Addendum to Singapore’s Long- Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy

A D D E N D U M T O S I N GA P O R E ’ S LO N G - T E R M LOW - E M I S S I O N S D E V E LO P M E N T S T R AT E GY 1 Preface The 26th Conference of the Parties (COP- account different national circumstances. 26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Singapore has reviewed our climate targets, held in Glasgow in 2021 laid a firm foundation policies and strategies, and has updated for accelerated climate action. As part of them in this addendum, which builds on the Glasgow Climate Pact, Parties were our LEDS submitted in 2020, Charting requested to revisit and strengthen the Singapore’s Low Carbon and Resilient 2030 targets in their Nationally Determined Future. This document has been prepared Contributions (NDCs) as necessary to align by agencies in the Singapore Government with the Paris Agreement temperature goal, under the Inter-Ministerial Committee and urged to communicate long-term low- on Climate Change (IMCCC), taking into emissions development strategies (LEDS) account views from academia, industry and toward just transitions to net zero emissions members of the public that were gathered by or around mid-century, taking into through stakeholder engagements. National Circumstances global pressures on food, energy and raw materials. Although Singapore only accounts for around 0.1% of global emissions, we have Climate change is one of the been an early and committed contributor to greatest existential threats of our global efforts to address the climate crisis. In the early 2000s, we switched from fuel oil to time. The Intergovernmental Panel natural gas, the cleanest form of fossil fuel, on Climate Change (IPCC)’s Sixth to decarbonise our electricity generation. We Assessment Report concluded also pursued energy efficiency improvements that the impacts of climate change and other environmental protection measures are more apparent, and will affect across all sectors of our economy. us more severely, than previously To meet our climate commitments, thought. The world must rally to Singapore will continue to find innovative make deep cuts in emissions if we ways to reduce emissions whilst remaining are to limit global warming to 1.5°C. competitive in the face of our geographical constraints. Singapore is small, low-lying, highly urbanised, and has limited access to As a small, low-lying island city-state in the alternative energies like wind or hydro-electric tropics, Singapore is especially vulnerable power. Despite these constraints, we have to the adverse effects of climate change, accelerated our deployment of solar power to notably the heightened risks of extreme the best of our ability, and forged international weather events, urban heat stress, and rising and regional partnerships to explore clean sea levels. As Singapore has to import most energy imports and work on needle-moving of our resources, we will be affected by rising 1 low-carbon technology and solutions. Our

comprehensive suite of policies and actions to achieve our climate goals are outlined in the Singapore Green Plan 2030. 60 MtCO2e Singapore’s Climate Commitments The early and collective efforts of businesses, individuals and the Government have borne fruit. Singapore met our commitment to reduce emissions to 16% below business- 2030 Net zero by 2050 as-usual (BAU) levels by 2020, made in 2009 ahead of the Copenhagen Summit, achieving Illustrative diagram of Singapore’s net zero a 32% reduction below BAU levels. In March emissions trajectory. 2020, we also submitted our first update to our 2030 NDC and our LEDS under the Paris Agreement. At that time, our LEDS pledged Given Singapore’s national circumstances to halve emissions from our 2030 peak to — we are a resource-constrained and 33 MtCO2e by 2050, with a view to achieving alternative energy-disadvantaged city- net zero emissions as soon as viable in the state — these are ambitious targets. We second half of the century. are committed to doing our part as a responsible member of the international Since then, accelerating global momentum community. Our ability to fulfil our pledges, on climate action has given us the confidence like all Parties, will depend on the continued to further enhance our LEDS pledge. international commitment by Parties to the Countries and corporations worldwide have Paris Agreement and their climate pledges. significantly increased their investments and The targets will also be contingent on the research in decarbonisation technologies, maturity of decarbonisation technologies and there have been positive developments and effective international cooperation. in international cooperation in areas such as global carbon markets and regional To achieve net zero by 2050, Singapore power grids. In the light of these global is accelerating the low-carbon developments and progress made on the transition for industry, economy and domestic front, Singapore announced that society through four key thrusts: we will further update our 2030 NDC and enhance our long-term emissions trajectory: • Catalysing business transformation; • Investing in low-carbon technologies; • Pursuing effective international cooperation; and Second update to 2030 NDC: • Adopting low-carbon practices. To reduce emissions to around 60 MtCO2e in 2030 after They are supported by the carbon tax, as a peaking emissions earlier. key enabler of this transition. Updated LEDS: To achieve net zero emissions by 2050. 2 3 4 Charting Singapore’s INVESTING IN LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGIES Net Zero Future Singapore is studying emerging low-carbon technologies like hydrogen, carbon capture The following sections outline the current utilisation and storage (CCUS), and advanced plans and policies that Singapore has put geothermal systems. These can enable in place to chart our way to net zero. We decarbonisation at scale for hard-to-abate will continue to update our measures and sectors. Under the Low-Carbon Energy strategies over time. Research (LCER) Funding Initiative, we have awarded S$55 million to support 12 research, CATALYSING BUSINESS development and demonstration projects TRANSFORMATION on low-carbon hydrogen and CCUS. We are To support businesses in their setting aside another S$129 million for the decarbonisation journeys, the Government next phase of the programme. has introduced a suite of measures to help companies improve energy efficiency, reduce Low-carbon hydrogen has emerged as a emissions, and seize opportunities in the key potential decarbonisation pathway for green economy. The Resource Efficiency Singapore, given its possible applications as Grant for Energy and the Energy Efficiency an alternative fuel and industrial feedstock. Fund support businesses in improving Although many hydrogen technologies the energy efficiency of their industrial are still nascent, Singapore is taking steps facilities, so as to reduce emissions, lower to prepare for hydrogen deployment. Our operational costs, and increase business National Hydrogen Strategy is organised competitiveness. We are also supporting around five key thrusts: local enterprises, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), in building • Experimenting with the use of long-term capabilities in sustainability and advanced hydrogen technologies at capturing green growth opportunities through the cusp of commercial readiness the Enterprise Sustainability Programme. through pathfinder projects; • Investing in research and The Sustainable Jurong Island report development (R&D) to unlock key articulates our aspirations to transform technological bottlenecks; Jurong Island into a Sustainable Energy • Pursuing international collaboration & Chemicals (E&C) Park that operates to enable supply chains for sustainably and exports sustainable low-carbon hydrogen; chemicals globally. By 2050, we plan for • Undertaking long-term land and Jurong Island to increase the output of infrastructure planning; and sustainable products by four times from • Supporting workforce training and 2019 levels, and achieve at least 6 MtCO2e development of our broader hydrogen of carbon abatement per annum from low- economy, so that Singaporeans will be in carbon solutions. good stead to capture new opportunities in the global hydrogen economy. To help companies build up their competitive advantage in the green transition, the The power sector accounts for almost 40% of Government will closely partner with them our emissions today. We are pressing ahead to develop, pilot, and eventually adopt with ambitious solar deployment plans to emerging low-carbon technologies to drive achieve our target of at least 2 gigawatt (GW)- 5 decarbonisation in our industries. peak by 2030, which will generate enough

energy to meet around 3% of Singapore’s and global mitigation opportunities to total electricity demand in that year. meet our ambitious climate goals. Although solar power is Singapore’s most This is why Singapore actively fosters viable renewable energy alternative, its effective international cooperation on climate scale-up is fundamentally limited by action. Singapore has played an active role our land constraints. Nevertheless, the in supporting the multilateral framework Government will continue to review our of cooperation on climate change under longer-term strategies for maximising the UNFCCC, including co-facilitating the solar power, and actively invest in R&D negotiations at COP-26 that finalised the and test-bedding to increase efficiency Article 6 rulebook of the Paris Agreement. and optimise space utilisation, including Singapore also collaborates actively with through the deployment of floating solar international partners, such as the UNFCCC, farms and vertical panel installations. the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), ASEAN To enhance the resilience of our energy and city-networks such as the C40, on the supply and power grid, the Energy Market sharing of best practices and experiences on Authority (EMA) appointed Sembcorp to climate change and green growth issues. build, own and operate Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with 200 megawatt-hours Singapore is an advocate of close bilateral, (MWh) of energy storage capacity and 200 regional and plurilateral cooperation, and has megawatts (MW) of discharge capacity. Once signed agreements with various partners to it is operational, it will be the largest ESS strengthen collaboration on carbon markets, deployment in Southeast Asia, and one of the green finance and low-carbon technologies. fastest of its size to be deployed. On carbon markets, for example, Singapore has signed Memoranda of Understanding We are also exploring possible CCUS (MOUs) with countries such as Indonesia, deployment pathways. Carbon dioxide Colombia, Vietnam, Brunei and Morocco captured from industrial facilities in on carbon credits collaboration aligned Singapore could be sequestered in suitable to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. sub-surface geological formations, utilised as feedstock for synthetic fuels or as On the energy front, enhancing regional building materials through mineralisation. energy connectivity, including through the Singapore will continue to monitor ASEAN Power Grid, is one initiative that technological and market developments, can enhance economic development, and scale up deployment as pathways energy security and sustainability in the become techno-economically viable. region. As a pathfinder to the ASEAN Power Grid, Singapore has begun importing PURSUING EFFECTIVE hydroelectric power from Laos, using existing INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION interconnections via Thailand and Malaysia, as part of the Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia- Given our national circumstances, Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMP- Singapore is highly dependent on PIP). Our aim is to import up to 4 GW of low- effective international cooperation for carbon electricity from beyond our shores by the success of our decarbonisation 2035, which is expected to make up around measures. While we continue to prioritise 30% of Singapore’s total supply. In addition to domestic efforts to reduce emissions, working with our regional neighbours on the we will need to pursue collaboration with LTMP-PIP, Singapore has signed MOUs with international partners to access regional 6

countries like Australia, Cambodia, Chile, Lao Building Sector PDR, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Japan, to Singapore is accelerating our transition collaborate on areas including regional power towards a low-carbon built environment. grids and low-carbon solutions. Under the Singapore Green Building Masterplan, we have set three ambitious In October 2022, Singapore signed our first targets: Green Economy Agreement — and the world’s first green agreement of its kind — with • 80% of buildings by gross floor Australia to further accelerate both countries’ area (GFA) to be green by 2030; transitions towards a green and sustainable • 80% of new developments (by future. In support of broader global climate GFA) to be Super Low Energy (SLE) action, Singapore has also committed buildings1 from 2030 onwards; and to initiatives such as the Powering Past • 80% improvement in energy efficiency Coal Alliance, Global Methane Pledge, and (compared to 2005 levels) for best- Greening Government Initiative. in-class green buildings by 2030. ADOPTING LOW-CARBON PRACTICES Our key strategies include raising the Transport Sector sustainability standards of existing buildings, driving the adoption of SLE Singapore has one of the most standards for new buildings, and pushing comprehensive and innovative systems in the boundaries of energy efficiency the world for managing vehicle ownership through research and innovation. and usage. Since 2018, we have kept our private vehicle population growth at zero. Singapore is also implementing district-level The Government aims to phase out internal sustainability measures and solutions in combustion engine vehicles and have areas such as Jurong Lake District (JLD), all vehicles running on cleaner energy by a new growth area in western Singapore 2040. To encourage the adoption of electric that aspires to become a world-class vehicles (EVs), we have various incentives to sustainability district. JLD aims to achieve lower the upfront and running costs of an EV. net zero emissions for new developments We are also expanding our public EV charging around 2045. To meet this target, all new infrastructure, with a target of 60,000 developments in JLD will be required to meet charging points nationwide by 2030. SLE standards, with some achieving Zero Energy standards as technology improves, At the same time, we are continuing to and will be required to use the district invest significantly in our public transport cooling system, which improves energy and active mobility infrastructure to efficiency. We will also maximise solar energy encourage Walk-Cycle-Ride (WCR) modes deployment on buildings. To support green of travel. Our target is for 9 in 10 peak mobility, 85% of all trips are targeted to be period journeys to be WCR journeys by through WCR modes of travel by 2035. 40% 2040, with 9 in 10 of these WCR journeys of land in JLD will also be set aside for green to be completed in less than 45 minutes. spaces and water bodies that will cool the district and serve as recreational spaces.

7 1 SLE buildings refer to buildings that have achieved at least a 60% improvement in energy efficiency compared to 2005 levels. Household Sector national grid. Tuas Nexus is expected to be completed in phases from 2026 onwards. Singapore has taken steps to reduce energy consumption of the household sector, which accounts for about 16% of our total electricity RIGHT-PRICING CARBON consumption. The Minimum Energy Singapore implemented a carbon tax Performance Standards — which have been in 2019, becoming the first country in progressively tightened over the years — raise Southeast Asia to do so. The tax is applied the energy efficiency of household appliances across all sectors, and puts a price tag on such as refrigerators, air-conditioners, and the externality of carbon. This encourages clothes dryers. To help consumers make companies and individuals to internalise more informed purchasing decisions, the this cost when making decisions, and at the Government has also progressively expanded same time gives them the flexibility to take the Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme to action where it makes the most economic cover an increasing variety of appliances. sense. The tax covers about 80% of our carbon emissions. Revenue from the carbon Singapore will continue to provide tax will be used to support decarbonisation support to households impacted by the efforts and cushion the impact on low-carbon transition, through initiatives businesses and households, facilitating such as the Climate Friendly Households our transition to a low-carbon economy. Programme to defray the costs of switching to more resource-efficient Singapore announced our plans to and climate-friendly appliances. progressively raise the carbon tax to around S$50/tCO2e to S$80/tCO2e (~US$36.90/tCO2e Water and Waste Sector to US$59.00/tCO2e) by 2030. This move Singapore is embracing a shift towards reflects our commitment to step up the pace a circular economy to reduce emissions, of transformation so that we can achieve net maximise resource efficiency and resilience, zero emissions by 2050. The announcement and conserve landfill space. In our Zero of the revised carbon tax trajectory provides Waste Masterplan, the Government has businesses with the lead time to plan for set a target to reduce by 2030 the amount the transition. More broadly, it ensures of waste sent to the landfill each day by that new investments, economic activity, 30%. We have also introduced the Extended and corporate and individual behaviour Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework for will be aligned with a low-carbon future. e-waste management, and plan to introduce a beverage container return scheme by mid- Singapore supports global carbon pricing. 2024, as the first phase of an EPR approach Every tonne of carbon dioxide emitted for managing packaging waste. imposes the same social cost on the environment, regardless of its location of We also aim to maximise energy efficiency origin. An effective global carbon pricing in our water and waste treatment operations. mechanism will enable countries to One key initiative in development is the co- internalise the negative externalities of location of a used water treatment plant and carbon emissions without compromising an integrated waste management facility, their international competitiveness. collectively known as Tuas Nexus. It will harness synergies from the waste and water treatment processes to generate enough electricity to sustain its own operations, with any excess electricity channelled to the 8

PUBLIC SECTOR TAKING THE LEAD Everyone and Every Nation Under the GreenGov.SG initiative, Singapore’s Must Play Their Part public sector will strive to attain ambitious sustainability targets in carbon abatement and resource efficiency. Our aim is to peak Despite Singapore’s geographical constraints public sector emissions around 2025 and and lack of alternative energy options, achieve net zero emissions around 2045, we have set an ambitious target to reach ahead of the national target. To achieve this, net zero by 2050. Achieving this goal will the Government intends to raise the energy require significant transformations in all efficiency of public sector premises, deploy aspects of daily life, economy and society. solar power on-site where feasible, and Our government agencies, businesses, eventually power public sector assets with individuals and the community must work clean energy sources. All public sector cars together and play their part. We have a will also run on cleaner energy by 2035. responsibility to future generations to ensure that Singapore remains a vibrant As a major consumer of goods and services, and liveable city in the decades to come. the Government is working sustainability considerations into government procurement Singapore brings this spirit of cooperation decisions and tender evaluations to influence and sense of responsibility to the world our suppliers to make more sustainable stage. No country can solve the challenges businesses choices. We are also raising of climate change alone. Our ability to fulfil public awareness on climate change and our pledges, like all Parties, will depend on sustainability through our school curriculum the continued international commitment and community programmes. Our goal is to by Parties to the Paris Agreement and their inspire and enable action beyond the public climate pledges. International collaboration sector, by individuals and industry alike. and courageous global action will be needed if we are to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, and avoid the catastrophic consequences of a warming world. Singapore will continue to work at the international, regional and bilateral levels to support collective global efforts to decisively address the challenges of climate change. ∎ 9 v Published By National Climate Change Secretariat Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office Front Cover Image Supertrees at Gardens by the Bay Back Cover Image View of Marina Bay and Marina Bay Sands © Government of the Republic of Singapore 2022 Unless otherwise stated, all copyright and any other intellectual property rights in this publication are owned by the Government of the Republic of Singapore. All rights reserved. 10