Thailand Country Programme on Climate Change (2nd Edition) 2024

1. Electrified Funding N/A Developing 250 N/A TBD TBD TBD X intercity bus with Proposal Concept green terminals* Note / / #1 determining AE

2. Thailand Circular Funding N/A Developing 100 200 KBank Basic, TBD X Economy Proposal Concept as loan Project Financing Facility Note guarantee Management (T-CEFF)* / #4 , On-lending & Blending

3. Thailand Climate Funding N/A Developing 50 50 KBank Basic, TBD X Technology Proposal Concept as equity Project Private Equity Note Management Trust Fund* / #4 , On-lending & Blending

4. Climate-Resilient Funding N/A Developing N/A N/A TBD TBD TBD X and Low-Carbon Proposal Concept Healthcare Note / Facilities in determining Thailand* / #3 AE Note: Priority is assigned numerically based on the readiness of the proposed projects. Remark: *Note that the proposal-related documentation of this prospective project in this table is available in Annex 6. 15 Some information in this table is subject to additional consultations with NDA, AEs or prospective DAEs, and/or project-specific relevant stakeholders. Also, note that the proposal-related documentation of prospective projects in this tables are available in Annex 6. Page | 23 Table 3B: Thailand as a Party included in Multi-Country Funding Proposals (as of March 2024)16 Project Name / Type of Project Baseline Estimated Estimated Accredited Fiduciary ESS Estimated Submission Priority Area # GCF Preparation GCF Co- Entity Standards (Elaborated in the Proposal Facility Financing financing following subsection) (PPF) (million (million Required USD) USD) 2024 2025 2026 2027

1. Climate and Funding Yes PPF 64 58 UNDP TBD TBD X Health Co- Proposal approved Investment on 1 Dec Facility 2023 Coordination Programme1,2 / #3

2. Wetland-based Funding N/A Concept 67.8 N/A AFD TBD TBD X Adaptation in the Proposal note Indo-Burma submitted region3 / #2 to GCF Remarks: 1 Global programme covers following countries: Bhutan, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Thailand, Uganda, Viet Nam. PPF available at Climate and Health Co-Investment Facility Coordination Programme | Green Climate Fund 2 Note that the initial information of this prospective project is available in Annex 6. 3 Multi-country programme covering Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam, and potentially Myanmar. Concept note available at Wetland-based adaptation and mitigation in the Indo-Burma region | Green Climate Fund 16 Some information in this table is subject to additional consultations with NDA, AEs or prospective DAEs, and/or project-specific relevant stakeholders. Page | 24 Project and Programme Priority Areas In tandem with Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), it is crucial to precisely define the priority areas and sectors within the Country Programme earmarked for GCF support. Despite the publication or governmental endorsement of the Country Programme, Thailand maintains an openness to forthcoming project opportunities which might not have initially been incorporated into the country program. This commitment underscores our dedication to aligning initiatives with Thailand’s overarching climate objectives and international cooperation. Additionally, it is imperative to underscore that both mitigation and adaptation endeavours are eligible for comprehensive supports in terms of skills development, financial assistance and technology transfer. Furthermore, initiatives spanning various sectors or priority areas, such as transportation or public health, which seamlessly integrate both mitigation and adaptation measures, are highly encouraged. Therefore, in addition to the above in-the-pipeline projects, Thailand has identified key priority areas where the relevant proposals would be placed at high priority. These key areas are aimed to guide the GCF’s accredited entities to bring forward project or programme ideas or concepts supporting climate action in line with the country’s needs and priorities. Abiding by its commitments under the Convention, Thailand has unceasingly undertaken climate actions in mitigation, adaptation, and enabling environment. Still, constraints and gaps remain primarily regarding access to finance, technical expertise, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. Support from international communities will help Thailand overcome these impasses and expose its full capacity to implement climate actions. Thailand’s project and programme priority areas have been developed based on the constraints and gaps identified in Thailand’s 4th National Communication (2022)17, which had gone through several consultations with various stakeholders and recently launched on UNFCCC website on 27 December 2022. Thailand’s mitigation measures focus on the energy and transport, IPPU, agriculture, and waste sectors accountable for overall national GHG emissions. In addition, with growing attention on the natural-based solutions for climate mitigation, forests and their carbon sequestration capacity have become subjects of research and technology development. Support in various types is still needed to ensure the achievement of Thailand’s NDC and LT- LEDS. According to the DCCE database, adaptation support is needed primarily for: • Developing a data map showing areas at risk of climate change impacts. The map should show an overview and data on a specific sector (e.g., showing drought and floods for water management and agriculture sectors or showing ecological risks or disasters for the tourism sector) • Developing assessment data on climate change impacts, using both models and observation data. The data includes loss or damage from impacts and effects on ecosystems, watershed cycle, life cycle of insects, various pathogens, and outbreaks of pathogens, including their impacts on food security, tourist attractions, and communities that settle near or rely on such natural resources. 17 Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (2022). Thailand’s Fourth National Communication. Accessed on 1st June 2023. Available at: Thailand NC4_22122022.pdf (unfccc.int) Page | 25 • Creating a central data centre that manages and links information related to adaptation, research data, weather research, forecasting information (WRF-ARW model), and relevant information between fields, such as information on agriculture and water for effective management. Based on the identified longlist of financial, technology, technical, and capacity-building support needed for climate-related components—i.e. mitigation and adaptation actions, as well as enabling environment—in the 4th National Communications, the shortlisted climate actions required supports in short- and medium-term period are determined as illustrated in Figure 3A. The process for the determination of these priority areas is documented in Annex 2 and five groups of climate interventions, together with examples of key actions, are formulated for Thailand’s key climate priority areas. Figure 3A: Shortlisted climate interventions by components Priority Area 1: Mitigation Strategies, Technologies, Systematic Planning and Best Practices Thailand urgently needs support for the energy transition toward renewable sources focusing on renewable energy technologies (such as solar and wind); approaches in advanced energy storage system and demand-side management; development of electric vehicle (EV), battery, and infrastructures; and increasing grid modernisation, smart energy management, and Independent Power Supply (IPS). To achieve a well-rounded approach, support is equally needed for agriculture, waste, and LULUCF sectors. In a mid-term period, Thailand needs support to enhance the potential use of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) & Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) technologies in industries and power plants, and Bioenergy with CCS. Supports required over the short-term period, say GCF-2 cycle (2024-2027), should focused on, for example: • Development of technology for solar cooling, heating, and energy for public transport • Technology & Innovation of renewable energy (RE) and Industrial energy efficiency (EE) & Conservation • Development of a central database for climate change and GHG data for transport sector Page | 26 • Electrification for transport and battery charging technologies, a transition of public transport into EV, improving Non-Motorised Transport, and formulating policies and measures enabling the utilisation of EV • Enhancement of Carbon Capture Utilisation & Storage (CCUS) Technology • Development of concept and case study of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Priority Area 2: Knowledge and Database Enhancement in Agriculture and Waste For the waste and agriculture sectors, limited financial resources, capacity, and technology development at subnational and local levels for waste management systems remain key obstacles. In short- and medium-term period, Thailand needs support in enhancing the GHG reduction technologies in the agriculture and waste sectors such as the followings: • Development of criteria and co-benefit assessment on mitigation and adaptation for the agricultural sector • Development of knowledge and technology for water usage reduction, water circulation, and wastewater treatment appropriated for local context for GHG reduction • Development of tools for tracking carbon emissions in agricultural areas, training sessions, and research on climate change impacts in the agriculture sector • Development of tools for tracking and reporting carbon stock in forest areas Priority Area 3: Advanced Adaptative Technologies and Crosscutting Area The fundamental barriers to the implementation of adaptation measures are insufficient data integration and coordination on climate change projection and impacts, lack of a national climate information centre compiling climate-related information, insufficient knowledge and research on climate-related risks for key stakeholders to comprehend and implement appropriate adaptation measures, as well as limited access to adaptive technology. A disaster risk management is another crucial aspect to address these fundamental barriers, contributing to a more comprehensive and integrated approach to climate adaptation in Thailand. It reflects the commitment to overcoming challenges and fostering resilience across sectors, reinforcing the nation's dedication to proactive climate action. Some of supports needed in order to overcome these barriers include, but not limited to, the followings initiatives. • Knowledge and technology for tracking and managing sea temperature change, coral bleaching, coral diseases, coral reef immunity, and ocean acidification • Development of forest map indicating climate change vulnerabilities • Development of sustainable tourism destination, tourist route plans, and smart tourism village design guidelines. • Strengthening the health system in case of emerging diseases and disaster due to climate change. Priority Area 4: Strengthening Climate Financing Mechanism Incomplete systematic climate financing mechanism has been observed as one of the bottom-neck barriers for climate actions. Thailand requires appropriate financial and market mechanism to direct actions and financial flows. Pre-identified supports in the areas may include: • Expertise in climate change finance area to assist the development of financial instruments Page | 27 • Establishment of a market mechanism to incentivise the implementation of community enterprises based on sustainable forest resources • Development of matching grants financial mechanism for IPPU sector in CCUS research, development, and technology transfer • Establishment of funding mechanism for climate change technology innovator startup Priority Area 5: Knowledge Sharing and Awareness Raising For building a solid foundation suitable to enable climate actions in the country, Thailand still lacks formal and non-formal education and training programmes to improve knowledge and awareness of teachers, educators, students, stakeholders, and the general public on climate change at all levels, and networks for climate research and information. Such activities are deemed to be widely implemented in wide ranges of societal groups from spreading in public to embedding in formal educational systems. • Awareness-raising for relevant stakeholders and the public on climate change measures • Develop academic networking for climate change information sharing and research Page | 28 CHAPTER 4: POLICY, STRATEGY, PLANNING, AND INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS Climate Change Strategy, Policy and Plans18 The Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) serves as Thailand’s key driving climate change strategy, which is in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, which requires all countries to develop and communicate a long-term strategy for low GHG emission development to the UNFCCC Secretariat aiming to limit global temperature from rising above 2°C or 1.5°C. Thailand sets long-term targets and guidelines for GHG reduction toward carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero emission in 2065 by identifying key measures in the sectors of energy, transport, IPPU, waste, agriculture, and LULUCF, which is the GHG removal sector of the country, for relevant agencies and sectors to use as operational guidelines. The revised LT-LEDS was submitted to the UNFCCC on 7 November 2022. The revised LT-LEDS sets goals and measures aligning with an increase in global average temperatures of 1.5°C and moving toward carbon neutrality by 2050. It was developed by using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment Model (AIMEnduse) to project the long-term low-level greenhouse gas emissions, including remedial policy measures for climate change adaptation action, and using a computable general equilibrium (AIM/CGE) model to assess the economic and environmental impacts of energy policy and others in the development of LT-LEDS. The document clearly illustrates a long-term perspective that prioritises not only the deployment of mitigation innovations but also emphasises addressing insufficient interventions, such as those associated with increased GHG emissions like fossil fuel usage. The current national plans used to develop and define LT-LEDS are as follows: • 20-Year National Strategy 2018-2037 • Climate Change Master Plan 2015-2050 • Thailand Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2021-2030 • National Energy Plan 2022 • Energy Efficiency Plan 2018-2037 (EEP 2018) • Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018-2037 (AEDP 2018) • Power Development Plan 2018-2037 (PDP 2018 Rev.1) • The guideline for promoting electric vehicles (EV) under policy 30@30. • National Industrial Development Master Plan 2012-2031 • Industrial Development Strategy of Thailand 4.0 2017-2036 • Thailand Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level REDD+ under the UNFCCC • 20-Year Strategy of the Royal Forest Department 2017-2036 The 2nd Updated NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC on 4 November 2022. The revised NDC concept framework of Thailand is similar to that of Thailand’s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). The revised NDC is carried out with reference to the planned implementation goals of each relevant Ministry in the energy, IPPU, Agriculture, LULUCF, and waste management sectors. The plans include the Energy Efficiency Plan 2018 – 2037 (EEP2018), the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018 – 18 More detailed information available in Thailand’s Fourth National Communication. Available at: Thailand NC4_22122022.pdf (unfccc.int) Page | 29 2037 (AEDP2018), the Power Development Plan 2018 – 2037 No. 1 revised edition (PDP2018 Rev.1), and the guidelines for the promotion of electric vehicles (EV) of the country according to the 30@30 policy. Measures from the agricultural sector were incorporated into the revised NDC goal and guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The revised NDC guidelines and measures include: • Energy and transport sector: The energy sector has the most significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It includes measures to increase the energy efficiency of equipment/machines in power plants and renewable energy utilisation. • IPPU sector, comprising clinker substitution measures and refrigerant replacement. • Waste management sector consists of municipal solid waste management, domestic wastewater management, and industrial wastewater management. • Agriculture sector consists of fixed dome digester biogas production measures and improvements in rice farming to reduce Methane emissions. Thailand places significant emphasis on the harmonisation of its climate action plans, specifically the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and National Adaptation Plans (NAP), ensuring a seamless transition from the planning phase to effective implementation. Moreover, the country actively and proactively engages with various environmental conventions, including but not limited to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the Montreal Protocol. This proactive involvement will foster a more comprehensive and collaborative approach towards addressing environmental challenges. Institutional Arrangements and Policy Framework Thailand has established an institutional arrangement to enable its access to the Green Climate Fund. It reflects a holistic and inclusive approach to addressing environmental concerns and also shows a commitment to involving various stakeholders in sustainable development efforts. The structure of the institutional arrangement is a three-layered approach, including a working group for technical aspects, a policy level for policy perspectives, and a higher authority for policy approval as indicated below.

1. National Committee on Climate Change Policy (NCCC): Thailand established the National Committee on Climate Change Policy (NCCC). The NCCC is chaired by the Prime Minister and has members from both the public and private sectors, including experts from relevant agencies. The NCCC has the mandate to define national climate policies and establish guidelines and mechanisms for international collaboration regarding conventions and protocols on climate change, including supporting and evaluating domestic relevant agencies to be in accordance with the national established policies and plans. The NCCC is composed of 8 subcommittees. Figure 4A shows the institutional arrangements of Thailand’s NCCC.

2. Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration: This committee is responsible for providing input on policy integration, strategy, and planning linked with climate mitigation and adaptation; providing suggestions on mechanisms and measures, legal regulations, and financial measures; and pushing forward an integrated budget allocation system on climate change. One of the working groups assembled within the subcommittee is the Screening Committee for Project Financial Support under the International Framework. Page | 30

3. Screening Committee for Project Financial Support Under the International Framework: This is working group consists of representatives from related agencies such as finance and international cooperation, and cross sectoral experts. The committee is responsible for providing technical perspectives to projects/programmes requesting supports from international framework, technical instructions to develop related policies, and inputs to the Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration. Source: Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE) Figure 4A: Structure of the National Committee on Climate Change Policy Regarding the legal framework, DCCE is in the process of drafting Thailand’s Climate Change Act, which will empower public sectors to employ certain measures aimed at enhancing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The Climate Change Act aims to increase the efficiency of climate actions in Thailand, put in place long-term adaptation to climate change, and promote sustainable development. The Climate Change Act stipulates that there should be climate projection and the risk and vulnerability assessments. In addition, the national central climate change database should be developed and accessible to the public so that the data can be used to assess the risks and impacts of climate change. The National Adaptation Plan will provide guidelines and measures to support adaptation to climate change and reduce the risks of climate change. Policy and Institutional Needs A “GCF Readiness Needs Assessment”19 (RNA) assesses a country’s human, institutional, and technical gaps and challenges that constrain its ability to programme, access, deploy, and monitor the financial resources available from the GCF. The RNA not only informs the country’s strategic approach to requesting Readiness Support but also helps to improve the quality of readiness proposals. The RNA covered (i) institutions and governance; (ii) policy environment; (iii) pipeline development; and (iv) information, data, and knowledge 19 GIZ (2023). GCF Readiness Needs Assessment. Page | 31 management. The RNA development process included extensive stakeholder engagement. Annex 3 provides the list of key interviewed stakeholders for the RNA. The proposed 4-year GCF Readiness support programme 2024-2027 included in the RNA focuses on responding to the gaps in the institutions and governance; policy environment; pipeline development; and information, data, and knowledge management in Thai climate sector (see Table 4A for details). Page | 32 Table 4A: Proposed Four Year Action Plan for GCF Readiness Support During GCF-2 (2024-2027) Gaps Outcomes Outputs Suggested Activities Timeline

1. Institutions and Governance - NDA - systematic project 1.1 The capacity of the 1.1.1 Numbers of targeted - Develop of Standard Operating Procedures 2024 prioritisation mechanism, NDA in systematically training for NDA related to for NDA roles and responsibilities, e.g. NOL, private sector act as the GCF focal GCF, climate finance, GCF M&E of GCF funded projects, cycle to revise engagement procedures, point and engage in GCF programming and management the Country Work Programme. targeted training for funded projects is (10) - Develop project oversight tool for NDA to 2024-2025 proposal assessment and strengthened. 1.1.2 Standard Operating oversee GCF project implementation, management. Procedures and project monitoring, and reporting. - DAE applicants – climate management oversight tool for - Elaborate 4-year NDA training plan. 2024 science knowledge, NDA (1) - Implement targeted trainings to DAE and key 2025-2027 pipeline development, 1.1.3 Numbers of forums stakeholders on national/GCF policy change technical support for organised by NDA to engage and requirements, GCF project management - application review with various stakeholder to reviewing, assessing, prioritising projects process, and technical advance climate implementation ideas, draft CNs and draft FPs. advice for accreditation (8) - Outreach and continuous dialogues to 2025-2027 process. sectoral agencies on GCF mandates and - EE - GCF knowledge and opportunities EE obligations, advice on 1.2 The capacity of the 1.2.1 Number of accredited - Technical support DAEs applicants during its 2024-2025 EE oversight tools during DAEs, local EEs, and DAE (1) application review process to meet project implementation. domestic DP is 1.2.2 Numbers of targeted and accreditation standards (i.e. EFD and Kasikorn - DP – insufficient domestic systematically tailor-made trainings/workshop Bank) delivery partners. strengthened for DAEs applicants (8) - Support targeted trainings/ workshop for 2025-2026 - Private sector – 1.2.3 Standard Operating DAE applicants in GCF business and meeting accreditation standards. knowledge of internal Procedures and project - Support the development of for Standard carbon pricing and implementation oversight tools 2025 Operating Procedure and oversight carbon/climate finance for local EE (1) management and reporting tools for local EE bankable project on GCF funded project. development. If the DAE candidates were accredited by the end of 2025, the following activities are recommended through DAE support modality (implemented Page | 33 Gaps Outcomes Outputs Suggested Activities Timeline directly by the DAE) - Technical support to prepare DAEs for annual accreditation reviews and accreditation upgrade applications. - On the job training for high quality concept note and funding proposal development - Develop tools with training for reporting compliance 1.3 The capacity of 1.3.1 Numbers of targeted and - Technical support for bankable project 2024-2027 private sector to develop tailor-made trainings on development based on Thailand GCF internal carbon pricing bankable project development investment plan. and carbon/climate for targeted (4) - Develop internal carbon pricing tool and finance bankable training for private sector projects is strengthened.

2. Policy Environment - No legal framework on 2.1 Thailand’s Country 2.1.1 Updated country - Review and update Thailand’s Country 2025 climate change yet Programme, in line with programme 2028-2031 that is Programme 2024-2027 in alignment with the - No clear implementation LT-LEDS, NDC, and aligned with LT-LEDS, NDC, NDC 2 and Thailand’s GCF investment plan pathways and instruments NAP, is approved by the and NAP (1) - Develop and adopt the next GCF Country - Unclear alignment of NCCC Programme 2028-2031 which includes 2026-2027 investment, incentives, updated Readiness Need Assessment technology, and regulatory framework to promote scaled-up 2.2 Thailand has 2.2.2 GCF investment plan - Feasible study and recommendation on 2025 investment. concrete investment based on LT-LEDS, NDC, and Thailand’s engagement with the Private - Inadequate provision of plan towards the GCF, NAP (1) Sector Facility and existing climate related domestic and other international 2.2.3 Implementation progress instruments/mechanism from development financing funding instruments of GCF investment plan (50%) banks - No de-risking tools to which is approved by the - Costing of NDC measures and feasible 2026 attract investment in NCCC investment plan for selected NDC priority sectors is in place. sectors/measures - Unclear socially responsive approach for Page | 34 Gaps Outcomes Outputs Suggested Activities Timeline climate policy - Design appropriate financial instruments/de- 2026 development risking tools for selected NDC and NAP measures - Develop and implement Thailand’s GCF 2026-2027 investment plan which is in line with Thailand’s NDC and NAP.

3. Pipeline Development - No systematic concept 3.1 Thailand has a 3.1.1 Roadmap of GCF pipeline - Develop roadmap for GCF concept note 2024 notes pipeline planning concrete roadmap for development in alignment with pipeline development based on Thailand’s yet. GCF concept note GCF investment plan (1) GCF investment plan. - No concept notes to be development that is in 3.1.2 Numbers of concept notes - Develop of concept notes and associated 2025-2026 built on pipeline planning, line with the country in alignment with GCF pipeline Project Preparation Facility requests with climate rationale, and GCF investment plan (2.2) development roadmap (4) Thai DAE candidates as accredited entity sectoral guideline basis

4. Information, data, and knowledge management - Lack of assessing and 4.1 Different target 4.1.1 Numbers of (updated) - Develop M&E system of climate finance 2025 communication tools for groups benefit from knowledge products for low- policies and the impact to LT-LEDS, NDC, vulnerabilities and developed knowledge carbon and resilient investment and NAP emission-reduction products and implementation (2) - Develop internationally accepted Thailand 2025-2026 strategies in focused 4.1.2 Numbers of stakeholders climate risk as well as loss and damage sectors and target groups. have access to developed rationale. - Climate-relevant knowledge products (200) - Develop communication tools/products for 2026-2027 information is not yet climate risk information, emission reduction, easily accessible. climate investment strategy for selected - Lack of knowledge tools target group. to link climate impacts in planning/budgeting process. - No MRV system of climate finance flows and the impacts of the activities Page | 35 For GCF-related activities, Direct Access Entities (DAEs) are deemed to play an important role in facilitating and accelerating the project implementation and financial access in the country. Currently, DCCE, acting as Thailand’s NDA, aims to push forward nomination of the prospective DAEs (see Table 4B). Thus, Thailand will apparently carry on capacity supports for in-country entity accreditation during the period of GCF-2 cycle. Table 4B: Thailand’s plan on nomination for the application for DAE accreditation to the GCF Priority Name of Entity Type of Risk Impact Areas Project Financing ranking DAE category size tools

1. Environment Fund National B Mitigation, XS Grants (Public Sector) Adaptation

2. Kasikorn Bank (Private National A Mitigation S, M Loans, Sector) (Energy, Guarantees, Transport, Equity Industries)

3. Mekong River Regional B Adaptation S Grants Commission (MRC)

4. Export-Import Bank National B Mitigation M Loans Source: DCCE 2023 Page | 36 CHAPTER 5: MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PROCESS Initial Development of the Updated Country Programme The updated Country Programme has been developed through a collaborative effort led by the Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE). The process began with a comprehensive review and analysis of national strategies, policies, and plans to ensure alignment and integration of climate objectives. Based on these assessments, the initial project and programme priorities were formulated, serving as the foundation for further discussions and consultations. Subsequently, the proposed updates were presented during the first multi-stakeholder consultation held on 31 March 2023. The consultation brought together a wide range of key stakeholders who have actively participated in the process. This includes representatives from other government agencies at both national and sub-national levels, accredited entities, development partners, private sector entities, and civil society organisations (see Annex 5). The diverse participation of these stakeholders ensures a comprehensive and inclusive approach to shaping the updated Country Programme. This multi-stakeholder consultation process serves as a vital platform for collective decision-making and consensus-building, ensuring that the updated Country Programme is well-informed, contextually relevant, and widely supported. The active engagement of stakeholders fosters a sense of shared responsibility and commitment towards achieving climate objectives and sustainable development goals without compromising the below principles. • The intended Beneficiaries of the projects include vulnerable populations, groups and individuals – such as women, indigenous peoples, children, people with disabilities, local communities, and other specialised groups of people and individuals. When considering these beneficiaries or stakeholders it should be noted how they will be affected (or potentially affected) by GCF financed activities. Also, the beneficiaries and other stakeholders should be given due consideration in relation to stakeholder consultation and be enabled to participate in decision making on GCF projects and programmes. • The Principles of Inclusion, Equality and Non-discrimination will apply with respect to stakeholder consultations and decision-making aligned with any existing capacities and applicable policies and priorities of the country on gender equality. More importantly, concerning should also place on be gender-sensitive and culturally-aware, if needed be. Multi-Stakeholder Engagement Plan and Cycle Over the 4-year period of GCF programming cycle, Thailand has proposed step-by-step engagement activities in order to ensure that priority projects and programmes can ultimately be developed into funding proposals for submission to the GCF, as well as for the alignment between country programmes and entity work programmes. The cycle begins from the Country Programme development conducting periodically prior to the beginning of each GCF programming cycle. Scope and priorities will be first developed at national level amongst relevant government agencies. Then initial Country Programme will be further assessed with regional prospects and AEs’ compatibilities before being finalised and having final consultation with public and private sectors. Page | 37 The Monitoring of Country Programme progress, together with results sharing, are planned to be held annually in order to make it possible to control the good progress of the Country Programme according to the established priorities and schedule. Evaluation, acceleration and/or minor adjustment may be needed as appropriate. Besides, monitoring and evaluation will also have to be planned at individual project/programme level. The Country Programme update will integrate findings from the previous cycle and the mid-term review, aligning them with the country’s evolving circumstances and significant policy shifts. This iterative process will involve extensive consultations with both public and private stakeholders, culminating in finalisation every four years. Furthermore, this phase will initiate the collection of insights for the subsequent programming cycle (post-GCF-2). Moreover, it will entail the consolidation of knowledge and lessons learned from projects funded by the GCF. Table 5A summarises periodicity and relevant stakeholders for each stage of Thailand’s proposed multi-stakeholder engagement plan for the Country Programme development. Page | 38 Table 5A: Thailand’s proposed multi-stakeholder engagement plan for the Country Programme development Steps Periodicity Govt AEs DAEs Private CSOs DPs National-level development scope and priorities Every 4 years ○ DEVELOPMENT Aligning country’s priorities with regional prospects and AEs’ Every 4 years ○ ○ ○ compatibilities Planned project/programme priorities consultation Every 4 years ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Country Programme progress (e.g. project pipeline, priority Annually ○ ○ ○ MONITORING concept notes and/or Funding Proposals) Overall funded project implementations Annually ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Accreditation of Direct Access Entities Annually ○ ○ ○ ○ Mid-term review of the Country Programme against country’s Biennially ○ □ □ circumstances and any major policy changes UPDATING Final review and Country programme updates, taken into Every 4 years ○ ○ ○ account refined scopes, priorities and lessons learned Updated Country Programme public consultation Every 4 years ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Remarks: ○ = required, □ = subject to level of relevance Page | 39

Annex 1: Overview of Thailand’s Collaboration with International Climate Funds Fund Fund Objective(s) Past and To-date Engagement Adaptation The goal is to drive adaptation Thailand's first supported project by the climate Fund (AF) efforts and bolster resilience across change adaptation fund involves ecosystem-based various sectors such as agriculture, adaptation in the context of South-South cooperation food and water security, disaster between Thailand and Vietnam in the Mekong Basin risk reduction, coastal management, (Thailand and Vietnam – Mekong EbA South: forestry, as well as urban and rural Enhancing Climate Resilience in the Greater Mekong development. Sub-region through Ecosystem-based Adaptation in the Context of South-South Cooperation) by UNEP. This initiative, operated in Thailand by the Department of Water Resources and in Vietnam, has a budget of 7 million US dollars. Mitigation Established in the year 2012 in . Thailand has received support from the Mitigation Action Facility Doha, Qatar, its objective is to Action Facility for two projects in the past: the RAC (MAF) accelerate development initiatives NAMA project (2016-2021) and the RICE NAMA (formally, aimed at significantly reducing net project (2018-2022), totalling 29.6 million euros. Nationally carbon dioxide emissions as a Appropriate means to limit global temperature Mitigation rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius. Actions (NAMA)) Global It supports projects related to Thailand became a member of the GEF on 30 June Environment biodiversity, waste management, 1994. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Facility (GEF) chemicals, climate change, Environment serves as the Operational Focal Point, international waters, and land responsible for evaluating project endorsements degradation. It also promotes seeking support from the GEF. Additionally, the integrated approaches to Director-General of the Department of International sustainable management of food Organisations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, serves as systems, forestry, and sustainable the Political Focal Point, coordinating policy and cities in developing countries. operational guidelines for the fund. The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, now the Department of Climate Change and Environment, serves as the secretariat and filters projects seeking support from the Global Environmental Facility in the area of climate change. International The German Federal Ministry for Thailand has engaged in collaboration with IKI since Climate Economic Affairs and Climate 2009. Between 2009 and 2021, Thailand received Initiative (IKI) Action (BMWK) administers a fund funding of approximately THB2.16 billion. From 2022 aimed at supporting efforts related to 2030, Thailand has received support for three to climate change and biodiversity. programs, totalling around THB1.65 billion (46 million This fund serves to bolster euros). These projects encompass policies such as sustainable development strategies reducing GHG emissions, adapting to climate change, within countries and assist partner biodiversity initiatives, and enhancing the nations in fulfilling their NDCs. Environment Fund’s capacity to support climate change-related projects (ThaiCI). Page | 40

Annex 2: Programme Priorities Determination The process to obtain Thailand’s priority areas involves a comprehensive and formal approach that ensures a systematic identification and categorisation of key focus areas. The following steps are followed to accomplish this: Step 1 Thailand initiates the process by conducting a thorough review of its fourth National Communication (NC4). This review aims to identify any gaps and needs within the country’s current climate actions. The findings from this review serve as a crucial foundation for prioritising future measures. Under the development of NC4, once the identified measures were compiled, each measure underwent a rigorous evaluation. Step 2 Each identified measure is scored in order to determine a longlist of projects. The scoring of each project is subject to types of supports needed, as follows: • Technology Development and Transfer (TT): support needed to develop and transfer innovative and practical technologies to support Thailand’s actions on climate change. • Technical Support/Assistance (TS): non-financial assistance needed from international specialists can take the form of sharing information and expertise, the transmission of working knowledge, and consulting services and may also involve the transfer of technical data, know-how and knowledge. • Capacity Building (CB): support needed for developing and strengthening the skills, abilities, processes, and resources of organisations and stakeholders for planning and taking climate actions. • Financial Support (FS): support needed in the form of money or financial instruments such as a grant, soft loan, equity, or guarantee to support and leverage government and private sector investment in climate actions. The scoring system used to evaluate the barriers in climate investments in Thailand indicates that the highest score, denoted as 3, is assigned to the Financial Barrier (FB). This implies that the financial challenges associated with climate investments are considered the most critical and significant barrier in the context of Thailand. Following the financial barrier, the technological barrier (TT) receives a score of 2, indicating its relatively lower but still notable level of significance. This suggests that limited confidence in and access to new technologies pose a moderate barrier to climate investments in the country. In contrast, both the policy and regulation barrier (TS) and capacity barrier (CB) receive a score of 1, indicating a lower level of significance compared to the financial and technological barriers. While policy and regulatory uncertainties and capacity constraints are recognised as barriers, they are considered to have a relatively lesser impact on impeding climate investments in Thailand. Step 3 Based on the scoring results, the high-priority measures are then categorised into five distinct priority areas. This categorisation provides a structured framework for addressing the most critical climate-related challenges faced by Thailand. It ensures a focused and targeted approach towards addressing these challenges effectively. Step 4 To gather valuable insights and engage stakeholders, a consultation meeting is held. During this meeting, the steps and results of the Thailand Country Programme development are shared. Stakeholders are given the opportunity to provide input, feedback, and suggestions Page | 41 regarding the proposed priorities and strategies. This collaborative approach ensures that diverse perspectives are considered in shaping the priority areas. Step 5 Throughout the process, close consultation and collaboration are maintained with the Thai National Designated Authority (NDA). The expertise and guidance of the NDA play a vital role in aligning the identified priorities with national climate change objectives. Their input helps to ensure that the priority areas selected are in line with Thailand’s broader sustainability goals. Step 6 To validate the identified priorities and gauge actual demand, a validation survey is conducted. This survey allows for feedback collection from various stakeholders, including investors. It serves as a means to explore potential areas for investment and obtain insights into the practical needs and expectations of stakeholders. Step 7 Taking into account the findings from the review, scoring, consultation, and validation processes, a comprehensive list of Thailand’s priority areas is summarised. This list represents the key focus areas that require immediate attention and action to address climate change challenges effectively. Page | 42

Annex 3: Thailand and its Engagement with GCF The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a financial mechanism established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2010, during the 16th Conference of Parties (COP) in Cancun, Mexico. It commenced full-fledged operations in 2015, aiming to support a paradigm shift towards sustainable development with low greenhouse gas emissions and resilience to climate change. The fund allocates equal proportions of its resources for activities addressing greenhouse gas reduction and adaptation to climate change. Notably, 50% of the adaptation funding is specifically earmarked for particularly vulnerable countries, including the least developed countries, small island developing states, and African nations. The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP), appointed by the Thai Cabinet on 10 March 2015, was the National Designated Authority (NDA) to the GCF for Thailand. On 17 August 2023, a Royal Decree (B.E. 2566) was issued regarding the name change from the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion to the Department of Climate Change and Environment and the Ministerial Regulation (B.E. 2566) was issued under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Therefore, the Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE) is now acting as the Thailand NDA to the GCF. Engagements Establishing a mechanism to engage with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) is crucial for a country to access climate finance, align with global climate goals, foster international collaboration, receive technical assistance, and enhance transparency. This proactive engagement not only increases the likelihood of securing financial support for climate projects but also ensures that the country contributes effectively to global efforts in mitigating and adapting to climate change. Thailand has actively participated in various initiatives with the GCF, encompassing a broad spectrum of activities listed below. • The NDA developed and disseminated the Thailand Country Programme framework to enhance Thailand's access to international climate funds, highlighting urgent needs in both mitigation and adaptation. Additionally, it published a guidebook outlining the procedures for proposing climate change projects seeking financial support from the Green Climate Fund, aimed at promoting transparency and awareness within Thailand's access processes. • Thailand received GCF Readiness Support, encompassing nine national activities and one multi-country initiative. Specifically, Thailand secured support for the project Increasing resilience to climate change impacts in marine and coastal areas along the Gulf of Thailand (GCF NAP Marine), “Enhancing climate resilience in Thailand through effective water management and sustainable agriculture,” implemented by UNDP of 3 million USD. • Thailand received initial GCF support for two projects. The first, approved in October 2021 and implemented with UNDP, “Enhances climate resilience in Thailand through effective water management and sustainable agriculture,” (FP170) administered by the Royal Irrigation Department, receiving approximately 17.5 million USD in grant support. This project addresses climate-induced droughts and floods threatening agriculture livelihoods and infrastructure. The second project, approved in October Page | 43 2023 and implemented with GIZ, “Thai Rice: Strengthening Climate-Smart Rice Farming,” (FP214) of 41.4 million USD in grant, administered by the Rice Department, the Environmental Fund Division, and the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, and aiming to shift smallholder rice agriculture onto a low-emission, climate-resilient trajectory. Both projects align with Thailand’s international commitments and domestic policies, emphasising mitigation efforts outlined in the current NDC (2022). • The Green Climate Fund approved GCF Readiness Support for refining the Thailand Country Programme, drafting a Climate Finance Strategy, and advancing access to funds in the upcoming phase (GCF-2). • Promotion of certification for in-country agencies as operational entities for the Green Climate Fund, involving both government environmental funds and private entities like Kasikorn Bank. • Conducting Readiness and Needs Assessments and establishing project pipelines to facilitate and allocate resources from the Green Climate Fund. Previous and current GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Programmes No. Project Code Project Title Delivery Partner 1 GG-1705-14610 | NDA strengthening and country programming support GIZ THA-RS-001 for Thailand through GIZ 2 GG-1801-15029 | Scaling up Thailand’s climate finance readiness GIZ THA-RS-002 3 GG-1801-15030 | Advancing Thailand’s access to GCF GGGI THA-RS-003 4 GG-1803-15149 | Enabling readiness for up scaling investments in building UNEP- THA-RS-004 energy efficiency for achieving NDC goals in Thailand CTCN 5 GG-1810-15505 | Strengthening the capacities of the Environmental Fund GIZ THA-RS-005 Division to serve as Thailand’s key national mechanism for climate finance 6 GG-1810-15490 | Increasing resilience to climate change impacts in marine UNDP THA-RS-006 and coastal areas along the Gulf of Thailand (GCF NAP Marine) 7 GG-1908-15852 | Developing GCF pipeline of projects from locally driven TGO THA-RS-007 climate actions 8 THA-RS-008 Building project pipeline capacities: development of GCF GIZ concept notes in the transport and health sectors in Thailand 9 APA-RS-003 Agriculture sector readiness for enhanced climate FAO finance and implementation of Koronivia Joint Work on agriculture priorities in Southeast Asia (multi-year and multi-country programme: Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, and Viet Nam) 10 THA-RS-009 Readiness support for the accreditation of Kasikornbank, GGGI updating of Thailand’s Country Programme, development of climate finance strategy, and design of blended circular economy financing facility Page | 44

Annex 4: Key Stakeholders for Assessing Policy and Institutional Needs Ms. Krittaya Chunhaviriyakul ONEP (functioned as NDA at the time), 31 March 2023 Mr. Ittiporn Intravisit Kasikorn Bank, 3 May 2023 Mr. Non Kitkumthorn EXIM Bank – by questionnaire Environment Fund Division – by questionnaire Page | 45

Annex 5: Key Stakeholders for Programming Strategy Event: First Consultation Workshop Date: 31 March 2023 List of Participants: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment • Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning - Climate Change Management and Coordination Division - Strategy and Planning Division - Biodiversity Management Division - Environmental Fund Division • Office of Permanent Secretary • Department of Marine and Coastal Resources - Mangrove Research and Development Institute - Marine and Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute • Department of Water Resources - Water Resources Conservation and Rehabilitation Division - Research Development and Hydrology Division • Pollution Control Department - Strategy and Planning Division • Royal Forest Department - Climate Change Coordination Section • Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) - Low Carbon Policy and Technical Support Office Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives • Department of Agriculture - Field and Renewable Energy Crop Research Institute - Horticulture Research Institute - Rubber Division • Rice Department - Division of Rice Research and Development Ministry of Energy • Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency - Strategy and Planning Division • Energy Policy and Planning Office - Strategy and Planning Division Ministry of Transport • Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning - Bureau of Regional Transport and Traffic System Promotion - Bureau of Safety Planning Ministry of Industry • Department of Industrial Works - Hazardous Substance Management Division Page | 46 Ministry of Finance • Public Debt Management Office - Policy and Planning Bureau • Fiscal Policy Office - International Organisation Cooperation Section, Bureau of International Economic Policy Public agencies and state enterprises • Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council - Natural Resource and Environmental Development Strategy Division • Office of the National Water Resources - Budget and Project Analysis Division - Policy and Master Plan Division - Foreign Affairs Division • Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand - Project Environment Division • Export - Import Bank of Thailand Other agencies • PTT Public Company Limited • Stock Exchange of Thailand • The Thai Bankers’ Association • The Federation of Thai Industries - Climate Change Institute - Thai Cement Manufacturers Association • GIZ Page | 47 Event: Public Hearing Date: 1 November 2023 List of Participants: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) • Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE) • Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) • Department of National Park Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) • Environmental Fund Division, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) • Foreign Affair Division • Pollution Control Department (PCD) • Royal Forest Department (RFD) • Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) (TGO) Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives • Department of Agriculture • Department of Fisheries • Land Development Department • Office of Agricultural Economics (OAE) • Rice Department • Royal Irrigation Department • Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization) (ARDA) Ministry of Digital Economy and Society • Thai Meteorological Department Ministry of Education • Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST) Ministry of Energy • Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) • Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) • Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) Ministry of Finance • Fiscal Policy Office • Public Debt Management Office Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation • National Research Council of Thailand • Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council (NXPO) • Hydro-Informatics Institute (Public Organization) Ministry of Industry • Department of Industrial Works (DIW) Page | 48 Ministry of Interior • Comprehensive Planning Bureau, Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning • Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) Ministry of Tourism and Sports • Department of Tourism Ministry of Transport • Department of Airports • Marine Department Public Agencies • Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) • Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) • Office of the National Water Resources • Hydrographic Department, Royal Thai Navy Financial Sector • Export-Import Bank of Thailand • Kasikorn Bank • Thai Credit Guarantee Corporation • The Stock Exchange of Thailand Foundation/NGOs/Private Sector • Energy for Environment Foundation (E for E) • Sustainable Development Foundation-SDF • Thai Cement Manufacturers Association (TCMA) • Thai Renewable Energy (RE100) Association • Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) • Thailand Environment Institute (TEI) • The Energy Conservation Center of Thailand International Organisations • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) • Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) • Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) • The World Bank • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) • United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) • United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Page | 49

Annex 6: Brief Project Information regarding each Prospective Funding Proposal All prospective project information is extracted from draft Concept Notes available at the time of this document being formulated. Electrified intercity bus with green terminals The transportation sector in Thailand contributed to 25.32% of all GHG emissions in 2016 (66.66 MtCO2e) where road transportation is a major polluter (accounts for 96% of total GHG emissions from transportation sector). The traditional fossil fuel-powered engines intercity bus also emits GHG at 1.01 MtCO2e per year or 1.52% of total transportation sector GHG emission. As part of Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), the target is to reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector by 31 MtCO2e by 2030. In terms of climate change, Thailand is considered highly vulnerable, with increased risks of natural disasters such as flooding, increased rainfall, droughts, and higher sea levels. These climate risks, especially flooding, pose significant challenges to public transportation including intercity bus services by obstructing continuity of the bus services and hindering the use of public transportation. The central and north-eastern part of Thailand are considered high risk in flooding during September to November, considering historical data of flooding events in 2015 – 2019. The prospective intervention aims to address these vulnerabilities and mitigate GHG emissions through the adoption of sustainable and low-emission transport practices. This programme emphasises the need to establish a sustainable transport system by reducing the need for personal motorised travel, promoting active transport and public transport, and electrifying intercity buses. By transitioning intercity buses from traditional fossil fuel-powered engines to electric vehicles (EVs), the intervention aims to reduce GHG emissions associated with conventional buses. Additionally, it seeks to enhance resilience to climate change impacts by improving infrastructure and promoting adaptation measures in the intercity bus sector. Page | 50 Thailand Circular Economy Financing Facility (T-CEFF) Thailand Circular Economy Financing Facility (T-CEFF) is a risk-sharing instrument that supports SMEs and middle market project developers to accelerate the country’s circular economy transition in a close alignment with the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the BCG Economic Model. Working on the basis of additionality, alignment, and non-crowding, T-CEFF is aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by promoting projects in municipal solid waste (MSW) management, waste-to- energy (WTE), and other potential circular economy (CE) sub-sectors. It seeks to overcome barriers to investment in these sub-sectors by offering financial products and risk-sharing mechanisms, thus attracting private sector investment. T-CEFF will be set up by Kasikornbank (KBank), a Direct Access Entity (DAE) candidate to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), with potential participation from the selected international development finance institutions (DFIs) as co-investors with more favorable financing terms and softer conditions. Through T-CEFF, KBank and other participating DFIs will provide financing to support a USD 200 million loan portfolio in the MSW, WTE, and other CE sub- sectors across a portfolio of 6-8 projects. USD 100 million of GCF funding is structured as a partial loan guarantee to T-CEFF as a credit enhancement instrument to improve the creditworthiness of the borrowers and reduce the lender’s risk exposure in case of default. KBank will be responsible for the detailed loan portfolio management which includes loan assessment, monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV). A technical assistant (TA) grant funding from GCF of USD 2 million is also proposed to engage independent engineering firms as lender's engineers (LEs) to assess and manage risks associated with CE projects under T- CEFF. LE grant improves project credibility and viability for lenders, increasing the chances of securing financing. Page | 51 Thailand Climate Technology Private Equity Trust Fund The project's climate rationale is rooted in the urgent need to catalyse the growth of Thailand's climate tech startups sector. By addressing the funding gap and providing targeted support, the initiative seeks to accelerate the development and deployment of innovative climate technologies, positioning Thailand as a regional leader in climate innovation. The primary objective of the project is to establish a robust financial and support ecosystem that empowers early-stage climate tech startups in Thailand. This will be achieved through two integral components: 1) Private Equity (PE) Trust Fund Establishment and Capital Mobilisation: A dedicated PE Trust Fund, governed by Thai securities regulations, will be established, serving as a conduit for channelling resources towards climate tech startups. The Trust will secure investments from Kasikornbank (KBank) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF), with a collective aim to raise USD 100 million, thereby kickstarting a sustainable flow of capital into the climate tech ecosystem. 2) Technical Assistance Grant: GCF funding will be provided in the form of Technical Assistance Grants to create specialized accelerators and incubators tailored exclusively for climate tech startups. These grants will also support the engagement of third-party experts to verify the technologies being developed, ensuring that they meet high technical standards and are viable for scaling. This combined approach will provide startups with the necessary resources, mentorship, and risk mitigation, fostering a culture of innovation and enhancing the chances of successful commercialization within the sector. The project will be executed through a collaborative effort between the executing entity, KBank, and the GCF, both of whom will serve as equity investors in the PE Trust Fund. A licensed third-party trustee will oversee the trust's assets, ensuring diligent management. Additionally, Beacon Venture Capital (“Beacon VC”), a wholly-owned corporate venture capital fund of KBank, will act as the Trust Manager, leveraging their expertise in managing investments in climate technology startups. Page | 52 Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Healthcare Facilities in Thailand Climate change has increasingly adverse impacts on Thai people’s health and well-being. Extreme weather events, such as floods, storms, and droughts, can also indirectly affect people’s health by threatening the capacity of the health systems and healthcare facilities to protect the health of their populations. Several healthcare facilities in Thailand, particularly those in the high climate risk areas, were not built to cope with increasing risks from climate change and lack proper infrastructure to protect them from extreme weather events. On many occasions, extreme weather events, especially floods, have destroyed and damaged healthcare facilities as well as causing disruption to medical services. These healthcare facilities also emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) through energy consumption, procurement of medical products, and insufficient waste and wastewater management. The proposed project focuses on (i) upgrading the current health surveillance and early- warning systems; (ii) developing integrated health and climate data; (iii) enhancing the capacities of health personnel and healthcare facilities for emergency management in extreme weather events; (iv) equipping the healthcare facilities in the selected intervention zones with climate-resilient infrastructure; (v) ensuring that healthcare facilities can provide continuous medical services to patients and the local population through improved logistics and construction of safe rooms; and (vi) strengthening the climate change and health literacy of local populations and the health workforce so that appropriate actions can be taken to address health challenges in case of climate emergencies. The proposed project also envisages helping the healthcare facilities in the intervention area in reducing the GHG emissions by switching to renewable energy, implementing energy efficiency measures, and upgrading the waste and wastewater management. Page | 53 Climate and Health Co-Investment Facility Coordination Programme Climate change has already driven an increase in morbidity and mortality and is projected to further alter the geographical range and numbers of injuries, illnesses and deaths from climate- sensitive health risks, and to affect the functioning of public health and health care systems. An excess of 250,000 deaths annually due to climate change has been projected between 2030 and 2050. Rapidly increasing temperatures has led to 68% increase in heat-related deaths among vulnerable groups between 2000–04 and 2017–21. According to WHO, if no additional actions are taken, substantial increases in morbidity and mortality are projected for a wide range of health outcomes over the coming decades. Vulnerable populations and geographical regions will be affected differently, with increases in poverty and inequities linked to climate change and health impacts. Furthermore, health care sector contributes over 5% of net global climate emissions. COP26 (2021) set a global ambition to build climate resilient and sustainable health systems and promote the integration of climate change and health into respective national, regional, and global plans with the leadership of WHO-led Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health. Financing the COP26 health commitments on climate resilient and sustainable low carbon health systems is recognised as a central challenge and an urgent priority in order to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on health and health systems. The proposed GCF Programme will support the design, operation and coordination of a strategic multi-partner Co-investment Facility for transformative action on climate and health. This demand-driven global coordination and financing framework on climate and health will support national healthcare systems to access, leverage and deliver technical assistance and climate investment in order to accelerate transformative action on climate and health at both national and global levels, increase climate resilience of health services and vulnerable communities, and reduce GHG emissions from the health sectors. The GCF Programme will align, catalyse and consolidate domestic and international public and private investment flows into climate resilient and low carbon health systems and services thus resulting in improved resilience of health services and facilities, improved health outcomes and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from health care. By leveraging public and private partnerships, the Programme will define a menu of tailored blended financial instruments to best address funding demands of the national health systems. The programme will also provide strategic catalytic funds in support of the countries’ implementation of the COP26 Health Commitments and demonstrate integrated solutions for climate resilient and sustainable low carbon health systems through selected pilot projects to be further upscaled through the Co-Investment Facility. Page | 54