation explicitly. Thematically aligned with the NAP.

14 GORTT CDRM Policy Framework A draft Policy Framework used to guide a Low. Informal alignment. (2014) comprehensive approach to DRM, led by the Office of Informally adopted by the ODPM, the CDRM Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM). Policy framework speaks to comprehensive disaster risk management and resilience Currently under review. building. Thematically aligned to the NAP. Although this NAP and the review of the CDRM Policy framework occurred at the same time, they were developed independently from one another. 130 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO # GOVERNING NAME DESCRIPTION OF DOMESTIC POLICY LEVEL/ DESCRIPTION OF ALIGNMENT BODY INSTRUMENT

15 GORTT National Spatial A planning framework to govern physical development Low. Informal alignment. Development Strategy aligned with the partially proclaimed Planning and No explicit connection to adaptation or (2013) and Planning and Facilitation of Development Act (2014). climate change however, both documents are Facilitation of complementary towards resilient spatial Development Act (2014) development.

16 GORTT Town and Country Primary legislation to guide the orderly and Low. Informal alignment. Planning Act, Chapter progressive development of land in both urban and No explicit connection to adaptation or 35:01 rural areas and to preserve and improve climate change, however this act can the amenities thereof. contribute to resilient spatial development.

17 GORTT Forests Act, Chapter 66:01 Primary legislation designed to allow for protection Low. Informal alignment. and preservation of forested areas. No explicit statement of climate change or adaptation, however the protection of forested areas aids in natural carbon offsetting and biodiversity retention.

18 GORTT Marine Areas Primary legislation designed to allow for protection, Low. Informal alignment. (Preservation and preservation, and enhancement of marine areas. No explicit statement of climate change or Enhancement) Act, adaptation. However, the protection of Chapter 37:02 marineareas aids in natural carbon offsetting, coastal protection, and biodiversity retention.

19 GORTT State Lands Act, Chapter Primary legislation that governs the management of Low. Informal alignment. 57:01 all land that is not held privately under freehold title. No explicit connection to adaptation or climate change, however this act can contribute to resilient spatial development.

20 GORTT Archipelagic Waters and Primary legislation that declares the Republic of Low. Informal alignment. Exclusive Economic Zone, Trinidad and Tobago an archipelagic state, and defines No explicit statement of climate change or Chapter 51:06 the new areas of marine space appertaining to adaptation, but the clear definition of Trinidad Trinidad and Tobago in the exclusive economic zone. and Tobago’s EEZ aids in determining the scope of natural resources and the efforts required to manage them. 131 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 11.0 NAP Review and Assessment 11.1 Monitoring and Evaluation In the context of CCA, the GORTT sees monitoring and evaluation as a continuous, evolving system that measures the process of adaptation with a goal of improving and learning. It is committed to a Monitoring, & Evaluation system that will augment the National Climate Change Transparency System (NCCTS). This M&E system is comprised of two complementary but distinct activities: • Monitoring: The continuous process of tracking and reviewing activities, results and their surrounding context, viz., challenges and resource needs, by collecting data on defined indicators and the views of those intimately involved in the implementation of the adaptation intervention. Monitoring in the context of the M&E system will occur at the national level and at the project level. • Evaluation: Periodic assessment of information collected from monitoring to determine the degree of success achieved by the adaptation intervention and why; identifying success factors, critical pitfalls, and areas of improvement. Adaptation must be flexible and responsive to changes in the wider context. To this end, the M&E system will also entail complementary activities: • Reporting: The process of documenting and summarizing key insights from the monitoring and evaluation phases of M&E. Equally important in preparing reports is the storage and dissemination of these reports to decision-makers of the CCA, key stakeholders and the public. • Improvement: The continuous process of adjusting elements of the adaptation action, and/or the M&E system based on information received from monitoring and evaluation. Improvements are made throughout the lifetime of the adaptation action to ensure that efforts do not become maladaptive; efforts remain on track with their intended goals; the interest of stakeholders, especially women, youth, elderly socially displaced and other underrepresented or vulnerable groups, are considered and accounted for; and that the right quantity and quality of data is collected to ensure project/programme success. • Learning: The product of periodic or terminal evaluations, learning refers to the process of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of techniques and actions based on experience and translating those lessons into the design and/or implementation of future adaptation actions. Learning institutionalizes knowledge and builds the long-term capacity of organizations. 132 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO The M&E approach juxtaposes the MRV system for mitigation which tracks outputs against a predefined target with an aim of accountability. The divergence is considered necessary given the enormous uncertainty regarding the degree of future change ahead and shifting targets that may arise through the progressive adaptation pathways approach adopted by Trinidad and Tobago. The M&E system will be guided by the following goals and objectives. Goal: “To provide the GORTT and all stakeholders involved in CCA with timely and credible information regarding the process of adaptation and success of adaptation actions so that further actions can be made more efficient and effective”. Objectives: 1. To measure the adaptive capacity of individuals, institutions and systems within sectors addressed in this NAP. 2. To continuously review the process of adaptation and status of specific interventions so that timely interventions can be made as needed. 3. To provide credible, well-structured, and timely reports on adaptation actions to stakeholders and the UNFCCC. 4. To ‘learn-by-doing’ and continuously improve the national adaptation process to ensure increasingly efficient and successful adaptation action. Initial indicators to be monitored at the programmatic level are shown in the following table. Table 31 – Summary table of initial indicators to be adopted at programmatic level of M&E. • Inventory of trained and certified experts • Inventory of training programmes Individual Capacity Indicators • Inventory of national focal points on outreach and awareness on adaptation • Inventory of research and modelling facilities • Funding Institutional Capacity Indicators • Inventory of national reports on adaptation • Inventory of critical milestones • National adaptation framework(s), project(s), and programme(s) Systematic Capacity Indicators • Policies and legislation created or reviewed • Inventory of national outreach and awareness programmes UNFCCC 2012. [29] 133 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO The M&E system thrives on diversity. The GORTT shall make a concerted effort to ensure that gender considerations are made in assigning responsibilities at the programmatic and project levels. CBOs and NGOs will be meaningfully engaged to support the M&E activities. Figure 28 – Schematic diagram illustrating the philosophical components of M&E Source: GIZ, 2011.[118] The GORTT envisions that the climate change KMS will be modified to include the adaptation M&E system through strengthening the Strategic Programme for Climate Risk Management (See EMNP-004). The MEAU, as the primary coordinator of the NAP, shall be responsible for programmatic M&E. The GORTT shall establish a more detailed and robust M&E framework as part of its enabling actions towards building capacity in climate change transparency. 11.2 Review of the NAP The frequency for an update of the NAP will be a full review on a five (5) year basis. The triggers for an update of the NAP outside of this will be significant scientific breakthroughs in climate science and changes to national systems, capacities or situations at the discretion of the coordinating institution. The review process will take on the same method as the preparation of the NAP to ensure all aspects of the plan are taken into consideration. 134 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 12.0 Next Steps This initial NAP serves as the GORTT’s policy commitment to meaningfully addressing climate risk through adaptation across all economic sectors. Still, there are areas to be improved. Recognizing that the NAP process is dynamic and reiterative, and that Trinidad and Tobago’s adopted CRDP approach is equally dynamic to suit the uncertainties around our common future, the GORTT has identified the following as next critical steps: 1. Build capacity in transparency for climate change by enhancing the National Climate Change Transparency System to include adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation in keeping with the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement. 2. Utilize participatory methods to further enhance the indicative adaptation pathways so that: a. 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