Standards and Procedure for Breeding Animals, 2015

' I . WEEKLY lSSl.-E REGISTERED No. L-7532 <>~y ) ,.,/ <iLhr Jnntah <iaJtlu PL'BLISHED BY AVTHOIHTY '\'o. 38 L \ 1l()RE W E DNESDAYMARCH 18, 2015 (PART-lll) :'\OT!FIC\T!O'.' AND l\'.OTICES BY THE HIGH COURT, BUILDINGS AND ROADS, IRRIG.\T!O'.'.', ELECTRICITY, ACRI CULTURE, .JAILS, EDUCATION, HEALTH . SER\' ICI-:S, l :\"Dl!STRIES DEP.\RTML'\lT AND COMMISSIONER OF DIVISIONS AND MISCELLANEOUS /4srocK BREEDING SERVICE AUTHORITY, PUNJAB Dated Lahore: the 30 th Janua'ry 2015 NOTIFICATION In exercise of the powers conferred under section 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of chapter- Ill of the Punjab Livestock Breeding Act 2014 vested !o the Livestock Breeding Service Authority and now the said Authority is i:;leased to make the fol lowing standards and procedures of breeding: 1. Short title, extent and commencement.-: These standards may be called the Standards and Procedure for Breeding Animals, 2015 and they shall come into force at once. 2. I: CHAPTER 1 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE RECORDING AND PROGENY TESTING Perfo,mance recording is basic requirement for any progeny testing program. It i,;c!udes economically and aesthetically important qualities. Progeny testing is utilized to select males/bul!s for genetically control!ed traits/qualities of economic importance (su:::h as miik production) for which they possess genes but ihey do not exhibit those lra!ts. Successes in artificial inseminaticr- and embryo transfer technologies in dairy cattle and buffaloes necessitate that bu::s with better genetic potentiai t.e disserilna'.ed ,,;jdely. To j~;c.:ge th"t a bull has b&tter po:ential for troi :.~ which are not expressed in the ;·.1a!es, female relatives are evaluatec. 1/1.'hen a bull ea:;' is born, informa~ion en its met;:.,~ 2nd other . ancestors (e.g., grand mother) and even sisters (if they had performance records) may be utilized for such a judgment. Such a decision making is ca::ec: pedigree or family selection. The prc':!em with such a decision is that such an information is very limited (e.g., few lactaticns in •ew herds) and therefore level of 2ccuracy in declaring a calf good or baa may not be very high. As such a male can !, ave a very profound influence on ihe population, level of accuracy needs to be much h!gher to usa ii exte11si1;eiy. Information on the performance o-f iarge number of daughters can help to really estimete whether a bull has good potential for traits like milk yield and such a selection 1092 THE Pl:--J:\B WEEKLY C · 7:f E '>!ARCH 18, 2015 PART-Ill is therefore called progeny testing. New a days, availability of computers have made it possible to utilize all available informa'.;on on the -~:a!ives (pedigree, progeny and other relatives) of a bull ar,rl therefore it is not just the progeny that contributes to the evaluation of a bu!\. Still we may cali it progeny testing instead of animal model eva!uation or some other kind of evaluation, for simp:icity. Breeding Objectives Before taking Up the progeny testing program, breeding objectives ie main purpose of keeping that particulm breed should be clear. It may be combination of few or many traits. For Sahiwal cattle or Nili-Ravi buffaloes, for example, progeny testing is being done for milk yielc whiie traits like fat yield . ty·pe/beauty etc are only rarely considered For Beetals it may be meqt with milk yield as secondary trait. The procedures outlined are therefore focused o~ ·progeny testing f~r milk production . • Steps required . 1. Sur-vey of the area· for identification of potential farmers Identification pt potential farmers to be ·involved in progepy testing program. Bigger farmers (>1 O breeding females ·ot.the breed) that are willing to cooperate, in terms of actual pedigree and performance recording and use of 100% A. I is needed. AgreemeM should delineate the services provided to the farmer and information to be collected from him. It shou ld ior,example, specify that he will not keep any bull and that about half of the females will be inseminated with young bulls and other half with proven bulls. · 2. Trainii,S! of. ' technicians and recorders Milk recc : ~ and artificial insemination technicians need to be trained /made available. Mii!.: recorder should be a veterinary assistant level person with good social skills. 3. TagQing and registration of cows/buffaloes AnimalS' should be. tagged or freeze branded to have a unique identification. A digital photo is now a days quite cheap. A closer photo of head to capture side face and horns, eyes and face should supplement the tag/brand. About 200 pregnancies per bull are intended (and assuming a calving interval of 1.5 years and two inseminations per conception) it would .mean that 600 cows/buffaloes per bull need to be identified for getting preliminary evaluation of a bull. To test 100 bulls therefore 50-60 thousand females are needed to be registered . All the animals of the breed with the registered farmer/herd need to be tagged and recorded. No minimum milk production level is required' As all the animals serv~d with natural service bulls and th rough Artificial Insemination also need to be tagged . Ear tag should be unique and shouid have district code and animal number. For example a Nili Ravi buffalo in Lahore district may have NI00001 LHE. This will be the same number as registration number with the Authc rity. Al technicians will a!so be using the same number even when an imal is not under performance recording program. 4. Performance recording . Milk recording of all the cows/buffaloes in any registered farm is needed as per international norms, not just good/elite females. For milk yield, morning and evening recording at approximately monthly interval is an acceptable frequency . When cows/buffaloes are milked in the ·presence of calf, milk consumed by ihe calf (e.g. one teat) may be appropriately accounted for the recorded production or calf may be fed separately and cow/buffalo recorded completely. Lactation yields should be projected using Test Interval Method (www. icar.org). Multiple lactation records should be transformed into an index compensating for repeatability of the trait. · Other than mi!k and fertility records, health status a!so needs to be recorded. Beauty may be an importani irait and pr0spective bu ll mothers should be above average in beauty st3ndards, espe::ially the udder and feet-and-legs. Supervision of performance recorders i<, '1eeded and accurate wo~k should be recorded . Planned mating is mandatory ,. · :)rogeny testing programmes -------- --------- ------ - - P.-\IU'-Jll T JIE PU'i.JAB WEEKLY GAZETTE MARCIi 1 8, 2015 !093 5. Breeding control of registered cows/buffalo es All the cows/buffaloes m ay be inseminated artifi cially with semen from young bulls and project's tech nical experts should m ake such a choice to ensure randomness in usage of young bulls to be tested . Record of every insem ination, bull used, pregnancy and birth may be kept on a s pecific recording sheet. 6. Processing of record ed information The recorded data on f3 rmers cows/buffaloes ma y be edited monthly afte r they are received from the fie ld, may be edited for co nsistency and for genera tion of reports for feed back to t he farmers and for editin g to check if it conforms to the already available inform ation cf the animal an d the farmer. Although such processing of information may be dor:e :-outine!y, g eneration of reports for feed back may be done quart eriy (every three months ) and genetic evaluation s done biannually if not at a more frequent interval. Lactation yields need to be predicted from monthly records and decision for any cow/buffalo to be e lite or not elite needs to be m ade and communicated to the relevant field st aff for planned breeding if need ed. Choice of lactation le ngth may be 1 O months (both for cattle and buffaloes) to conform to internation al standard. Lactations e nding normally may not be proj ected to any standard lac tation. 7. Identification of elite cows/buffaloes . Elite cows and buffaloes are routinely declared a nd there is no minimum ievei of milk production for such a declaration. Generall y these are the best an imals within a management gr oup. Their number may depend on the number of bu!ls to be tested every year. For example if 500 m a!e calves are intended to be produced to get 200 c andidate bulls, 800 birt hs are expected which would requ~e at least 2000 elite cows/buffaloes and if th ey are top 20% of the re corded population, recorded pop ulation will be ten thous and cows/buffaloes. For better selection intensity, recor ded population may be even higher. it may be made clear that under good m anagement. elite may a cow/buffalo producing more than 3500 iiters a lactat ion while under ordinary management, elite may be a cow/buffalo producing m ore than 2000 jiters a la ctation (adjusted for age /parity. season of calving and o ther differences). Farms may thus be categoriz ed as good management farms (concentrate feeding po ssible alo.ng with good h ealth care) and mediocre man agement farms (concen trate feeding rare and g razing mainly offered along with other management issue s). 8. Feedback mechanis m to the farmers Under small and medium sized farming system, farmers generally know how . their individual animals perform or at least the y can easily rank their animals from best to worse. · The central idea of feedbac k is to inform them how their animals perform compare d to the animals of other farmers in-the area and even across various production systems. This helps the m keep involved in the s ystem because selection and cu lling decisions can be mo re judicious. Monthly lact ation summary reports ranking farmers for average pro duction of their cows/buf faloes and periodic rewarding o f those who excel should help farmers pay attent ion to recording and improving their management. Cu lling decisions may· als o be helped by th e expert. 9. Selection and raising of bull calves The calves born to the el ite cows/buffaloes may b e monitored carefullv bas ed on the breed characters and physical conditions of th e calf. · / ·',..... THE PU N.JAB WEEKLY GAZF.Tn: ,1.\RCII 18, 2015 l'Al<T-111 10. Selection of candidate bulls The bull calves that mature to a breeding age (at the calf ra ising centers) and donate semen for preservation and later use in the registered herds are called candidate bulls. Their selection may made from among the calves bought· to CRCs on the basis· of breed characters, bido and semen quality. Sometimes indices are used to rank them. Well-fed young buiis should donate semen at 2 to 2.5 years of age. Age is slightly more in buffaloes than in indigenous cattle. A performance sheet may be used to record performance of bull calves and bulls. 11 . Semen collection and storage The semen production units generally have adequate expertise to train bulls for semen collection and then actual coll::ction of semen, its evaluation and storage after freezing. At least 2 thousand doses should be used to get elite dams (bull mothers) pregnant for getting progeny records and another 8-10 thousands for future use when daughter information becomes available.-This means that a bull needs to spend about 2-3 years at the SPU. This time can be reduced tremendously by better management at the SPU. After collection of desired doses of semen such bulls can be donated to farmers for natural mating especialiy for farms where Al facilities are difficult to reach. 12. Artificial breeding in the registered herds The registered herds may be provided with Al facility as and when they need it. Preferred method would be a centra.I calling facility where all the Al technicians are hooked and nearest one may reach the farm as and when such a request is received (like a taxi service). Periodic monitoring of the system may also be r.e,,dod to lmprove efficiency. ,.. 13. Genetic evaluaiion of bulls The bulls to be ultimately used in A! are tested at many stages but final selection is through genetic evaiuaticn for the milk yield (and other traits) i.e estimated breeding values. These eva,uations should be done sooner than on yearly basis. Software to be utilized for genetic evaluation is also important. Programs such as ASREML may be bought or free software such as DFREML or JAA can also do the job. Minimum criteria for any bull to qualify for getting PTAs published may be reliability which may be 50% in the beginning and can be improved gradually to say, 70% and more. Number of daughters to publish any bull 's EBVs should not be less than 10. 14. Disposal of semen from below average bulls Bulls having ·negative (below average breeding values for the traits like milk yield {or index havi11g other traits) need to be disposed off even when reliabilities on the estimated breeding values are not very high. The bulls if alive may also be disposed off accordingly. At least bulls ranked at the bottom (below 25%) should be cul!ed and semen discarded. 15. Contractual mating of elites with elites The top most bulls (say top 5%) need to mated with top cows/buffaloe'$ to get 200 inseminations for each bull to get bull calves again. The choice of the elites will be from step 13 where genetic evaluation of cows/buffaloes and the bulls is. done simultaneously. Bui aro ,bth ger 0 daL · bre she bet SU( · ma car USE un, exI pe• Liv bu bu Mi THE PL:'\JAB \\TE!-::L \ GAZETTE -'L-\.RCH l S. : Ct : 5 16. Continuity of the progeny testing program Con!inuity of the program will depend on the resources and comm:t:nen: of ali involved . System should be developed :n such as way that if a person or two ieave, the system does not collapse. So more than one persons be trained at every level. P,ogram should have capacity to adjust to new technoiogies and innovations in the fie!d oi biotechnology and computationa l· breeding. It may start from simple and feesible data collection protocols and should lead towards an idea! situation of automation with the passage of time. If information generated can not be used, it shculd not be collected from the very beginning. 17. Practicability and authenticity Starting any progeny testing program is difficult and maintaining it is even more difficult as at administrative and political level quick fixes have more attraction than any long term endeavor. Recording less may be acceptable but recording fa!se is not. Simp:lcity helps at least in the beginning and socioeconomic factors may be very irn::,orta'.7t to any taiior-made ef7ort. Sustainability of the progeny testing program is extremeiy important and requires dedication. 2.11 : CHAPTER 2 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF BREEDING MALES FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Bull is the most important component of any breeding program as everything revolves around it. Bull used fo; widespread use especially through A.I must be better than others not just in its abiiities to transfer desired characters, it sho1,1ld be free form genetic and other diseases. Best option is that it is prcgeny tested i.e information on daughters perio;m9nce for traits like milk yield may be ::vailable and estimated breeding va:ue(s) be ca:culated. But when/untii such bulis are not available, at least it should have perfc,manoe recorded pedigree i.e it should come from a dam which is better than ethers in a similar production environment. In progeny testing programs such dams are recorded for traits such as milk yield (morning-evening approximately at monthly interval) for a standard duration of 10 months. Following minimums are to be considered for various breeds and buils without a recorded pedigree should not be used for semen coliec'.icn and freezing. Dams may be allowed ,o born and perform under agro-climatic prod12ction setup of Punjab. Bulls of indigenous breeds are expected to have been registered with relevant registered associations/societies and pedigrees authenticated. Yet, for breeds where a registered association does not exist, Livestock Breeding Services Authority will issue the breed standards and register sucr1 buiis direct:y for semen production businesses Unique number may be issued to each bull. They n:ay retain their ear tag numbers and branded numcers. Minimum criteria for dam's 1• 1 and best lactation yields of bulls brought to semen d . . T. pro uct;on tac: ;ties. ' Breed I Dam's 1•• lactation I Dam's best lactation \ Fat% I mi!'< vie!d•(iitres\ miik vie!d (litres) , Sahiwa! I 2500 3000 l 4.5 Cholistaf'li I 2000 2500 i 4.5 i Red Sindhi i 2000 l 2500 ' 4.5 Nili-Ravi I 2500 3000 i 6.5 Holstein (purebred) ! 5000 6500 I 3.5 I .. - - - ---=-~:- :,- -----:---- -. -----.· .. ·· . 1096 THE PUNJAB WEEKLY GAZETTE MARCIi 18, 2015 PART-Ill I Jersey (purebred) 3500 4500 5.0 I I Holstein crossbred 4000 1 Jersey crossbred 3000 *1n a standard lactation of 305-aays a. Physical Examination I I j 5000 4.0 4000 4.5 I Introducing any new bulls into a semen production facility requires quarantine measures and a thorough physical examination which will be conducted by a designated/accredited Official / Veterinarian to ensure that the bulls do not display clinical symp!'."lm(s) of any infection or any co11tagious diseases and are structurally correct. Structural anomalies such as cryptorchidism, penile frenulum and (moderate to ext,eme forms of) leg defects (e.g., hacked-in) or (moderate to extreme forms of) testicular shapes (e.g., asymmetrical testis) are unacceptable even when pedigrees are popular. In bucks and rams obvious mouth defec:s (under or overshot jaws) should als.: be avoided. Testicular size may vary with the age of the male yet, very narrow scrota1 circurderence is neit!'-,er economical nor desirable. Gait defects may be temporary or permanent and breeding soundness examination (Appendix II) should help avoid undesirable males. b. Genetic abnormalities Bulls will be required to have n:irmal karyotype certificate to rule out chromosomal defects. Specific tests may also ')e conducted for genetica!ly transmitted diseases like Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD), Citruliinemia and Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase (DUMPS) for exotic breeds and their crossbreds. Beta casein variants (A i a:id A::) are also becoming important ar.d in fu ture exotic bulls (Holstein and Jersey) a:id their crcssbreds might be screened to only allow A2. bulls for semen produc::on. Our local cattle and buffaloes naturally possess A2. variant, the desired genotype. c. Quarantine tests A minimum quarantine period of 60 days is compulsory before bringing new bulls in a semen station (in case of bulls are brought from known sources, 30 days- quarantine is sufficient). This period shall be divided in two periods c f 30 days during which a series of compulsory examinatio:is and tests are carried out. On!y after favorable results from the health control point, the bull sha!i be admitted to the semen station. a). In the quarantine sta:icn new buil/s shall be housed fer minimum of 60 days in a place which is effectively separated from the facil ities occupied by resident bulls and al! equipment used in handling , feeding, watering .and cleaning the new bul!s shal! not be sha'red with the resident herd(s; . Quarantine station and the semen production facility can not share the same bounriary wall. Beth faci l;ties should not share labor as weli. b) Each new bull in quarantine station vv!ll be tested against major coniagious diseases before its entry to resident herd e.g. TB, Brucel losis, Campyiobacteriosis and Trichomoniasis. Ail tests s!1all be .done by an acer.edited insiitute or disease diagnostic laboratory. c) If a~,y bu!I is found positive for TB, or Brucellosis, it shall ·be removed .immediately. d) Dering quarantine period, the bulls shall be vaccinated against FMD, HS, BO. Theiieriosis and Anthrax. However, vaccinations .against bacterial diseases shall be dcne oniy if there is an outbreak or prevalence of a particular disease. Level of comfort (shade, feeding, watering etc) wili be similar to the donating bulls. \ W, ser, d. i The vacc Trier For ~ e. \ T he vacc prev on t! requ The out 1 arou area Cul!i Dis, f.oo· D:sE @i.~ !Tub, ~1; The disec static lakh prog, f. Pare tne s PAI{T-111 TIIE PL.'>.IA B WEEKLY GAZETTE :\L\RC'lf 18, 2015 1097 Once the quarantine period is over, all bulls shall be introduced to the resident herd. A written consent / cer:if:cat:on of designated official./ veterinarian will be required before semen coliec::on can be Initiated. d. Testing of Bui!s . The resident b:): herd woulc also be required to go through periodical testing and vaccinatic;is, Tes::ng voto-cols ior bulls against Brucellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Trichomonias!s, Le'.),r;sci ros·; ; T., ;berculosis, and IBR, and are given ·1n Annex Ill to Vil. For internationc: i trace O!!:: guide!ir.es (htto://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/ ena/Health sta,:darcs itaJ--;,,,f.l'- inciex.html wiil need to follow. e. Vaccination Schedule The bul:s shall !::e ;accinated against Fl'v10, HS, BO and Anthrax. However, vaccinations aga::.s: bacterial diseases shall be done only if there is an outbreak or prevalence of a ;::,art:-:;":a, disease. To reduce lay off time, the buils sha ll be vaccinated on 1he rest day er :"e day afte: compieting semen collecfon. Sexual tests may not be required un,ess c:he-::'se feb,ile condition is noticed. The se:nen s:a:,c:-: '~- ,::;:; l:a :::o:ation wi:h !ocal governments shal! arrange for carrying out ring vcccc[na,:c:-.s fer a:t anlr.-.als against FMD, HS and BO within a radius of 5 km around :he se;-,-:e" s:et::in . Vaccinations against HS and SQ shall be carried out in the areas having !n-:;'cierce o; t'-1ese diseases. · Cullin of Bulls and Semen Doses due to S ecific Diseases \Diseases ··· Bulls Fate of semen doses ! Foot and Mou::"": i Reta;n [Disease (Ft-.f: D) !Bn.:ce!lcs:s 1Castrate & remove •Tubercu:as:s (T5 ) !Remove :Cai1"'cylcba::::r;cs's Treat and retain ;Trichcmonias:s Treat ar.d retain Last one month doses to be discarded. refer Annex-Vii i To be discarded since the last negative To be discarded since the last negative To be discarded since the last negative To be discarded since the iast negative The semen s,al;Gn m~st remove bulls (within 48 hours) which are positive for above diseases, poor !'i::'dc. ~ocr semen quaiity, incurable lameness, eic. Besides, the semen statioe1 shali a:s:; cu:; ::1ose bu!!s which have completed six ye:;1rs of productive period or 2 lakn semen c:;;s es ·-.v~k!-':e11er is acnieved ear!ier. These conditions w ill be reiaxed for progeny ,es:ed lPCsi: ve) ou:: s. f. Pare n tage Confirmation Parentage confirTa'.:)n t:ircugh molecu:ar evaluation for a!! the candidates bull E:ntering the semen Prcduc~io:--: U~!~ v;ouid be compu:sory. ('~;-/. ' . , t 10')8 T II E PF\.IAB WEEKLY G -\ ZETTE MARCH 18, 2015 !'ART-Ill 2.111 : CHAPTER 3 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE c FOR s SELECTION OF BRE EDING MALES FOR NATURAL SERVICE v C Males used for providing natural service should have all the basic norms laid down for ir those used for collection of semen for Artificial Insemination except that their progeny' information may not be available. Individual's own performance (for traits like growth) lr and pedigree performance therefore cou!d be the main information sources. This is P especiaiiy true for rams and bucks where maies have recorded phenotype for traits !ike p: growth ,·ate and breeding objectives include growth as selection criteria. Maies used for b1 breeding commercially will be registered under ihe authority and following guideiines S are expected to be helpful for providing a level playing field as well as in the i r, improvement of genetic potential of our breeds. ;:,E 1. Registration with breed association/society 2. Basic p!:enotypic quaiities 3. Breeding s,x mdness examination 4. Genetic and venereal diseases 5. Maintenance of breeding records Regist~ation with breed association/society Registration with the Livestock Authority is through the breed associations for those breeds ar.d :,pec'es for which such farmers/breeders groups exist. For other breeds and speciBs ,,,,,;h reg!stratior will be ':Jy a cell in the Authority headquarters and minir·~'.\.Hn u :fa -,,,. ' \i: i ::>$ r,cbiished/declared by the authority. Basic phenotypic aztr!butes For the main iocai breeds :,L:Ci1 as Niii-Ravi and Sahiwal (or even for Beetals for which semen is available) associar:or.s .silou!c come up with minimum criteria for beauty traits apart from the authentication of peoigraes in the form of pedigree certificates. ~~iii-Ravi bulls are required !o have black color and curled horns (level of curl may vary but tighter is better) a!orig w::h wall eyes (white eye balls, partial or compiete) and white switch et tai! (!ength of white part may vary but less than 113rd is preferred). White patch en forehead is liked but albinism (of head, partial or complete is not). Length of body ar.d height are preferred physical attributes. Size of testicles may vary and both single and double pouched scrotums are acceptable yet, symmetry is crucial. Similarly, being '7ccked-in (rear leg rear view) is not a preferred attribute. Strength of rear legs is actually quite important breeding males of all species as they have to bear all the weight during mounting. Hooves should also be compact. Sahiwal bulls are required to have reddish dun color (a variant of red color). Variation of brown shade may vary from greenish red to darker red yet very dark chocolate or very light brown shades are not preferred. Hump anci dewlap are characteristically large. Foids are preferred in the dewlap while hum;:, must not be erect and not broken. Longer tails are prefecred with black switch. While body spots are not acceptable yet, small (less visible) spots in the under!ine may be acceptable. Symmetry of testicles is mandatory and hocked-in bu!1s are less acceptable. Hooves should not be worn out especially at a younger age. 8 SE Mi £!: !B I ·' ~ I C 'R .~ ~ K1; ~ *in , Bre The bu!:i that 1. H 2. p ' f f. 1, I , .',-\RT-111 THE PC'.'\JAB WEEKL V GAZETTE '-IARCH i8, 2015 Beetals strains r.ave characteristic co,ors that , r.2i' eas:!y distinguish one from the other. Nuqr: for example. has to be while. Faisalabad;, biack anci white spotted (or even red and white ·:,it:'. vary:ng share of the two colors}. L'.akhi Cheeni has to have brown splashing or, iight ;:;aci<grou::d (with iight bfO'c'Vrl coior, Ph1kk i Cheeni, preferred over darker shades, Re::: Cliccn!), Si;;g!e and double pouc~ing of testicles exist yet, symmetry- is j,e :""::·s: crl!c!ai a~riS:..!~e. Under and o·.;ershot jav,1s are not acceptab!e whilt: extre~.s,:: -:.c.:-~.s~-i~ :::.1-::--:::. -=.re no! rtcOrrir:sr;ced. Horns shouid be small and close to SGJ:/ a::;-,c-:.:;~. pc~;=::-.ess \::. ;)referred in Nuqr! strain. Body !ength is the most impo:cant s:;.g:e ::;.-:;:; '.~e '. :~; ;;oa,s 2:-.d taller and lor.ge, animals are preferred. In a'.i the bn,s:::s, ,, ; 'ss sho"'': fo:c:ve «;"'c,wr. snd aerformance recorded pedigrees. Perf-:rme::c.c: :f :a:T,S :2. ::::-·..:::le, or-:C tt!2re7,:,;e Jr1stead of opinion, physical records are preferred. F:-0 ;ce;s, S'cc:Cq ., · c! ::;;:;"'. (,f a!1v0:: can further help decided selecting of bucks fro~·. ce::-.;. -- ~ .. : ::' .: :,:;:.! ,;:,r,ytr, snd uniform large udders (not large teats). Same r,-,2 y :;,,, '.:>, :.? · : .:. : en::: Ni:,-r<.avi wh<'re 0dder is the single most important ir2it to ':::c, 2 ·. . . ~e-'.'cn;:a;, ~3 recorded cams are available. following minimum ;:ierfcr:112r;::, . --, · "· .- - : ~~- :: .::,, , -.,,:es!bui!~) of dams is desired. These naturally servicing;.,::;.:~ ... ;., . - . ..... ::- s·::L":.5 : :::!~l":; '.'T'1 ~f :egistr2t1on as v,itl1 ,A.! inales. Minimum criteria f:-, ,:,~~-·~ ·:" ar;d :;e;::~ :2ctation yields of bulls brought to semen production faciii,,ss . \ Breed D2~'s , " iac~a:ic <? :);,rr;',:; '·•e<:• 1,,~,·~tion ; Fat % ,...' , .,., :.'; 1: vie!d~J~l tres, ) · -;-:..:.; :..:.i i:..:.ik.:...Y ... ~:...:ie..:.i:..:.d....,t.:.:n-.::.t;:...:::..:s:.,) , I -J : Sah1wa; 25GO 3000 4 .5 Cholistani 2000 2500 4 .5 , Red Sindhi 2000 2500 4.5 j Nili-Ravi 2500 3000 6 .5 Holstein urebred~1 :...:5:...:0:...:0:...:0'--- , ·.::.3.::.5.::.0.::.0 , ..=3:..:..5=---J Jerse ( urebrec· . ; 3.c.5.::.0.::.0 ~ 4.:.:· 5:..:0:..:0=------l---'5::::·:..:0:.....-1 Hoistein crassbrs--:: 4000 5000 4.0 1 Jersey crossbrs~ 3000 4000 4.5 .. in a starca~c: iac:a:'.c:-1 cf 3.:5-days Breeding soundness examination The objectve 0: 5S exar". is to identify infertil, and sub fertile males and promote feriile bulls/bucks. There are :.'any components to a bull breeding soundness examination that can be s;mp:ifie: as io:iows. 1. Health sta·:us: This ,~E-Y involve reviewing the ;-,ealth status of the herd of origin and reviev.iing '.he ·ssu::s o' previous health records. collecting sampies and commissio;-c:n; m:,e !a~o,atcry tesrs, ~eviewing vacc:r;alion and other treatment history anc revie·:::,,; p,e•ious '.: :eeding pe,.iorrnance (if ,,vaifab!e). 2 P'.,ysicai conditio:; : Assess•,Ig body stze r~i:;tive to age, boGy conc:~~o~. cc:--::~:;rrra tior:, locomotion and no signs of an,, .c:iec:!io:.1s o, contagious disease. A more detailed examinat:on may the,, be r~quired particuiariy to ;issess tr,e eyes, the teeth, the !egs and feet and, 0f course, if-ie •eproductive apparatus. Th~ prepuce r,:,-:iy !::e ~x2rni'1ed :o, any evidence c7 constriction or dis,.harg e,. ~-he pe,1is may be palpated to em··.•re that it :s freE 'Y moveable within the prepuce and that there is no e1·,dence of any abnormal swe,llings or growths . • C) Measurina s crot a l THE PUNJAB WEK".Y C ' . . . ~TTE MARCH 18, 2015 PART-II\ The testes may be measured for scrotal circumference and palpated to ensure uniform size and consistency, They should be freely moveable within the scrotum. Any defect observed (orchitis, excessive fat around testes, hernia, cryptorchidism, hypoplasia, etc.) need to be carefully diagnosed. Trans-scrotal u!trasonography and testicular fine needle aspiration cytology have also been used under advanced setups to diagnose subfertile males. An internal examination may also usually be carried out to palpate the accessory reproductive apparatus and ensure normality. 3. Semen examination: Eiectro-ejaculator may be used for getting semen sample yet, teasing the bull with a cow that is in oestrus and then using an artificial vagina may be equally good. An assessment can be made of ejaculate volume and density before the sample is viewed using a microscope to assess sperm motility and the number of abnormal or damaged s;,erm. 4. Sexual behavior assessment; Keenness to serve (libido) and ability to serve are important for any breeding male. it is particcJ!a!'iy important during this part of the examination to watch carefully for any penile deviations which may prevent intromission (the penis entering the vagina) and for evidence of an ejaculatory thrust. Genetic and Venereal diseases Periodic physical examination of any candidate or serving bull / buck is needed to ensure that the bulls co not display clinical symptom(s) of any infection or any contagious disease. Testing for TS and BrJce!losis should be mandatory every six ,Tlonths. ldea!iy, bulis shouid be karyotyped to rule out chromosomal defects. For exotic and crcssbred buils, specific tests may also be conducted for ru ling out ge:-:eticaliy transmitted dise;,ses like Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD). Citrui!inemia and Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase (DUMPS) and Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM). Vaccination for kn.own . viral/bacterial diseases should be compulsory and vaccination records should also be maintained. Maintenance of breeding records Service records win be required to be maintained by the bull service provider in the· form of register ·to be periodically verified by designated veterinarian from the Authority and these records must be communicated electronically with the Authority for maintenance of a database through the breed associaiions as frequently as deslred. Moreover, bu!ls shouid not be allowed to remain in an area for more than 3 years and in case oi rams and bucks, for 1 year, to avoid inbreeding in the populaUon. 2.IV : ;:HAPTER 4 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR fHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FORSEMEN PRODUCTION FACILITIES Physi•: .ill infrastructure and general management conditions at the semen production end f-,ezin;i facility can esmily affoct th1;; quality of semen and consequently the whole !i01est .. ck 112iue ::i:a!r: ;i nin11"''Jm $1andards are not ensured. Any semen production 10 , ,\RT-III THE PUNJAB WEEKLY GAZETTE MARCH 18, 2015 1101 . facility will be required to be registered with the Authority. These will be required to follow minimum standards laid down here. 1. Premises Premises for semen production facilities should be away from pubiic areas with minimum traffic and flow of people. Sufficient trees shall be planied and lawns prepared around the semen station to reduce dust and heat in the summer. 2. Housing There should be provision of animal housing for individual bulls, a semen collection yard, a semen processing room and a semen storage room. For equipment cleaning / disinfeciion / sterilization there should be a separate room. Bull sheds shall have spacious individual pens with adequate loafing area. manger and water trough with access to drinking v1ater a!: time. Adequate shade around . the bull shed shall be provided. T:-ie roof sha!! :.e ~ ade of asbestos or some other suitable mateiial. During summer. cooiing s;1ste;.1 ,·/:': s;:,rinkiers and fans may be required particularly for the bu;faloes and exotic :i~:!s. · At one comer of :r.e far- ::1ere sha'I be an isolation shed for separating ailing / sick bull(s) for treatme,.,; 5-i !:e s; cr.ce '.:i iagnosed suffering from infectious diseases sha!I be removed immeciate,; t~c:n semen stat,on for safeiy of other bulls. There should be separate s:aff a::: se:::ara;e bio-security arrangements for semen station and quarantine faci!it1es •:,:-e:e ':esh entrants will stay for 1-2 months. Entry of unauthorized persons must be p~c--;' ::,:e::L 3. Management of EJ!ls A satisfactory sta:e o' cleanliness of barns and bulls should be ensured. For proper management of bu:!s. '. :;e fol:owing points shall be considered: a) The bulls s!ia:: t e ~ept under hygienic cond itions at all times. b) The coat cf :r,e !:lui!s shall be kept clean and generaily short. The hooves shall be reguiari/ tri;;:-::ed. c) The :eng:i: of '."le tc.Jf'. of hairs at the prepuHal orifice . which is invariably soiled, shail t e c:.:: '.c a:c·..:: 2cm. The hair would r.ot be removed altogether, because of its o:c:ec:: :e rcie . if cut '.oo short, it may cause irritation of ::'e preputial mucosa. d) Bu:: 0 s:-:ci ' ce 2''-'s>-:ed and groomed regularly , and where necessary, special attention s., a.: ce given to the underside of the abdomen, a day prior to semen coliectio~ .. e) Cleaning of the ::;~epuce with sterile normal sa!ine solution may be done every ten days i: t~.e ,dcrob:al load is within the prescribed limits. Cleaning prior to the day oi : oi:es:'on c?:n te p~acticed if the rr.icrobial :oad in frozen semen is beyond t~:e pieschbe: .:mi:. f) In the event :>~ obvious soi!ing, careful cleaning of ths preputial orifice and the adjoinir.g areas wi:'., so2;: or a detergent is recorr:r::ended; followed by thorough rinsing and er , ng. g) Scientific feed!r:g schedule shall be 7ollowed for ths '..)01is. Semen station shall ca,ryout roufr1e q•-12::ty analysis of feed and fodc'.e:· for arriving at a balanced ra::cn. h) Vaccination schedule sr,cu!d also be strictly fol lowed. · t. Conditions for Semen :aboratcry a) The premises an: inside c f the !aboratory should oiways be neat and clean. The ceiling and wa!!s of the laboratory sha !i be made up of non-porous ~vy/ nm PUN.JAB WEEKLY GAZETTE MARCH 18, 2015 PART-III / ·. 11G2 ! . :...:..::.= ---: b) c) e) f) g}. h) i) j) k) I) m) mater.ials. Ail cracks and crevices shall be seaied to control pes:s and insects. . Entry of persons to the laboratory, other than laboratory personnel, shaii be stricily restricted. Airlock system or anti-room shall be provided to avoid direct entry to the semen-processing laboratory. . ;..:;:boratcrf windows shali preferab!y be made of double sheet glass with iixed aluminium frame. The glass panes shall be plastered with sun control films to avoid direct sunlight. The doors shali be kepi c!:ised, especially ·:k~ing diluter preparation and semen processing. P;eferebly cassette iype or, spiii type air conditioners fitted with air purifying ' svste171 with remote temperature control mechanism should be installed to ,..,~,;intain the room temperature at 2O°C - 22°C. The number of ACs to be f,-2.ci to sustain this temperature shail depend on the size of the processing :oc,n. Maintaining this temperature :s most important to achieve the best ,·2sc1:is when single step dilution me!hod is foiiowed for freezing semen. The . ,..., of a lr !rom ,o.,c rnu:;'. nm be tow ard:! ll ;c: ffont t>ido of the Laminar Air Flow · 0 . Adequate number of thermometers shall be !,ept in a fe: ·N piaces in the , . .'oratory to check the room tempera,ure. Alternatively, centra! cooling with .' to 15 air exchanges should be fixed,.especially. for the semen processing .:'Jcrato,y. This he!ps to control the bacterial load in the semen-processing laboratory and in removing cbncxious odour. The processing laboratory should ideally maintain around 55% relative humidity. Sink drains shall be decc::taminate-:l routinely with a disinfectant. Sink shall not be placed in the semen precessing ro0m. The floors shai! be p,eferabiy made up of vitrified tiles. Floors and horizontal surfaces shall be cleaned and mc;:;ped with a disinfectant solution, as dirt and dust, which settle on these suliaces, are the main sources of contamination. Unwanted furniture, equipment and materials shall not be kept in the laboratory as they only provide addlt:onal area for dust and spores to collect. Appropriate number of germicidai UV lights with respect to area of laboratory, laminar airflcw unit, apron and labcratory footwear cabinet may be fixed with a common operating .switch outside the laboratory. These lights shall be switched 'on' at least 8 hours prior to commencement of work · in the laboratory and shall be switched 'off' before beginning work. The date of installation of the UV lights shall be noted to facilitate replacement as the life of UV tube is limited. A logbook should be maintained for timely replacement of UV lights. The laboratory shall be fumigated twice a week with a suitable, using humidifier. fumigation should be supported by monitoring laboratory environment by bacterial load iest. The bacterial load shall be measured every week io monitor pollution of the laboratory atmosphere. The wcrk platform, the parts of equipment and other items to be handled during processing of semen, shall be cleaned with suitable disinfectant. It is advisable to repeat cleaning schedule after completing processing of semen. Clean laboratory footwear, apron, hand gloves, mask and caps shall be compulsorily put on while working in the laboratory. Eating, drinking, smoking, e~c. shall be prohibited in the laboratory and urnecessary conversation should be discouraged. Besides, entry of persons shall be strictly restricted. 6 . ! ! l I ' I t t \ RT-!!! T III-: P l :\.J .. \ B \\EEKL\ C .\ZETTE \1.-\RCII 18, 20 15 3,4\ 1103 ~ n) Long exoost.;re of semen to ultraviolet rays, visible light in direct sunlight a nd white f!oresce:1t light causes chromosomal damage and 'hence, direct exposure to such sources of light shall be avoided. Hence, there shall be prcvisio:-: :c, i:-:cf~ect er dif;used lighiing inside the semen processing room. 5. Personnel Hygiene . . Clothing, skin and r.ai, of laboraicry personnel are the sources of contaminai ion. Hence, aii shcc;:d wear ia::oratcry aprons and foot,vear all the time while they ar e in the labo,atc:';. i-ia:-:::s si"a il be washed with soap and water and iinsed with 70% alcohol , :::e:o;e C0",.'.'7'.e---c:r.g work in the laboratory. The bull attendants m ust undergc tes: for : 3 e. e,y year. Other staff working on the station should be tested for -;-3 or.ce i:- "-'-O , ea0 s. Res:r:cted entry inside the semen processing room a nd freezing rco:n sr:'3.:. :::e s:~':::::y adhered to. 6. Equipments a) 1 ne ex:e r;.:: 's cf a:; equipment and furniture shall be cleaned weekly. T he eccJip;r;e,'. s:-1a . ::e kept covered by plastic covers when not in use. b) The v e-'i '.c;" c' '...a :n;r>ar Airflow unit shaii be cleaned weekly. Rou tir.e servlc:n; 2.:c·::: tes:'::g twice a year will ensure efficiency of air fi lters. Aiter,.,;::·. e:;·. :; -.:.:u~e p;ate test shall be carried out at frequent interval to assess t;a ::e~:a, ,;:;ad -::if tr.e air passing through the filters. c) Digi\a; p:-.c::c;,-,e,er / Computer aided Spectrophotometer shal! be va rida ted wi'.h haer,ccytometer readings for sperm concer,tration twice a year separa:eiy ·or cattle and buffalo (20 samples each). d) The ac1,o:natic semen straw filiing and sea!ing machine shall be thoroug niy cleaned. immediately after use. e) The rc'crcscope lens shall be gently cleaned daily with a piece of cot ton soake: i:: a mixture of ethyl and methyl alcohol (1:1) or a mixture of 80% ethyi alcohol and 20% ether) f) The bio-freezer shali be defrosted . and thoroughly cleaned and dr ied , immediate!y after use. g) Incubators to maintain artificial vagina shall be cleaned and disinfected w ith h) i) j) k) I) 70% alcohol. · Single distilled water shall be used in autoclave and therrno-control!ed water bath. The water bath shall be cleaned and filled with single dis.tilled water on a regular basis. The tr.ermometer kept immersed in water bath shall be cleaned daiiy to have precise temperature reading or water bath fitted with digital display temperature indicator should be used. The Liquid Nitrogen containers returned / received from foreign countries and contagious disease prone areas shall be disinfected thoroughly. The refrigerator meant for storing eggs, antibiotics and buffer shall not be used for storing· vaccines and other materlals. All such materials shall be ~tored at a place away from semen laboratory. The refrigerator used for storing eggs, etc. shall be sterilized every week using alcohol swab. I.ii equipment used in semen processing should be covered under annual riaintenance contracts. \ •' 119-1 TI IE l'l :'.JAB \\"Ei· .. ,LY G.\Z.ETTF \1.-\ RC IJ 18, 20 15 List of e'.4uip m e ·.-:t s ··-·- ·----------------·--·--·· ···-· .. -- - · 1 Standard Thermom~ter 11 Refrigerator(s) 2 Water Bath 12 Laminar Air Flow Units 3 . . Weighing Balance 13 Biological Freezer 4 lncuba.tor 14 Microjet Ink Printer 5 Autoclave Hot Air Oven 15 St.raw Filling & Sealing Machine 6 Microscope 16 Water distill'ation unit 7 Slide Warmer .17 Semen tank (large and small) 8 Micro pipettes .18 Computer, etc 9 pH Meter 10 Photometer ·------- ------- ·--------- ·---·-·----· -· i:. V: CHAPTER 5 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR SEMEN COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION STANDARDS Semen Collection PART-Iii Semen collection is generally done in the morning hours. Ideally, the floor of the collection yard shall be made of concrete layer at a depth of one foot from the ground lev1f It should be comforting for proper footing of the bulls. Good quality rubber mat (with interlocking arrangement) or coir mat . may be put on the mounting · area for adequate cushioning effect. After collection, the area must be thoroughly' cleaned and disinfected. A dusty floor shall be avoided to prevent dust falling on the AV/ semen -samples. On the day of coliection, before collecting semen, the bulls shall be properly washed and cleaned. After that, the prepuce shall oe cleaned externally with normal saline and a srenlized paper napkin or sterilized cloth napkin soaked in normal saline.to remove any sand or dust particles. For each bull a separate napkin shall be used. The person responsible to carry out preputial wash must use disposable gloves and separate sterilized nozzle for each bull to avoid transmission of infection frcm one bull to· another. Semen collection should be individualized based on the bull. Sexual preparat:on (number of false mounts and restraint) of the bulls may be done consi::ering the individual behavior of the buils and not generalized. For this purpose. the sexual behavior of the individual bulls shall be studied and documented. As a general rule , bulls shaH be sexually prepared by giving· two / three false mounts followed by restraint. The gap between two ejaculates shall be half an hour to one hour depending on the bull. Second eJaculate shall be taken with proper preparation of bulls. Steri:: zecl b:.ill aprons shall be used to avoid pe·nis touching hindquarter of the dummy. Befor , every collection . the se1T,en collector shall either •Nash his hands with a disin' ,cting solution or use disposable gloves or do both. The semen collector shall not touct the penis. : s. t"' · ' • "'· e.' !§; i'. \ !{ I - Ii I TIii: P l ', ,J.\B \\ 1·:Eld.Y G .\Zl-:rn: \L\RC-ll 18, 201: Preferably veterinarians shaH perform semen coliection. lf serr,en is coliecied by staff, a veterinarian sna:: ~e:.1ain present to supervise the collection process. While taking col!ect,on. it sna!' t;e ensu·ed that AV is not tr,rust on penis of bull, instead penis should be ouided ,o A'/. ir:~~;;: a,e'/ 2":er coi!ection, the J:-..Vs shall be thoroughly cleaned by non~s~er~ici-:::ai r:e ·Ju·a'. 2e~e -:;e:-,~. Separate AVs shall be used for each ejaculation. The AV sna:i :e c:'. ,,,-.;':":C " . e-: :C' t·.s bu:1 has inserted its penis without successiu! eiac.J'.atior.. --:-~e s2~i;; .2-.V -:~ai, n.:'. !::s used twice . The AVs shall always be kept i~verted anc ::,e co s::'. .:-. :~::-,, s~.a!, be covered with felt / water jacket (plastic botile filled witi·. warr'.7 wa'.e~ a'. 37°C'. te, avoid cold shock. The open end of sterilized A\/s shall be covereC \\·:: ; :1:·~~:::·...: T; :::: wh1ci1 \'\101 .. ld ~)e removed at the time when bui! is ready for g1v1ng se:·:~er. . App,opr.a,e size AVs. :2:--,; i:1; f:or:-, 5-1 4", shall be used ior cattie and buffaloes to ensure semen is e;ac;.i' a:e.:: ;:, ccr:e. The co:i::: shall be of top quality Naoprene ,ubber. L'se of lubricar: s:-:2,:: t e a::i de::. ,f i: is extremely essential to use !uoricani, separate s,er:!ized ciass :c::s sha:· :"o '..sec fer smearing the Jei!y on each AV. The AV shall not to be shaken aft.er ej5stc:a:isn: c ::-,erwise iubrican: and debris may mix with the semen samples. As seer: as ,-.e : :s: eJac~:ate is taken, the bull apron should be removed and dipped in the pias:;c tc.c ;i: :e:J -.·,ith detergent lotion. For second ejaculate. a fresh apron shouid be tied tO t:1e b;.;1 The entry of visiiors and staff / laboure rs (other than those not invoived in semen collection) shai: be s'.ric:ly prohibited in the collection arena at the time of semen collection. Protec::ve clothing (barn coat) and gumboots shail be used by the veterinarians and ;;e:sonnel during semen collection. Gumboots and barn coat should be washed imme-j •a:e!y after compietion of semen collection work. Semen stations may follow the r:cT, of minimum two ejaculates per coliecti on and minirr,um two coilec:;ons per be;! per week for taking 180 ejaculates annually from each aduii buil. However, a ~ax;:-:i:J~ number of collections per bul! wou,d depend on the individual capaci:y of :~e bul, . · Semen Evaluation ,. Semen evaluation. freezing and packing are critical quality control segments-. As soon as the neat serne;-i is received from the collection area, ii shall be kept in the iaboratory in a thermo-con:rolied water bath at 37°C under aseptic conditions (such as Laminar .;ir F:ow Unit) and semen volume should be recorded. Aiter examination oi sperm concentration and init:a! motility. semen samples shall be primarily diluted with diluter maintained at 37°C. A.fie, initial dilutiorr of semen in the ratio of 1 :1, the semen should be extended further after 7 minutes of cooling at 20"C-with di!u,or maintained at the iab temperature. The semen samples should not get accumuiated for long time in water bath. which may reduce their viability. Sperm concentratior. shall be checked preferably by a digital photome:er witn auto diluter. manufactu rec by a reputed company. The photometer shali ce calibrated separately taking 20 readings each for cattle and bufiaio semen. at least once in six months, with haemocytometer readings. Semen samples shcwing less than 500 million/ mi sperm concentration shali be discarded. The volume of straws should be determined as it may vary from batch to batch. While determining the dilution rate as per the photometric reading, the actual vo!ume of mini stra v.1 should be fed to the photometer Siraw volume oi randomiy drawn straws from a day's p:odu:::tion sho:..i id ::ie checked as part of quality assurance and documented. Appropriate .antibio tic must be added to the extender. 1106 THE l'F\i.J.\B WE EKLY (;AZETTE '.VIARCII 18, 2015 PART-Il l Semen samples selected for freezing should have minimum 70% initial progressive motility. Final dilution of semen, keeping a minimum of 20 million spermatozoa per oose, snall oe Cione In t!pj:mlprlato flo!lko with tha d ilutor h'1mint1ainod at 37°c. Filling i.n<:i sealing of semen shall be done under aseptic conditions (such as Laminar Air Flow Unit) using sterile straws, fiiling nozzles and fresh rubber tubings French Mini straws should be used. Unused straws shall be reoacked (air-tight) under Laminar Air Flow Unit before storage. Immediately after use, all ihe glass ware, rubber ware, plastic tips and other re-usables shall be immersed in neutral detergent solution (to be kept in a plastic tub near the Laminar Air Flow Unit). The freezing should be carried out as per the recommended protocols fc; freezing ca1tie and buffalo semen. After freezing gets over, 1he straws should be co!!ected from the racks using scoop tongs. The operator shouid wear woolen g loves with leather g loves over it to avoid frost injury. Colour specifications for differer.t species and breeds: · Ail semen stations shaii foliow the following co!ou, cedes for filling of semen in straws: Printing of St;aws After filiing and sealing, information pertaining to supplier (towards left side), bull name, registrat;on number, date of collection, batch number and breed (towards right side) ~, OL j be printed on straws. Bu!l registration numbers wii l fo llow intern:::tional norm ('·N,"h, .icar. orc) and fo;:cwing abbreviations will be used for various breeds. For example for a h iFi Lahore se:nen station (registered with the Authority as 007), semen packed en 28'"· J2•-,i..!B' Y 2015 f::·r a Sahiwal buil having popular name as Jumbola reg istered as G07e6 ·,<t" 'et,; ; Au:ncrity (bull cede), the straw should read as: i-1 :=! :..store J!.!rnbola PK007SW00786 28Jan2015 Sahiwal Colour codes fer filling of semen in straws i 9reed I Color ! Sahiwal cattle Red ! Chclistani I Liaht blue ' Dhar:ni : Trans arent ; Holstein cattle ! Holstein Crossbred cattle i Jersey catUe ; Jerse ' Crossbred cattle ! Nm-Ravi Buffalo re Goat reen ' Shee Breed codes for printinQ on semen straws I Breed/species I Abbreviation I Holstein cattle I HO I Holstein Crossbred cattle I XHO I Jersev cattle I JE ! Jersey Crossbred cattle I XJE ~ s L s C 'v s e IV s; u, pi fri Ql In In St; SL or ,' .\l{T-ll l ! Sahiwal ca:::e . s-.:-: f-1 .=.C.:...h o li-'-s'-:a.-n..,..:-- - - - - - - - -----~. c :.-: .! Dhanni c,::::..::..:.~ ; --:-:. -=.:. --;; - ; -· -=:: · : G~S - ----- - -- - - ------ - ----- -..... .. . 2 LQ-; - ----1 Kaj s:s-=: L1,.,:,; ::, , ::;.::; s~~a:.·:s :--:1 2..~ .. :::: :/· .... ~c :: - ... =-::: -:2 ::. :::-:n:;)2r,\es a:a safer to use for production of qualii;y ser::-en . ':' }'-:"-. 2 ; /:· ~- 2~-= ·:~ . ;:::::~:;:;e volume and microbial icad in stra,.vs st-t '' '.)e tt:~,;- ·c - : ~ ~;·: '~~~-: : ~\,:2:;::/;~~::1:2 ~7~;}~\~-~\~::·;i :~~~"/~/ t::,~~ t~:c;:~;li~•~: q;.:afi~y c~ :·-- = S:-::r::::: ·-- :.ise c• a::y foul sme!I, it should be p:·~su:r:-~d that t'-;-::: ~--~ 2.·:·< ,;..- - · -· . -··: :'.~ ... :-~: "- : -- : :: ::: ;:·2s::c v1hich couit he toxic to :;·:e ~P·~:matozoa ar,...; ::=.~ · eve i'"i r-s s:..:l: :r. ;-s:::~:-:.: -.::( :'/ o:--i :.:)ng storage. A:te, f,esz::-.; :-s ss --cs:- stra,:;s sha:i be ston;;J in a separate container. Post-t,·1aw moti!ity c,f se-s'a s--~:.: '.d ::,e examined at 24 hours (after f;eezing). Differences in o::,se:va::o,,s s~a·: ':e ,.1::C:2.ted a;"1C recorded for t~e purpose of 2c;-:.ept!:1g a paitic'J!~(:· t21cr. :,7 s~~-=-. :::sss. V\Jhenever there is any doubt, pos~-tha,,v !T1otiiity shaP be ~>:::r .. >~e:: t -1 ~.\: ~x;;e(e1ced p8rsons. Preferabiy. the person inv-:-;vsd in eva!uatl :)n of r.e2t Se';'.;8:'"I. s~==. .. ~:~ c'.leck th~ psst thavv· ~7oti1i ty. For 2 ::1inirnurr, concentration at 20 rn;!!i::n -per d: ss. ~ ;;;'.:.1um 2ccep:ab!e post t~en1 r.:cWity shai: be 4Qt%. Ser:1en doses be!ov/ 50~1: o~cg~esslve ;?1oti1!:y shalt be discarded. Quality Checks for frozen semen Qua~e;!y tes:,r.;; :: :andom samples from each ba'.c~, for bacterial load using standard p!ate coi..! r:t (:;;e sta~dards for acceptabie colony form ~r.; 0:--: lts (CF:Js) in ;-recessed se:re;i :s 5':G: ,:er :i1l as per O!E norm. If the bacteria! ioad exceeds the O!E timlt, the seme,1 dcse. are to be . discarded.) The frozen semer, samples sh:;u!d not t: clve uncountabl:= Cr"Us as they may have pathoge:1ic organisms. The:-efore, ser:1en shcw:ng o~cw::ej CFUs shouid be subjected to testing for pe:hogeni: organisms by an outs id e iabo,2:0,; . O'.ner tests to check the quality :)f ser..en r:-,ay aisc be beneficial. Validation c: pr.ot:cmeter shall be done once in 6 :-r:c,,::,s by checking ai least 20 sampies each :or cattle and buffalo. Neat semen sr.ali be examined at an ;nterval of every six rnor::-:s for morp!iologicaJ abnormalities, part!cu!arly for crossbre·d bu!ls. Morpholcgica! examination of sperms of ycl!ng bu!!s must be car;ied out (at least six samples at wee:<.iy intervals) before introducing them in the haid. Semen. should not bs used if the sampie contains a total abnormality o; more than 20% and head and rnid-pieca abno:mai,ty (aione) oi 7%. Quality checking cf semen strnws, drawn randomly from tne long stor;,ge containers once in three monhs, s!-,oi.;!d b,~ done as a part of q:..:al;iy assurance. In: xmation System In )rder io facil itate the information system, al! the bL.:lls maintained by the semen st,,:ion must be identified by ear tags/ cold branding. The semen stat:ons shall use su •able software to record data pertaining to various activities and also shouid have on ne facility for the same. Barcode system can also be used to faciiitate trnceability. 17 I 1 1 tn rrn-: l'l -,., .\B \\ l·T id.i ( , \/T I 1 i .\ I\IH II 1:-;, 2i lli !=or~ of se:ne::: Frozen in liquid nitroge,; ::-, p:astic straws s~'.i's a:::;t :..::es: i'.\Ki-lil Crlg::1 s;-:ouid preferably be (but r.o~ restricting to) Un ited State of America . ::are.de. . Ger:T;ar;y: A~stralia and B~azi:. i.. ;,: ..... s~ ::s ~s;:s~s;-~d vi~h relevant Br82ci As=5ociation ~- Ex:::ec::e: ::: ,:Jge::; Oifierence (o: ::::,eed,ng value) sho uid be positive (above avs:a;e) for \Veaning wel; ht, ye2, 1i:1g v,/eight, calvi ng ease and dressing .:.. . i:---;c c.cc'"';acj \·a).,;e for various trai~;; shouid b-:: ~;rea te r than or equai to 70°10. s. T~s s;:e:~ c2n.:er:tration per frozen dose of sernen st:ou ld be at least 20 million !:-. G.5.1: .2::m: st,2:ws The motility o: sperms in after tha wing of frozen semen c. T:-.s : .: .~: ; - - si:o! !'.d be ce~{:;-j net to have any genetic an-d venereal c:s::::ases. 2.Vil: CHAPTER 7 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR :..RTJ;::C!A!.. !NSFM!NAT!ON TRAINING AND TRAINING INST!TUTIONS Art'fic:2: i:--.se:r:'"ation Training institutes operating in Pun jab will have to register with :;...e .A:..:::...:~i:y and get accredited !or issuing A! training cert ificates. This also applies to any ~ '.?C- or Gove;nment lnstitution •nvolved in the busine ss. Qua!ity of Al training varies ac~oss the crganizations due tc ebsence of a unifo rm training modu!e, standard prQt::::~: c~:d ; mechanism to ensure its effective imp lementation by the tra ining i::s·•::c::es. -:-ne standards are basic minimums of training for un dertaking artificial inse;-:"": i~!at!~n ser,;ices sr...:.:cessfun·y. A. Duration, quailfication and Curriculum 't . Duration and qualification 1.6-months (out of which ai least 3 rn:::nths should be exte nsive practical training in the filed) 2. Matriculation (with minimum of 18 years of age) 2. Curriculum ( ,n Urdu) a. Theory 1) Different breeds of cows and buffaloes and their prod uction and reproduction parameters 2) Introduction to Al. and its importance. role of Al in gene tic upgradation 3) Natural Service (NS) vs Al, advantages and limitations . 4) Ex!ernal and internal body parts of a dairy animal and their functions 5) Maie reproductive organs & their functions E) Semen, its collection, evaluation, processing, preserva tion 7) Reading a semen straw 8) Female reproductive organs & their functions 9) important reproductive hormones and their role in repr oductive cycle 1 0)Normal reproductive cycle 11) Oestrus cycie and signs of estrous: 12)Puberty, Maturity, Breeding, Fertilization, implantation. Gestation and Calving 13)Service period, calving interval, dry period and gestation perio d 14)Synchronization of breeding females 15) Process of insemination using liquid and frozen semen ,·-p 1 1 1 1, I' t ;<D T Iii : i 'l "\ .l .\l\ \\ l·TklY <, \/.I· I 11 \I \IH II I S. :!Ill: - - - 15)Record keeping and communica::::n ,6)Sn.:c:y visits shou!d be arrangec t~ Al Centre and Semen Production and Process;r.g faci lity with a visit of any modern Dairy Farm/ Feed factory/ foC: de:-- far:-n 3. Tests and examinat ion : :-·:;o quarterly written tes'.s on topics covered (10% each e':n:,! writt111n tr;iet at th0 0nd o f 6•monthe (~0%) F:na l prac!ical test to evaluate the skill s learnt (50%) 4 . Pass marks: '.·.'. ',i:-:-:·.;m 50% each in theory and practical 5. Atte:-iding of in-service short training course of 1-2 days (every year) B. Physical facil it ies 1. Class room facilities: Fe a !:a:cc: :::f 25 1~air.ees, a class room having minimum of 400 square feet area wi!I be :ec,.;!:e:::. :: ::-:e:-e are more than 25 trainees, there should ·oe an additional c!ass of 400 sq:..:a:-e •ee: area. A ia:,cra:c:--/ ha-.·ing minimum 500 square feet .area for practical ciasses w1:I a1so be requ/e::: . ~ -.-s !abcratory should have faci lity to store reproductive crgans and keep differe :a: ~:::::ie:s of anima!s and reproductive organs and space to keep semen and iiquid :-:::,::;en storage containers. Disposal of wastes shouid also be appropria te to keep tr:e e:--:, :ronment neat and tidy. Tnere s·"'.:::~ '. j be a library/reading room havirg books and journals on cattle. breeding. inC::ge:-,::: c:s :;reeds and dairy apart from roo~ s for teachers and administrators 2. Teaching aids a. The class rooms must have the following: Adequate cha irs and tables for trainees White board LCD Projector Computer Ch.arts and Models The centre must have the requ:re::i quan.tity of semen·doses and LN storage containers. Al guns and other Al accessories. Reproductive organs must be obta;r;ed from a nearby slaughter ho:.ise for palpation ,.and passing Al guns. Ear tags and ear tag app licators Measuring tapes and rulers for estimation of heights and body we;ght Other communication technology aias (notebooks. android phone, printers etc). b. Animals and housing facilities for practical training For practical s. the centre should have at least one animal for every 3-4 trainees. A!iernatively . centre may have contrac:ual arrangemerit with some culled an1mai facili ty, slaughter house or any other farm fo r practica l training. Every trainee must pass Al gun in at !east 20 live animals during enti re period of class room training before going for field training during later half of the course Anin1a1s used for training should have normal genital tract. Pregnant animais at var,ous stages f pregnancy shouid also be arranged for demonstration. If the centre has ,ts own animals. there should be kept in a comfortable she:, and fed, watered and vaccinated properly. Restraining facilities for individu" i animals should a1so be appropriate. T ·se experimental animals should te i 'i [ ".·· I ~ I I I I' \!U-111 !Ill PI '\.!.\ll \\ l·Tl..:t,\ C.\Zl: !TI \L\lH II IX, 21)15 1111 ·-·-·······-·-··--------·-- ---------------------- 16)Imponance of fixed time A ! 17)C are of animals during & after insemination 18)AI equipment and accessories & their care 19)Liquid nitrogen handling 20JS1gnificance of early pregnancy diagnosis 21 )Uitrasonography 22)Methods of calculating conception rates and factors affecting conception rates 23)Common reproductivE: disorders/ diseases, repeat breeding, causes of abortion, etc. 24)Measures to obtain maximum fertility 25)Ear iagging , importance of record keeping, reco::l ing formats and submission of records using data transfer devices and web services 26) Method of non-surgical castration 27)Care a:.d management of new bom calf and heifers iii! it becomes pregnant. 28)Care a :-id management of arnrnals before and afte r ca lv ing, precautions at :ne time of ca lving and use of naval kit for disinfection of naval cord 29)1.nportance of bio-sec .. ;rity measures to be adopted during A i 30) Bas:c aspects of nutrit,on 31) importance of proper nutrition inciudin·g feeding of vitamins and mineral mixtures and deworming in fertiilty management 32)8ody cond;t:on (scoring) and :ts relationship wi:h fertili ty 33)Conservation and development of indigenous breeds through selective breeding 34)Benefits of crossbreeding and genetic improvernen: of dairy animals 35)The existing Breeding Policy and its enforcement 36)Various.government schemes in the livestock sector b. Practical 1) Identification of different female reproductive organs on morbid genitalia 2) Palpation of female genitalia in a Phantc:-r. box and passing of Al gun 3) Structure of LN container: · · d1fi'erent models handling & care filling and checking LN level 4) Al equipment & accessories: handling & care including steril ization reading and recording of semen straw information 5) Handling of animals under different situations 6) Palpation of female genitalia in live animal 7) Passing of Al gun in live animals 8) Reproductive examination of cows/buffaloes in estrus 9) Demonstration and extensive practice of: proper method for withdrawal of straw from containers proper thawing procedure proper preparation of gun correct site of semen deposition 10)Demonstration of semen motility as affected by long time exposure and thawing process 11) Introduction of Metritis and its basic treatment 12jPregnancy diagnosis at 40 days & beyond 13)Assessing the stage of feta! life 14)Ear tagging .... i Ii~ ! Ill. l'l '\.J.\H \\ I· Fld Y (, \/l i l '-l \l{ ( ll IX. 2111 :; I' \ I{ I - : Ii ; ----·-- ------- ·- --···· • Missi::in & Objective of Al trairi:r:; :.,s!i::ite . Memorac,dum of Article/ Bylav.-s c ! tt·.e Organization/Al training \r,sti\l.,te. as app'.icab!e Ce:a:'s of 1:-.:,astructure (Office. C.assroom. Board & Lodging, etc. ) • Lear:.:::g rescurces /teaching a::s F2::. ::: :es ava;! 'c?::le for practical arid on the job field training en animals Ge:2i s c~ :,a:G:n; programmes, duration. course curriculum. tra:n;r,g sc;...e.::-.::e a·: 1<ss•on norms anc .niernal evaluation process o :c:c: .. s c~ ::z.:-::::g facu!ty Cc:: 'es o: ,e·:::c:ds maintainec :: y the AIT! regarding previously trained ;;e,s:::-:s :nar..es. adc,esses anc conrnctsj !='::;:ess 'C, ::Ce last t,vo years (except for the 1" t ime) In ,:ase a::;:i :: :a:,::n ;s accepted, the application is further processed for a vis it by a :ea"" a:-.: -.:::.c. ·-:e:::·ca:ion of require: minimums , Accreditation cert;f1cate 'hi!! :::e 2·:,a:.:::: :: ::-.e a;:p!icani for a ;:,e,iod of two years. For renewal of a::::e::: ::2: :::- ·.:-:e ,:.,TI r-.as to reapply a:-,c same procedure w1I! be followed The A'T: '.':".: .s: ~es:~:-.'.:' t~ any queries of t~e Authonty as and when asked. Once a:::::~e: :e: 2:-:~ . ..:a' crogress reports ha·:::: :c be submitted be/ere the end of July All tne ;.,, ~e-::~,n!cians working in the field :ebre these iaws have to go tnrough a refreshe 0 :::ocJrse (to be arranged by accreted institutions) to get practic1ng i:cei:52 ~.:::- ~-:{he Authority. · 2. VIII: CkAP-,ER S GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR USE OF EXOTIC SEMEN Exotic semen cf catt!e is imported to u·pgrade non-descript local cattle for dairy and beef pur;:icses Semen of following breeds is an::iv:ed for such crossbreeding projects/scherr:es. Dairy cattle. 1. Holstein Friesian 2. Jersey Beef catt,le 1. Angus 2. Hereford 3. Charolais 4. Brahman For dairy cattle, restricting semen to few dairy cattle breeds is basically to manage the availability of semen from crossbred bulls of these breeds. This is in conformity to the breeding policy where two internationally recommended breeds Holstein and Jersey have been allowed. Even with just two breeds. fo;;r types of semen will be needed to keep the desired level of exotic inheritance between 50 and 75% ie two purebreds and two 50% crossbred bulls. Semen from Brown Swiss has also been imported previously but experience from other countries with similar production system as that of Punjab, i' . ~ F pt 61 QL br, ea gu1 Oa; 3 4 5. . 6. i • i\ l< I - I! l 1 Ill l'l \..I \ll \\II Id\ <.\/!- I II \! \IH II IK. 211 1:=; 111 3 3. 4. ------------- - -- ---------------- replaced every six months. Disposable gloves. dungarees and gumboots are expected to be born by working with anirna's includ ing the trainees. Lodging and boarding facilities for trainees The centre shou!d have proper residenta: ,aciiities for trainees including kitcl·,e··, 2nd minimum recreational facihties. Hc·Ne\ler, if th !s not feasible. board\r ·J a:1d :edging facti ities from Dther agencies can also be hired. Copy of the fo~mal agreements w:th such agenc es should be available for record for requirement at the iime of Acued ita \,On ;>rccess. Field training The Centre sho~ld ha'Je sorne forma! arrangement 'Nith A l service providing o:--ganizatlons for its t1a:nees to ; s ci::fr,./e 2 :: -p renticeship training for 2t least 90 aays. During th is period, eact·} t ra !r--;e-e snculd do rn ir imu.'i"l 75-100 A!s and ~he sarne r:t..:mt:ers of pregnancy tests. 5. Documentation of At training activities Trainees' records of registration, dai ly attendance, list of passing out trainees. feedback f:!es. tra ining materials and anru::! l progress reports snou:d be avaiiab!e with ihe centre C. Faculty profile and requirement (for a batch size of 25 t rainees ) 1. Veterinary Office rs : fv1 irnmum t\VO Veterinar!ans!Teacners reg:s~ercd v.<t:-1 PVN~C having 3 years of v10rk experience in ,Al. breed ing: health and rr:2~ 3:gerr:e:-:,: of dairy arnrna!s a.Ieng with expe rience ir. crov!Cing on the job practcs! ~~at;;j rg and d2[ive:-y of :ec:ures. 2. Support Staff: · Minimum one sup pert staff is required vv1th graduat ic ;-: in any discipline 3. L abor for cleaning and other services Nurnber shou!ci be sufficient to keep the facii:'.ies n eat anc c;!ean and we!: guaraed as well D. Accreditation of Training Institutes Each accredited Al T raining Institution needs to a) Follow the standard curriculum and duration fer class room anci practical train ing as described in above b) Have arrangements for class rooms w1th teaching aids and hands on train ing ln paipa ting morbid reproduct:ve organs t~l the 1aboratcry and in (ive anl;r!a!s and for carrymg out artificial insemination as meni'oned ooove ci Have arrangements vvfth A l Service pro,f:-j !ng organizations to provide c-ract!ca! trairdr;g tc its trainees for the duration approved ,j ) Have a reg istered vete rinary practitioner under v,hcse SL'per: isron tr1e instrtute imoarts tra ining e; Evaluate the trainees and award a certificate after successful complet.on of the co~,;rse . Funherr.:c:re accred ite d institutes will send the narnes of tlie successful tra1nees tc t~8 Autr:o rity for issue of a license bear;ng a ph ,.Jtograp~: and a reg:stra~lcn nL;mber of the trainee. On successful train:ng the training !nsttuti2 shaii equip each tra inee the Al kit as \VCd t The process of accrediiat1on will sta rt by a wriiten request of any inst1twion intending to award Ai i rain,ng. Submission of application should accompany the requ;red documents which wi il be verified by the Authority against prescribed Mini,num Standards detai:ed above. Following documents are neecip, cJ· f I \ ll 15 Holste in and Jersey- s:-:oJ ld be sufficient. it r:.= ~ s:. :~ :r:entioned that Fr1esian being a iatge sized t;eed is S~Ggested fo~ c~:: ~ - ; :--. ~r:-:=,ssc~l;::ts v,;·hen cov,, being tnse~inated has a !a;;e:-- s'.ze and producti::.,:-: s . 5.~.-: ;!. -,,:;.t s·J:Js;sr,2nce lov1 inpu1 type. Je:sey se--.e:. s:::;,..·:: :Je ~:--e~.::rre::: for breeC::; ~- ;.; .= ,. sized (';attie . Yet, in both cases pro:::....::·:;. .s:: s·~5:-:--, ~- ,::...: ::i : .e a~ :e2st i'i1ediul7 ·-~ .. : sy~:·.&rr. . Fo~ bee~ ::s.:~. ;:; . 2 :~: :.~ .:: ::::v·-:-.ieci tree:'.s .; ;-- g~s. Heieford and Charo!ais) :1ave r:·-s·/o:~s . . ... :::-::: :'3s~::: ~~ - ::'"·::~:.:;ng crosst -:; ::1ee~ 2:-:/nals:- ;;; Punjab . .A.dd!t;o:1 of 3:-c~,r:·.a:·. :s :. .. : :·:::....::: . .: :· :: t ~~ef f~or;: :;:::~~ -:,:-.~c c2tt:e f~-" .~xpori purpose (beef qL:ali:ies a:: .:::s: 2::-::2:- :o :,~'. :;c2i catt!e). C·;.·:, :-: .3s\Gct6d for C"Ossing \Nith thee exotic t::ee::s s:-,c:.: : :e :;: : :,;:;;;: s'::e ::,eoa~se ge-.e' : pc,en::a! fo r ::;,,th 1.veight of all thesE' catt'.e is a.:.:s: :~·-::.; ::-:2. -. : ,...;: Jo::..:; i r;c:--jescr!pt cattle. The precise breeding g~\:-e: l;: es '::: .. :e c.s 7c .: . .-s Pc.'c:~e: Ss:-.i::o '. a~.d Sah,wai like c;:,1,·,,s - should be b;ed only to Sahiwal 2. p, · -.::i-,: -- c:-.:;:s:2~i arid Cholistani c~\'·/S - should be bred on!y to Choisltan! 3. Cress::: .-:: s~::;e having 75% o r hlg~e;- exoti<? inheri tance - should be bred with 50c/c exc:.-: C,}'. s 4. C~css:~=~ c2:tie having less tr1ar. equsl :: 50°/0 exotic inheiitance - may be bred v.'::.-. :: ' .S ::::-e~ sxotic serr.en for h igh ir:~L!t systems and v.1ith 50o/c cress bred bu!!s for :-: ·;'; :: rn ed iwm input systems. 5. ~~ G~<::;..s : : ict catt!e (smaller si:c) - she:~:-:' be ;:;~ed 'Nith Jersey semen but under i:;·..-. .... -~:. : .;~ input system, S2'.:iv-Jal o ; C :-"".~;:s~i '..; ;nay be used as v1ei; \~-- r·-~·~-- -: ,:' ::: --i;: ::.2~~!e '.'. btgge;- size) - 1ray ::2: ::-BC \vith Holstein or Jersey serTt•Sn \ ...: :.: - ~- . · ;-;:, t:; , ,,.,1, ~: ,c input systen1, r-~; :--, :;--,;:-t.:~ prcduction system may prefer ~- ;:~.=.:- .:: ; Cr:ss::: ree'.Jing !oca! cov,s v,ith exotic tu::.:seT:en for dairy purpose l Bull/Semen : Co·.11 • Sa:c;v:ai {SW) I SW I C r. · HG: co ; HO50 JE100 I J ESO : Cr:cl:s:ani fCH) ~-· C:-css:;~ed 2!75% exotic I I : C;css:ire::: 50:-:-:-:7--:-5 % e x-:--o ti c ;-------.,----,---~ - 4~~~ --;-- -,---,-~i ~ Crosscred <50% exotic ~ ~ , N:::~-Jescri t1 1ND1 ' ' ~ - ~ : ~ ' '.'1c:1-Descript2 ND2) ~ ~ ~C 1 rr, :::a:-.s smaller sized non-descript cat,;e, upgraded ·.~.::th Sahiwal vr Cholistar.i "c D2 me3~S bigge, sized ron-descript cattle HO means exotic Holstein (oO, 100 is proportion oi exotic 'evel) JE mear;s exotic Jersey Mc:!es produced from all these crosses should be culled and only top class males be retained (by planned matings) from top class cows for production cf future si res of vaiious exotic level. Beef cattle t Crossbreeding for beef cattle is not generally recommended for day to day beef production. This is mainly due to high cost of inputs especially when millions of surplus males are avaiiable in the province for fattening. However, this may be economical for export (both veal and beef). Another use may be producing of sacrificial animals tor big city markets. Following mating plan is suggested assuming that crossbreds (both males and females) will be consumed at a suitable age for sacrificial purpose or for export. Crossbreedln local cows with exotic bull/semen for beef uroose ' Exotic semen Seo e Local cows ; Angus ! ! Hereford l I Charolaise Brahman 2.lX: CHAPTER 9 Good scope for sacrificial local markets Good scope for sacrificial local markets For leaner beef export markets For gulf markets requiring zebu beef Nondescript and low yielding i . crossbred cows ; Nondescript and iow yielding ; crossbred cows Nondescript and low yielding l crossbred cows Non-descript local cows STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION SERVICES Genetic potentiai of Al bulls is expected to be better than those used for natural service. Risk of transmission of venereal and genetic diseases is also lower yet, conception rate is generally low which can be greatly affected by Al technicians and Al service providers. The first and foremost issue is clarity reg2rding the breeding policy of the province. While crossbreeding of cattle is allowed but for non-descript and crossbreds cattie oniy. Only two breeds. are allowed, Holstein and Jersey and desired leve l of exotic inheritance should be within 50 and 75% range. Holstein Friesian is not preierred for short sized cattle not it is for low input system / poor farmers. Purebreds catt!e such as Sahiwal and Cholistani (and cows which as almost similar to them) should be bred w:th Sahiwai and Cholistani cattle semen only. Nili-Ravi buffaloes should be bred with Nill Ravi buffalo semen. Similarly, Nuqri , Faisalabadi and Makhi Cheeni or Rahim Ya r Khan strains should be bred with respective bucks or semen from them. Same shall be true for sheep. The general slogan is: purebreds for purebreds and exotics and crossbreds for non-descript and crossbreds. The second issue is availability of semen for Authority registered semen production facilities only. Top graded semen production facilities should be preferred. Semen storage • Store frozen semen doses ir, a well-ventilated, all weather safe storage area. • Ensure a proper and foolproof identification system for each semen container. canister, and goblet so that a bulrs semen· can be traced with ease. ~ a / /11'\!{l -lll ' ) t . TIi i : l'l '\,I.\B\\l·TKLYG.\Zt :·1 : · \J 'd{CI! !S. 2ll ! :- !IP I ' il ; ~ i f J :/ l I l j l j 1 W hile transferring semen doses, goblets s - : : ce weli 1dent1f1ed and precaution sno:... 'd be taken to see tnat each gob!e: -::5 5 ~ ::en'. space for l!qu,d nitrogen Frozen ser;;en sno,.; 'd no! be exposed :;::;: . e '. :;'..lid nitrogen as it may cause irreve rsible ,;arr.age ;c sperm viability. A i :ransfers of seme:-, si,a·::s into gobie:; ':-:: .:'. ::' •a:~e place under liquid nitrogen, 1:7 a ;:;oi/st:,1rene .' !:": er~c;,ci box. L,c;u:d Nitrogen s1;c;;::: t:e replenished in :::.:::~ storage and distribution containers at regu ia: ::'.~ar-;a!s tc e:is..;re proper !evel c: :!quid nitrogen. Detaifs of se.--:-,e, ocses supplied to varic·..:s Al technicians at the \!me of dispatch shou id !:le ·eccrce: .t..::er each dispa::::-.. recc,ds redern:1ng the position of remai:-i::g d:::ses s::cu!c be wpdated. Uquid Nitrogen Se:-,,jce ::~-::v::::e, s'"':: ·: :-s·. e ; :;" 'k :..:quid Mitc;2~: (LN) sourcing storage ard delivery 'a:::!lity. ;:., s:::hec~ie ::: '. L'. ,ep:e;1!s:-iment to " '' A, centers on fort ,dghtly / monthly / c;:.Ja:terly bas:s ·.vh': "eve.· ·s corven;ecit de;;er-.ding or. ,h,e field containers shall be worked o:.J: by e::;:.-:- ~e,:.,:;e provider and sha:i be adhered to in the interest of 0 ,,a:nta,r.irg c;:.Ja·:::,. c: se:-:-:en . f.. log bocr<: sha!' ~e rnain:2ined for a!i such schedules at o,iie:er.t ioca· c·.s s:ar:;~;; ;:oir:ts o-/ suaply roc. :es. The Al centre st1ould }·,ave a bigge·· containa, fer LJ, a"; se:nen straw storage, p:eierably of 35 liter capacity, and a small portc::i!e '. N :'.:...,:2:ir-. si. ;::-eferabi'/ 2-3 liter c2:, acity, to carry the semen to ~he place where t!1e A, :s ca,riec O\.r'. ; he LN conta;, e:s i,. the Ai centre shali be pr.:,tected sufficiently to 2,•::-'o ca rnage to container. Al ce:-.:,e should have a dip stick with cnt:cal levei .::::;,~s a:-:c: a ready-reckoner for assess in;; :he LN levels and quantity of LN in liters. S:.;;:;:' , :" !..N shoi.;:d be either thrnugh :: :,:12jle LN tankers of 500 to 2000 iiter capaciry \'"'.- grc:vit2tional fl ow or through the -~' ,::eii',ery pump and nor by pouri ng LN from one cor\:ainer to another container. Al guns and sheaths Stainless s:eel Al g:.:ns from an agency whose A! guns are tested and approved by Autho,i:y snail be used. Same shall be true fer ;..:. A i accessories like forceps and scisso~s s"all be made of good ouaiity stainless s:ee!. 7hermos flask and thermometer shall be o~ good quality. Al Technicians Al Service c:eviders should ensure that they engage oniy those Al- technicians who have u:1de~gone a t raining course in Al fro;n a ;::ivernment recognized Al · training in~1tute and coilect a copy of their training certifica:e a: the time of appointment. Animal Identification Every animal receiving Al shall be identified with an Ear Tag with a unique number and (preferably) a barcode . These numbers shall er.able generation of reports concerned to the ind;vidJa! anima! and the associated informa'.ion through an information system. Only polyurethane laser printed ear t:::gs having a ~ 2 c g it number and a bar code shall be :.ised. ;i1e numbering sys:em followed sha!i be u:iique with the last digit of the numbe; being a ·'check digit" to e.~sure that no two animals are tagged with the same nurr,::,e:·. C lnly numbers suppli-c::: by an agency identi fied by the Authority shall be .• used for uniquE ident1ficatior of animals. An example may :ie for a buffalo tagged in Lahore distric, (di· ii code 16) and registered as 000001 may have ear tag as 16NR000001 Supervis, m, Review of Activities and Communication 1 i .. ;))r' 1··; .1. l,, ------------------' P..\H.f-![i Ti,ere si'}all be a hierarchy of supervisory me::;1anism. Every 20 Ai technicians sh:iuid have an A! supervisor. Every 60-65 Ai cen~e:s should have a veterinaria.n to provide advisory .services. A team of 200 Ai techn•:::: ar;s, i O sup<:rvisors and 3 veteri narians · shali form a region controlled by a Regi::::~al Officer. An effective cornm,Jnication network shall be in place for ccmmunication ,;-cr,g the team members-in a given·area Al technicians, super1isors and veterinar; :::~,cers of ar; · area shall . meet once is-, a month for a review of technical program:':"1s. business transactio~s as 1Nell as fo: scheduling the extension programmes. The~e sha/! be e monthly reviev.1 meeting al regional level involving Regional Officer, veterinary officers and Ai supervisors Effective•supervision is reflected in the accuracy of reporting. fixing the orobiems faced efficiently and effectively, acceptance of progress records by the system, promptness in business transactions and minimum backlogs. , I t TllE l' l .\.l.\B "FEKLY GAZETn : \!.\RCJI 18, 2015 1119 CUNICAL EXAMINAT:CN OF BULL UNIT: S~~-~-D-····--- -------- - - - - --------- -----·--, C-~:\: C . .j.~ :.:. v .. ~.\-~:>-: . ..1 .. :c\ :J :: firs: day of q~s:a::tir.e) -:,e,e·a r:e<-.::- ts~:.s. : ,--'s :c.::.c,sso~ :3 a::j preserce of hereditary defects) J s::o -:; : 2>:::0 .--:-:.:i:,::::.- · / i:G da\' -----·- ------------------ - ---- ---------< F:rrd!r.c : ~ -:, .. ,c=·-~,.-o-. --- --- --- - ---- - - - - ---- - - - ---------; TU2c RC!.J; ~s.s ::.a:e cf :r,:r2:c'e ·":'a: - s ::::::-.: date oi reading BRUCE! UJS'S 1 CFT or EL!S.L. ; TRiCHOVO\!:;'.-.S!S: (Three sheath washes at::: ".e ·,veek inteNal) Date of first v:as:-,:ng: Date oi Secor.::: ·,;ashing: Date of ~hirct ·:.-s.shtn~r C .... '.=>YLJS.!:..CTEROSIS:(Three sheath ·:,as:- es at one week interval) Date o: frs: ·,:asl:ing: Dai~ of seccn,1 washing: Date of '.h'n:: 'i:ash:no: LEPTOS? l ROSiS Aco iut'1a:I:::: '.es,. 3 I CERTlCATiON RES'.JLTS ! hereby certify that the above information is to t':e ::est of my knowledge true and correct. A c:inical examination was performed by me en .,..,-- =---:-o---,-- and and the above described bc; !i was found healthy and free from any infectious disease Signature Date Name in Capital letters PVMC registration number l 5 ENDORSEMENT (Bull A .ovai Committee) 1/'-/e ha:-eby enco,se the certification as done abc,.·e ana recommend/do not recommend the use of above desc.ibed buli for semen collection for Artificial ,nsemination purposes. / . /Uf/ II//;· !'( ,\'JA/J IV!oFl(f J (,AXJ:JTlo· .ll.11<( ii /If, 2flf5 Signature Name in Capital letters Date Official Stamp /'.· l I<. !'. \ !<T-lll Tm i'l "-.JAB \\TEKLY GAZETTi-: '-L\RC!l l8, 2015 Annex-II BREED!NG SOUNDN~ss OF A BULL Oate of Examination A.cid ress: (A) identificat' on Na~e - (Ee:· :~t:co, Ear tag, 8 ;-and No.) ·--------·---------- · 8 r:: co ------------- ------------------------·· -· --- /\g e ( B) Record !) PeC:'.g ree c.:ve;;0g :.-:fo:· ..... ~~::::.:--: c;:to grand granc .--:-:aternai and paternal sides l 121 · ii ) Progeny Ne. c; , e·:'s. \::. of caughters - PD - Progeny Testing based on BLUP 1 ii) Proven /Tes:: iv) A. I. /Natura i: (C) Genera l Clin ica l Examinat ion .. ... . .... . ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . Co:-:di::on Score: ii) General Hea:th: iii) Teeth and Jaws iv) Fee: .. ... Eyes: . ... Legs: ... T'-;c:, "'x: ......... ... . . Abdomen: .... . . . ... Jc:r::s . .. .. Gait: ...... .. (D) Physical e xamination of the Reproductive Organs " I } :::-;crotum: . . .... .. .. .. .. . ii) Normaicy/ Cons:stency iii) Ep1didymides ... v: .A.ccessory organs: Semina! vesicles Ampullae: . Tes~es: .... ... ... ... .. Sc:-:ta; c :rcumference .... .. ... ... .. .. (cm) . .... ..... ... .. .... Spermatic Chord: .. Prostate: ··-· · Bulbourethral: ... ...... . .. ..... .. .. . ,) Penis and Prepuce: ... ....... ... .. .... ... . J b2-- • · / I (E) Semen Examination i) Collection Method: .. . . .. . .. ... . . . . . ... . . ii) Volume (ml ): ..... . ..... . ... ...... ... ... . De-:s:ty (0-6) .. ... ..... .. . . ..... .. ... . Wave Motion (0-6) ... ......... · .. ..... ..... Mo'.:::'.y (%) .... .. .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . .... .. .. ... . iii) Examination of Serving Behavior: Serving Ability: Libido ..... ........... .. ..... ...... Erection (Stiffness ... . .. Protrusion . . . ... Deviation Seeking ......... ..... ... .......... . Ejaculatory Thrust.. .. .. . .. .. . Protrusion on thrusting Body Position ... .. .......... . . Serving Capaci:y: Mating & semen ejaculation: .. . . ... .......... . .. . F) Vaccination Record Foot & Mouth: Black Quarter: . .. .. . .... .. ... .. .... .. ... ... .. . HS: .. . . .. ..... . . ... .. .... .... . . (G) Tests for.Infectious Disease: Brucellosis: ....... .. ... ... .. . Leptospirosis: .. . . .......... .. .. . ... .. .. ... . . V ibricsis: . . Tubercu losis: .. . .... .... . .. . .. ... . . !BR: ..... .. .. ...... .... .. ..... . .. ... . BVD: .. .. .... . .... . .. .. .. . .. ..... . . .. .. .. . ... . (H) Semen Resu;ts Sheet acceptance to vag ina ::;oncentration (million per ml): . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... .. . ... .... . .. . ..... .. . .... . % spermatozoa alive (Nigrosin eosin): ..... .. . .. . ... . .. .... .. . .. ... ... ... .. ... . 3/o abnormal sperm heads: .. . . ... ... ... .. . . .... . ... .. ... . .... ... . . ..... . % soerrnatozoa with: Proximal cytoplasmic droplets L istal cytoplasmic droplets 1 1illess heads B, t t,1 ils Cc iled tails Avoscir.ie defects Struct\F ii abnormalities Ct !:s other than :, permatozoa Co.11ments: · .• i i '1l: . .. !; ~.1 i ···1·. ·;' ., '-'; '. ~- . l :~sf;. '.:·:,'· ': )..\ ·:1~: .~::~ ~\ P.i.RT-ll! TI! L Pl \".!.\B \ \ FE KL\' (; \ /:-: -; !: :'I L\RC II I 8, 2015 ;ltr 11i3 .~ : ... :e:s :.s ;test:r:s Annex- :11 BRUCE:..:..0s1s TESTING \ e;a::ve herd "!egative herd (optic,.a! c:USA, RBPT, CFT , SAT :Serum .:VRI, Lahore, UDL, UVAS or any other irecognized lab l i • Ali above one year In femaies 14 days aiter calving or abo,rtion 130 to 60 days after culiing of last positive ! I animal I Exaciiy one year (± 1 week) after iast !whole ;1 erd negative testing !'.'Vhe.e the disease has been ! mainta ining a very low profi le (less than ii% positive) quarterly or six monthly isample could be co!lec:ed to minimize t, .... r7v· 1Action en fi nding ;Animal :immediate isolation, castration and la pcs.:.,e b:.ill f-' ,r,..·~ ,::~1·, ,.n. -l i Semen ,:Jestroy semen doses since last 1V, 3~·..:ce: ,osls free j ne~: ~· o: E) ! v: !Duration of quarantine !Test schedule I i VII !Acci ti:~a, ,esting [ I jat sexua: I I '"; '. .jt\ / , UDL- University Diagnostic Lab ;:-,egative test '-:e::i fo:.md negative on two consecutive :cr::1u21 tests ,Two ,es:s, Serum ELISA, interval of 30 'days between tests. Only negative :an,ma:s to be allowed to mix w ith the :Serum ELISA befoie bu lls are used for !seme,1 collection and distnbution for A! I lJVAS-University of Veterinary & Animai Sciences, Lahore VRi- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 7 / // II II! IV V VI Screening Test details Fligible animals Prevention Frequency of testin : Action on i Finding a ! Positive animal ' Quarantine T~s~=r-; at S€:XJ2 '. ;v:at. .. J:~~ I Ar.nex -VI LEPTOS:> ,;:,.QSiS Tl=STING FART-Ill IN 1 ame , Agglutination test, \mmuno [ fluorescence, lmmuno i histochemistrv, PCR I 1 Sample i TestinQ a: l Anirr.al l Semen ! \/RI, Lahore, UDL, U\/AS or ! ar:y other recogrnzed lab i Ail animals i Screening and isolation of \ animals : Prevention from rodents !, Annual testing j Treat the animal i Destroy the co llection s ince 1 last negative test : Dura~ic:-- :: 01!:'.?rant'-- --=~- ------ --- ---- l Test Sen.;;;:: . = Annual ly • f,;i inimum 30 days ::USA, annually 1•,, v-m Ti, I Pl '-'iJAB WEEKLY GAZETTE ~!-~RCII 18, 2015 1127 . S::s~ --::~; Test ::ietaiis ::7 Eligible Animals : : 1 ; Freq:..;s:~cy of ! testlrig :v · Action eh ;;nd:ng a \ positive ::c:: 'J , Tubercuicsis free ner;: / (OI E) ' Annex-Vil TtJSERCULc s :s ! Narr'.e I ! Reacent [ Testin;; a! I ) ~~~:1:!~e :esuit ! v; h.C i lc, i ' I I Positive herd I i Negative herd i ! An imal I Semeri I , Oe!ayed Hypersensi!ivity ; Sincle lntradermal test 1 Bovine tuberculin PPD : \IRI, Lahore, UDL, UVAS or any 1 other recognized !ab i ,£1.s per OIE :-;orms ! Negative: 'ncrease in skin thickness less that: 2 mm & without ciin:ca! sigcs viz: exudation , necrosis, pain, inflammation of the lymphatic duct I of that region or the lymph node, ! 72 hours post-inoculation. I Inconclusive: l~.: rease in skin i thickness mere than 2 mm & iess , than 4 mm, absence of abcve I clinical signs, 72 hours post I inoculation. · Positive: Increase in skin thickness 1 4 mm·or more, or presence of clinical signs viz; exudation, , necrosis, pain and inf!ammation of the lymphatic duct of that region or the lymph node, 72 hours post inocuiation. , A :! animals above 6 weeks of ace , ' Min:r..um 60 days efter culling of - -! ! last oositive animal. l ' .~nnual test is minimum. Six months (±1 week) after last whole herd negative testing, desirable. Immediate isoiation and culling Destroy semen doses since last negative test Herd found negative on two consecutive tuberculin tests at an interval of 6 months; the first being performed 6 mon;hs afier the slaughter of last affected animal ; Duration of Minimum 90 days , ·ri q=u a r a n..,.t i n e,-,----+=,------- -,---- - --- -· J I Test schedule Two tuberculin tests, minimum , interval of 60 days between tests . . ~P::-- ?; .. :ri7 .?d Protein Derivative C / I THE PUNJA !~ WEEKL.', GAZEfTE M A}l.CH 13. 2015 Annex-VIII FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE TESTING I Action during FMD outbreak . Animal Isolate diseased animals till ;ecove;y, do r,ct c~,: Semen Semen from FMD infected bulls : Destroy semen co!iected during one month before, onset of outbreak. Do not collect semen from bulls during the outbreak arid three months after the last case of FMD recovered in the farm 1nfected animals must be given 90 days rest Semen from healthy bulls maintained in FMD infected farm : Destroy semen collected during one month before onset of outbreak. Do not collect semen from bulls during the outbreak a~d one month after the last case of FMD recovered in !heferm. ' Semen couid be used other than the above f mentic~ed periods, if !her'} is M new case of FMD develops during three months period after I last FMD case recovered in the fa rm I II Quarantine Vaccination - as per manufacturer's recomme:1dations Ill Vaccination Oil vaccine Annual in farm and 5 to 10 km around the farm Test for seroconversion, by collecting serum on thl:l day of vaccination and 21 days later · REGlSTRAR No. Dated Lahore, the 30tn January,2015.