National Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) 2020-2030

The National Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) 2020-2030 Abridged Version National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) National Irrigation Administration (NIA) University of the Philippines Los Baños Foundation Inc. (UPLBFI) December 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Rationale for National Irrigation Master Plan 11 1.2. Objectives of the New National Irrigation Master Plan 12 CHAPTER 2. STATUS OF AND EMERGING ISSUES IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE SECTOR 2.1. Land Resources 15 2.2. Water Resources 15 2.3. Socio-economic Conditions 16 2.4. Agricultural Productivity and Farmers’ Income 17 2.5. Irrigation Development 19 2.6. Institutional Development 19 2.7. Emerging Issues and Constraints in Irrigation Development 20 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY FOR NIMP UPDATING AND FORMULATION 3.1. Summary of Review of the Old Master Plan 23 3.2. Basic Guiding Principles 25 3.3. General Framework and Methodology 25 3.3.1. General Conceptual Framework 25 3.3.2. Description of Overall Methodology 26 CHAPTER 4. THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION MASTER PLAN 2020-2030 4.1. Mission, Vision and Core Values of NIA 33 4.2. Strategic Goals and the Logical Framework of Irrigation Development 35 4.2.1. The NIA’s Logical Framework 35 4.2.2. Strategic Goals and Strategic Objectives 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3. NIMP Results Framework 39 4.4. NIMP Implementation Framework 55 4.5. Physical Targets 57 4.5.1. Key Assumptions 57 4.5.2. Baseline Scenario 57 4.5.3. Scenario 1 59 4.5.4. Projections of Area per Project/System Type 60 4.6. The NIA Geodatabase and its Applications 62 4.6.1. Description of the Geodatabase System 62 4.6.2. Estimates of Potential Irrigable Areas 64 4.6.3. Estimates and Projections of Irrigation Water Demand and Supply 76 4.7. Proposed Criteria for Prioritization of Irrigation Projects 100 4.8. Disaggregated Investment Plan 102 4.9. Maintenance Enhancement and Operation Plan of Irrigation Systems 142 4.9.1. Maintenance Enhancement and Operation Plan Using Farmland GIS, Asset Management, and Water Distribution and Delivery Aproach 142 4.9.2. Modernizing National Irrigation Systems Using Design Logic Framework and MASSCOTE Approach 148 4.10. Water-use Efficient and Water Saving Technologies 157 4.10.1. Physical Interventions 158 4.10.2. Procedural Interventions 160 4.10.3. Other Technologies that Enhance Productivity 166 4.10.4. Technology Options Under Different Water Scarcity Situations 168 4.10.5. Incentive Mechanisms for Adopting AWD and Other Water-saving Practices 169 4.11. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Resiliency in Irrigation Development Master Plan 169 4.11.1. Climate Proofing for Irrigation Development 170 4.11.2. Coping with Climate Change Impacts on Philippine Irrigation Systems on a Regional Level 174 4.11.3. Selected Climate Change Adaptation Options and Technologies for Irrigation Development and Management 176 4.11.4. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in Irrigation Development and Management 180 4.11.5. Other Recommendations 184 4.12. Irrigation Support for High Value Crop Production Systems 184 4.12.1. Diversified Cropping Options for Various Climatic Types in the Philippines 185 4.12.2. Irrigation Options for Crop Diversification 185 4.12.3. Other Low-cost Irrigation Technologies for Diversified Crops 194 4.12.4. Other Irrigation Support for Crop Diversification 194 4.12.5. Potential of PPP in the Provision of Irrigation Support for Crop Diversification 195 4.13. Environmental and Social Safeguards for Irrigation Development 195 4.13.1. Impacts of Irrigation Development to the Environment and Society and Vice Versa 195 4.13.2. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process 202 4.13.3. Environmental and Social Considerations for the NIMP 203 4.13.4. Guidelines for Improving Environmental and Social Safeguards 211 4.14. Strategic Shifts towards Organizational Effectiveness 211 4.15. Projected Costs and Benefits for 2020-2030 Projects 212 4.15.1. Baseline Scenario 213 4.15.2. Scenario 1 215 4.15.3. Modernization 217 4.15.4. Benefit-Cost Analysis 220 4.15.5. Sensitivity Analysis 222 4.15.6. Projections for High-value Crops and Cost Projections 223 4.16. Budgetary Requirements and Financing Schemes 227 4.17. Monitoring and Evaluation 228 CHAPTER 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF NIMP 5.1. Recommendations for Water Resources Management 239 5.2. Implementation Strategies for the New NIA Geodatabase 240 5.3. Organizational Reform to Implement the New NIA Geodatabase 244 5.4. Capacity Building on the New NIA Geodatabase and Related Topics on Irrigation Development 244 5.5. NIA’s Organizational Restructuring Directions 247 5.6. Recommendations and Guidelines for Environmental and Social Safeguards 248 5.7. Recommendations for Financing 256 5.8. Other Important andUrgent Recommendations 259 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 265 REFERENCES 266 A&D Alienable and Disposable ADB Asian Development Bank ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan AFMA Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMP Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process AMS Asset Management System AO Administrative Order ARDL Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATI Agricultural Training Institute AWD Alternate Wetting and Drying AWP Agency-Wide Programs BBB Build, Build, Build BCA Benefit Cost Analysis BCM Billion Cubic Meter BCR Benefit-Cost Ratio BDRRMC Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management Committee BIIS Bohol Integrated Irrigation System BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title CAF Census of Agriculture and Fisheries CAR Cordillera Administrative Region CC Climate Change CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCC Climate Change Commission CDM Clean Development Mechanism CER Certified Emissions Reduction CHED-PCARI Commission on Higher Education – Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes CI Controlled Irrigation LIST OF ACRONYMS CIP Communal Irrigation Project CIRDUP Comprehensive Irrigation Research and Development Umbrella Program CIS Communal Irrigation System CLIRAM Climate Information Risk Analysis Matrix CO Central Office CorPlan Office of the Corporate Planning Services CSA Climate Smart-Agriculture CU Coefficient Uniformity CWR Crop Water Requirements DA Department of Agriculture DA-AMIA Department of Agriculture - Adaptation and Mitigation Initiatives in Agriculture DA-AO DA - Administrative Order DA-ATI Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Training Institute DA-BAR Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research DA-BAFE DA - Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering DA-BAFS DA - Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards DA-BFAR DA - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DA-BSWM DA - Bureau of Soils and Water Management DA-CAFED DA - Central Agriculture and Fishery Engineering Division DA-CARP DA - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program DA-FPOPD DA - Field Programs Operational Planning Division DA-HVCDP DA - High Value Crops Development Program DA-NOAP DA - National Organic Agriculture Program DA-RFO DA - Regional Field Offices RFO DAO Department Administrative Order DBM Department of Budget and Management DBP Development Bank of the Philippines DCIEP Diversified Crops Irrigation Engineering Project DEM Data Elevation Model DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR-EMB DENR - Environmental Management Bureau DENR-ERDB DENR - Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau DENR-FMB DENR - Forest Management Bureau DENR-LMB DENR - Land Management Bureau DENR-MGB DENR - Mines and Geosciences Bureau DENR-NWRB DENR - National Water Resources Board DENR-NWRC DENR - National Water Resources Council DENR-PAMB DENR - Protected Area Management Board DepEd Department of Education DGCS Design Guidelines Criteria Standards DIME Digital Imaging for Monitoring and Evaluation DOE Department of Energy DOH Department of Health DOST Department of Science and Technology DOST-PAES DOST - Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards DOST PCAARRD DOST - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DPWH-BOD DPWH - Bureau of Design DPWH-BRS DPWH - Bureau of Research and Standards DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction and Management DRS Drainage Reuse System DS-GU Downstream Start-Going Upstream DSIM Dry Season Irrigation Management DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development DSWD MSWDO DSWD - Municipal Social Welfare Development Office DU Distribution Uniformity DWR Diversion Water Requirement EC Efficiency Change ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System EMMP Environmental Management and Mitigation Plans EO Executive Order EPMR External Program and Management Review EPRMP Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management/Mitigation Plans ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute EU Environmental Unit FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FAS Farm Administration System FAP Foreign-Assisted Project FGD Focus Group Discussion FGIS Farmland Geographic Information System FIR Field Irrigation Requirement FISA Free Irrigation Service Act FMR Farm-to-Market Road FS Feasibility Study FSDE Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering FUSA Firmed-Up Service Area FWR Farm Water Requirement GAA General Appropriations Act GAME GIS-Based Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation GAP Gender Action Plan GCG Governance Commission for Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System GVA Gross Value Added HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System HRM Human Resource Management HVC High Value Crops IA Irrigators Association ICC Indigenous Cultural Communities ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICT Information and Communications Technology IDD Institutional Development Division IDE International Development Enterprises IDMP Irrigation Development Master Plan IDO Institutional Development Officer IEC Information Education, and Communication IEE Initial Environmental Examination/Evaluation IFC International Finance Corporation IFSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar II Irrigability Index IMMS Irrigation Management Monitoring System IMO Irrigation Management Office IMT Irrigation Management Transfer INM Integrated Nutrient Management IP Indigenous People IPDP Indigenous People Development Plan IPM Integrated Pest Management IPRA Indigenous Peoples’ Right Act IRA Internal Revenue Allotment IRR Internal Rate of Return IRRI International Rice Research Institute ISC Irrigation Service Cooperatives ISO Irrigation Systems Office ITRC Irrigation Training and Research Centre IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JSS Job Satisfaction Survey KII Key Informant Interview LAN Local Area Network LBP Land Bank of the Philippines LFP Locally-Funded Project LGU Local Government Unit LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAR Managed Aquifer Recharge MARIIS Magat River Integrated Irrigation System MASSCOTE Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques MCM Million Cubic Meter MHO Municipal Health Office MID Management Information Division MOA Memorandum of Agreement MP Multipurpose Project NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NCCA National Commission for Culture and the Arts NCEA Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment NCIP National Commission on Indigenous People NCR National Capital Region NDCC National Disaster Coordinating Council NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NFA National Food Authority NG National Government NGA National Government Agency NGO Non-Government Organization NHCP National Historical Commission of the Philippines NIA National Irrigation Administration NIMP National Irrigation Master Plan NIP National Irrigation Project NIPAS National Integrated Protection Area System NIPO National Irrigation Project Office NIPP National Irrigation Proposed Project NIS National Irrigation System NPAAAD Network of Protected Areas for Agriculture and Agro-Industrial Development NPM New Public Management NPV Net Present Value NRLP National River Linking Project NRP National Rice Program O&M Operation and Maintenance ODA Official Development Assistance OECF Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund OGA Other Government Agency OMB Optical Media Board OSM Open Street Map PA Protected Area PAES Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards PAF Project Affected Families PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAPs Programs, Activities and Projects PCB Private Commercial Bank PCG Philippine Coast Guard PD Presidential Decree PDAF Priority Development Assistance Fund PDIME Project Digital Imaging for Monitoring and Evaluation PDIP Participatory Irrigation Development Project PDP Philippine Development Plan PhilCCAP Philippines Climate Change Adaptation Project PhilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization PhilRice Philippine Rice Research Institute PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PIA Potential Irrigable Area PIDS Philippine Institute for Development Studies PIP Public Investment Program PIS Private Irrigation System/Pump Irrigation System PISOS Pump Irrigation System from Open Sources PMU Project Management Unit PNS Philippine National Standards PO Peoples Organization PPD Project Planning Division PPP Public-Private Partnership PRIR Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap PRISM Philippine Rice Information System PRS Philippine Reference System PSA Philippine Statistics Authority PV Present Value PVS Participatory Varietal Selection QC/QA Quality Control/Quality Assurance QGIS Quantum GIS R&D Research and Development RA Republic Act RAP Rapid Appraisal Procedure RatPlan Rationalization Plan RBs Rural Banks RBCO River Basin Control Office RBME Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation RCA Revealed Comparative Advantage RCEF Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund RCM Rice Crop Manager RCP Representative Concentration Pathway RDE Research, Development and Extension RFU Regional Field Unit RIS River Irrigation System RO Regional Office ROW Right of Way RTA Rice Tariffication Act S&E Situational and Environmental SANREM Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management SCHEMA Schema Konsult Inc. SD Spring Development SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDP Social Development Plan SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SFR Small Farm Reservoir SIP Small Irrigation Project SIS Small Irrigation System SMD Systems Management Division SMS Short Messaging System SOM Service-Oriented Management S&P Seepage and Percolation SPIP Solar-powered Irrigation Project SPIS Solar-powered Irrigation System SPISP Southern Philippines Irrigation Sector Project SQL Standard Query Language SRIP Small Reservoir Irrigation System SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SSIP Small-scale Irrigation Project STW Shallow Tube Well SUCs State Universities and Colleges SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool SWIP Small Water Impounding Project SWIS Small Water Impounding System SWISA Small Water Irrigation System Association SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats SWRFT Senior Water Resource Facilities Technician TB Terabyte TCP Technical Cooperation Project TCP3 Technical Cooperation Project No. 3 TDF Technology Demonstration Farm TGIS Tarlac Ground Water Irrigation System TIFF Tagged Image File Format TNA Training Needs Assessment TP Technical Progress TRIP Three-Year Rolling Infrastructure Program TSA Turnout Service Area TTWS Technology Transfer for Water Savings TWS Transitory Water Storage UAS Unmanned Aerial Survey UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UP DREAM University of the Philippines Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitiga tion UPLBFI University of the Philippines Los Baños Foundation, Inc. UPRIIS Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture US-GD Upstream Start-Going Downstream USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VE/VA Value Engineering/Value Analysis WateRice Water Efficient and Risk Mitigation Technologies for Enhancing Rice Production in Irrigated and Rainfed Environment WB World Bank WDD Water Distribution and Delivery WR Water Resources WRR Water Resources Region WST Water-Saving Technology WUA Water Users Association WUE Water Use Efficiency ZOPP Zielorientierte Projektplanung/Objectives-Oriented Project Planning Figure 3.1. General Framework for the Updating, Refinement and Enhancement of the Irrigation Master Plan 27 Figure 3.2. The General Methodological Framework 29 Figure 3.3. General Framework Highlighting the Major Components of the Enhanced NIMP 30 Figure 4.1. NIA’s Logical Framework for 2020-2030 36 Figure 4.2. Implementation framework for the New NIMP 2020-2030 56 Figure 4.3. Projected Palay Production vs Projected Palay Demand (Baseline) for 2020-2030 58 Figure 4.4. Projected Palay Production vs Projected Palay Demand (Scenario 1) for 2020-2030 59 Figure 4.5. Annual Projected Target Area for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Baseline) in 2020-2030 60 Figure 4.6. Annual Projected Target Area for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Scenario 1) for 2020-2030 61 Figure 4.7. Geodatabase Functionalities 63 Figure 4.8. Generated Gross Potential Irrigable Area of the Philippines 66 Figure 4.9. Compilation of Restrictions Used to Derive the Net Potential Irrigable Area 68 Figure 4.10. Generated Net Potential Irrigable Area of the Philippines 70 Figure 4.11. Net Potential Irrigable Area with Minimum Area of 5 ha 71 Figure 4.12. Net Potential Irrigable Area with Minimum Area of 10 ha 72 Figure 4.13. Plot of Maximum, Minimum and Average Unit Discharges per Region 96 Figure 4.14. Hydrogeologic Map of Pangasinan 97 Figure 4.15. Water Resources Availability for Net PIA (>5ha) 98 Figure 4.16. Water Resources Availability for Net PIA (>10ha) 99 Figure 4.17. Heat Map of PIP Projects 138 Figure 4.18. Map of 57 Priority Provinces 139 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.19. Map of All Priority Projects 140 Figure 4.20. Concept of Maintenance Management 143 Figure 4.21. Management Cycle of WDD 148 Figure 4.22. Framework for Determining Season of An Irrigation System 149 Figure 4.23. Framework for Equitable and Flexible Supply and Decision-making Procedure of an Irrigation System 150 Figure 4.24. Relation Between Parameters of Operational Objectives and Logical Choices for Flow Control Methods 150 Figure 4.25. The MASSCOTE framework 151 Figure 4.26. Conceptual Framework of the RAP 152 Figure 4.27. Framework for Water Scarcity Response Options 158 Figure 4.28. Maps of AWD Suitability and Rice Extent in (a) Wet Harvest Season and (b) Dry Harvest Seasons in the Philippines 165 Figure 4.29. The EIA Process in the Project Cycle 203 Figure 4.30. Mind Map for Pre-test of Questionnaires and Other Participatory Techniques 204 Figure 4.31. Annual Projected Total Cost (P’000) for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Baseline) for 2020-2030 213 Figure 4.32. Annual Projected Total Cost (P’000) for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Scenario 1) for 2020-2030 215 Figure 4.33. Annual Net Present Benefit of Baseline Scenario 221 Figure 4.34. Annual Net Present Benefit of Scenario 222 Figure 5.1. Data Updating Workflow for the NIA Geodatabase 243 Figure 5.2. Stakeholders’ Requirements for Entering into PPP 257 Table 4.1. NIMP (Irrigation Infrastructure Development) Results Framework 40 Table 4.2. Baseline Projection Scenario (Scenario 0) 58 Table 4.3. Scenario 1 Projection 59 Table 4.4. Projected Total Areas of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Baseline Scenario 61 Table 4.5. Projected Total Areas of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Scenario 1 62 Table 4.6. Geodatabase File for Each Region 63 Table 4.7. Regional Gross Potential Irrigable Area 65 Table 4.8. Comparison between NIA and UPLBFI Estimates of Irrigated Areas under NIS 67 Table 4.9. Regional Net Potential Irrigable Area with ≥ 5 Ha and ≥ 10 Ha 69 Table 4.10. High Yield Provinces for the Potential Competitive Provinces under Rice Tariffed Regime 74 Table 4.11. Low Yield Provinces for the Potential Competitive Provinces under Rice Tariffed Regime 75 Table 4.12. Average Irrigation Water Requirements per Region with Effective Rainfall 77 Table 4.13. Average Irrigation Water Requirements per Region without Effective Rainfall 78 Table 4.14. Estimated Irrigation Water Requirements for the 57 Priority Provinces with Effective Rainfall 79 Table 4.15. Estimated Irrigation Water Requirements for the 57 Priority Provinces without Effective Rainfall 82 Table 4.16. Irrigation Water Demand per Region with Effective Rainfall 84 Table 4.17. Irrigation Water Demand per Region without Effective Rainfall 85 Table 4.18. Irrigation Water Demand for Remaining Areas for Development with Effective Rainfall 86 Table 4.19. Irrigation Water Demand for Remaining Areas for Development with Effective Rainfall 87 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.20. Irrigation Water Demand for All Existing Irrigation Systems and Estimated Available Water Supply per Region with Effective Rainfall 89 Table 4.21. Irrigation Water Demand for All Existing Irrigation Systems and Estimated Available Water Supply per Region without Effective Rainfall 90 Table 4.22. Irrigation Water Demand for Additional Irrigated Area Requirement Based on All Physical Target Scenarios with Effective Rainfall 91 Table 4.23. Irrigation Water Demand for Additional Irrigated Area Requirement Based on All Physical Target Scenarios without Effective Rainfall 92 Table 4.24. Overall Irrigation Water Demand and Available Water Supply Based on Physical Target Scenarios with Effective Rainfall 93 Table 4.25. Overall Irrigation Water Demand and Available Water Supply Based on Physical Target Scenarios without Effective Rainfall 94 Table 4.26. Estimates of Unit Discharge per Region 95 Table 4.27. Proposed distribution of weights for the major criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects 100 Table 4.28. Public Investment Projects 2017-2022 102 Table 4.29. PIP Projects in the PIP Programmed into Short, Medium and Long Term 106 Table 4.30. Priority PIP Projects Programmed in the Short Term (2020-2022) 107 Table 4.31. Prioritized New NIPs and Their Costs 107 Table 4.32. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of National Irrigation System for Restoration 109 Table 4.33. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of Communal Irrigation Projects (CIPs) 109 Table 4.34. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of Multipurpose Projects (MPs) 109 Table 4.35. Area per Province per Scenario for Short- and Medium-term projects based on NIA Data on Irrigable Area, 2020-2025 110 Table 4.36. Area per Province per Scenario for Long term projects based on NIA Irrigable Area, 2026-2030 112 Table 4.37. Area per System per Province per Scenario in the Short-term Based on NIA Irrigable Area 113 Table 4.38. Area per System per Province per Scenario in the Medium-term Based on NIA Irrigable Area 117 Table 4.39. Area per System per Province per Scenario in the Long-term Based on NIA Irrigable Area 121 Table 4.40. Area per Province per Scenario for Short- and Medium-term projects Based GIS Computed Irrigable Area 123 Table 4.41. Projected Area per Province per Scenario under Long Term Based on GIS Irrigable Area 125 Table 4.42. Area per System per Province per Scenario in the Short-term Based on GIS Irrigable Area 127 Table 4.43. Area per System per Province per Scenario in the Medium-term Based on GIS Irrigable Area 131 Table 4.45. Gantt Chart for Irrigation Investment (2020 to 2030) 141 Table 4.46 Criterion of Ranking According to Importance of Facilities 145 Table 4.47. Classification of Soundness of Facility 146 Table 4.48. Priority of Countermeasure Work 146 Table 4.49. External and Internal Indicators Computed by RAP 153 Table 4.50. Estimated Number of Farmers Adopting AWD in the Philippines by Region as of May 2011 164 Table 4.51. Summary of AWD Suitability for Major Rice-growing Areas 164 Table 4.52. Estimated Number of Trained Agricultural Workers and Farmers, Established Demonstration Farms, and Farmer Adopters of Aerobic Rice in the Philippines as of September 2010 166 Table 4.53. Eight Key Checks of PalayCheck System 167 Table 4.54. Observed Climate Change and Variability Impacts and Adaptation Measures and Works in Philippine Irrigation Systems in Various Regions 175 Table 4.55. Design Criteria and Considerations for Pressurized Irrigation Methods 190 Table 4.56. Key Institutions in Managing the Environment 198 Table 4.57. Key Laws and Policies in Managing the Environment 200 Table 4.58. Environmental Sustainability and Irrigation Planning, Design and Construction; various NIA stakeholders; formulation of NIMP; 2018 2019 205 Table 4.59. Degree of Importance of Watershed Condition as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M 207 Table 4.60. Degree of Importance of Water Quality as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M 208 Table 4.61. Degree of Importance of Flooding as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M 209 Table 4.62. Environmental and Social Considerations in the Prioritization of Irrigation Projects 210 Table 4.63. Projected Total Cost of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Baseline Scenario 214 Table 4.64. Projected Total Cost of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Scenario 216 Table 4.65. Projected Total Cost with Rehabilitation and Modernization Cost (2020-2030) under Baseline Scenario 218 Table 4.66. Projected Total Cost with Rehabilitation and Modernization Cost (2020-2030) under Scenario 1 219 Table 4.67. Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for Baseline Scenario 220 Table 4.68. Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for Scenario 1 221 Table 4.69. Summary Table per Scenario under Each Case 223 Table 4.70. Projected Area and Cost for Sugarcane, 2020-2030 223 Table 4.71. Projected Area and Cost for Coconut, 2020-2030 224 Table 4.72. Projected Area and Cost for Banana, 2020-2030 224 Table 4.73. Projected Area and Cost for Corn, 2020-2030 225 Table 4.74. Projected Area and Cost for Pineapple, 2020-2030 225 Table 4.75. Projected Area and Cost for Mango, 2020-2030 226 Table 4.76. Projected Area and Cost for Tobacco, 2020-2030 227 Table 4.77. Projected Costs for NIA and OGA based on Fund Source under Baseline Scenario, 2020-2030 227 Table 4.78. Projected Costs for NIA and OGA based on Fund Source under Scenario 1, 2020-2030 228 Table 4.79. Results-based M&E: Evaluation of the NIMP Impacts 230 Table 4.80. Results-based M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation of the NIMP Outcomes 231 Table 5.1. Proposed Composition of the Geodatabase Unit 244 Table 5.2. Number of Participants for Geodatabase Capacity Building 245 Table 5.3. Preparatory Activities and Office in Charge 245 Table 5.4. Topics and Schedule 246 Table 5.5 Considerations in the Integration of Gender in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 254 MESSAGE Through the years, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) has served as the catalyst of change and the protagonist in serving the Filipino farmers with the best irrigation services that they deserve. The 10-Year National Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) serves as a blueprint for irrigation development in the Philippines for the period 2020-2030 with the hope of increasing irrigated agriculture, achieving food security, and alleviating poverty through farmers’ improved productivity. One of the major recommendations of the NIMP is on the NIA’s Organizational Restructuring which primarily aims to strengthen the agency’s organizational capacity. Positively acting on this recommendation is crucial in the realization of the strategic plan, goals and objectives of the NIA towards a more effective and efficient irrigation service delivery. “Strengthening NIA Organization” is the third pillar of my Four-Point Agenda. May I extend my gratitude and appreciation to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for financing the NIMP and to the University of the Philippines Los Baños Foundation, Inc. (UPLBFI) for formulating the NIMP. GEN RICARDO R VISAYA (Ret) Administrator National Irrigation Administration 1 ExEcuTivE Summary This document presents the National Irrigation Master Plan (NIMP) for the period 2020-2030, a national level master plan intended to provide national guidelines for irrigation development in the Philippines for the stated period. It is an updated and enhanced version of the old Master Plan (2017-2026). The general objective of the new NIMP (2020-2030) is to achieve food security and poverty reduction through enhanced farmers’ competitiveness with accelerated and sustained irrigation development under diversified crop production systems. The new NIMP specifically intends to achieve the following objectives: 1) develop a new geodatabase system and generate updated geospatial data including updated estimates of potential irrigable areas, irrigation water supply and demand and other relevant irrigation system planning and design parameters; 2) formulate performance targets and indicators consistent with the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) Results Matrix; 3) formulate physical targets for irrigation development taking into account the Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap (PRIR) and Rice Tariffication Act (RTA); 4) develop an investment program of projects for the medium- and long-term including readily implementable new projects in the short term; 5) provide guidelines for the development of a maintenance enhancement and operation plan of irrigation systems including strategies on asset management and taking into consideration the Free Irrigation Service Act (FISA) of 2017 (RA 10969); 6) integrate emerging water efficient technologies, and Climate Change Adaptation/Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CCA/DRRM) in irrigation development; 7) realign irrigation development to support diversified agricultural production systems; and 8) formulate institutional reforms for an efficient and successful new master plan. An assessment of the status of the irrigated agriculture sector is first presented for a better appreciation of baseline conditions. This includes status of land and water resources, socio-economic conditions, agricultural productivity and farmers’ income, status of irrigation development, institutional development, emerging issues and constraints in irrigation development and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the irrigated agriculture sector. Results of the critical review of the old Master Plan, focusing on its strengths and limitations, are also presented to serve as takeoff point for its updating and enhancement and as basis for formulating the new NIMP 2020-2030. Based on objective analysis, the old Master Plan lacks a clear statement of objectives, physical targets, mix of irrigation investment programs, a workable geodatabase, adequate irrigation support for crop diversification, mainstreaming of CCA and DRRM, institutional development concerns, social and environmental safeguards, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) among others. Moreover, some recommendations are no longer valid or relevant in view of recent legislative developments such as the FISA and the RTA among other contemporary issues. The new NIMP 2020-2030 was formulated using a systematic and comprehensive approach based on a theoretical framework that takes into account overarching policies such as the PDP, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA), Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan (AFMP), FISA, RTA, NIA’s Rationalization Plan, DA’s Rice Roadmap, and other environmental and social policies and contemporary issues such as climate change and climate variability, land use change, inefficient water management, crop diversification among others. The approach is holistic taking into account the various considerations such as technical (land and water resources), economic, financial, social, environmental, institutional, organizational and legal considerations. Clustered regional Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted in the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao as part of consultation with stakeholders from all regions in the country to determine the various issues and constraints affecting irrigation development in each region; identify alternatives in irrigation development in each region; and perform validation of the proposed criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects among other issues. Field visitation and Unmanned Aerial Surveys (UAS) in selected existing irrigation systems and projects under construction were also conducted. Additional FGDs with other stakeholders including Irrigators Association (IA) were also conducted. Similarly, consultative meetings with the staff of the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) Office of the Deputy Administrator for Engineering and Operations 2ExEcuTivE Summary and Office of the Corporate Planning Services (CorPlan) were conducted to level off on matters relevant to the refinement of the NIMP. Strategic planning workshops were also conducted as part of institutional development and for redefining NIA’s mission, vision and core values and for determining NIA’s strategic goals, objectives and programs as important inputs to the NIMP. The new NIMP basically includes the following: 1) Statement of Mission, Vision and Core Values of NIA; 2) Strategic Goals and the Logical Framework of Irrigation Development; 3) Objectives of the New NIMP; 4) Results Framework; 5) NIMP Implementation Framework; 6) Physical Targets; 7) the New NIA Geodatabase and its Applications; 8) New Estimates of Potential Irrigable Areas at Various Slope Limits; 9) Estimates and Projections of Irrigation Water Supply and Demand; 10) Proposed Criteria for Prioritization of Irrigation Projects; 11) Proposed mix of irrigation projects and investment program (including readily implementable programs in the short term); 12) Maintenance Enhancement and Operation Plan of Irrigation Systems; 13) Water-use Efficient and Water Saving Technologies; 14) Climate Change and Disaster Resiliency in Irrigation Development Master Plan (IDMP); 15) Irrigation Support for High Value Crop Production Systems; 16) Environmental and Social Safeguards for Irrigation Development; 17) Strategic Shifts toward Organizational Effectiveness; 18) Projected Costs and Benefits for 2020-2030 Projects; 19) Budgetary Requirements and Financing Schemes; 20) Implementation Strategies; 21) Monitoring and Evaluation (Performance Indicators); and 22) Recommendations for Effective Implementation of the NIMP. Based on strategic planning conducted, the new Vision-Mission for NIA was formulated and now stated in the new NIMP 2020-2030 along with such core values as integrity, continuous innovation, commitment and excellence. Strategic goals and programs along with a logical framework for irrigation development were also formulated. Strategic goals include accelerated irrigation development; increased farmers’ productivity and income; enhanced irrigation efficiency; strengthened stability and climate resiliency of irrigation systems; and improved asset management and income generation. On the other hand, strategic programs include generation of new irrigated areas for diversified cropping; modernization of irrigation systems; sustainable watershed management; transformation of IAs into profitable agribusiness institutions; irrigation research and development (R&D) programs; and efficient and effective asset management. Most of these strategic goals and programs served as inputs to the NIMP 2020-2030. The objectives of NIMP, as previously stated, are consistent with the strategic plans and programs but also considered recent legislative developments such as the FISA and RTA among other contemporary issues previously stated. Based on the specified objectives, a results framework/matrix was then developed and is presented in this NIMP. The results framework includes impacts, outcomes and outputs and their corresponding indicators and targets. Essentially, the framework was crafted to make it workable and achievable and at the same time consistent with the PDP Results Matrix. With food security rather than food self-sufficiency being the thrust of the PDP, this NIMP targets 98% rice sufficiency by year 2030. The NIMP also targets at least 10% of farm household areas moving up of income poverty threshold and at least 20% additional agricultural jobs created in irrigated areas by the end of 2030. With food security and poverty reduction, which indirectly address farmers’ competitiveness through accelerated and sustained irrigation development under diversified cropping systems, as the impact, the desired outcomes include improved NIA irrigation system planning and management, enabled IAs, resilient systems and resilient farmers. The desired outputs include the new geodatabase system, new irrigated areas, investment program of projects of various terms, maintenance enhancement and operation plan and asset management guidelines, adoption of water use-efficient technologies and practices, irrigation support for crop diversification and institutional reforms. Various measurable indicators and targets are specified for each of these outputs, outcomes and impacts as presented in this NIMP. To meet the desired results in the NIMP 2020-2030, physical area targets for irrigation development were developed for the whole period of implementation. Various scenarios for physical 3 ExEcuTivE Summary targets, aside from the status quo or baseline scenario based on the current trend of irrigation development, were formulated based on different physical, agronomic and policy options. The production-enhancing and cost-reducing Scenario 1, upon which the investment program is based, assumes a policy of national rice security, a constant annual growth in irrigated area of 2.8% and allows for improvements in agronomic conditions. National average crop yield under irrigated areas is assumed to be 4.43 tons/ha initially for 2020-2021, 5 tons/ha for 2022-2024 then improving to an average of 5.4 tons/ha (2025-2030), based on the assumption that yield enhancing interventions result in an average yield of 6 tons/ha in high yield provinces, 5 tons/ha in medium yield provinces, and 4 tons/ha for the rest of the rice producing provinces. National average cropping intensity in all irrigated systems is assumed at 170% from 2020-2030. It also assumes decreasing postharvest losses from 14% for 2020-2021, to 12% for 2022-2030. These assumptions are reflective of the general thrust of the PRIR and the Rice Tariffication Law of improving yields and reducing losses to boost competitiveness to ensure rice security. Eight (8) other scenarios, aside from S1 and the baseline scenario S0, are presented based on varying assumptions on factors that drive agricultural productivity. These scenarios are included to make the NIMP more flexible and adaptable to possible changes in food security policies at the national level since the PDP is valid only until 2022 and the NIMP will be implemented until 2030. At the same time provisions of additional scenarios or policy options will make the NIMP not only flexible but also more aggressive as recommended by most of the NIA regional managers during the stakeholders’ consultative meetings. This NimP targets a total increase in new irrigated area of 681,709 ha for the period 2020 to 2030, under Scenario 1. Of this total, 620,357 ha will be contributed by Nia while the remaining 61,353 ha will be developed by Other Government agencies (OGa). This total area will come from new irrigation projects (314,516 ha), restoration projects (190,052 ha) and multipurpose projects (mPs) (115,788 ha) by Nia while the rest will be contributed by OGa. The new irrigation projects by Nia will come from National irrigation Projects (NiPs) (129,070 ha) and communal irrigation Projects (ciPs)/Small irrigation Projects (SiPs) (185,446 ha). irrigated areas to be restored under National irrigation Systems (NiSs) and communal irrigation Systems (ciSs)/Small irrigation Systems (SiSs) will be 72,757 ha and 117,295 ha, respectively. all these irrigation developments will bring the total actual irrigated area in the country to about 2.60 m ha by year 2030.Consequently, rice production is projected to increase from 17.14 MT (palay) or 9.31 MT (milled rice) in 2020 to 23.6 MT and 13.5 MT in 2030 for unmilled and milled rice, respectively. The rice import requirement is then projected to decrease from 3.23 MT in 2020 to 0.79 MT in 2030 under Scenario 1. Yearly projections of new irrigated areas and their breakdown into systems under NIA and OGA are also presented in this NIMP. Scenario 1 requires a total annual increase in irrigated area ranging from 53,776 ha (with 48,936 ha under NIA and 4,840 ha under OGA) in 2020 to 70,879 ha (with 64,500 ha under NIA and 6,379 ha under OGA) in 2030. The required new irrigated areas can still be catered by the remaining undeveloped Potential Irrigable Area (PIA) of 1,215,441 ha (as of 2018) based on 3% slope limit. The other more aggressive scenarios 2 and 3 would require a total increase in irrigated area of around 1,654,000 ha and 1,336,000 ha, respectively, for 2020-2030 obviously requiring more potential irrigable areas beyond the 3% slope limit. Nevertheless, both areal requirements can be satisfied based on the current geospatial estimates of PIA of up to 8% slope. Further breakdown of the annual requirements for new irrigated areas into NIPs, CIPs/SIPs, MPs, and OGA along with areas for restoration are also presented under each scenario. A new NIA geodatabase system, containing both national and regional sets of geo-spatial data, was developed and is presented in this NIMP (2020-2030). The geodatabase has four major components and functionalities, namely 1) data content and nomenclature; 2) attribute design and structure; 3) use of attribute domains and the 4) incorporation of the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation (GAME) model. It is comprehensive and practical to use and at the same time flexible in that it can accommodate any new information in the future. Implementation strategies for the new geodatabase including hardware and software 4ExEcuTivE Summary requirements, manpower requirements and capacity building at the national and regional levels are also presented in this NIMP. Geospatial analysis of existing and potential irrigable areas based on satellite data and other reliable sources, taking into account areal restrictions particularly ancestral domains, protected areas, mangrove areas, active faults, forest areas, built-up areas and inland water has generated new estimates of potential irrigable areas per region at various slope limits and contiguous areas. For a new slope limit of 8%, the estimated net potential irrigable area in the whole country is 3,876,298 ha for contiguous areas of at least 5 ha and 3,717,898 ha for at least 10 ha of contiguous areas. The regional breakdown is also provided in this Master Plan. It should be stressed, however, that further refinement of these estimates is necessary and can only be done through local level verification which in turn can be carried out during the recommended formulation of lower level plans such as regional and provincial master plans. In addition, the potential irrigable areas in the 57 priority provinces identified in DA’s Rice Roadmap were estimated and mapped for both high yield provinces (>4 tons/ha) and low yield provinces (<4 tons/ha). Estimation and projections of irrigation water supply and demand per region were also performed as important irrigation system planning parameters. Regionalized estimates of unit dependable flow at 80% probability of exceedance were generated from flow duration (frequency) analysis of streamflow data from 291 rivers all over the country, the regional average and range of values of which are presented in this NIMP. Regionalized water duties at the farm and system levels were also estimated for years 2020, 2025 and 2030 based on historical data, climate change projections of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and typical biophysical characteristics and cropping patterns in various provinces and regions, the values of which are presented in this NIMP. The regionalized values of volumetric irrigation water demand for 2020, 2025 and 2030 were also estimated based on the regionalized water duties, estimated potential irrigable areas and typical cropping patterns and are presented in this NIMP. Analysis of water supply and demand showed that the total available surface water supply at 80% probability will be more than adequate to meet the total irrigation water demand for the required new irrigated areas in the physical targets for the period 2020-2030 at the national level. However, there are regional differences and estimates show that while many regions will have adequate surface water supply to meet the irrigation water demand until 2030, deficits are projected to be incurred in Regions I and III. Other potential irrigation water sources, most notably groundwater sources may also be tapped in various parts of the country, the areal extent of which is mapped and presented in this NIMP, to deal with the spatio-temporal variabilities of water supply. It is stressed that while the NIMP has provided national and regional estimates and projections of water supply and demand for irrigation, a more detailed and site-specific assessment should be done at the local level during the recommended formulation of regional and provincial master plans. A new set of criteria for prioritization was also developed in this NIMP. The new set of criteria takes into account the four major considerations, namely: 1) technical (land and water resources) feasibility (35%); 2) institutional feasibility (20%); 3) economic and financial feasibility (25%); and 4) environmental and social feasibility (20%), each of which is further broken down into subcategories or sub-criteria with a proposed scoring system to be used as basis for ranking of irrigation projects under each of the five major types of irrigation projects, namely: 1) new NIPs; 2) rehabilitation or restoration of NIS; 3) new CIPs/SIPs; 4) rehabilitation or restoration of CISs/SISs; and 5) new MPs. The distribution of weights was based on the combination of stakeholders’ opinion from the results from the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) surveys performed during the clustered regional FGDs and expert’s opinion. The subcategories under each major criterion and the scoring system were also subjected to stakeholders’ consultation and are presented in this NIMP. 5 ExEcuTivE Summary The NIMP 2020-2030 integrates NIA’s Updated Public Investment Program (PIP) 2017-2022 into the proposed irrigation infrastructure investment plan. Under the PIP projects, a total of about 104,460 ha are programmed for NIPs, 1,048 ha are programmed for NIS restoration projects, 4,903 ha are programmed for CIPs and 88,918 ha are programmed for MPs for a total area of 199,329 ha. These PIP projects, with feasibility studies, were subjected to the criteria for prioritization, ranked and programmed for implementation based on gestation period, with 1-3 years for short, 4-6 years for medium and more than 6 years for long-term projects. The required additional areas for irrigation development will be covered by non-PIP projects. The total PIAs covered by the investment plan were distributed across the 57 priority provinces identified by the Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030 using an allocation scheme based on the provincial share on PIA. The total potential area to be developed was distributed to short-term (about 166,000 ha) medium-term (about 180,000 ha) and long-term (336,000 ha) projects. This programming is intended to meet the required physical target of about 682,000 ha as previously stated. The programming of areas in this NIMP also considered incorporation of irrigation projects identified in the old provincial master plans. However, these projects still need to be subjected to feasibility studies and the criteria for prioritization. The disaggregated investment plan for each province for the short-, medium-and long-term is presented in this NIMP. Projections of total costs for NIPs, CIPs/SIPs, MPs and OGA projects were made for Scenario1 based on estimated unit cost of irrigation development for various modes. For the period 2020 2030 under Scenario 1, the annual cost ranges from about PHP 3.7 B in 2020 to about PHP 17 B in 2030 for new NIPs; PHP 7.2 B in 2020 to PHP 2.1 B in 2030 for the restoration of NISs; PHP 7.4 B to PHP 13.8 B for new CIPs/SIPs; PHP 1.4 B to PHP 4.9 B for the restoration of CISs/SISs; PHP 13.4 B to PHP 31.5 B for new MPs and PHP 1.8 B to PHP 3.5 B for OGA irrigation projects. under Scenario 1, the total cost for all irrigation projects for 2020-2030 is estimated to be PHP 438.4 B (PHP 99.4 B for new NiPs, PHP 43.9 B for restoration of NiSs, PHP 138.6 B for new ciPs/SiPs, PHP 25.7 B for restoration of ciSs/SiSs, PHP 101.9 B for mPs and PHP 28.9 B for OGa-projects), just slightly higher than the cost projected for the baseline condition at PHP 386.1 B. Cost projections for other Scenarios are much higher than Scenario 1 and are also presented in this NIMP. The costs for rehabilitation and modernization were also projected based on the assumptions of 10% and 20% additional costs, respectively and are presented in this NIMP. Under Scenario 1, the annual cost of rehabilitation ranges from about PHP 3 B to PHP 4 B per year while that for modernization ranges from about PHP 7 B to PHP 8 B per year. For the entire 2020-2030 period, the total projected rehabilitation cost is estimated to be about PHP 41 B while modernization cost is estimated to be PHP 82 B. Overall, this NimP will require a total budget of PHP 561.2 B for the period 2020 to 2030 for new irrigation projects (NiPs and ciPs/SiPs), restoration projects (NiS and ciS/SiS), mPs, rehabilitation projects and modernization projects, to achieve the physical targets under Scenario 1. Of this total, PHP 532.3 B shall be allocated to Nia and PHP 28.9 B to OGa. NIA’s yearly budget will range from PHP 43 B in 2020 to PHP 49.1 B in 2030. The OGA will be allocated PHP 1.8 B in 2020 to PHP 3.5 B in 2030. These estimates do not differ much from the baseline scenario (status quo) which will require a total of PHP 494.3 B for both NIA and OGA unlike Scenarios 2 and 3 with PHP 508 B and PHP 460 B cost projections, respectively, for the same period. Benefit-cost analysis for Scenario 1 indicated an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 40.6%, Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 5.25 and Net Present Value (NPV) of PHP 450 B at 10% discount rate. The return on investment for Scenario 1 is better than the baseline scenario, which has an IRR of only 37.44%, BCR of 4.69 and NPV of PHP 337 B at the same discount rate. Sensitivity analysis also proved that Scenario 1 is a more viable option than the baseline scenario from the economic standpoint. The budgetary requirements and financing schemes for the various scenarios are consequently presented in this NIMP. Budgetary requirements are broken down into local or 6ExEcuTivE Summary National Government (NG)-funded at 83% and Foreign or Official Development Assistance (ODA) at 17%, based on historical record for the period 2015-2018. under Scenario 1, a total of PHP 339.9 B will be locally funded, and PHP 69.6 B will be foreign assisted for the period 2020-2030 for Nia projects alone. For OGa, PHP 24 B and PHP 4.9 B will be sourced through local and foreign funding, respectively for the same scenario and period. Under this most conservative and most cost-effective scenario (Scenario 1), the annual local financing requirements for NIA alone will range from PHP 27.5 B in 2020 to PHP 31.4 B in 2030 while annual ODA will range from PHP 5.6 B in 2020 to PHP 6.4 B in 2030. For OGA under the same scenario and period, the annual local and foreign funding will range from PHP 1.5 B to PHP 2.9 B per year and from PHP 313.4 M to PHP 596.2 M per year, respectively. As further enhancement to the NIMP, physical targets for selected high value crops (HVCs) are also presented in this NIMP. Projections of irrigated area requirements for the top three (3) HVCs (sugarcane, coconut and banana), based on production record and potential for export were made. The total required increase in areas to be supported by irrigation development for sugarcane, coconut and banana was estimated to be 79,022 ha, 423,857 ha and 52,325 ha, respectively for the period 2020-2030. Additional projections of total area requirements for the same period for other crops such as corn (142,343 ha), pineapple (21,174 ha), mango (30,090 ha) and tobacco (246 ha) were also made and presented in this NIMP. Cost projections under two (2) irrigation support options (drip irrigation with STW and drip with Solar-Powered Irrigation System [SPIS]) were also made and are presented in this NIMP. All additional areas will still fit in the estimated total potential irrigable area especially with the extension of the slope limit to 8%. Refinements of these projections at the regional and provincial levels and additional options for crop diversification and irrigation support can be done during the recommended formulation of the regional and provincial master plans. Maintenance enhancement and operation plan of irrigation systems as well as recommendations on water-use efficient and water saving technologies (WSTs) are presented in the NIMP. Two approaches, namely 1) combined approach using Farmland Geographic Information System (FGIS), asset management and water distribution and delivery and 2) using design logic framework and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-based Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques (MASSCOTE) approach are provided as options for maintenance enhancement and operation plan. Water-use efficient and water-saving technologies and practices are recommended in this NIMP including alternate wetting and drying (AWD), use of aerobic rice, crop diversification, use of short duration and drought resistant varieties, among others. Physical interventions such as the use of shallow tube wells (STW), SPIS, Transitory Water Storage (TWS) and drainage reuse along with procedural interventions such as laser land leveling, good bund management and proper tillage, construction of field channels or tertiary irrigation and drainage canals, community seedbed and adoption of direct seeded rice, use of short duration, high yielding, water-efficient and climate resilient varieties, adjustment of cropping calendar to periods of higher rainfall and/or low evaporative demand, rotational irrigation scheme, AWD, use of aerobic rice technology, use of crop manager, and PalayCheck system were also recommended. Specific guidelines on the various WST options are also provided. Furthermore, incentive mechanisms to enhance adoption of AWD and other water saving practices are presented in this NIMP. In view of the vulnerability of irrigation systems to climate change, climate variability and natural disasters, recommendations for climate proofing of irrigation systems and infrastructures from planning and design to construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) and rehabilitation are presented. Climate change adaptation options and technologies are also recommended for irrigation development and management including watershed protection and management, modernization of irrigation systems, integration of climate change risk assessment into Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), water supply augmentation, water conservation and storage and use of alternative water sources. Options for disaster risk reduction and management are likewise offered including flood and drought forecasting system and early warning systems (EWS) for floods, landslide and mudflow. Other recommendations in the form of policy and regulations, research, 7 ExEcuTivE Summary development and extension are also presented. Among the most important recommendations to address climate and disaster resiliency in irrigation development include the development of new engineering design standards and strict quality assurance and quality control during project construction. Irrigation support for crop diversification is also presented in this NIMP to help augment farmers’ income and enhance their competitiveness. Diversified cropping options including cropping patterns for various climatic types in the country are presented in this NIMP. Irrigation options for crop diversification such as sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, furrow irrigation among others are also presented. Irrigation support for crop diversification including the use of STW, small water impounding systems or small farm reservoirs, SPIS, pipe delivery systems or a hybrid of open channel and pipe distribution system and water management schemes are also offered. In view of the costly nature of farm level irrigation methods particularly the pressurized irrigation systems such as sprinkler and drip irrigation, public-private partnerships (PPP) should be explored in the provision of irrigation support for crop diversification. The details of the PPP for irrigation support for high value crop production systems can be fleshed out during the formulation of the regional and provincial master plans. An additional enhancement to the NIMP includes recommendations for environmental and social safeguards to make irrigation development sustainable, environment-friendly and socially acceptable. Critical environmental and social issues in irrigated agriculture such as watershed degradation, land conversion, increasing occurrences of extreme weather events, indigenous people’s resistance to irrigation projects, conflicting laws on water uses and presence of illegal settlers were identified based on surveys of irrigation stakeholders. Based on the combination of stakeholders’ consultations and experts’ knowhow, specific guidelines and recommendations on the implementation and strengthening of environmental and social safeguards are also presented in this NIMP. Moreover, capacity building for NIA on ESIA is recommended. For the organizational and institutional aspects of the NIMP, strategic shifts toward organizational effectiveness are recommended. This includes shifting towards competitiveness, irrigation development programs, clearly defined functions and deliverables, decentralized/ deconcentrated operations, broader objective for Irrigators Association on agribusiness development, strong and dynamic national R&D, strong private sector investment, dynamic research-based planning, a robust Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME) and a strong and clearly defined accountability system. The creation of a Quality Assurance Office along with a Social and Environmental Safeguard Unit is also recommended as part of institutional development of NIA. Organizational restructuring directions and guiding principles are also provided for NIA. An additional enhancement to the Master Plan is the inclusion of RBME system with specified performance indicators to ensure attainment of the physical targets and desired results. Essentially, the RBME system is based on the Results Framework developed for this NIMP. The RBME system is presented in this plan. As a general guide in the proper implementation of the NIMP (2020-2030), an implementation framework is provided in this document. It covers the four stages in irrigation project development cycle, namely 1) planning 2) design and construction 3) O&M, and 4) monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Numerous recommendations are also offered in this NIMP covering the technical (water resources management and Geodatabase), organizational, environmental, social and financial aspects. Furthermore, other important and urgent recommendations are emphasized including 1) Formulation of regional and provincial master plans, 2) Formulation of new engineering design standards to make irrigation infrastructure more climate and disaster resilient, 3) Creation of Quality Control/Quality Assurance to ensure high levels of standards during the construction of 8ExEcuTivE Summary irrigation projects, 4) Implementation of Value Engineering/Value Analysis (VE/VA) in all stages of the irrigation development, 5) Strong coordination between the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and NIA on watershed and aquifer protection and management, 6) Support and push for the enactment of the national land use policy act to protect agricultural lands, 7) Upgrading of the minimum requirements for conducting Feasibility Study (FS) to meet the data requirements of the new set of criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects and 8) Exploration of PPP for irrigation development particularly for MPs and for diversified cropping systems. While this NIMP 2020-2030 provides the roadmap and sets direction for irrigation development for the whole country at the national level, it is emphasized herein that lower level plans such as regional and provincial master plans should be formulated to generate more detailed irrigation development plans based on the physical targets set in this NIMP for the various regions and provinces. These lower level plans should also generate more detailed irrigation related information that could serve as basis for the continuous updating of the new geodatabase system and refinement of its entries. Overall, this NIMP 2020-2030 has laid down the groundwork and guidelines for national irrigation development to meet the goals of food security and poverty reduction in the Philippines through enhancement of farmers’ competitiveness while addressing recent relevant legislative developments and contemporary issues and concerns. 11 introduction CHAPTER 1 1.1. Rationale for National Irrigation Master Plan The need for a workable and comprehensive NIMP can never be overemphasized given the fact that the rate of irrigation development in the Philippines has been alarmingly slow over the last 30 years to address national food security, economic inclusivity and poverty reduction problems in the rural areas (Ella, 2019). Based on the most recent reported data, the level of irrigation development, i.e., the ratio of total actual to total potential irrigable area in the country, is estimated at 61.4% (NIA, 2018). In terms of actual areas, this means that out of the total potential irrigable area of 3,128,631 ha, only 1,920,563 ha are irrigated, implying that an appreciable amount of work still needs to be done to reach full irrigation development in the country. In 2014, NIA embarked on the formulation of the 2014-2028 Irrigation Master Plan for the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to release NIA’s annual budget for the construction of new NIS and CIS. However, its initial implementation proved to be unsatisfactory since the observed incremental increases in irrigation service area were deemed to be insignificant considering government’s efforts to open new service areas and restore or rehabilitate existing systems to achieve rice security. This, along with the government’s effort to open up new service areas and restore/rehabilitate existing systems to achieve rice security, prompted NIA to revisit and update its current master plan (NEDA, 2018). In December 2016, the 10-year Irrigation Master Plan (2017-2026) was formulated to set the directions to (i) guide NIA, as well as local government units (LGUs) and IAs, (ii) manage the current challenges in irrigation development, and (iii) meet the Government’s rice security target by 2021 (NEDA, 2018). However, despite the efforts of NIA, irrigation service to support agricultural production continues to increase but only very modestly. By the third quarter of 2017, NIA reported that the total firmed-up service area (FUSA) is 1.75 M ha or equivalent to 58% of the estimated total irrigable area of 3.020 M ha. In addition, majority of the NIS and CIS continue to deteriorate. Delayed fund releases, peace and order problems, and right-of-way issues continue to hamper the release of irrigation programs and projects. Hence, the NIA Board and NEDA called for the improvements to the draft master plan and inclusion of certain areas of concern, such as the adoption of free irrigation services and rice tariffication, and the improvement of the NIA organizational structure and beefing up of its human resources among others. Consequently, the draft master plan has not yet been approved (NEDA, 2018). In view of all these developments, this project came about to deal with the updating and enhancement of the draft Ten-Year Irrigation Master Plan to make it more responsive to the needs of the irrigation sector in the country. The updated and enhanced NIMP is envisioned to be consequently adopted by the irrigation sector for acceleration and improvement in irrigation implementation and operation performance of NIA and other involved agencies. This is also found to be consistent with the strategy in the PDP 2017-2022 to formulate a master plan to set the direction for irrigation development and a framework for capital, and O&M financing of irrigation projects (NEDA, 2018). 12introduction CHAPTER 1 1.2. Objectives of the New National Irrigation Master Plan The general objective of the new NIMP 2020-2030 is to achieve food security and poverty reduction with accelerated and sustained irrigation development under diversified crop production systems. The new NIMP specifically intends to achieve the following objectives: • Develop a new geodatabase system and generate updated geospatial data including updated estimates of potential irrigable areas, irrigation water supply and demand and other relevant irrigation system planning and design parameters; • Formulate performance targets and indicators consistent with the PDP Results Matrix; • Formulate physical targets for irrigation development taking into account DA’s Rice Roadmap and RTA; • Develop an investment program of projects for the medium- and long-term including readily implementable new projects in the short term; • Provide guidelines for the development of a maintenance enhancement and operation plan for irrigation systems including strategies on asset management and taking into consideration the FISA; • Integrate emerging water use efficient technologies and CCA/ DRRM in irrigation development; • Realign irrigation development to support diversified agricultural production systems; and • Formulate institutional reforms for an efficient and successful new Master Plan. 15 Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 An assessment of the status of the irrigated agriculture sector is needed to better appreciate the baseline conditions and scenarios presented in Chapter 4. This includes status of land and water resources, socio-economic conditions, agricultural productivity and farmers’ income, status of irrigation development, institutional development, emerging issues and constraints in irrigation development and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the irrigated agriculture sector. 2.1. Land Resources Based on the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) Land Cover of 2015, Philippines has an estimated land area of around 29,359,301 ha. While the NIA draft master plan presents a different value of 29,817,000 ha, this report used the official government data from NAMRIA since the data is in map format. Based on the 2015 land cover, Regions II, VI, and III have the largest areas with annual crops. In terms of perennial crops, Regions VIII, V, XI, and CALABARZON have the largest areas. In terms of comparison of land cover between 2010 and 2015, there were major increases for grassland, open-barren areas, and built up areas. Fifty-six percent of the areas converted to built-up areas in 2015 were annual crop areas while 24% were perennial crops (Forest Management Bureau [FMB], 2019; Abino et al., 2015). In terms of land classification, there is an existing 14,194,675 ha Certified Alienable and Disposable (A&D) land and 15,805,325 ha of Forest Land in which 755,000 ha are considered as Unclassified Forestland and 15,050,316 ha are declared as Classified Forestland based on the 2017 Philippine Forestry Statistics of DENR–FMB. The classified forestland is broken down into other classifications: 3,270,146 ha of established Forest Reserves, 10,056,020 ha of established Timberlands, 1,340,997 ha of National Parks and Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuaries/Wilderness Area, 126,130 ha of Military Reserves, 165,946 ha of Civil Reservation and 91,077 ha of Fishpond. It can be observed that there is a decrease of around 12,907 ha of certified A&D land between the reported land classification area in 2005 and 2017, in which it can be used or designated as irrigable area depending on the persisting ground cover. The classification of soils is also used as basis in the formulation of irrigable areas for rice only, rice and diversified crops, diversified non-rice crops, and unsuitable areas. The areas which are highly suitable for diversified crops comprised the largest area (10,533,866 ha) followed by highly suitable areas for rice crops (5,887,863 ha) (Carating et al., 2014). 2.2. Water Resources All estimates of water resources in the Philippines are based on the Master Plan Study on Water Resources Management conducted in 1998 by the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). This landmark study estimated the country’s total available freshwater resources at 145,900 M cubic meters (mcm) per year. This includes 125,790 mcm per year of surface water and 20,200 mcm per year of groundwater resource contributing about 86% and 14% of the total available water supply, respectively (NWRB-JICA, 1998). The study presented water demands from the agriculture, domestic and industry sectors, as well as the availability projections for different water resources regions (WRRs) under low and high growth scenarios in 2025. The total annual available water resource is far greater than the combined water demands but the regional 16Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 distribution is highly variable primarily due to differences in land area, physical setting, and local climate. The water balance indicated that some WRRs will still have sufficient water available until 2025 while others, particularly those located within and/or near high growth centers (WRR II, III, IV, V, and VII), may experience water deficits. Water demands in 2018 for WRRs I, III, IV, VII, VIII, X, and XI have already exceeded the 2025 projections and that WRRs III, IV and VII are already experiencing deficits. The NWRB divided the country into 12 WRRs, but with the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Philippines, the means of analysis is through the river basins. The country has 421 principal rivers with drainage areas ranging from 40 to 25,649 km2, comprising 70% of the country's terrestrial area. Among the principal river basins, 18 were identified as major river basins with drainage areas of at least 1,400 km2 (Kho and Agsaoay-Saño, 2006). The major river basins comprise 36% of the total land mass of the country. The archipelagic nature of the country allows for the presence of only small to medium-size watersheds, resulting in relatively small storage capacity of the streams, lakes, and aquifers. The estimated groundwater resources of the Philippines include about 5.1 M ha of shallow well areas and 12.3 M ha of deep well areas. These areas are mostly located in rice and corn growing alluvial plains, which make groundwater ideal to be tapped to irrigate new areas or supplement the water supplies of existing NIS and CIS command areas. As of March 2019, the total consumptive water allocation by sector shows that agriculture accounts for about 80% of all consumptive water uses with irrigation as the biggest user accounting for 67,056 MCM/yr (Abaño, 2019). 2.3. Socio-economic Conditions The Philippines has a total population of 100,981,437 as of 01 August 2015 according to the latest official Census of Population published by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). It had 8.64 M more population than that of the 92.34 M in 2010 and 24.47 M more as compared to the 76.51 M in 2000. During the period 2000 to 2015, the Philippines had an average annual increase of 1.84%. CALABARZON had the largest population of 14.41 M followed by the National Capital Region (NCR) with 12.88 M. On the other hand, CAR had the lowest population of 1.72 M. In terms of population growth, CALABARZON had 2.9% and an increase of 55% since 2000, being the highest of all the regions, followed by Region XII with 2.28% and Region III with 2.07%. The lowest increase in population was observed in Region I, which recorded an increase of 19% in 15 years brought about by the relatively slow annual growth rate of 1.18%. While large portion of the population in the Philippines is concentrated in the areas of CALABARZON, NCR, Region III and Region VII, agricultural workers are distributed all throughout the country with Regions VI, VII, ARMM, V, and II, which consistently have the highest number from 2011 to 2015. Distribution of the agricultural workers has been consistent over the years; however, most regions have experienced decline since 2011. Most notably, a huge decline in the number of agricultural workers occurred in Region VIII in 2014 driven largely by the disaster brought by Typhoon Yolanda in late 2013. 17 Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 In terms of farm holdings, Region VI reported the highest number of farm holdings with 518,000 units covering a total area of 460,450 ha, followed by Region V with 486,000 farm holdings with a total area of 765,820 ha. Region II ranked third with 443,000 farm holdings covering 478,720 ha. As expected, NCR had the least number of farm holdings totaling 39,000 units with a total area of 20,270 ha. The top four regions, in terms of farm area, are Region V with 765,820 ha, Region XII, 618,120 ha, Region XI, 571,240 ha and Northern Region X with 532,890 ha. Seventy percent of the total farm holdings consisted only of one parcel with a total area of 3.72 M ha. These farm holdings had an average area of 0.95 ha. About one-third of total number of farm holding parcels were provided with water for crops planted using irrigation structure/facility. The coverage area of these parcels totaled 1.8 M ha. About 6.42 M farm households or individual persons are dependent on the production of this irrigated area. In terms of employment in agriculture, sex disaggregated data shows that males dominate the sector from 2015 2017. Majority of the male agricultural workers were recorded in Region VI and Region XII in 2017. The bulk of the female agricultural workers, on the other hand, were in Regions VII and VI. Moreover, NCR had the least male and female agricultural workers reported. The poverty incidence in the country has been declining since 1991 at 29.7% to 16.5% in 2015. However, poverty incidence in 11 of the 17 regions remain relatively high. NCR has the lowest incidence which declined nominally over time. While most regions exhibit declining incidence from 1991 to 2015, Regions III, CALABARZON, X and XII show sharp declines from 1991 to 2006 but hardly moved since then. ARMM is most alarming showing even rising incidence from 1991 to 2015. By 2015, Regions V, VII, X and XII are among those with the greatest number of poor families with over 300,000 each, with Region VII at the top. Regions VIII, ARMM and VI closely follow with just a little below 300,000 families. The poverty incidence for irrigated rice farmers declined substantially from 41-24%. The incidence for rainfed farmers also declined but remained high at 45% in 2015. Comparing poverty status between irrigated and non-irrigated rice-based farmers, the former has been consistently lower (PhilRice, 2019). In terms of farm size, the total farm sizes of rice-based farms appear to have stayed the same from 2006 to 2012. However, the total farm size for irrigated harvested farms declined from 1.56 ha in 2006 to 1.44 ha in 2012. The largest parcel has been about the same although for irrigated harvest area, this also declined from 1.14 ha to 1.11 ha. For the same period, the number of parcels remained the same (PhilRice, 2019). 2.4. Agricultural Productivity and Farmers’ Income In terms of palay productivity, the productivity of irrigated areas relative to rainfed areas are much higher for most regions. Regions I, III and X are the exception as they show much smaller advantage of irrigated areas over rainfed. The yield advantage of irrigated palay over rainfed palay by region shows that the trends in all regions show declining advantage over time. The only exception is CAR where after the decline in early 1990s to mid-2000, the gaps have since been rising. Also, the yield advantages of irrigated areas for Regions I, III, MIMAROPA and VI have been historically low. By 2017, the regions 18Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 with relatively larger yield advantages are CAR, Regions II, VIII and XI. The top four regions in terms of yellow corn harvested areas are, in decreasing order in 2018, Regions II, XII, X, and III. The areas in Regions II and X were steadily increasing from 1987 to 2018 while the area in Region XII decreased sharply in 1998 and 2000 before slowly increasing from 2003. The area in Region III, on the other hand, was decreasing from 1987 before sharply increasing in 2015. The top four regions in terms of banana harvested areas are, in decreasing order in 2018, Regions CALABARZON, X, XII and ARMM. The areas in all Regions were steadily increasing from 2002 to 2017 with Region X experiencing a sharp increase in 2006. The regions with the highest banana volume of production by 2017 are Regions XI, X, XII and ARMM. All regions have an increasing volume of production from 2001, with Region XI experiencing a sharp increase in 2002 and Region X in 2008. The top two regions in terms of harvested area are Regions X and XII, with both being steadily increasing and alternating as the top area at several times. The rest of the regions remain at relatively the same level of harvested area from 1990 to 2017 at levels far below Regions X and XII. In terms of volume, while the top two regions are still Regions X and XII, Region X clearly has the larger volume by far after 1997 when the volume of Region X began to steadily increase while the volume of Region XII slightly increased. The rest of the regions also experienced a slight increase at levels far below Region XII. For sugarcane, Region VI accounts for the largest total harvested area. Except for Region X, the rest of the regions fall below 50,000 ha. Also, Region VII shows some slight increases and, in fact, it had already close to 46,000 ha by 2017. Region VI also comprises the bulk of production. Regions X and VII are far second and third. With respect to the volume of production of sugarcane, the region with the largest is Region VI, by a significant amount from the second largest in 2017, which is Region X. There is a slow average increase in the overall volume of production, although it is more pronounced in Region VI. In terms of farmers’ annual incomes and their distribution by source by production environment, irrigated rice incomes were generally higher than rainfed farmers’ incomes by 74% in 2006 and 67% in 2012. Over 50% of incomes of irrigated farms come from rice farming of own farms. This ratio has been rising over time. For non irrigated farms, complementary sources to rice farming in own farms such as non farming are relatively higher than those for irrigated farms. In terms of conversion of irrigated areas, a part of the service area of an existing system originally used for agriculture was converted to non-agricultural use like commercial, industrial, subdivision, etc. Following the NIA regional classification, in 2010, the top region in terms of actual converted irrigated areas is Region III, followed by CALABARZON, Region XII, and MARIIS while in terms of percentage of converted irrigated areas, the top region is CALABARZON, followed by Region III and MIMAROPA. In the same year, Regions V, VIII, and ARMM had virtually no irrigated areas. The provinces with the largest converted service areas in 2010, in descending order, were Bulacan, Isabela, Palawan, and Iloilo, with more than three fourths of the remaining provinces having less than 2000 ha in converted service areas. About half of the provinces have none. In 2017, Region III remained the top region in terms of actual converted areas followed by CALABARZON, Region VI, and MARIIS. In relative terms, CALABARZON is the top region with over 10% of its service areas converted. It is followed this time by 19 Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 Region IX and Region III. The total converted areas increased from 2010 to 2017. As to the provinces with the largest converted service areas in 2017, in descending order, are still Bulacan and Isabela, with Iloilo replacing Palawan in the third place, and Zamboanga del Sur, with more than three fourths of the remaining provinces having less than 2000 ha. in converted service areas. 2.5. Irrigation Development On a national scale, 1,920,563 ha or 61.4% of the total potential irrigable area of 3,128,631 ha, is irrigated as of December 2018. The remaining potential irrigable area in the country would even increase if the slope limit in the old definition of irrigable area is extended beyond the current 3% slope limit (NIA, 2019). Over the past ten years, i.e., from 2009 to 2018, the level of irrigation development has increased from 49.3% to 61.4%, with corresponding total new irrigated areas generated amounting to 380,626 ha. On the average, this translates to a rate of irrigation development of 47,272 ha per year or about 2.5% annual rate of increase of irrigated area based on simple linear regression analysis. A brief review of historical data would show that about 35 years ago, the level of irrigation development was already close to 50%. Based on the reports of NIA, the level of irrigation development in 1985 was already at 45.2% (Ella, 2016; David, 1990). This level even decreased to 41.8% in 1995 and just equaled the previous level in 2005 before slightly rising to a little more than 50% in 2011. It was only recently that irrigation development exceeded 60%. It is apparent that over the span of almost four decades, the rate of irrigation development in the country has been considerably slow. Over a span of 33 years, the total increase in new irrigated areas generated only amounted to 507,435 ha or an annual average rate of only 15,377 ha/year. Hence, it is noteworthy that the current rate of irrigation development at 47,292 ha/year based on the last 10 years of record looks promising. However, the issue now is whether this can be sustained and even increased further to catch up with the increasing demand for food due to the exponentially growing population. From the analysis of Ella (2019), at the current rate of irrigation development, local rice production will never be able to meet the local rice demand with the increasing population. It is only through acceleration of irrigation development on a sustained basis can local rice production equal the local rice demand in the near future. 2.6. Institutional Development NIA has a professionally run organization that has a very high degree of job satisfaction among its staff. The internet-based Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), shows that over 90% of the total 1,955 respondents who held plantilla position are satisfied with working in NIA. It has a clearly defined structure that shows clear lines of command. NIA has strong connection with its clients through its IAs. As of 31 December 2017, more than a million farmers are members of 8,732 IAs covering an area of 1.3 M ha. A total of 955,134 IA members (97%) are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Over half of the members are from NIS, 43% from CIS, and remaining 4% from NIPs, SISs, and River Irrigation Systems (RISs). Furthermore, NIA has a lean overburdened technical staff undertaking multifunction responsibilities. In the last decade, the budget of NIA has more than doubled compared to the budget level in the previous decade. The increase in budget 20Emerging issues in irrigated agriculture Sector CHAPTER 2 entails additional work responsibilities for NIA. Unfortunately, the agency has not recovered from the reduction of its plantilla positions since it was rationalized in 2008. To cope with increased volume of work, NIA has employed non-plantilla positions (casuals, job-orders, COB, etc.), which as per management, affects the quality of work and stability of the workforce. Likewise, NIA has ageing management staff and no succession plan based on the Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and FGD in both central and regional offices. As of 2015, the average age of NIA personnel holding key positions is 59 years old. This is followed by technical personnel with an average age of 52 years old, and then by technical support with an average age of 51 years old. Administrative personnel have the lowest average age of 50 years old. Looking at the age distribution of all regular personnel, a large bulk of over 40% already belongs to the age bracket of 55 years and above. NIA has also an unstable top management and unstable budget. Frequent changes in the administrator, however, create institutional instability, which has negative effects on institutional effectiveness. Instability in the NIA’s budget as reflected in the wide variability of annual budgetary supports creates undue burden to bring about effective institutional response because of fixed in-house technical expertise. In the past five decades, public expenditures for irrigation seesawed from administration to administration. 2.7. Emerging Issues and Constraints in Irrigation Development It is estimated that 57 provinces will likely remain “competitive”, while 28 provinces will be “uncompetitive” because of low yield potential and high cost of production. The attendant Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030 assumes that the uncompetitive provinces would want to divert away from rice as it will no longer be viable. If this will be the case, the said provinces may be expected to have less demand for irrigation for rice. These provinces are “expected” to diversify if not totally get out of rice. The 28 “uncompetitive” provinces are locations of “low potential” irrigation projects or provinces. Meanwhile, the roadmap further states that irrigation development will focus on medium yield provinces with percent irrigated area harvested less than the national average. The FISA, on the other hand, puts NIA, as a corporation, in a better financial position as receivables are written off, a cloud of doubt hovers over the long run financial sustainability of the free irrigation program since it adds to the financial burden of government. Even with irrigation service fees (ISF) collection, government subsidy has already been significant as the ISF is based only on the O&M costs for the NIS and did not cover the cost of construction of the irrigation infrastructure, nor reflect the scarcity of water. At the highest collection rate of 60%, ISF was only able to cover 69% of O&M costs in 2014 and the rest is subsidized by the government. The forgone revenue, estimated at PHP 1.5 B a year, will be recouped through appropriations. This implies that government must allot almost more than PHP 3 B annually to cover O&M costs with the budget increasing geometrically as NIS expand its areas of coverage with irrigation development. It is thus imperative that new sources of revenues be identified (Decena, 2016). 23 methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 3.1. Summary of Review of the Old Master Plan The various aspects of the old IDMP 2017-2026 were subjected to a rigorous, comprehensive and critical review with considerations not only of the prescribed conditions by the client such as free irrigation services, rice tariffication, DA’s Rice Roadmap, recommendations under NEDA’s Value Engineering/Value Analysis (VE/VA,) consistency of performance targets/indicators with the Results Matrix of the PDP and emerging water use efficient technologies but also of contemporary issues like CC and climate variability, land use change and land conversion issues, water resources policies, environmental policies, and overarching policies like the AFMA, and other agricultural plans and programs like the AFMP for 2018-2023, NIA’s Rationalization Plan, among others. The strengths and weaknesses of the old master plan were examined and the results were used as basis for its updating, refinement and enhancement to form the NIMP 2020-2030. The various assumptions and conditions used in the old master plan were also closely examined. Appropriate techniques for analysis and assessment, as detailed in the ensuing sections, were then employed to serve as basis for formulating an enhanced NIMP. Based on objective analysis, the old master plan lacks a clear statement of objectives, physical targets, mix of irrigation investment programs, a workable geodatabase, adequate irrigation support for crop diversification, mainstreaming of CCA and DRRM, institutional development concerns, social and environmental safeguards, M&E, among others. Moreover, some recommendations are no longer valid or relevant in view of recent legislative developments such as the Free Irrigation Service Act and the RTA among other contemporary issues. The performance targets and indicators used in the IDMP 2017 2026 were reviewed and evaluated for conformity with the results matrix of the PDP. Reviewing the performance against targets shows that NIA hardly met its annual physical targets for new area development. The trends in actual new vs. target had in fact been generally below 100%. This demonstrates that NIA never got to realize its new target area except in 1997. In fact, in 16 of the 29 years data, the accomplished new areas were just 50% or below of targets. These shortfalls in accomplishments from set targets are also 24methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 true in the case of restoration. Unlike new areas, restored areas do not contribute to increasing the cumulative total irrigated areas, but they improve cropping intensity (Inocencio and Briones, 2019). Moreover, the old Master Plan lacks guidance in terms of the strategic directions for the institutional development of NIA. Thus, the new strategic plan will catalyze a series of reforms that are expected to improve NIA’s overall effectiveness and efficiency. The ultimate objective is a responsive national irrigation development i.e., one that effectively contributes to the modernization of irrigated agriculture and the attainment of its objectives of competitiveness, increase farmers’ income, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. The revision of physical targets would entail a recalculation of the projected costs and benefits in the previous IDMP 2017-2026. Also, projected costs and benefits need to be further revised to reflect the irrigation infrastructure targets set by the 2017-2022 PDP as operationalized by the NIA 2017-2022 PIP. Further projections need to be made given the additional investments needed to cover the years 2023-2030. Budgetary requirements presented in the previous Master Plan assumed that the ISFs are still being collected. However, with the implementation of the Free Irrigation Service Act, the budget subsidy for O&M have already increased significantly. Also, the NIA 2017-2022 PIP Budget would also have to be incorporated as well as the additional investments needed to cover the years 2023-2030. With the slim prospect of PPP under the regime of Free Irrigation, budgetary requirements would significantly be different than the projected budget of the previous masterplan. Lastly, NIA’s current database was also reviewed with the objective of proposing a new spatial or map-based database (or geodatabase) for future use. The review included comments on the existing data acquired solely from NIA. The improvement of NIA’s database is endeavored by creating a new geodatabase system which will prioritize mapping not just in operations and maintenance but also in planning. 25 methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 3.2. Basic Guiding Principles This project recognizes the fact that there are various levels by which water resources planning and master plan formulation can be accomplished. Depending on the scale, water resources planning can be done at the project level, regional or river basin or watershed level and at the national level. While the degree of detail would obviously decrease from project level to national level, these plans should nonetheless be consistent with one another, with the lower level plans being supportive of higher-level plans. While this project is supposed to generate an enhanced national level master plan, the lower level plans, both existing regional and provincial level plans, were likewise considered to generate sufficient basis for national level plan enhancement. It should also be emphasized that water resources planning objectives such as irrigation development should be need based or demand-driven. Hence, this project included consultative meetings with various stakeholders in irrigation and water resources development in the form of KIIs and FGDs. In the same way, the formulation of alternatives for the master plan should reflect stakeholders’ concerns. Moreover, the alternatives to be formulated in the master plan should be consistent with national planning objectives. Hence, the NIMP should take into account the performance targets set under the PDP. However, other overarching relevant policies should not be ignored. Hence, consideration of the AFMA, which is still a valid law, among other national policies were taken into account. Finally, the development of a national level master plan such the NIMP should take into account the various considerations such as technical, socio economic, environmental, institutional, legal, etc. and all other contemporary issues such as CC and climate variability in order to come up with a comprehensive and more relevant and responsive national irrigation development roadmap. 3.3. General Framework and Methodology 3.3.1. General Conceptual Framework The methodology for the updating of the irrigation master plan and/or formulation of a new irrigation master plan was generally based on the principles of advanced water resources planning for irrigation development. Water resources planning essentially involves the identification and development of alternative water resources plans and the evaluation of their technical feasibility, economic viability, social acceptability, environmental soundness among other considerations. There are three levels of water resources planning, namely (1) national or framework planning, (2) regional or river basin planning, and (3) project level planning. The formulation of NIMP is obviously a national level planning and would essentially involve development of guidelines by which lower level plans such as regional or river basin master plans and project level irrigation development plans should be carried out. Water resources planning also essentially involves definition of objectives, data collection, data projection, project formulation, project analysis and evaluation, selection of final alternative and project authorization. The definition of planning objective depends on the level of planning and should be need-based. On the other hand, the formulation of alternatives for the master plan should reflect stakeholders’ concerns and should be consistent with national planning objectives. At the same time, the formulation of alternatives should take into account various considerations (technical, socio-economic, environmental, institutional, legal, etc.). Furthermore, other 26methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 existing plans such as river basin master plans should be taken into account in the development of national level master plans. The methodology employed in the updating, enhancement and improvement of the NIMP is holistic and comprehensive in approach and took into account not only the engineering and technical aspects but also the economic, social, environmental, organizational, institutional, financial, legal and other considerations. The procedures employed were fundamentally based on relevant theories and concepts in water resources engineering and hydrology, agronomy, soil plant water relations, irrigation engineering and water management, hydraulics and hydraulic engineering, agricultural economics, environmental science, social science, institutional and organizational development, financial analysis and legal considerations. Contemporary issues and existing agricultural, socio-economic and environmental policies were also taken into account to ensure a more enhanced master plan that would lead to accelerated and sustained irrigation development in the Philippines and generate numerous beneficial outcomes. The general conceptual framework employed in this project, based on the aforementioned principles, is shown in Figure 3.1. 3.3.2. Description of Overall Methodology In general, the methodology employed in this project involved document analysis, secondary data and information gathering, field validation, KII, FGD, surveys using AHP, data analysis using various techniques, and formulation of recommendations. In all data gathering and consultative activities, heavy coordination with the various government agencies and stakeholders was performed in coordination with NIA and with the endorsement of NEDA. Clustered regional FGDs were conducted in the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao as part of consultation with stakeholders from all regions in the country. The FGDs were specifically aimed to determine the various issues and constraints affecting irrigation development in each region; identify alternatives in irrigation development in each region; and perform validation of the proposed criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects. Field visitation and drone surveys in selected existing irrigation systems and projects under construction were also conducted. Additional FGDs with other stakeholders including IAs were also conducted. Similarly, consultative meetings with the staff of NIA’s office for engineering and operations and NIA’s Corplan were conducted to level off on matters relevant to the refinement of the national irrigation master plan. 27 methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 Fi gu re 3 .1 . G en er al F ra m ew or k fo r th e U pd at in g, R ef in em en t a nd E nh an ce m en t o f t he Ir ri ga ti on M as te r P la n (E lla , 2 01 8) S o ci o e co n o m ic A n a ly si s U p d a te d , R ef in e d a n d E n h a n c e d N a ti o n a l Ir ri g a ti o n M a s te r P la n (P e rf o rm a n c e T a rg e ts C o n si st e n t w it h P D P ; U p d a te d & E n h an c e d I rr ig a ti o n D e v e lo p m e n t D a ta b a se ; S h o rt , M ed iu m & L o n g T e rm I rr ig a ti o n In v e st m e n t P ro g ra m ; E n h a n c ed Ir ri g a ti o n O & M P ro g ra m , Ir ri g a ti o n S u p p o rt f o r D iv e rs if ie d H V C s) A c c e le ra te d a n d S u st a in e d Ir ri g a ti o n D e ve lo p m e n t F o o d s ec u ri ty P o ve rt y re d u c ti o n E n vi ro n m e n ta l s u s ta in a b il it y C li m a te r e s il ie n c y S u s ta in a b le d e ve lo p m e n t In c lu s iv e e c o n o m ic g ro w th La n d a n d S o il R e so u rc e s G e o sp a ti a l A ss e ss m e n t C li m at e C h an g e/ C li m at e V a ri a b il it y , L a n d U s e C h a n g e , W a te r R e s o u rc e s M a n a g e m e n t & U ti liz a ti o n P o li c ie s , A F M A & O th e r A g ri cu lt u ra l P ro d u ct io n P o li ci es , P D P & O th er P o li ci es F re e I rr ig a ti o n S e rv ic e s , R ic e T a ri ff ic a ti o n , N E D A V E /V A & E c o n o m ic P o li ci e s , A F M A , N IA ’s R at io n al iz at io n P la n , D A ’s R ic e R o a d m a p & O th e r A g ri c u lt u ra l P o li ci es , E n vi ro n m e n ta l P o li ci es , P D P & O th er P o li ci es W a te r R e so u rc e s & H yd ro lo gi c A ss e ss m e n t C ro p p in g Sy st e m s & Ir ri ga ti o n W a te r R e q u ir e m e n ts O rg a n iz a ti o n a l & I n st it u ti o n a l D e ve lo p m e n t Le g a l & Fi n a n ci a l C o n si d e ra ti o n s E n v ir o n m e n ta l Im p a ct A ss e ss m e n t W a te r M g t, W a te r E ff ic ie n t T e ch n o lo g ie s, Ir ri g a ti o n O p ti o n s O th e r C o n si d e ra ti o n s 28methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 Geospatial analysis of existing and potential irrigable areas and quantitative hydrologic techniques such as flow duration analysis, dependable flow and groundwater assessment, estimation of irrigation water requirements and irrigable areas under various soil, agronomic and climatic conditions, and other appropriate techniques were also employed for the technical aspects of the master plan. Strategic planning workshops were also conducted as part of institutional development and for redefining NIA’s mission, vision and core values and for determining NIA’s strategic goals, objectives and programs as important inputs to the NIMP. Setting of results matrix, physical targets and food security options, application of criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects with FS, programming of irrigation area requirements, preparation of investment mix of new and rehabilitation/restoration projects, projection of costs and benefits and preparation of investment program, budgetary requirements and financing framework, maintenance enhancement and operation plan were performed for the economic, financial aspects and additional technical aspects of the master plan. Furthermore, recommendations on mainstreaming of water-use efficient and WSTs; CC and disaster resiliency in irrigation development master plan and irrigation support for HVC production systems; and environmental and social safeguards for irrigation development were formulated. Finally, a scheme for M&E of irrigation projects was formulated. The general methodological framework is shown in Figure 3.2. The general framework highlighting the major components that are critical in the refinement and enhancement of the NIMP is shown in Figure 3.3. The specific methodologies employed in the various aspects of the master plan are presented in the ensuing sections. 29 methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.2. The General Methodological Framework 30methodology for NimP updating and Formulation CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.3. General Framework Highlighting the Major Components of the Enhanced NIMP 33 CHAPTER 4 4.1. Mission, Vision and Core Values of NIA Vision and Mission An agency’s vision statement focuses and ennobles an idea about a future state of being in such a way as to excite and compel the agency toward its attainment (Department of Finance California, 1998). It crystallizes what the management wants the organization to be in the future. Similarly, the mission statement defines the basic purpose of the agency. It enables the employees of an agency to see how their work contributes to the broader mission. Furthermore, the vision-mission statement will help measure whether the strategic plan aligns with the overall goals of the agency and provide inspiration to both employees and clients (Hawthorne, 2019). The “New” Mission “A Dynamic Agency Developing and Managing Modern and Resilient Irrigation Systems” The “New” Vision “ Highly Competitive and Sustainable Philippine Farming Communities” The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 34The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Core Values Core values create a moral compass for the organization and its employees. It guides decision-making and establishes a standard against which actions can be assessed. The “New” NIA Core Values integrity: Ensuring that all NIA employees exhibit honesty and uprightness at all times inside and outside of the workplace. continuous innovation: Making NIA as a catalyst for change through creative ingenuity and continuous improvement of irrigation services. NIA shall continuously strive to find new ways of doing things that are efficient and effective in achieving its vision. commitment: Making certain that all NIA employees shall dedicate themselves to the success of farming communities they serve. Excellence: Providing farming communities the highest quality of irrigation services that meet the needs of farming households. 35 CHAPTER 4 4.2. Strategic Goals and the Logical Framework of Irrigation Development 4.2.1 The NIA’s Logical Framework The NIA’s logical framework for 2020-2030 is illustrated in Figure 4.1. The log frame is divided into three main parts: (1) The Vision, (2) The Mission and (3) The Core Values. The Vision is manifested in terms of the societal goals derived from AmBisyon 2040 and the corresponding outcomes expected of the sub-sector, Irrigated Agriculture, as mandated by AFMA (RA 8435). These outcomes define the vision of NIA i.e., “Highly competitive and sustainable Philippine farming communities.” The next part of the logical framework defines the Mission of NIA as “A dynamic agency developing and managing modern and resilient irrigation systems.” The strategic programs and the corresponding strategic outputs are the means through which NIA fulfills its mission in relation to the strategic issues on irrigated agriculture. The strategic programs and the corresponding strategic outputs are results of a highly participatory process of consultations and workshops in all the regions of the country involving the NIA, the DA, and the IAs. NIA’s Core Values are the foundation of good governance that forms the base of the logical framework. Good governance is manifested in terms of organizational excellence and operational effectiveness. Organizational excellence is achieved through quality and adequate human resources, responsive organizational structure, and quality management. On the other hand, organizational effectiveness is dependent on adequate finance and logistics, well-defined, clear internal processes and strong stakeholders’ support and participation. Research based participatory planning, transparent RBME, and clear accountability are the key instrument through which good governance is attained. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 36The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Fi gu re 4 .1 . N IA ’s L og ic al F ra m ew or k fo r 20 20 2 03 0 37 CHAPTER 4 4.2.2. Strategic Goals and Strategic Objectives After the strategic goals were identified, the next step is to determine the metrics in terms of the strategic objectives through which NIA’s performance is assessed. The metrics will be subject to further work and will subsequently be addressed as part of recommended work by the Program Formulation Team once the Agency-Wide programs are approved by the NIA Board of Directors. STRATEGIC GOAL 1: Assist Irrigated Farmers to Create Prosperity through Increased Productivity and Income Strategic Objectives 1.1 To increase the level of productivity in irrigated agriculture, in % per year 1.2 To increase the level of crop diversification for non-rice areas, in % per year 1.3 To increase the level of crop production and water management technology application among IAs in % per year 1.4 To increase the level of farm mechanization in% per year 1.5 To lower the labor cost in % per year 1.6 To increase the level of credit & financial access in % per year 1.7 To increase the level of agriculture support services in % per year 1.8 To increase the level of market access in % per year STRATEGIC GOAL 2: Ensure Our Country’s Irrigation Systems are Conserved, Restored, and Made More Resilient to Climate Change While Enhancing Our Water Resources Strategic Objectives 2.1 To decrease the occurrence of water shortage in % per year 2.2 To eliminate the occurrence of illegal extraction of aggregates/ quarrying within 1 kilometer upstream and downstream of irrigation dams through proper coordination with LGUs 2.3 To decrease damage to agriculture infrastructure and production in % per year 2.4 To eliminate the occurrence of illegal logging and slash-and burn farming 2.5 To re-vegetate denuded watersheds supporting irrigation system (within NIA’s jurisdiction) by 3% per year 2.6 To regulate siltation rates of the reservoir within its designed rate 2.7 To improve the sustainability of agriculture production systems 2.8 To increase the level of water quality in % per year 2.9 To reduce the incidence of water use conflict in % per year The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 38The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIC GOAL 3: Ensure the Effective and Efficient Functioning of Our Irrigation Systems to Meet the Irrigation Needs of Farmers Strategic Objectives 3.1 To increase the number of improved systems in % per year 3.2 To increase funds for operation and maintenance in % per year 3.3 To increase the number of IAs adopting improved irrigation technology and water management technology in % per year 3.4 To increase the irrigation efficiency in % per year 3.5 To increase the number of systems undergoing irrigation management innovation in % per year 3.6 To increase the number of IAs satisfactorily maintaining irrigation facilities & infrastructure in % per year STRATEGIC GOAL 4: Ensure Accelerated Irrigation Development to Meet the Needs of Irrigated Agriculture Strategic Objectives 4.1 To increase the pace of irrigation development in non-rice areas by 0.46% per year with an increase of farmer-beneficiaries in % per year 4.2 To increase the pace of irrigation development in rice areas by 1.42% per year with an increase of farmer-beneficiaries in % per year STRATEGIC GOAL 5: Create an Asset Management System that Effectively Increases the Sustainability and Efficiency of the Country’s Irrigation System Strategic Objectives 5.1 To improve the effectiveness of asset management system in % per year 5.2 To improve operation and maintenance of NIA facilities, infrastructure, and equipment in % per year 5.3 To increase the level of income generation in % per year 5.4 To increase the irrigation efficiency in % per year 39 CHAPTER 4 4.3. NIMP Results Framework The results framework in this NIMP has the following structure: (1) statements of the master plan objective and intermediate component outcomes; (2) indicators for the master plan objective outcome and intermediate component outcomes/results; and (3) an explicit statement of how the outcome information should be used The indicators are quantitative and qualitative variables that provide a means to measure change over time. They can be used to assess the performance of a project compared to planned targets, and to provide evidence that the change observed was the result of the project interventions made. If a full logical framework analysis is completed, then indicators will also be defined for the higher-level development objectives and for outputs, activities and inputs. Table 4.1 presents the NIMP’s Results Framework consistent with the PDP Results Matrix. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 40The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Im pa ct s In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks Fo od s ec ur ity (a va ila bi lit y, a cc es s, an d po ve rt y re du ct io n w ith a cc el er at ed a nd su st ai ne d irr ig at io n de ve lo pm en t u nd er di ve rs ifi ed c ro p pr od uc tio n sy st em s • % o f f ar m h ou se ho ld ar ea s m ov e up o f in co m e po ve rt y th re sh ol d by e nd o f 20 30 fr om b as el in e (2 01 9) • Ir rig at ed p al ay pr od uc tio n re la tiv e to lo ca l d em an d/ st ab le pa la y su pp ly • % o f a gr ic ul tu ra l j ob s in ir rig at ed a re as cr ea te d by e nd o f 2 03 0 fr om b as el in e (2 01 9) • Es tim at ed p ov er ty in ci de nc e fo r r ic e su bs ec to r p ro je ct ed to 20 19 (u si ng F IE S da ta ): 28 .5 % • 76 % ri ce s uff ic ie nc y (b as ed on g ro ss d em an d fr om P R IR p ro je ct io ns in cl ud in g lo ss es ) ( 88 % ri ce s uff i ci en cy b as ed o n ac tu al de m an d) • 96 8, 93 7 jo bs • 10 % fa rm h ou se ho ld a re as • 9 8% ri ce s uff ic ie nc y by 2 03 0 (S ce na rio 1 ) • 20 % a dd iti on al a gr ic ul tu ra l jo bs in ir rig at ed a re as • P SA • P SA /P hi lR ic e St at is tic s an d Re po rt s, P hi lip pi ne R ic e In du st ry R oa dm ap • H ou se ho ld s ur ve ys a t B as el in e, M id t er m a nd En d of p ro je ct Th e ta rg et s ar e ba se d on pr od uc tio n en ha nc in g, co st r ed uc in g sc en ar io . Th e as su m pt io ns u se d ar e re fle ct iv e of th e ge ne ra l th ru st o f t he P hi lip pi ne R ic e In du st ry R oa dm ap of im pr ov in g yi el ds a nd re du ci ng lo ss es to b oo st co m pe tit iv en es s to e ns ur e ric e se cu rit y. T hi s sc en ar io as su m es a c on st an t a nn ua l gr ow th in ir rig at ed a re a of 2. 8% . T he N IM P a ss um es a ric e de m an d pr oj ec tio n of 13 .9 1 m ill io n to ns in 2 01 9, 14 .4 5 m ill io n to ns in 2 02 2, 15 .1 8 m ill io n to ns in 2 02 6 an d 15 .8 8 m ill io n to ns in 20 30 a s pr es en te d in th e P hi lip pi ne R ic e In du st ry Ro ad m ap 2 03 0 O ut co m es In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks 1. Im pr ov ed N IA irr ig at io n sy st em s pl an ni ng a nd m an ag em en t • C ro pp in g in te ns ity • In cr ea se d ag ric ul tu ra l pr od uc tiv ity • 17 0% • Ir rig at ed p al ay p ro du ct io n: 14 ,3 78 ,6 79 M T/ ye ar • Ir rig at ed p al ay y ie ld : 3 .1 3 to ns /h a (r ai nf ed ), 4. 43 to ns /h a (ir rig at ed ) • C ro pp in g in te ns ity 1 70 % • Ag ric ul tu ra l p ro du ct iv ity o Ir rig at ed p al ay p ro du ct io n: 2. 8% in cr ea se /y ea r o Ir rig at ed p al ay y ie ld : 3 .1 3 to ns /h a (r ai nf ed ) 4 .4 3 to ns /h a (ir rig at ed ) (2 02 0 20 21 ); 5 to ns /h a (2 02 2 20 24 ); 5. 4 to ns /h a (2 02 5 20 30 • N IA R ep or ts • N IM P B as el in e, M id te rm , E nd o f-P ro je ct su rv ey s an d Re po rt s • P SA s ta tis tic s on c ro ps , C en su s of A gr ic ul tu re an d Fi sh er ie s • C on tin uo us g ov er nm en t su pp or t i n te rm s of b ud ge t an d po lic y • Th e pr op os ed m ai nt en an ce a nd op er at io n pl an fo r irr ig at io n sy st em s pr es en te d in th is N IM P w ill be fu lly im pl em en te d an d su st ai ne d • C ro p pr od uc tiv ity en ha nc in g pr og ra m s w ill be fu lly im pl em en te d an d su st ai ne d in cl ud in g pr op er a nd e ffe ct iv e us e of R C EF t o en ab le c ro p yi el d im pr ov em en t Ta bl e 4. 1. N IM P (I rr ig at io n In fr as tr uc tu re D ev el op m en t) R es ul ts F ra m ew or k 41 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m es In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks • O th er a gr ic ul tu ra l co m m od iti es (O AC ) pr od uc tio n: M T/ ye ar Su ga rc an e: 2 5, 10 1, 78 2 to ns /y ea r C oc on ut :1 4, 87 3, 42 7 to ns / ye ar B an an a: 9 ,4 52 ,3 72 to ns / ye ar C or n: 7 ,8 10 ,7 78 to ns / ye ar P in ea pp le : 2 ,7 99 ,2 59 to ns /y ea r M an go : 5 81 ,1 51 to ns / ye ar To ba cc o: 7 ,0 02 to ns / ye ar • O AC y ie ld : t on s/ ha Su ga rc an e: 5 7 to ns /h a C oc on ut : 4 to ns /h a B an an a: 2 1 to ns /h a C or n: 3 to ns /h a P in ea pp le : 41 to ns /h a M an go : 4 to ns /h a To ba cc o: 2 to ns /h a o O th er A gr ic ul tu ra l co m m od iti es (O AC ): Su ga rc an e: 1 .5 % in cr ea se / ye ar C oc on ut : 1 % in cr ea se p er ye ar B an an a: 1 % in cr ea se p er ye ar C or n: 0 .5 % in cr ea se p er ye ar P in ea pp le : 2 .5 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r M an go : 1 .7 % in cr ea se p er ye ar To ba cc o: 0 .5 % in cr ea se p er ye ar The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 42The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m es In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks 2. E na bl ed IA s • In cr ea se d nu m be r of IA ’s w ith in co m e fr om A gr i-b us in es s (in cl ud in g di ve rs ifi ed ag ric ul tu re ) • In cr ea se d nu m be r of IA ’s u nd er ta ki ng gr ou p fa rm in g • B y 20 20 , 2 ,7 85 N IS IA s w ith “ m od ifi ed ” IM T co nt ra ct s • B y 20 20 , 2 ,0 80 C IS IA s w ith “ m od ifi ed ” IM T co nt ra ct s • N um be r o f I As in g ro up fa rm in g z er o • 28 0 IA s pe r y ea r ( ap pr ox . 10 % o f 2 ,7 85 N IS IA s) • 21 0 IA s pe r y ea r ( ap pr ox . 10 % o f 2 ,0 80 ) • 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g pe r y ea r • N IA R ep or ts • Su rv ey o f I As e ve ry 3 ye ar s • 49 0 B us in es s P la ns p er ye ar • C om m itt ed IA s • C on tin uo us go ve rn m en t s up po rt to IA s in te rm s of re so ur ce s an d bu dg et • In cr ea se d ID D ca pa ci ty • St re ng th en ed pa rt ne rs hi ps w ith D A, D TI , L an d B an k, an d ot he r f in an ci al in st itu tio ns 3. R es ili en t s ys te m s • N ew p ro je ct s im pl em en te d us in g ne w d es ig n st an da rd s st ar tin g 20 26 ; th es e pr oj ec ts w ill de cr ea se th e va lu e of da m ag e to ir rig at io n in fr as tr uc tu re s cu rr en tly a t a n av er ag e of P H P 1 .3 B / ye ar • In cr ea se d nu m be r of fa rm er s ad op tin g w at er s av in g te ch no lo gi es • Ze ro • To ta l o f 2 e xi st in g sy st em s re tr of itt ed a s of 20 18 o f 2 45 N IS • 99 ,5 87 fa rm er s ad op te d as o f 2 01 9 co ve rin g 11 9, 54 9 ha • ne w p ro je ct s im pl em en te d us in g ne w de si gn s ta nd ar ds s ta rt in g 20 26 • 5% o f e xi st in g nu m be r o f N IS s ys te m s re tr of itt ed pe r y ea r • 10 % in cr ea se p er y ea r i n fa rm er s ad op tin g w at er sa vi ng te ch no lo gi es • N IA R ep or ts • Ex cl ud in g ex tr em e ev en ts (1 00 y ea r re tu rn p er io d) • C on tin uo us go ve rn m en t f un di ng su pp or t • C on tin uo us im pl em en ta tio n of N IA M em o C irc ul ar to m ai ns tr ea m • C on tin uo us tr ai ni ng an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g of fa rm er s • N ew d es ig n st an da rd s es ta bl is he d • St re ng th en ed N IA c ap ac ity to im pl em en t n ew st an da rd s 43 CHAPTER 4 O ut pu ts In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks A . N ew g eo da ta ba se sy st em • G IS w or ks ta tio ns a nd so ftw ar e ac qu ire d an d in st al le d • N um be r o f U AS eq ui pm en t a cq ui re d fo r f ie ld v al id at io n an d pr oc es si ng • Tr ai ni ng p ro gr am in st itu te d • D ig iti ze d pa rc el la ry m ap s of a ll N IS • D ig iti ze d pa rc el la ry m ap s of a ll C IS • N um be r o f G IS / re m ot e se ns in g pe rs on ne l h ire d • N on e • N o ag en cy w id e pr og ra m • Ab ou t 1 0 N IS • Ex is tin g N IS p lu s ne w to b e de ve lo pe d (2 45 N IS ;1 0 de ve lo pe d un de r TC P ) • Ex is tin g C IS p lu s ne w to b e de ve lo pe d (9 ,2 30 C IS a s of 2 01 8) • C ur re nt ly n o pl an til la ite m • 1 pe r N IS s ys te m ; 1 p er IM O ; 2 p er re gi on ; 2 in C O • 1 pe r I M O ; 1 p er N IS sy st em • 1 pe r r eg io n pe r y ea r • 20 N IS p er y ea r • 10 % p er y ea r • 1 pe r N IS s ys te m ; 1 p er IM O ; 2 p er re gi on ; 2 in C O • N IA R ep or ts • Fu nd s w ill b e al lo ca te d • P la nt ill a ite m s w ill b e pr ov id ed B . I rr ig at ed a re a de ve lo pe d ta ki ng in to a cc ou nt D A’ s R ic e Ro ad m ap a nd R ic e Ta riff ic at io n Ac t N ew a re a ge ne ra te d • 31 ,8 72 h a 20 18 a ne w ar ea g en er at ed (a ct ua l) • 12 9, 06 9 ha to ta l ad di tio na l n ew N IP b y 20 30 • 18 5, 44 6 ha a dd iti on al ne w C IP b y 20 30 • N IA A nn ua l a nd Ye ar en d Re po rt s • N IA G CG P er fo rm an ce Sc or ec ar d • Re so ur ce s an d pl an til la it em s w ill be a llo ca te d an d pr ov id ed • C on tin uo us a nd ra pi d pr ep ar at io n of q ua lit y FS fo r a ll pr oj ec ts • St re ng th en ed N IA pr oj ec t d ev el op m en t un it in c ha rg e of FS p re pa ra tio n, im pl em en ta tio n an d m on ito rin g The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 44The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut pu ts In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks B . I rr ig at ed a re a de ve lo pe d ta ki ng in to a cc ou nt D A’ s R ic e Ro ad m ap a nd R ic e Ta riff ic at io n Ac t Re st or ed ir rig at ed A re a • 17 ,6 08 h a 20 18 re st or ed (a ct ua l) • 72 ,7 58 h a to ta l N IS re st or ed a re as b y 20 30 • 11 7, 29 5 ha t ot al C IS re st or ed a re as b y 20 30 • N IA A nn ua l a nd Ye ar en d Re po rt s • N IA G CG P er fo rm an ce Sc or ec ar d • Re so ur ce s w ill b e al lo ca te d • P ro je ct ed a re as w ill de pe nd o n ac tu al re st or ab le a re as Re ha bi lit at ed c an al s (e ar th & c on cr et e) , ca na l s tr uc tu re s • 27 4. 07 e ar th c an al (k m ) ac tu al 2 01 7 • 1, 11 2. 01 c on cr et e lin ed ca na l ( km ) a ct ua l 2 01 7 • 3, 15 4. 65 n o. o f c an al st ru ct ur es (c ou nt ) a ct ua l 20 17 • Le ng th o f c an al n et w or ks (k m ) ( ea rt h/ lin ed ; m ai n an d la te ra l) (r eh ab ta rg et s in p es os c an b e co nv er te d to p hy si ca l u si ng p la nn in g st an da rd ) • N um be r o f d am s • N um be r o f i nt ak e st ru ct ur es • N um be r o f o n fa rm le ve l st ru ct ur es (t ur no ut s, ch ec k ga te s, in ve rt ed si ph on , e tc .) (r eh ab ta rg et s in p es os c an b e co nv er te d to p hy si ca l us in g pl an ni ng s ta nd ar d) • N IA A nn ua l a nd Ye ar en d Re po rt s • N IA G CG P er fo rm an ce Sc or ec ar d • Re so ur ce s w ill b e al lo ca te d C . I nv es tm en t p ro gr am of p ro je ct s fo r th e m ed iu m an d lo ng t er m in cl ud in g re ad ily im pl em en ta bl e ne w p ro je ct s in th e sh or t t er m ta ki ng in to a cc ou nt N ED A’ s VE /V A re co m m en da tio ns • In ve st m en ts in s ho rt , m ed iu m a nd lo ng te rm p ro je ct s • 20 19 P IP in ve st m en t ta rg et s Sh or t te rm :1 65 ,8 87 h a in th e R ic e Ta riff ic at io n/ Ro ad m ap 5 7 pr io rit y pr ov in ce s M ed iu m t er m :1 80 ,2 15 h a in th e R ic e Ta riff ic at io n/ Ro ad m ap 5 7 pr io rit y pr ov in ce s Lo ng t er m : 3 35 ,6 08 h a • P ro je ct R ep or ts • N IA A nn ua l a nd Ye ar en d Re po rt s • Al l P IP p ro je ct s w ith FS w ill p as s se le ct io n an d pr io rit iz at io n re qu ire m en ts • Ad di tio na l p ro je ct s id en tif ie d w ill h av e FS to b e in cl ud ed in se le ct io n an d pr io rit i za tio n 45 CHAPTER 4 O ut pu ts In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks D . G ui de lin es fo r t he de ve lo pm en t o f a m ai nt en an ce en ha nc em en t a nd op er at io n pl an o f irr ig at io n sy st em s in cl ud in g st ra te gi es on a ss et m an ag em en t an d ta ki ng in to co ns id er at io n th e FI SA • O pe ra tio ns a nd m an ag em en t p la n pe r sy st em • An nu al in ve nt or y of s ta te of s ys te m s • O & M p la ns • Al l s ys te m s to p ro du ce O & M pl an e ve ry 3 y ea rs • N IA S ys te m P er fo rm an ce (N IS P ER ; C IS P ER ) R ep or ts on th e fo llo w in g: o O & M p la n pe r s ys te m o O & M E xp en di tu re s o O & M E xp en di tu re s/ ha • As se t m an ag em en t tr ai ni ng c on du ct ed p er re gi on p er y ea r • Ad op tio n of a ss et m an ag em en t s ys te m in al l r eg io ns E. A do pt io n of w at er eff ic ie nt te ch no lo gi es , an d CC A/ D R R M in ir rig at io n de ve lo pm en t m ai ns tr ea m ed ; • N um be r o f I As tr ai ne d • 2, 78 5 N IS IA s (a s of 2 01 8) • 9, 23 0 C IS IA s (a s of 2 01 8) • 10 % p er y ea r i nc re as e in ad op tio n • N IA R ep or ts • C on tin uo us im pl em en ta tio n of N IA M em o C irc ul ar to m ai ns tr ea m • C on tin uo us tr ai ni ng an d ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g of fa rm er s • Fu nc tio na l w at er c on tr ol st ru ct ur es F. R ea lig ne d irr ig at io n de ve lo pm en t t o su pp or t d iv er si fie d ag ric ul tu ra l pr od uc tio n sy st em s • In cr ea se d irr ig at ed a re a fo r d iv er si fie d cr op s In cr ea se in ir rig at ed a re a by 20 30 : • Su ga rc an e: 7 9, 02 2 ha • C oc on ut : 4 23 ,8 57 h a • B an an a: 5 2, 32 5 ha • C or n: 1 42 ,3 43 h a • P in ea pp le : 2 1, 17 4 ha • M an go : 3 0, 09 0 ha • To ba cc o: 2 46 h a An nu al in cr ea se in a re a: • 1. 5% • 1. 0% • 1. 0% • 0. 5% • 2. 5% • 1. 7% • 0. 5% • N IA R ep or ts • N IA In ve nt or y • C on tin uo us g ov er nm en t su pp or t i n te rm s of bu dg et a nd p ol ic y • Av ai la bl e m ar ke ts fo r di ve rs ifi ed c ro ps • W ill in gn es s of fa rm er s to sh ift to d iv er si fie d cr op s • N IA ID O s up po rt s an d pr om ot es d iv er si fie d cr op pi ng in ir rig at ed ar ea s • D A, D TI a nd fi na nc ia l in st itu tio ns s up po rt di ve rs ifi ed c ro pp in g (e .g . tr ai ni ng s, p ro du ct io n in pu ts , c re di ts , m ar ke ts , et c. ) The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 46The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut pu ts In di ca to rs 20 19 B as el in e Ta rg et s M ea ns o f V er if ic at io n As su m pt io ns /R is ks G . I ns tit ut io na l r ef or m s fo r a n eff ic ie nt a nd su cc es sf ul n ew M as te r P la n • Es ta bl is hm en t of re se ar ch b as ed pl an ni ng , m on ito rin g an d ev al ua tio n • St re ng th en th e im pl em en ta tio n ca pa ci ty o In cr ea se d in te ch ni ca l ca pa ci ty pa rt ic ul ar ly in ir rig at io n en gi ne er in g, hy dr ol og y an d w at er re so ur ce s o S oc ia l a nd En vi ro nm en ta l Sa fe gu ar ds u ni t w ith in IA S o T ec hn ic al ca pa ci ty up gr ad ed to m ee t w or k st an da rd s • In cr ea se d nu m be r of p riv at e se ct or in ve st m en t • Ac co un ta bi lit y M an ua l • Fo rm ul at io n of a n R & D a ge nd a an d es ta bl is hm en t o f a n R & D u ni t • In cr ea se d in te ch ni ca l ca pa ci ty p ar tic ul ar ly in irr ig at io n en gi ne er in g, hy dr ol og y an d w at er re so ur ce s • In cr ea se a ut ho rit y sp ec ia lly fo r F S • Es ta bl is hm en t o f W at er sh ed A qu ife r M an ag em en t U ni t • St re ng th en in g of In st itu tio na l D ev el op m en t (D et ai ls to b e es ta b lis he d) • R & D A ge nd a fo rm ul at ed by 2 02 0 • R & D u ni t e st ab lis he d by 20 21 • N um be r o f a pp ro ve d FS a pp ro ve d an d im pl em en te d in th e re gi on s • N um be r o f t ec hn ic al ly co m pe te nt ID O s hi re d • N um be r o f I D O s tr ai ne d (R ef er to A nn ex o n N IM P T ec hn ic al S ta ff in g R eq ui re m en t) • W at er sh ed A qu ife r M an ag em en t U ni t b y 20 21 • St re ng th en in g of In st itu tio na l D ev el op m en t st ar tin g 20 21 • N um be r o f P P P c on tr ac ts an d ar ea c ov er ed • Av ai la bi lit y of m an ua l • D eg re e of c om pl ia nc e • N IA R ep or ts to th e O ffi ce o f t he P re si de nt , G CG ; N IA B oa rd A pp ro va l; D B P ap pr ov ed p la nt ill a; M em or an du m C irc ul ar s • Ap pr ov al o f t he N IA B oa rd a nd th e G CG of th e fo llo w in g st ru ct ur al s hi fts a nd th e al lo ca tio n by th e D B M o f t he n ec es sa ry fin an ci al re so ur ce s 47 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on A. E st ab lis h a ne w ge od at ab as e sy st em 1. E st ab lis h G IS w or ks ta tio ns , a cq ui re a nd in st al l s oft w ar e 2. A cq ui re U AS e qu ip m en t f or fi el d va lid at io n an d pr oc es si ng 3. In st itu te tr ai ni ng p ro gr am fo r g eo da ta ba se op er at io n an d m an ag em en t 4. D ig iti ze d pa rc el la ry m ap s of a ll N IS 5. D ig iti ze p ar ce lla ry m ap s of C IS 6. H ire G IS /r em ot e se ns in g pe rs on ne l • Re fe r t o #A u nd er O U TP U TS • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • B ud ge t b e in cl ud ed in G AA fo r pl an til la p os iti on s an d so ftw ar e/ ha rd w ar e re qu ire m en ts . B . D ev el op ir rig at ed ar ea s ta ki ng in to ac co un t R ic e Ro ad m ap a nd R ic e Ta riff ic at io n Ac t 1. G en er at e ne w a re as 2. R es to re ir rig at ed a re as 3. R eh ab ili ta te c an al s an d ca na l s tr uc tu re s • To ta l I nv es tm en t ( P ’0 00 ) f or Sc en ar io 1  Fo r 2 02 0, 3 4, 91 5, 85 9  Fo r 2 02 1, 4 2, 91 8, 11 8  Fo r 2 02 2, 4 0, 89 5, 63 5  Fo r 2 02 3, 4 2, 85 3, 67 4  Fo r 2 02 4, 4 0, 12 9, 04 6  Fo r 2 02 5, 3 9, 72 3, 56 5  Fo r 2 02 6, 5 4, 32 4, 58 1  Fo r 2 02 7, 3 1, 58 9, 09 3  Fo r 2 02 8, 3 3, 72 5, 97 7  Fo r 2 02 9, 3 5, 70 2, 49 3  Fo r 2 03 0, 4 1, 30 5, 26 5  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 4 38 ,3 53 ,3 07 • In ve st m en t f or N ew A re as (P ’0 00 ) fo r S ce na rio 1  Fo r 2 02 0, 1 1, 09 8, 81 3  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 6, 81 4, 18 9  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 9, 42 6, 01 2  Fo r 2 02 3, 3 9, 35 6, 19 6  Fo r 2 02 4, 1 5, 07 0, 02 1  Fo r 2 02 5, 1 7, 05 9, 72 3  Fo r 2 02 6, 1 9, 26 7, 15 0  Fo r 2 02 7, 2 1, 71 0, 28 8  Fo r 2 02 8, 2 2, 98 3, 86 8  Fo r 2 02 9, 2 4, 33 2, 27 9  Fo r 2 03 0, 3 0, 79 8, 61 1  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 2 37 ,9 17 ,1 51 • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • R ic e Ro ad m ap w ill b e fin al iz ed an d fu lly o pe ra tio na liz ed The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 48The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • In ve st m en t f or R es to re A re as (P ’0 00 ) f or S ce na rio 1  Fo r 2 02 0, 8 ,6 03 ,3 72  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 3, 00 2, 03 0  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 5, 01 6, 90 4  Fo r 2 02 3, 1 ,1 47 ,2 71  Fo r 2 02 4, 5 90 ,5 52  Fo r 2 02 5, 6 71 ,9 26  Fo r 2 02 6, 7 73 ,4 77  Fo r 2 02 7, 7 ,1 94 ,6 91  Fo r 2 02 8, 7 ,6 14 ,1 74  Fo r 2 02 9, 8 ,0 58 ,2 31  Fo r 2 03 0, 6 ,9 99 ,7 94  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 6 9, 67 2, 42 2 • In ve st m en t f or R eh ab o f c an al s (P ’0 00 ) f or S ce na rio 1  Fo r 2 02 0, 3 ,3 07 ,2 19  Fo r 2 02 1, 4 ,1 02 ,8 36  Fo r 2 02 2, 3 ,8 90 ,0 98  Fo r 2 02 3, 4 ,0 50 ,3 47  Fo r 2 02 4, 3 ,7 64 ,0 55  Fo r 2 02 5, 3 ,7 08 ,8 65  Fo r 2 02 6, 5 ,1 53 ,4 63  Fo r 2 02 7, 2 ,8 90 ,4 98  Fo r 2 02 8, 3 ,0 59 ,8 04  Fo r 2 02 9, 3 ,2 39 ,0 51  Fo r 2 03 0, 3 ,7 79 ,8 40  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 4 0, 94 6, 07 6 C . I de nt ify a nd pr io rit iz e irr ig at io n in ve st m en t pr og ra m ta ki ng in to a cc ou nt V EV A Re co m m en da tio ns 1. S ho rt t er m in ve st m en t 2. M ed iu m t er m in ve st m en t 3. L on g te rm in ve st m en t • Sh or t t er m in ve st m en t ( 1 3 ye ar s) (P ’0 00 ) f or S ce na rio 1 : 1 17 ,7 37 ,3 80 • M ed iu m t er m in ve st m en t ( 4 5 ye ar s) (P ’0 00 ) f or S ce na rio 1 : 12 4, 67 9, 17 6 • Lo ng t er m in ve st m en t ( 6 1 0 ye ar s) (P ’0 00 ) f or S ce na rio 1 : 20 3, 26 7, 54 4 • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • P re f ea si bi lit y or fe as ib ili ty st ud ie s w ill b e av ai la bl e 49 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on D . I m pl em en t/ Fo llo w gu id el in es fo r th e de ve lo pm en t of m ai nt en an ce en ha nc em en t an d op er at io n pl an o f i rr ig sy st em in cl ud in g st ra te gi es on A ss et M an ag em en t ta ki ng in to co ns id er at io n FI SA 1. F or m ul at e O pe ra tio ns a nd M an ag em en t P la n pe r s ys te m (s ho ul d in cl ud e an nu al in ve nt or y of s ta te o f s ys te m s) 2. C ar ry o ut a n in ve nt or y of ir rig at io n fa ci lit ie s an d th ei r s ta te s • Re fe r t o #D u nd er O U TP U TS • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • B ud ge t b e in cl ud ed in G AA fo r pl an til la p os iti on s an d so ftw ar e/ ha rd w ar e re qu ire m en ts . E. A do pt w at er eff ic ie nt te ch no lo gi es an d M ai ns tr ea m CC A/ D R R M in ir rig at io n de ve lo pm en t 1. T ra in IA s in e ffi ci en t t ec hn ol og ie s 2. M ai ns tr ea m C C A/ D R R M in ir rig at io n de ve lo pm en t • Re fe r t o #E u nd er O U TP U TS • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • N IA w ill h av e th e re so ur ce s to fu nd th es e in iti at iv es F. R ea lig n irr ig at io n de ve lo pm en t to s up po rt di ve rs ifi ed ag ric ul tu ra l pr od uc tio n sy st em s 1. In cr ea se ir rig at ed a re a fo r d iv er si fie d cr op s • O pt io n 1 (d rip S TW ) c os t ( P ’0 00 ) • Su ga rc an e  Fo r 2 02 0, 9 ,6 05 ,2 07  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 0, 04 1, 76 4  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 0, 49 8, 16 2  Fo r 2 02 3, 1 0, 97 5, 30 3  Fo r 2 02 4, 1 1, 47 4, 13 1  Fo r 2 02 5, 1 1, 99 5, 63 0  Fo r 2 02 6, 1 2, 54 0, 83 2  Fo r 2 02 7, 1 3, 11 0, 81 2  Fo r 2 02 8, 1 3, 70 6, 69 9  Fo r 2 02 9, 1 4, 32 9, 66 8  Fo r 2 03 0, 1 4, 98 0, 95 2  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 1 33 ,2 59 ,1 60 • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • Fa rm er s w ill c ho os e no n ric e cr op s. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 50The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • C oc on ut  Fo r 2 02 0, 5 2, 84 0, 87 5  Fo r 2 02 1, 5 4, 97 0, 36 2  Fo r 2 02 2, 5 7, 18 5, 66 8  Fo r 2 02 3, 5 9, 49 0, 25 0  Fo r 2 02 4, 6 1, 88 7, 70 7  Fo r 2 02 5, 6 4, 38 1, 78 2  Fo r 2 02 6, 6 6, 97 6, 36 7  Fo r 2 02 7, 6 9, 67 5, 51 5  Fo r 2 02 8, 7 2, 48 3, 43 8  Fo r 2 02 9, 7 5, 40 4, 52 1  Fo r 2 03 0, 7 8, 44 3, 32 3  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 7 13 ,7 39 ,8 08 • B an an a  Fo r 2 02 0, 6 ,5 23 ,1 51  Fo r 2 02 1, 6 ,7 86 ,0 34  Fo r 2 02 2, 7 ,0 59 ,5 11  Fo r 2 02 3, 7 ,3 44 ,0 09  Fo r 2 02 4, 7 ,6 39 ,9 73  Fo r 2 02 5, 7 ,9 47 ,8 64  Fo r 2 02 6, 8 ,2 68 ,1 62  Fo r 2 02 7, 8 ,6 01 ,3 69  Fo r 2 02 8, 8 ,9 48 ,0 05  Fo r 2 02 9, 9 ,3 08 ,6 09  Fo r 2 03 0, 9 ,6 83 ,7 46  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 8 8, 11 0, 43 2 • C or n  Fo r 2 02 0, 1 8, 19 7, 99 3  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 8, 83 7, 65 2  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 9, 49 9, 79 6  Fo r 2 02 3, 2 0, 18 5, 21 4  Fo r 2 02 4, 2 0, 89 4, 72 4  Fo r 2 02 5, 2 1, 62 9, 17 3  Fo r 2 02 6, 2 2, 38 9, 43 9  Fo r 2 02 7, 2 3, 17 6, 42 8  Fo r 2 02 8, 2 3, 99 1, 07 9  Fo r 2 02 9, 2 4, 83 4, 36 5  Fo r 2 03 0, 2 5, 70 7, 29 3  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 2 39 ,3 43 ,1 55 51 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • P in ea pp le  Fo r 2 02 0, 2 ,4 45 ,8 17  Fo r 2 02 1, 2 ,5 82 ,1 72  Fo r 2 02 2, 2 ,7 26 ,1 28  Fo r 2 02 3, 2 ,8 78 ,1 09  Fo r 2 02 4, 3 ,0 38 ,5 64  Fo r 2 02 5, 3 ,2 07 ,9 64  Fo r 2 02 6, 3 ,3 86 ,8 08  Fo r 2 02 7, 3 ,5 75 ,6 22  Fo r 2 02 8, 3 ,7 74 ,9 63  Fo r 2 02 9, 3 ,9 85 ,4 17  Fo r 2 03 0, 4 ,2 07 ,6 04  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 3 5, 80 9, 16 9 • M an go  Fo r 2 02 0, 3 ,6 20 ,5 63  Fo r 2 02 1, 3 ,7 92 ,5 76  Fo r 2 02 2, 3 ,9 72 ,7 62  Fo r 2 02 3, 4 ,1 61 ,5 08  Fo r 2 02 4, 4 ,3 59 ,2 21  Fo r 2 02 5, 4 ,5 66 ,3 27  Fo r 2 02 6, 4 ,7 83 ,2 74  Fo r 2 02 7, 5 ,0 10 ,5 27  Fo r 2 02 8, 5 ,2 48 ,5 77  Fo r 2 02 9, 5 ,4 97 ,9 37  Fo r 2 03 0, 5 ,7 59 ,1 44  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 5 0, 77 2, 41 6 • To ba cc o  Fo r 2 02 0, 3 1, 41 4  Fo r 2 02 1, 3 2, 51 9  Fo r 2 02 2, 3 3, 66 2  Fo r 2 02 3, 3 4, 84 5  Fo r 2 02 4, 3 6, 07 0  Fo r 2 02 5, 3 7, 33 7  Fo r 2 02 6, 3 8, 65 0  Fo r 2 02 7, 4 0, 00 8  Fo r 2 02 8, 4 1, 41 5  Fo r 2 02 9, 4 2, 87 0  Fo r 2 03 0, 4 4, 37 7  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 4 13 ,1 66 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 52The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • O pt io n 2 (d rip S P IS ) c os t ( P ’0 00 ) • Su ga rc an e  Fo r 2 02 0, 4 ,9 39 ,8 21  Fo r 2 02 1, 5 ,1 64 ,3 36  Fo r 2 02 2, 5 ,3 99 ,0 55  Fo r 2 02 3, 5 ,6 44 ,4 42  Fo r 2 02 4, 5 ,9 00 ,9 82  Fo r 2 02 5, 6 ,1 69 ,1 81  Fo r 2 02 6, 6 ,4 49 ,5 71  Fo r 2 02 7, 6 ,7 42 ,7 04  Fo r 2 02 8, 7 ,0 49 ,1 59  Fo r 2 02 9, 7 ,3 69 ,5 44  Fo r 2 03 0, 7 ,7 04 ,4 89  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 6 8, 53 3, 28 2 • C oc on ut  Fo r 2 02 0, 2 7, 17 5, 30 7  Fo r 2 02 1, 2 8, 27 0, 47 2  Fo r 2 02 2, 2 9, 40 9, 77 2  Fo r 2 02 3, 3 0, 59 4, 98 6  Fo r 2 02 4, 3 1, 82 7, 96 4  Fo r 2 02 5, 3 3, 11 0, 63 1  Fo r 2 02 6, 3 4, 44 4, 98 9  Fo r 2 02 7, 3 5, 83 3, 12 2  Fo r 2 02 8, 3 7, 27 7, 19 7  Fo r 2 02 9, 3 8, 77 9, 46 8  Fo r 2 03 0, 4 0, 34 2, 28 0  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 3 67 ,0 66 ,1 87 • B an an a  Fo r 2 02 0, 3 ,3 54 ,7 63  Fo r 2 02 1, 3 ,4 89 ,9 60  Fo r 2 02 2, 3 ,6 30 ,6 06  Fo r 2 02 3, 3 ,7 76 ,9 19  Fo r 2 02 4, 3 ,9 29 ,1 29  Fo r 2 02 5, 4 ,0 87 ,4 73  Fo r 2 02 6, 4 ,2 52 ,1 98  Fo r 2 02 7, 4 ,4 23 ,5 61  Fo r 2 02 8, 4 ,6 01 ,8 31  Fo r 2 02 9, 4 ,7 87 ,2 85  Fo r 2 03 0, 4 ,9 80 ,2 12  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 4 5, 31 3, 93 6 53 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • C or n  Fo r 2 02 0, 9 ,3 58 ,9 68  Fo r 2 02 1, 9 ,6 87 ,9 35  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 0, 02 8, 46 6  Fo r 2 02 3, 1 0, 38 0, 96 7  Fo r 2 02 4, 1 0, 74 5, 85 8  Fo r 2 02 5, 1 1, 12 3, 57 5  Fo r 2 02 6, 1 1, 51 4, 56 9  Fo r 2 02 7, 1 1, 91 9, 30 6  Fo r 2 02 8, 1 2, 33 8, 26 9  Fo r 2 02 9, 1 2, 77 1, 95 9  Fo r 2 03 0, 1 3, 22 0, 89 4  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 1 23 ,0 90 ,7 66 • P in ea pp le  Fo r 2 02 0, 1 ,2 57 ,8 49  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 ,3 27 ,9 74  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 ,4 02 ,0 09  Fo r 2 02 3, 1 ,4 80 ,1 70  Fo r 2 02 4, 1 ,5 62 ,6 90  Fo r 2 02 5, 1 ,6 49 ,8 10  Fo r 2 02 6, 1 ,7 41 ,7 87  Fo r 2 02 7, 1 ,8 38 ,8 91  Fo r 2 02 8, 1 ,9 41 ,4 10  Fo r 2 02 9, 2 ,0 49 ,6 43  Fo r 2 03 0, 2 ,1 63 ,9 11  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 1 8, 41 6, 14 4 • M an go  Fo r 2 02 0, 1 ,8 62 ,0 04  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 ,9 50 ,4 68  Fo r 2 02 2, 2 ,0 43 ,1 35  Fo r 2 02 3, 2 ,1 40 ,2 04  Fo r 2 02 4, 2 ,2 41 ,8 85  Fo r 2 02 5, 2 ,3 48 ,3 97  Fo r 2 02 6, 2 ,4 59 ,9 69  Fo r 2 02 7, 2 ,5 76 ,8 42  Fo r 2 02 8, 2 ,6 99 ,2 68  Fo r 2 02 9, 2 ,8 27 ,5 10  Fo r 2 03 0, 2 ,9 61 ,8 45  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 2 6, 11 1, 52 8 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 54The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 St ra te gi c Ac ti vi ti es /P ro gr am s M ea ns R eq ui re d to im pl em en t t he se a ct iv it ie s (p er so nn el , s up pl ie s, e tc .) / C os t So ur ce s of in fo rm at io n on Ac ti on P ro gr es s As su m pt io ns / P re c on di ti on s re qu ir ed be fo re th e ac ti on • To ba cc o  Fo r 2 02 0, 1 6, 15 6  Fo r 2 02 1, 1 6, 72 4  Fo r 2 02 2, 1 7, 31 2  Fo r 2 02 3, 1 7, 92 0  Fo r 2 02 4, 1 8, 55 0  Fo r 2 02 5, 1 9, 20 2  Fo r 2 02 6, 1 9, 87 7  Fo r 2 02 7, 2 0, 57 6  Fo r 2 02 8, 2 1, 29 9  Fo r 2 02 9, 2 2, 04 8  Fo r 2 03 0, 2 2, 82 3  Fo r 2 02 0 20 30 , 2 12 ,4 86 G . C ar ry o ut in st itu tio na l re fo rm s fo r a n eff ic ie nt a nd su cc es sf ul n ew M as te r P la n 1. E st ab lis h a re se ar ch b as ed p la nn in g, m on ito rin g, a nd e va lu at io n 2. S tr en gt he n im pl em en ta tio n ca pa ci ty (i ) In cr ea se te ch ni ca l c ap ac ity in en gi ne er in g, h yd ro lo gy & w at er re so ur ce s (i i) In st al l s oc ia l & e nv iro nm en ta l sa fe gu ar ds u ni t w ith in IA s (i ii) U pg ra de te ch ni ca l c ap ac ity to m ee t w or k st an da rd s 3. P ro m ot e pr iv at e se ct or in ve st m en t 4. E st ab lis h ac co un ta bi lit y/ D ev el op Ac co un ta bi lit y M an ua l • R ef er to # G u nd er O U TP U TS • N IA Y ea re nd a nd An nu al R ep or ts ; Im pl em en ta tio n/ P ro je ct C om pl et io n Re po rt s • B ud ge t b e in cl ud ed in G AA fo r pl an til la p os iti on s. 55 CHAPTER 4 4.4. NIMP Implementation Framework For a systematic implementation of the NIMP 2020-2030, a recommended framework for implementation is provided herein and is shown in Figure 4.2. It includes four stages in irrigation development, namely 1) planning 2) design and construction 3) O&M and 4) M&E The physical targets and desired results at the national level formulated in the NIMP, which include food security options, food production targets, new irrigated areas, rehabilitation and restoration targets, crop diversification, enhanced farmers competitiveness, climate resiliency among others, were essentially guided by NIA’s Mission/Vision, AFMA/AFMP, PDP and VE/ VA principles. At the same time, the national physical targets were based on the new NIA Geodatabase developed in this NIMP. Based on the national level physical targets and desired results, regional and provincial level irrigation development master plans will have to be formulated to fine-tune the national level irrigation development targets at the lower level. These lower level plans will initially be based on the new NIA geodatabase among other considerations. At the same time, the regional and provincial level master plans are expected to generate more detailed information at the lower levels which should be inputted back to the NIA geodatabase for its continued updating and enhancement. While irrigation projects currently in the pipeline such as those identified under the PIP and those reported in the previous provincial master plans have been initially considered for the initial years of implementation of the NIMP, the regional and provincial irrigation master plans should more rigorously identify irrigation development projects for the implementation period of the NIMP. Project identification should be guided by the DA’s Rice Roadmap, the Rice Tariffication Law, the need for crop diversification and other relevant policies such as AFMA/AFMP among others. The new NIA Geodatabase will again serve as basis for project identification. All identified projects for irrigation development will have to be subjected to pre-feasibility and full-blown FS considering various technical, economic, financial, social, environmental, institutional, organization and legal aspects. The prioritized list of irrigation projects will then serve as basis for filling up the projected mix of new irrigation projects and rehabilitation or restoration of existing irrigation systems for 2020 to 2030. The inputs of NIA and other stakeholders such as IAs among others may have to be considered in fine-tuning this mix through the years. Based on this mix, the projected costs and benefits, budgetary requirements and financing schemes can be prepared. For the design and construction stage, which involves detailed engineering design, project appraisal, project authorization and the eventual project construction or implementation, a new set of design standards will have to be developed by NIA. At the same time, a system for effective quality control and quality assurance will have to be developed and used during project construction or implementation to ensure that high level of quality of construction of irrigation projects. During the O&M of newly constructed irrigation projects and existing irrigation systems, CCA and DRRM along with the use of water use efficient and water saving technologies and proper asset management will have to be implemented. At the same time, modernization of irrigation operation and institutional development will have to be considered. O&M will also have to be implemented in the current context of FISA, unless amendments to this law are promulgated during the implementation. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 56The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 To ensure effective and efficient irrigation development and management targeted in the NIMP, a proper M&E system should be enforced. This system is essentially based on the Results Matrix and Performance Indicators developed. Figure 4.2. Implementation framework for the New NIMP 2020-2030 57 CHAPTER 4 4.5. Physical Targets The NIMP 2020-2030 integrates the NIA’s Updated PIP 2017-2022 into the proposed irrigation infrastructure investment plan. Seminal to this is the determination of total physical area targets for irrigation development for the period covered by the NIMP. The NIMP presents projected area targets under nine (9) different scenarios (apart from the status quo/baseline) based on different physical, agronomic and policy scenarios. However, the focus of irrigation development in this NIMP will be based on Scenario 1. The assumptions and physical targets under the scenarios considered are presented in the ensuing sections. 4.5.1. Key Assumptions The physical area targets are determined relative to the projected total rice consumption of the country. The NIMP assumes a rice demand projection of 13.91 million tons in 2019 , 14.45 million tons in 2022, 15.18 million tons in 2026 and 15.88 million tons in 2030 as presented in the Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030. On the production side, the master plan assumes a baseline cropping intensity of 170% for the irrigated ecosystem, a rainfed ecosystem yield of 3.13 tons/ha, an irrigated ecosystem yield of 4.43 tons/ha, a milling recovery rate of 65%, and postharvest losses of 14%. Rainfed areas are assumed to be converted at weighted average rate of 0.53 ha per hectare of additional irrigated area based on the study by Perez, Rosegrant and Inocencio (2018). The NIMP uses farm level yield assumptions unadjusted for postharvest losses, hence, total projected paddy rice demand and total projected milled rice production reflect these losses. This allows demonstration of the contribution of reducing postharvest losses to total rice production. This is different from the PSA method of reporting where reported yield is assumed to be at 14% moisture content and is therefore already adjusted to account for postharvest loss. Scenario 1 assumes a production enhancing, cost-reducing scenario. Cropping Intensity is assumed to be 170%. Crop yield under irrigated areas is assumed to be 4.43 tons/ha (2020-2021), 5 tons/ha (2022-2024) and 5.4 tons/ha (2025-2030). It also assumes decreasing postharvest losses from 14% (2020-2021) to 12% (2022 2030). This is reflective of the general thrust of the Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap of improving yields and reducing losses to boost competitiveness to ensure rice security. This scenario assumes a constant annual growth in irrigated area of 2.8%. 4.5.2. Baseline Scenario Table 4.2 shows the projections for the baseline scenario. NIA infrastructure projects account for 91% of the area while the remaining 9% is covered by projects of OGA projects. This share is based on the historical shares of NIA and OGA assets in the total infrastructure inventories (2014 2018). By 2030, the total projected operational FUSA is about 2.52 M ha. Total increase in irrigated area is about 599,000 ha from 2020-2030, with NIA accounting for 545,000 ha and OGA responsible for a total 54,000 ha of irrigated area increase. Figure 4.3. shows the projected palay production and projected palay demand for the baseline scenario. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 58The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.3. Projected Palay Production vs Projected Palay Demand (Baseline) for 2020 2030 Year Projected Produc tion Rain fed (t) Projected FUSA (ha)* Projected Production Irrigated (t) Projected Total Pro duction (t) Projected Palay Demand Projected Palay Demand (t) with allowance for losses Required increase in irrigated areas per year (ha) Re quired increase in irrigated area (ha) (NIA) Re quired increase in irri gated area (ha) (OGA) 2019 4,350,700 1,920,563 14,463,760 18,814,460 21,400,000 24,883,721 - - 2020 4,271,050 1,968,577 14,825,353 19,096,403 21,673,920 25,202,233 48,014 43,693 4,321 2021 4,189,408 2,017,792 15,195,992 19,385,400 21,951,346 25,524,821 49,214 44,785 4,429 2022 4,105,725 2,068,236 15,575,885 19,681,611 22,232,323 25,851,539 50,445 45,905 4,540 2023 4,019,950 2,119,942 15,965,283 19,985,233 22,507,944 26,172,028 51,706 47,052 4,654 2024 3,932,030 2,172,941 16,364,419 20,296,449 22,786,982 26,496,491 52,999 48,229 4,770 2025 3,841,912 2,227,264 16,773,525 20,615,437 23,069,479 26,824,976 54,324 49,434 4,889 2026 3,749,541 2,282,946 17,192,866 20,942,408 23,355,479 27,157,534 55,682 50,670 5,011 2027 3,654,861 2,340,020 17,622,691 21,277,552 23,620,194 27,465,342 57,074 51,937 5,137 2028 3,557,815 2,398,520 18,063,254 21,621,070 23,887,909 27,776,639 58,500 53,235 5,265 2029 3,458,343 2,458,483 18,514,835 21,973,178 24,158,659 28,091,464 59,963 54,566 5,397 2030 3,356,384 2,519,945 18,977,706 22,334,089 24,432,477 28,409,857 61,462 55,930 5,532 Table 4.2. Baseline Projection Scenario (Scenario 0) *Actual area may be smaller due to unrecoverable converted land. Assumptions: Rate of decrease in rainfed area = 0.53 ha per ha irrigated; CI = 170%; Rainfed Yield = 3.13 tons/ha; Irrigated Yield = 4.43 tons/ha; Postharvest losses = 14%; Rice Demand Projection = 13.91 million tons (2019), 14.45 million tons (2022), 15.18 million tons (2026), 15.88 million tons (2030); Milling Recovery = 65%; Annual Rate of Irrigation Area Increase = 2.5% Source: Author’s calculation, PSA, Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030 59 CHAPTER 4 4.5.3. Scenario 1 Table 4.3 shows the projections for Scenario 1. Increase in irrigated area is based on a growth rate of 2.8% annually. Total irrigated area is projected to be about 2.60 M ha by 2030. Total increase in irrigated area of about 681,709 ha from 2020-2030, with NIA’s share at 620,357 ha and OGA responsible for 61,353 ha. Figure 4.4. shows the projected palay production and projected palay demand for Scenario 1. Figure 4.4. Projected Palay Production vs Projected Palay Demand (Scenario 1) for 2020 2030 Year Projected Production Rainfed (t) Projected FUSA (ha)* Projected Production Irrigated (t) Projected Total Production (t) Projected Palay Demand (t) Projected Palay Demand (t) with allowance for losses Required increase in irrigated areas per year (ha) Required increase in irrigated area (ha) (NIA) Required increase in irrigated area (ha) (OGA) 2019 4,350,700 1,920,563 14,463,760 18,814,460 21,400,000 24,883,721 - - 2020 4,261,491 1,974,339 14,868,747 19,130,238 21,673,920 25,202,233 53,776 48,936 4,840 2021 4,169,785 2,029,620 15,285,068 19,454,854 21,951,346 25,524,821 55,281 50,306 4,975 2022 4,075,512 2,086,450 17,734,825 21,810,337 22,232,323 25,264,004 56,829 51,715 5,115 2023 3,978,597 2,144,870 18,231,395 22,209,992 22,507,944 25,577,209 58,421 53,163 5,258 2024 3,878,970 2,204,927 18,741,880 22,620,850 22,786,982 25,894,298 60,056 54,651 5,405 2025 3,776,553 2,266,665 20,807,985 24,584,538 23,069,479 26,215,318 61,738 56,182 5,556 2026 3,671,268 2,330,131 21,390,603 25,061,870 23,355,479 26,540,317 63,467 57,755 5,712 2027 3,563,034 2,395,375 21,989,543 25,552,577 23,620,194 26,841,129 65,244 59,372 5,872 2028 3,451,772 2,462,445 22,605,245 26,057,017 23,887,909 27,145,351 67,070 61,034 6,036 2029 3,337,394 2,531,394 23,238,197 26,575,591 24,158,659 27,453,021 68,948 62,743 6,205 2030 3,219,813 2,602,273 23,888,866 27,108,679 24,432,477 27,764,179 70,879 64,500 6,379 Table 4.3. Scenario 1 Projection *Actual area may be smaller due to unrecoverable converted land. Assumptions: Rate of decrease in rainfed area = 0.53 ha per ha irrigated; CI = 170%; Rainfed Yield = 3.13 tons/ha; Irrigated Yield = 4.43 tons/ha (2020-2021), 5 tons/ha (2022-2024), 5.4 tons/ha (2025-2030); Postharvest losses = 14% (2020-2024), 12% (2025-2030); Rice Demand Projection = 13.91 million tons (2019), 14.45 million tons (2022), 15.18 million tons (2026), 15.88 million tons (2030); Milling Recovery = 65%; Annual Rate of Irrigation Area Increase = 2.8% Source: Author’s calculation, PSA, Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 60The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.5.4. Projections of Area per Project/ System Type The projections of total physical area per project/system are based on the required increase in irrigated area per year for each scenario. For NIA, total target areas of programmed projects from the updated PIP were incorporated. Additional areas (Non-PIP) were considered if the PIP was not able to cover the required increase per year. Non-PIP areas are divided between NIS (40%) and CIS (60%), allocated equally between new and restoration projects. These ratios were determined based on the results of the regional FGDs conducted. For restoration areas, a limit of 72,758 ha for NIS and 131,193 ha for CIS were set. This is based on the total non operational areas of the 2018 NIA inventory. Once the limit is reached, a constant 10% share of the areas is targeted for restoration for the succeeding years. No areas for MPs are allocated apart from those that were included in the PIP. For areas allotted for OGAs, the share of each irrigation system on the area to be developed was based from the 2018 NIA inventory. Solar-Powered Irrigation Project (SPIP) areas were also considered in the programmed areas for OGA, which is based on the Small-Scale Irrigation Project (SSIP) Master Plan (2014-2022). Baseline Scenario Table 4.4 shows the projected areas for new, restoration, multipurpose, and OGA projects for 2020-2030 under the baseline scenario. Total projected area for new projects is estimated to be about 261,000 ha, while an estimated 168,000 ha are areas to be restored. An estimated 115,000 ha is attributable to MPs. Figure 4.5. shows the graph of projected areas for new, restoration, multipurpose and OGA projects from 2020 2030 under the baseline scenario. Figure 4.5. Annual Projected Target Area for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Baseline) in 2020-2030 61 CHAPTER 4 YEAR NIS/NIP (ha) CIS/CIP/SIP (ha) SUBTOTAL MP (ha) TOTAL (NIA) OGA (ha) GRAND TOTALNew Restore New Restore New Restore 2020 4,352 4,352 6,527 6,527 10,879 10,879 21,935 43,693 4,321 48,014 2021 7,057 7,057 10,586 10,586 17,643 17,643 9,500 44,785 4,429 49,214 2022 8,264 8,264 12,396 12,396 20,660 20,660 4,585 45,905 4,540 50,445 2023 16,939 1,882 25,408 2,823 42,347 4,705 - 47,052 4,654 51,706 2024 7,258 806 10,887 1,210 18,145 2,016 28,068 48,229 4,770 52,999 2025 8,148 905 12,223 1,358 20,371 2,263 26,800 49,434 4,889 54,324 2026 9,277 1,031 13,916 1,546 23,193 2,577 24,900 50,670 5,011 55,682 2027 10,387 10,387 15,581 15,581 25,969 25,969 - 51,937 5,137 57,074 2028 10,647 10,647 15,971 15,971 26,618 26,618 - 53,235 5,265 58,500 2029 10,913 10,913 16,370 16,370 27,283 27,283 - 54,566 5,397 59,963 2030 11,186 11,186 16,779 16,779 27,965 27,965 - 55,930 5,532 61,462 TOTAL 104,429 67,431 156,643 101,147 261,072 168,578 115,788 545,438 53,944 599,382 Table 4.4. Projected Total Areas of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Baseline Scenario Scenario 1 Table 4.5 shows the projected areas for new, restoration, multipurpose, and OGA projects from 2020-2030 under Scenario 1. Total areas generated by new projects were estimated to be about 314,500 ha, while 190,000 ha is programmed to be generated by restoration projects. Since no new MPs were programmed apart from what is in the PIP, areas generated from MPs are the same as those in the baseline. Figure 4.6 shows the graph of projected areas for new, restoration, multipurpose and OGA projects from 2020 2030 for Scenario 1. Figure 4.6. Annual Projected Target Area for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Scenario 1) for 2020-2030 FUSA used is categorized as Service Area under existing NIA classifications. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 62The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.5. Projected Total Areas of NIPs, CIPs, Multipurpose and Other Government Assisted Projects (2020-2030) under Scenario 1 YEAR NIS/NIP (ha) CIS/CIP/SIP (ha) SUBTOTAL MP (ha) TOTAL (NIA) OGA (ha) GRAND TOTALNew Restore New Restore New Restore 2020 5,400 5,400 8,100 8,100 13,501 13,501 21,935 48,936 4,840 53,776 2021 8,161 8,161 12,242 12,242 20,403 20,403 9,500 50,306 4,975 55,281 2022 9,426 9,426 14,139 14,139 23,565 23,565 4,585 51,715 5,115 56,829 2023 19,139 2,127 28,708 3,190 47,846 5,316 - 53,163 5,258 58,421 2024 9,570 1,063 14,355 1,595 23,925 2,658 28,068 54,651 5,405 60,056 2025 10,577 1,175 15,866 1,763 26,443 2,938 26,800 56,182 5,556 61,738 2026 11,828 1,314 17,741 1,971 29,569 3,285 24,900 57,755 5,712 63,467 2027 11,874 11,874 17,812 17,812 29,686 29,686 - 59,372 5,872 65,244 2028 12,207 12,207 18,310 18,310 30,517 30,517 - 61,034 6,036 67,070 2029 12,549 12,549 18,823 18,823 31,372 31,372 - 62,743 6,205 68,948 2030 18,339 7,461 19,350 19,350 37,689 26,811 - 64,500 6,379 70,879 TOTAL 129,070 72,757 185,446 117,295 314,516 190,052 115,788 620,357 61,353 681,709 4.6. The New NIA Geodatabase and its Applications For planning purposes, it is important to have a view of the proposed site prior to field visitation for the initial review of what should be expected on the ground. A look into maps is more efficient than directly going first to the area for reconnaissance. Different map files or shapefiles could be seen through overlaying one another. In irrigation system development, dam improvement and other irrigation-related projects or activities, risk of hazards should not be an option. 4.6.1. Description of the Geodatabase System Geodatabases can be used as single-user or multiuser. Examples of single user are personal geodatabase and file geodatabase, while for multiusers, there are desktop geodatabase, workgroup geodatabase and enterprise geodatabase. The multiuser requires standard or advanced license of ArcGIS in order to view, create, edit and manage the database while all these activities are possible in single user as long as there are desktop licenses. In the case of the geodatabase created for NIA, it is in the format of a file geodatabase. Although it is intended for single use, a file geodatabase can still be edited through a shared network or a server. The geodatabase made for the whole NIA system contains both national and regional set of data. Each region shall have its respective geodatabase (Table 4.6). All available maps of the whole country shall be kept and maintained by the CO for monitoring and other purposes. The rest of the data shall be used for planning and operations. The geodatabase is used to provide storage for data access and retrieval using structured or standard query language (SQL) to create, modify, and query tables and data elements using different relational functions and operations just as what is illustrated in Figure 4.7. It also serves as a means for data integration across geodatabases. 63 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.7 Geodatabase Functionalities The creation of this system implies benefits to NIA. It functions as an improvement of the existing NIA database management system and will accommodate and update all information gathered with the aim to: 1) greatly improve the efficiency and quality of decisions and developing policies for irrigation development and management; 2) accommodate updates and integrate new maps to monitor the progress and impacts of different projects; and 3) combine modelling techniques and optimization procedures into the system to enhance the capability of the agency to deliver more responsive and science-based decisions. Table 4.6. Geodatabase File for Each Region Region Geodatabase Number Name CAR Cordillera Administrative Region CAR.gdb I Ilocos Region REGION I.gdb II Cagayan Valley REGION II.gbd III Central Luzon REGION III.gdb IVA CALABARZON CALABARZON.gdb IVB MIMAROPA MIMAROPA.gdb V Bicol Region REGION V.gdb VI Western Visayas REGION VI.gdb VII Central Visayas REGION VII.gdb VIII Eastern Visayas REGION VIII.gdb IX Zamboanga Peninsula REGION IX.gdb X Northern Mindanao REGION X.gdb XI Davao Region REGION XI.gdb XII SOCCSKSARGEN REGION XII.gdb XIII Caraga REGION XIII.gdb ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao ARMM.gdb Source: ESRI, 2016 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 64The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 The created geodatabase for NIA has four major components and functionalities which are: 1) data content and nomenclature, 2) attribute design and structure, 3) use of attribute domains, and the 4) incorporation of the GAME model. Operationalization and Updating of Various Datasets from Government Agencies This describes how the existing and future datasets will be utilized. The geodatabase functionalities can be maximized through the use of ArcGIS software especially the editing of features but it can also be used in QGIS. From NIA datasets Area declaration in their reports shall be based on the approximate computed area from boundary delineation through maps. Area in the inventory should always be validated in the field. For NIS, parcellary mapping shall pursue as what has been done in the ten pilot sites. The same approach is being suggested to CIS since it has a lower area coverage thus can be done in a shorter period of time. An approach of drone survey is proposed for systems inventory and for the delineation of the boundaries. The delineation will be done through editing the geodatabase file specifically among systems since there has been a created template for that purpose. From other offices Data from other agencies could be readily used depending on their needs. Acknowledgement of the data source should be a priority to avoid issues of illegal usage and copyright infringement. 4.6.2. Estimates of Potential Irrigable Areas Gross Potential Irrigable Area PIA for the NIMP is grouped in various categories: gross land based PIA, net land based PIA, and net land based PIA with areas ≥ 5 ha and areas ≥ 10 ha. Based on the analysis, Region III has the highest gross PIA for 0-8% slope with a total of 904,561.15 ha followed by Region II with 634,886.46 ha then CALABARZON with 524,507.69 ha. However, there were differences when the slope category was broken down to 0-3% and 3-8%. For the first category, Region III has 718,272.32 ha followed by Region II with 449,266.29 ha then Region I with 382,491.38 ha. These regions are the flattest regions based on slope and have high level of suitability for crop production and irrigation based on soil textural class. CAR has the lowest area (69,078.95 ha) among the regions simply because it is mountainous as shown in Table 4.7. On the other hand, for the latter category, Region V has the highest area with 232,421.35 ha followed by CALABARZON and Region VI with 221,805.87 ha and 215,431.95 ha, respectively. Same as the first category, CAR has the lowest among the regions in this category with 51,024.09 ha. Figure 4.8 illustrates the generated gross PIA of the country. Total Validated Actual Irrigated Areas per Region Shapefile data on NIS, CIS, OGA were acquired from NIA. These files were subjected to validation through GIS analysis using ArcGIS as the software. 65 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.7. Regional Gross Potential Irrigable Area Region Gross Potential Irrigable Area (ha) 0-3% 3-8% 0-8% Region I 382,491.38 122,357.38 504,848.76 Region II 449,266.29 185,620.17 634,886.46 Region III 718,272.32 186,288.83 904,561.15 CALABARZON 302,701.82 221,805.87 524,507.69 MIMAROPA 269,047.77 149,325.15 418,372.93 Region V 276,203.51 232,421.35 508,624.86 Region VI 189,980.58 215,431.95 405,412.53 Region VII 81,686.48 152,948.90 234,635.39 Region VIII 299,954.73 146,198.56 446,153.29 Region IX 148,753.62 98,569.89 247,323.51 Region X 154,876.18 182,360.68 337,236.87 Region XI 263,114.25 117,576.18 380,690.44 Region XII 324,760.74 111,310.83 436,071.57 Caraga 268,411.44 107,888.24 376,299.67 CAR 69,078.95 51,024.09 120,103.04 ARMM* 267,019.30 146,474.69 413,493.99 Metro Manila 39,092.22 13,817.52 52,909.74 Total 4,504,711.58 2,441,420.30 6,946,131.88 Note: *Areas under the ARMM are managed by the Regional Office of Region X and XII The following were considered in this validation: 1) the NIS file from NIA were digitized in varying scales (e.g., 1:250,000, 1:100,000, etc.) which may have altered the results and have caused some NIS to fall outside the land area of the country; 2) some of the data, specifically CIS and OGAs cannot be validated since the shapefile, in vector format, are presented only by points rather than polygons; 3) various data that might be different from those of NIA were used in obtaining the NIS shapefiles (e.g., IFSAR data - a 5 m x 5 m resolution raster data that contains more comprehensive information on slope and elevation of the Philippines and Administrative Boundary which was extracted from NAMRIA’s 2015 Land Cover; and 4) it is assumed that all the NIS shapefiles fall under 0-3% slope category. The set of data were cleaned, re-projected using PRS92 UTM51N as mentioned in the Executive Order No. 45 and were subjected to various analysis. Based on the assessment, 193 out of 194 or 98% of the validated NIS have areas that belong to 3% and above slope category (Table 4.8). Moreover, based on the provided shapefile from NIA, a total of 876,564 ha were the recorded total area of NIS from the 2018 Status of Irrigation Development, but when the data were subjected to validation, the total area for all the NIS equates to 1,259,053 ha, which is 44% higher than that of the original value. Also, Region II has the largest area that falls on 3% and above category: 38,140 for 3-8%, 15,113 for the 8-18% and 5,048.26 for the 18% and above totaling to 48,237 ha of discrepancy. Other regions have also discrepancies but relatively smaller than of Region II. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 66The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.8. Generated Gross Potential Irrigable Area of the Philippines 67 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.8. Comparison between NIA and UPLBFI Estimates of Irrigated Areas under NIS Region National Irrigation System NIA UPLBFI 0-3% 3- 8% 8-18% 18% and Above Region I 61,624.44 97,150.49 8,816.99 3,415.91 2,823.08 Region II 177,072.67 188,578.79 38,140.44 15,112.96 5,048.26 Region III 221,938.47 264,663.32 17,676.02 4,773.59 1,208.31 CALABARZON 29,034.00 38,117.22 7,536.77 1,788.83 1,076.36 MIMAROPA 30,372.46 38,217.00 3,743.66 1,038.45 738.74 Region V 24,016.05 40,493.50 3,552.41 1,162.86 399.69 Region VI 53,885.08 69,346.30 6,041.77 2,229.27 1,078.53 Region VII 12,211.80 2,967.62 3,441.33 549.29 73.06 Region VIII 26,678.50 49,074.13 2,121.05 954.56 708.45 Region IX 19,050.46 15,766.06 1,976.58 1,611.27 2,679.19 Region X 32,164.82 27,110.82 9,299.58 6,421.43 12,238.84 Region XI 38,762.77 46,304.63 3,886.94 1,617.73 506.34 Region XII 71,606.13 89,999.37 6,058.73 2,250.12 876.15 Caraga 33,301.70 34,757.53 2,486.92 1,269.63 769.62 CAR 16,297.00 13,835.75 3,285.55 2,211.13 1,341.56 ARMM* 28,160.37 37,333.38 3,074.11 2,720.56 3,504.09 Total 876,563.73 1,053,715.89 121,138.85 49,127.60 35,070.26 Note: *Areas under the ARMM are managed by the Regional Office of Region X and XII Restrictions In deriving the net PIA, restrictions were removed from the gross PIA. Restrictions are defined as areas where irrigation development cannot proceed. Laws and ordinances were followed in deriving the restriction areas. Existing government laws and ordinances were also considered in deriving the restriction areas. In fact, all files were projected using the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (EO 45, s. 1993) to match with all the projections used. The net PIA also took out existing irrigated areas from the available mapped areas. The restrictions include: a) Road Networks b) Certificate of Ancestral Domain c) Protected Area d) Mangrove Area e) Fault f) Forest Area g) Built-up Area h) Inland Water Net Potential Irrigable Area Net PIA for the NIMP equates to the gross PIA minus the restrictions (forest area, road networks, etc.) and the existing NIS from NIA. This resulted to the total area of 0-8% slope which can be considered for irrigation expansion. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 68The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.9. Compilation of Restrictions Used to Derive the Net Potential Irrigable Area 69 CHAPTER 4 Based on the results, Region III has the highest net PIA on both ≥5 ha and ≥10 ha with 459,630.73 and 449,788.19 ha respectively. This is followed by Region V with 332,919.45 ha for ≥5 ha and 317,888.58 for ≥10 ha. Region I follows closely with 305,819.22 ha for ≥5 ha and 298,282.23 for ≥10 ha (Table 4.9). Figures 4.10 to 4.12 illustrate the main generated net PIA, net PIA with minimum area of 10 ha, and net PIA with minimum area of 10 ha, respectively. Region Net Potential Irrigable Area with Filter (0-8%) Net PIA with ≥5 ha w/o NIS Net PIA with ≥10 ha w/o NIS Region I 305,819.22 298,282.23 Region II 301,444.01 292,880.69 Region III 459,630.73 449,788.19 CALABARZON 302,795.44 288,682.54 MIMAROPA 137,778.53 130,651.12 Region V 332,919.45 317,888.58 Region VI 274,527.18 254,152.83 Region VII 136,532.89 124,317.02 Region VIII 263,313.49 250,861.85 Region IX 154,372.65 144,544.58 Region X 197,555.37 185,375.56 Region XI 206,363.25 199,527.98 Region XII 254,282.70 250,457.87 Caraga 187,951.80 181,047.09 CAR 62,408.47 58,387.06 ARMM* 296,636.51 289,407.83 Total 3,876,298.08 3,717,897.98 Note: *Areas under the ARMM are managed by the Regional Office of Region 10 and 12 Table 4.9. Regional Net Potential Irrigable Area with ≥ 5 Ha and ≥ 10 Ha The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 70The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.10. Generated Net Potential Irrigable Area of the Philippines 71 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.11. Net Potential Irrigable Area with Minimum Area of 5 ha The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 72The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.12. Net Potential Irrigable Area with Minimum Area of 10 ha 73 CHAPTER 4 57 Priority Sites The priority 57 provinces for the NIMP are divided into two groups: 1) High Yield Provinces (>4 tons/ha) and 2) Low Yield Provinces (<4 tons/ha), as shown in Tables 4.10 and 4.11, respectively. For the high yielding provinces, 11 are included in competitive low cost (<PHP 11.9/kg) and 18 are included in uncompetitive high cost ( ≥PHP 11.9/kg). Among the provinces included in the competitive low cost, Nueva Ecija has the largest area on net PIA with ≥5 ha and net PIA with ≥10 ha with 141,408.17 ha and 139,782.30 ha, respectively. This is followed by Isabela with 133,467.98 ha and 129,515.58 ha, respectively. Biliran has the lowest area with 3,983.40 ha and 3,563.95 ha, respectively On the other hand, for the uncompetitive high cost, Pangasinan has the largest area with 194,797.40 ha and 190,881.22 ha, respectively, followed by Cagayan with 132,161.48 ha and 128,888.25 ha, respectively. La Union has the smallest area with 19,637.96 ha and 18,724.16 ha, respectively. For the low yield provinces, 18 are included in competitive low cost while 10 are included in uncompetitive high cost. For the competitive low cost, Negros Occidental has the largest area among the provinces with 132,793.52 for ≥5 ha and 124,701.33 for ≥10 ha. This is followed by Masbate with 110,420.47 ha and 106,098.25 ha, respectively. Among the provinces, Aklan has the smallest area with only 5,801.11 ha and 4,673.11 ha, respectively. For the uncompetitive high cost, Quezon province has the largest area with 131,510.02 ha and 124,802.17 ha, respectively. Followed by Agusan Del Sur with 82,064.57 ha and 80,255.99 ha, respectively. In contrast, Sarangani has the smallest area with 2,832.26 ha and 2,653.36 ha, respectively. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 74The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 10 . H ig h Yi el d P ro vi nc es fo r th e Po te nt ia l C om pe ti ti ve P ro vi nc es u nd er R ic e Ta ri ff ed R eg im e H ig h Yi el d P ro vi nc es (> 4 to ns /h a) Co m pe ti ti ve : Lo w C os t ( < P H P 11 .9 /k g) N ET P IA N et P IA w it h ≥5 H a w /o N IS N et P IA w it h ≥1 0 H a w /o N IS U nc om pe ti ve : H ig h Co st ( ≥ P H P 1 1. 94 /k g) N ET P IA N et P IA w it h ≥5 H a w /o N IS N et P IA w it h ≥1 0 H a w /o N IS 0 3% 3 8% 0 8% 0 3% 3 8% 0 8% N ue va E ci ja 22 6, 05 0. 63 39 ,2 81 .9 4 26 5, 33 2. 58 14 1, 40 8. 17 13 9, 78 2. 30 N or th C ot ab at o 10 8, 14 8. 36 43 ,7 30 .5 7 15 1, 87 8. 93 11 6, 24 7. 44 11 4, 33 4. 76 Is ab el a 19 9, 02 6. 11 88 ,7 91 .8 1 28 7, 81 7. 92 13 3, 46 7. 98 12 9, 51 5. 58 Ta rl ac 11 9, 56 9. 66 29 ,9 98 .8 4 14 9, 56 8. 50 96 ,4 94 .4 7 95 ,0 68 .7 4 B uk id no n 53 ,0 02 .7 3 74 ,5 79 .2 1 12 7, 58 1. 94 84 ,7 02 .0 2 79 ,6 01 .8 1 C ag ay an 15 1, 59 1. 48 50 ,6 65 .9 6 20 2, 25 7. 43 13 2, 16 1. 48 12 8, 88 8. 25 Za m bo an ga d el Su r 37 ,7 56 .6 3 24 ,4 83 .3 8 62 ,2 40 .0 0 39 ,7 66 .5 7 36 ,7 49 .7 4 Pa ng as in an 20 6, 42 1. 38 57 ,3 54 .8 5 26 3, 77 6. 23 19 4, 79 7. 40 19 0, 88 1. 22 Pa m pa ng a 97 ,4 70 .0 7 11 ,4 90 .9 0 10 8, 96 0. 97 66 ,1 82 .1 5 64 ,5 55 .7 4 B ul ac an 58 ,6 74 .6 0 26 ,6 18 .6 7 85 ,2 93 .2 7 48 ,9 32 .1 5 47 ,0 02 .0 0 M is am is O cc id en ta l 17 ,6 62 .4 3 25 ,7 81 .0 9 43 ,4 43 .5 2 36 ,9 69 .3 8 34 ,8 49 .7 7 N ue va V iz ca ya 23 ,3 49 .2 6 7, 95 6. 93 31 ,3 06 .1 8 24 ,0 12 .0 6 23 ,2 80 .3 1 La na o de l N or te 30 ,6 30 .4 2 29 ,3 70 .2 6 60 ,0 00 .6 8 45 ,6 23 .7 9 43 ,5 59 .3 3 Ilo co s N or te 52 ,0 33 .4 5 24 ,4 52 .0 0 76 ,4 85 .4 5 49 ,4 02 .5 3 47 ,6 54 .4 5 B ili ra n 2, 47 9. 34 3, 07 8. 43 5, 55 7. 77 3, 98 3. 40 3, 56 3. 95 D av ao O rie nt al 31 ,2 39 .9 2 13 ,3 01 .2 9 44 ,5 41 .2 0 34 ,4 54 .7 8 33 ,0 35 .1 5 B at aa n 15 ,7 12 .0 2 13 ,3 94 .2 5 29 ,1 06 .2 7 24 ,6 34 .4 6 23 ,2 59 .9 1 D av ao d el S ur 40 ,1 03 .7 5 35 ,2 66 .6 1 75 ,3 70 .3 7 66 ,3 86 .0 2 63 ,8 36 .2 9 Au ro ra 27 ,9 89 .0 2 7, 38 3. 74 35 ,3 72 .7 6 32 ,2 89 .3 0 31 ,6 07 .3 0 D av ao d el N or te 80 ,0 25 .6 4 14 ,4 30 .2 4 94 ,4 55 .8 8 56 ,6 20 .2 3 55 ,2 17 .9 4 K al in ga 20 ,4 07 .8 9 12 ,0 09 .5 4 32 ,4 17 .4 3 22 ,2 86 .6 3 21 ,4 13 .7 2 So ut he rn Le yt e 6, 45 8. 96 5, 52 5. 06 11 ,9 84 .0 2 7, 70 6. 93 7, 02 0. 70 TO TA L 72 8, 18 7. 29 32 9, 64 4. 55 1, 05 7, 83 1. 84 63 1, 31 3. 85 60 8, 45 9. 16 La gu na 36 ,0 08 .5 8 15 ,4 39 .3 0 51 ,4 47 .8 8 35 ,1 82 .1 8 33 ,5 32 .8 9 Za m ba le s 43 ,7 95 .8 8 15 ,0 94 .4 1 58 ,8 90 .2 9 49 ,6 90 .0 4 48 ,5 12 .1 9 Q ui rin o 9, 28 7. 73 10 ,0 64 .1 0 19 ,3 51 .8 3 11 ,4 81 .1 9 10 ,9 52 .7 5 M is am is O rie nt al 19 ,1 09 .3 2 20 ,5 58 .8 1 39 ,6 68 .1 3 27 ,9 34 .5 9 25 ,3 24 .9 4 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 34 ,0 26 .8 5 23 ,2 03 .1 8 57 ,2 30 .0 3 45 ,3 67 .4 1 43 ,1 94 .1 3 La U ni on 20 ,6 38 .0 7 8, 59 6. 95 29 ,2 35 .0 3 19 ,6 37 .9 6 18 ,7 24 .1 6 Ilo co s Su r 42 ,0 07 .7 2 14 ,4 39 .8 7 56 ,4 47 .5 9 41 ,9 81 .3 4 41 ,0 22 .4 0 TO TA L 1, 08 2, 49 0. 61 41 6, 69 7. 65 1, 49 9, 18 8. 26 1, 05 8, 49 0. 18 1, 02 7, 48 3. 26 75 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 11 . L ow Y ie ld P ro vi nc es fo r th e Po te nt ia l C om pe ti ti ve P ro vi nc es u nd er R ic e Ta ri ff ed R eg im e Lo w Y ie ld P ro vi nc es (< 4 to ns /h a) Co m pe ti ti ve : Lo w C os t ( < P H P 1 1. 9/ kg ) N ET P IA N et P IA w it h ≥5 H a w /o N IS N et P IA w it h ≥1 0 H a w /o N IS U nc om pe ti ti ve : H ig h Co st ( ≥ P H P 1 1. 94 /k g) N ET P IA N et P IA w it h ≥5 H a w /o N IS N et P IA w it h ≥1 0 H a w /o N IS 0 3% 3 8% 0 8% 0 3% 3 8% 0 8% C am ar in es S ur 94 ,7 46 .7 9 55 ,0 76 .5 7 14 9, 82 3. 35 10 9, 39 9. 37 10 5, 79 4. 72 Su lta n Ku da ra t 74 ,3 56 .1 7 6, 95 5. 04 81 ,3 11 .2 1 59 ,5 28 .3 6 59 ,1 72 .8 0 So ut h C ot ab at o 68 ,9 23 .1 6 29 ,8 29 .5 4 98 ,7 52 .7 0 67 ,8 25 .0 2 66 ,4 94 .2 3 O rie nt al M in do ro 5, 89 3. 68 15 ,5 83 .1 7 21 ,4 76 .8 5 13 ,0 44 .1 5 11 ,4 70 .5 9 Le yt e 11 8, 40 9. 45 40 ,2 39 .5 3 15 8, 64 8. 98 10 2, 68 5. 19 98 ,9 85 .8 2 Ag us an d el S ur 80 ,5 07 .5 8 24 ,7 77 .6 1 10 5, 28 5. 19 82 ,0 64 .5 7 80 ,2 55 .9 9 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 67 ,9 73 .5 8 98 ,3 01 .8 8 16 6, 27 5. 46 13 2, 79 3. 52 12 4, 70 1. 33 Sa ra ng an i 2, 47 5. 95 1, 02 3. 00 3, 49 8. 95 2, 83 2. 26 2, 65 3. 36 Ilo ilo 61 ,2 62 .8 9 48 ,5 95 .9 2 10 9, 85 8. 81 80 ,4 70 .9 7 74 ,5 33 .3 3 C om po st el a Va lle y 42 ,0 22 .2 3 9, 98 2. 95 52 ,0 05 .1 8 42 ,6 11 .9 5 41 ,7 79 .2 5 C ap iz 27 ,4 13 .3 9 21 ,3 25 .7 0 48 ,7 39 .1 0 34 ,2 64 .2 5 31 ,7 68 .8 5 N eg ro s O rie nt al 13 ,7 17 .6 3 37 ,2 79 .6 9 50 ,9 97 .3 2 35 ,4 31 .9 4 32 ,1 27 .2 5 Al ba y 25 ,4 10 .8 5 23 ,9 11 .9 1 49 ,3 22 .7 6 36 ,8 69 .6 0 34 ,5 64 .3 4 B oh ol 30 ,7 92 .4 0 55 ,4 99 .0 0 86 ,2 91 .4 0 63 ,8 69 .4 8 59 ,5 74 .5 4 M ag ui nd an ao 11 2, 11 1. 11 31 ,3 70 .0 2 14 3, 48 1. 13 10 9, 85 9. 71 10 7, 45 9. 78 O cc id en ta l M in do ro 21 ,4 06 .4 3 16 ,7 54 .3 5 38 ,1 60 .7 8 13 ,0 44 .1 5 11 ,4 70 .5 9 Ag us an d el N or te 36 ,8 92 .1 0 11 ,1 16 .5 7 48 ,0 08 .6 7 36 ,8 45 .4 4 35 ,7 09 .7 7 Q ue zo n 94 ,3 24 .9 2 76 ,5 86 .4 0 17 0, 91 1. 33 13 1, 51 0. 02 12 4, 80 2. 17 An tiq ue 7, 04 2. 25 10 ,2 12 .4 6 17 ,2 54 .7 1 10 ,3 13 .0 6 8, 85 5. 98 Ifu ga o 3, 92 7. 87 6, 42 1. 92 10 ,3 49 .7 9 5, 50 2. 63 4, 69 7. 09 So rs og on 23 ,0 15 .9 1 21 ,8 44 .6 5 44 ,8 60 .5 5 33 ,2 03 .8 3 31 ,0 31 .5 9 TO TA L 36 9, 42 4. 87 25 0, 86 3. 11 62 0, 28 7. 98 44 9, 43 9. 50 42 8, 00 3. 62 M as ba te 50 ,1 79 .5 4 79 ,7 71 .3 4 12 9, 95 0. 88 11 0, 42 0. 47 10 6, 09 8. 25 Pa la w an 58 ,0 99 .5 3 27 ,3 85 .3 7 85 ,4 84 .8 9 76 ,3 18 .0 5 73 ,8 87 .3 1 C av ite 22 ,1 59 .8 7 26 ,7 22 .2 5 48 ,8 82 .1 2 32 ,6 10 .5 4 30 ,2 97 .1 1 La na o de l S ur 11 ,2 59 .1 0 19 ,9 42 .4 5 31 ,2 01 .5 5 23 ,6 88 .4 9 22 ,3 91 .1 9 W es te rn 34 ,1 92 .0 7 22 ,3 80 .3 9 56 ,5 72 .4 6 39 ,1 05 .9 6 36 ,7 78 .2 2 Su rig ao d el S ur 45 ,1 39 .7 4 25 ,3 47 .0 2 70 ,4 86 .7 5 49 ,1 68 .7 0 46 ,9 08 .0 6 Ak la n 4, 80 5. 93 7, 28 6. 19 12 ,0 92 .1 2 5, 80 1. 11 4, 67 3. 11 TO TA L 86 9, 03 7. 25 60 0, 65 9. 74 1, 46 9, 69 6. 99 1, 09 1, 64 3. 30 1, 04 0, 93 2. 99 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 76The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.6.3. Estimates and Projections of Irrigation Water Demand and Supply Estimation of Water Demand For each region, the average computed Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR), Farm Water Requirement (FWR), and Diversion Water Requirement (DWR), for years 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2036 are shown in Tables 4.12 and 4.13. Table 4.12 gives the computed values where effective rainfall is considered while Table 4.13 gives the more conservative computed values where effective rainfall is neglected in the computations. No water requirement computations were made for NCR due to unavailability of data. The average value per region is the average of the computed values from all the provinces within the region and considered the average for both wet and dry seasons. The estimation of irrigation water requirement was based on rice-rice cropping with 120 day growing period. The highest value either during land preparation stage or at peak vegetative stage was selected as the maximum irrigation water requirement. The year 2020 values were based on historical data while 2036 values were based from the effects of change in temperature and precipitation according to 2018 PAGASA climate projections for 2036-2065. Values for 2025 and 2030 were computed from linear interpolation between the 2020 and 2036 values. The water demands for the 57 priority provinces with and without considering effective rainfall are shown in Tables 4.14 and 4.15 respectively. The irrigation water demands based on the computed diversion water requirement per region for 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2036 are shown in Tables 4.16 and 4.17 for estimates with and without effective rainfall under consideration, respectively. The irrigation water demand is computed for three sets of net PIA. The first set of net PIA was based on slopes of up to 8%. The other sets are net PIA of up to 8% slope but filtering all small potential farmlands, one removing areas less than 5 ha and another those less than 10 ha. To estimate the water required to irrigate new development projects and restorations per region, the irrigation water demands of the remaining areas for irrigation development in 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2036 are computed as shown in Tables 4.18 and 4.19, for computations with effective rainfall and no effective rainfall, respectively. Two sets of values per region are computed. In the first set, the remaining areas for irrigation development set were derived by subtracting FUSA and newly generated areas (with non-operational areas) from the 0-8% slope net potential irrigable areas. The second set includes all the criteria of the first set but additionally subtracts the areas programmed under the DA SPIS. 77 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 12 . A ve ra ge Ir ri ga ti on W at er R eq ui re m en ts p er R eg io n w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l Re gi on Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t ( FI R ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t ( FW R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t ( D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 1. 12 1. 12 1. 13 1. 13 1. 70 1. 70 1. 71 1. 72 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14 2. 15 I 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 1. 68 1. 69 1. 70 1. 71 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 14 II 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 1. 79 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 2. 24 III 1. 46 1. 47 1. 48 1. 49 2. 13 2. 14 2. 15 2. 16 2. 66 2. 67 2. 69 2. 70 C AL AB AR ZO N 1. 03 1. 04 1. 05 1. 07 1. 51 1. 53 1. 55 1. 57 1. 89 1. 91 1. 93 1. 96 M IM AR O PA 1. 06 1. 07 1. 07 1. 08 1. 61 1. 62 1. 63 1. 63 2. 02 2. 02 2. 03 2. 04 V 0. 88 0. 88 0. 88 0. 88 1. 44 1. 44 1. 44 1. 45 1. 80 1. 80 1. 81 1. 81 VI 0. 97 0. 99 1. 01 1. 03 1. 44 1. 47 1. 49 1. 53 1. 80 1. 83 1. 87 1. 91 VI I 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 1. 51 1. 47 1. 42 1. 36 1. 89 1. 83 1. 78 1. 71 VI II 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 1. 55 1. 55 1. 55 1. 55 1. 85 1. 85 1. 84 1. 84 IX 0. 87 0. 87 0. 88 0. 88 1. 27 1. 27 1. 27 1. 27 1. 59 1. 59 1. 59 1. 59 X 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 1. 34 1. 34 1. 34 1. 34 1. 68 1. 68 1. 68 1. 67 XI 1. 14 1. 16 1. 17 1. 19 1. 67 1. 69 1. 70 1. 72 2. 09 2. 11 2. 13 2. 16 XI I 1. 12 1. 12 1. 12 1. 13 1. 74 1. 74 1. 75 1. 75 2. 17 2. 18 2. 18 2. 19 C ar ag a 0. 95 0. 94 0. 94 0. 93 1. 39 1. 42 1. 45 1. 49 1. 73 1. 77 1. 81 1. 86 AV ER AG E 1. 05 1. 05 1. 06 1. 06 1. 58 1. 59 1. 60 1. 60 1. 97 1. 98 1. 99 2. 00 N ot es : 1. 2 02 0 va lu es a re b as ed o n hi st or ic al d at a 2. 2 03 6 va lu es a re b as ed fr om P AG AS A cl im at e pr oj ec tio ns fo r 2 03 6 20 65 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 78The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 13 . A ve ra ge Ir ri ga ti on W at er R eq ui re m en ts p er R eg io n w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it ho ut E ffe ct iv e Ra in fa ll Re gi on Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t ( FI R ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t ( FW R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t ( D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 1. 12 1. 12 1. 13 1. 13 1. 78 1. 79 1. 80 1. 82 2. 22 2. 24 2. 25 2. 27 I 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 1. 81 1. 81 1. 82 1. 83 2. 26 2. 27 2. 27 2. 28 II 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 81 1. 82 1. 83 1. 84 2. 27 2. 28 2. 29 2. 31 III 1. 52 1. 53 1. 54 1. 55 2. 45 2. 47 2. 50 2. 53 3. 06 3. 09 3. 13 3. 17 C AL AB AR ZO N 1. 10 1. 10 1. 11 1. 11 1. 78 1. 79 1. 80 1. 80 2. 22 2. 23 2. 24 2. 26 M IM AR O PA 1. 15 1. 15 1. 15 1. 16 1. 86 1. 87 1. 88 1. 89 2. 33 2. 34 2. 35 2. 36 V 1. 10 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 83 1. 84 1. 85 1. 86 2. 29 2. 31 2. 32 2. 33 VI 1. 11 1. 12 1. 12 1. 13 1. 85 1. 85 1. 86 1. 87 2. 31 2. 32 2. 33 2. 34 VI I 1. 06 1. 07 1. 07 1. 08 1. 77 1. 78 1. 79 1. 79 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 2. 24 VI II 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 1. 19 1. 79 1. 80 1. 81 1. 82 2. 23 2. 25 2. 26 2. 27 IX 1. 17 1. 17 1. 18 1. 18 1. 94 1. 95 1. 95 1. 96 2. 42 2. 43 2. 44 2. 45 X 1. 04 1. 04 1. 05 1. 06 1. 63 1. 64 1. 64 1. 65 2. 03 2. 04 2. 06 2. 07 XI 1. 27 1. 28 1. 29 1. 29 2. 06 2. 07 2. 07 2. 08 2. 58 2. 58 2. 59 2. 60 XI I 1. 14 1. 14 1. 15 1. 15 1. 80 1. 81 1. 82 1. 83 2. 24 2. 26 2. 27 2. 29 C ar ag a 1. 19 1. 20 1. 20 1. 21 1. 76 1. 82 1. 87 1. 94 2. 22 2. 29 2. 36 2. 45 AV ER AG E 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 18 1. 86 1. 87 1. 89 1. 90 2. 33 2. 34 2. 36 2. 38 N ot es : 1. 2 02 0 va lu es a re b as ed o n hi st or ic al d at a 2. 2 03 6 va lu es a re b as ed fr om P AG AS A cl im at e pr oj ec tio ns fo r 2 03 6 20 65 79 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 14 . Es ti m at ed Ir ri ga ti on W at er R eq ui re m en ts fo r th e 57 P ri or it y P ro vi nc es w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H E FF EC TI VE R AI N FA LL Re gi on P ro vi nc e Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t (F IR ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t (F W R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t (D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR K al in ga 1. 29 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 2. 16 2. 16 2. 16 2. 17 2. 69 2. 70 2. 71 2. 71 C AR Ifu ga o 1. 00 1. 00 1. 01 1. 02 1. 43 1. 44 1. 44 1. 45 1. 79 1. 79 1. 80 1. 81 I Ilo co s N or te 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 13 1. 58 1. 59 1. 60 1. 61 1. 98 1. 99 2. 00 2. 02 I Ilo co s Su r 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 15 1. 61 1. 62 1. 63 1. 64 2. 01 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 I La U ni on 1. 10 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 57 1. 58 1. 59 1. 60 1. 97 1. 98 1. 98 2. 00 I Pa ng as in an 1. 36 1. 37 1. 38 1. 39 1. 95 1. 96 1. 97 1. 99 2. 43 2. 45 2. 47 2. 49 II C ag ay an 1. 19 1. 19 1. 20 1. 20 1. 98 1. 99 1. 99 2. 00 2. 48 2. 49 2. 49 2. 50 II Is ab el a 1. 27 1. 28 1. 28 1. 29 1. 82 1. 82 1. 83 1. 84 2. 27 2. 28 2. 29 2. 30 II N ue va V iz ca ya 1. 22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 25 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 18 2. 20 2. 21 2. 23 II Q ui rin o 0. 96 0. 97 0. 98 0. 99 1. 38 1. 39 1. 40 1. 42 1. 72 1. 74 1. 75 1. 77 III Au ro ra 0. 67 0. 67 0. 67 0. 67 1. 12 1. 12 1. 11 1. 11 1. 40 1. 39 1. 39 1. 39 III B at aa n 1. 23 1. 24 1. 24 1. 25 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 1. 79 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 III B ul ac an 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16 1. 17 1. 65 1. 66 1. 66 1. 67 2. 06 2. 07 2. 08 2. 09 III N ue va E ci ja 0. 94 0. 95 0. 95 0. 96 1. 37 1. 37 1. 37 1. 37 1. 71 1. 71 1. 71 1. 71 III Pa m pa ng a 2. 48 2. 51 2. 55 2. 59 3. 54 3. 60 3. 65 3. 72 4. 42 4. 50 4. 57 4. 65 III Ta rl ac 1. 22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 25 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 23 III Za m ba le s 2. 53 2. 54 2. 55 2. 56 3. 72 3. 71 3. 70 3. 69 4. 65 4. 64 4. 62 4. 61 C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 1. 21 1. 22 1. 23 1. 23 1. 73 1. 74 1. 75 1. 76 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 2. 20 C AL AB AR ZO N La gu na 1. 02 1. 03 1. 03 1. 04 1. 46 1. 47 1. 47 1. 48 1. 82 1. 83 1. 84 1. 85 C AL AB AR ZO N Q ue zo n 0. 84 0. 87 0. 90 0. 94 1. 40 1. 45 1. 51 1. 57 1. 75 1. 82 1. 88 1. 97 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 80The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 W IT H E FF EC TI VE R AI N FA LL Re gi on P ro vi nc e Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t (F IR ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t (F W R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t (D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 1. 21 1. 21 1. 22 1. 22 1. 79 1. 80 1. 81 1. 83 2. 24 2. 25 2. 27 2. 28 M IM AR O PA O rie nt al M in do ro 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 14 1. 88 1. 89 1. 89 1. 90 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 M IM AR O PA Pa la w an 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 92 1. 93 1. 94 1. 95 2. 40 2. 41 2. 42 2. 43 V Al ba y 0. 81 0. 81 0. 80 0. 80 1. 36 1. 35 1. 34 1. 33 1. 69 1. 68 1. 67 1. 66 V C am ar in es S ur 0. 81 0. 81 0. 81 0. 80 1. 36 1. 35 1. 34 1. 33 1. 70 1. 69 1. 68 1. 67 V M as ba te 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 1. 56 1. 56 1. 57 1. 57 1. 95 1. 96 1. 96 1. 97 V So rs og on 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 1. 22 1. 22 1. 23 1. 23 1. 52 1. 53 1. 53 1. 54 VI Ak la n 0. 92 0. 92 0. 93 0. 94 1. 36 1. 36 1. 37 1. 38 1. 70 1. 70 1. 71 1. 72 VI An tiq ue 1. 10 1. 10 1. 11 1. 12 1. 57 1. 58 1. 59 1. 60 1. 96 1. 97 1. 98 2. 00 VI C ap iz 0. 93 0. 94 0. 94 0. 95 1. 38 1. 39 1. 40 1. 41 1. 73 1. 74 1. 75 1. 76 VI Ilo ilo 1. 06 1. 07 1. 07 1. 08 1. 51 1. 52 1. 53 1. 54 1. 89 1. 90 1. 91 1. 93 VI N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 0. 77 0. 85 0. 93 1. 02 1. 29 1. 42 1. 54 1. 70 1. 61 1. 77 1. 93 2. 12 VI I B oh ol 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 0. 94 1. 56 1. 56 1. 57 1. 57 1. 95 1. 95 1. 96 1. 96 VI I N eg ro s O rie nt al 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 0. 91 1. 48 1. 43 1. 37 1. 30 1. 86 1. 78 1. 71 1. 63 VI II B ili ra n 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 0. 80 1. 40 1. 41 1. 41 1. 42 1. 66 1. 66 1. 66 1. 66 VI II Le yt e 0. 81 0. 81 0. 81 0. 81 1. 41 1. 42 1. 43 1. 43 1. 68 1. 68 1. 68 1. 68 VI II Sa m ar (W es te rn S a m ar ) 0. 95 0. 94 0. 92 0. 91 1. 58 1. 56 1. 54 1. 51 1. 98 1. 95 1. 92 1. 89 VI II So ut he rn L ey te 1. 13 1. 13 1. 13 1. 13 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 23 IX Za m bo an ga d el S ur 1. 02 1. 02 1. 02 1. 02 1. 45 1. 46 1. 46 1. 46 1. 82 1. 82 1. 82 1. 82 IX Za m bo an ga S ib ug ay 0. 88 0. 89 0. 89 0. 90 1. 29 1. 29 1. 29 1. 28 1. 61 1. 61 1. 61 1. 61 81 CHAPTER 4 W IT H E FF EC TI VE R AI N FA LL Re gi on P ro vi nc e Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t (F IR ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t (F W R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t (D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 X B uk id no n 0. 91 0. 91 0. 91 0. 91 1. 31 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 63 1. 63 1. 63 1. 63 X La na o de l N or te 0. 91 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 1. 31 1. 31 1. 31 1. 32 1. 63 1. 64 1. 64 1. 65 X M is am is O cc id en ta l 1. 01 1. 01 1. 01 1. 00 1. 45 1. 44 1. 44 1. 43 1. 81 1. 81 1. 80 1. 79 X M is am is O rie nt al 0. 96 0. 95 0. 95 0. 95 1. 37 1. 36 1. 36 1. 36 1. 71 1. 70 1. 70 1. 70 XI C om po st el a Va lle y 1. 31 1. 27 1. 23 1. 18 2. 15 2. 07 1. 99 1. 89 2. 69 2. 59 2. 48 2. 36 XI D av ao d el N or te 1. 17 1. 22 1. 27 1. 33 1. 87 1. 95 2. 03 2. 12 2. 33 2. 43 2. 53 2. 65 XI D av ao d el S ur 1. 29 1. 29 1. 30 1. 30 2. 11 2. 09 2. 07 2. 04 2. 63 2. 61 2. 59 2. 56 XI D av ao O rie nt al 1. 28 1. 29 1. 31 1. 32 2. 02 2. 07 2. 12 2. 18 2. 53 2. 59 2. 65 2. 73 XI I N or th C ot ab at o 0. 93 0. 93 0. 93 0. 93 1. 33 1. 33 1. 32 1. 32 1. 66 1. 66 1. 66 1. 66 XI I Sa ra ng an i 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 13 1. 59 1. 59 1. 60 1. 61 1. 98 1. 99 2. 00 2. 01 XI I So ut h C ot ab at o 1. 22 1. 22 1. 23 1. 23 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 2. 06 2. 54 2. 55 2. 56 2. 57 XI I Su lta n Ku da ra t 1. 20 1. 21 1. 21 1. 22 2. 00 2. 01 2. 02 2. 03 2. 50 2. 51 2. 52 2. 53 C ar ag a Ag us an d el N or te 1. 27 1. 27 1. 28 1. 28 1. 89 1. 89 1. 90 1. 91 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 2. 39 C ar ag a Ag us an d el S ur 1. 15 1. 15 1. 16 1. 16 1. 81 1. 82 1. 82 1. 84 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 C ar ag a Su rig ao d el S ur 1. 17 1. 17 1. 17 1. 18 1. 70 1. 78 1. 86 1. 96 2. 12 2. 23 2. 33 2. 45 AR M M La na o de l S ur AR M M M ag ui nd an ao The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 82The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 15 . Es ti m at ed Ir ri ga ti on W at er R eq ui re m en ts fo r th e 57 P ri or it y P ro vi nc es w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H O U T EF FE CT IV E RA IN FA LL Re gi on P ro vi nc e Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t ( FI R ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t ( FW R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t ( D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR K al in ga 1. 29 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 2. 16 2. 16 2. 16 2. 17 2. 69 2. 70 2. 71 2. 71 C AR Ifu ga o 1. 00 1. 00 1. 01 1. 02 1. 52 1. 53 1. 54 1. 55 1. 90 1. 91 1. 92 1. 94 I Ilo co s N or te 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 13 1. 71 1. 72 1. 73 1. 74 2. 14 2. 15 2. 16 2. 17 I Ilo co s Su r 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 15 1. 69 1. 70 1. 71 1. 72 2. 11 2. 13 2. 14 2. 16 I La U ni on 1. 10 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 66 1. 67 1. 69 1. 71 2. 07 2. 09 2. 11 2. 14 I Pa ng as in an 1. 36 1. 37 1. 38 1. 39 2. 17 2. 16 2. 15 2. 13 2. 72 2. 70 2. 68 2. 66 II C ag ay an 1. 19 1. 19 1. 20 1. 20 1. 98 1. 99 1. 99 2. 00 2. 48 2. 49 2. 49 2. 50 II Is ab el a 1. 27 1. 28 1. 28 1. 29 2. 08 2. 09 2. 10 2. 11 2. 60 2. 61 2. 63 2. 64 II N ue va V iz ca ya 1. 22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 25 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 18 2. 20 2. 21 2. 23 II Q ui rin o 0. 96 0. 97 0. 98 0. 99 1. 38 1. 39 1. 40 1. 42 1. 72 1. 74 1. 75 1. 77 III Au ro ra 0. 95 0. 96 0. 97 0. 99 1. 58 1. 60 1. 62 1. 65 1. 98 2. 00 2. 03 2. 06 III B at aa n 1. 23 1. 24 1. 24 1. 25 1. 87 1. 88 1. 89 1. 90 2. 34 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 III B ul ac an 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16 1. 17 1. 85 1. 88 1. 90 1. 93 2. 32 2. 34 2. 37 2. 41 III N ue va E ci ja 1. 03 1. 03 1. 04 1. 04 1. 72 1. 72 1. 73 1. 73 2. 15 2. 15 2. 16 2. 17 III Pa m pa ng a 2. 48 2. 51 2. 55 2. 60 3. 96 4. 07 4. 19 4. 33 4. 95 5. 09 5. 24 5. 41 III Ta rl ac 1. 22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 25 1. 87 1. 88 1. 89 1. 90 2. 33 2. 34 2. 36 2. 37 III Za m ba le s 2. 56 2. 57 2. 58 2. 58 4. 27 4. 28 4. 29 4. 31 5. 34 5. 35 5. 37 5. 38 C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 1. 21 1. 22 1. 23 1. 23 1. 92 1. 93 1. 94 1. 95 2. 40 2. 41 2. 43 2. 44 C AL AB AR ZO N La gu na 1. 05 1. 05 1. 06 1. 06 1. 75 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 2. 18 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 C AL AB AR ZO N Q ue zo n 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 12 1. 85 1. 86 1. 86 1. 87 2. 31 2. 32 2. 33 2. 34 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 1. 21 1. 21 1. 22 1. 22 1. 79 1. 80 1. 81 1. 83 2. 24 2. 25 2. 27 2. 28 M IM AR O PA O rie nt al M in do ro 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 14 1. 88 1. 89 1. 89 1. 90 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 M IM AR O PA Pa la w an 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 92 1. 93 1. 94 1. 95 2. 40 2. 41 2. 42 2. 43 V Al ba y 1. 12 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 87 1. 88 1. 89 1. 90 2. 33 2. 35 2. 36 2. 38 V C am ar in es S ur 1. 12 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 85 1. 86 1. 87 1. 88 2. 34 2. 35 2. 36 2. 38 V M as ba te 1. 04 1. 04 1. 05 1. 05 1. 73 1. 73 1. 74 1. 75 2. 16 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 V So rs og on 1. 11 1. 11 1. 12 1. 12 1. 84 1. 85 1. 86 1. 87 2. 30 2. 31 2. 33 2. 34 83 CHAPTER 4 W IT H O U T EF FE CT IV E RA IN FA LL Re gi on P ro vi nc e Fi el d Ir ri ga ti on R eq ui re m en t ( FI R ), lp s/ ha Fa rm W at er R eq ui re m en t ( FW R ), lp s/ ha D iv er si on W at er R eq ui re m en t ( D W R ), lp s/ ha 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 VI An tiq ue 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 17 1. 92 1. 93 1. 94 1. 96 2. 40 2. 41 2. 43 2. 44 VI C ap iz 1. 13 1. 14 1. 14 1. 15 1. 89 1. 89 1. 90 1. 91 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 2. 39 VI Ilo ilo 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 14 1. 88 1. 88 1. 89 1. 90 2. 35 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 VI N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 1. 01 1. 01 1. 02 1. 03 1. 68 1. 69 1. 70 1. 71 2. 10 2. 11 2. 13 2. 14 VI I B oh ol 1. 08 1. 08 1. 09 1. 10 1. 80 1. 81 1. 82 1. 83 2. 25 2. 26 2. 27 2. 29 VI I N eg ro s O rie nt al 1. 05 1. 05 1. 06 1. 06 1. 75 1. 76 1. 76 1. 77 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 VI II B ili ra n 1. 12 1. 13 1. 13 1. 14 1. 74 1. 75 1. 75 1. 76 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 2. 21 VI II Le yt e 1. 13 1. 14 1. 14 1. 15 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 VI II Sa m ar (W es te rn Sa m ar ) 0. 95 0. 94 0. 92 0. 91 1. 58 1. 56 1. 54 1. 51 1. 98 1. 95 1. 92 1. 89 VI II So ut he rn L ey te 1. 13 1. 13 1. 13 1. 13 1. 75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 78 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 23 IX Za m bo an ga d el S ur 1. 31 1. 32 1. 32 1. 33 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 2. 73 2. 74 2. 76 2. 77 IX Za m bo an ga S ib ug ay 1. 22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 24 2. 03 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 2. 53 2. 54 2. 55 2. 57 X B uk id no n 0. 91 0. 91 0. 91 0. 91 1. 31 1. 30 1. 30 1. 30 1. 63 1. 63 1. 63 1. 63 X La na o de l N or te 0. 91 0. 92 0. 92 0. 92 1. 31 1. 31 1. 31 1. 32 1. 63 1. 64 1. 64 1. 65 X M is am is O cc id en ta l 1. 01 1. 01 1. 01 1. 00 1. 45 1. 44 1. 44 1. 43 1. 81 1. 81 1. 80 1. 79 X M is am is O rie nt al 0. 96 0. 95 0. 95 0. 95 1. 37 1. 36 1. 36 1. 36 1. 71 1. 70 1. 70 1. 70 XI C om po st el a Va lle y 1. 31 1. 27 1. 23 1. 18 2. 15 2. 07 1. 99 1. 89 2. 69 2. 59 2. 48 2. 36 XI D av ao d el N or te 1. 17 1. 22 1. 27 1. 33 1. 87 1. 95 2. 03 2. 12 2. 33 2. 43 2. 53 2. 65 XI D av ao O rie nt al 1. 28 1. 29 1. 31 1. 32 2. 02 2. 07 2. 12 2. 18 2. 53 2. 59 2. 65 2. 73 XI I N or th C ot ab at o 1. 05 1. 06 1. 06 1. 07 1. 66 1. 67 1. 68 1. 70 2. 07 2. 09 2. 10 2. 12 XI I Sa ra ng an i 1. 05 1. 06 1. 06 1. 07 1. 66 1. 67 1. 68 1. 70 2. 07 2. 09 2. 10 2. 12 XI I So ut h C ot ab at o 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 1. 20 1. 83 1. 85 1. 86 1. 87 2. 29 2. 31 2. 32 2. 34 XI I Su lta n Ku da ra t 1. 26 1. 26 1. 27 1. 28 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 2. 06 2. 54 2. 55 2. 56 2. 57 C ar ag a Ag us an d el N or te 1. 27 1. 27 1. 28 1. 28 1. 89 1. 89 1. 90 1. 91 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 2. 39 C ar ag a Ag us an d el S ur 1. 15 1. 15 1. 16 1. 16 1. 81 1. 82 1. 82 1. 84 2. 35 2. 36 2. 37 2. 38 C ar ag a Su rig ao d el S ur 1. 17 1. 17 1. 17 1. 18 1. 70 1. 78 1. 86 1. 96 2. 12 2. 23 2. 33 2. 45 AR M M La na o de l S ur AR M M M ag ui nd an ao The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 84The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 16 . Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d pe r R eg io n w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H E FF EC TI VE R AI N FA LL Re gi on N et P IA (0 8% ), ha 1 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM N et P IA >5 ha (0 8 ), ha 2 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM N et P IA >1 0h a (0 8% ), ha 3 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 97 ,2 45 .3 3 2, 13 8. 43 2, 14 6. 98 2, 15 5. 53 2, 16 5. 80 76 ,3 94 .6 0 1, 67 9. 92 1, 68 6. 64 1, 69 3. 36 1, 70 1. 42 72 ,2 43 .0 1 1, 58 8. 62 1, 59 4. 98 1, 60 1. 33 1, 60 8. 96 I 42 5, 94 4. 30 9, 26 1. 40 9, 31 7. 25 9, 37 3. 11 9, 44 0. 13 39 4, 53 6. 32 8, 57 8. 49 8, 63 0. 22 8, 68 1. 96 8, 74 4. 04 38 6, 16 9. 27 8, 39 6. 56 8, 44 7. 20 8, 49 7. 84 8, 55 8. 60 II 54 1, 65 7. 79 12 ,3 51 .8 3 12 ,4 20 .1 2 12 ,4 88 .4 1 12 ,5 70 .3 5 49 8, 69 0. 23 11 ,3 72 .0 1 11 ,4 34 .8 8 11 ,4 97 .7 5 11 ,5 73 .1 9 48 9, 37 0. 20 11 ,1 59 .4 8 11 ,2 21 .1 7 11 ,2 82 .8 7 11 ,3 56 .9 0 III 73 2, 52 4. 64 20 ,2 07 .8 9 20 ,3 04 .6 7 20 ,4 01 .4 5 20 ,5 17 .5 9 69 9, 24 9. 49 19 ,2 89 .9 4 19 ,3 82 .3 3 19 ,4 74 .7 1 19 ,5 85 .5 7 68 7, 63 9. 35 18 ,9 69 .6 6 19 ,0 60 .5 1 19 ,1 51 .3 6 19 ,2 60 .3 8 C AL AB AR ZO N 38 7, 61 8. 15 7, 59 0. 76 7, 67 7. 74 7, 76 4. 73 7, 86 9. 11 33 1, 55 6. 87 6, 49 2. 90 6, 56 7. 31 6, 64 1. 71 6, 73 1. 00 31 6, 72 4. 34 6, 20 2. 44 6, 27 3. 51 6, 34 4. 59 6, 42 9. 88 M IM AR O PA 16 8, 89 5. 88 3, 53 1. 81 3, 54 5. 14 3, 55 8. 47 3, 57 4. 47 13 9, 37 3. 03 2, 91 4. 45 2, 92 5. 45 2, 93 6. 45 2, 94 9. 66 13 2, 01 8. 01 2, 76 0. 65 2, 77 1. 07 2, 78 1. 49 2, 79 4. 00 V 43 5, 63 2. 31 8, 14 3. 23 8, 14 9. 76 8, 15 6. 28 8, 16 4. 12 36 7, 02 8. 89 6, 86 0. 83 6, 86 6. 33 6, 87 1. 83 6, 87 8. 43 35 1, 89 1. 91 6, 57 7. 88 6, 58 3. 15 6, 58 8. 42 6, 59 4. 75 VI 37 1, 31 7. 71 6, 91 7. 26 7, 05 1. 59 7, 18 5. 91 7, 34 7. 09 28 6, 09 8. 07 5, 32 9. 71 5, 43 3. 20 5, 53 6. 70 5, 66 0. 89 26 5, 29 1. 06 4, 94 2. 10 5, 03 8. 06 5, 13 4. 03 5, 24 9. 19 VI I 19 9, 61 5. 24 3, 91 4. 30 3, 79 3. 96 3, 67 3. 62 3, 52 9. 21 14 2, 65 0. 12 2, 79 7. 26 2, 71 1. 26 2, 62 5. 26 2, 52 2. 06 13 0, 40 4. 58 2, 55 7. 13 2, 47 8. 52 2, 39 9. 90 2, 30 5. 56 VI II 36 8, 84 2. 43 7, 07 7. 02 7, 06 4. 16 7, 05 1. 30 7, 03 5. 86 30 7, 85 0. 90 5, 90 6. 77 5, 89 6. 03 5, 88 5. 30 5, 87 2. 42 29 5, 20 0. 75 5, 66 4. 05 5, 65 3. 75 5, 64 3. 46 5, 63 1. 11 IX 20 9, 41 9. 80 3, 45 7. 41 3, 45 7. 22 3, 45 7. 04 3, 45 6. 81 16 6, 05 3. 99 2, 74 1. 46 2, 74 1. 31 2, 74 1. 17 2, 74 0. 99 15 6, 18 6. 13 2, 57 8. 55 2, 57 8. 41 2, 57 8. 27 2, 57 8. 10 X 27 3, 78 6. 06 4, 77 1. 49 4, 76 6. 04 4, 76 0. 60 4, 75 4. 06 22 6, 15 1. 39 3, 94 1. 32 3, 93 6. 82 3, 93 2. 32 3, 92 6. 93 21 3, 69 5. 27 3, 72 4. 24 3, 71 9. 99 3, 71 5. 74 3, 71 0. 64 XI 27 4, 91 3. 85 5, 95 1. 88 6, 01 1. 91 6, 07 1. 93 6, 14 3. 96 25 0, 39 4. 33 5, 42 1. 03 5, 47 5. 71 5, 53 0. 38 5, 59 5. 98 24 3, 42 8. 80 5, 27 0. 23 5, 32 3. 38 5, 37 6. 53 5, 44 0. 31 XI I 34 3, 35 0. 90 7, 73 0. 95 7, 75 3. 82 7, 77 6. 68 7, 80 4. 12 32 8, 51 6. 36 7, 39 6. 93 7, 41 8. 81 7, 44 0. 69 7, 46 6. 94 32 4, 22 0. 84 7, 30 0. 21 7, 32 1. 81 7, 34 3. 40 7, 36 9. 31 C ar ag a 25 0, 23 7. 47 4, 49 4. 30 4, 59 6. 43 4, 69 8. 56 4, 82 1. 12 21 5, 86 3. 62 3, 87 6. 94 3, 96 5. 04 4, 05 3. 14 4, 15 8. 86 20 8, 89 3. 10 3, 75 1. 75 3, 83 7. 01 3, 92 2. 26 4, 02 4. 57 TO TA L 5, 08 1, 00 1. 86 10 7, 53 9. 95 10 8, 05 6. 78 10 8, 57 3. 61 10 9, 19 3. 80 4, 43 0, 40 8. 21 94 ,5 99 .9 8 95 ,0 71 .3 5 95 ,5 42 .7 3 96 ,1 08 .3 9 4, 27 3, 37 6. 62 91 ,4 43 .5 5 91 ,9 02 .5 2 92 ,3 61 .4 9 92 ,9 12 .2 6 N ot es : 1 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith ou t F ilt er , 0 8 % o nl y) 2 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith > 5h a Fi lte r, 0 8% ) 3 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith > 10 ha F ilt er , 0 8 % ) 85 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 17 . Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d pe r R eg io n w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H O U T EF FE CT IV E RA IN FA LL Re gi on N et P IA (0 8 % ), ha 1 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM N et P IA >5 ha (0 8% ), ha 2 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM N et P IA >1 0h a (0 8% ), ha 3 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 2 02 5 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 97 ,2 45 .3 3 2, 24 2. 27 2, 25 7. 48 2, 27 2. 70 2, 29 0. 96 76 ,3 94 .6 0 1, 76 1. 49 1, 77 3. 45 1, 78 5. 40 1, 79 9. 75 72 ,2 43 .0 1 1, 66 5. 77 1, 67 7. 07 1, 68 8. 37 1, 70 1. 94 I 42 5, 94 4. 30 9, 98 1. 93 10 ,0 11 .5 2 10 ,0 41 .1 0 10 ,0 76 .6 1 39 4, 53 6. 32 9, 24 5. 89 9, 27 3. 29 9, 30 0. 70 9, 33 3. 59 38 6, 16 9. 27 9, 04 9. 81 9, 07 6. 63 9, 10 3. 46 9, 13 5. 65 II 54 1, 65 7. 79 12 ,7 23 .8 5 12 ,7 94 .5 1 12 ,8 65 .1 7 12 ,9 49 .9 5 49 8, 69 0. 23 11 ,7 14 .5 2 11 ,7 79 .5 7 11 ,8 44 .6 2 11 ,9 22 .6 8 48 9, 37 0. 20 11 ,4 95 .5 9 11 ,5 59 .4 2 11 ,6 23 .2 6 11 ,6 99 .8 6 III 73 2, 52 4. 64 23 ,2 18 .5 7 23 ,4 80 .6 9 23 ,7 42 .8 1 24 ,0 57 .3 6 69 9, 24 9. 49 22 ,1 63 .8 6 22 ,4 14 .0 8 22 ,6 64 .2 9 22 ,9 64 .5 5 68 7, 63 9. 35 21 ,7 95 .8 6 22 ,0 41 .9 2 22 ,2 87 .9 8 22 ,5 83 .2 5 C AL A B AR ZO N 38 7, 61 8. 15 8, 93 8. 90 8, 97 8. 88 9, 01 8. 87 9, 06 6. 85 33 1, 55 6. 87 7, 64 6. 06 7, 68 0. 27 7, 71 4. 47 7, 75 5. 51 31 6, 72 4. 34 7, 30 4. 01 7, 33 6. 68 7, 36 9. 35 7, 40 8. 56 M IM AR O PA 16 8, 89 5. 88 4, 08 0. 33 4, 09 7. 89 4, 11 5. 45 4, 13 6. 53 13 9, 37 3. 03 3, 36 7. 09 3, 38 1. 58 3, 39 6. 08 3, 41 3. 47 13 2, 01 8. 01 3, 18 9. 40 3, 20 3. 13 3, 21 6. 86 3, 23 3. 33 V 43 5, 63 2. 31 10 ,3 64 .3 8 10 ,4 19 .4 5 10 ,4 74 .5 1 10 ,5 40 .5 9 36 7, 02 8. 89 8, 73 2. 20 8, 77 8. 59 8, 82 4. 99 8, 88 0. 66 35 1, 89 1. 91 8, 37 2. 07 8, 41 6. 55 8, 46 1. 03 8, 51 4. 40 VI 37 1, 31 7. 71 8, 88 3. 28 8, 92 3. 30 8, 96 3. 32 9, 01 1. 35 28 6, 09 8. 07 6, 84 4. 51 6, 87 5. 35 6, 90 6. 19 6, 94 3. 19 26 5, 29 1. 06 6, 34 6. 73 6, 37 5. 33 6, 40 3. 92 6, 43 8. 23 VI I 19 9, 61 5. 24 4, 58 1. 02 4, 60 0. 24 4, 61 9. 47 4, 64 2. 55 14 2, 65 0. 12 3, 27 3. 71 3, 28 7. 45 3, 30 1. 19 3, 31 7. 68 13 0, 40 4. 58 2, 99 2. 68 3, 00 5. 25 3, 01 7. 81 3, 03 2. 88 VI II 36 8, 84 2. 43 8, 54 5. 17 8, 58 7. 34 8, 62 9. 51 8, 68 0. 12 30 7, 85 0. 90 7, 13 2. 14 7, 16 7. 34 7, 20 2. 54 7, 24 4. 78 29 5, 20 0. 75 6, 83 9. 07 6, 87 2. 83 6, 90 6. 58 6, 94 7. 08 IX 20 9, 41 9. 80 5, 25 8. 45 5, 28 0. 78 5, 30 3. 11 5, 32 9. 91 16 6, 05 3. 99 4, 16 9. 55 4, 18 7. 26 4, 20 4. 96 4, 22 6. 21 15 6, 18 6. 13 3, 92 1. 77 3, 93 8. 43 3, 95 5. 08 3, 97 5. 07 X 27 3, 78 6. 06 5, 77 3. 87 5, 80 3. 74 5, 83 3. 60 5, 86 9. 43 22 6, 15 1. 39 4, 76 9. 31 4, 79 3. 97 4, 81 8. 64 4, 84 8. 24 21 3, 69 5. 27 4, 50 6. 62 4, 52 9. 93 4, 55 3. 23 4, 58 1. 20 XI 27 4, 91 3. 85 7, 34 0. 11 7, 36 6. 28 7, 39 2. 45 7, 42 3. 85 25 0, 39 4. 33 6, 68 5. 44 6, 70 9. 28 6, 73 3. 12 6, 76 1. 72 24 3, 42 8. 80 6, 49 9. 47 6, 52 2. 64 6, 54 5. 81 6, 57 3. 62 XI I 34 3, 35 0. 90 7, 98 8. 21 8, 03 7. 06 8, 08 5. 90 8, 14 4. 51 32 8, 51 6. 36 7, 64 3. 08 7, 68 9. 81 7, 73 6. 55 7, 79 2. 63 32 4, 22 0. 84 7, 54 3. 14 7, 58 9. 27 7, 63 5. 39 7, 69 0. 73 C ar ag a 25 0, 23 7. 47 5, 75 1. 15 5, 93 8. 39 6, 12 5. 63 6, 35 0. 32 21 5, 86 3. 62 4, 96 1. 14 5, 12 2. 66 5, 28 4. 18 5, 47 8. 01 20 8, 89 3. 10 4, 80 0. 94 4, 95 7. 25 5, 11 3. 55 5, 30 1. 12 TO TA L 5, 08 1, 00 1. 86 12 5, 67 1. 48 12 6, 57 7. 55 12 7, 48 3. 61 12 8, 57 0. 89 4, 43 0, 40 8. 21 11 0, 11 0. 01 11 0, 91 3. 96 11 1, 71 7. 92 11 2, 68 2. 66 4, 27 3, 37 6. 62 10 6, 32 2. 93 10 7, 10 2. 31 10 7, 88 1. 68 10 8, 81 6. 93 N ot es : 1 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith ou t F ilt er , 0 8 % o nl y) 2 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith > 5h a Fi lte r, 0 8% ) 3 N et P ot en tia l I rr ig ab le A re a (w ith > 10 ha F ilt er , 0 8 % ) The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 86The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 18 . Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r R em ai ni ng A re as fo r D ev el op m en t w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H E FF EC TI VE R AI N FA LL Re gi on Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t, ha 1 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t, (le ss S P IS a re a) , ha 2 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 28 ,4 36 .0 2 62 5. 31 62 7. 81 63 0. 31 63 3. 31 28 ,3 88 .0 2 62 4. 25 62 6. 75 62 9. 25 63 2. 24 I 24 5, 34 2. 61 5, 33 4. 54 5, 36 6. 71 5, 39 8. 88 5, 43 7. 49 24 5, 27 0. 61 5, 33 2. 97 5, 36 5. 13 5, 39 7. 30 5, 43 5. 89 II 26 0, 43 3. 00 5, 93 8. 85 5, 97 1. 68 6, 00 4. 52 6, 04 3. 92 26 0, 38 8. 00 5, 93 7. 82 5, 97 0. 65 6, 00 3. 48 6, 04 2. 87 III 42 6, 24 4. 20 11 ,7 58 .6 5 11 ,8 14 .9 6 11 ,8 71 .2 7 11 ,9 38 .8 5 42 6, 15 4. 20 11 ,7 56 .1 6 11 ,8 12 .4 6 11 ,8 68 .7 7 11 ,9 36 .3 3 C AL AB AR ZO N 33 6, 92 9. 15 6, 59 8. 11 6, 67 3. 72 6, 74 9. 33 6, 84 0. 06 33 6, 87 8. 15 6, 59 7. 11 6, 67 2. 71 6, 74 8. 31 6, 83 9. 03 M IM AR O PA 85 ,3 35 .5 2 1, 78 4. 46 1, 79 1. 20 1, 79 7. 94 1, 80 6. 02 85 ,2 96 .5 2 1, 78 3. 65 1, 79 0. 38 1, 79 7. 11 1, 80 5. 20 V 31 5, 67 3. 41 5, 90 0. 85 5, 90 5. 58 5, 91 0. 31 5, 91 5. 99 31 5, 59 8. 41 5, 89 9. 45 5, 90 4. 18 5, 90 8. 91 5, 91 4. 58 VI 25 8, 68 8. 69 4, 81 9. 10 4, 91 2. 68 5, 00 6. 26 5, 11 8. 55 25 8, 59 6. 69 4, 81 7. 39 4, 91 0. 93 5, 00 4. 48 5, 11 6. 73 VI I 15 3, 73 1. 49 3, 01 4. 56 2, 92 1. 88 2, 82 9. 20 2, 71 7. 98 15 3, 67 7. 49 3, 01 3. 50 2, 92 0. 85 2, 82 8. 20 2, 71 7. 03 VI II 29 4, 86 5. 07 5, 65 7. 61 5, 64 7. 32 5, 63 7. 04 5, 62 4. 70 29 4, 82 9. 07 5, 65 6. 92 5, 64 6. 64 5, 63 6. 35 5, 62 4. 02 IX 15 8, 44 8. 79 2, 61 5. 91 2, 61 5. 76 2, 61 5. 62 2, 61 5. 45 15 8, 40 3. 79 2, 61 5. 16 2, 61 5. 02 2, 61 4. 88 2, 61 4. 71 X 21 0, 12 6. 78 3, 66 2. 05 3, 65 7. 87 3, 65 3. 69 3, 64 8. 67 21 0, 08 7. 78 3, 66 1. 37 3, 65 7. 19 3, 65 3. 01 3, 64 8. 00 XI 20 5, 22 1. 25 4, 44 3. 04 4, 48 7. 85 4, 53 2. 65 4, 58 6. 42 20 5, 15 2. 25 4, 44 1. 54 4, 48 6. 34 4, 53 1. 13 4, 58 4. 88 XI I 22 1, 65 9. 76 4, 99 0. 93 5, 00 5. 69 5, 02 0. 45 5, 03 8. 17 22 1, 59 3. 76 4, 98 9. 44 5, 00 4. 20 5, 01 8. 96 5, 03 6. 67 C ar ag a 18 5, 59 1. 05 3, 33 3. 24 3, 40 8. 99 3, 48 4. 73 3, 57 5. 63 18 5, 54 6. 05 3, 33 2. 43 3, 40 8. 16 3, 48 3. 89 3, 57 4. 76 TO TA L 3, 38 6, 72 6. 77 70 ,4 77 .1 9 70 ,8 09 .7 0 71 ,1 42 .2 1 71 ,5 41 .2 2 3, 38 5, 86 0. 77 70 ,4 59 .1 7 70 ,7 91 .6 0 71 ,1 24 .0 2 71 ,5 22 .9 3 N ot es : 1 Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t ( 0 8% N et P IA m in us F U SA a nd n ew ly g en er at ed a re a w ith n on o pe ra tio na l3 ) 2 Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t ( 0 8% N et P IA m in us F U SA a nd n ew ly g en er at ed a re a w ith n on o pe ra tio na l3 m in us S P IS A re a4 ) 3 B as ed o n N IA In ve nt or y as o f D ec em be r 2 01 8 4 B as ed o n D A In ve nt or y of S P IS C Y 20 19 87 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 19 . Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r R em ai ni ng A re as fo r D ev el op m en t w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W IT H O U T EF FE CT IV E RA IN FA LL Re gi on Re m ai ni ng Ar ea fo r Ir ri ga ti on D ev el op m en t ha 1 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM Re m ai ni ng Ar ea fo r I rr i ga ti on D ev el op m en t, (l es s SP IS a re a) , h a2 Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d, M CM 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 28 ,4 36 .0 2 65 5. 67 66 0. 12 66 4. 57 66 9. 91 28 ,3 88 .0 2 65 4. 57 65 9. 01 66 3. 45 66 8. 78 I 24 5, 34 2. 61 5, 74 9. 56 5, 76 6. 60 5, 78 3. 64 5, 80 4. 10 24 5, 27 0. 61 5, 74 7. 87 5, 76 4. 91 5, 78 1. 95 5, 80 2. 39 II 26 0, 43 3. 00 6, 11 7. 72 6, 15 1. 69 6, 18 5. 67 6, 22 6. 43 26 0, 38 8. 00 6, 11 6. 66 6, 15 0. 63 6, 18 4. 60 6, 22 5. 36 III 42 6, 24 4. 20 13 ,5 10 .5 1 13 ,6 63 .0 3 13 ,8 15 .5 6 13 ,9 98 .5 9 42 6, 15 4. 20 13 ,5 07 .6 6 13 ,6 60 .1 5 13 ,8 12 .6 4 13 ,9 95 .6 3 C AL AB AR ZO N 33 6, 92 9. 15 7, 76 9. 95 7, 80 4. 71 7, 83 9. 47 7, 88 1. 18 33 6, 87 8. 15 7, 76 8. 78 7, 80 3. 53 7, 83 8. 28 7, 87 9. 98 M IM AR O PA 85 ,3 35 .5 2 2, 06 1. 61 2, 07 0. 48 2, 07 9. 35 2, 09 0. 00 85 ,2 96 .5 2 2, 06 0. 67 2, 06 9. 54 2, 07 8. 40 2, 08 9. 05 V 31 5, 67 3. 41 7, 51 0. 37 7, 55 0. 27 7, 59 0. 17 7, 63 8. 06 31 5, 59 8. 41 7, 50 8. 59 7, 54 8. 48 7, 58 8. 37 7, 63 6. 24 VI 25 8, 68 8. 69 6, 18 8. 78 6, 21 6. 66 6, 24 4. 54 6, 27 8. 00 25 8, 59 6. 69 6, 18 6. 58 6, 21 4. 45 6, 24 2. 32 6, 27 5. 77 VI I 15 3, 73 1. 49 3, 52 8. 02 3, 54 2. 83 3, 55 7. 64 3, 57 5. 41 15 3, 67 7. 49 3, 52 6. 78 3, 54 1. 58 3, 55 6. 39 3, 57 4. 15 VI II 29 4, 86 5. 07 6, 83 1. 29 6, 86 5. 01 6, 89 8. 72 6, 93 9. 18 29 4, 82 9. 07 6, 83 0. 46 6, 86 4. 17 6, 89 7. 88 6, 93 8. 34 IX 15 8, 44 8. 79 3, 97 8. 58 3, 99 5. 48 4, 01 2. 38 4, 03 2. 65 15 8, 40 3. 79 3, 97 7. 45 3, 99 4. 35 4, 01 1. 24 4, 03 1. 51 X 21 0, 12 6. 78 4, 43 1. 36 4, 45 4. 28 4, 47 7. 20 4, 50 4. 70 21 0, 08 7. 78 4, 43 0. 54 4, 45 3. 46 4, 47 6. 37 4, 50 3. 87 XI 20 5, 22 1. 25 5, 47 9. 34 5, 49 8. 87 5, 51 8. 41 5, 54 1. 85 20 5, 15 2. 25 5, 47 7. 50 5, 49 7. 03 5, 51 6. 55 5, 53 9. 99 XI I 22 1, 65 9. 76 5, 15 7. 01 5, 18 8. 55 5, 22 0. 08 5, 25 7. 92 22 1, 59 3. 76 5, 15 5. 48 5, 18 7. 00 5, 21 8. 52 5, 25 6. 35 C ar ag a 18 5, 59 1. 05 4, 26 5. 40 4, 40 4. 27 4, 54 3. 13 4, 70 9. 78 18 5, 54 6. 05 4, 26 4. 36 4, 40 3. 20 4, 54 2. 03 4, 70 8. 63 TO TA L 3, 38 6, 72 6. 77 83 ,2 35 .1 9 83 ,8 32 .8 6 84 ,4 30 .5 4 85 ,1 47 .7 5 3, 38 5, 86 0. 77 83 ,2 13 .9 4 83 ,8 11 .4 7 84 ,4 09 .0 0 85 ,1 26 .0 4 N ot es : 1 Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t ( 0 8% N et P IA 1 m in us F U SA a nd n ew ly g en er at ed a re a w ith n on o pe ra tio na l3 ) 2 Re m ai ni ng A re a fo r I rr ig at io n D ev el op m en t ( 0 8% N et P IA 1 m in us F U SA a nd n ew ly g en er at ed a re a w ith n on o pe ra tio na l3 m in us S P IS A re a4 ) 3 B as ed o n N IA In ve nt or y as o f D ec em be r 2 01 8 4 B as ed o n D A In ve nt or y of S P IS C Y 20 19 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 88The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Tables 4.22 and 4.23 show the estimated required increase in target irrigated areas and the corresponding increase in the irrigation water demand per year for the period of 2020-2030. The overall cumulative annual irrigation water demand from both existing areas and required increase in irrigated areas from the physical targets are tabulated with the total estimated water supply based on dependable flows as shown in Tables 4.24 and 4.25. Based on these estimates, the available surface water supply will be more than adequate to meet the projected irrigation water demand for the specified physical targets of irrigation development on a national scale for years 2020 to 2030. However, there are regional differences and estimates show that while many regions will have adequate water supply to meet the irrigation water demand until 2030, deficits are projected to be incurred in Regions I and III. While other water supply sources such as groundwater may be tapped in the said two regions and water use efficient and WSTs along with CCA measures can be employed, as discussed in the succeeding sections, these estimates of surface water supply should be further validated during the conduct of feasibility studies and in the formulation of regional or river basin plans and provincial master plans particularly for the said two regions. To determine the availability of needed irrigation water for the proposed developments and existing irrigated areas, an analysis was done to determine the water demand of the current irrigation sector as well as the target areas for the proposed physical targets. Tables 4.20 and 4.21 show the computed irrigation water demand of all existing irrigation systems for 2020, 2025, 2030, and 2036 with and without considering the effect of rainfall, respectively. Since this covers all existing irrigation systems, the total irrigated area was determined from the sum of the FUSA and newly generated area with non-operational from the inventory of all irrigation systems of NIA as of December 2018, and the proposed SPIS service areas from the inventory of DA as of 2019. The computed irrigation water demand is tabulated with the mean estimated available water supply based on the computed dependable flows, described in the ensuing subsection. All regions with the exception of Regions I and III showed adequate water supply. Since there are only 195 available and adequate data set of rivers for the basis of the dependable flow, this may not entirely project the actual available surface water resources, hence, the lower water supply estimates compared to the current irrigation water demand for Regions I and III. This is recommended to be done during the conduct of FS for proposed irrigation projects in these regions and during the formulation of regional and provincial master plans. 89 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 20 . Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r Al l E xi st in g Ir ri ga ti on S ys te m s an d Es ti m at ed A va ila bl e W at er S up pl y pe r R eg io n w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l Re gi on To ta l I rr ig at ed A re a (H a) Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r E xi st in g Sy st em s (M CM ) Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r E xi st in g Sy st em s in cl ud in g SP IS (M CM ) M ea n Es ti m at ed Av ai la bl e W at er Su pp ly B as ed o n D ep en da bl e Fl ow (M CM )3 B as ed o n FU SA an d N ew ly g en er at ed A re a w it h N on O pe ra ti on al 1 B as ed o n FU SA , N ew ly g en er at ed w it h N on O pe ra ti on al 1 an d SP IS Ar ea 2 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 95 ,2 58 .4 0 95 ,3 21 .4 0 2, 09 4. 73 2, 10 3. 11 2, 11 1. 49 2, 12 1. 55 2, 09 6. 12 2, 10 4. 50 2, 11 2. 89 2, 12 2. 95 37 ,4 00 .1 3 I 18 0, 60 1. 70 18 0, 67 3. 70 3, 92 6. 86 3, 95 0. 54 3, 97 4. 23 4, 00 2. 64 3, 92 8. 43 3, 95 2. 12 3, 97 5. 81 4, 00 4. 24 1, 82 8. 90 II 28 1, 51 7. 54 28 1, 56 8. 54 6, 41 9. 66 6, 45 5. 15 6, 49 0. 64 6, 53 3. 23 6, 42 0. 82 6, 45 6. 32 6, 49 1. 82 6, 53 4. 41 7, 95 9. 86 III 30 6, 28 0. 44 30 6, 37 0. 44 8, 44 9. 25 8, 48 9. 71 8, 53 0. 18 8, 57 8. 74 8, 45 1. 73 8, 49 2. 21 8, 53 2. 68 8, 58 1. 26 3, 96 7. 90 C AL AB AR ZO N 50 ,6 89 .0 0 50 ,7 40 .0 0 99 2. 65 1, 00 4. 02 1, 01 5. 40 1, 02 9. 05 99 3. 65 1, 00 5. 03 1, 01 6. 42 1, 03 0. 08 5, 10 5. 88 M IM AR O PA 90 ,5 23 .1 7 90 ,5 77 .1 7 1, 89 2. 94 1, 90 0. 09 1, 90 7. 24 1, 91 5. 81 1, 89 4. 07 1, 90 1. 22 1, 90 8. 37 1, 91 6. 95 9, 22 3. 14 V 11 9, 95 8. 90 12 0, 03 3. 90 2, 24 2. 38 2, 24 4. 18 2, 24 5. 97 2, 24 8. 13 2, 24 3. 78 2, 24 5. 58 2, 24 7. 38 2, 24 9. 54 44 ,0 90 .3 6 VI 11 2, 62 9. 02 11 2, 72 1. 02 2, 09 8. 16 2, 13 8. 90 2, 17 9. 65 2, 22 8. 54 2, 09 9. 88 2, 14 0. 65 2, 18 1. 43 2, 23 0. 36 10 ,3 39 .4 1 VI I 45 ,8 83 .7 5 45 ,9 37 .7 5 89 9. 74 87 2. 08 84 4. 42 81 1. 23 90 0. 80 87 3. 11 84 5. 42 81 2. 18 3, 19 9. 17 VI II 73 ,9 77 .3 6 74 ,0 13 .3 6 1, 41 9. 41 1, 41 6. 83 1, 41 4. 25 1, 41 1. 16 1, 42 0. 10 1, 41 7. 52 1, 41 4. 94 1, 41 1. 84 11 ,4 62 .2 2 IX 45 ,7 50 .5 1 45 ,7 95 .5 1 75 5. 32 75 5. 28 75 5. 23 75 5. 19 75 6. 06 75 6. 02 75 5. 98 75 5. 93 8, 49 0. 83 X 63 ,6 59 .2 8 63 ,6 98 .2 8 1, 10 9. 44 1, 10 8. 18 1, 10 6. 91 1, 10 5. 39 1, 11 0. 12 1, 10 8. 85 1, 10 7. 59 1, 10 6. 07 8, 93 3. 87 XI 69 ,6 92 .6 0 69 ,7 61 .6 0 1, 50 8. 84 1, 52 4. 06 1, 53 9. 28 1, 55 7. 54 1, 51 0. 34 1, 52 5. 57 1, 54 0. 80 1, 55 9. 08 11 ,0 54 .4 7 XI I 11 6, 88 5. 36 11 6, 95 4. 36 2, 63 1. 81 2, 63 9. 60 2, 64 7. 38 2, 65 6. 72 2, 63 3. 37 2, 64 1. 15 2, 64 8. 94 2, 65 8. 29 12 ,1 22 .2 9 C ar ag a 64 ,6 46 .4 2 64 ,6 91 .4 2 1, 16 1. 06 1, 18 7. 44 1, 21 3. 83 1, 24 5. 49 1, 16 1. 87 1, 18 8. 27 1, 21 4. 67 1, 24 6. 36 22 ,6 58 .9 5 AR M M 48 ,2 22 .8 1 48 ,2 22 .8 1 4, 74 8. 96 TO TA L 1, 76 6, 17 6. 26 1, 76 7, 08 1. 26 37 ,6 02 .2 6 37 ,7 89 .1 8 37 ,9 76 .0 9 38 ,2 00 .3 9 37 ,6 21 .1 3 37 ,8 08 .1 3 37 ,9 95 .1 3 38 ,2 19 .5 4 20 2, 58 6. 33 1B as ed o n N IA In ve nt or y of N IS , C IS , P IS , O G A as o f D ec em be r 2 01 8 2B as ed o n D A In ve nt or y of P ro po se d SP IS fo r C Y 20 19 3B as ed o n co m pu te d de pe nd ab le fl ow s of ri ve rs p er re gi on The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 90The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 21 . I rr ig at io n W at er D em an d fo r Al l E xi st in g Ir ri ga ti on S ys te m s an d Es ti m at ed A va ila bl e W at er S up pl y pe r R eg io n w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it ho ut E ffe ct iv e Ra in fa ll Re gi on To ta l I rr ig at ed A re a (H a) Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r E xi st in g Sy st em s (M CM ) Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d fo r E xi st in g Sy st em s in cl ud in g SP IS (M CM ) M ea n Es ti m at ed A va ila bl e W at er S up pl y B as ed o n D e pe nd ab le F lo w (M CM )3 B as ed o n FU SA an d N ew ly g en er at ed A re a w it h N on O pe r at io na l1 B as ed o n FU SA , N ew ly g en er at ed w it h N on O p er at io na l1 a nd SP IS A re a2 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 20 20 20 25 20 30 20 36 C AR 95 ,2 58 .4 0 95 ,3 21 .4 0 2, 19 6. 45 2, 21 1. 36 2, 22 6. 26 2, 24 4. 15 2, 19 7. 90 2, 21 2. 82 2, 22 7. 73 2, 24 5. 63 37 ,4 00 .1 3 I 18 0, 60 1. 70 18 0, 67 3. 70 4, 23 2. 37 4, 24 4. 91 4, 25 7. 46 4, 27 2. 51 4, 23 4. 06 4, 24 6. 61 4, 25 9. 16 4, 27 4. 22 1, 82 8. 90 II 28 1, 51 7. 54 28 1, 56 8. 54 6, 61 3. 01 6, 64 9. 73 6, 68 6. 45 6, 73 0. 52 6, 61 4. 21 6, 65 0. 94 6, 68 7. 67 6, 73 1. 74 7, 95 9. 86 III 30 6, 28 0. 44 30 6, 37 0. 44 9, 70 8. 06 9, 81 7. 66 9, 92 7. 26 10 ,0 58 .7 7 9, 71 0. 91 9, 82 0. 54 9, 93 0. 17 10 ,0 61 .7 3 3, 96 7. 90 C AL AB AR ZO N 50 ,6 89 .0 0 50 ,7 40 .0 0 1, 16 8. 94 1, 17 4. 17 1, 17 9. 40 1, 18 5. 68 1, 17 0. 12 1, 17 5. 35 1, 18 0. 59 1, 18 6. 87 5, 10 5. 88 M IM AR O PA 90 ,5 23 .1 7 90 ,5 77 .1 7 2, 18 6. 94 2, 19 6. 35 2, 20 5. 76 2, 21 7. 06 2, 18 8. 24 2, 19 7. 66 2, 20 7. 08 2, 21 8. 38 9, 22 3. 14 V 11 9, 95 8. 90 12 0, 03 3. 90 2, 85 4. 01 2, 86 9. 18 2, 88 4. 34 2, 90 2. 53 2, 85 5. 80 2, 87 0. 97 2, 88 6. 14 2, 90 4. 35 44 ,0 90 .3 6 VI 11 2, 62 9. 02 11 2, 72 1. 02 2, 69 4. 50 2, 70 6. 64 2, 71 8. 78 2, 73 3. 35 2, 69 6. 70 2, 70 8. 85 2, 72 1. 00 2, 73 5. 58 10 ,3 39 .4 1 VI I 45 ,8 83 .7 5 45 ,9 37 .7 5 1, 05 3. 00 1, 05 7. 42 1, 06 1. 84 1, 06 7. 14 1, 05 4. 24 1, 05 8. 66 1, 06 3. 09 1, 06 8. 40 3, 19 9. 17 VI II 73 ,9 77 .3 6 74 ,0 13 .3 6 1, 71 3. 87 1, 72 2. 33 1, 73 0. 79 1, 74 0. 94 1, 71 4. 71 1, 72 3. 17 1, 73 1. 63 1, 74 1. 79 11 ,4 62 .2 2 IX 45 ,7 50 .5 1 45 ,7 95 .5 1 1, 14 8. 78 1, 15 3. 66 1, 15 8. 53 1, 16 4. 39 1, 14 9. 91 1, 15 4. 79 1, 15 9. 67 1, 16 5. 53 8, 49 0. 83 X 63 ,6 59 .2 8 63 ,6 98 .2 8 1, 34 2. 51 1, 34 9. 45 1, 35 6. 40 1, 36 4. 73 1, 34 3. 33 1, 35 0. 28 1, 35 7. 23 1, 36 5. 57 8, 93 3. 87 XI 69 ,6 92 .6 0 69 ,7 61 .6 0 1, 86 0. 77 1, 86 7. 40 1, 87 4. 04 1, 88 2. 00 1, 86 2. 61 1, 86 9. 25 1, 87 5. 89 1, 88 3. 86 11 ,0 54 .4 7 XI I 11 6, 88 5. 36 11 6, 95 4. 36 2, 71 9. 39 2, 73 6. 02 2, 75 2. 65 2, 77 2. 60 2, 72 1. 00 2, 73 7. 63 2, 75 4. 27 2, 77 4. 24 12 ,1 22 .2 9 C ar ag a 64 ,6 46 .4 2 64 ,6 91 .4 2 1, 48 5. 75 1, 53 4. 13 1, 58 2. 50 1, 64 0. 54 1, 48 6. 79 1, 53 5. 19 1, 58 3. 60 1, 64 1. 69 22 ,6 58 .9 5 AR M M 48 ,2 22 .8 1 48 ,2 22 .8 1 4, 74 8. 96 TO TA L 1, 76 6, 17 6. 26 1, 76 7, 08 1. 26 42 ,9 78 .3 5 43 ,2 90 .4 0 43 ,6 02 .4 5 43 ,9 76 .9 0 43 ,0 00 .5 2 43 ,3 12 .7 2 43 ,6 24 .9 2 43 ,9 99 .5 6 20 2, 58 6. 33 1B as ed o n N IA In ve nt or y of N IS , C IS , P IS , O G A as o f D ec em be r 2 01 8 2B as ed o n D A In ve nt or y of P ro po se d SP IS fo r C Y 20 19 3B as ed o n co m pu te d de pe nd ab le fl ow s of ri ve rs p er re gi on 91 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 22 . I rr ig at io n W at er D em an d fo r Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga te d Ar ea R eq ui re m en t B as ed o n Al l P hy si ca l T ar ge t S ce na ri os w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l Ye ar D iv er si on W at er R e qu ir em en t ( lp s/ ha ) Re qu ir ed in cr ea se in ir ri ga te d ar ea s pe r y ea r (h a) Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d (M CM ) S1 B as el in e S1 B as el in e 20 20 1. 97 53 ,7 76 48 ,0 14 10 99 .8 97 04 98 2. 04 50 85 20 21 1. 98 55 ,2 81 49 ,2 14 11 35 .0 71 95 10 10 .4 99 65 20 22 1. 98 56 ,8 29 50 ,4 45 11 66 .8 56 68 10 35 .7 75 49 20 23 1. 98 58 ,4 21 51 ,7 06 11 99 .5 44 84 10 61 .6 67 31 20 24 1. 98 60 ,0 56 52 ,9 99 12 33 .1 15 92 10 88 .2 16 18 20 25 1. 98 61 ,7 38 54 ,3 24 12 67 .6 52 04 11 15 .4 22 09 20 26 1. 99 63 ,4 67 55 ,6 82 13 08 .1 96 35 11 47 .7 30 14 20 27 1. 99 65 ,2 44 57 ,0 74 13 44 .8 24 28 11 76 .4 22 37 20 28 1. 99 67 ,0 70 58 ,5 00 13 82 .4 62 21 12 05 .8 15 41 20 29 1. 99 68 ,9 48 59 ,9 63 14 21 .1 71 98 12 35 .9 71 1 20 30 1. 99 70 ,8 79 61 ,4 62 14 60 .9 74 19 12 66 .8 68 83 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 92The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 23 . I rr ig at io n W at er D em an d fo r Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga te d Ar ea R eq ui re m en t B as ed o n Al l P hy si ca l T ar ge t S ce na ri os w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it ho ut E ffe ct iv e Ra in fa ll Ye ar D iv er si on W at er R e qu ir em en t ( lp s/ ha ) Re qu ir ed in cr ea se in ir ri ga te d ar ea s pe r y ea r (h a) Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d (M CM ) S1 B as el in e S1 B as el in e 20 20 2. 33 53 ,7 76 48 ,0 14 12 97 .3 57 78 11 58 .3 48 26 20 21 2. 34 55 ,2 81 49 ,2 14 13 43 .1 28 9 11 95 .7 22 68 20 22 2. 34 56 ,8 29 50 ,4 45 13 80 .7 39 72 12 25 .6 31 54 20 23 2. 34 58 ,4 21 51 ,7 06 14 19 .4 19 57 12 56 .2 69 3 20 24 2. 34 60 ,0 56 52 ,9 99 14 59 .1 44 18 12 87 .6 84 53 20 25 2. 34 61 ,7 38 54 ,3 24 15 00 .0 10 71 13 19 .8 77 25 20 26 2. 36 63 ,4 67 55 ,6 82 15 52 .8 83 07 13 62 .4 03 06 20 27 2. 36 65 ,2 44 57 ,0 74 15 96 .3 61 94 13 96 .4 61 92 20 28 2. 36 67 ,0 70 58 ,5 00 16 41 .0 39 72 14 31 .3 52 67 20 29 2. 36 68 ,9 48 59 ,9 63 16 86 .9 89 81 14 67 .1 48 72 20 30 2. 36 70 ,8 79 61 ,4 62 17 34 .2 36 68 15 03 .8 25 6 93 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 24 . O ve ra ll Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d an d Av ai la bl e W at er S up pl y B as ed o n P hy si ca l T ar ge t S ce na ri os w it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it h Eff ec ti ve R ai nf al l Ye ar Ir ri ga ti on W a te r D em an d fo r Ex is ti ng S ys te m s in cl ud in g SP IS (M CM ) Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d (M CM ) Cu m ul at iv e To ta l I rr ig at io n W at er D em an d (M CM ) M ea n Es ti m at ed Av ai la bl e W at er Su pp ly B as ed o n D ep en da bl e Fl ow (M CM ) S1 B as el in e S1 B as el in e 20 20 37 ,6 21 .1 3 1, 36 3. 78 1, 21 7. 65 38 ,9 84 .9 1 38 ,8 38 .7 8 20 2, 58 6. 33 20 21 37 ,8 08 .1 3 1, 40 7. 34 1, 25 2. 89 40 ,5 79 .2 5 40 ,2 78 .6 7 20 22 1, 44 6. 75 1, 28 4. 23 42 ,0 26 .0 0 41 ,5 62 .9 0 20 23 1, 48 7. 28 1, 31 6. 33 43 ,5 13 .2 8 42 ,8 79 .2 2 20 24 1, 52 8. 90 1, 34 9. 25 45 ,0 42 .1 8 44 ,2 28 .4 7 20 25 1, 57 1. 72 1, 38 2. 98 46 ,6 13 .9 0 45 ,6 11 .4 5 20 26 37 ,9 95 .1 3 1, 62 1. 93 1, 42 2. 98 48 ,4 22 .8 4 47 ,2 21 .4 3 20 27 1, 66 7. 35 1, 45 8. 56 50 ,0 90 .1 9 48 ,6 79 .9 9 20 28 1, 71 4. 01 1, 49 5. 00 51 ,8 04 .2 0 50 ,1 74 .9 9 20 29 1, 76 2. 00 1, 53 2. 39 53 ,5 66 .2 0 51 ,7 07 .3 8 20 30 1, 81 1. 35 1, 57 0. 69 55 ,3 77 .5 5 53 ,2 78 .0 7 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 94The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 25 . O ve ra ll Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d an d Av ai la bl e W at er S up pl y B as ed o n P hy si ca l T ar ge t S ce na ri os w it ho ut E ff ec ti ve R ai nf al l W it ho ut E ffe ct iv e Ra in fa ll Ye ar Ir ri ga ti on W a te r D em an d fo r Ex is ti ng S ys te m s in cl ud in g SP IS (M CM ) Ad di ti on al Ir ri ga ti on W at er D em an d (M CM ) Cu m ul at iv e To ta l I rr ig at io n W at er D e m an d (M CM ) M ea n Es ti m at ed A va ila bl e W at er S up pl y B as ed o n D e pe nd ab le F lo w (M CM ) S1 B as el in e S1 B as el in e 20 20 43 ,0 00 .5 2 1, 36 3. 78 1, 21 7. 65 44 ,3 64 .2 9 44 ,2 18 .1 7 20 2, 58 6. 33 20 21 43 ,3 12 .7 2 1, 40 7. 34 1, 25 2. 89 46 ,0 83 .8 3 45 ,7 83 .2 6 20 22 1, 44 6. 75 1, 28 4. 23 47 ,5 30 .5 8 47 ,0 67 .4 8 20 23 1, 48 7. 28 1, 31 6. 33 49 ,0 17 .8 6 48 ,3 83 .8 1 20 24 1, 52 8. 90 1, 34 9. 25 50 ,5 46 .7 7 49 ,7 33 .0 6 20 25 1, 57 1. 72 1, 38 2. 98 52 ,1 18 .4 9 51 ,1 16 .0 3 20 26 43 ,6 24 .9 2 1, 62 1. 93 1, 42 2. 98 54 ,0 52 .6 2 52 ,8 51 .2 2 20 27 1, 66 7. 35 1, 45 8. 56 55 ,7 19 .9 7 54 ,3 09 .7 7 20 28 1, 71 4. 01 1, 49 5. 00 57 ,4 33 .9 8 55 ,8 04 .7 7 20 29 1, 76 2. 00 1, 53 2. 39 59 ,1 95 .9 8 57 ,3 37 .1 6 20 30 1, 81 1. 35 1, 57 0. 69 61 ,0 07 .3 3 58 ,9 07 .8 5 95 CHAPTER 4 Estimation of Water Supply for the Projected Irrigation Water Demand A total of 291 river streamflow data nationwide have been collected but only 195 data sets have at least seven years of complete records and were analyzed. Many of the streamflow data failed Mockus’ test for the adequacy of the length of records but in the absence of other sources, they were still considered in the analysis. The streamflow data were subjected to hydrologic frequency analysis and the dependable flow values at 80% probability of exceedance were estimated from the flow duration curves of each of the rivers. A summary of the estimated unit discharges including the minimum, maximum, and average values for the 16 regions (except NCR) are shown in Table 4.26 and plotted in Figure 4.13. The water supply per region (in MCM) was estimated from the computed dependable flows. Analysis was also done in view of the total granted water rights by NWRB as of April 2019. Table 4.26. Estimates of Unit Dependable Flow per Region Region Unit Discharge (m3/sec/km2) Min Max Average CAR 0.0027 0.2131 0.0807 Region I 0.0007 0.0078 0.0032 Region II 0.0006 0.0284 0.0095 Region III 0.0025 0.0077 0.0049 CALABARZON 0.0039 0.0175 0.0096 MIMAROPA 0.0026 0.0258 0.0110 Region V 0.0023 0.4200 0.0578 Region VI 0.0010 0.0583 0.0154 Region VII 0.0016 0.0239 0.0084 Region VIII 0.0047 0.0441 0.0235 Region IX 0.0034 0.0468 0.0214 Region X 0.0020 0.0491 0.0243 Region XI 0.0008 0.0343 0.0201 Region XII 0.0029 0.0450 0.0170 Caraga 0.0093 0.1581 0.0400 ARMM 0.0029 0.0464 0.0165 AVERAGE 0.0027 0.0766 0.0227 The estimated groundwater resources in the country include about 5.1 M ha of shallow well areas and 12.3 M ha of deep well areas. These are mostly located in rice and corn growing alluvial plains, which make groundwater ideal for irrigating new areas or supplementing the water supplies of existing NIS and CIS command areas. Assuming an annual groundwater recharge equivalent to 5% of annual rainfall, and considering land cover and aquifer availability for recharge, the NWRB-JICA (1998) estimated the total groundwater potential at 20,200 mcm per year. The different River Basin Master Plans commissioned by the RBCO have estimates of the groundwater recharge of the respective river basins. Some adopted the JICA-NWRB (1998) method while others used hydrologic modeling such as SWAT in their analysis. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 96The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 The groundwater potential map from NWRB was generated in the 1980s. With new wells and supported by geo resistivity data, the MGB will soon publish improved hydrogeologic maps (sample in Figure 4.14) of different provinces in the Philippines. These maps contain lithologic, hydrogeologic data, and hydrologic data. Hydrogeologic data includes locations of aquifer formations (extensive and highly productive, fairly extensive and productive, and local and less productive aquifers), fractures and/or karst-controlled groundwater zone, and region without significant and/or limited pumpable groundwater. It also has estimates of well yield expected from these water bearing formations. The LWUA maintains a groundwater data bank of deep wells used by the different water districts for domestic and industrial water supply. They include locations, depth, casing size, well logs, discharge, etc. For groundwater resources, there is a need to delineate areas actually served by NIS and CIS, as well as those served by minor irrigation systems (e.g. Small Water Impounding Project [SWIP], SFR, STW, Pump Irrigation System from Open Sources [PISOS], diversion dam [DD], SPIS, Spring Development [SD]). In line with this, there is also a need to identify areas where groundwater sources are technically feasible, solely or in conjunction with existing gravity systems. This is because groundwater provides an extensive and reliable source of water and sustains streamflow during the dry season. Sustainable use of groundwater is also critical to drought and climate resilience, providing a sustainable water buffer during periods of low surface water availability. Among our water supply sources for irrigation, groundwater from aquifers is the last to be depleted during periods of prolonged drought. Figure 4.13. Plot of Maximum, Minimum and Average Unit Dependable Flow per Region 97 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.14. Hydrogeologic Map of Pangasinan Availability of proximate water sources both surface water and groundwater to PIAs affirms irrigation development and the potential rehabilitation and restoration of existing service areas. Figures 4.15 and 4.16 present the water resources availability on net PIA for >5 ha and >10 ha filters, respectively. Gauging stations of rivers with computed dependable flows are plotted to the net PIA with buffer zones of 2 km and 5 km radial distances. Also, the groundwater maps and river network systems are overlaid to identify the nearest potential and alternative water source for large and small systems to render irrigation water supply to PIA. Source: MGB The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 98The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.15. Water Resources Availability for Net PIA (>5ha) 99 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.16. Water Resources Availability for Net PIA (>10ha) The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 100The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.7. Proposed Criteria for Prioritization of Irrigation Projects The programmed areas for irrigation development under rice and diversified crops will require irrigation projects of various modes. In anticipation of the multitude of irrigation projects to be identified and subjected to FS after the formulation of the regional and provincial master plans, on top of those projects with FS and already in the pipeline such as irrigation projects identified under the PIP, it is all the more necessary to devise a system of prioritization for proper budgetary allocation in view of potential budgetary constraints for irrigation development. Hence, to provide a sound basis for prioritizing irrigation projects to be implemented in the NIMP 2020-2030, an improved set of objective criteria is proposed. The new set of criteria for prioritization takes into account the four major considerations, namely, 1) technical (land and water resources) feasibility, 2) institutional feasibility, 3) economic and financial feasibility, and 4) environmental and social feasibility, each of which is further broken down into subcategories or sub-criteria with a proposed scoring system to be used as basis for ranking of irrigation projects under each of the five major types of irrigation projects, namely 1) NIPs, 2) rehabilitation or restoration of NIS, 3) new communal or SIPs, 4) rehabilitation or restoration of communal or SIPs, and 5) new MPs. For practical purposes, irrigation projects by OGA can be classified under SIPs as the service areas for OGAs are generally smaller than 1000 ha. The proposed distribution of weights for the four major criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects for each of the five types is given in Table 4.27. Table 4.27. Proposed distribution of weights for the major criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects New NiP NiS for re hab/resto New ciP/ SiP ciS/SiS for rehab/resto multi purpose Technical 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 Institutional 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Economic/Financial 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Environmental/Social 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Technical Feasibility The technical feasibility criterion essentially involves a rough assessment of land suitability and water resources availability and adequacy for irrigation in the project area. The assessment of adequacy of surface water resources relative to irrigation water demand is based on a new index called, the Irrigability Index (II), which is the ratio of the water resources-based potential irrigable area to the slope and soil based potential irrigable area, given by the following equation: The higher the value of II, the more recommendable is the project on the basis of surface water resources adequacy. The II is deemed to be a more acceptable measure of water resources adequacy and a better replacement for Irrigation Cropping Intensity which was proposed in the old master plan 101 CHAPTER 4 especially for new irrigation projects since actual cropping intensities are obviously still unknown for projects that are yet to be implemented. In the case of II, the WR-based PIA can be determined from estimated dependable flows and water duties, which may be extracted from the project feasibility reports or from the regional estimates of water supply and demand provided in this master plan. In the same way, the slope- and soil-based potential irrigable area may be extracted from either the FS reports or from the new geodatabase generated for the new master plan. Hence, unlike the Cropping Intensity Index, the II has a more realistic physical basis especially for new irrigation projects. The values of II may be greater than 1.0 for areas with surface water supply exceeding the irrigation demand or less than 1.0 for areas with inadequate surface water supply. It is further emphasized herein that the application of the II is based on the assumption of a rice-based cropping system. Hence, even if a third crop is added as a relay crop in the rice-rice cropping pattern to come up with a diversified cropping system, still the water duty will come from the rice cropping being obviously the more water consuming or demanding crop than non-rice crops. Apart from the points given to the adequacy of surface water resources for irrigation, additional points are given for proposed projects in areas underlain by either shallow or deep aquifers. For the land resources, both land slope and land suitability are examined. Projects whose service areas have a larger areal extent of milder slopes of up to 8% get more points than otherwise. On the other hand, projects with service areas that are suitable for both rice and diversified crops, i.e. dual class, get higher points than lands with a single class. The idea is to put more premium to irrigation development for diversified cropping systems. For rehabilitation and restoration projects, the technical feasibility includes additional sub-criteria such as the extent of non-operational areas in the case of restoration and the nature of repair works in the case of rehabilitation. In addition, the irrigation cropping intensity prior to rehabilitation or restoration is now accounted for. For MPs, additional technical sub criteria include project components such as hydropower generation, flood control and other purposes. Institutional Institutional feasibility takes into account the willingness of farmers to abide by NIA and DA policy on participatory program along with ROW issues for new NIPs, new CIPs/SIPs and MPs. For the rehabilitation and restoration of NIS and CIS/SIS, institutional feasibility considers the level of commitment of IAs and Small Water Irrigation System Associations (SWISAs) to contribute to repairs and to assume full responsibility for O&M upon completion of the project along with the target number of IAs in the system. Economic and Financial The economic and financial feasibility essentially considers the economic internal rate of return (EIRR), level of irrigation development in the province and development cost per hectare of irrigation project. All three sub-criteria are used for all types of irrigation projects. Environmental and Social The environmental feasibility criterion takes into account the biophysical impacts of the irrigation project including consideration of presence of environmental management plan (EMP); occurrence of multi-hazards such as flooding, fault The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 102The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 lines, landslides and drought; protection of biodiversity and status of land cover conditions. On the other hand, social feasibility takes into account socio-cultural impacts including poverty level in the area where the irrigation project will be implemented; presence of IP and vulnerable groups; the need for resettlement as a result of project implementation and potential effect of the project on cultural value and archaeological significance of the site. All the aforementioned environmental and social sub-criteria are used for all the five types of irrigation projects. It is emphasized herein that only irrigation projects with FS can be subjected to the aforementioned criteria for prioritization regardless of the type or mode of irrigation. 4.8. Disaggregated Investment Plan Public Investment Projects Table 4.28 shows the list of PIP projects of NIA with their corresponding project area and cost. Projects Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Line Projects Marimay SRIP 1,000 650,000 Alfonso Lista Pump IP 2,300 1,100,000 Lower Apayao River Irrigation Project 1,211 1,220,000 Ziwanan River Irrigation Project 4,000 1,420,000 Agno River Irrigation System Extension Project 12,894 2,629,541 Lower Agno River Irrigation System Extension Project 9,305 3,500,000 Barbar SRIP 1,000 631,000 Sulvec SRIP 500 750,000 Dumoloc SRIP 200 800,000 Bayaoas SRIP 400 600,000 Ilocos Sur Integrated Irrigation Project 7,830 4,697,000 Ilocos Norte Irrigation Project, Stage 2 12,400 27,360,000 Gaco SRIP 600 500,000 Ilocos Sur Transbasin Project 3,570 7,688,000 Dibuluan Irrigation Project 2,080 705,316 Nassiping PIP, Ph. I 1,028 385,500 Chico River Pump IP 8,700 4,372,897 Tumauini River Multipurpose Project 4,585 4,458,066 Abuan SRIP 6,135 850,000 Balog-Balog MPIP, Phase II 21,935 13,370,000 Bulo SRIP 1,000 990,370 North Lawis Irrigation Project 1,270 400,000 Table 4.28. Public Investment Projects 2017-2022 103 CHAPTER 4 Projects Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Upper Gumain River Irrigation Project 16,750 9,885,710 Bancal (Nakhep) IP 1,064 212,800 Balbalungao SRIP 500 1,361,188 Marikit Irrigation Project 280 150,000 Maringalo Irrigation Project 7,000 3,320,000 Quipot Irrigation Project 2,800 1,449,500 Macalelon SRIP 630 775,000 Agos RIS Improvement Project - 110,000 Bongabong River Irrig. Project 5,100 890,150 Daet-Talisay RIS 516 260,000 Rinconada Integ. IS 1,200 400,000 Cagaycay RIS 180 160,000 Ibingan SRIP 255 740,000 Jalaur River Multipurpose Project, Stage II 9,500 11,212,140 Barotac Viejo SRIP 724 993,300 Bayuyan SRIP 583 416,000 Panay River Basin Integrated Devt. Project 26,800 19,357,000 Cabano SRIP 340 533,000 Asue Irrigation Project 6,700 7,000,000 Hilabangan River IP 2,940 886,150 Malogo IP 8,625 893,524 Imbang IP 4,443 549,040 Binalbagan IP 7,000 1,400,000 Aklan RIS Imprvt. Project (Dam Const.) 308 655,200 Mabini-Cayacay SRIP 530 725,000 Malinao Dam Improvement Project 740 975,000 Bonot-Bonot SRIP 600 658,406 Calunasan SRIP 250 814,000 Benliw SRIP 500 590,000 Hibale SRIP 375 400,000 Bohol Northeast Basin Multipurpose Project 12,500 4,134,000 Sta. Agueda-Datagon IP, 1,000 259,500 Amlan Irrigation Project 500 228,600 Tanjay-Bais River IP 3,900 975,000 Jantianon IP 1,000 250,000 Dagangdang-Tampaga IP 1,800 540,000 Can-asujan SRIS Imprvt. Of Dam & Appurtenant Struct. - 94,000 Sta. Rita SRIP 911 814,167 Hibulangan SRIP 1,738 992,046 Catarman Bobon Irrigation Project 1,060 934,460 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 104The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Projects Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Calbiga IP 913 695,400 Bugko Irrigation Project 1,010 717,093 Bantayan IP 438 414,782 Pinipisakan Irrigation Project 2,000 998,000 Bulao IP 742 304,377 Hagbay IP 708 354,937 Gandara IP-Pologon Area 250 244,000 Gandara IP (Concepcion-Nacube Area) 150 256,149 Upgrading/Rehab of NIS damaged by Typhoon Yolanda - Gandara IP-Bungliw Area 710 494,527 Pambujan Irrigation Project 500 462,080 Lower Sibuguey I RIS Ext’n. Project 1,400 850,000 Lower Sibuguey II RIS Ext’n. Project 1,550 750,000 Upper Sibuguey RIS Ext’n. Project 720 280,193 Calamba Irrigation Project 2,000 500,000 Managok SWIP 1,008 252,500 Kadingilan IP 6,000 2,280,000 Sultan Naga Dimaporo IP 980 340,028 Kapatagan Valley Irrigation Project 1,000 350,036 Claveria SRIP 1,230 2,856,693 Delapa SRIP 4,650 2,346,357 Lasang RIS Improvement Project 4,800 865,184 Asbang SRIP 469 1,355,000 Upper Saug RIP 980 450,000 Manat Irrigation Project 1,000 855,000 Malitubog-Maridagao Irrig. Project, Phase II 9,784 5,444,840 Kabulnan-2 Multipurpose Irrigation & Power Project 19,628 12,907,000 Tulunan SRIP 1,590 639,488 Lebak Integrated River IP - 15,000 Malitubog-Libungan Transbasin IP 4,870 1,351,200 MAP IP 1,200 334,300 Umayam RIP 6,729 1,402,104 Libang River Irrigation Project 3,500 1,225,000 Logum IP 1,900 1,165,000 Mambalili Pump IP 2,000 700,000 Inahaoan IP 2,500 1,375,000 Bislig City Integ. Devt. Project-IC 1,340 484,920 Maasam IP 2,000 1,200,000 Culi IP 300 605,000 Solibao IP 2,000 1,200,000 105 CHAPTER 4 Projects Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Lapinigan IP 200 570,000 Bunawan IP 2,000 1,200,000 Malihog IP 500 517,500 Lumao-Butong SWIP 200 570,000 Danuman IP 520 682,000 Ditsaan-Ramain River IP 4,000 649,386 Sapalan River Irrigation Project 2,838 830,000 Tandubas IP (Mainland) 400 160,580 Upi River Irrigation Project 821 457,365 Buldon River Irrigation Project 10,493 4,823,750 Integrated Natural Resources and Management Project (INRE MP) IFAD Financing Reallocation 1,577 608,000 Nationwide Projects National Irrig. Sector Rehab & Imprvt Project 50,076 3,392,702 Participatory Irrigation Development Project 43,375 5,141,433 National Irrig. Sector Rehab & Imprvt Project II - 11,820,000 Resto/Rehab/Repair of Existing NIS - Restoration of NIS - Resto/Rehab/Repair of Existing CIS - Restoration of CIS - Repair and Maintenance of Irrigation Systems (NIS) - Repair and Maintenance of Irrigation Systems (CIS) - Coconet Slope Protection in NIS - Coconet Slope Protection in CIS - Improvement of Service Roads in NIS - Improvement of Service Roads in CIS - Extension/Expansion of Existing NISs - Extension/Expansion of Existing CISs - Repair of Groundwater Pump Irrig. Systems - Restoration of Groundwater Pump Irrig. Systems - Climate Change Adaptation Works NIS - Climate Change Adaptation Works CIS - For the Reqt. of the Program Beneficiaries Devt. Component of the CARP Small Irrigation Project - Balikatan Sagip Patubig Program - Establishment of Groundwater Pump Irrig. Project - Source: NIA PIP 2017-2022 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 106The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 5.29 shows the summary of PIP and non-PIP projects programmed in the short (2020-2022), medium (2023-2025) and long term (2026-2030). The area generated by the PIP projects are enough to cover the required area for 2020-2022. Investments in the medium and long term would thus be covered by Non-PIP projects. Period Starting Year PIP Projects Short term (2020-2022) 2020 Ziwanan River Irrigation Project Ilocos Sur Transbasin Project Maringalo Irrigation Project Asue Irrigation Project Jantianon IP Dagangdang-Tampaga IP Pambujan Irrigation Project Calamba Irrigation Project Manat Irrigation Project Libang River Irrigation Project Logum IP Mambalili Pump IP Inahaoan IP Maasam IP Culi IP Solibao IP Lapinigan IP Bunawan IP Malihog IP Lumao-Butong SWIP Danuman IP Upi River Irrigation Project Buldon River Irrigation Project 2021 Abuan SRIP Bancal (Nakhep) IP Tanjay-Bais River IP Gandara IP-Bungliw Area Kadingilan IP Sultan Naga Dimaporo IP Kapatagan Valley Irrigation Project Malitubog-Libungan Transbasin IP 2022 Managok SWIP Claveria SRIP Delapa SRIP National Irrig. Sector Rehab & Imprvt Project II Medium term (2023-2025) Non-PIP Projects Long term (2026-2030) Non-PIP Projects Table 4.29. PIP Projects in the PIP Programmed into Short, Medium and Long Term Note: Projects in bold are priority projects 107 CHAPTER 4 The important details of the top priority projects (highlighted in yellow in Table 4.29), which are programmed in the short term are summarized in Table 4.30 While it is apparent that these projects will only generate 25,680 ha, the other identified PIP projects which have been subjected to the criteria for prioritization as listed in Tables 4.29 and in Tables 4.31 to 4.34 should be considered for irrigation development in order to meet the physical targets. Table 4.30. Priority PIP Projects Programmed in the Short Term (2020-2022) Priority PIP Project Region Province Start Year End Year Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Ilocos Sur Transbasin Project 1 Ilocos Sur 2020 2024 3,570 7,688,000 Maringalo Irrigation Project 3 Nueva Ecija 2020 2026 7,000 3,320,000 Manat Irrigation Project 11 Compostella Valley 2020 2022 1,000 855,000 Libang River Irrigation Project 13 Agusan Del Sur 2020 2023 3,500 1,225,000 Tanjay-Bais River IP 7 Negros Oriental 2021 2023 3,900 975,000 Gandara IP-Bungliw Area 8 Western Samar 2021 2022 710 494,527 Kadingilan IP 10 Bukidnon 2021 2026 6,000 2,280,000 Priority PIP Projects Table 4.31 to 4.34 show the list of priority PIP projects (with FSs as of June 2019) based on the set prioritization criteria and their corresponding service areas and costs. Based on the prioritized PIP projects, a total of 104,460 ha are programmed for NIPs, 1,048 ha are programmed for NIS restoration projects, about 4,903 ha are programmed for CIPs and 88,918 ha are programmed for MPs. Project Area (ha) Cost (PHP ‘000) Malogo Irrigation Project 8,625 893,524 Bongabong River Irrigation Project 5,100 890,150 Kadingilan Irrigation Project 6,000 2,280,000 Libang Irrigation Project 3,500 1,225,000 Dibuluan Irrigation Project 2,080 705,316 Manat Irrigation Project 1,000 855,000 Umayam River Irrigation Project 6,729 1,402,104 Nassiping Pump Irrigation Project (Phase I) 1,028 385,500 Hilabangan River Irrigation Project 2,940 886,150 Sta. Rita Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 911 814,167 Table 4.31. Prioritized New NIPs and Their Costs The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 108The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Project Area (ha) Cost (PHP ‘000) Lower Apayao River Irrigation Project 1,211 1,220,000 Bulo Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 1,000 990,370 Chico River Pump Irrigation Project 8,700 4,372,897 North Lawis Irrigation Project 1,270 400,000 Asbang Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 469 1,355,000 Imbang Irrigation Project, Negros Occidental 4,443 549,040 Tanjay-Bais Irrigation Project 3,900 975,000 Barotac Viejo Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 724 993,300 Alfonso Lista Pump Irrigation Project 2,300 1,100,000 Tulunan Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 1,590 639,488 Quipot River Irrigation Project 2,800 1,449,500 Mabini-Cayacay Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 530 725,000 Balbalungao SRIP 500 1,361,188 Upper Saug River Irrigation Project 980 450,000 Bislig City Integrated Development Project-IC 1,340 484,920 Cabano Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 340 533,000 Marimay Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 1,000 650,000 Bayaoas Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 400 600,000 Sulvec Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 500 750,000 Lower Sibuguey-II Irrigation Project 1,550 750,000 Ibingan Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 255 740,000 Binalbagan Irrigation Project 7,000 1,400,000 Benliw Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 500 590,000 Barbar Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 1,000 631,000 Macalelon Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 630 775,000 Bonot-Bonot Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 600 658,406 Gaco Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 600 500,000 Maringalo Irrigation Project 7,000 3,320,000 Hibulangan Small Reservoir Irrigation Project, Northern Leyte 1,738 992,046 Bayuyan Small Irrigation Project 583 416,000 Gandara Irrigation Project (Bungliw) 710 494,527 Gandara Irrigation Project (Pologon) 250 244,000 Gandara Irrigation Project (Concepcion-Nacube) 150 256,149 Dumoloc Small Reservoir Irrigation Project 200 800,000 Malitubog-Maridagao Irrigation Project (Phase-II) 9,784 5,444,840 TOTAL 104,460 47,947,582 109 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.32. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of National Irrigation System for Restoration Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Aklan RIS Imprvt. Project 308 655,200 Malinao Dam Improvement Project 740 975,000 TOTAL 1,048 1,630,200 Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Calbiga IP 913 695,400 MAP IP 1,200 334,300 Amlan Irrigation Project 500 228,600 Sta. Agueda-Datagon IP 1,000 259,500 Bugko Irrigation Project 1,010 717,093 Marikit Irrigation Project 280 150,000 TOTAL 4,903 2,384,893 Table 4.33. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of Communal Irrigation Projects (CIPs) Table 4.34. Programmed Areas and Costs based on PIP of Multipurpose Projects (MPs) Project Area (ha) Project Cost (P’000) Kabulnan-2 Multipurpose Irrigation & Power Project 19,628 12,907,000 Ilocos Sur Transbasin Project 3,570 7,688,000 Tumauini River Multipurpose Project 4,585 4,458,066 Panay River Basin Integrated Devt. Project 26,800 19,357,000 Ilocos Norte Irrigation Project, Stage 2 12,400 27,360,000 Balog-Balog MPIP, Phase II 21,935 13,370,000 TOTAL 88,918 85,140,066 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 110The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Priority Non-PIP Projects The areas covered by the investment plan (non-PIP) were distributed across the 57 priority provinces identified by the Philippine Rice Industry Roadmap 2030. These potential projects classified into short-, medium- and long-term projects. Distribution of target areas to be developed in each province is based on the share of the latter to the total potential areas for development. Two versions are presented in this section based on the source of the data on PIA. One version uses data from NIA while the other uses data collected by the GIS component of the NIMP. Areas are lumped per province for the short- and medium-term projects distributed across the 57 provinces, while the long-term projects are concentrated on provinces with below 60% irrigation development. Table 4.35 shows the areas per province for short and medium-term projects based on the irrigable area data from NIA. The required areas for the short term are covered by PIP projects. On the other hand, total area for the medium-term is about 159,000 ha under baseline scenario and 180,000 ha under Scenario 1. It can also be observed that Ilocos Norte, Bataan, Pampanga, Palawan, Capiz, Negros Oriental, Biliran, Southern Leyte and Misamis Occidental have no remaining areas to be irrigated. Table 4.35. Area per Province per Scenario for Short- and Medium-term projects based on NIA Data on Irrigable Area, 2020-2025 Provinces Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Short Medium Short Medium Ifugao 0.3% Covered by PIP 525 Covered by PIP 595 Kalinga 0.7% 1,123 1,273 Ilocos Norte 0.0% - Ilocos Sur 0.6% 898 1,018 La Union 0.0% 76 86 Pangasinan 5.4% 8,520 9,655 Cagayan 3.4% 5,357 6,071 Isabela 8.0% 12,792 14,497 Nueva Vizcaya 1.4% 2,236 2,534 Quirino 0.9% 1,497 1,696 Aurora 0.6% 907 1,027 Bataan 0.0% - Bulacan 0.7% 1,043 1,182 Nueva Ecija 5.1% 8,057 9,131 Pampanga 0.0% - Tarlac 5.5% 8,697 9,856 Zambales 1.6% 2,564 2,906 Cavite 0.3% 498 564 Laguna 0.7% 1,039 1,178 Quezon 0.5% 801 908 Occidental Mindoro 1.9% 3,095 3,507 111 CHAPTER 4 Provinces Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Short Medium Short Medium Oriental Mindoro 1.8% Covered by PIP 2,906 Covered by PIP 3,293 Palawan 0.0% - Albay 2.0% 3,136 3,554 Camarines Sur 4.0% 6,358 7,205 Masbate 1.1% 1,792 2,031 Sorsogon 0.1% 137 155 Aklan 0.0% 52 59 Antique 0.6% 877 994 Capiz 0.0% - Iloilo 2.3% 3,624 4,107 Negros Occidental 2.9% 4,574 5,184 Bohol 0.3% 436 494 Negros Oriental 0.0% - Biliran 0.0% - Northern Leyte 1.2% 1,931 2,188 Southern Leyte 0.0% - Samar Western 0.1% 184 209 Zamboanga Del Sur 1.5% 2,381 2,698 Zamboanga Sibugay 0.1% 162 183 Bukidnon 3.7% 5,907 6,694 Lanao Del Norte 0.0% 13 15 Misamis Occidental 0.0% - Misamis Oriental 0.6% 920 1,043 Compostela Valley 7.1% 11,241 12,739 Davao Del Norte 0.0% 9 11 Davao Del Sur 1.3% 2,008 2,276 Davao Oriental 0.7% 1,168 1,324 North Cotabato 8.3% 13,126 14,875 Sarangani 0.0% 7 7 South Cotabato 5.3% 8,383 9,500 Sultan Kudarat 0.9% 1,452 1,646 Agusan Del Norte 2.9% 4,555 5,162 Agusan Del Sur 2.4% 3,774 4,276 Surigao Del Sur 1.9% 2,985 3,383 Lanao Del Sur 2.9% 4,555 5,162 Maguindanao 6.7% 10,645 12,063 Total 100% 159,028 180,214 Note: Provinces in bold indicate PIP project locations The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 112The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.36 shows the areas per province for long-term projects based on the irrigable area data from NIA. It should be noted that these provinces have irrigation development below 60% (national average). Highest allocation is in North Cotabato (13%), followed by Compostela Valley (11.5%). Lowest allocation is in Aurora (0.9%), and Misamis Oriental (0.9%). Table 4.36. Area per Province per Scenario for Long term projects based on NIA Irrigable Area, 2026-2030 Provinces Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Quirino 1.5% 4,475 5,131 Aurora 0.9% 2,710 3,107 Tarlac 8.9% 25,997 29,810 Zambales 2.6% 7,665 8,790 Occidental Mindoro 3.2% 9,251 10,608 Albay 3.2% 9,376 10,751 Masbate 1.8% 5,358 6,144 Negros Occidental 4.7% 13,673 15,679 Zamboanga Del Sur 2.4% 7,117 8,161 Bukidnon 6.0% 17,656 20,246 Misamis Oriental 0.9% 2,750 3,153 Compostela Valley 11.5% 33,602 38,530 Davao Del Sur 2.1% 6,003 6,884 Davao Oriental 1.2% 3,492 4,004 North Cotabato 13.4% 39,237 44,992 South Cotabato 8.6% 25,060 28,735 Agusan Del Norte 4.7% 13,617 15,615 Agusan Del Sur 3.9% 11,281 12,935 Surigao Del Sur 3.0% 8,922 10,231 Lanao Del Sur 4.7% 13,617 15,615 Maguindanao 10.9% 31,821 36,488 Total 100.0% 292,685 335,608 Table 4.37 to Table 4.39 show the projected areas disaggregated into NIS and CIS, then into new and restore areas per province and region under NIA irrigable area. 113 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 37 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e Sh or t te rm B as ed o n N IA Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AR Ifu ga o 97 97 19 5 14 6 14 6 29 2 10 9 10 9 21 9 16 4 16 4 32 8 K al in ga 20 9 20 9 41 7 31 3 31 3 62 6 23 4 23 4 46 9 35 2 35 2 70 3 To ta l 30 6 30 6 61 2 45 9 45 9 91 8 34 4 34 4 68 8 51 6 51 6 1, 03 2 1 Ilo co s N or te Ilo co s Su r 16 7 16 7 33 4 25 0 25 0 50 1 18 7 18 7 37 5 28 1 28 1 56 2 La U ni on 14 14 28 21 21 42 16 16 32 24 24 47 Pa ng as in an 1, 58 2 1, 58 2 3, 16 5 2, 37 3 2, 37 3 4, 74 7 1, 77 7 1, 77 7 3, 55 5 2, 66 6 2, 66 6 5, 33 2 To ta l 1, 76 3 1, 76 3 3, 52 6 2, 64 5 2, 64 5 5, 29 0 1, 98 1 1, 98 1 3, 96 1 2, 97 1 2, 97 1 5, 94 2 2 C ag ay an 99 5 99 5 1, 99 0 1, 49 2 1, 49 2 2, 98 5 1, 11 8 1, 11 8 2, 23 5 1, 67 7 1, 67 7 3, 35 3 Is ab el a 2, 37 6 2, 37 6 4, 75 2 3, 56 4 3, 56 4 7, 12 7 2, 66 9 2, 66 9 5, 33 8 4, 00 3 4, 00 3 8, 00 6 N ue va V iz ca ya 41 5 41 5 83 1 62 3 62 3 1, 24 6 46 6 46 6 93 3 70 0 70 0 1, 39 9 Q ui rin o 27 8 27 8 55 6 41 7 41 7 83 4 31 2 31 2 62 5 46 8 46 8 93 7 To ta l 4, 06 4 4, 06 4 8, 12 8 6, 09 6 6, 09 6 12 ,1 92 4, 56 5 4, 56 5 9, 13 1 6, 84 8 6, 84 8 13 ,6 96 3 Au ro ra 16 8 16 8 33 7 25 3 25 3 50 5 18 9 18 9 37 8 28 4 28 4 56 7 B at aa n B ul ac an 19 4 19 4 38 8 29 1 29 1 58 1 21 8 21 8 43 5 32 7 32 7 65 3 N ue va E ci ja 1, 49 6 1, 49 6 2, 99 3 2, 24 5 2, 24 5 4, 48 9 1, 68 1 1, 68 1 3, 36 2 2, 52 1 2, 52 1 5, 04 3 Pa m pa ng a Ta rl ac 1, 61 5 1, 61 5 3, 23 0 2, 42 3 2, 42 3 4, 84 6 1, 81 4 1, 81 4 3, 62 9 2, 72 2 2, 72 2 5, 44 3 Za m ba le s 47 6 47 6 95 3 71 4 71 4 1, 42 9 53 5 53 5 1, 07 0 80 2 80 2 1, 60 5 To ta l 3, 95 0 3, 95 0 7, 90 0 5, 92 5 5, 92 5 11 ,8 50 4, 43 7 4, 43 7 8, 87 4 6, 65 6 6, 65 6 13 ,3 12 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 114The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 92 92 18 5 13 9 13 9 27 7 10 4 10 4 20 8 15 6 15 6 31 2 La gu na 19 3 19 3 38 6 29 0 29 0 57 9 21 7 21 7 43 4 32 5 32 5 65 1 Q ue zo n 14 9 14 9 29 8 22 3 22 3 44 6 16 7 16 7 33 4 25 1 25 1 50 2 To ta l 43 4 43 4 86 9 65 2 65 2 1, 30 3 48 8 48 8 97 6 73 2 73 2 1, 46 4 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 57 5 57 5 1, 15 0 86 2 86 2 1, 72 4 64 6 64 6 1, 29 1 96 8 96 8 1, 93 7 O rie nt al M in do ro 54 0 54 0 1, 07 9 81 0 81 0 1, 61 9 60 6 60 6 1, 21 3 90 9 90 9 1, 81 9 Pa la w an To ta l 1, 11 4 1, 11 4 2, 22 9 1, 67 2 1, 67 2 3, 34 3 1, 25 2 1, 25 2 2, 50 4 1, 87 8 1, 87 8 3, 75 6 5 Al ba y 58 2 58 2 1, 16 5 87 4 87 4 1, 74 7 65 4 65 4 1, 30 9 98 2 98 2 1, 96 3 C am ar in es S ur 1, 18 1 1, 18 1 2, 36 2 1, 77 1 1, 77 1 3, 54 2 1, 32 6 1, 32 6 2, 65 3 1, 99 0 1, 99 0 3, 97 9 M as ba te 33 3 33 3 66 6 49 9 49 9 99 9 37 4 37 4 74 8 56 1 56 1 1, 12 2 So rs og on 25 25 51 38 38 76 29 29 57 43 43 86 To ta l 2, 12 2 2, 12 2 4, 24 3 3, 18 2 3, 18 2 6, 36 5 2, 38 3 2, 38 3 4, 76 7 3, 57 5 3, 57 5 7, 15 0 6 Ak la n 10 10 19 14 14 29 11 11 22 16 16 33 An tiq ue 16 3 16 3 32 6 24 4 24 4 48 9 18 3 18 3 36 6 27 5 27 5 54 9 C ap iz Ilo ilo 67 3 67 3 1, 34 6 1, 01 0 1, 01 0 2, 01 9 75 6 75 6 1, 51 2 1, 13 4 1, 13 4 2, 26 8 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 85 0 85 0 1, 69 9 1, 27 4 1, 27 4 2, 54 9 95 4 95 4 1, 90 9 1, 43 1 1, 43 1 2, 86 3 To ta l 1, 69 5 1, 69 5 3, 39 0 2, 54 3 2, 54 3 5, 08 6 1, 90 4 1, 90 4 3, 80 9 2, 85 6 2, 85 6 5, 71 3 7 B oh ol 81 81 16 2 12 1 12 1 24 3 91 91 18 2 13 6 13 6 27 3 N eg ro s O rie nt al To ta l 81 81 16 2 12 1 12 1 24 3 91 91 18 2 13 6 13 6 27 3 115 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 8 B ili ra n N or th er n Le yt e 35 9 35 9 71 7 53 8 53 8 1, 07 6 40 3 40 3 80 6 60 4 60 4 1, 20 8 So ut he rn L ey te Sa m ar W es te rn 34 34 68 51 51 10 3 38 38 77 58 58 11 5 To ta l 39 3 39 3 78 6 58 9 58 9 1, 17 8 44 1 44 1 88 3 66 2 66 2 1, 32 4 9 Za m bo an ga D el S ur 44 2 44 2 88 4 66 3 66 3 1, 32 7 49 7 49 7 99 3 74 5 74 5 1, 49 0 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 30 30 60 45 45 90 34 34 67 51 51 10 1 To ta l 47 2 47 2 94 4 70 8 70 8 1, 41 7 53 0 53 0 1, 06 1 79 6 79 6 1, 59 1 10 B uk id no n 1, 09 7 1, 09 7 2, 19 4 1, 64 5 1, 64 5 3, 29 1 1, 23 2 1, 23 2 2, 46 5 1, 84 8 1, 84 8 3, 69 7 La na o D el N or te 2 2 5 4 4 7 3 3 6 4 4 8 M is am is O cc id en ta l M is am is O rie nt al 17 1 17 1 34 2 25 6 25 6 51 3 19 2 19 2 38 4 28 8 28 8 57 6 To ta l 1, 27 0 1, 27 0 2, 54 1 1, 90 6 1, 90 6 3, 81 1 1, 42 7 1, 42 7 2, 85 4 2, 14 1 2, 14 1 4, 28 1 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 2, 08 8 2, 08 8 4, 17 5 3, 13 1 3, 13 1 6, 26 3 2, 34 5 2, 34 5 4, 69 0 3, 51 8 3, 51 8 7, 03 5 D av ao D el N or te 2 2 4 3 3 5 2 2 4 3 3 6 D av ao D el S ur 37 3 37 3 74 6 55 9 55 9 1, 11 9 41 9 41 9 83 8 62 8 62 8 1, 25 7 D av ao O rie nt al 21 7 21 7 43 4 32 5 32 5 65 1 24 4 24 4 48 7 36 6 36 6 73 1 To ta l 2, 67 9 2, 67 9 5, 35 9 4, 01 9 4, 01 9 8, 03 8 3, 01 0 3, 01 0 6, 02 0 4, 51 5 4, 51 5 9, 02 9 12 N or th C ot ab at o 2, 43 8 2, 43 8 4, 87 6 3, 65 7 3, 65 7 7, 31 3 2, 73 8 2, 73 8 5, 47 7 4, 10 8 4, 10 8 8, 21 5 Sa ra ng an i 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 2 2 4 So ut h C ot ab at o 1, 55 7 1, 55 7 3, 11 4 2, 33 5 2, 33 5 4, 67 1 1, 74 9 1, 74 9 3, 49 8 2, 62 3 2, 62 3 5, 24 7 Su lta n Ku da ra t 27 0 27 0 54 0 40 5 40 5 80 9 30 3 30 3 60 6 45 5 45 5 90 9 To ta l 4, 26 6 4, 26 6 8, 53 1 6, 39 9 6, 39 9 12 ,7 97 4, 79 2 4, 79 2 9, 58 4 7, 18 8 7, 18 8 14 ,3 76 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 116The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 13 Ag us an D el N or te 84 6 84 6 1, 69 2 1, 26 9 1, 26 9 2, 53 8 95 0 95 0 1, 90 1 1, 42 6 1, 42 6 2, 85 1 Ag us an D el S ur 70 1 70 1 1, 40 2 1, 05 1 1, 05 1 2, 10 3 78 7 78 7 1, 57 5 1, 18 1 1, 18 1 2, 36 2 Su rig ao D el S ur 55 4 55 4 1, 10 9 83 2 83 2 1, 66 3 62 3 62 3 1, 24 5 93 4 93 4 1, 86 8 To ta l 2, 10 1 2, 10 1 4, 20 2 3, 15 2 3, 15 2 6, 30 4 2, 36 0 2, 36 0 4, 72 1 3, 54 1 3, 54 1 7, 08 1 AR M M La na o D el S ur 84 6 84 6 1, 69 2 1, 26 9 1, 26 9 2, 53 8 95 0 95 0 1, 90 1 1, 42 6 1, 42 6 2, 85 1 M ag ui nd an ao 1, 97 7 1, 97 7 3, 95 4 2, 96 6 2, 96 6 5, 93 1 2, 22 1 2, 22 1 4, 44 2 3, 33 1 3, 33 1 6, 66 3 To ta l 2, 82 3 2, 82 3 5, 64 6 4, 23 5 4, 23 5 8, 46 9 3, 17 1 3, 17 1 6, 34 3 4, 75 7 4, 75 7 9, 51 4 117 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 38 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e M ed iu m t er m B as ed o n N IA Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AR Ifu ga o 10 5 10 5 21 0 15 7 15 7 31 5 11 9 11 9 23 8 17 8 17 8 35 7 K al in ga 22 5 22 5 44 9 33 7 33 7 67 4 25 5 25 5 50 9 38 2 38 2 76 4 To ta l 33 0 33 0 65 9 49 4 49 4 98 9 37 4 37 4 74 7 56 0 56 0 1, 12 1 1 Ilo co s N or te Ilo co s Su r 18 0 18 0 35 9 27 0 27 0 53 9 20 4 20 4 40 7 30 5 30 5 61 1 La U ni on 15 15 30 23 23 45 17 17 34 26 26 51 Pa ng as in an 1, 70 4 1, 70 4 3, 40 8 2, 55 6 2, 55 6 5, 11 2 1, 93 1 1, 93 1 3, 86 2 2, 89 6 2, 89 6 5, 79 3 To ta l 1, 89 9 1, 89 9 3, 79 8 2, 84 8 2, 84 8 5, 69 6 2, 15 2 2, 15 2 4, 30 4 3, 22 8 3, 22 8 6, 45 5 2 C ag ay an 1, 07 1 1, 07 1 2, 14 3 1, 60 7 1, 60 7 3, 21 4 1, 21 4 1, 21 4 2, 42 9 1, 82 1 1, 82 1 3, 64 3 Is ab el a 2, 55 8 2, 55 8 5, 11 7 3, 83 8 3, 83 8 7, 67 5 2, 89 9 2, 89 9 5, 79 9 4, 34 9 4, 34 9 8, 69 8 N ue va Vi zc ay a 44 7 44 7 89 4 67 1 67 1 1, 34 2 50 7 50 7 1, 01 4 76 0 76 0 1, 52 0 Q ui rin o 29 9 29 9 59 9 44 9 44 9 89 8 33 9 33 9 67 9 50 9 50 9 1, 01 8 To ta l 4, 37 7 4, 37 7 8, 75 3 6, 56 5 6, 56 5 13 ,1 30 4, 96 0 4, 96 0 9, 91 9 7, 43 9 7, 43 9 14 ,8 79 3 Au ro ra 18 1 18 1 36 3 27 2 27 2 54 4 20 5 20 5 41 1 30 8 30 8 61 6 B at aa n B ul ac an 20 9 20 9 41 7 31 3 31 3 62 6 23 6 23 6 47 3 35 5 35 5 70 9 N ue va E ci ja 1, 61 1 1, 61 1 3, 22 3 2, 41 7 2, 41 7 4, 83 4 1, 82 6 1, 82 6 3, 65 2 2, 73 9 2, 73 9 5, 47 9 Pa m pa ng a Ta rl ac 1, 73 9 1, 73 9 3, 47 9 2, 60 9 2, 60 9 5, 21 8 1, 97 1 1, 97 1 3, 94 2 2, 95 7 2, 95 7 5, 91 3 Za m ba le s 51 3 51 3 1, 02 6 76 9 76 9 1, 53 9 58 1 58 1 1, 16 2 87 2 87 2 1, 74 4 To ta l 4, 25 4 4, 25 4 8, 50 7 6, 38 1 6, 38 1 12 ,7 61 4, 82 0 4, 82 0 9, 64 1 7, 23 1 7, 23 1 14 ,4 61 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 118The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 10 0 10 0 19 9 14 9 14 9 29 9 11 3 11 3 22 6 16 9 16 9 33 9 La gu na 20 8 20 8 41 6 31 2 31 2 62 4 23 6 23 6 47 1 35 3 35 3 70 7 Q ue zo n 16 0 16 0 32 1 24 0 24 0 48 1 18 2 18 2 36 3 27 2 27 2 54 5 To ta l 46 8 46 8 93 6 70 2 70 2 1, 40 3 53 0 53 0 1, 06 0 79 5 79 5 1, 59 0 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 61 9 61 9 1, 23 8 92 8 92 8 1, 85 7 70 1 70 1 1, 40 3 1, 05 2 1, 05 2 2, 10 4 O rie nt al M in do ro 58 1 58 1 1, 16 2 87 2 87 2 1, 74 4 65 9 65 9 1, 31 7 98 8 98 8 1, 97 6 Pa la w an To ta l 1, 20 0 1, 20 0 2, 40 0 1, 80 0 1, 80 0 3, 60 1 1, 36 0 1, 36 0 2, 72 0 2, 04 0 2, 04 0 4, 08 0 5 Al ba y 62 7 62 7 1, 25 5 94 1 94 1 1, 88 2 71 1 71 1 1, 42 2 1, 06 6 1, 06 6 2, 13 3 C am ar in es S ur 1, 27 2 1, 27 2 2, 54 3 1, 90 7 1, 90 7 3, 81 5 1, 44 1 1, 44 1 2, 88 2 2, 16 2 2, 16 2 4, 32 3 M as ba te 35 8 35 8 71 7 53 8 53 8 1, 07 5 40 6 40 6 81 2 60 9 60 9 1, 21 9 So rs og on 27 27 55 41 41 82 31 31 62 46 46 93 To ta l 2, 28 5 2, 28 5 4, 56 9 3, 42 7 3, 42 7 6, 85 4 2, 58 9 2, 58 9 5, 17 8 3, 88 4 3, 88 4 7, 76 7 6 Ak la n 10 10 21 16 16 31 12 12 24 18 18 35 An tiq ue 17 5 17 5 35 1 26 3 26 3 52 6 19 9 19 9 39 8 29 8 29 8 59 7 C ap iz Ilo ilo 72 5 72 5 1, 45 0 1, 08 7 1, 08 7 2, 17 5 82 1 82 1 1, 64 3 1, 23 2 1, 23 2 2, 46 4 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 91 5 91 5 1, 83 0 1, 37 2 1, 37 2 2, 74 5 1, 03 7 1, 03 7 2, 07 3 1, 55 5 1, 55 5 3, 11 0 To ta l 1, 82 6 1, 82 6 3, 65 1 2, 73 8 2, 73 8 5, 47 7 2, 06 9 2, 06 9 4, 13 8 3, 10 3 3, 10 3 6, 20 6 7 B oh ol 87 87 17 4 13 1 13 1 26 1 99 99 19 7 14 8 14 8 29 6 N eg ro s O rie nt al To ta l 87 87 17 4 13 1 13 1 26 1 99 99 19 7 14 8 14 8 29 6 119 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 8 B ili ra n N or th er n Le yt e 38 6 38 6 77 2 57 9 57 9 1, 15 8 43 8 43 8 87 5 65 6 65 6 1, 31 3 So ut he rn L ey te Sa m ar W es te rn 37 37 74 55 55 11 1 42 42 84 63 63 12 5 To ta l 42 3 42 3 84 6 63 5 63 5 1, 26 9 47 9 47 9 95 9 71 9 71 9 1, 43 8 9 Za m bo an ga D el S ur 47 6 47 6 95 2 71 4 71 4 1, 42 8 54 0 54 0 1, 07 9 80 9 80 9 1, 61 9 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 32 32 65 48 48 97 37 37 73 55 55 11 0 To ta l 50 8 50 8 1, 01 7 76 3 76 3 1, 52 5 57 6 57 6 1, 15 2 86 4 86 4 1, 72 9 10 B uk id no n 1, 18 1 1, 18 1 2, 36 3 1, 77 2 1, 77 2 3, 54 4 1, 33 9 1, 33 9 2, 67 7 2, 00 8 2, 00 8 4, 01 6 La na o D el N or te 3 3 5 4 4 8 3 3 6 5 5 9 M is am is O cc id en ta l M is am is O rie nt al 18 4 18 4 36 8 27 6 27 6 55 2 20 9 20 9 41 7 31 3 31 3 62 6 To ta l 1, 36 8 1, 36 8 2, 73 6 2, 05 2 2, 05 2 4, 10 4 1, 55 0 1, 55 0 3, 10 1 2, 32 5 2, 32 5 4, 65 1 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 2, 24 8 2, 24 8 4, 49 6 3, 37 2 3, 37 2 6, 74 5 2, 54 8 2, 54 8 5, 09 5 3, 82 2 3, 82 2 7, 64 3 D av ao D el N or te 2 2 4 3 3 6 2 2 4 3 3 6 D av ao D el S ur 40 2 40 2 80 3 60 2 60 2 1, 20 5 45 5 45 5 91 0 68 3 68 3 1, 36 5 D av ao O rie nt al 23 4 23 4 46 7 35 0 35 0 70 1 26 5 26 5 53 0 39 7 39 7 79 4 To ta l 2, 88 5 2, 88 5 5, 77 1 4, 32 8 4, 32 8 8, 65 6 3, 27 0 3, 27 0 6, 54 0 4, 90 5 4, 90 5 9, 80 9 12 N or th C ot ab at o 2, 62 5 2, 62 5 5, 25 0 3, 93 8 3, 93 8 7, 87 6 2, 97 5 2, 97 5 5, 95 0 4, 46 2 4, 46 2 8, 92 5 Sa ra ng an i 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 3 2 2 4 So ut h C ot ab at o 1, 67 7 1, 67 7 3, 35 3 2, 51 5 2, 51 5 5, 03 0 1, 90 0 1, 90 0 3, 80 0 2, 85 0 2, 85 0 5, 70 0 Su lta n Ku da ra t 29 0 29 0 58 1 43 6 43 6 87 1 32 9 32 9 65 8 49 4 49 4 98 8 To ta l 4, 59 4 4, 59 4 9, 18 7 6, 89 1 6, 89 1 13 ,7 81 5, 20 6 5, 20 6 10 ,4 11 7, 80 9 7, 80 9 15 ,6 17 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 120The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 13 Ag us an D el N or te 91 1 91 1 1, 82 2 1, 36 7 1, 36 7 2, 73 3 1, 03 2 1, 03 2 2, 06 5 1, 54 9 1, 54 9 3, 09 7 Ag us an D el S ur 75 5 75 5 1, 50 9 1, 13 2 1, 13 2 2, 26 4 85 5 85 5 1, 71 1 1, 28 3 1, 28 3 2, 56 6 Su rig ao D el S ur 59 7 59 7 1, 19 4 89 5 89 5 1, 79 1 67 7 67 7 1, 35 3 1, 01 5 1, 01 5 2, 03 0 To ta l 2, 26 3 2, 26 3 4, 52 6 3, 39 4 3, 39 4 6, 78 8 2, 56 4 2, 56 4 5, 12 9 3, 84 6 3, 84 6 7, 69 3 AR M M La na o D el S ur 91 1 91 1 1, 82 2 1, 36 7 1, 36 7 2, 73 3 1, 03 2 1, 03 2 2, 06 5 1, 54 9 1, 54 9 3, 09 7 M ag ui nd an ao 2, 12 9 2, 12 9 4, 25 8 3, 19 4 3, 19 4 6, 38 7 2, 41 3 2, 41 3 4, 82 5 3, 61 9 3, 61 9 7, 23 8 To ta l 3, 04 0 3, 04 0 6, 08 0 4, 56 0 4, 56 0 9, 12 0 3, 44 5 3, 44 5 6, 89 0 5, 16 8 5, 16 8 10 ,3 35 121 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 39 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e Lo ng t er m B as ed o n N IA Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 2 Q ui rin o 2, 16 1 45 2 2, 61 2 3, 24 1 67 7 3, 91 9 2, 72 0 27 6 2, 99 6 4, 08 0 41 4 4, 49 3 Au ro ra 21 5 45 25 9 32 2 67 38 9 27 0 27 29 7 40 5 41 44 6 To ta l 2, 16 1 45 2 2, 61 2 3, 24 1 67 7 3, 91 9 2, 72 0 27 6 2, 99 6 4, 08 0 41 4 4, 49 3 3 Ta rl ac 15 ,1 47 3, 16 6 18 ,3 14 22 ,7 21 4, 74 9 27 ,4 70 19 ,0 66 1, 93 3 21 ,0 00 28 ,5 99 2, 90 0 31 ,5 00 Za m ba le s 8, 24 3 1, 72 3 9, 96 6 12 ,3 64 2, 58 4 14 ,9 49 10 ,3 75 1, 05 2 11 ,4 28 15 ,5 63 1, 57 8 17 ,1 41 To ta l 23 ,6 05 4, 93 4 28 ,5 39 35 ,4 07 7, 40 1 42 ,8 08 29 ,7 12 3, 01 3 32 ,7 25 44 ,5 68 4, 52 0 49 ,0 87 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 4, 08 5 85 4 4, 93 9 6, 12 8 1, 28 1 7, 40 9 5, 14 2 52 1 5, 66 4 7, 71 4 78 2 8, 49 6 To ta l 4, 08 5 85 4 4, 93 9 6, 12 8 1, 28 1 7, 40 9 5, 14 2 52 1 5, 66 4 7, 71 4 78 2 8, 49 6 5 Al ba y 4, 77 6 99 8 5, 77 5 7, 16 5 1, 49 8 8, 66 2 6, 01 2 61 0 6, 62 2 9, 01 8 91 5 9, 93 3 M as ba te 2, 98 9 62 5 3, 61 4 4, 48 4 93 7 5, 42 1 3, 76 3 38 2 4, 14 4 5, 64 4 57 2 6, 21 6 To ta l 7, 76 6 1, 62 3 9, 38 9 11 ,6 49 2, 43 5 14 ,0 84 9, 77 5 99 1 10 ,7 66 14 ,6 62 1, 48 7 16 ,1 49 6 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 3, 34 6 69 9 4, 04 5 5, 01 9 1, 04 9 6, 06 8 4, 21 2 42 7 4, 63 9 6, 31 7 64 1 6, 95 8 To ta l 3, 34 6 69 9 4, 04 5 5, 01 9 1, 04 9 6, 06 8 4, 21 2 42 7 4, 63 9 6, 31 7 64 1 6, 95 8 9 Za m bo an ga D el Su r 3, 98 4 83 3 4, 81 7 5, 97 6 1, 24 9 7, 22 5 5, 01 4 50 9 5, 52 3 7, 52 2 76 3 8, 28 4 To ta l 3, 98 4 83 3 4, 81 7 5, 97 6 1, 24 9 7, 22 5 5, 01 4 50 9 5, 52 3 7, 52 2 76 3 8, 28 4 10 B uk id no n 6, 74 4 1, 41 0 8, 15 3 10 ,1 15 2, 11 4 12 ,2 30 8, 48 8 86 1 9, 34 9 12 ,7 32 1, 29 1 14 ,0 24 M is am is O rie nt al 2, 73 8 57 2 3, 31 0 4, 10 7 85 8 4, 96 5 3, 44 6 34 9 3, 79 5 5, 16 9 52 4 5, 69 3 To ta l 9, 48 1 1, 98 2 11 ,4 63 14 ,2 22 2, 97 3 17 ,1 95 11 ,9 34 1, 21 0 13 ,1 45 17 ,9 01 1, 81 5 19 ,7 17 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 122The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 2, 31 8 48 5 2, 80 3 3, 47 7 72 7 4, 20 4 2, 91 8 29 6 3, 21 4 4, 37 7 44 4 4, 82 0 D av ao D el S ur 1, 91 9 40 1 2, 32 0 2, 87 8 60 2 3, 48 0 2, 41 5 24 5 2, 66 0 3, 62 3 36 7 3, 99 0 D av ao O rie nt al 2, 98 3 62 4 3, 60 7 4, 47 4 93 5 5, 41 0 3, 75 5 38 1 4, 13 5 5, 63 2 57 1 6, 20 3 To ta l 7, 22 0 1, 50 9 8, 72 9 10 ,8 30 2, 26 4 13 ,0 93 9, 08 7 92 2 10 ,0 09 13 ,6 31 1, 38 2 15 ,0 14 12 N or th C ot ab at o 2, 59 8 54 3 3, 14 1 3, 89 6 81 4 4, 71 1 3, 27 0 33 2 3, 60 1 4, 90 4 49 7 5, 40 2 So ut h C ot ab at o 1, 52 8 31 9 1, 84 7 2, 29 2 47 9 2, 77 1 1, 92 3 19 5 2, 11 8 2, 88 5 29 3 3, 17 8 To ta l 4, 12 6 86 2 4, 98 8 6, 18 8 1, 29 4 7, 48 2 5, 19 3 52 7 5, 72 0 7, 78 9 79 0 8, 57 9 13 Ag us an D el N or te 3, 05 1 63 8 3, 68 9 4, 57 7 95 7 5, 53 4 3, 84 1 38 9 4, 23 0 5, 76 1 58 4 6, 34 5 Ag us an D el S ur 7, 45 7 1, 55 9 9, 01 5 11 ,1 85 2, 33 8 13 ,5 23 9, 38 6 95 2 10 ,3 37 14 ,0 78 1, 42 8 15 ,5 06 Su rig ao D el S ur 6, 28 9 1, 31 4 7, 60 3 9, 43 3 1, 97 2 11 ,4 04 7, 91 5 80 3 8, 71 8 11 ,8 73 1, 20 4 13 ,0 77 To ta l 16 ,7 96 3, 51 1 20 ,3 07 25 ,1 95 5, 26 6 30 ,4 61 21 ,1 42 2, 14 4 23 ,2 86 31 ,7 13 3, 21 6 34 ,9 28 AR M M La na o D el S ur 7, 75 2 1, 62 0 9, 37 2 11 ,6 27 2, 43 0 14 ,0 58 9, 75 7 98 9 10 ,7 46 14 ,6 36 1, 48 4 16 ,1 20 M ag ui nd an ao 6, 51 1 1, 36 1 7, 87 2 9, 76 6 2, 04 1 11 ,8 08 8, 19 5 83 1 9, 02 6 12 ,2 93 1, 24 7 13 ,5 39 To ta l 14 ,2 62 2, 98 1 17 ,2 44 21 ,3 94 4, 47 2 25 ,8 65 17 ,9 52 1, 82 1 19 ,7 73 26 ,9 28 2, 73 1 29 ,6 59 123 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.40 shows the areas per province for short and medium-term projects based on the irrigable area computed by the GIS component of the project. Ifugao, Nueva Viscaya, Oriental Mindoro and Sarangani have no remaining areas to be irrigated under GIS data. Highest allocation (province with largest area not irrigated) is in Quezon (5.2%), and Pangasinan (5.2%). Table 4.40. Area per Province per Scenario for Short- and Medium-term projects Based GIS Computed Irrigable Area Province Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Short Medium Short Medium Ifugao 0.0% Covered by PIP Covered by PIP Kalinga 0.2% 306 347 Ilocos Norte 1.1% 1,786 2,024 Ilocos Sur 1.1% 1,827 2,071 La Union 0.5% 742 841 Pangasinan 5.2% 8,225 9,321 Cagayan 3.2% 5,162 5,849 Isabela 4.9% 7,789 8,827 Nueva Vizcaya 0.0% - Quirino 0.2% 372 421 Aurora 0.9% 1,395 1,581 Bataan 0.6% 896 1,015 Bulacan 1.6% 2,588 2,933 Nueva Ecija 4.1% 6,457 7,317 Pampanga 1.9% 3,015 3,417 Tarlac 3.4% 5,463 6,190 Zambales 1.4% 2,205 2,499 Cavite 1.2% 1,850 2,097 Laguna 1.2% 1,903 2,156 Quezon 5.2% 8,231 9,327 Occidental Mindoro 0.2% 365 413 Oriental Mindoro 0.0% - Palawan 1.8% 2,924 3,313 Albay 0.6% 969 1,098 Camarines Sur 2.5% 3,957 4,484 Masbate 4.2% 6,719 7,614 Sorsogon 1.1% 1,677 1,901 Aklan 0.1% 116 131 Antique 0.0% 25 28 Capiz 1.2% 1,743 1,877 1,958 2,127 Iloilo 2.3% 3,338 3,595 3,750 4,074 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 124The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Province Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Short Medium Short Medium Negros Occidental 4.4% 6,445 6,941 7,240 7,866 Bohol 2.1% 3,051 3,286 3,427 3,724 Negros Oriental 1.2% 1,786 1,924 2,007 2,180 Biliran 0.0% 72 78 81 88 Northern Leyte 4.0% 5,945 6,402 6,678 7,255 Southern Leyte 0.2% 254 273 285 309 Western Samar 1.7% 2,524 2,718 2,836 3,081 Zamboanga Del Sur 1.8% 2,612 2,813 2,934 3,188 Zamboanga Sibugay 1.5% 2,178 2,345 2,447 2,658 Bukidnon 3.0% 4,494 4,839 5,048 5,484 Lanao Del Norte 1.6% 2,325 2,504 2,612 2,837 Misamis Occidental 1.1% 1,684 1,813 1,891 2,055 Misamis Oriental 1.1% 1,635 1,761 1,837 1,995 Compostela Valley 1.3% 1,889 2,034 2,122 2,305 Davao Del Norte 2.3% 3,345 3,603 3,758 4,083 Davao Del Sur 1.9% 2,795 3,010 3,140 3,411 Davao Oriental 1.2% 1,788 1,926 2,009 2,182 North Cotabato 3.7% 5,418 5,835 6,087 6,612 Sarangani 0.0% - - - South Cotabato 2.2% 3,200 3,447 3,595 3,906 Sultan Kudarat 1.5% 2,185 2,353 2,454 2,666 Agusan Del Norte 1.1% 1,557 1,677 1,750 1,901 Agusan Del Sur 2.6% 3,903 4,203 4,384 4,763 Surigao Del Sur 1.8% 2,654 2,859 2,982 3,239 Lanao Del Sur 0.6% 875 942 983 1,068 Maguindanao 4.4% 6,506 7,006 7,308 7,940 Total 100% 147,673 159,028 165,887 180,212 Note: Provinces in bold indicate PIP project locations 125 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.41. Projected Area per Province per Scenario under Long Term Based on GIS Irrigable Area Table 4.41 shows the areas per province for long term projects based on the irrigable area computed by the GIS component of the project. It should be noted that these provinces have irrigation development below 60% (national average). Across all scenarios, the highest allocation is in Quezon (5.2%), followed by Pangasinan (5.2%). Lowest allocation is in Southern Leyte (0.2%), followed by La Union (0.5%). Province Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Ilocos Norte 1.1% 3,334 3,824 Ilocos Sur 1.2% 3,411 3,911 La Union 0.5% 1,386 1,589 Pangasinan 5.2% 15,354 17,606 Cagayan 3.3% 9,635 11,048 Isabela 5.0% 14,540 16,672 Aurora 0.9% 2,605 2,987 Bataan 0.6% 1,673 1,918 Bulacan 1.7% 4,831 5,540 Nueva Ecija 4.1% 12,052 13,820 Pampanga 1.9% 5,629 6,454 Tarlac 3.5% 10,197 11,692 Zambales 1.4% 4,117 4,721 Cavite 1.2% 3,454 3,960 Laguna 1.2% 3,552 4,073 Quezon 5.2% 15,364 17,617 Palawan 1.9% 5,457 6,258 Camarines Sur 2.5% 7,385 8,469 Masbate 4.3% 12,541 14,380 Sorsogon 1.1% 3,131 3,590 Capiz 1.2% 3,503 4,017 Iloilo 2.3% 6,711 7,695 Negros Occidental 4.4% 12,956 14,856 Bohol 2.1% 6,133 7,033 Negros Oriental 1.2% 3,591 4,117 Northern Leyte 4.1% 11,950 13,703 Southern Leyte 0.2% 510 585 Western Samar 1.7% 5,074 5,818 Zamboanga Del Sur 1.8% 5,251 6,021 Zamboanga Sibugay 1.5% 4,378 5,020 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 126The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Province Share Baseline (ha) Scenario 1 (ha) Bukidnon 3.1% 9,033 10,358 Lanao Del Norte 1.6% 4,674 5,359 Misamis Occidental 1.2% 3,385 3,881 Misamis Oriental 1.1% 3,287 3,769 Compostela Valley 1.3% 3,797 4,354 Davao Del Norte 2.3% 6,725 7,711 Davao Del Sur 1.9% 5,619 6,443 Davao Oriental 1.2% 3,595 4,122 North Cotabato 3.7% 10,891 12,489 South Cotabato 2.2% 6,433 7,377 Sultan Kudarat 1.5% 4,392 5,036 Agusan Del Norte 1.1% 3,131 3,590 Agusan Del Sur 2.7% 7,845 8,995 Surigao Del Sur 1.8% 5,336 6,118 Lanao Del Sur 0.6% 1,759 2,016 Maguindanao 4.5% 13,078 14,996 Total 100.0% 292,685 335,608 Succeeding tables (Table 4.42 to Table 4.44) show the projected areas disaggregated into NIS and CIS, then into new and restore areas per province and region under GIS irrigable area. 127 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 42 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e Sh or t te rm B as ed o n G IS Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AR Ifu ga o K al in ga 57 57 11 4 85 85 17 1 64 64 12 8 96 96 19 2 To ta l 57 57 11 4 85 85 17 1 64 64 12 8 96 96 19 2 1 Ilo co s N or te 33 2 33 2 66 4 49 8 49 8 99 5 37 3 37 3 74 5 55 9 55 9 1, 11 8 Ilo co s Su r 33 9 33 9 67 9 50 9 50 9 1, 01 8 38 1 38 1 76 2 57 2 57 2 1, 14 4 La U ni on 13 8 13 8 27 6 20 7 20 7 41 4 15 5 15 5 31 0 23 2 23 2 46 5 Pa ng as in an 1, 52 8 1, 52 8 3, 05 5 2, 29 1 2, 29 1 4, 58 3 1, 71 6 1, 71 6 3, 43 2 2, 57 4 2, 57 4 5, 14 8 To ta l 2, 33 7 2, 33 7 4, 67 3 3, 50 5 3, 50 5 7, 01 0 2, 62 5 2, 62 5 5, 25 0 3, 93 7 3, 93 7 7, 87 5 2 C ag ay an 95 9 95 9 1, 91 7 1, 43 8 1, 43 8 2, 87 6 1, 07 7 1, 07 7 2, 15 4 1, 61 5 1, 61 5 3, 23 1 Is ab el a 1, 44 7 1, 44 7 2, 89 3 2, 17 0 2, 17 0 4, 34 0 1, 62 5 1, 62 5 3, 25 0 2, 43 8 2, 43 8 4, 87 5 N ue va V iz ca ya Q ui rin o 69 69 13 8 10 3 10 3 20 7 78 78 15 5 11 6 11 6 23 3 To ta l 2, 47 4 2, 47 4 4, 94 8 3, 71 1 3, 71 1 7, 42 3 2, 77 9 2, 77 9 5, 55 9 4, 16 9 4, 16 9 8, 33 8 3 Au ro ra 25 9 25 9 51 8 38 9 38 9 77 7 29 1 29 1 58 2 43 7 43 7 87 3 B at aa n 16 6 16 6 33 3 25 0 25 0 49 9 18 7 18 7 37 4 28 0 28 0 56 1 B ul ac an 48 1 48 1 96 1 72 1 72 1 1, 44 2 54 0 54 0 1, 08 0 81 0 81 0 1, 62 0 N ue va E ci ja 1, 19 9 1, 19 9 2, 39 8 1, 79 9 1, 79 9 3, 59 7 1, 34 7 1, 34 7 2, 69 4 2, 02 1 2, 02 1 4, 04 1 Pa m pa ng a 56 0 56 0 1, 12 0 84 0 84 0 1, 68 0 62 9 62 9 1, 25 8 94 4 94 4 1, 88 7 Ta rl ac 1, 01 5 1, 01 5 2, 02 9 1, 52 2 1, 52 2 3, 04 4 1, 14 0 1, 14 0 2, 27 9 1, 70 9 1, 70 9 3, 41 9 Za m ba le s 41 0 41 0 81 9 61 4 61 4 1, 22 9 46 0 46 0 92 0 69 0 69 0 1, 38 0 To ta l 4, 09 0 4, 09 0 8, 17 9 6, 13 4 6, 13 4 12 ,2 69 4, 59 4 4, 59 4 9, 18 8 6, 89 1 6, 89 1 13 ,7 82 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 128The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 34 4 34 4 68 7 51 5 51 5 1, 03 1 38 6 38 6 77 2 57 9 57 9 1, 15 8 La gu na 35 3 35 3 70 7 53 0 53 0 1, 06 0 39 7 39 7 79 4 59 6 59 6 1, 19 1 Q ue zo n 1, 52 9 1, 52 9 3, 05 7 2, 29 3 2, 29 3 4, 58 6 1, 71 7 1, 71 7 3, 43 4 2, 57 6 2, 57 6 5, 15 1 To ta l 2, 22 6 2, 22 6 4, 45 1 3, 33 8 3, 33 8 6, 67 7 2, 50 0 2, 50 0 5, 00 0 3, 75 0 3, 75 0 7, 50 1 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 68 68 13 5 10 2 10 2 20 3 76 76 15 2 11 4 11 4 22 8 O rie nt al M in do ro Pa la w an 54 3 54 3 1, 08 6 81 4 81 4 1, 62 9 61 0 61 0 1, 22 0 91 5 91 5 1, 83 0 To ta l 61 1 61 1 1, 22 1 91 6 91 6 1, 83 2 68 6 68 6 1, 37 2 1, 02 9 1, 02 9 2, 05 8 5 Al ba y 18 0 18 0 36 0 27 0 27 0 54 0 20 2 20 2 40 4 30 3 30 3 60 7 C am ar in es S ur 73 5 73 5 1, 47 0 1, 10 2 1, 10 2 2, 20 4 82 5 82 5 1, 65 1 1, 23 8 1, 23 8 2, 47 6 M as ba te 1, 24 8 1, 24 8 2, 49 6 1, 87 2 1, 87 2 3, 74 3 1, 40 2 1, 40 2 2, 80 3 2, 10 3 2, 10 3 4, 20 5 So rs og on 31 2 31 2 62 3 46 7 46 7 93 5 35 0 35 0 70 0 52 5 52 5 1, 05 0 To ta l 2, 47 4 2, 47 4 4, 94 8 3, 71 1 3, 71 1 7, 42 2 2, 77 9 2, 77 9 5, 55 9 4, 16 9 4, 16 9 8, 33 8 6 Ak la n 21 21 43 32 32 64 24 24 48 36 36 72 An tiq ue 5 5 9 7 7 14 5 5 10 8 8 16 C ap iz 34 9 34 9 69 7 52 3 52 3 1, 04 6 39 2 39 2 78 3 58 7 58 7 1, 17 5 Ilo ilo 66 8 66 8 1, 33 5 1, 00 2 1, 00 2 2, 00 3 75 0 75 0 1, 50 0 1, 12 5 1, 12 5 2, 25 0 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 1, 28 9 1, 28 9 2, 57 8 1, 93 4 1, 93 4 3, 86 7 1, 44 8 1, 44 8 2, 89 6 2, 17 2 2, 17 2 4, 34 4 To ta l 2, 33 1 2, 33 1 4, 66 3 3, 49 7 3, 49 7 6, 99 4 2, 61 9 2, 61 9 5, 23 8 3, 92 8 3, 92 8 7, 85 7 7 B oh ol 61 0 61 0 1, 22 0 91 5 91 5 1, 83 1 68 5 68 5 1, 37 1 1, 02 8 1, 02 8 2, 05 6 N eg ro s O rie nt al 35 7 35 7 71 5 53 6 53 6 1, 07 2 40 1 40 1 80 3 60 2 60 2 1, 20 4 To ta l 96 7 96 7 1, 93 5 1, 45 1 1, 45 1 2, 90 2 1, 08 7 1, 08 7 2, 17 4 1, 63 0 1, 63 0 3, 26 0 129 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 8 B ili ra n 14 14 29 22 22 43 16 16 32 24 24 49 N or th er n Le yt e 1, 18 9 1, 18 9 2, 37 8 1, 78 3 1, 78 3 3, 56 7 1, 33 6 1, 33 6 2, 67 1 2, 00 3 2, 00 3 4, 00 7 So ut he rn L ey te 51 51 10 1 76 76 15 2 57 57 11 4 85 85 17 1 Sa m ar W es te rn 50 5 50 5 1, 01 0 75 7 75 7 1, 51 5 56 7 56 7 1, 13 4 85 1 85 1 1, 70 1 To ta l 1, 75 9 1, 75 9 3, 51 8 2, 63 8 2, 63 8 5, 27 7 1, 97 6 1, 97 6 3, 95 2 2, 96 4 2, 96 4 5, 92 8 9 Za m bo an ga D el Su r 52 2 52 2 1, 04 5 78 4 78 4 1, 56 7 58 7 58 7 1, 17 4 88 0 88 0 1, 76 1 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 43 6 43 6 87 1 65 3 65 3 1, 30 7 48 9 48 9 97 9 73 4 73 4 1, 46 8 To ta l 95 8 95 8 1, 91 6 1, 43 7 1, 43 7 2, 87 4 1, 07 6 1, 07 6 2, 15 2 1, 61 4 1, 61 4 3, 22 9 10 B uk id no n 89 9 89 9 1, 79 7 1, 34 8 1, 34 8 2, 69 6 1, 01 0 1, 01 0 2, 01 9 1, 51 4 1, 51 4 3, 02 9 La na o D el N or te 46 5 46 5 93 0 69 8 69 8 1, 39 5 52 2 52 2 1, 04 5 78 4 78 4 1, 56 7 M is am is O cc id en ta l 33 7 33 7 67 4 50 5 50 5 1, 01 0 37 8 37 8 75 7 56 7 56 7 1, 13 5 M is am is O rie nt al 32 7 32 7 65 4 49 1 49 1 98 1 36 7 36 7 73 5 55 1 55 1 1, 10 2 To ta l 2, 02 8 2, 02 8 4, 05 5 3, 04 1 3, 04 1 6, 08 3 2, 27 8 2, 27 8 4, 55 5 3, 41 6 3, 41 6 6, 83 3 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 37 8 37 8 75 6 56 7 56 7 1, 13 3 42 4 42 4 84 9 63 7 63 7 1, 27 3 D av ao D el N or te 66 9 66 9 1, 33 8 1, 00 4 1, 00 4 2, 00 7 75 2 75 2 1, 50 3 1, 12 7 1, 12 7 2, 25 5 D av ao D el S ur 55 9 55 9 1, 11 8 83 9 83 9 1, 67 7 62 8 62 8 1, 25 6 94 2 94 2 1, 88 4 D av ao O rie nt al 35 8 35 8 71 5 53 7 53 7 1, 07 3 40 2 40 2 80 4 60 3 60 3 1, 20 5 To ta l 1, 96 4 1, 96 4 3, 92 7 2, 94 5 2, 94 5 5, 89 1 2, 20 6 2, 20 6 4, 41 2 3, 30 9 3, 30 9 6, 61 7 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 130The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 12 N or th C ot ab at o 1, 08 4 1, 08 4 2, 16 7 1, 62 5 1, 62 5 3, 25 1 1, 21 7 1, 21 7 2, 43 5 1, 82 6 1, 82 6 3, 65 2 Sa ra ng an i So ut h C ot ab at o 64 0 64 0 1, 28 0 96 0 96 0 1, 92 0 71 9 71 9 1, 43 8 1, 07 9 1, 07 9 2, 15 7 Su lta n Ku da ra t 43 7 43 7 87 4 65 5 65 5 1, 31 1 49 1 49 1 98 2 73 6 73 6 1, 47 2 To ta l 2, 16 1 2, 16 1 4, 32 1 3, 24 1 3, 24 1 6, 48 2 2, 42 7 2, 42 7 4, 85 4 3, 64 1 3, 64 1 7, 28 2 13 Ag us an D el N or te 31 1 31 1 62 3 46 7 46 7 93 4 35 0 35 0 70 0 52 5 52 5 1, 05 0 Ag us an D el S ur 78 1 78 1 1, 56 1 1, 17 1 1, 17 1 2, 34 2 87 7 87 7 1, 75 4 1, 31 5 1, 31 5 2, 63 0 Su rig ao D el S ur 53 1 53 1 1, 06 2 79 6 79 6 1, 59 3 59 6 59 6 1, 19 3 89 5 89 5 1, 78 9 To ta l 1, 62 3 1, 62 3 3, 24 6 2, 43 4 2, 43 4 4, 86 9 1, 82 3 1, 82 3 3, 64 6 2, 73 5 2, 73 5 5, 46 9 AR M M La na o D el S ur 17 5 17 5 35 0 26 2 26 2 52 5 19 7 19 7 39 3 29 5 29 5 59 0 M ag ui nd an ao 1, 30 1 1, 30 1 2, 60 2 1, 95 2 1, 95 2 3, 90 4 1, 46 2 1, 46 2 2, 92 3 2, 19 2 2, 19 2 4, 38 5 To ta l 1, 47 6 1, 47 6 2, 95 2 2, 21 4 2, 21 4 4, 42 8 1, 65 8 1, 65 8 3, 31 6 2, 48 7 2, 48 7 4, 97 5 131 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 43 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e M ed iu m t er m B as ed o n G IS Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AR Ifu ga o K al in ga 61 61 12 3 92 92 18 4 69 69 13 9 10 4 10 4 20 8 To ta l 61 61 12 3 92 92 18 4 69 69 13 9 10 4 10 4 20 8 1 Ilo co s N or te 35 7 35 7 71 5 53 6 53 6 1, 07 2 40 5 40 5 81 0 60 7 60 7 1, 21 5 Ilo co s Su r 36 5 36 5 73 1 54 8 54 8 1, 09 6 41 4 41 4 82 8 62 1 62 1 1, 24 3 La U ni on 14 8 14 8 29 7 22 3 22 3 44 5 16 8 16 8 33 7 25 2 25 2 50 5 Pa ng as in an 1, 64 5 1, 64 5 3, 29 0 2, 46 8 2, 46 8 4, 93 5 1, 86 4 1, 86 4 3, 72 9 2, 79 6 2, 79 6 5, 59 3 To ta l 2, 51 6 2, 51 6 5, 03 3 3, 77 4 3, 77 4 7, 54 9 2, 85 2 2, 85 2 5, 70 3 4, 27 7 4, 27 7 8, 55 5 2 C ag ay an 1, 03 2 1, 03 2 2, 06 5 1, 54 8 1, 54 8 3, 09 7 1, 17 0 1, 17 0 2, 34 0 1, 75 5 1, 75 5 3, 51 0 Is ab el a 1, 55 8 1, 55 8 3, 11 6 2, 33 7 2, 33 7 4, 67 4 1, 76 5 1, 76 5 3, 53 1 2, 64 8 2, 64 8 5, 29 6 N ue va V iz ca ya Q ui rin o 74 74 14 9 11 1 11 1 22 3 84 84 16 8 12 6 12 6 25 3 To ta l 2, 66 4 2, 66 4 5, 32 9 3, 99 7 3, 99 7 7, 99 3 3, 01 9 3, 01 9 6, 03 9 4, 52 9 4, 52 9 9, 05 8 3 Au ro ra 27 9 27 9 55 8 41 9 41 9 83 7 31 6 31 6 63 3 47 4 47 4 94 9 B at aa n 17 9 17 9 35 8 26 9 26 9 53 8 20 3 20 3 40 6 30 5 30 5 60 9 B ul ac an 51 8 51 8 1, 03 5 77 6 77 6 1, 55 3 58 7 58 7 1, 17 3 88 0 88 0 1, 76 0 N ue va E ci ja 1, 29 1 1, 29 1 2, 58 3 1, 93 7 1, 93 7 3, 87 4 1, 46 3 1, 46 3 2, 92 7 2, 19 5 2, 19 5 4, 39 0 Pa m pa ng a 60 3 60 3 1, 20 6 90 5 90 5 1, 80 9 68 3 68 3 1, 36 7 1, 02 5 1, 02 5 2, 05 0 Ta rl ac 1, 09 3 1, 09 3 2, 18 5 1, 63 9 1, 63 9 3, 27 8 1, 23 8 1, 23 8 2, 47 6 1, 85 7 1, 85 7 3, 71 4 Za m ba le s 44 1 44 1 88 2 66 2 66 2 1, 32 3 50 0 50 0 1, 00 0 75 0 75 0 1, 50 0 To ta l 4, 40 4 4, 40 4 8, 80 8 6, 60 6 6, 60 6 13 ,2 12 4, 99 1 4, 99 1 9, 98 2 7, 48 6 7, 48 6 14 ,9 72 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 132The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 37 0 37 0 74 0 55 5 55 5 1, 11 0 41 9 41 9 83 9 62 9 62 9 1, 25 8 La gu na 38 1 38 1 76 1 57 1 57 1 1, 14 2 43 1 43 1 86 3 64 7 64 7 1, 29 4 Q ue zo n 1, 64 6 1, 64 6 3, 29 2 2, 46 9 2, 46 9 4, 93 8 1, 86 5 1, 86 5 3, 73 1 2, 79 8 2, 79 8 5, 59 6 To ta l 2, 39 7 2, 39 7 4, 79 4 3, 59 5 3, 59 5 7, 19 0 2, 71 6 2, 71 6 5, 43 2 4, 07 4 4, 07 4 8, 14 8 M IM AR O PA O cc id en ta l M in do ro 73 73 14 6 10 9 10 9 21 9 83 83 16 5 12 4 12 4 24 8 O rie nt al M in do ro Pa la w an 58 5 58 5 1, 16 9 87 7 87 7 1, 75 4 66 3 66 3 1, 32 5 99 4 99 4 1, 98 8 To ta l 65 8 65 8 1, 31 5 98 7 98 7 1, 97 3 74 5 74 5 1, 49 1 1, 11 8 1, 11 8 2, 23 6 5 Al ba y 19 4 19 4 38 8 29 1 29 1 58 1 22 0 22 0 43 9 32 9 32 9 65 9 C am ar in es S ur 79 1 79 1 1, 58 3 1, 18 7 1, 18 7 2, 37 4 89 7 89 7 1, 79 3 1, 34 5 1, 34 5 2, 69 0 M as ba te 1, 34 4 1, 34 4 2, 68 7 2, 01 6 2, 01 6 4, 03 1 1, 52 3 1, 52 3 3, 04 6 2, 28 4 2, 28 4 4, 56 8 So rs og on 33 5 33 5 67 1 50 3 50 3 1, 00 6 38 0 38 0 76 0 57 0 57 0 1, 14 1 To ta l 2, 66 4 2, 66 4 5, 32 9 3, 99 7 3, 99 7 7, 99 3 3, 01 9 3, 01 9 6, 03 9 4, 52 9 4, 52 9 9, 05 8 6 Ak la n 23 23 46 35 35 69 26 26 52 39 39 79 An tiq ue 5 5 10 7 7 15 6 6 11 8 8 17 C ap iz 37 5 37 5 75 1 56 3 56 3 1, 12 6 42 5 42 5 85 1 63 8 63 8 1, 27 6 Ilo ilo 71 9 71 9 1, 43 8 1, 07 9 1, 07 9 2, 15 7 81 5 81 5 1, 63 0 1, 22 2 1, 22 2 2, 44 4 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 1, 38 8 1, 38 8 2, 77 6 2, 08 2 2, 08 2 4, 16 5 1, 57 3 1, 57 3 3, 14 6 2, 36 0 2, 36 0 4, 71 9 To ta l 2, 51 1 2, 51 1 5, 02 1 3, 76 6 3, 76 6 7, 53 2 2, 84 5 2, 84 5 5, 69 0 4, 26 8 4, 26 8 8, 53 6 7 B oh ol 65 7 65 7 1, 31 4 98 6 98 6 1, 97 1 74 5 74 5 1, 48 9 1, 11 7 1, 11 7 2, 23 4 N eg ro s O rie nt al 38 5 38 5 76 9 57 7 57 7 1, 15 4 43 6 43 6 87 2 65 4 65 4 1, 30 8 To ta l 1, 04 2 1, 04 2 2, 08 4 1, 56 3 1, 56 3 3, 12 6 1, 18 1 1, 18 1 2, 36 1 1, 77 1 1, 77 1 3, 54 2 133 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 8 B ili ra n 16 16 31 23 23 47 18 18 35 26 26 53 N or th er n Le yt e 1, 28 0 1, 28 0 2, 56 1 1, 92 1 1, 92 1 3, 84 1 1, 45 1 1, 45 1 2, 90 2 2, 17 6 2, 17 6 4, 35 3 So ut he rn L ey te 55 55 10 9 82 82 16 4 62 62 12 4 93 93 18 6 Sa m ar W es te rn 54 4 54 4 1, 08 7 81 6 81 6 1, 63 1 61 6 61 6 1, 23 2 92 4 92 4 1, 84 8 To ta l 1, 89 4 1, 89 4 3, 78 8 2, 84 1 2, 84 1 5, 68 3 2, 14 7 2, 14 7 4, 29 3 3, 22 0 3, 22 0 6, 44 0 9 Za m bo an ga D el Su r 56 3 56 3 1, 12 5 84 4 84 4 1, 68 8 63 8 63 8 1, 27 5 95 6 95 6 1, 91 3 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 46 9 46 9 93 8 70 4 70 4 1, 40 7 53 2 53 2 1, 06 3 79 7 79 7 1, 59 5 To ta l 1, 03 2 1, 03 2 2, 06 3 1, 54 8 1, 54 8 3, 09 5 1, 16 9 1, 16 9 2, 33 8 1, 75 4 1, 75 4 3, 50 7 10 B uk id no n 96 8 96 8 1, 93 6 1, 45 2 1, 45 2 2, 90 4 1, 09 7 1, 09 7 2, 19 4 1, 64 5 1, 64 5 3, 29 0 La na o D el N or te 50 1 50 1 1, 00 2 75 1 75 1 1, 50 2 56 7 56 7 1, 13 5 85 1 85 1 1, 70 2 M is am is O cc id en ta l 36 3 36 3 72 5 54 4 54 4 1, 08 8 41 1 41 1 82 2 61 6 61 6 1, 23 3 M is am is O rie nt al 35 2 35 2 70 4 52 8 52 8 1, 05 6 39 9 39 9 79 8 59 9 59 9 1, 19 7 To ta l 2, 18 3 2, 18 3 4, 36 7 3, 27 5 3, 27 5 6, 55 0 2, 47 4 2, 47 4 4, 94 9 3, 71 1 3, 71 1 7, 42 3 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 40 7 40 7 81 4 61 0 61 0 1, 22 1 46 1 46 1 92 2 69 2 69 2 1, 38 3 D av ao D el N or te 72 1 72 1 1, 44 1 1, 08 1 1, 08 1 2, 16 2 81 7 81 7 1, 63 3 1, 22 5 1, 22 5 2, 45 0 D av ao D el S ur 60 2 60 2 1, 20 4 90 3 90 3 1, 80 6 68 2 68 2 1, 36 5 1, 02 3 1, 02 3 2, 04 7 D av ao O rie nt al 38 5 38 5 77 0 57 8 57 8 1, 15 6 43 6 43 6 87 3 65 5 65 5 1, 30 9 To ta l 2, 11 5 2, 11 5 4, 22 9 3, 17 2 3, 17 2 6, 34 4 2, 39 6 2, 39 6 4, 79 3 3, 59 5 3, 59 5 7, 18 9 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 134The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 12 N or th C ot ab at o 1, 16 7 1, 16 7 2, 33 4 1, 75 0 1, 75 0 3, 50 1 1, 32 2 1, 32 2 2, 64 5 1, 98 4 1, 98 4 3, 96 7 Sa ra ng an i So ut h C ot ab at o 68 9 68 9 1, 37 9 1, 03 4 1, 03 4 2, 06 8 78 1 78 1 1, 56 2 1, 17 2 1, 17 2 2, 34 3 Su lta n Ku da ra t 47 1 47 1 94 1 70 6 70 6 1, 41 2 53 3 53 3 1, 06 6 80 0 80 0 1, 60 0 To ta l 2, 32 7 2, 32 7 4, 65 4 3, 49 0 3, 49 0 6, 98 0 2, 63 7 2, 63 7 5, 27 4 3, 95 5 3, 95 5 7, 91 0 13 Ag us an D el N or te 33 5 33 5 67 1 50 3 50 3 1, 00 6 38 0 38 0 76 0 57 0 57 0 1, 14 0 Ag us an D el S ur 84 1 84 1 1, 68 1 1, 26 1 1, 26 1 2, 52 2 95 3 95 3 1, 90 5 1, 42 9 1, 42 9 2, 85 8 Su rig ao D el S ur 57 2 57 2 1, 14 3 85 8 85 8 1, 71 5 64 8 64 8 1, 29 6 97 2 97 2 1, 94 4 To ta l 1, 74 8 1, 74 8 3, 49 5 2, 62 2 2, 62 2 5, 24 3 1, 98 1 1, 98 1 3, 96 1 2, 97 1 2, 97 1 5, 94 2 AR M M La na o D el S ur 18 8 18 8 37 7 28 3 28 3 56 5 21 4 21 4 42 7 32 0 32 0 64 1 M ag ui nd an ao 1, 40 1 1, 40 1 2, 80 2 2, 10 2 2, 10 2 4, 20 4 1, 58 8 1, 58 8 3, 17 6 2, 38 2 2, 38 2 4, 76 4 To ta l 1, 59 0 1, 59 0 3, 17 9 2, 38 4 2, 38 4 4, 76 9 1, 80 1 1, 80 1 3, 60 3 2, 70 2 2, 70 2 5, 40 4 135 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 44 . A re a pe r Sy st em p er P ro vi nc e pe r Sc en ar io in th e Lo ng t er m B as ed o n G IS Ir ri ga bl e Ar ea R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 1 Ilo co s N or te 3, 04 0 63 5 3, 67 5 4, 55 9 95 3 5, 51 2 3, 82 6 38 8 4, 21 4 5, 73 9 58 2 6, 32 1 Ilo co s Su r 1, 43 3 30 0 1, 73 2 2, 14 9 44 9 2, 59 9 1, 80 4 18 3 1, 98 7 2, 70 6 27 4 2, 98 0 La U ni on 67 5 14 1 81 6 1, 01 2 21 2 1, 22 4 85 0 86 93 6 1, 27 4 12 9 1, 40 4 Pa ng as in an 5, 70 0 1, 19 1 6, 89 1 8, 55 0 1, 78 7 10 ,3 37 7, 17 5 72 8 7, 90 2 10 ,7 62 1, 09 1 11 ,8 53 To ta l 10 ,8 48 2, 26 7 13 ,1 15 16 ,2 71 3, 40 1 19 ,6 72 13 ,6 54 1, 38 5 15 ,0 38 20 ,4 81 2, 07 7 22 ,5 58 2 C ag ay an 7, 25 8 1, 51 7 8, 77 5 10 ,8 87 2, 27 6 13 ,1 63 9, 13 6 92 6 10 ,0 62 13 ,7 04 1, 39 0 15 ,0 94 Is ab el a 4, 76 4 99 6 5, 76 0 7, 14 6 1, 49 4 8, 64 0 5, 99 6 60 8 6, 60 5 8, 99 5 91 2 9, 90 7 To ta l 12 ,0 22 2, 51 3 14 ,5 35 18 ,0 33 3, 76 9 21 ,8 03 15 ,1 32 1, 53 5 16 ,6 67 22 ,6 99 2, 30 2 25 ,0 00 3 Au ro ra 87 18 10 5 13 1 27 15 8 11 0 11 12 1 16 5 17 18 1 B at aa n 72 2 15 1 87 3 1, 08 4 22 6 1, 31 0 90 9 92 1, 00 1 1, 36 4 13 8 1, 50 2 B ul ac an 82 1 17 2 99 3 1, 23 2 25 8 1, 49 0 1, 03 4 10 5 1, 13 9 1, 55 1 15 7 1, 70 8 N ue va E ci ja 91 4 19 1 1, 10 5 1, 37 1 28 7 1, 65 8 1, 15 1 11 7 1, 26 7 1, 72 6 17 5 1, 90 1 Pa m pa ng a 4, 79 4 1, 00 2 5, 79 6 7, 19 1 1, 50 3 8, 69 4 6, 03 4 61 2 6, 64 6 9, 05 1 91 8 9, 96 9 Ta rl ac 6, 15 7 1, 28 7 7, 44 4 9, 23 6 1, 93 1 11 ,1 66 7, 75 0 78 6 8, 53 6 11 ,6 25 1, 17 9 12 ,8 04 Za m ba le s 3, 35 1 70 0 4, 05 1 5, 02 6 1, 05 1 6, 07 6 4, 21 7 42 8 4, 64 5 6, 32 6 64 2 6, 96 8 To ta l 16 ,8 47 3, 52 1 20 ,3 68 25 ,2 70 5, 28 2 30 ,5 52 21 ,2 05 2, 15 0 23 ,3 55 31 ,8 08 3, 22 6 35 ,0 33 C AL AB AR ZO N C av ite 1, 72 3 36 0 2, 08 3 2, 58 5 54 0 3, 12 5 2, 16 9 22 0 2, 38 9 3, 25 3 33 0 3, 58 3 La gu na 69 4 14 5 83 9 1, 04 0 21 7 1, 25 8 87 3 89 96 2 1, 31 0 13 3 1, 44 2 Q ue zo n 1, 23 3 25 8 1, 49 1 1, 85 0 38 7 2, 23 7 1, 55 2 15 7 1, 71 0 2, 32 9 23 6 2, 56 5 To ta l 3, 65 0 76 3 4, 41 3 5, 47 5 1, 14 4 6, 61 9 4, 59 4 46 6 5, 06 0 6, 89 1 69 9 7, 59 0 M IM AR O PA Pa la w an 1, 32 9 27 8 1, 60 6 1, 99 3 41 7 2, 41 0 1, 67 2 17 0 1, 84 2 2, 50 9 25 4 2, 76 3 To ta l 1, 32 9 27 8 1, 60 6 1, 99 3 41 7 2, 41 0 1, 67 2 17 0 1, 84 2 2, 50 9 25 4 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 136The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 5 C am ar in es S ur 6, 29 7 1, 31 6 7, 61 3 9, 44 5 1, 97 4 11 ,4 20 7, 92 6 80 4 8, 73 0 11 ,8 89 1, 20 6 13 ,0 95 M as ba te 1, 21 5 25 4 1, 46 9 1, 82 3 38 1 2, 20 4 1, 52 9 15 5 1, 68 5 2, 29 4 23 3 2, 52 7 So rs og on 85 9 17 9 1, 03 8 1, 28 8 26 9 1, 55 7 1, 08 1 11 0 1, 19 1 1, 62 1 16 4 1, 78 6 To ta l 8, 37 1 1, 75 0 10 ,1 20 12 ,5 56 2, 62 5 15 ,1 81 10 ,5 36 1, 06 8 11 ,6 05 15 ,8 04 1, 60 3 17 ,4 07 6 C ap iz 1, 91 8 40 1 2, 31 9 2, 87 7 60 1 3, 47 8 2, 41 4 24 5 2, 65 9 3, 62 1 36 7 3, 98 8 Ilo ilo 3, 90 7 81 7 4, 72 3 5, 86 0 1, 22 5 7, 08 5 4, 91 7 49 9 5, 41 6 7, 37 6 74 8 8, 12 4 N eg ro s O cc id en ta l 1, 36 0 28 4 1, 64 4 2, 04 0 42 6 2, 46 7 1, 71 2 17 4 1, 88 6 2, 56 8 26 0 2, 82 8 To ta l 7, 18 4 1, 50 2 8, 68 6 10 ,7 77 2, 25 3 13 ,0 29 9, 04 3 91 7 9, 96 0 13 ,5 64 1, 37 6 14 ,9 40 7 B oh ol 1, 46 1 30 5 1, 76 7 2, 19 2 45 8 2, 65 0 1, 83 9 18 7 2, 02 6 2, 75 9 28 0 3, 03 8 N eg ro s O rie nt al 90 9 19 0 1, 09 9 1, 36 3 28 5 1, 64 8 1, 14 4 11 6 1, 26 0 1, 71 6 17 4 1, 89 0 To ta l 2, 37 0 49 5 2, 86 5 3, 55 5 74 3 4, 29 8 2, 98 3 30 2 3, 28 5 4, 47 4 45 4 4, 92 8 8 N or th er n Le yt e 3, 11 7 65 1 3, 76 8 4, 67 5 97 7 5, 65 2 3, 92 3 39 8 4, 32 1 5, 88 5 59 7 6, 48 2 So ut he rn L ey te 64 2 13 4 77 7 96 3 20 1 1, 16 5 80 8 82 89 0 1, 21 3 12 3 1, 33 6 Sa m ar W es te rn 1, 29 2 27 0 1, 56 3 1, 93 9 40 5 2, 34 4 1, 62 7 16 5 1, 79 2 2, 44 0 24 7 2, 68 8 To ta l 5, 05 2 1, 05 6 6, 10 7 7, 57 7 1, 58 4 9, 16 1 6, 35 8 64 5 7, 00 3 9, 53 8 96 7 10 ,5 05 9 Za m bo an ga D el Su r 1, 61 9 33 8 1, 95 8 2, 42 9 50 8 2, 93 7 2, 03 8 20 7 2, 24 5 3, 05 7 31 0 3, 36 8 Za m bo an ga Si bu ga y 57 7 12 1 69 8 86 6 18 1 1, 04 7 72 7 74 80 0 1, 09 0 11 1 1, 20 0 To ta l 2, 19 7 45 9 2, 65 6 3, 29 5 68 9 3, 98 4 2, 76 5 28 0 3, 04 5 4, 14 7 42 1 4, 56 8 137 CHAPTER 4 R eg io n P ro vi nc e B as el in e (h a) Sc en ar io 1 (h a) N IS CI S N IS CI S N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t N ew R es To t 10 B uk id no n 2, 74 1 57 3 3, 31 4 4, 11 2 85 9 4, 97 1 3, 45 0 35 0 3, 80 0 5, 17 6 52 5 5, 70 0 La na o D el N or te 1, 68 7 35 3 2, 03 9 2, 53 0 52 9 3, 05 9 2, 12 3 21 5 2, 33 9 3, 18 5 32 3 3, 50 8 M is am is O cc i de nt al 94 9 19 8 1, 14 8 1, 42 4 29 8 1, 72 1 1, 19 5 12 1 1, 31 6 1, 79 2 18 2 1, 97 4 M is am is O rie nt al 1, 11 3 23 3 1, 34 5 1, 66 9 34 9 2, 01 8 1, 40 1 14 2 1, 54 3 2, 10 1 21 3 2, 31 4 To ta l 6, 49 0 1, 35 7 7, 84 7 9, 73 5 2, 03 5 11 ,7 70 8, 16 9 82 8 8, 99 8 12 ,2 54 1, 24 3 13 ,4 96 11 C om po st el a Va lle y 94 2 19 7 1, 13 9 1, 41 3 29 5 1, 70 9 1, 18 6 12 0 1, 30 6 1, 77 9 18 0 1, 95 9 D av ao D el N or te 1, 45 3 30 4 1, 75 7 2, 18 0 45 6 2, 63 5 1, 82 9 18 5 2, 01 5 2, 74 4 27 8 3, 02 2 D av ao D el S ur 78 0 16 3 94 3 1, 17 0 24 5 1, 41 4 98 2 10 0 1, 08 1 1, 47 3 14 9 1, 62 2 D av ao O rie nt al 1, 21 3 25 3 1, 46 6 1, 81 9 38 0 2, 19 9 1, 52 6 15 5 1, 68 1 2, 28 9 23 2 2, 52 2 To ta l 4, 38 8 91 7 5, 30 5 6, 58 2 1, 37 6 7, 95 8 5, 52 3 56 0 6, 08 3 8, 28 5 84 0 9, 12 5 12 N or th C ot ab at o 1, 05 6 22 1 1, 27 7 1, 58 4 33 1 1, 91 5 1, 32 9 13 5 1, 46 4 1, 99 4 20 2 2, 19 6 So ut h C ot ab at o 62 1 13 0 75 1 93 2 19 5 1, 12 6 78 2 79 86 1 1, 17 3 11 9 1, 29 2 Su lta n Ku da ra t 1, 78 4 37 3 2, 15 7 2, 67 6 55 9 3, 23 5 2, 24 5 22 8 2, 47 3 3, 36 8 34 2 3, 71 0 To ta l 3, 46 1 72 3 4, 18 4 5, 19 1 1, 08 5 6, 27 6 4, 35 6 44 2 4, 79 8 6, 53 4 66 3 7, 19 7 13 Ag us an D el N or te 1, 24 0 25 9 1, 50 0 1, 86 0 38 9 2, 24 9 1, 56 1 15 8 1, 72 0 2, 34 2 23 7 2, 57 9 Ag us an D el S ur 3, 03 1 63 4 3, 66 5 4, 54 6 95 0 5, 49 7 3, 81 5 38 7 4, 20 2 5, 72 3 58 0 6, 30 3 Su rig ao D el S ur 2, 55 6 53 4 3, 09 1 3, 83 4 80 1 4, 63 6 3, 21 8 32 6 3, 54 4 4, 82 6 48 9 5, 31 6 To ta l 6, 82 8 1, 42 7 8, 25 5 10 ,2 41 2, 14 1 12 ,3 82 8, 59 4 87 1 9, 46 5 12 ,8 91 1, 30 7 14 ,1 98 AR M M La na o D el S ur 3, 15 1 65 9 3, 81 0 4, 72 6 98 8 5, 71 4 3, 96 6 40 2 4, 36 8 5, 94 9 60 3 6, 55 2 M ag ui nd an ao 2, 64 7 55 3 3, 20 0 3, 97 0 83 0 4, 80 0 3, 33 1 33 8 3, 66 9 4, 99 7 50 7 5, 50 4 To ta l 5, 79 7 1, 21 2 7, 00 9 8, 69 6 1, 81 8 10 ,5 14 7, 29 7 74 0 8, 03 7 10 ,9 46 1, 11 0 12 ,0 56 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 138The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 For visual appreciation of the geospatial concentration of the PIP projects in the country, heat maps of all PIP projects, priority provinces, and all priority projects are presented in Figures 4.17 to 4.19. Figure 4.17. Heat Map of PIP Projects 139 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.18. Map of 57 Priority Provinces The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 140The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.19. Map of All Priority Projects The corresponding budgetary requirements for all irrigation projects are presented in Section 4.15. The timeline of irrigation investment program for both prioritized PIP and non-PIP projects is shown in Table 4.45. 141 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4. 45 . G an tt C ha rt fo r Ir ri ga ti on In ve st m en t ( 20 20 to 2 03 0) Pe ri od P ro je ct 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Sh or t t er m P ub lic In ve st m en t P ro je ct s (P IP ) N on P IP In ve st m en t A ct iv iti es M ed iu m te rm P ub lic In ve st m en t P ro je ct s (P IP ) N on P IP In ve st m en t A ct iv iti es Lo ng te rm P ub lic In ve st m en t P ro je ct s (P IP ) N on P IP In ve st m en t A ct iv iti es The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 142The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.9. Maintenance Enhancement and Operation Plan of Irrigation Systems In this master plan, two approaches are considered in maintenance enhancement and operation plan of irrigation systems. The first approach is the combined approach using farmland GIS, asset management and WDD, while the second approach is by using design logic framework and FAO-based MASSCOTTE approach. 4.9.1. Maintenance Enhancement and Operation Plan Using Farmland GIS, Asset Management, and Water Distribution and Delivery Approach To address the O&M issues in national irrigation systems, a 4-year project was implemented from 2013-2017 through the NIA-JICA TCP3 to adopt improved O&M system in national irrigation systems (NIA 2017a). These involved reviewing existing O&M management methods, practices and monitoring systems, and proposing methods and strategic plans for improved O&M system. During the baseline survey in the project, some of the common issues found were: 1) outdated basic information of farmers and farmlands, 2) many discrepancies of data between NIA database and actual farm, 3) many lost data due to flood, fire and other reasons, 4) unrepaired damages of irrigation facilities, 5) existing of illegal turnouts, 6) inequitable water distribution and lower areas were not getting water, and 7) several canals were not constructed according to its design. From this baseline survey, three main activities were implemented by the TCP3 in selected pilot sites such as 1) farmland GIS, 2) asset management, and 3) WDD. These activities can be adopted in other national irrigation systems in the country. Farmland GIS The establishment of FGIS in each NIS is useful to minimize data accuracy issues and therefore improve the actual distribution of water, farming plan and others. In developing the FGIS, parcellary map preparation, data validation and geotagging of irrigation facilities are critical steps. Accurate and precise parcellary maps can be prepared with the aid of modern technologies for accurate mapping such as use of satellite images or images captured by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) such as drones. Data validation is an integral part of parcellary mapping to ensure that the delineation and information attached to the parcel are correct and current. Data validation will be based on the following criteria (NIA 2017a): • Data accuracy (how the data were created based on the satellite or drone images) • Data precision (if the data created is based on the required specification) • Data completeness (if farmland boundaries are completely created based on the satellite/drone images as well as the attributes that goes with it as required) • Attribute verification (database structure, domain values and field population) • Topological errors (dangles, switchbacks, knots, loops, overshoots, undershoots and silver) The current customized FGIS software was developed by Pasco Philippine Consultant through the TCP3, which comprised a database module to manage records and generates reports for each system, and a mapping management module that allows the users to interact with map like viewing of information 143 CHAPTER 4 and the creation of different thematic layers for analysis. In each module, farm administration system (FAS), AMS and WDD, and other essential data of NIS were incorporated. The FAS is the system responsible for managing information of farmland (i.e., parcel, landowner, farmer, etc.), while Asset Management System (AMS) is responsible for managing assets of irrigation facilities. The WDD is responsible for the water scheduling and monitoring. To ensure that data are available only to authorized uses, a user management faction was also created. The user management is responsible for adding users of the system, for controlling the access level and user’s right to the data. Asset Management Asset management is a management method that considers financial, economic, social, and engineering condition to maintain the function of irrigation system in the most cost-effective manner. The concept of maintenance management is shown in Figure 4.20. It is important to develop a long-term maintenance plan and carry out countermeasure work after investigation and analysis of the problems and degradation situation of irrigation facilities by daily inspection and period survey. This preventive maintenance method can reduce the maintenance and life cycle cost of the facilities. Compared with breakdown maintenance method, the risks such as suspension of water supply or damage to a third property (secondary disaster) caused by sudden and unexpected accidents are low. To prepare a maintenance plan of the system, the concept of asset management in the conduct of survey and assessment of the system is needed. The first process of asset management is the preparation process, where gathering of data, survey and assessment of irrigation facilities for a given system are undertaken. The next process is the maintenance plan, including the formulation of the countermeasures. Figure 4.20. Concept of Maintenance Management Source: NIA, 2017a The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 144The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Assessment Survey During the assessment survey of the irrigation facilities, the use of all technical data and information available are a necessity. These technical data include the latest layout map and irrigation network diagram indicating canal systems, canal structures, drainage systems and protection works, design drawings (built plans), and data on latest repair and rehabilitation work. The O&M data include the history of the diversion dam and the water source, and past repair and restoration works. Likewise, O&M data available on mechanical equipment are also needed. The survey of irrigation facilities can be done using inspection tools (i.e., steel tape for taking dimensions of structures, caliper or ruler for measuring widths of gaps and cracks, ball peen hammer for determining cavities in concrete works particularly behind lining walls, rebound hammer for testing compressive strength of concrete, laser distance meter for taking distance measurement, and camera with GPS for taking pictures) and ocular or visual inspections on any defects and malfunctions of the structures. The dam features including the dam main body, sluiceway, intake, upstream and downstream protection works, dikes and gates shall be checked against the as built plan. In particular, more attention will be given to the following especially for diversion dams: sedimentation in the upstream of the dam, abrasion, cracks, separation and breakdown of concrete on the piers and retaining walls, compressive strength of concrete of pier and retaining walls, scouring and degradation of the river bed just after the downstream apron, guide banks erosion, conditions of various gates, conditions of gate’s lifting mechanism and overall condition of the dam’s mechanical system. For the irrigation canals, the inventory survey should include the following: sedimentation along the canal, abrasion and cracks of concrete lining, erosion and scouring of canal and canal embankment, cracks and abrasions on canal structures such as head gate, conditions of steel gates and other mechanism, and complete inventory of canal structures to include illegal turnouts along the main and lateral canal. For the pump system, motor or engines, an inventory checked on specifications of motors and pumps, rated versus actual performance on power and discharge, the condition of the pump and engine foundation, electrical wiring, and condition of the pump house should be taken. For the pump system, particular attention shall be given to the following: condition of the pump sets and the ancillary facilities, erosion/scouring and sedimentation at the intake channel and pump sump, condition of trash racks and other protection works, sedimentation of regulating pond, condition of the spillways, and floating debris at intake channel and other ancillary facilities. For the survey and assessment, check lists for each facility should be used (example check lists can be found in NIA, 2017a), and should attain the objective assessment of the current degradation level of each facility. The assessment information obtained by survey is fundamental to preparation for a long-term maintenance plan. Development of Maintenance Plan The outputs of the field assessment survey shall be organized, tabulated, and categorized based on the importance of facilities, and soundness or stability of structure and its functional performance. 145 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.46 presents the criterion of ranking according to the importance of facilities. The irrigation facility that is most crucial or important for the system or with a very high risk of secondary disasters due to facility damage should be prioritized for repair or replacement. For example, reservoir dam, diversion dam, head gate of main canal, and main canal traversing residential areas or highways should be recommended to be ranked “A”. As the importance of influence of the irrigation facility in the system decreases, the ranking also decreases. However, the facility manager can also decide the rank considering the situation in the area. Facility assessment survey is an important process to understand the current situation of irrigation facilities, and to obtain basic information for maintenance planning. Table 4.47 shows the classification of soundness of facility into five stages, and the appropriate technical countermeasure according to each stage. Based on the results of the facility survey and assessment, maintenance plan for each facility should indicate if countermeasure is necessary, and appropriate methods of the countermeasure and implementation schedule should be decided. The priority of countermeasure work will be decided based on Table 4.48. The facility with degradation level of stage 5 or stage 3-4, with importance rank of A, will be the top priority. These facilities should, therefore, be repaired or replaced immediately. Table 4.46. Criterion of Ranking According to Importance of Facilities Rank Description A The irrigation facility that is one of the most important part for the system. If the facility is damaged, it affects the entire sys tem. Or, the irrigation facility with a very high risk of secondary disasters due to facility damage. Preferential countermeasures are necessary. B The irrigation facility that is the important part of the system. If the facility is damaged, it affects the other part of the system. Or, the irrigation facility with a high risk of secondary disasters due to facility damage C The importance of facilities and the influence on the facilities are lower than those of Rank A and B. The risk of secondary disaster is low Source: NIA, 2017a The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 146The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.47. Classification of Soundness of Facility Stage Definition of Condition Countermeasure 1 Almost no problem observed Retain 2 Slight problem observed Retain 3 Severe problems observed Repair 4 Striking problems that may affect the structural safety of the facility observed Repair (reinforce) 5 Striking problems that the structural safety if the facility observed. There is a high risk that the facility will lose its function or cause damage on a third party. Does not meet the desired dimensions and functional ity to serve the command area as per design Replace Modify Source: NIA, 2017a Table 4.48. Priority of Countermeasure Work Priority Degradation Level Importance Rank 1 (Immediately) Stage 5 All rank Stage 3-4 Rank A 2 Stage 3-4 Rank B 3 Stage 3-4 Rank C Source: NIA, 2017a Water Distribution and Delivery In order to optimize the use of limited irrigation especially during dry seasons, an effective WDD plan is needed. The WDD plan provides guidance for proper and adequate diversion, delivery and distribution of irrigation water from the source (i.e., main canal head gate) to the lowest control points (i.e., turnout gates) to achieve timely and adequate irrigation applications at irrigation area (NIA, 2017a). The overall canal network make-up, cropping and farming schedules, and institutional arrangements, usually are the bases on how the irrigation shall be planned and managed in the system. With farmers’ consent, the WDD plan regulates the schedule for each turnout based on accurate data. Proper monitoring of the implementation of WDD plan should be undertaken. WDD Scheme in National Irrigation Systems The most common scheme of irrigation delivery and distribution is by starting upstream then midstream, and downstream. This means that farmers near the source irrigates first, and areas at the downstream irrigate last. Management of irrigation water delivery and distribution in an irrigation system is jointly undertaken by the field staff of the agency’s Irrigation Systems Office (ISO) and the officers of the IA. The direct participation of IAs in the management 147 CHAPTER 4 of the irrigation systems is in accordance with the IMT program of NIA. Generally, ISO manages the main facilities and structures and control structures at secondary canals. In case of medium to large NIS, the Federation manages the secondary facilities and control structures at lower levels (sub-lateral, sub-sub-laterals and turnout gates) for medium to large NIS, while the IAs manages these facilities for medium to small NIS. Farming Information Cropping pattern, cropping calendar, and planting pattern provides key data and information in determining the way WDD will be initiated at the irrigation, how the service area will be planted, and how irrigation within the irrigated area are undertaken periodically until the completion of the irrigation period. Cropping pattern refers to an orderly sequence and a logical combination of planting crops in a contiguous irrigated area during a 365-day calendar year of crop farming (wet season–dry season sequence). The cropping schemes can be the following: 1) one crop follows immediately after the preceding crop has been harvested, and so on; 2) two or more crops are simultaneously grown in the contiguous area during a particular season of the year. The first scheme is also referred as crop sequence, while the second scheme as crop combination. For instance, the cropping sequence and combination can be rice-rice, rice-diversified crops (non-rice crops such as vegetables, corn and/or mungbean), and rice-rice/diversified crops-diversified crops, etc. Cropping calendar refers to the period of planting and irrigation (including land preparation, expected terminal irrigation and harvest of crop) in the whole irrigation service area in a crop year cycle. It provides the basis for the start and end of irrigation diversion from the source. WDD Technical Guidelines The WDD plan should be created and implemented based on the capability of the system, required water and beneficiary impartiality. Thus, the preparation of a detailed WDD plan that considers technical information (capability of the system and amount of water required) would result in effective delivery and distribution of the irrigation water in the service area. This WDD plan is based on the water balance analysis as described in the technical guidelines of WDD activity found in WDD manual (NIA, 2017b). The design of an irrigation system is based on the water requirement of the service area, and the system should be able to supply the required irrigation for different stages (e.g., land soaking, land preparation, transplanting and crop maintenance). To calculate the water requirement needed to be supplied by the irrigation system by using water balance analysis, collecting key information such as climatological (i.e., rainfall, evaporation and evapotranspiration), hydrological (i.e., river flow discharge), water management parameters (i.e., seepage, percolation losses, farm waste and farm ditch losses in each irrigation units), and farming information (i.e., crop variety used, total area planted) is necessary. Actual discharge at diversion works should also be determined using acceptable flow measurement methods. Rating curves (head – discharge or H-Q curve) should also be established at the diversion points to facilitate discharge determination during operation. Management Cycle of WDD Figure 4.21 shows the management cycle of WDD adopted by NIA under TCP3. WDD plan should be compatible with the design capacity, and therefore it is important that the design of the irrigation system is well understood. In the planning stage, the required amount per hectare for each cropping stage must be determined The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 148The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 using acceptable methodologies and considerations to attain equitable and fair allocation of water to beneficiaries. Before the implementation, WDD schedules must be cascaded properly to the people (i.e., gate keepers) who will be involved in the water diversion, delivery and distribution of irrigation to the end-users. Once implemented, gate keepers should operate the system in accordance with the plan and monitor the actual situation of operation and farming activity. WDD plans need to be revised if problems happen or there are some deviations between the plan and actual condition during WDD implementation. At the end of the irrigation season, the WDD plan will be evaluated to determine the problems encountered with the plan vis-à-vis operation and farming. This will provide input in the improvement of the WDD plan of the next cropping season (NIA, 2017b). Figure 4.21. Management Cycle of WDD Source: NIA, 2017a Capacity Building of NIA Staff Regular training programs (i.e., FGIS, asset management, WDD) should be provided to NIA staff involved in the O&M activities of the irrigations systems. These will help them develop and strengthen their skills to carry out O&M activities specific for their respective systems. 4.9.2. Modernizing National Irrigation Systems Using Design Logic Framework and MASSCOTE Approach The general methodology for the development of a modernization plan includes (a) diagnostic assessment of the irrigation system design and performance; (b) revalidation of design assumptions; (c) characterization of system management, services and demand to identify modernization potentials; and (d) formulation and identification of options and visions for the development of system modernization plan. A preliminary analysis, which is deemed relevant before the conduct of the general methodology, involves the cross examination of all the previous rehabilitation and improvement efforts in the system, including the nature and impacts of such, carried out to attain specific performance targets. Such analysis would give light as to which measures had been non-effective and those that have potentials for improving the irrigation system. For the diagnostic assessment, it comprises of two parts: 149 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.22. Framework for Determining Season of An Irrigation System Source: Ankum, 2001 (adopted from Delos Reyes, 2017) 1. Critical analysis of the logical coherence of philosophy, system’s overall and operational objectives and designs of physical structures using the design logic framework by Ankum (2001) cited by Delos Reyes (2017); and 2. Site investigation of current irrigation system condition using the initial three steps of MASSCOTE: a. Rapid Appraisal Procedure (RAP) b. Capacity and Sensitivity Assessment c. Perturbation Analysis First is the identification, distinction, and consistency examination of the overall objectives as well as the operational objectives of the system. Overall system objectives include concepts of (1) protective or “supply-based” irrigation and productive or “demand-based” irrigation; (2) equitable supply and flexible supply; (3) design irrigation season (e.g., wet, dry); etc. Figures 4.22 and 4.23 present frameworks for determining the system’s overall objectives while Figure 4.24 shows the framework for the three parameters that define the operational objectives. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 150The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.23. Framework for Equitable and Flexible Supply and Decision-making Procedure of an Irrigation System Source: Ankum, 2001 (adopted from Delos Reyes, 2017) Figure 4.24. Relation Between Parameters of Operational Objectives and Logical Choices for Flow Control Methods Source: Ankum, 2001 (adopted from Delos Reyes, 2017) 151 CHAPTER 4 Second is the application of the MASSCOTE approach. which was developed by FAO for crafting modernization plans of irrigation systems whose underperformance mainly rooted from canal operation issues. MASCOTTE has been used in developing modernization plans for implementation as part of investment projects and programs in many countries (i.e. WB and ADB funded projects in China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam), capacity development and as research tool. The overall MASSCOTE framework is presented in Figure 4.25. Figure 4.25. The MASSCOTE framework Source: Renault et al., 2007 The RAP, which is the first step in MASSCOTE approach, is a system diagnosis and performance assessment tool that uses external and internal indicators to be assessed quantitatively for the initial evaluation of irrigation systems. External indicators examine concepts related to the water balance while internal indicators evaluate all the hardware and processes used within the system. The RAP would then be a set of questions in Excel format concerning all the indicators. Data input to the calculation of RAP indicators can be obtained through existing data such as system documents and weather agency datasets, KII of system personnel and through site investigation and ground truthing. The conceptual framework and indicators of RAP are presented in Figure 4.26 and Table 4.49, respectively. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 152The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.26. Conceptual Framework of the RAP Source: Renault et al., 2007 (adopted from Delos Reyes, 2017) 153 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.49. External and Internal Indicators Computed by RAP External Indicators: • Total annual volume of irrigation water available at the user level • Total annual volume of irrigation supply into the three-dimensional boundaries of the command area • Total annual volume of irrigation water managed by authorities • Total annual volume of water supply • Total annual volume of irrigation water delivered to users by project authorities • Total annual volume of groundwater pumped within/to the command area • Total annual volume of evapotranspiration (ET c ) in irrigated fields • Peak net irrigation water ET c requirements • Annual relative irrigation supply • Annual relative water supply • Command area irrigation efficiency • Water delivery capacity Sample Internal Indicator: Actual water delivery to individual units (e.g. farm) Sub-indicator Ranking criteria Weight 1. Measurement of volumes to the individual units (0 – 4) 4 – Excellent measurement and control devices, properly operated and recorded 1 3 – Reasonable measurement and control devices, aver age operation 2 – Useful but poor measurement of volumes and flow rates 1 – Reasonable measurement of flow rates, but not of volumes 0 – No measurement of volumes or flow 2. Flexibility to the individual units (0 – 4) 4 – Unlimited frequency, rate and duration, but arranged by users within a few days 2 3 – Fixed frequency, rate or duration, but arranged 2 – Dictated rotation, but it approximately matches the crop needs 1 – Rotation deliveries, but on somewhat uncertain schedule 0 – No established rules 3. Reliability to the individual units (0 – 4) 4 – Water always arrives with the frequency, rate and duration promised. Volume is known 4 3 – Very reliable in rate and duration, but occasionally there are a few days of delay. Volume is known 2 – Water arrives about when it is needed and in the cor rect amounts. Volume is known 1 – Volume is unknown, and deliveries are fairly unreli able, but less than 50% of the time 0 – Unreliable frequency, rate, duration, more than 50% of the time, and volume delivered is unknown The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 154The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 For the assessment of system capacity and functionality, a comparative analysis of the design, actual, and required capacities of irrigation system structures is performed. Design capacity is based on the specifications and configurations in the system documents. Actual capacity can be obtained through direct estimation techniques at site level while required capacity is estimated based on present service area and actual demand at farm level obtained through consultation of system management and farmer beneficiaries. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the sensitivity of irrigation structures in response to the water distribution schemes being practiced in the system. The analysis is done at three levels: (a) on each main flow control structure (e.g. offtake, water level regulator) taken in isolation; (b) at key diversion and division points; and (c) along canal pathways, using discharge and water level records and on site measurements. In the perturbation analysis, main canal discharge and water levels are examined of occurring perturbations identified in aspects of origin, cause, magnitude and timing and frequency. This is done to assess the response action along main canals, if they are self-reacting or specific adjustments must be made to maintain the water level and discharge at the target range. Next is the revalidation of design assumptions which involves comparison of measured percolation and farm ditch losses to the reference percolation values from design textbooks and manuals, estimation of crop water requirements and irrigation requirements based on measured percolation rates, and assessment of the reliability of the available water supply estimates. Percolation rates can be estimated using direct measurement methods such as the standard 3-cylinder method while conveyance losses can be estimated using seepage meters, inflow outflow tests, ponding tests and through other indirect methods and empirical approaches. Methods of estimation of available water supply being practiced in the system must also be investigated as well as other accepted technical estimation techniques of dependable water supply in relation to the programmed area or projected area for irrigation and actual area served by the system in the identified irrigation seasons. Sub-indicator Ranking criteria Weight 4. Apparent equi ty to individual units (0 – 4) 4 – All fields throughout the project and within tertiary units receive the same type of water delivery service 4 3 – Areas of the project receive the same amounts of water, but within an area the service is somewhat inequitable 2 – Areas of the project receive somewhat different amounts (unintentionally), but within an area it is equitable 1 – There are medium inequities both bet. areas and within areas 0 – There are differences of more than 50% throughout the project on a fairly widespread basis Source: Burt and Styles, 2004 (adopted from Delos Reyes, 2017) 155 CHAPTER 4 Phase 1 – Mapping the Baseline Information • Performance. Initial rapid system diagnosis and performance assessment through RAP, with three objectives: determine key indicators of the system to identify and prioritize modernization improvements; mobilize the energy of system managers and water users for modernization; and generate baseline assessment, against which progress can be measured. • Capacity of the Sensitivity of the system. Assessment of physical capacity of irrigation structures in performing the basic functions (conveyance, water level control, flow measurement, diversion, distribution, storage, safety, etc.) and their sensitivities at key locations. • Perturbations. Analysis of the causes, magnitudes and frequency of perturbations to identify management or coping options. • Water network and water balance. Assessment of the hierarchical structure and main features of the irrigation and drainage networks, natural surface streams, groundwater and drainage system to know where and where all the inflow points to and outflow points from the service area occurs in terms of flow rates, volume and timing. • Cost of O&M. Disaggregation of cost associated with current operational techniques and cost analysis of options for various levels of services with current and with improved techniques. Phase 2 – Mapping a Vision of Service oriented Management (SOM) and Modernization of Canal Operation • Service to the users. Assessment and cost analysis of the potential range of services to be provided to users as an initial step for crafting a preliminary vision of the irrigation scheme. • Management units. A subunit approach; partitioning of service area into manageable units on the basis on participatory management, spatial variations and requirements for water services, conjunctive water management, drainage conditions, among others. • Demand for operation. Assessment of the resources, opportunities and demand for canal operation; the higher the sensitivity, perturbations, and service demanded, the higher the demand for canal operation. • Options for canal operation improvement. Identification of cost-effective options (service and economic feasibility) for improvements of each management unit for water management, water control and canal operation. • Integration of SOM options. Improvement options for the subunits are finalized together with associated costs for every option, aggregated for the entire command area and checked for consistency within finalized improvement options at the main system level, A strategy for modernization is laid out with proposed achievements/ improvements. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 156The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 • A consolidated vision and a plan for modernization and M&E. Consolidation of the vision for the irrigation scheme; finalizing a modernization strategy and progressive capacity development; selecting/choosing/deciding/phasing the options for improvements with the users; and developing M&E system. Third, is the characterization of the system management, services and demand to identify modernization potentials which involves analysis of water networks, O&M, management unit and water distribution and irrigation service and demand using appropriate methods and techniques such as RAP and MASSCOTE. Water networks and flow paths composite maps can be generated using GIS. Management and O&M cost from financial statements of water users’ associations and NIA can be investigated in relation to the country average and standard values adopted by NIA for planning. The quality of irrigation service can be assessed in aspects of adequacy, reliability, equity, flexibility, and measurements of water delivery. For ease of analysis, partitioning the service area into doable units, e.g. turnout service area (TSA) may be done. The adequacy, reliability, and flexibility can be assessed through system walkthroughs and KIIs of system personnel and TSA leaders. On the other hand, RAP can be applied to the assessment of equity in focus of the sufficiency of irrigation supply to the TSAs compared to the most upstream service areas. The result of the RAP method gives a sense of the spatial distribution of quality of irrigation service within the service area boundary. For the demand of canal operation, the MASSCOTE approach can be applied, constituting parameters for the three proposed factors – sensitivity, perturbations, and service demanded. Sample parameters are flow records and flow measurements, and level of crop risk or vulnerability due to water scarcity, absence of supplemental water and flood occurrence, respectively. In absence and infeasibility of parameters, indicators for the factors may be used. In the formulation of modernization strategy, the visions and perceptions of system officials, farmers and all concerned stakeholders in view of the future of the irrigation system are critical in setting the targets and direction for the modernization. Consequently, these would serve as basis for possible options of modernization and enhancement. The options and visions for irrigation system modernization plan can be determined through consultative meeting with the system officials and farmers, in consideration of the constraints and potential improvements of the system as well as the willingness of farmers and contributions they may offer for a modernization program. The outlines of a modernization plan are drafted based on the results and findings of preliminary studies, diagnostic assessment and characterization of the system as discussed. Furthermore, a modernization strategy is formulated using the mentioned analytical tools and procedures giving utmost importance to the coherent link of philosophy, system design, operation, maintenance, and available water supply to improve the current irrigation water service and delivery of the system. 157 CHAPTER 4 4.10. Water-use Efficient and Water Saving Technologies In this Master Plan, a range of options is available to help farmers cope with the different degrees and forms of water scarcity. These options can be physical or procedural interventions, as shown in Figure 4.27. Physical interventions include the use of STW (including SPIS), TWS, and drainage reuse system (DRS). Procedural interventions, which aim at increasing crop water productivity (amount of grain produced per amount of irrigation supplied), include water-saving practices such as AWD, aerobic rice, crop diversification, use of short duration and drought resistant varieties, among others. Usually, procedural interventions that respond to water scarcity are called “water savings,” which imply a reduced use of water. There are three types/reasons as to why water savings exist: 1) reducing water used for irrigation so that it can be used for another purpose; 2) reducing the use of irrigation water because there is less of it, and thus needs to be conserved; and 3) reducing the use of irrigation water to lower the costs. The first type of water saving is usually not a response to absolute shortage of water but a desire to use the available water not for irrigation, but for other purposes such as domestic or industrial. Increasing competition for water between sectors of society is the driving force behind such savings in agricultural water use. What is happening in Angat reservoir in Bulacan is a case in point: during water scarcity situation, the release of water in this reservoir for agriculture is reduced (if not suspended) and redirected to Metro Manila for domestic use. The second type of water saving is induced by actual and physical water scarcity. An example of this situation for farmers is the “enforced water shortage” practice in some NIS in the Philippines such as Bohol Integrated Irrigation Systems (BIIS) (Lampayan et al., 2015). However, an absolute water shortage can also be induced by natural causes, such as seasonal rains that fail to fill up reservoirs or dams, making water insufficient to keep all rice fields flooded throughout the year. The third type is applicable when farmers pay a high cost for water and reduce their water use to increase their profits. There might be plenty of water, but it is relatively expensive (“economic water scarcity”). An example of this is when farmers pump their own water, either individually or collectively. They pay a relatively high price for their water when the pumping is from deep aquifers and/or when the price for electricity and fuel is high. In this case, water savings by farmers are voluntary and deliberate choice of their own. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 158The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.27. Framework for Water Scarcity Response Options 4.10.1. Physical Interventions Shallow Tube Wells Over the past years, STW systems have been widely used by farmers in irrigated and rainfed lowland rice areas as water augmentation intervention during water crises. STWs lift shallow groundwater or surface water and divert it to irrigation canals or distribute the water directly to rice fields. The design of a tube well should involve the framing up of design philosophy, formulation of sound design criteria and specifications of the various components of the system. A good well design is aimed at efficient utilization of the aquifer resources and long economic life, low initial cost and low maintenance and operation costs of the STW irrigation system. Design criteria are parameters on which the specifications of the irrigation systems are based. They are determined usually from hydrologic, geologic, agronomic, climatological and socio-economic characteristics of the project area. Examples include well depth, diameter, length and nature of well perforations, crop water requirement, one in-five-years low piezometric or water table level, aquifer transmissivity or hydraulic conductivity, sustained discharge of aquifer, and water use efficiencies. The procedures in STW design, installation and development within the limits of the capability of a suction lift pump can be found in the published report on Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) on Groundwater Irrigation Shallow Tube Well (PAES, 2016). Solar Power Irrigation System Instead of using diesel engines to operate the pumps for STWs or irrigation pump systems, SPIS can be another option, as it provides a clean alternative to fossil fuels and enables the development of low 159 CHAPTER 4 carbon irrigated agriculture. In SPIS, the pumping facility is driven by solar energy, which consists of a solar panel, a controller and a pump. It is used to pump water for irrigation, a source of water for domestic and livestock use. With SPIS, farmers’ access to water for irrigation can be improved. In areas with no or unreliable access to energy, it contributes to rural electrification and reduces energy costs for irrigation. This improves the access to water of many farmers and can have knock-on effects on agricultural productivity and incomes. The advantages of SPIS are the following: utilizes solar energy source, does not use fuel or electricity, easy to install, and spare parts are available locally. The disadvantages include high initial investment cost, however the cost of solar panels have significantly decreased recently. In using SPIS or any small-scale irrigation systems, it is important that water resources assessments and planning are properly considered to avoid increasing pressures on water resources. SPIS has already been piloted by DA and NIA in some provinces in the Philippines to provide irrigation water for irrigated crops. In 2017, SPIS became the flagship program of the DA through the BSWM under the SSIP. DA released a Memorandum Order No. 13, series of 2017, dated March 6, 2017 for the general guidelines on the implementation of SPIS of DA. These guidelines cover the implementation of SPIS under the National Rice and Corn Program, High Value Development Program and National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP) of the DA. Aside from the SPIS program under DA, NIA also piloted installations and operations of SPIS in selected provinces in the Philippines. Furthermore, BSWM provides the overall direction on the planning and development of SPIS under its SSIP. The DA-Central Agriculture and Fishery Engineering Division (DA-CAFED) of the Field Operation Service provide technical and administrative assistance to BSWM in the planning and implementation of the SPIS. The DA-Regional Field Offices (RFOs) undertake the implementation of SPIS within their respective regions. Transitory Water Storage Transitory Water Storage, an emerging water-saving and augmenting intervention, stores diverted unallocated water from streams and canals for reuse during water shortage periods. When high rainfall occurs in irrigation systems during the cropping season, irrigation delivery is usually suspended so as not to aggravate possible flooding in irrigated areas. During irrigation suspensions and streamflow surges, excess water can be diverted into TWS sites. Natural swamps, plot-size depressions and flood-prone areas are preferred TWS sites, serving as water augmentation sources during water shortage. Drainage Reuse System Stretches of drainage channels (creeks and canals) traversing the middle and lower sections of irrigated areas teem with reusable water in fluctuating levels. This occurs due to water spillage and wastage emanating from excess of withdrawals and rainfall at the upper sections of irrigated areas. During wet season, excess rainfall combines with drainage water that makes creeks swell—causing localized flooding in the lower sections of irrigated areas. During dry season, water supply dwindles—making the downstream sections of irrigation systems vulnerable to water deficit to deprivation. Though prone to wet season flooding and to dry season drought, lower sections of irrigation systems have shallow groundwater and primed streams. NIA adopts DRS as an intervention to reduce degree of water deficit to deprivation in the middle to lower sections of irrigation systems. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 160The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 In the development process of irrigation systems, project management offices should consider the concept of integrated irrigation system configuration. This means that they develop all the surface streams within and around the target irrigated area—evolving a network of diversion dams and weirs. Once the irrigation operations start, the “dry” creeks will become “flowing” due to upstream water spillage and wastage—thus triggering the development of DRSs. Re-use of Wastewater for Irrigation In areas where surface water and groundwater sources are limiting, wastewater may be used for irrigation as stipulated in the Department of Agriculture Administrative Order (DA-AO) No. 26 Series of 2007 (Guidelines on the Procedures and Technical Requirements for the Issuance of a Certification Allowing the Safe Re-Use of Wastewater for Purposes of Irrigation and Other Agricultural Uses), as well as the PNS/ BAFS/PAES 232:2017 (Wastewater Re-use for Irrigation). The AO No. 26 Series of 2007 covers the issuance of discharge permits for wastewater generation and certificates for safe wastewater re-use, which can be secured from DENR and DA, respectively. Sources of wastewater include livestock (e.g., piggeries, beef, and dairy feedlots), agriculture and food industrial processes (e.g., food handling, processing and manufacturing plants, sugar mills, refineries and distilleries, slaughterhouses, and poultry dressing plants), aquaculture (e.g., in reservoirs, hatcheries, ponds, and tanks), domestic and municipal sewage, and other industrial and commercial establishments. The re-use of which for irrigation needs a certification from DA with the following prescribed general requirements: • Description of the proposed irrigation site consisting of the location and access, topographic, soils and land use maps, and the distance to surface water and existing wells; • Characteristic of wastewater based on the limits on wastewater quality for irrigation can be found at AO No. 26 S. 2007 or the PNS/BAFS/PAES 232:2017; • Plan on the re-use of wastewater including the area to be irrigated, proposed crop/s, irrigation system, method of application and layout of distribution facilities, calculated irrigation water requirements, quantity of wastewater to be re-used, irrigation schedule, nutrient management plan, and the provisions for storage or impoundment at rainy periods and when irrigation is prohibited; and • Baseline conditions of surface water, groundwater, and soils. The wastewater shall be treated and tested for quality. Laboratory analysis shall be conducted by the DA and DENR recognized laboratories. With regard to the quantity of wastewater for re-use, the application rates are based on the hydraulic loading rate wherein the wastewater must only be applied to soil moisture conditions prohibiting runoff or ponding. Also, to satisfy the crop soil moisture deficit, the irrigation application must only be done under dry weather conditions. 4.10.2. Procedural Interventions There are many technologies and/ or practices which can be used to reduce irrigation input to rice fields. Some of these technologies/practices can be done at land preparation, crop establishment, and during the actual crop growth period (Bouman et al., 2017). A number of technologies are generic to all crops, others are specific to rice. These generic technologies/practices are soil surface manipulation technologies (laser land levelling, crack plowing), improved irrigation management (rotation irrigation system, application method– changing from flood to sprinkler and drip), use of short duration varieties and 161 CHAPTER 4 drought tolerant varieties, and changing of cropping calendar so that the crops grow during period of higher rainfall and/or lower evaporative demand. The rice-specific technologies include direct dry seeding crop establishment to reduce water input in land preparation and changing from prolonged or continuous flooding to AWD water management. Meanwhile, technologies such as RCM and Palay Check system aim at increasing yields and reducing input use in rice production system. Laser Land Leveling A pre-requisite for good water management is a well-leveled field. When fields are not level, water may stagnate in the depressions whereas higher parts may fall dry. This results in uneven crop emergence and uneven early growth, uneven fertilizer distribution, and even extra weed problems. Use of laser land leveler enables accurate soil surface levelling. This reduces irrigation water input in irrigated fields, especially when flood irrigation is practiced. The reduced water input with laser levelling is due to reduction of the time taken for water to flow across the field, and the depth of ponding required so that the higher parts of the field are covered with water. The reduced depth of ponding lowers the downward water pressure and thus the amount of deep drainage, and the reduced irrigation time lowers the percolation losses during irrigation. About 5-8% of water irrigation input reduction and about 6% yield increased for flooded rice in laser fields compared with traditional farmer leveling practice. Laser leveling does not need to be done every year, and desirable frequency depends on the degree of tillage. Current leveling practice involves leveling the land with zero slope in both directions. Practical guidelines on land leveling are available at http://www.knowledgebank. irri.org / images/docs/training-manual laser-leveling.pdf. Good Bund Management and Proper Tillage Good bunds or paddy dikes limit water losses by seepage and underbund flows. To limit seepage losses, bunds should be compact, and any cracks or rat holes should be plastered with mud at the beginning of the crop season. Make bunds high enough (at least 20 cm) to avoid overbund flow during heavy rainfall. Small levees of 5-10 cm height in the bunds can be used to keep the ponded water depth at that height. If more water needs to be stored, it is relatively simple to close these levees. In very leaky parts of the bunds, the use of plastic sheets as lining can be adopted. Most farmers puddle their fields to prepare the land for transplanting of seedlings. Puddling is the repeated harrowing of the soil under flooded conditions and it results in a muddy layer 15-20 cm thick. Before puddling takes place, farmers need to soak the land at the end of the previous fallow periods. Sometimes, large and deep cracks are present in the soil and a lot of water is lost with the water flowing down the cracks. A shallow tillage to fill the cracks before soaking can greatly reduce amount of water used in wet land preparation. Thorough puddling results in a good compacted plow sole that reduces the permeability and the percolation rates. The efficacy of puddling in reducing percolation depends greatly on soil properties. Puddling is very efficient in clay soils that form cracks during the fallow period, which penetrate the semi-impermeable subsoil layer. Puddling may not be necessary in heavy clay soils with low vertical permeability or limited internal drainage. In such soils, direct dry seeding on land that is not puddled but tilled in a dry state is very well possible with minimal percolation losses. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 162The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Construction of Field Channel Many irrigation systems in the Philippines lack field channels (or ‘tertiary’ irrigation or drainage channels), and water flows from one field into the other through outlets in the bunds. This is called “plot to-plot” irrigation. The amount of water flowing in and out of a rice field cannot be controlled, and field-specific water management is not possible. This means that farmers may not be able to drain their fields before harvest because water keeps flowing in from other fields. In addition, they may not be able to have water flowing in if upstream farmers retain water in their fields, or let their fields dry out to prepare for harvest. Moreover, a number of technologies to cope with water scarcity require good water control for individual fields. Finally, the water that continuously flows through the paddies may remove valuable (fertilizer) nutrients. Constructing separate channels that convey water to and from each field (or to a small group of fields) greatly improves the individual water control and is the recommended practice in any type of irrigation system. During land preparation, it is crucial for farmers to “get the basics right” because this lays the foundation of the whole cropping season. To facilitate good water management, it is important to properly build field channels, level the land, construct good bunds, and effectively implement tillage operations (puddling). Community Seedbed and Adoption of Direct Seeded Rice Minimizing the turnaround time between land soaking for wet land preparation and transplanting reduces the period that no crop is present, and that the outflows of water from the field do not contribute to production. In rice irrigated systems, farmers raise seedlings in part of their main field. Because of a lack of tertiary field channels, the whole main field is soaked when the seedbed is prepared and remains flooded upon the entire duration of the seedbed. In NIS and CIS, the turnaround time can be minimized by the installation of field channels, the adoption of common seedbeds, or the adoption of direct wet or dry seeding. With field channels, water can be delivered to the individual seedbeds separately and the main field does not need to be flooded. Common seedbeds, either communal or privately managed, can be located strategically close to irrigation canals and be irrigated as one block. Direct dry seeding can also increase the effective use of rainfall and reduce irrigation needs. A major driving force for the adoption of direct seeding is scarcity of labor since direct seeding does not use labor for transplanting and can be a mechanized operation. Practical guidelines on dry seeding, including specific agronomy guides, are available at http:// www.knowledgebank.irri.org /step-by step-production/growth/planting/direct seeding. Use of Short Duration, High Yielding, Water-efficient and Climate Resilient Varieties Use of short duration varieties generally reduces the number of irrigations required to finish the crop. In the Philippines, about 263 rice varieties can be found in PhilRice website with seed information and variety characteristics (https://dbmp.philrice.gov.ph/dbmp main/ seed-information). Many of these varieties are bred for irrigated environments, but some are for rainfed, drought prone, flood prone, cool elevated, saline, and upland conditions. Development of new varieties takes time, but recently, the fast-tracking of the development and acceleration of the adoption of high-yielding and climate 163 CHAPTER 4 resilient varieties for different irrigated lowlands and adverse rice environments in the Philippines were undertaken by IRRI, PhilRice and UPLB since 2017, through their DA-BAR funded collaborative project “Accelerating the Development and Adoption of Next-Generation (Next Gen) Rice Varieties for Major Ecosystems in the Philippines” (Pamplona, et al., 2018). Multi location testing of these high yielding varieties and production of high-quality seeds, participatory varietal trials (PVS) and trainings were conducted. In the 2018 dry season, 235 seed kits composed of 93 irrigated inbred, 61 hybrid, 16 special purpose, 50 rainfed/drought and 15 saline materials were assembled and dispatched to 16 regions in the country. Adjustment of Cropping Calendar to Periods of Higher Rainfall and/or Low Evaporative Demand Irrigation requirement is reduced when changing crop establishment dates to periods of high rainfall and lower evaporative demand. The total cropping system needs to be considered in optimizing crop calendar. Rotational Irrigation Scheme The Rotational Irrigation Scheme is a usual response to water scarcity where it involves alternate water delivery of water to the blocks in an irrigation system based on pre-agreed schedule by the IAs. RIS distributes available water at deficit to full levels among the blocks of an irrigation system, thus reducing the extent of damaged area and yield loss. This scheme is applicable in an irrigation system with adequate water control, which would enable the closing or opening of irrigation to any of the blocks. Alternate Wetting and Drying In implementing AWD, simple messages and tools were developed to help in deciding when to irrigate. Developed in the Philippines, the technology has been widely validated by various national institutes and organizations on farmer’s field in many rice growing countries in the world with reported reduction in water use in the range of 15– 30% without reducing rice crop yields. This translates to reduction in pumping cost, fuel consumption and higher income. AWD is very simple for farmers to adopt, provided that they have access to water on demand. It involves irrigating whenever the perched water table falls to about 15 cm below the soil surface. The water table can be observed using a cheap and simple ‘field water tube’ which is driven in a hole in the ground to a depth of 15 cm. Practical guidelines and other information on AWD are available at http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ step-by-step-production/growth/water management#for-safe-alternate-wetting and-drying. Aside from reduced irrigation water input, AWD has multiple benefits including reduced pumping cost and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). With AWD, seasonal methane emissions can be reduced by 20-70% in comparison with continuously flooded rice. Suitability of AWD in the Philippines A suitability study conducted by Sander et al. (2017) showed that a maximum of 60% of the rice area of the Philippines is climatically suited to AWD, with more than 90% in the dry season and 34% in the wet season. Table 4.51 shows the summary of AWD suitability for major rice-growing areas in the Philippines. The potential maximum annual reduction would be around 265,000t of CH4 emissions from lowland rice in the Philippines, or around 15% of the country’s annual emissions from the agriculture sector. Country-scale climatic suitability maps for AWD developed for the wet and the dry season are shown in Figure 4.28. These maps were included in the geodatabase developed for this masterplan. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 164The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.50. Estimated Number of Farmers Adopting AWD in the Philippines by Region as of May 2011 Region AWD adoption Area (ha) Number of farmers CAR 10,910 10,888 I - Ilocos Region 4,177 10,230 II - Cagayan Valley 3,549 5,205 III - Central Luzon 34,083 26,325 V - Bicol Region 150 292 VI - Western Visayas 18,555 13,075 VII - Central Visayas 8,312 7,677 VIII - Eastern Visayas 1,964 2813 X - Northern Mindanao 70 104 XI - Davao Region 27,853 17,294 XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 5,254 2,840 XIII - Caraga 4,530 2,986 Total 119,407 99,729 Note: Initial estimates were taken in 2011 from national irrigation systems with on-going widescale implementation of AWD, and with on-going demonstration trials and training activities. It was updated in 2019 through survey questionnaires distributed to NIA regional offices. Source: Lampayan et al., 2016a Table 4.51. Summary of AWD Suitability for Major Rice-growing Areas Region (% rice production of the Philippines) Suitability – wet season Suitability – dry season Ilocos (9%) Mostly lowly suitable (LS) with some moderately suitable (MS) along central coastline (Ilocos Sur Province) Almost completely highly suitable (HS) Cagayan Valley (13%) Predominantly LS but exten sive areas of MS in eastern Cagayan Prov. Almost completely HS in the northern part (Cagayan Prov.) but extensive MS areas in the south ern part (Isabela Prov.) Central Luzon (20%) Predominantly LS with patch es of MS Predominantly HS with some scattered MS area along the west ern coastline Bicol (7%) Almost completely MS Almost completely MS Western Visayas (11%) Predominantly LS with small patches of MS Mostly JS with small patches of MS SOCCSKSARGEN (7%) Almost equal areas of HS, MS and LS Predominantly HS with smaller areas of MS Adopted from: Sander et al., 2017 165 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.28. Maps of AWD Suitability and Rice Extent in (a) Wet Harvest Season and (b) Dry Harvest Seasons in the Philippines Adopted from: Sander et al., 2017 Aerobic Rice Technology When water is very scarce, and there is not enough water to even intermittently flood the fields such as in AWD, the system of aerobic rice is useful. Aerobic rice is a production system in which specially developed “aerobic rice” varieties are grown in well-drained, non-puddled, and non-saturated soils. Because aerobic rice is grown like an upland crop such as wheat or maize, the potential water reductions at the field level are large, especially on soils with high S&P rates. Besides S&P losses declining, evaporation also decreases as there is no ponded water layer, and the large amount of water used for wet land preparation is eliminated altogether. While the yield potential of current aerobic rice varieties is only about two-thirds of paddy varieties when grown in flooded soil, as water input is reduced below what is required for continuous soil saturation, yields of traditional varieties fall below those of aerobic varieties grown with the same level of water deficit. Thus, aerobic rice is suited to areas where there is insufficient water to grow high yielding rice with safe AWD, but there is a need or desire to continue grow rice. To achieve high yields under aerobic conditions, new varieties with combined drought-resistant characteristics of upland varieties and high yielding characteristics of lowland varieties are required. IRRI and PhilRice started the research and development of aerobic rice in the Philippines in 2001 (Lampayan et al., 2016b). From 2001 to 2009, the following strategic research and development activities were undertaken in order to: (a) identify and develop aerobic rice varieties The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 166The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 with high yield potential, (b) understand crop management strategies including water, nutrient, and weed management, (c) identify key sustainability issues, and (d) develop practical technologies for crop establishment. As shown in Table 4.52, from 2006 to 2010, 271 demonstration farms were established, 240 technicians/researchers and 2,227 farmers were trained, and about 1250 farmers estimated to have adopted aerobic rice in the country were identified. At the farmers’ fields, yields of aerobic rice ranged from 3.0-6.5 t/ha, with about 50% less water than the conventional flooded lowland rice cultivation. Table 4.52. Estimated Number of Trained Agricultural Workers and Farmers, Established Demonstration Farms, and Farmer Adopters of Aerobic Rice in the Philippines as of September 2010 ᵃDemonstration trials conducted on wet season only; ᵇAdoptors were farmers who planted aerobic rice in the wet season; ᶜValues in parentheses are average values. ᵈna = not applicable Adopted from: Sander et al., 2017 Province Year started No. of demo farmsa No. of trained technicians/ researchers No. of trained farmers No. of farmer adoptersb Yield range (ton ha-1)c Bulacan 2006 80 35 550 350 3.5-6.0 (4.0) Bataan 2008 55 20 155 55 3.0-4.5 (3.7) Palawan 2007 25 20 632 460 3.8-5.0 (4.3) La Union 2008 45 35 430 206 3.5-5.5 (4.2) Aurora 2008 25 15 200 35 3.0-4.0 (3.4) Pampanga 2008 15 5 45 15 4.0-6.0 (4.7) Isabela 2008 20 35 125 65 3.5-6.5 (4.0) Tarlac 2010 5 5 55 10 3.0-5.5 (3.9) Occidental Mindoro 2010 1 10 35 - 4.5-5.0 (4.7) Others 2010 60 nad Total 271 240 2227 1250 4.10.3. Other Technologies that Enhance Productivity Rice Crop Manager Rice Crop Manager is a comprehensive decision-support tool developed by IRRI in collaboration with the DA, to help Philippine farmers increase farm yield and income. It uses a concept that when fertilizer is applied at the proper stage of the crop and in the right amount to match location-specific conditions, the fertilizer becomes more effective, resulting in higher yield. Additionally, farmer income increases. RCM recommendations are freely given to farmers as a one-page printout. For the last five years (from November 2013 to November 2018), more than 1.6 M printed RCM recommendations (Table 5.77.) were given out to individual rice farmers from various regions in the country. Following RCM recommendations, yields increased by an average of 370 kg (unmilled) and increased in income of PHP 4,337 per hectare per season in the pilot sites (http://books.irri.org/Rice crop manager brochure.pdf). It is desired that all 167 CHAPTER 4 rice farmers in the Philippines gain access to RCM recommendations tailored for his own area, to optimize yield and income by reducing fertilizer cost. To fast track the dissemination of the technology, IRRI established the RCM Advisory Service, which consolidates RCM and complementary decision-making tools and services into one integrated advisory and information service for rice-based farming in the Philippines. The development, maintenance, and deployment of the RCM Advisory Service are supported by the DA National Rice Program, through DA-BAR and DA-ATI. The core of the RCM Advisory Service is the RCM, which provides farmers with a personalized crop and nutrient management recommendation for rice fields through a one-page printout and text messages to the phone of the farmer. This service can be accessed in IRRI website (https://phapps.irri.org /ph/ras/ index. html#about). The RCM Advisory Service combines the RCM with additional tools and services aiming to reduce production costs, increase yields, increase net income, and facilitate better extension services to farmers through ICT. The PalayCheck System PalayCheck is a holistic and integrated crop management system developed by PhilRice for irrigated lowland rice that presents the best key technology and management practices as Key Checks (https://www.pinoyrice.com/palaycheck/). It compares farmers’ practices with best practices and learns through farmers’ discussion group to sustain improvement in productivity, profitability, and environment safety. The PalayCheck employs eight Key Checks to cover principal areas of crop management as shown in Table 4.53. These management areas include seed quality, land preparation, crop establishment, nutrient management, water management, pest management and harvest management. The Key Checks provide a standard guide for farmers on how to assess and achieve the Key Checks. Table 4.53. Eight Key Checks of PalayCheck System Crop Management Area Key Checks Seed and variety selection 1. Used high quality seeds of a recommended variety Land preparation 2. No high and low spots after final levelling Crop establishment 3. Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period 4. Sufficient number of healthy seedlings Nutrient management 5. Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering Water management 6. Avoid excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop Pest management 7. No significant yield loss due to pests Harvest management 8. Cut and threshed the crop at the right time The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 168The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.10.4. Technology Options under Different Water Scarcity Situations The appropriate technologies to be used by farmers to respond to water scarcity depend on several things: the type and level of water scarcity, the irrigation infrastructure (or the level of control that a farmer has over the irrigation water), and the socioeconomics of their production environment. “Getting the basics right” is important even with abundant irrigation water. Good land leveling, bund management, construction of internal field channels, and thorough puddling (in the case of puddled systems) will contribute to better crop growth and yields, and increase water use efficiency. This is something that a farmer can do, whether they operate in large-scale or small-scale irrigation systems, or whether they use their own sources of irrigation (such as STWs or SPIS). The first response option to decreasing water availability would be to check the said “basics.” This is because the amount of water loss that can be reduced depends on the initial condition of the rice field. However, if the basics are right from the start, there is not much that can be done any more. With increasing water scarcity, establishment options that are alternative to transplanting can be considered. If community seedbeds or a commercial provider of seedlings could be organized, this would be the least water-consuming method of getting a crop established. When water scarcity further increases, adjustment of water management practices during the whole growing season should be considered. Depth of ponded water of about 3 cm may be maintained during the growing season instead of keeping a 5−10cm depth of ponded water. Shallow ponding of water minimizes S&P losses due to reduced hydrostatic pressure. The adoption of safe AWD can reduce water losses to a considerable amount without reducing yield. The extent of reduction of water loss under AWD depends mainly on soil type and depth of the groundwater table, crop stage, and climatic condition. If water is getting so scarce that “safe AWD” is no longer possible, the periods between irrigation will have to become longer (letting the water in the field water tubes go deeper than 15 cm) and yield loss becomes inevitable. All forms of AWD require water control by the farmer. With one’s own water sources, such as tube wells, this is not a problem. In communal or national irrigation systems, a collaborative approach to AWD is required in which delivery of water to groups of farmers through RIS is scheduled to realize a certain pattern of AWD. Irrigation system upgrading or modernization may be required to do this, or small storage facilities (i.e., on-farm reservoirs) may provide the required water control. With still further increasing water scarcity, aerobic rice systems can become a viable alternative as yield of lowland rice under AWD will continue to go down. How much water is used under aerobic conditions than under flooded conditions depends mostly S&P losses under flooded conditions and on the deep percolation losses of irrigation water under aerobic conditions. When aerobic rice systems are direct (dry) seeded, as is the typical target technology, an additional amount of water input can be saved by forgoing the wetland preparation. When water is physically available, but has a high cost, the choice of adopting any of the WSTs becomes more of an economic issue. Adopting certain WSTs may reduce water but at the expense of yield loss. If the financial savings incurred by using less irrigation water under a certain technology outweigh the financial loss of reduced yield, then the adoption of that technology becomes attractive. 169 CHAPTER 4 A system can also be designed to maximize the reuse of S&P water as much as possible through check dams and pumping. If there is a salinization hazard, care should be taken to avoid using water that has become too saline by reuse, through judicious mixing of drainage and fresh water. Construction of field channels (irrigation, drainage) and land leveling should be considered to facilitate good water management. Farmers in a new irrigation system should be trained in sound water management practices such as those detailed above. 4.10.5. Incentive Mechanisms for Adopting AWD and Other Water-saving Practices The success of farmers’ adoption of AWD and other WSTs at the system level can only be realized when there is a strong support and cooperation of farmers and IA officials, and strong linkage between the NIA and farmers through the IA. Many farmers are willing to adopt the technology provided they are assured that there will be no detrimental effect on the crop and that enough water will be available when they need it. There are many benefits that can be derived from adopting AWD such as reduction in water input, reduced crop lodging problem, reduced methane emissions, and improved relationship among the water users in the lateral level. However, constraints related to farmer incentives for adopting AWD have also been recognized. If cost of using irrigation water for rice production is high, farmers would willingly adopt WSTs to reduce water input and hence cost. However, this is not the case in the Philippines. In the past, irrigation service fee was based on area, and with the passage of the FISA in 2018, there is no direct incentive for farmers to save water. This suggests that NIA needs to explore incentive mechanisms for the successful dissemination of AWD. Some suggestions include, among others, giving recognitions (or even monetary awards) and additional irrigation subsidy for O&M to IAs or systems adopting AWD. In 2012, under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in rice production, the methodology on methane emission reduction by adjusted water management practice in rice cultivation has been approved by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the approved methodology, default factors for reduced emissions (1.8 kg CO2 eq/ha/d) in the case of multiple aeration was decided. This means that Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) can be claimed for WSTs in rice production without the measurement of emission savings. AWD and aerobic rice cultivation methods are covered in the approved methodology, and therefore IAs can potentially tap CDM to claim payments by adopting AWD. 4.11. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Resiliency in Irrigation Development Master Plan Irrigation systems are among the most vulnerable to CC, climate variability and natural disasters. The occurrence of extreme weather events such as excessive rainfall and flooding on the one hand and drought on the other hand tremendously affects not only the efficiency of the irrigation systems but also their resiliency and sustainability. This is more so in recent years as evidenced by the huge losses incurred due to damage to irrigation infrastructure as a result of the onslaught of super typhoons, flooding and other manifestations of CC and natural disasters. In fact, In fact, the average cost of damage to irrigation infrastructures has been estimated to be around PHP 1.3 B per year. It is therefore a must that CCA and disaster resilience be mainstreamed in the NIMP. Adaptation measures enable agencies to reduce and manage climate risks and thus may cushion the environmental impacts of CC, such as drought and floods, on irrigation and drainage systems. The The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 170The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 adaptive capacity of irrigation systems to climate risks, to a large extent, increases the resilience of irrigated agriculture to CC impacts. Nonetheless, adaptation measures alone can hardly remove all these impacts because CC and variability continue to intensify. Hence, mitigation measures, together with adaptation measures, can strengthen system resilience and capability to deal with impacts from climate variability and change. Mitigation measures can reduce long-term adaptation cost to a certain extent. Thus, to climate proof an irrigation system, it is necessary for irrigation systems to adopt both mitigation and adaptation measures at the same time. 4.11.1. Climate Proofing for Irrigation Development Climate proofing, based on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) definition, refers to the “explicit consideration and internalization of the risks and opportunities that alternative climate change scenarios are likely to imply for the design, operation and maintenance of infrastructure.” From the practical standpoint, climate proofing essentially involves integrating CC risks and opportunities into the design, operation, and management of infrastructure (UNDP, 2010). The ADB, on the other hand, defined climate proofing as “a shorthand term for identifying risks that a development project faces from climate variability and change, and ensuring that those risks are reduced to acceptable levels through long-lasting and environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable changes implemented at one or more of the following stages in the project cycle: planning, design, construction, operation, and decommissioning” (ADB, 2012). While other definitions or descriptions of climate proofing of infrastructure exist in published literature, they all essentially point towards the same thing. Hence, recommendations for the integration of climate proofing in irrigation development in this section are based on the UNDP and ADB definitions. Climate proofing of irrigation systems and facilities can be applied during any of the stages of the project development cycle, namely, planning, design, construction, operation, and decommissioning based on the ADB definition. In particular, this includes planning, design and construction of reservoirs, diversion works, irrigation canal network and water control structures and their eventual O&M. The recommendations for climate proofing of agricultural infrastructures made by Ella (2019) in the mainstreaming of CCA and disaster risk reduction management in the AFMP, particularly on irrigation systems and infrastructures from planning and design to construction, O&M and rehabilitation, are adopted in this NIMP. Climate Proofing During Irrigation System Planning Irrigation system planning generally starts with the assessment of water supply and irrigation water demand. In view of CC, both the water supply and irrigation demand at the local level will have to be assessed based on projected rainfall and temperature changes and their spatial variabilities. The assessment of dependable flow requires sufficiently long historical streamflow record whose consistency should be checked in view of CC. It is, therefore, recommended at the planning stage of the project development that engineers and planners perform the streamflow dependability assessment through flow duration analysis using projected streamflow series based on climate projections. This can be done through hydrologic modeling and simulation on a per watershed scale basis. Critical areas in the Philippines include those regions with projected rainfall reduction during the dry periods based on 171 CHAPTER 4 CC projections. In terms of climate type, the critical areas are those belonging to Climate Type I with distinct wet and dry season. Conversely, the assessment of irrigation water demand or irrigation water requirements at all levels should make use of new estimates of evapotranspiration and crop consumptive use based on CC projections in the locality in terms of temperature. Prior to the estimation of irrigation water demand, new cropping patterns are recommended to be developed for every region and province based on CC projections. Proposed cropping patterns should then serve as the basis for estimating irrigation water requirements for any given locality. The site-specific water duties can eventually be estimated for various regions in the country. Based on the new estimates of dependable flows and water duties, the PIAs can be properly estimated. At the planning stage alone, proper estimation of PIAs based on climate projections could essentially be treated as climate proofing in itself. Climate Proofing During Irrigation System Design Climate proofing during the design stage for irrigation projects would essentially involve adoption of new design criteria and standards that take into account the adverse effects of CC and occurrences of extreme weather conditions such as typhoons and high rainfall events due to severe low pressure areas and strong “habagat”. These conditions lead to increased magnitude of flood discharges and occurrences of flood discharges with relatively high return periods which should be taken into account in the proper design of dam spillway, riverbank protection, design of irrigation and drainage canals and design of water control structures. New design criteria and standards should include new design discharges and design flood values with specified return periods or recurrence intervals for designing dam spillways. It is recommended that these new design discharges be determined through hydrologic frequency analysis based on projected annual series of streamflow values through hydrologic modeling. This should be done on a per watershed basis throughout the country particularly those with potential for irrigation development. The dam reservoir capacity should also be increased particularly in areas with projected rainfall increases and in areas that are frequently hit by typhoons, low pressure areas and monsoons. This is not only to provide greater useful storage but also to avoid frequent releases of excess flood during the typhoon and monsoon season as in the case of dams in the Philippines which were constructed in the 70s based on relatively shorter return periods. The provision of dead storage during the planning and design of reservoirs should likewise be based on climate projections taking into account the most likely water and sediment inflows and trap efficiencies. Otherwise, heavy sedimentation that results from excessive soil erosion and sediment transport due to CC and natural disasters will drastically reduce reservoir capacities. Even for groundwater resources utilization for irrigation, the design of STWs should be based on projected piezometric levels which will potentially be affected by CC. These tube wells are usually used during the dry season when the water table declines significantly particularly in areas with limited groundwater recharge, a process that is also affected by CC. It is recommended that new design criteria be developed per aquifer region in the country in view of CC. To address the potential flooding in irrigated areas due to CC and occurrences of extreme weather conditions such as occurrences of severe low-pressure area, strong habagat and super typhoon, The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 172The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 adequate and well-designed drainage facilities should be provided. The choice of drainage coefficient to be used in the design should be based on climate projections particularly rainfall projections. In the same manner, new design standards should be adopted for drainage design. At the same time, more robust drainage tail escapes or end checks as well as cross drainage structures should be used. The occurrence of the same extreme weather conditions such as super typhoon which lead to flooding, excessive soil erosion and sedimentation and floating debris in canals among other adverse impacts should also be considered in the selection and design of water control structures. The use of more sturdy discharge measurement structures such as Parshall flumes or broad crested weirs should be favored over sharp crested weirs which are more susceptible to damage by floating debris during typhoon occurrences. The aforementioned recommen dations reported in the mainstreaming of CCA and DRRM in the AFMP for 2018 2023 (Ella, 2019) are consistent with the results of study on the analysis of technical assumptions and processes for evaluating the feasibility of Philippine irrigation projects by Moya (2014) that concluded that the design of irrigation projects/systems calls for a new paradigm of interactive and integrated design to improve operational performance. However, there are other aspects of irrigation system design that need to be considered to enhance climate resilience. These include incorporation of design concepts such as maintainability, durability, functionality, operability, and safety in a design strategy that centers on consistency with available water supply, irrigation demand, physical design of the structures, and realistic operational plan. Moreover, good governance of irrigation systems must start with a design that ensures compatibility with operational realities and an acceptable level of financial viability to ensure sustainable performance. Part and parcel of irrigation operational realities that must be given close attention to in irrigation planning and design are impacts from climate variability and change. Currently, there are four volumes of guideline/manuals titled “Supplemental Guidelines/Manual on Planning, Design, Construction, and Operations and Maintenance of Irrigation Projects/ Systems” that were developed under the Philippines Climate Change Adaptation Projects (PhilCCAP). The rationale behind the guidelines is to develop irrigation schemes that are sustainable and resilient to climate changes through systematic and stage wise project/system planning and design. Moreover, the preparation and implementation of irrigation projects are required now to bring forth environmentally friendly and socially acceptable irrigation project/system. It is recommended to review and institutionalize the irrigation guideline/ manual, then pilot test the applicability of the design manuals in upcoming new irrigation projects and in the modernization of existing ones by integrating CCA and mitigation measures in the project/system planning. Climate Proofing During Irrigation Project Construction Actual construction should undergo strict quality assurance and quality control. Even if CC and natural disasters are taken into account during the planning stage and new design standards are followed during the detailed engineering design if the actual construction is poorly done or managed, true climate proofing of irrigation and drainage infrastructures can never be achieved. This calls for greater accountability and transparency in project implementation and strict enforcement of applicable laws. 173 CHAPTER 4 Climate Proofing During Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation Systems Climate proofing should also be applied to O&M of irrigation systems and their irrigation infrastructures. A climate resilient O&M scheme should be able to handle both extreme conditions, i.e. extremely high rainfall conditions (flooding, erosion) and extremely low rainfall conditions (drought). To address extremely high rainfall conditions leading to occurrences of flood discharges, timely releases of excess flood flows from spillways should be facilitated, if possible, through the use of sensor-operated flood gates. This will avoid potential collapse of any dam spillway especially those that have been designed and constructed using old design standards or those that may have been designed with a less conservative level of risks in favor of economic viability. The idea is to be able to prevent potential damage to diversion works by flood discharges of high return periods through timely releases of surcharge flood discharges. Moreover, regular desilting or dredging operations in the dam reservoirs and irrigation and drainage canals should be performed as heavy soil erosion and sediment transport can be anticipated to occur under the extremely high rainfall condition. For the other extreme (drought), climate resilient O&M would include cropping calendar adjustment, use of controlled irrigation such as AWD technology, rotational water distribution, use of division boxes and flow divisors, canal lining provision to prevent excessive conveyance losses, prevention of illegal offtakes and diversions, regular repair of water control facilities to prevent leakage, regular canal maintenance works to maintain and maximize canal discharge capacities among others. Wherever groundwater resources development is feasible, the use of STWs may also be recommended for supplementary irrigation particularly at the downstream portion of irrigation service areas during occurrences of drought conditions. For small scale irrigation systems, the use of small farm reservoirs, small water impounding systems and small diversion dams may be recommended wherever feasible. Climate Proofing During Rehabilitation and Restoration of Irrigation Systems For rehabilitation and restoration of irrigation infrastructures, the principle of “Building Back Better” should be applied. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) described the “Building Back Better” principle as “the use of the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and societal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies, and the environment” (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [UNISDR], 2017). Although this is an obviously general description, the basic idea can be extended to agricultural infrastructures particularly during rehabilitation and restoration after devastation by natural disasters and extreme weather conditions. This means that rather than simply restoring the agricultural infrastructure to its original state prior to the occurrence of the disaster, application of the building back better principle calls for reconstruction of the agricultural infrastructure that will make it more robust and resistant to similar adverse weather conditions and disasters that may happen in the future. This approach to rehabilitation will not only prolong the service life of the irrigation facilities and infrastructure but also avoid economic losses not only in the form of infrastructure damage and incapacitation but also in terms of loss in agricultural productivity and economic The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 174The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 activities. This obviously call for new design standards for numerous structures which are site specific in view of the spatial and temporal variability of climate projections, paths and occurrences of extreme weather conditions such as occurrences of super typhoons, severe low-pressure areas and strong habagat. 4.11.2. Coping with Climate Change Impacts on Philippine Irrigation Systems on a Regional Level Flooding, reduced water flows, and damages to irrigation facilities were commonly experienced by the NIA personnel in Luzon and Mindanao. Additional impacts observed by the NIA personnel in Luzon are canal siltation and service area reduction, while erosion is observed in Mindanao. Regional NIA managers in the Visayas region reported that a major impact of CC is damages to crops because of abnormal wet and dry seasons. CC impacts are not the same in all regions indicating plausible differences in contextual vulnerability among irrigation systems. The coping schemes by irrigation managers and institutional officers from Mindanao tended towards climate-proofing of irrigation development. They devised strategies that have broader coverage and long-term effects on irrigation development, namely watershed protection, better environmental and social safeguards, planning and design considerations of irrigation structures and stakeholder engagement. They generally considered vulnerability reduction and mitigation and adaptation options to CC impacts. Meanwhile, the adaptation measures/works developed by the regional NIA managers, engineers, and institutional officers in Luzon and Visayas are adjustments to year-to-year variability in climate, i.e., to be able to adapt to endure the impacts. The measures are a combination of structural and non-structural measures, which include provision and automation of steel gates to regulate irrigation water flows and adoption of crop WSTs. Synchronizing irrigation and cropping schedule according to seasonal climate forecasts and providing/lending pumps during period of scarce water supplies were also considered. 175 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.54. Observed Climate Change and Variability Impacts and Adaptation Measures and Works in Philippine Irrigation Systems in Various Regions Climate Variability and Change Im pacts Adaptation Measures/Works Mindanao NIA Regions; N=4 • Reduced water flows in the dry season • Flooding and erosion in the wet season • Damages to irrigation facilities Mindanao NIA Regions; N=4 • Give emphasis to environmental and social safeguards • Consider appropriate type of structure during project planning • Collect, analyze, and forecast im pacts for use in project design • Watershed protection • Stakeholder consultation on environmental issues, culture and tradition Visayas NIA Regions; N=4 • Crop damages because of abnor mal dry and wet seasons Visayas NIA Regions; N=4 • Provide farmers with pumps • Adopt water-saving technology Luzon NIA Regions; N=12 • Flashfloods cause canal siltation • Damages to irrigation infrastructures and facilities • Reduced water storage in dams’ reservoirs • Reduced irrigated areas Luzon NIA Regions; N=12 • Provision of protection works • Fit intake and inlet structures with steel gates • Modify/adjust cropping calendar according to predicted seasonal climate forecast • Maintain close contact with all stakeholders in solving issues and problems as regards irrigation operations • Provision and automation of steel gates. Note: N = number of respondents who completed and returned the survey questionnaires; Respondents consisted of Operations & Maintenance Engineers, Regional Irrigation Managers, Regional IMO, Division Managers The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 176The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 It is apparent that while certain CCA measures have already been employed in irrigation systems in the various regions in the country, there are still numerous ways by which irrigation systems can be made to be more climate and disaster resilient. Apart from the climate-proofing recommendations, additional CCA options and technologies are presented in support of irrigation development and management in the country. 4.11.3. Selected Climate Change Adaptation Options and Technologies for Irrigation Development and Management At the broadest level of classification, technologies for CCA for irrigated systems may consist of “hard” technologies (e.g., use of ICT) and “soft” technologies (e.g., crop rotation patterns, improved varieties, modified planting dates). A review of adaptation portfolios of agricultural systems to climate risks of different countries, particularly the Asian countries, show that the portfolios often contain a mixture of “hard” and “soft” technologies. The same mix can be recommended in the Philippines in support of irrigation development. This section presents additional specific recommendations for CCA to enhance resilience of irrigation systems in the Philippines. Protection and Proper Management of Watersheds Proper watershed management and protection will maximize streamflow dependability for irrigation and minimize flood discharge occurrences, sediment transport and siltation problems. A well managed and protected watershed sequesters carbon and therefore serves as a mitigation option for CC. Hence, safeguarding the source of irrigation water through the protection and management of watershed will strengthen resilience to and adaptive capacity of irrigation systems to CC impacts. Nonetheless, CC has been impacting watersheds and river basins that provide water to irrigation systems. These watersheds and river basins have already undergone long periods of development, land use change and degradation or depletion of environmental resources. Many of these watersheds are already at their critical state and their dependable water supply often proves to be inadequate to meet the irrigation water demand especially during dry season. NIA must therefore lead an interagency collaboration to protect and manage forests and other natural resources in the watershed. Modernization of Irrigation Systems Modernizing irrigation systems will enhance their adaptive capacity to impacts of climate variability and change. Irrigation system modernization is a process of technical and managerial upgrading, as opposed to mere rehabilitation of irrigation schemes with the objective to improve resource utilization (labor, water, economics, environmental) and water delivery service to farms (FAO, 2007). Central to the modernization strategy is the foremost importance of a coherent link of the system design, operation, maintenance, and water supply to improve irrigation water delivery (delos Reyes, 2014). Depending on the availability of new information or evidence, irrigation improvement or modernization should be established on adaptation options that make incremental improvement to irrigation hardware and software (Batchelor & Schnetzer, 2018). An optimum combination of hardware and software comprises effective adaptation and mitigation alternatives. Irrigation modernization usually includes supplemental irrigation, rehabilitation of physical infrastructures, finding supplemental sources of irrigation such as STWs, re-use of drainage water, and modifying irrigation and cropping schedule. Modernization must also give attention to future allocation for multiple uses of water. 177 CHAPTER 4 Irrigation planners and designers should connect CCA and mitigation options closely to overall irrigation modernization program. That way, modernization of irrigation systems should enhance and sustain CCA to year-to-year climate variations. Other ways to modernize irrigation systems include the use of sensors to facilitate operation of irrigation facilities and water management practices such as the AWD technology. This type of modernization is currently the subject of intensive research under the Commission on Higher Education – Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (CHED-PCARI) project by Ella (2019). Integrating Climate Change Risk Assessment into Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The resilience of irrigation project/ system can be increased through integration of CC impacts and adaptation options into EIA, as part of the project cycle. It is a complementary approach for increasing the effectiveness of EIA, at the same time, it would increase the adaptive capacity of irrigation project/system to climate variability and change. Risk assessment will consider not only the impacts of CC on the project but also the significance of the project on GHG emissions. The Netherlands, Canada, and Australia are the few countries that have started to integrate and legalize CC considerations into EIA process for development of major projects. The Philippines should follow suit since the country is highly vulnerable to CC impacts. Water Supply Augmentation Augmenting irrigation water supplies during times of water scarcity is a traditional practice by innovative farmers. Tapping base flows of small streams near their farms during the dry season is a practice commonly observed among water deficient farms. In addition to the NIA water augmentation interventions, there are other practices and technologies that can be used to increase water supplies when needed. The following practices can increase water supplies and step-up irrigation systems’ resiliency to cope with climate variability and change: • Maximizing effective rainfall Irrigation water originally emanates from rainfall. Not only rain-dependent agriculture does collect rain for growing crops but also irrigated farms, particularly farmers at the tail end of irrigation systems. Apart from increasing effective rainfall, the practice can minimize runoff and flooding and at the same time recharge shallow groundwater. The NIA can extend assistance to farmers on how to manage paddy field water to increase effective rainfall use. • Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater - Irrigation systems’ vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability can be reduced by the joint use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation water supply. During rainy season, surface water recharges groundwater storage for use in rainless months or dry season. It will even out seasonal water variability in irrigation systems. Raise farmers’ awareness through information education, and communication (IEC) campaigns to be led by the IAs on the significance of capturing rainfall in their paddy fields to recharge groundwater systems in the rainy for use in crop production in the dry season. • Aquifer recharge management Elsewhere in the world, groundwater is replenished through deliberate recharge of water to aquifers, in a way this is similar to, but on a bigger scale, the practice of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. Excess water that will be otherwise lost during rainy The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 178The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 season and periods of low demand is collected and percolated to aquifers or underground reservoirs. Proper aquifer recharge management can enhance the potential for using STWs and SPIS or solar powered pumps tapping groundwater resources to irrigate diversified and high value crops. Luyun et al. (2018) in their Policy Study Towards Effective Groundwater Management for Sustainable Agriculture recommended the pilot study of groundwater recharge projects using STWs, Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs), and Small Farm Reservoirs (SFRs). SWIPs and SFRs store excess rainfall or runoff for irrigation, but at the same time they also recharge the aquifers. Upon improving the quality of water in the SWIPs and SFRs through various modes such as settling ponds or wetlands techniques, the water may be injected directly into the aquifer through the STWs. These are generally called Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) facilities and it is recommended that the use of these facilities be studied for the conservation of our groundwater resources. • Safeguarding water at the headworks - It is necessary to protect the surroundings of the headwaters of most rivers to maintain optimal water recharge and infiltration process and consequently sustain irrigation water supplies even during the dry periods. Also, overuse and pollution of water sources at the headworks must be prevented or avoided to keep water resiliency. To minimize water pollution, intensive agricultural production using high fertilizer and pesticide inputs should be restricted. Land use zoning should restrict industrialization and urbanization of watersheds. Water allocation quotas for different sectors should be strictly followed by concerned agencies. • Improved irrigation efficiency Except for controlled irrigation, most of the NIA interventions are apparently focused on making do with little water to sustain crop production rather than on minimizing water use (water demand management). Managing water demands in such a way that only crops water requirements are supplied can be challenging in a surface, rice based irrigation system that is a supply based system. It will require retrofitting or even modernization of the whole system to reconfigure supply-based system to demand-based system. Water control and measurement facilities are indispensable to water demand management for increased efficiency. For diversified and HVCs, pressurized irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler irrigation systems can be used. Altering cropping pattern and adopting new farming systems, and adopting different crop growing practices such as direct seeding for rice cultivation and conservation tillage or conservation agriculture for diversified and HVCs will increase irrigation efficiency. • Reducing system water loss, illegal offtakes and leakages - Water losses from irrigation systems occur anywhere from water diversion, to conveyance, to distribution, and finally to field application. Leakages along the canal systems and illegal offtakes at random places account for water losses. The degradation of irrigation facilities and poor repair and maintenance of canals, and upstream farmers’ behavior are the causes for system losses. Concrete lining of canals to reduce leakages is highly undertaken, sometimes from main canal all the way to farm ditches. Nevertheless, care must be taken in implementing this intervention because it can potentially affect areas in the system that depends on conjunctive use of surface and groundwater for irrigation with STWs. As an adaptation 179 CHAPTER 4 measure to increase efficiency, lining irrigation canals to prevent leakage is at best a questionable suggestion and at worst could be a maladaptation to CC. The apparent water saved comes at the expense of groundwater depletion; and runs counter to the NIA's proposition to use STW irrigation to augment short water supplies. What is leakage to the irrigation operator may be recharge from the viewpoint of the well owner. These issues need to be addressed at the local level especially during the formulation of regional and provincial master plans recommended in this national level master plan. Water Conservation and Storage • Rainwater harvesting - This essentially involves collection and storage of rainfall and runoff in ponds and surface reservoirs during the rainy season. This is arguably a strong countermeasure against the negative impacts of droughts on irrigated agriculture due to CC and variability. It improves the reliability of irrigation supplies and evens out the impacts of climate variability on oftentimes temporally erratic water supplies. In parts of irrigation systems where diversified crops are to be grown, rainwater harvesting is a highly recommendable CCA scheme. • Small water impounding systems and farm reservoirs - Similar to rainwater harvesting, the use of farm ponds and small water impounding systems is an important water conservation and storage scheme. They may be off-stream or on-stream type of ponds or reservoirs. These types of reservoirs have already been used in support of irrigation development in the country. In view of CC impacts, design standards just need to be upgraded. • Multipurpose dams and reservoirs Multipurpose reservoirs include functions other than irrigation such as power generation, flood control, navigation, runoff storage, water discharge regulation, fishery and recreation. While water conservation should be among the primary goals in using multi-purpose reservoirs, they can also help meet a number development goals in developing countries, such as those related to energy, water and food security, and economic development. Multi-purpose reservoirs reduce seasonal water stress and improve access to water during droughts. Through the production of renewable energy, they also serve as a mitigation option against CC. • On-farm soil moisture conservation techniques - For irrigating diversified and HVCs, mulching and other soil conservation techniques not only preserve soil but also reduce irrigation water requirement during water scarcity period. The following agronomic practices had been developed and used for reducing excess soil moisture loss in farmers’ fields; no tillage; spreading manure or compost over soils; crop rotation; green manuring; deep tillage; mixed cropping; contour plowing; and strip cropping. More recently, conservation agriculture has proven to be an effective soil water conservation measure and at the same time an effective long-term CCA and mitigation measure. It is a new paradigm in doing crop production, based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, continuous mulch cover and diversified crop rotation (Ella, 2019). • Farmer controlled small-scale irrigation systems - To raise the reliability of inadequate and uncertain water supplies, irrigation system planners and designers must innovate to incorporate farmer-controlled irrigation systems into large irrigation systems The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 180The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 (Moya, 2018). These include STWs, small inundation schemes, farm reservoirs and low-lift pumps, mini ponds, farm ponds or small water impounding reservoirs, or the melon-on-the-vine systems (FAO, 2007). Small surface reservoirs are local pond reservoirs used for collecting and storing rainfall as supplemental sources of water for irrigation. The small structures also store water from larger irrigation canals or catch drainage water and re-use it when canal water supplies and rainfall become unreliable. • Stakeholders’ water conservation campaigns - IEC campaigns on the environmental and economic benefits of water conservation can improve water use efficiency. The education and awareness campaigns are targeted at changing attitudes and behavior to use water more efficiently. IAs, with the help of NIA, can spearhead the campaigns on different irrigation water conservation methods through workshops, social media, or stakeholder dialogs. Use of Alternative Water Sources To deal further with scarce water supplies that are potentially caused by CC and variability, alternative sources of water must be exploited to enhance resiliency and adaptive capacity of irrigation systems. The following practices and technologies are applied for exploring alternative water sources. • Inter-basin or trans-basin water transfers - Supply-side policy endeavors to provide water for growing demand for water at virtually any cost. Hence, inter-basin water transfer projects are undertaken to adapt to CC. Watersheds with surplus water (donor basin) can transport water over long pipeline and canal systems to alleviate water shortage in another watershed (recipient basin). Inter-basin transfers are likely very costly and only favored for big river basins and high-value demands. On account of economic and environmental impacts on the donor basin, it is strictly regulated or completely prohibited in some countries. A technology parallel to inter-basin transfers is the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India (Amarasinghe & Sharma, 2008). The NRLP aims to transfer water from the water-excess Himalayan rivers to the water-short river basins of western and peninsular India. This is a complex water project with 30 river links and about 3,000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan and peninsular rivers to form an extensive South Asian water grid. Schemes such as this should be explored in the Philippines in support of irrigation development. Studies should be done to ascertain technical, economic, financial and environmental feasibility of the Inter-basin or trans basin water transfer technology. • Groundwater exploration and extraction - The increase in PIAs, expected from land suitability assessment with up 18% slope will call for exploration of groundwater. Exploring potential rich aquifers involves hydrogeological investigations, geophysical surveys, and remote sensing assessments. This is to identify aquifers of suitable quality and quantity groundwater. However, proper aquifer characterization in terms of lithologic and hydraulic properties is necessary to determine the suitability of groundwater resources for irrigation development. 4.11.4. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in Irrigation Development and Management Natural disasters, especially hydro meteorological disasters, cause billions of pesos in economic damage annually and thousands of deaths. Globally, more people suffer from floods more than any other hazard (UNISDR, 2015). In irrigated 181 CHAPTER 4 agriculture, damages and losses due to floods are greater than those due to drought or to other disasters. CC is expected to exacerbate these losses, due to increased flood and drought frequency, coastal storm surges, and landslides and mudflows. Reducing disaster impact is possible only based on accurate information and a thorough understanding of the impact (FAO, 2018). In this way, the factors that cause disasters can be identified and analyzed for proper disaster risk management. Disaster awareness and understanding are essential considerations for disaster preparedness. Disaster preparedness is the most effective prevention and mitigation measures against disaster risks and consequences. Disaster preparedness consists of EWS and application of disaster response technologies. EWS are essential components of disaster risk management because they provide essential advisories to responsible institutions, like the NIA, about an impending disaster. They alert institutions and communities at-risk to enable them to take precautionary actions to minimize disaster damages to irrigation facilities, assets and properties. For instance, the NIA practices preemptive spills of stored water in reservoirs during high rainfall events associated with typhoons. Also, EWS generally include monitoring of hydro-meteorological event, disaster risk evaluation, and communicating developments that may create risks (UNISDR, 2015). On the basis of early warnings, disaster response technologies are implemented to reduce the severe consequences of an impending flood, drought, or landslide and mudflow. • Flood forecasting systems - These systems are used to facilitate forecasting of potential flood events and determine risks before they occur. When high risk is associated with a given flood event early warning is issued to via EWS to give sufficient lead time to affected institutions and communities to brace themselves to avoid exposure, and thus minimize consequent flood damage. Flood forecasting systems are established in flood-prone areas and important river watersheds. The forecasting systems estimate expected water level rise using inputs data to hydrologic simulation tools and models that predict precipitation levels and stream flow, as well as from hydrometric stations measuring water levels at selected points along a river or other water body. Data is often linked to the database through satellite telemetry. The PAGASA maintains flood forecasting and warning systems for 18 major river basins in the country. The system undertakes flood watch and issues early warning to relevant institutions and agencies to warn at-risk impact areas. • Early flood warning systems Usually, the flood warning advisories provide a forecast of the relative magnitude, timing, location and likely damages of the impending flood. The warning advisories are based on risk assessment by the flood forecasting systems. EWS for floods consist of four inter-related elements: 1) assessments and knowledge of flood risks in the area, 2) local hazard monitoring (forecasts) and warning service, 3) flood risk dissemination and communication service, and 4) community response capabilities. The execution of these four elements of flood EWS, are undertaken by different government agencies. The PAGASA Flood Forecasting and Warning systems give updates on status of water level (elevation) in monitored dams, daily hydrological forecast for basins, and general flood advisories. Additionally, it issues tropical cyclone warning for agriculture. Moreover, NIA coordinates with DPWH for flood control management. The grassroots factor cannot be discounted in DRRM. Barangays, being fundamental planning units, are mandated to implement RA The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 182The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 10121 otherwise known as DRRM Act, while Water Users Association (WUA) and other stakeholders can work together with the barangay DRRM Committee (BDRRMC) in reducing damages from flooding. In view of the foregoing, effective NIA governance arrangements supported by strong political will are needed to maintain the operations of EWS. Roles and responsibilities for system management and maintenance should be agreed upon, and necessary staff training should be conducted prior to implementation of the early flood warning systems. On different aspects of early flood warning, the speed to which a flood warning can be transmitted and communicated is important to mitigating flooding effects. To lessen the extent of flood damage, fast and reliable data and information transmission of flood watch advisories to affected communities will be needed. Advances in information technology and communication can be used to investigate how to develop a wireless climate and flood data acquisition network. A timely flood warning system, through mobile phones using short messaging system (SMS), will allow for adequate lead time so people can act appropriately to lessen flooding damages to properties, infrastructures and life. Responses to disastrous flood could include anticipatory adaptation works such as constructing multi-purpose reservoir projects that include, aside from irrigation, other functions like, flood control, power generation fishery and recreation. Whenever appropriate, the building flow-through dams can be considered adaptation option for flood mitigation. Provision of adequate density of drainage channels is also necessary to carry away floodwaters generated by flood and rainfall with characteristic design return period. Retarding and retaining runoff in upstream watershed through agroforestry, afforestation/ reforestation and land use management in the watershed can decrease the magnitude of floods. Increase the carrying capacity of river by means of desilting, building dikes and floodwalls and/or constructing flood diversion and floodways. These adaptation technologies reduce disaster risks to irrigation systems/projects. • Drought forecasting systems Drought is essentially the absence of water at sufficient and sustainable quantities. Irrigation is supposed to be the perfect disaster solution to drought, but irrigation is adversely crippled too by the absence of water. Drought is a slowly developing disaster that creeps up and brings havoc to various sectors of the economy. Furthermore, drought runs on different time scales. Meteorologists and climatologists have defined four types of drought: 1) meteorological drought, 2) agricultural drought, 3) hydrological drought, and 4) socioeconomic drought. Meteorological drought takes place during prolonged rainless days while agricultural drought occurs when there is soil moisture to supply plants’ and crops’ needs for evapotranspiration. After many months of meteorological drought, when water level goes down in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater, hydrological drought happens. And socioeconomic drought relates the supply and demand of various commodities to drought. Drought is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to monitor and to predict. Drought forecasting systems use climate and atmospheric models to predict the probability of a drought occurring in a region or area of interest in the future (up to approximately three months). 183 CHAPTER 4 Drought forecasting systems are an important part of EWS, as they provide lead-time to planners for threat responses, which helps minimize risk from drought. The PAGASA provides climate advisories on monthly climate assessment and outlook and occurrence of dry/drought to give early drought warning. This is to notify local communities of danger, potential harm, or risk of a drought, so they can plan and act to decrease the risks associated with crop damages and losses. When drought risks are so high that estimated losses from planting a crop are out of the question, a no-planting option is an adaptation solution. As in flood watch, the BDRRMC can be involved in disseminating information to the community about the impending drought and the necessary options/ actions they can take to minimize damages and losses. The communities at risks to drought occurrences could mitigate impacts and consequences in a number of ways. More than any other CCA and mitigation measures, disastrous droughts demand high irrigation efficiency. Operations of irrigation systems can switch from continuous to rotational water distribution and implement strict water schedules. Where groundwater is available, STW or solar-driven pumps can be brought in the service area to augment scarce irrigation water supplies. Farmers can adopt drought resistant crop varieties to get by and harvest a crop during the dry spell. During prolonged drought episodes, the PAGASA carries out cloud seeding operations to induce rains. • Landslide and mudflow warning systems - In view of unpredictable weather patterns resulting from CC, landslides and mudflows are increasingly likely to occur. Intense rainfall brought about by strong typhoons can trigger landslides and mudflows, particularly in sloping areas. Irrigation facilities and canals located nearby are threatened by landslides. Landslide warning systems that could predict danger of a landslide or mudflow event would improve disaster preparedness in an area, and reduce risks. Geo-indicators (local geological and meteorological conditions) should be identified and established. The PHILVOCS publishes data and information that the public can use to minimize risks from landslide and mudflows. Hazard maps, especially landslide susceptibility map, are accessible in its website. The map will help one to understand the vulnerability to landslide and mudflow events of his area, so he can prepare and plan how to avoid or mitigate landslide risks. It also launches public information campaign and put landslide warning signs on areas that are highly vulnerable to landslides. The institute also recommends a number of engineering measures or slope protection measures to adapt to impacts of landslide events. The engineering and protection measures include the building of retaining walls, riprap, gabion walls, and shotcrete. Moreover, improving drainage facilities and controlling erosion using coconut bioengineering and vetiver grass could minimize damages to irrigation facilities during landslide. To forewarn communities that are vulnerable to landslide as indicated in the landslide susceptibility map, EWS are necessary. EWS, which are monitoring systems designed to predict events that precede landslides, are called for to issue a hazard warning. Information and education campaigns are indispensable to mitigate risk and reduce consequences of landslides. LGUs, particularly the BDRRCs should be involved in disaster preparedness planning for landslide and mudflows. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 184The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.11.5. Other Recommendations Apart from the climate proofing recommendations from irrigation system planning, design up to O&M previously presented, the other recommendations provided by Ella (2019) in the UNDP-FAO funded project on the Integration of CCA and DRRM in the updating of AFMP, 2018-23 are adopted in this NIMP. Policy and Regulations To ensure climate proofing of irrigation infrastructures, the following policies may be considered: • Formulation of new design standards for irrigation and drainage facilities • Consideration of “Building Back Better” principle in the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructures • Strict quality assurance and quality control in the construction of irrigation infrastructures • Development of more stringent environmental protection measures to protect damages to irrigation infrastructures by extreme weather conditions and disasters Research, Development and Extension To further strengthen the climate resiliency of irrigated agriculture, the following research and development activities may be considered: • Promotion of appropriate irrigation water management techniques such as AWD, intermittent and rotational irrigation scheme and all other water saving practices • Promotion of WSTs such as drip irrigation for HVC production systems • Promotion of conservation agriculture as a water conservation measure in irrigated upland crop production areas to address drought conditions associated with CC and climate variability (Ella, 2018 and Ella et al., 2016) • Development of site-specific design criteria for irrigation systems including reassessment of water duties and dependable flows as a result of CC using hydrologic models • Design, development, and promotion of rainwater harvesting technologies • Use of ICT such as wireless sensor networks for efficient irrigation water management of both upland and lowland crop production systems (Ella, 2019) 4.12. Irrigation Support for High Value Crop Production Systems To augment farmers’ income, enhance their competitiveness, and partly address the adverse effects of the recently enacted Rice Tariffication Law of 2019 on farmers’ income due to the uncontrolled drop of farm gate prices of palay as a result of the influx of huge quantities of imported rice due to import liberalization induced by the said law, as already reported in the major dailies in 2019 (e.g., Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, Business Mirror, etc.), farmers should be given the option to go into crop diversification. While addressing this issue requires a holistic, integrated, multi disciplinary and multi-agency approach and goes beyond irrigation development alone, irrigation support for crop diversification is nonetheless imperative in the NIMP. Crop diversification may be employed in the form of relay cropping, intercropping and crop rotation. Relay cropping is essentially the growing of a third crop, preferably a high value after growing the traditional main crop which is usually rice. Hence, this is suitable for rice-based crop production systems and would obviously benefit the owners of the same piece of riceland. Intercropping, on the other hand, is the growing of one or 185 CHAPTER 4 more crops in between the main crop at the same time and in the same piece of agricultural land. Hence, this generally fits non-rice crop production areas like coconut and other upland crop production areas. Crop rotation, as the name implies, involves growing of a variety of crops in succession. This type of crop diversification also fits the new paradigm in crop production called conservation agriculture (Ella, 2018), which involves diverse crop species rotation along with minimum soil disturbance and continuous mulch cover, as part of CCA and even mitigation measure on CC and disaster resiliency in irrigation development. 4.12.1. Diversified Cropping Options for Various Climatic Types in the Philippines The choice of diversified crops and the development of optimum cropping patterns involving relay cropping, intercropping and crop rotation is site specific and should consider land, soil and climatic suitability along with market and other considerations. Based on regional FGDs conducted in the formulation of this NIMP, most of the IAs were amendable to diversified crop production systems to enhance their income. However, they raised the issue of market availability for their produce if they go into diversified cropping. Apart from irrigation support issues, other considerations include harvesting machineries to reduce labor for large areas, postproduction facilities and farm-to-market roads. The soil nutrient balance should also be considered in choosing diversified cropping patterns. All such should be considered formulation of the regional and provincial irrigation master plans, recommended in this NIMP. As a general guideline, however, previous recommendations reported in the DCIEP of JICA (1991) on a number of diversified crops recommended for each climatic type may be used. These crops were found to be more profitable when planted during the dry season in conjunction to rice cropping during the wet season. Presented below are some of the most common diversified crops which can be grown under each of the four climatic types in the country: • Type I Climate - Rice cropping during the wet season starts at transplanting in June and ends with the harvest season in September. Some of the non-rice crops that can be planted sequentially in the dry season after rice harvest are onion (October-December), garlic (January-March), eggplant (November February), tomato (October-January), and mungbean (November-February). • Type III Climate - The cropping calendar of rice is similar to that of the Type I climate. The diversified crops that can be planted after rice are corn (January March), cabbage (October-December), eggplant (November-January), okra (October-December), and tomato (October-January). • Type II and Type IV Climate - Since there is no pronounced dry season for these climactic types, the usual cropping is rice-rice. However, backyard farming of vegetable crops is done in some areas. 4.12.2. Irrigation Options for Crop Diversification The provision of irrigation support for crop diversification essentially requires proper selection of irrigation methods at the farm level. Irrigation methods can be classified into surface methods, overhead or pressurized methods, and subsurface methods. Surface methods include such specific methods as basin irrigation, border, furrow, corrugation, and wild flooding. Overhead or pressurized methods include sprinkler and drip or trickle irrigation. Subsurface methods may be through water table maintenance or through the use of buried perforated pipes. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 186The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Proper selection of the most suitable method of irrigation requires consideration of the following criteria: 1) water supply, 2) soil, 3) topography, 4) crops to be grown, 5) climate, 6) economic and financial, 7) social, and 8) environmental considerations (Ella, 2013). Sprinkler and drip irrigation are generally adaptable to any soil, topography, upland crop and climate. Under limited water supply conditions, it is recommendable to use drip or trickle or micro-irrigation. However, it is important to provide adequate filtration systems especially for poor quality irrigation water supply to prevent emitter clogging. Under windy conditions, sprinkler irrigation may be used for tall crops by using low riser pipes. Pressurized irrigation systems are, however, generally more expensive than surface methods particularly in terms of investment cost. Its labor requirement and operating costs are however cheaper than surface methods. Surface methods such as basin, border, furrow, and corrugation are generally suitable for soils with high water holding capacity and low infiltration capacity to make irrigation less frequent and to avoid designing short field lengths which would be wasteful of lands. Basin requires land leveling while border, furrow and corrugation require land grading and would entail additional costs. Subsurface methods, which simply rely on capillary action to wet the rootzone depth, are seldom used for most practical application and should be avoided especially when the irrigation water supply has high levels of salinity. Surface methods generally result to surface water and groundwater contamination since runoff losses and percolation losses, which may carry excess agro-chemicals, are always incurred during irrigation application even for properly designed systems. On the other hand, properly designed pressurized irrigation systems do not lead to runoff losses. However, sprinkler irrigation may lead to groundwater contamination since percolation that may carry excess agro chemicals will still be incurred. Each method of irrigation has its strengths and limitations and final choice for a given situation should consider all the aforementioned criteria collectively. Among the most widely used irrigation methods that can be recommended for diversified cropping systems include sprinkler, drip and furrow irrigation. Hence, focus will be made on these specific irrigation methods as potential methods of irrigation for HVC production systems. Sprinkler Irrigation System Sprinkler irrigation is a method of providing rainfall-like irrigation (usually using pumps) to the plants, with water being distributed through a system of pipes. Spray heads at the outlets, which break up water into small water drops, distribute the water over the soil surface. To achieve uniform and adequate application of water, the pump supply system, sprinklers, and operating conditions must be designed properly. Sprinklers provide efficient coverage for small to large areas and are suited for most row, field, and tree crops and water can be sprayed over or under the crop canopy. However, large sprinklers are not recommended for delicate crops such as lettuce because the large water drops produced by the sprinklers may damage the crop (Brouwer et al., 1988). Furthermore, they can be adapted to either uniform or undulating terrain, and to nearly all irrigable soils (but best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration capacities) since irrigation sprinklers are available with a variety of discharge capacities. The application rate from the sprinklers can also be controlled so that the infiltration capacity of the soil is not exceeded, and surface ponding, runoff, and redistribution are minimized. Application uniformity of the sprinkler system is affected by pressure variations in the system as well as wind speed and direction. However, the pressure variation can be corrected 187 CHAPTER 4 by improved design, while wind effects can be minimized by changing sprinkler spacing and operation when wind speeds are below a threshold value. The depth of water applied is usually greater near the sprinkler and decreases with the distance from the sprinkler. Uniformity of application is achieved by placement of sprinklers such that the wetting patterns overlap, usually about 60-80%. In irrigation design, the engineer considers the nozzle pressure, discharge rate, wetted diameter, and water distribution pattern to obtain acceptable uniformity. The downside of sprinkler system, however, is that its sprinkler nozzles can easily be clogged with sediments or debris, and therefore requires good clean supply of water, free of suspended sediments. The foliar application of water can raise concerns on specific ion injury, health risk associated with human consumption following foliar contamination, and increased risk in fungal disease. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils which easily form a crust but if sprinkler irrigation is the only method available, then light fine sprays should be used. Moreover, large systems incur high capital investment and operating costs. However, the high returns on investment obtained by the producers, coupled with the low labor force associated with these systems increases its adoption in the agricultural sector. The components of a typical sprinkler irrigation system include pump unit mainline (and sometimes sub-mainlines), laterals, and sprinklers. The pump unit (usually a centrifugal pump) takes water from the source and provides adequate pressure for delivery into the pipe system. The mainline (and sub-mainlines) are pipes which deliver water from the pump to the laterals, while the laterals deliver water from the mainline or sub-mainlines to the sprinklers. Sprinkler systems for field crops include fixed (solid set), hand move (single lines of sprinklers that are moved across the field) and travelling irrigators, and center pivot systems. A solid set system is a system with main line and laterals that remain in place throughout the cropping season and suitable for crops that require light frequent irrigations. These systems have high capital cost but require very little labor for irrigation. The fixed pipes and risers may obstruct farming operations. The hand move system generally consists of a portable main line that is in place for the growing season and one or two laterals. The laterals are moved right across the field for each irrigation cycle. This system reduces the capital cost but dramatically increases labor costs. These systems should be designed so the average application rate is less than the soil infiltration capacity to avoid runoff. The travelling irrigation systems are a portable irrigation option for crop irrigation. An example of this is a Traveller Spray Boom, a complete mechanized automated spraying irrigation system. The spray boom irrigating lateral, placed on a wheel trolley 1.3-2.5 m above the ground, is towed at the far end of the field up to 400 m apart from the machine main body, which stays near the hydrant. They are connected to each other with a long polyethylene (PE) pipe laid on ground. When operated, the pipe is re-winded on a reel (dram) attached to the machine main body and the spray boom on the trolley is dragged backwards irrigating a strip until the full length of the field is covered. The traveller spray booms are compact irrigation systems of low–medium operating pressure (3.0–4.5 bars). The area irrigated per shift (setting) ranges from 0.4 2.0 ha depending on the size of the unit. The Spray booms are used for the irrigation of forage, grain, potatoes, groundnuts, and most agro-industrial field crops. A center pivot irrigation system is a movable pipe structure that rotates around a central pivot point connected to a water The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 188The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 supply. Center pivot irrigation systems are the most popular sprinkler irrigation systems in the world because of their high efficiency, adaptability to a wide variety of field sizes and crop types, high uniformity, ability to irrigate uneven topography, and low maintenance, and management costs (Waller et al., 2016). The systems move through the field by electrically powered tractor wheels. Sprinkler flow rates increase toward the outer end of the pivot because the end of the pivot travels faster. The primary design constraint is the prevention of runoff at the end of the pivot, where application rates are highest. Though center pivot systems involve a high initial investment, the returns obtained is comparatively more in terms of long-term usage, efficient water management, higher crops yields, and low labor cost. Drip Irrigation System Drip irrigation (sometimes called trickle irrigation) is a micro-irrigation system that has to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly (2-20 liters/ hour) to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface. Since water is applied close or onto the plant roots, it minimizes evaporation and unnecessary losses of water as only the portion of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation which involve wetting the entire topsoil layer. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days), thus providing very favorable high moisture level in the soil for crop water use on a daily basis. Drip irrigation systems distribute water through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters or drippers, and can apply accurately metered quantities of water evenly to plants. A drip irrigation system can be more efficient than other types of irrigation systems, such as surface irrigation or sprinkler irrigation. However, the system entails high cost of investment and high level of management skills. For drip irrigation scheme to be successful, it must be well-designed, properly installed, and well-managed. Increased skills of irrigation managers and well-developed farm business plan may ensure return of investments. Generally, only HVCs are considered because of the high capital costs of using a drip irrigation system. Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. It is adaptable to any farmable slope and suitable for most soils. Water must be applied slowly on clay soils to avoid surface water ponding and runoff, while sandy soils need higher emitter discharge rates to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil (Brouwer et al., 1988). A typical drip irrigation system consists of the following components: pump unit control head, main and submain lines, laterals, and emitters or drippers. A drip system is usually permanent (remain in place during more than one season) and can be easily automated to reduce labor cost. Drip irrigation allows for improved irrigation efficiency and water savings due to the reduction in evaporation, surface runoff, and deep percolation. Evaporation loss from the soils is reduced evaporation since only a small area of the surface is wetted (or negligible if the drip is buried). Rainfall runoff is much reduced as it can be stored in the dry soil between the drip lines, and amount of water passing below the root zone is minimal and thus deep percolation losses are unlikely. One possible problem with drip irrigation is that the emitters or drip holes can become plugged with tiny particles or salts in the water supply. For this reason, water should be filtered. Cartridge-type filters are available and relatively inexpensive. The drip system can be used to provide nutrients to plants (fertigation), but some planning is required. Soluble nitrogen and organic 189 CHAPTER 4 fertilizers can be applied through drippers, but phosphate fertilizers and many organic fertilizers cannot. While conventional drip systems are generally costly, low-cost drip irrigation kits have evolved in the market in recent years and may be used in the Philippines. An example of low-cost drip systems is the gravity type drip kit developed by the International Development Enterprises (IDE). It was tested and promoted in the Philippines under the USAID-funded Sustainable Agriculture Natural Resource Management (SANREM) project (Ella et al., 2008). A drum reservoir served as water supply for the IDE drip system, and water is directly delivered to plants through small plastic tubes. The drip kit consists of microtube emitters inserted through plastic tape roll laterals connected to polyethylene submain pipes which in turn can be connected to a drum water reservoir. The system is operated without the need of pumping unit as it uses an elevated drum reservoir at appreciable head to supply the water to laterals by gravity. Typical operating heads of the IDE drip kits range from 1-3m (Keller, 2002). This drip irrigation technology is suitable for developing countries because of its low cost and simplicity of design and installation. It has started gaining popularity in some upland watersheds in Southeast Asian countries for vegetable production under agroforestry systems (Reyes, 2007). In the Philippines, this type of drip irrigation system has been successfully used in the production of onions in Nueva Ecija (The Technical Committee, 2012). Field trials of the IDE low-cost drip irrigation system in upland HVCs namely cabbage, Chinese cabbage, tomato, and pepper in Lantapan, Bukidnon showed 20-50% higher crop yield than non-drip irrigated crops (Ella, 2012). The water productivity is also higher in the drip irrigated crops. Financial analysis also revealed the BCR to be >1, and achieved a short 1-2.5-year payback period (Ella, 2012). Hence, with proper drip irrigation system design, the use of low-cost drip system has the potential to increase farmer’s income under diversified cropping systems. Other advantages in using drip irrigation systems include reduction in runoff and percolation losses and generation of water savings of 50-80% compared to most traditional surface irrigation methods. Crop productivity (production per unit of water consumed by plant evapotranspiration) is also increased by 10-50% (The Technical Committee, 2012). Nevertheless, one limitation of the low-cost drip kit is the non-uniformity of water distribution particularly in sloping areas. This issue of non-uniformity of water distribution can, however, be addressed using pressure regulators at the head of each lateral. In fact, results of field tests performed by Ella (2013) showed a significant increase in both the coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) to a range of 76-94% and 64-91%, respectively, with the use of pressure regulators. For all pressure heads and submain slope of 30%, CU and DU were increased by an average of 25% and 82%, respectively, with the pressure regulator. Technologies such as this may be employed as part of the possible options of irrigation support for crop diversification in the Philippines. Drip irrigation can also be automated using wireless sensor network. This is the subject of intensive research in the CHED PCARI project by Ella (2019). Once pilot tested, this technology may be promoted in the future application of drip irrigation for HVC production systems in the Philippines. Summarized in Table 4.55 are the basic design considerations for pressurized irrigation systems such as sprinkler and drip. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 190The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.55. Design Criteria and Considerations for Pressurized Irrigation Methods Type of pressurized irrigation Design criteria and consideration Irrigation scheduling programme Hose-move sprinkler irrigation (for full coverage crops: maize, cotton, potatoes, carrots, groundnuts) Sprinkler Spacing (Sm):  Not to exceed 65% of sprinkler diameter coverage under light to moderate wind for square and rectangular patterns  Up to 70% diameter coverage for triangular pattern.  50% under strong wind with lateral direction perpendicular to wind direction Not recommended for over 3.5 m/s wind strength. Common sprinkler spacing for low discharge and precipitation rates of 8-14 mm/h:  6,9, or 12 m along laterals  12 or 18 m between lateral Sprinklers can be extended to both lateral line sides, 6 lateral positions at 12-m Sm spacing, covering up to 60 m distance. Precipitation rates should not exceed the soil infiltration of:  25 mm/h (light soils)  8-16 mm/h (loam)  2-8 mm/h (clay) Height of sprinkler above ground  60 cm minimum for low-growing crops Loss of pressure due to friction in lateral line:  Not exceed 20% of the pressure at entrance Minimum operating pressure:  At least 2.0 bars Standard procedure for preparation of irrigation programme (consider soil moisture holding capacity, plant physiology, climate). Irrigation dosage application depth:  40-100 mm (for deep rooted field crops) Precipitation rate:  About 14 mm/h Operating time at each position:  3-7 hours Irrigation intervals:  2 weeks (common) Irrigation efficiency:  75% Microsprinklers Sprinkler spacing:  Not exceed 50% of diameter coverage  Sm along and between laterals should range from 5 -7 m. Fixed depletion irrigation for shallow rooted crops (e.g. vegetables) 191 CHAPTER 4 Type of pressurized irrigation Design criteria and consideration Irrigation scheduling programme Microsprinklers (potatoes, carrots, leafy vegetables, groundnuts, and other densely planted field crops) Common spacings:  5 m x 5 m  5 m x 6 m  5 m x 7 m  6 m x 7 m Pipe sizes:  32 mm (optimum for LDPE) More sprinklers per unit area should be operated simultaneously to mitigate adverse wind effects. Gross application depth:  20-30 mm (potatoes and vegetables) Total no. of irrigation required:  12-15 mm (for 300-400 mm gross water requirement of potato and vegetable) Minisprinklers (for fruit tree crops) One emitter per tree Emitter spacings = tree spacings Emitter flow rate should match available water, area, number, age and tree size, and number of irrigation shifts Distance between minisprinklers and tree trunks:  30-50 cm Maximum permissible pressure variation:  20% pressure difference for a 10% discharge difference Irrigate at fixed interval on a weekly basis (twice a week for young trees) Bubbler irrigation (for fruit tree crops) Two bubbler emitters, one on each side, for mature trees One lateral per two rows of trees Flow rate:  500 lph 80% wetted root soil volume Either fixed depletion or fixed interval irrigation programme Drip irrigation Indicative average radius of water lateral spread:  0.3 m (light texture)  0.65 m (medium texture)  1.2 m (fine texture) Wetted soil volume per tree:  Not less than 35%  50-60 cm (to avoid deep percola tion) Soil moisture depletion:  Not exceed 40% of soil available moisture (late growing stages of vegetables and fruit trees)  20-30% (early stage of vegeta bles) The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 192The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Type of pressurized irrigation Design criteria and consideration Irrigation scheduling programme Drip irrigation (for intensive row cultivated crops, vegetables, fruit trees, melons, bananas, papayas, flowers, grapes, watermelon, etc.) *Not recommended for potatoes, leafy vegetables, groundnuts and other dense planted crops Dripper lateral design arrangements:  Single line per row of trees, with 4-8 drippers at pprox.. 0.8-1.2m interval along the line  Circular layout or loop around tree, either smaller extension line 5-8 drippers around the trees for single line per row, or multi-exit dripper with 4-6 small emission tubes radial to the tree. Circle diameter ranges from 1.2 to 2.2m. Two drippers at both sides at 35-40 cm away for newly planted trees.  Double lines per row of plants (banana), two dripper lines per row, one on each side, 1.2-1.6 m apart. Dripper spacing is 0.7-1.2 m. Irrigate every day in the later parts of growth stage Low-cost hose irrigation (for fruit tree crops, field crops, and veg etables) Conventional hose basin for trees:  One 24-m-long hose irrigate 36 tree basins spaced at 6 x 6 m  36 m (every 6 rows) lateral spacing along rows  36 m (every six trees) hose spacing along laterals Drag hose basin for trees:  Each 20-32 mm soft black LDPE pipes, 2.5 or 4.0 bars, irrigate 2 or 4 rows of trees on both sides of lateral line Hose basin for field crops:  Size of small basins: 12 x 12 m, 6 x 12 m, or 6 x 18 m  Laterals are more close-spaced than trees  Hoses can be soft PVC or LDPE, 18 24 m long, 25 mm - 1 in Conventional hose basin for trees:  Hoses are moved by hand from one basin to another Drag hose basin for trees:  The hoses are extended to the distant end basins at the beginning of each irrigation and moved to the other basing by dragging them backwards. Hose basin for field crops:  Hoses can be moved from one basin to another by dragging them backwards or by carrying them 193 CHAPTER 4 Type of pressurized irrigation Design criteria and consideration Irrigation scheduling programme Hose furrow for vegetables:  Hoses are 25-32-mm soft black LDPE or 1 -in soft PVC garden hoses  Hose spacing along lateral is same with furrow length  Furrows are usually short, 18-30 m long, 15 vm deep, 1m apart Hose furrow for vegetables:  Minimum flow for small basins while maximum possible flow for large basins.  Small discharge hoses can be moved from one place to another in the basin itself for sandy soils with high infiltration rates. Sources: FAO (1999) and Phociades (1999) Furrow Irrigation Furrow irrigation uses small open channels or miniature trench called furrows to deliver and apply irrigation water in between row crops. The bottom and sides of the furrow allows the vertical and lateral infiltration of water, which is then absorbed by the roots of the crop. This type of irrigation system must be carefully installed, as any change to the plans can affect its smooth operation. Proper and regular maintenance, especially on the supply system, would ensure good irrigation. Furrow irrigation is suitable for most soil types except for very coarse sand due to high percolation losses and crusty soils, and for many crops especially row crops that are sensitive to water logging. Crops suitable for furrow irrigation include row crops such as maize, sunflower, sugarcane, soybean; crops that would be damaged by inundation, such as tomatoes, vegetables, potatoes, beans; fruit trees such as citrus, grape; broadcast crops (corrugation method) such as wheat (Brouwer, 1988). Uniform flat or gentle slopes are preferred for furrow irrigation. Techniques to improve distribution uniformity with furrow irrigation include increased furrow flow rate, reduced run length, and cut-back flow. Increasing the flow rates in the furrow decreases the advance time of the furrow stream and thus reduces the difference in opportunity time between the ends of the field. The furrow advance time should not exceed 25% of the total set time. Reducing the furrow length has the same effect on opportunity time as increasing the furrow flow rate. Surface runoff is lessened by reducing the furrow flow rate after the advance is completed by a cut-back flow. When water moves from the head furrow to the tail end furrow, it produces significant amount of water loss due to deep percolation. To reduce the loss, innovations have been adopted farmers by using segmented pipes (2.5 m in length and 3.2 cm in diameter per segment) to convey water in each furrow (The Technical Committee, 2012). Each PE pipe segment is manually laid out and connected at the beginning of irrigation of one furrow, then the pipe segments are removed one by one starting at the tail end of the furrow as soon as the The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 194The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 irrigation of a section of furrow covered by a pipe segment has been completed. The pipe segment that has been removed will be transferred to the adjacent furrow. After the irrigation of the full length of the furrow has been completed, the segmented pipes at the adjacent furrow will all be reconnected again, and the process continues until the entire field has been irrigated. 4.12.3. Other Low-cost Irrigation Technologies for Diversified Crops Flexible Hose The use of long flexible hoses to irrigate diversified crops such as tomatoes, corn, tobacco, eggplant is popular among farmers in the Ilocos Region (The Technical Committee, 2012). The flexible hose (usually 1.25-1.50” diameter PE pipe) is attached to pump from STWs or dug wells. During irrigation, the flexible hose is being held by two or three persons to distribute the water in the field. Since water is being applied directly on the field (and sometimes on the individual plants), it eliminates conveyance losses, and reduces runoff and deep percolation losses. It also shortens the duration of the irrigation activity thus reducing fuel costs during pump operation. However, this method is labor intensive. Use of Clay Pots for Subsurface Irrigation This traditional technology is suitable for crops that require special attention on water availability for irrigation during their early crop growth stage. Clay pots are simple and efficient device that provide controlled irrigation to plants, and thereby maximizes yield and water productivity. The clay pots are unglazed indigenous earthen pots with micro-porous wall. The water seeps out from micro-porous wall of the buried clay at a rate in the direction where suction develops at a rate that is influenced by the plant’s water use. Using this technology water is made available as crops need it, which results to very high efficiency, even better than drip irrigation, and as much as 10 times better than conventional surface irrigation (Bainbridge, 2001). The system has been used successfully for irrigating vegetables and orchards. Some advantages of using clay pots for sub-surface irrigation include the following: salt accumulation in soils is limited as no waterlogging occurs; weed growth around the plant is suppressed, reducing transpiration losses of irrigation water through weeds; water molecules are attracted to the plant roots as the suction force is created by soil moisture tension and/or plant roots themselves. During irrigation, a clay pot is filled with water and then covered with a ceramic lid to prevent evaporation losses, disturbance from small animals, and to prevent soil from being washed into them during rains or being deposited in them by wind. Water savings between 50% and 70% are achievable with the clay pot irrigation system as compared to the conventional watering can system where water is applied onto the soil surface, causing soil crusting and inducing excessive evaporation (The Technical Committee, 2012). 4.12.4. Other Irrigation Support for Crop Diversification In addition to proper selection of farm level irrigation methods, irrigation support for crop diversification may also the following: • Use of shallow tube wells • Use of small water impounding systems or small farm reservoirs • Use of solar-powered irrigation systems • Use of pipe delivery systems or a hybrid of open channels and pipe distribution system • Use of rotational irrigation schemes during water-scarce conditions 195 CHAPTER 4 4.12.5. Potential of PPP in the Provision of Irrigation Support for Crop Diversification In view of the costly nature of farm level irrigation methods particularly the pressurized irrigation system such as sprinkler and drip irrigation, PPPs should be explored in the provision of irrigation support for crop diversification. The details of the PPP for irrigation support for HVC production systems can be fleshed out during the formulation of the regional and provincial master plans. 4.13. Environmental and Social Safeguards for Irrigation Development 4.13.1. Impacts of Irrigation Development to the Environment and Society and Vice Versa The Need for Sustainable Irrigation Development Irrigated agriculture plays a major role in achieving national food security and in raising the quality of human life in many countries. Hence, the Philippine government has been massively investing in irrigation, drainage and flood control projects to boost crop yield and enlarge irrigated areas for decades now. It is hoped that the irrigation infrastructure development projects will raise the socio-economic well-being of farmers and other people dependent on agriculture. Thus, in the past two centuries, socio-economic development has focused on boosting agricultural production without adequate regard to associated environmental impacts and changes. However, the consequences of neglected environmental and social impacts cause many irrigation systems to underperform; some of them even fail. Irrigation development becomes unsustainable without giving close attention, especially at the project feasibility stage, to the prevention, reduction, or compensation of the likely adverse effects to environment and people. Equally important, irrigation field personnel must be capable to manage risks and consequences of unanticipated environment and social impacts during the O&M of irrigation systems. A well-planned, designed and constructed irrigation system that incorporates environmental and social considerations is poised to perform in the long term and be sustainable. Planning for sustainable irrigation development must be based not only on technical and economic/financial feasibility but also on sound environmental and social feasibility. Numerous unanticipated effects of irrigation projects/systems on the environment and people have been reported to cause unsustainable irrigation development from a wide range of geographic, climatic and social conditions around the globe (Dougherty and Hall, 1995; Holy, 1993; WB, n.d.). The adverse impacts affect the performance of the irrigation/drainage projects/systems themselves and the wider environment. Given that the biophysical and social impacts are interlinked and interrelated, remedial actions intended to solve problems caused by one type of impact can lead to evolution of other impacts and problems. The environmental and social impact evolution trajectory to sustainable irrigation development forms feedback loops. Irrigation planners and managers must design safeguards to weaken or break the loops to protect the environment and people from adverse impacts of unsustainable irrigation development. The Philippine government and other multi-lateral lending agencies enforce environmental and social safeguard policies to protect the environment and society from the risks and damages from socio-economic development projects, like irrigation infrastructure development. Environmental and social assessment is common to all these safeguard policies. The process is meant to maintain the The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 196The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 environmental and social sustainability of irrigation projects. Hence, the integration of the assessment results and outcomes into detailed engineering design during the project FS could lead to sustainable irrigation performance. Environmental and social problems caused by irrigation can be avoided or considerably mitigated by proper planning, design, and operation of irrigation projects (Ochs and Plusquellec, 2003). This section characterizes environmental and social circumstances relevant to planning, design, construction, and operation of sustainable irrigation projects/systems through post audit of EISs, FS, performance evaluation reports. Based on the distilled information and knowledge, guidelines for the improvement of safeguards against impacts of irrigation projects on the environment and people were developed. Environmental and Social Impacts of Irrigation Irrigation brings about both beneficial and adverse impacts to the environment and people. Improving the people’s well-being and the society in general, a major benefit from irrigation development, is its keystone role in dealing with the constraints to achieving national food security. Furthermore, Morales and Mongcopa (2008) reported that successful irrigation and drainage projects in Asia contribute to improvement in (a) agricultural productivity, (b) employment opportunities, particularly for marginal and landless workers, (c) transport systems, through better farm and access roads, (d) women’s participation, and (e) strengthening institutional capabilities. Changes in quantity and quality of land and water resources and the consequent effects on natural and social conditions constitute the environmental impacts of irrigation especially on the tail-end and downstream parts of the irrigation system (Iternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage [ICID], 1993). Irrigation system directly alters the environmental hydrology in the catchment area where it draws water from the river or groundwater, then distributes it to the command area (Rosenburg et al., 2000). As a result, (a) river discharge downstream diminishes, (b) groundwater recharge rate in the system increases, (c) water table level rises/falls, (d) drainage flow increases, and (e) evaporation in the scheme increases. Delayed impacts of irrigation include soil salinization in arid and semiarid regions and waterlogging in humid regions. This is followed by water pollution with pollutants including salts, nutrients, pesticides, trace elements, sediments, pathogens, acids and elevated temperatures. Obviously, the interlinkage and interaction among hydrological impacts cause new environmental effects. The subsequent impacts of irrigation on the people are intricate in view that the environment x social impacts will interact with the technical, economic, financial, and institutional aspects and could produce even more complex impacts and cause irrigation project/system to fail (ICID 2008, Holy 1993). For assessment of probable impacts of irrigation on the environment and society, the ICID developed a framework of a procedure for identifying environmental effects of new or existing projects (ICID, 2008). The framework is intended for engineers and planners who are not specialists in the environmental sciences. Effects are grouped under eight topic areas, namely (1) hydrology, (2) pollution, (3) soils, (4) sediments, (5) ecology, (6) socio-economic, (7) human health, and (8) ecological imbalances. Environmental and social impacts of irrigation development, according to FAO (2008), included those on (a) hydrology, (b) water and air quality, (c) soil properties and safety erects, (d) erosion and sedimentation, (e) biological and ecological change, (f) socio-economic 197 CHAPTER 4 impacts, (g) ecological imbalances, and on (h) human health. Impacts of Environmental and Social Changes on Irrigation Systems If left neglected and allowed to evolve, the foregoing impacts of irrigation development on the environment and humans will eventually feed back into the irrigation development pathway and reduce the efficiency performance of irrigation systems/projects. The environmental and social impacts will constrain the operations of irrigation systems such that they become operationally inflexible. Furthermore, the impacts will also take a heavy toll on farmers’ productivity thus reducing their economic well-being. Meanwhile, on account of natural and anthropogenic causes, environmental and social changes occur in irrigation schemes and in catchment areas where they are located. Deforestation, urbanization, CC, land use and land cover changes and their cascading effects on the environment complicate the aforementioned environmental and social impacts of irrigation to a large extent. The complication will arise from the interrelationship and interactions between the environmental changes. For instance, deforestation and illegal logging upstream engender water supply problems, river sedimentation, and canal siltation in the irrigation scheme. Flooding usually occurs due to surface runoff and river overflows during heavy rains contributed by climate variability and change. Clogging of irrigation canals with solid wastes due to indiscriminate waste disposal is explained by urbanization process within the watershed and service areas of irrigation systems. Environmental changes will influence sustainable irrigation performance and the concerns can be addressed by combined institutional mechanisms and engineering. Moreover, the combined effects of environmental impacts and environmental changes would ramify planning, design, construction, and O&M of many irrigation systems. Thus, Irrigation planners and designers should study and incorporate such in irrigation project FS. A review and examination of FS and EISs of existing irrigation systems indicated that local environmental issues confronting the Philippine irrigation systems are reportedly similar with those described in the regional and global literature. The following environmental and social concerns were observed during rehabilitation of 12 NISs: a. Systemic siltation of irrigation canals b. Flooding c. Soil erosion d. Indiscriminate solid waste disposal e. Forest/watershed denudation f. Land use conversion g. Excessive use of pesticides h. Incidence of infestation i. Water pollution with chemicals j. Saline intrusion k. Mining issues l. Minimal use of IPM/organic fertilizers and m. Weak environmental capacity In other FS, environmental concerns include IP concerns and involuntary resettlement. The unique subset of environmental and social concerns for a given irrigation project differs according to the biophysical and social contexts (spatial and temporal variability) in which a given project/system will be built and operated. Environmental and Social Safeguards and Policies “Safeguards policies are essential tools to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process” (FAO, 2019). Most international financing corporations and multi-lateral development banks apply environmental and social safeguards to projects that they finance. The WB, ADB, International Finance Corporation (IFC), The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 198The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 and other lending institutions apply its suite of environmental and social safeguard policies to projects they would extend loan to. a.Safeguard policies of Philippines and International Agencies The environmental and social safeguards adhere to the provisions of the Philippine EIS Law (PD 1586), the Philippine Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (RA 8371), the Right of Way Acquisition Law (RA 8974) and their implementing rules and regulations. WB assisted irrigation projects considered the Philippine safeguards in addition to the operational policies of WB on Environmental Assessment (Operational Policy/Bank Policy 4.01), Natural Habitats (Operational Policy/Bank Policy 4.04), Pest Management (Operational Policy 4.09), Indigenous Peoples (Operational Policy/Bank Policy 4.10) and Involuntary Resettlement (Operational Policy/ Bank Policy 4.12). ADB aims to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects, and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision making process. It has three key safeguard areas, namely environmental safeguards, involuntary resettlement safeguards and IP safeguards. Common to all these environmental and social safeguard policies is ESIA, which many countries implement to shield the environment and people from probable harm and damage from development projects. b.National Institutions/Agencies Managing the Environment To ensure proper implementation of national laws and policies, government agencies are mandated with specific roles and functions necessary for environmental management. These institutions/agencies include: Table 4.56. Key Institutions in Managing the Environment Institution/Agency Environmental Manage-ment Aspect Key Environmental Eval uation Parameters Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) - DENR Environmental Quality pa rameters and correspond ing stressors Air and water quality stressors: environmental impacts, solid wastes, toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes BMB - DENR Biodiversity management/ conservation Wildlife conservation and protected area manage ment Mines and Geosciences Bu reau (MGB) - DENR Management of the use of mineral resources Mineral resources quantity/ sustainability Forest Management Bureau (FMB) - DENR Management of the use of forestry resources Primary and secondary growth forests and water shed management 199 CHAPTER 4 Institution/Agency Environmental Manage-ment Aspect Key Environmental Eval uation Parameters Land Management Bureau (LMB) - DENR Survey, classification, lease, sale or any other forms of concessions or disposition of public lands Compatibility of classification of adjacent lands Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) - DENR Ecosystems research (forests, upland farms, grasslands, degraded areas, coastal zones, freshwater and urban areas) Ecosystems Services National Water Resources Board (NWRB) - DENR Management of the use of water Water quantity Department of Agriculture (DA) Management of the use of agricultural resources Soil quality for agriculture purposes including the effect of the use of fertilizers and pesticides; regulation of use of agricultural resources Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) DA Management of the use of fishery and other aquatic resources Marine and freshwater resources Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) Management of marine environment Marine pollution, sea dumping of wastes and other matters Department of Energy (DOE) Management of the use of energy resources Use of fossil fuel, gas, hydro, wind, solar resources Climate Change Commis sion (CCC) Climate change adaptation/ mitigation Climate change projections adaptation strategies National Disaster Risk Re duction and Management Council (NDRRMC) Management of disaster risks/disaster risk reduction Natural hazards vulnerabilities/ exposure to disaster risks Local Government Unit (LGU) Overall management at the local level All environmental parameters Department of Social Wel fare and Development (DSWD) and Department of Health (DOH) Peoples’ health and welfare management Socio-economic and health impacts resulting to environmental quality impacts: displacement, livelihood impacts, health impact, etc. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 200The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Institution/Agency Environmental Manage-ment Aspect Key Environmental Eval uation Parameters National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP) Indigenous People/ Indig enous communities (ICCs) welfare management Displacement, livelihood, indigenous cultural integrity, rights and practices National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), National Historical Com mission of the Philippines (NHCP), National Museum Protection, prevention and conservation of cultural heritage Physical cultural resources, ethnicity of local communities, intangible cultural resources Adapted from: Environmental Management in the Philippines, Guia-Pedrosa, 2016 c. National Environmental Management Laws and Policies There are several laws in the Philippines that guide planners in managing Table 4.57. Key Laws and Policies in Managing the Environment Aspect Legislation Title/Description Environmental Quality Management Environmental Quality Management and Standards and Status Monitoring Air Quality RA 8749 (1999) Philippine Clean Air Act Water Quality RA 9275 (2004) Philippine Clean Water Act PD 979 (1976) Marine Pollution Decree RA 9993 (2009) Philippines Coast Guard Law Land Quality PD 933 (1976) Recognized the need to regulate land use vis-à-vis management of the quality of life Management of Environmental Quality Stressors Impacts of Undertakings PD 1586 (1978) Establishing the Philippine EIS System Solid Waste RA 9003 (2000) Ecological Solid Waste Man agement Act Toxic Chemicals and Hazard ous Wastes RA 6969 (1990) Toxic Chemicals and Hazard ous Waste Management Act PD 856 (1976) Code of Sanitation: require ment to install sewage treat ment facilities environmental resources. Among these key laws and policies are listed in Table 4.57. 201 CHAPTER 4 Aspect Legislation Title/Description Adjunction of Pollution Cases RA 3931, PD 984, Executive Order (EO) 192 The Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) created under EO 192 assumes the power of the National Pollution Control Commission with respect to the adjudication of pollution cases under RA 3931 and PD 984 Management of the Use of Natural Resources Land-based Natural Resources Management Forestry PD 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines Mineral Resources RA 7942 (1995) Philippine Mining Act Agriculture RA 8435 (1997) Agriculture and Fisheries Mod ernization Act RA 6657 (1988) Comprehensive Agrarian Re form Law Water Resources Management Water PD 1067 (1976) The Water Code of the Philip pines Fisheries RA 8550 (1998) The Philippine Fisheries Code Energy Resources and Man agement RA 7638 (1992) Department of Energy Act of 1992 Biodiversity and Ecosystems Management Protected Areas RA 7586 (1992) National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act Wildlife Protection RA 9147 (2001) Wildlife Resources Conserva tion and Protection Act Caves and Cave Resources RA 9072 (2001) National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Climate Change RA 9729 (2009) Climate Change Act Disaster RA 10121 (2010) Philippine Disaster Risk Re duction and Management Act Socio-Cultural Resources Management Indigenous People RA 8371 (1997) Indigenous Peoples’ Right Act (IPRA) Cultural Resources RA 10066 (2009) National Cultural Heritage Act Adapted from: Environmental Management in the Philippines, Guia-Pedrosa, 2016 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 202The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 4.13.2. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process Generically, ESIA entails the following safeguards activities: Screening This activity involves environmental and social screening of proposed projects. Adequate screening of alternatives often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decision is made on whether a full ESIA is to be carried out. The NIA prescribes ESIA of proposed projects with service areas ≥ 1,000 ha, including line projects and foreign-assisted projects. Rehabilitation projects must be assessed carefully. The fact that an irrigation scheme needs to be rehabilitated indicates underperformance. Irrigation modernization, which is more than rehabilitation, requires a more careful environmental and social assessment. Furthermore, when required, an IEC campaign is carried out in the affected IP community. The output from the screening process is often a document called an Initial Environmental Examination or Evaluation (IEE). Scoping Scoping involves pinpointing, characterizing, and categorizing the key environmental and social issues and concerns. Conducted at the early stage of project planning, it is the EIA safeguard activity that can most strongly influence a proposal. The views and opinions of various project stakeholders are solicited during this process. The main EIA techniques used in scoping are baseline studies, checklists, matrices and network diagrams. Impact Prediction and Mitigation Following scoping activity, likely impacts are predicted using prediction methods that are commensurate to the required level of prediction accuracy. An important result of this safeguard activity includes recommendations for mitigating measures, which should be included in the EIS. Environmental Impact Statement The main output in ESIA is EIS that contains a detailed plan for managing and monitoring environmental impacts both during project implementation and after decommissioning. Monitoring will indicate the deviation of predicted impacts from actual impacts/problems so that corrective actions could be taken. Audit of the EIA process An examination of the outcomes of EIA is carried out some time after project operations. The audit serves a useful feedback and learning function for improving safeguards to shield the environment and people from risks and damages due to irrigation development. A systematic EIA follow-up may also be implemented, which is a generic term that refers to many different activities that aim to pursue the consequences of individual projects or plans. These activities may relate to several overlapping and loosely used terms, such as environmental monitoring, auditing, evaluation, post-decision analysis, and post-decision management. Follow-up is often considered to be a weak or even a missing element in EIA (Jalavaa et al., 2015). It provides opportunities to enhance the possibilities to improve safeguards for environmental and social protection. The evaluation of environmental and social safeguards to impacts of irrigation development strongly adhered to the Philippine EIA system. Depending on the type of project, safeguards and procedures developed by international funding agencies are also implemented. 203 CHAPTER 4 ESIA within the Project Life Cycle Many countries require EIA/EIS for major projects, like irrigation development. The relationship between project cycle and environmental and social assessments and how the EIA safeguard activity relates to the whole project life cycle are shown in Figure 4.29. EIA must be an integral part of the FS. Where these laws are enforced, they can be a powerful means of directing development towards sustainability. Figure 4.29. The EIA Process in the Project Cycle Adapted from: Mekong EIA Briefing: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Comparative Analysis in Lower Mekong Countries A project cycle can be generically described in terms of six stages: (1) project concept, (2) pre-feasibility, (3) feasibility, (4) design and engineering, (5) implementation, and (6) monitoring and evaluation. Most ESIA activities take place during project pre-feasibility and feasibility stages, with less effort devoted to implementation, and M&E stages. When done adequately, ESIA could enhance the project and augment the planning process. Finally, the integration of ESIA can strengthen the environmental and social safeguards to potential risks and damages from development projects. 4.13.3. Environmental and Social Considerations for the NIMP The results obtained from the regional and global examination of environmental and social concerns and safeguards from the desk research were validated with those collected in the fields through structured survey questionnaires, KII, FGDs, and interpersonal interviews. The comparative analysis affirmed the environmental and social considerations critical to sustainable irrigation development. Moreover, the critical The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 204The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.30. Mind Map for Pre-test of Questionnaires and Other Participatory Techniques concerns facilitated crafting of guidelines for improvement of environmental and social safeguards for irrigation development. To obtain preliminary data, the team conducted FGD with staff of NIA CALABARZON. Information gathered were used in crafting the survey questionnaires with which effectiveness or usefulness of EIA, considerations on environmental performance, and climate proofing activities were assessed to improve environmental and social safeguards (Figure 4.30). Most of the NIA planners and designers in Luzon strongly agree that a well-designed and constructed irrigation system or project protects the environment and contributes to environmental sustainability (Table 4.58). Most of them also agree that the environmental data and information in the EIA/EIS reports are adequate, of high quality, and accurate enough to develop sustainable irrigation system/project. Further, they attested that the environmental data and information helped them in designing environmental management and mitigation plans (EMMPs) for detailed engineering design. The EIA/ EIS data and information helped irrigation planners and designers in Luzon make important decisions during the project feasibility stage. 205 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.58. Environmental Sustainability and Irrigation Planning, Design and Construction; various NIA stakeholders; formulation of NIMP; 2018-2019 Environmental Sustainability and Irrigation Plan ning Luzon Visayas Min danao 1. A well-planned, designed and constructed irrigation system/project protects the environment and contrib utes to environmental sustainability. Strongly agree Agree Strongly Agree 2. The environmental data and information in the EIA/ EIS reports are adequate, of high quality, and accurate enough to develop sustainable irrigation development projects/systems. Agree Neutral Disagree 3. The environmental data and information reported in the EIA/EIS system greatly helped irrigation planners and designers in making important decisions during Project site selection in pre-FS (IEE, Screening). Agree Neutral Agree 4. The environmental data and information reported in the EIA/EIS system greatly helped irrigation planners and designers in making important decisions during FS (Significant impacts, mitigation measures). Agree Neutral Strongly Agree 5. The environmental data and information reported in the EIA/EIS system greatly helped irrigation planners and designers in making important decisions during Detailed Engineering Design (Integration of measures in the Environmental Management/Mitigation Plan). Agree Neutral Strongly Agree 6. The environmental data and information reported in the EIA/EIS system greatly helped irrigation planners and designers in making important decisions during Construction (EMP). Agree Neutral Agree 7. The environmental data and information reported in the EIA/EIS system greatly helped irrigation planners and designers in making important decisions during Post-construction/post-project analysis (M&E). Agree Neutral Agree 8. An EIA/EIS follow-up is needed to identify actual impacts and to learn from these impacts (prediction correctness and accuracy, surprises and uncertainties; to assess effectiveness of mitigation measures; and to manage risks and uncertainties. Strongly agree Neutral Strongly Agree The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 206The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Surprisingly, the respondents asserted that the EIA/EIS data and information also facilitated decision-making during post-construction/post-project M&E. Nonetheless, they strongly agreed that an EIA follow-up would be needed to assess accuracy of impact prediction, effectiveness of mitigation measures and to learn about environmental surprises from unanticipated and residual impacts. For the Visayas region, respondents agree that a well-planned, designed and constructed irrigation system/ project could protect the environment and contribute to environmental sustainability. However, they neither agree nor disagree that the environmental data included in the EIS are of high quality and are useful in all phases of irrigation system development. This result is coherent with the findings during the FGD wherein it was revealed that EIA/EIS is only being prepared for mere compliance to obtain an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and is not efficiently being utilized during planning of irrigation development. Lastly, while they disagree that the information indicated in the EIS are adequate, of high quality, and accurate enough to develop a sustainable irrigation development projects/system, Mindanao respondents believe that this report is essential in the decision making during all phases of irrigation development. Contrary to the previous findings, interview with most field personnel from operations and engineering division revealed lack of awareness and knowledge on EIA/EIS. These personnel are supposedly responsible for managing the environment and form an important node to sustain irrigation performance. This is a clear circumstance that bolstered the fact that EIA is a planning tool used by stakeholders at the top of the irrigation development chain. Probable Impacts of Irrigation Project/ System on the Environment The various effects of irrigation development project stem from direct and indirect changes it brought in the elements and processes of the biophysical and social environment. To gain insights from the perspectives and experiences of various irrigation stakeholders in the country, changes in more than 30 parameters relating to these elements and processes were grouped into three major categories, namely Watershed, Water Quality, and Flooding Risks . Under each major class are detailed probable environmental and social impact characteristics. The significance to irrigation planning, design, construction, and operations of these changes was evaluated and rated by various stakeholders. The differential importance of potential impacts under each class to a respondent reflects the biophysical and social contexts in which an irrigation system is embedded. Environmental and social impacts of irrigation project/system due to alteration in the watershed or catchment areas are a direct or indirect result of changes in land cover and land use, in water inflows to reservoirs and dams, in sedimentation and siltation level, and in people and ecosystems to be submerged on account of irrigation project/system development. All the effects projected from changes in the watershed area were considered important/very important environmental and social considerations by respondents from Luzon. For the irrigation stakeholders in the Visayas, grassland and reduction in inflows into reservoir are least important environmental consideration; however, all other probable impacts are deemed very important to irrigation project/system. 207 CHAPTER 4 The stability of water inflows into reservoirs was not so important environmental consideration to Mindanao stakeholders, thus the uncertainty of water supply due to CC was least important to them. Sedimentation and siltation are projected impacts from change in land cover and land use in association with increased reservoir inflow due to intense rainfall. Sedimentation and siltation are very important probable impacts on the environment of irrigation project/system in Luzon and the Visayas. For Mindanao regions, the parameters for sedimentation and siltation are differentially important. It ranges from very important (sediment inflow and erosion) to important (sediment trapping efficiency and presence of natural waterways) to not so important (potential for flushing sediment). The multiple uses of reservoirs are important parameters for environmental and social impacts consideration according to the stakeholders interviewed. The complete details are shown in Table 4.59. In terms of water pollution, all the water quality parameters are deemed very important by the stakeholders from the Visayas and Mindanao (Table 4.60), and important by stakeholders from Luzon for sustainable irrigation development. Changes in the irrigation system, such as urbanization, industrialization and increased human settlements cause water pollution from solid wastes and effluent discharges . Parameters Luzon Visayas Mindanao Watershed area 1 Land cover/use change (forest) Very important Very important Very important 2 Land cover/use change (grassland) Important Least important Very important 3 Land use change (service areas) Very important Very important Important Inflow to the Reservoirs or at Diversion Point 4 Volume of reservoir (estimate) Very important Very important Important 5 Significantly increased Very important Very important Not so import ant 6 Stable since start of operations Very important Very important Not so import ant 7 Significantly reduced Very important Least important Important 8 Uncertainties of water supply due to climate change Very important Very important Least important Sedimentation/Siltation 9 Sediment inflow Very important Very important Very important Table 4.59. Degree of Importance of Watershed Condition as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 208The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Parameters Luzon Visayas Mindanao Water Quality 1 Increase of industries and settlement in the watershed area Important Very important Very important 2 Effluent discharges from point and non-point sources Important Very important Not so important 3 Solid wastes Important Very important Not so important 4 Floating debris Important Very important Very important 5 Urbanization Important Very important Very important Parameters Luzon Visayas Mindanao 10 Sediment trapping efficiency Very important Very important Important 11 Potential for sediment flushing Very important Very important Not so import ant 12 Erosion rate in the watershed Very important Very important Very important 13 Presence of natural streams, drains or gullies around the reservoir Very important Very important Important reservoirs uses 14 Hydro power (installed) Very important Important Very important 15 Flood control Very important Very important Very important 16 Municipal Water Supply Important Not so important Important 17 Reservoir fisheries Important Not so important Very important 18 Recreation Important Not so important Very important Submerged areas 19 Displaced people Very important Important Very important 20 Loss of cultivable land Important Very important Not so import ant 21 Clearing of forest Important Important Important 22 Potential agriculture in drawdown zone Important Not so important Not so import ant Table 4.60. Degree of Importance of Water Quality as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M 209 CHAPTER 4 Riverine floods and flashfloods may result from high rainfall events and changes in the watershed. Irrigation project/system may bring about overabundant or scarce water depending on rainfall events. Too much or too little water is an important environmental consideration for irrigation development for all irrigation stakeholders interviewed. Moreover, the flooding frequency and the extent of damages it wrought are very important environmental and social consideration for irrigation development. Hence, respondents consider the provision of adequate drainage networks to mitigate flooding in the irrigation service area very important/important. Parameters Luzon Visayas Mindanao Flooding risks 1 Flooding of nearby areas Very important Very important Important 2 Reduction of water supplies to nearby areas Very important Important Important Frequency and intensity of Flooding 3 How many times a year Very important Very important Important 4 Extent of Damage Very important Very important Important Presence of Drainage Systems 5 Drainage network density adequate Very important Very important Important 6 Drainage network density inadequate Important Very important Very important 7 Absence of Drainage network Very important Very important Important Table 4.61. Degree of Importance of Flooding as Environmental Parameter to Sustainable Irrigation Performance during O&M All in all, the biophysical and social elements and processes that affect the changes in quantity and quality of water for irrigation are deemed important considerations by stakeholders in irrigation planning, design, construction and operations. These results indicate that even the basic parameters for irrigation development, such as water quantity and quality, are influenced to a large degree by complex feedback relationship of natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment and the changes irrigation development brought into the biophysical and social environment. The results mentioned above were used as background knowledge and information or precursors for more in-depth and comprehensive discussion on critical environmental and social issues particularly on irrigation project/system development and on irrigated agriculture in general. The discussions were carried out through FGDs, KIIs, and interpersonal interviews with various stakeholders. Prioritization of Irrigation Projects Following the results of the surveys and interviews, environmental and social considerations were developed (Table 4.62) for the prioritization of irrigation projects. These criteria, along with other considerations (technical, financial and institutional), will be used in assessing irrigation projects and in deciding which of these projects should be prioritized for funding. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 210The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Criteria Description Environmental/Biophysical Criteria 1. Protection and management of water shed As a critical factor in achieving a sustain able irrigation system, watersheds need to be protected. EIS or FS of the proposed irrigation projects should have EMP/Wa tershed Management Plan which would identify the likely impacts of the projects to the environment, particularly to the water sheds, and propose mitigation measures and alternatives to ensure that there would be minimal adverse effects. 2. Protection of biodiversity Presence of flora and fauna, particularly those that are endemic and threatened, must be properly documented. As much as possible, construction of irrigation projects must not be in protected areas. Otherwise, mitigation plans must be crafted following also the NIPAS law and other biodiversity related laws. 3. Occurrence of multi-hazards Natural hazards such as flood, drought, landslide, earthquakes and other natural phenomena can greatly affect irrigation systems. Ensuring that the area where the irrigation projects will be constructed is not vulnerable to such events is important in site selection. 4. Land cover in the catchment area Healthy catchment areas (forest/more trees) provide better protection to the riv ers, dams and groundwater environment which could help ensure more water for irrigation. Socio-Cultural Criteria 1. Impoverished communities Poverty is still rampant in the Philippines. Targeting the poorest of the poor is import ant to know where investments should be placed first. 2. Indigenous people and other vulnerable groups IP follow certain beliefs about the environ ment which should also be considered. Guided by the IPRA Law, an Indigenous People Development Plan (IPDP) should be crafted to safeguard the welfare of IPs and their community. Table 4.62. Environmental and Social Considerations in the Prioritization of Irrigation Projects 211 CHAPTER 4 Criteria Description 3. Resettlement Implementation of appropriate compen sation and relocation program for families to be affected by the construction of the project is important. A Resettlement Action Plan should be included in the EIS/FS. 4. Cultural value Cultural aspects should also be given im portance in any social impact assessment. These include presence of archeological structures or anything that may represent cultural heritage and ethnicity. 4.13.4. Guidelines for Improving Environmental and Social Safeguards The synthesis of findings from survey, FGD, interpersonal discussion, and KII with personnel from different NIA departments and offices, such as central and regional field offices, and LGU officials and IAa members, brought out the recommendations to improve environmental safeguards for sustainable irrigation development. The impacts of environmental changes, such as watershed degradation, land cover and land use changes, CC, and their ripple effects, on the performance of existing irrigation systems and on the planning, design, and construction of new irrigation systems, indicate environmental safeguards that will be critical in maintaining sustainability of irrigation development. Specific guidelines and recommendations on the implementation and strengthening of such environmental and social safeguards are elaborated in the recommendations chapter of this report. 4.14. Strategic Shifts toward Organizational Effectiveness Strategic shifts mean restructuring of an organization's business plans to achieve its strategic goals and objectives. Listed below are the ten (10) strategic shifts NIA must undertake to enable the organization to achieve its strategic goals and objectives in the strategic plan: 1. From the RTA: irrigation towards rice self-sufficiency to irrigation towards competitiveness i.e., from rice monocrop to diversified irrigated agriculture. Therefore, the NIA must pursue a two-track irrigation systems development that should take into consideration the unique irrigation water needs of the commodities central to each system. 2. From a narrow focus on irrigation infrastructure to more encompassing irrigation development programs. Therefore, from a passive/ reactive policy player to a catalytic policy leader in pursuit of a more encompassing objective of irrigated agriculture development. 3. Form follows function principle: From loosely defined to clearly defined functions and deliverables to underpin NIA’s organizational restructuring. 4. From a partially to a fully d e ce n t ra l i ze d /d e co n ce n t ra te d operations over time as a key strategy to achieve organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 212The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 5. IAs: From a narrow objective on irrigation canal maintenance to a broader objective on agribusiness development. 6. From weak irrigation R&D towards a strong, dynamic national R&D to underpin NIA’S irrigation modernization programs. 7. From weak to strong private sector investment in irrigation development to speed up the irrigation development of the country. 8. From a traditional to a dynamic research-based planning. The objective is to transform NIA into a knowledge organization with a high degree organizational effectiveness through up to date shared database to improve management decisions at all levels of operations in all offices. 9. From simple operational monitoring to a robust RBME, which includes the use of modern technologies like GIS. 10. From weak to strong, clearly defined accountability system at all levels of operations. • Create a competently staffed Quality Assurance Office for NIA infrastructure function to ensure compliance to standards (design, construction, and maintenance) and avoid conflict of interest. This office should be directly under the NIA Administrator. • Establish a Social and Environmental Safeguard Unit to ensure compliance to safeguard requirements. This unit can be integrated to the Quality Assurance Office. 4.15. Projected Costs and Benefits for 2020-2030 Projects Projected costs for 2020-2030 were calculated based on the development cost per hectare, O&M cost per hectare, and cost of Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering (FSDE), and the targeted increase in irrigated area. For development costs, unit costs used for PIP areas were based on the developmental costs from the PIP plan. For Non-PIP projects, NIA’s planning standard costs per type of system were used as baseline. These include costs for NIS new (PHP 650,000/ha), NIS restore (PHP 200,000/ha), CIS new (PHP 500,000/ ha) and CIS restore (PHP 180,000/ha). The values are adjusted by 3% annually based on the ten-year average increase of the Wholesale Cost of Construction Material Index (2009-2018). For O&M costs, an adjusted current price value of PHP 4,208/ ha was used based on the optimal O&M cost/ha determined by the 2000 ADB study on Cost Recovery Mechanisms for NISs. The value was used for both NIS and CIS in computing for the O&M cost of projects. For FSDE, costs were estimated as a percentage of total cost. Based on the 2018 NIA Year End Report, FSDE cost is around 2.5% of total cost. For OGA systems, development cost of the various types of systems under OGA projects in the 2018 NIA inventory was used. Projected benefits were computed based on projected area (cumulative), crop yield (based on the assumption per scenario), cropping intensity (based on the assumption per scenario) and farmgate 213 CHAPTER 4 price. Third cropping production was also considered. Based on 2018 NIA inventory, 1.41% of the total area was allocated for the third crop with an average crop yield of 2.04 tons/ha. 4.15.1. Baseline Scenario Table 4.63 shows the projected costs for new, restoration, multipurpose, and OGA projects for 2020-2030 under the baseline scenario. For 2020-2030, total projected cost for new projects is estimated to be about PHP 197.6 B, while for restoration projects, it is estimated to be PHP 61.3 B. MPs have a total cost of about PHP 101.9 B. For NIA, a total of PHP 360.7 B needs to be programmed for the period 2020 to 2030. OGA on the other hand needs to program an estimated PHP 25.3 B. In total, the projected cost from 2020-2030 is about PHP 386.1 B. Figure 4.31 shows the graph of projected cost for new, restore, multipurpose, and OGA projects for 2020 Figure 4.31. Annual Projected Total Cost (P’000) for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Baseline) for 2020-2030 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 214The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 yE ar N iS /N iP (P ’0 00 ) ci S/ ci P (P ’0 00 ) Su BT O Ta L m P (P ’0 00 ) TO Ta L (N ia ) O G a (P ’0 00 ) G ra N D TO Ta L N ew re st or e N ew re st or e N ew re st or e 20 20 2 ,9 46 ,9 71 5 ,8 25 ,2 28 5 ,9 96 ,7 30 1 ,1 07 ,5 28 8 ,9 43 ,7 01 6 ,9 32 ,7 56 1 3, 37 0, 00 0 2 9, 24 6, 45 7 1 ,6 31 ,5 55 3 0, 87 8, 01 2 20 21 4 ,7 79 ,1 11 9 ,4 46 ,7 90 9 ,7 65 ,7 45 1 ,7 96 ,0 81 1 4, 54 4, 85 6 1 1, 24 2, 87 1 1 1, 21 2, 14 0 3 6, 99 9, 86 7 1 ,6 59 ,6 98 3 8, 65 9, 56 5 20 22 5 ,6 26 ,4 57 1 1, 06 2, 42 4 1 1, 41 1, 45 6 2 ,1 03 ,2 55 1 7, 03 7, 91 3 1 3, 16 5, 67 9 4 ,4 58 ,0 66 3 4, 66 1, 65 8 1 ,7 45 ,2 88 3 6, 40 6, 94 6 20 23 1 1, 47 6, 53 7 4 31 ,5 83 2 3, 35 8, 83 0 5 83 ,8 25 3 4, 83 5, 36 8 1 ,0 15 ,4 07 3 5, 85 0, 77 5 2 ,0 80 ,0 81 3 7, 93 0, 85 6 20 24 4 ,9 15 ,1 10 1 90 ,3 68 6 ,5 13 ,9 46 2 57 ,5 05 1 1, 42 9, 05 6 4 47 ,8 73 2 1, 97 9, 98 0 3 3, 85 6, 90 9 2 ,1 96 ,0 46 3 6, 05 2, 95 4 20 25 5 ,6 38 ,7 88 2 20 ,0 23 7 ,5 31 ,0 61 2 97 ,6 03 1 3, 16 9, 84 9 5 17 ,6 26 1 9, 35 7, 00 0 3 3, 04 4, 47 5 2 ,3 18 ,4 75 3 5, 36 2, 95 0 20 26 6 ,2 82 ,7 07 2 57 ,8 91 8 ,8 29 ,9 21 3 48 ,8 04 1 5, 11 2, 62 7 6 06 ,6 95 3 1, 49 4, 00 0 4 7, 21 3, 32 2 2 ,4 47 ,7 30 4 9, 66 1, 05 2 20 27 8 ,8 10 ,5 29 2 ,6 75 ,4 01 1 0, 18 1, 12 6 3 ,6 18 ,3 47 1 8, 99 1, 65 5 6 ,2 93 ,7 48 2 5, 28 5, 40 3 2 ,5 84 ,1 91 2 7, 86 9, 59 4 20 28 9 ,3 00 ,3 72 2 ,8 23 ,2 10 1 0, 74 6, 70 7 3 ,8 18 ,0 54 2 0, 04 7, 07 9 6 ,6 41 ,2 64 2 6, 68 8, 34 4 2 ,7 28 ,2 60 2 9, 41 6, 60 3 20 29 9 ,8 17 ,4 90 2 ,9 79 ,2 26 1 1, 34 3, 77 0 4 ,0 28 ,8 44 2 1, 16 1, 26 0 7 ,0 08 ,0 71 2 8, 16 9, 33 0 2 ,8 80 ,3 60 3 1, 04 9, 69 1 20 30 1 0, 36 3, 40 3 3 ,1 43 ,9 06 1 1, 97 4, 06 7 4 ,2 51 ,3 34 2 2, 33 7, 47 0 7 ,3 95 ,2 40 2 9, 73 2, 71 0 3 ,0 40 ,9 40 3 2, 77 3, 65 0 TO TA L 79 ,9 57 ,4 76 39 ,0 56 ,0 49 1 17 ,6 53 ,3 58 22 ,2 11 ,1 81 19 7, 61 0, 83 4 1 ,2 67 ,2 30 10 1, 87 1, 18 6 36 0, 74 9, 25 0 2 5, 31 2, 62 4 3 86 ,0 61 ,8 74 Ta bl e 4 .6 3. P ro je ct ed T ot al C os t o f N IP s, C IP s, M ul ti pu rp os e an d O th er G ov er nm en t A ss is te d P ro je ct s (2 02 0 20 30 ) u nd er B as el in e Sc en ar io 215 CHAPTER 4 4.15.2. Scenario 1 Table 4.64 shows the projected costs for new, restoration, multipurpose, and OGA projects for 2020-2030 under Scenario 1. For 2020-2030, total projected cost for new projects is estimated to be about PHP 237.9 B, while for restoration projects, it is estimated to be PHP 69.7 B. Multipurpose projects have a total cost of about 101.9 billion pesos. For NIA, a total of PHP 409.5 B needs to be programmed for the period 2020 to 2030. OGA on the other hand needs to program an estimated PHP 28.9 B. In total, projected cost from 2020-2030 is about PHP 438.4 B. Figure 4.32 shows the graph of projected cost for new, restore, multipurpose and OGA projects for 2020-2030 under Scenario 1. Figure 4.32. Annual Projected Total Cost (P’000) for New, Restoration, Multipurpose & OGA Projects (Scenario 1) for 2020-2030 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 216The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Ye ar N IS /N IP (P ’0 00 ) CI S/ CI P (P ’0 00 ) SU BT O TA L M P (P ’0 00 ) TO TA L (N IA ) O G A (P ’0 00 ) G R AN D TO TA L N ew R es to re N ew R es to re N ew R es to re 20 20 3, 65 7, 11 5 7, 22 8, 95 8 7, 44 1, 69 8 1, 37 4, 41 4 11 ,0 98 ,8 13 8, 60 3, 37 2 13 ,3 70 ,0 00 33 ,0 72 ,1 85 1, 84 3, 67 4 34 ,9 15 ,8 59 20 21 5, 52 6, 89 3 10 ,9 24 ,9 18 11 ,2 87 ,2 96 2, 07 7, 11 2 16 ,8 14 ,1 89 13 ,0 02 ,0 30 11 ,2 12 ,1 40 41 ,0 28 ,3 59 1, 88 9, 75 9 42 ,9 18 ,1 18 20 22 6, 41 3, 37 5 12 ,6 17 ,9 10 13 ,0 12 ,6 37 2, 39 8, 99 4 19 ,4 26 ,0 12 15 ,0 16 ,9 04 4, 45 8, 06 6 38 ,9 00 ,9 82 1, 99 4, 65 3 40 ,8 95 ,6 35 20 23 12 ,9 66 ,2 24 48 7, 62 9 26 ,3 89 ,9 73 65 9, 64 2 39 ,3 56 ,1 96 1, 14 7, 27 1 40 ,5 03 ,4 67 2, 35 0, 20 6 42 ,8 53 ,6 74 20 24 6, 48 0, 92 1 25 1, 01 3 8, 58 9, 10 0 33 9, 53 9 15 ,0 70 ,0 21 59 0, 55 2 21 ,9 79 ,9 80 37 ,6 40 ,5 53 2, 48 8, 49 3 40 ,1 29 ,0 46 20 25 7, 28 3, 71 6 28 5, 61 0 9, 77 6, 00 8 38 6, 31 6 17 ,0 59 ,7 23 67 1, 92 6 19 ,3 57 ,0 00 37 ,0 88 ,6 49 2, 63 4, 91 6 39 ,7 23 ,5 65 20 26 8, 00 9, 84 8 32 8, 78 6 11 ,2 57 ,3 02 44 4, 69 1 19 ,2 67 ,1 50 77 3, 47 7 31 ,4 94 ,0 00 51 ,5 34 ,6 27 2, 78 9, 95 4 54 ,3 24 ,5 81 20 27 10 ,0 71 ,7 46 3, 05 8, 38 1 11 ,6 38 ,5 42 4, 13 6, 31 0 21 ,7 10 ,2 88 7, 19 4, 69 1 28 ,9 04 ,9 78 2, 95 4, 11 5 31 ,8 59 ,0 93 20 28 10 ,6 62 ,8 26 3, 23 6, 79 5 12 ,3 21 ,0 42 4, 37 7, 37 9 22 ,9 83 ,8 68 7, 61 4, 17 4 30 ,5 98 ,0 42 3, 12 7, 93 5 33 ,7 25 ,9 77 20 29 11 ,2 88 ,6 43 3, 42 5, 66 4 13 ,0 43 ,6 36 4, 63 2, 56 7 24 ,3 32 ,2 79 8, 05 8, 23 1 32 ,3 90 ,5 10 3, 31 1, 98 3 35 ,7 02 ,4 93 20 30 16 ,9 89 ,9 30 2, 09 7, 08 9 13 ,8 08 ,6 81 4, 90 2, 70 5 30 ,7 98 ,6 11 6, 99 9, 79 4 37 ,7 98 ,4 05 3, 50 6, 86 0 41 ,3 05 ,2 65 TO TA L 99 ,3 51 ,2 38 43 ,9 42 ,7 55 13 8, 56 5, 91 3 25 ,7 29 ,6 67 23 7, 91 7, 15 1 69 ,6 72 ,4 22 10 1, 87 1, 18 6 40 9, 46 0, 75 9 28 ,8 92 ,5 47 43 8, 35 3, 30 7 Ta bl e 4 .6 4. P ro je ct ed T ot al C os t o f N IP s, C IP s, M ul ti pu rp os e an d O th er G ov er nm en t A ss is te d P ro je ct s (2 02 0 20 30 ) u nd er S ce na ri o 217 CHAPTER 4 4.15.3. Rehabilitation and Modernization Irrigation systems deteriorate over time, and this entails cost. However, through modernization, cost can be lessened in the long term. Modernization is assumed to cost an additional 20% while rehabilitation is assumed to add 10% to the total cost. Succeeding tables show the projected cost inclusive of modernization and rehabilitation costs. Table 4.65 shows the projected cost inclusive of modernization and rehabilitation for the baseline scenario. From 2020-2030, total projected rehabilitation cost is estimated to be about PHP 36.1 B pesos while modernization costs are estimated to be about PHP 72.1 B. NIA total cost increased to about PHP 469 B, with total projected cost at PHP 494.3 B. Table 4.66, on the other hand, shows the projected cost inclusive of modernization and rehabilitation for Scenario 1. From 2020-2030, total projected rehabilitation cost is estimated to be about PHP 40.9 B while modernization costs are estimated to be about PHP 81.9 B. NIA total cost increased to PHP 532.3 B, with total projected cost at PHP 561.2 B. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 218The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 YE AR N ew (P ’0 00 ) R es to re (P ’0 00 ) M P (P ’0 00 ) R eh ab (P ’0 00 ) M od er ni za ti on c os t (P ’0 00 ) To ta l ( N IA ) O G A (P ’0 00 ) G R AN D T O TA L 20 20 8, 94 3, 70 1 6, 93 2, 75 6 13 ,3 70 ,0 00 2, 92 4, 64 6 5, 84 9, 29 1 38 ,0 20 ,3 94 1, 63 1, 55 5 39 ,6 51 ,9 49 20 21 14 ,5 44 ,8 56 11 ,2 42 ,8 71 11 ,2 12 ,1 40 3, 69 9, 98 7 7, 39 9, 97 3 48 ,0 99 ,8 27 1, 65 9, 69 8 49 ,7 59 ,5 25 20 22 17 ,0 37 ,9 13 13 ,1 65 ,6 79 4, 45 8, 06 6 3, 46 6, 16 6 6, 93 2, 33 2 45 ,0 60 ,1 56 1, 74 5, 28 8 46 ,8 05 ,4 44 20 23 34 ,8 35 ,3 68 1, 01 5, 40 7 3, 58 5, 07 8 7, 17 0, 15 5 46 ,6 06 ,0 08 2, 08 0, 08 1 48 ,6 86 ,0 89 20 24 11 ,4 29 ,0 56 44 7, 87 3 21 ,9 79 ,9 80 3, 38 5, 69 1 6, 77 1, 38 2 44 ,0 13 ,9 82 2, 19 6, 04 6 46 ,2 10 ,0 27 20 25 13 ,1 69 ,8 49 51 7, 62 6 19 ,3 57 ,0 00 3, 30 4, 44 7 6, 60 8, 89 5 42 ,9 57 ,8 17 2, 31 8, 47 5 45 ,2 76 ,2 92 20 26 15 ,1 12 ,6 27 60 6, 69 5 31 ,4 94 ,0 00 4, 72 1, 33 2 9, 44 2, 66 4 61 ,3 77 ,3 19 2, 44 7, 73 0 63 ,8 25 ,0 49 20 27 18 ,9 91 ,6 55 6, 29 3, 74 8 2, 52 8, 54 0 5, 05 7, 08 1 32 ,8 71 ,0 24 2, 58 4, 19 1 35 ,4 55 ,2 15 20 28 20 ,0 47 ,0 79 6, 64 1, 26 4 2, 66 8, 83 4 5, 33 7, 66 9 34 ,6 94 ,8 47 2, 72 8, 26 0 37 ,4 23 ,1 07 20 29 21 ,1 61 ,2 60 7, 00 8, 07 1 2, 81 6, 93 3 5, 63 3, 86 6 36 ,6 20 ,1 30 2, 88 0, 36 0 39 ,5 00 ,4 90 20 30 22 ,3 37 ,4 70 7, 39 5, 24 0 2, 97 3, 27 1 5, 94 6, 54 2 38 ,6 52 ,5 23 3, 04 0, 94 0 41 ,6 93 ,4 63 TO TA L 19 7, 61 0, 83 4 61 ,2 67 ,2 30 10 1, 87 1, 18 6 36 ,0 74 ,9 25 72 ,1 49 ,8 50 46 8, 97 4, 02 5 25 ,3 12 ,6 24 49 4, 28 6, 64 9 Ta bl e 4 .6 5. P ro je ct ed T ot al C os t w it h R eh ab ili ta ti on a nd M od er ni za ti on C os t ( 20 20 2 03 0) u nd er B as el in e Sc en ar io 219 CHAPTER 4 YE AR N ew (P ’0 00 ) R es to re (P ’0 00 ) M P (P ’0 00 ) R eh ab (P ’0 00 ) M od er ni za ti on co st (P ’0 00 ) To ta l ( N IA ) O G A (P ’0 00 ) G R AN D TO TA L 20 20 11 ,0 98 ,8 13 8, 60 3, 37 2 13 ,3 70 ,0 00 3, 30 7, 21 9 6, 61 4, 43 7 42 ,9 93 ,8 41 1, 84 3, 67 4 44 ,8 37 ,5 15 20 21 16 ,8 14 ,1 89 13 ,0 02 ,0 30 11 ,2 12 ,1 40 4, 10 2, 83 6 8, 20 5, 67 2 53 ,3 36 ,8 66 1, 88 9, 75 9 55 ,2 26 ,6 26 20 22 19 ,4 26 ,0 12 15 ,0 16 ,9 04 4, 45 8, 06 6 3, 89 0, 09 8 7, 78 0, 19 6 50 ,5 71 ,2 77 1, 99 4, 65 3 52 ,5 65 ,9 30 20 23 39 ,3 56 ,1 96 1, 14 7, 27 1 4, 05 0, 34 7 8, 10 0, 69 3 52 ,6 54 ,5 08 2, 35 0, 20 6 55 ,0 04 ,7 14 20 24 15 ,0 70 ,0 21 59 0, 55 2 21 ,9 79 ,9 80 3, 76 4, 05 5 7, 52 8, 11 1 48 ,9 32 ,7 19 2, 48 8, 49 3 51 ,4 21 ,2 12 20 25 17 ,0 59 ,7 23 67 1, 92 6 19 ,3 57 ,0 00 3, 70 8, 86 5 7, 41 7, 73 0 48 ,2 15 ,2 44 2, 63 4, 91 6 50 ,8 50 ,1 59 20 26 19 ,2 67 ,1 50 77 3, 47 7 31 ,4 94 ,0 00 5, 15 3, 46 3 10 ,3 06 ,9 25 66 ,9 95 ,0 16 2, 78 9, 95 4 69 ,7 84 ,9 70 20 27 21 ,7 10 ,2 88 7, 19 4, 69 1 2, 89 0, 49 8 5, 78 0, 99 6 37 ,5 76 ,4 72 2, 95 4, 11 5 40 ,5 30 ,5 87 20 28 22 ,9 83 ,8 68 7, 61 4, 17 4 3, 05 9, 80 4 6, 11 9, 60 8 39 ,7 77 ,4 55 3, 12 7, 93 5 42 ,9 05 ,3 90 20 29 24 ,3 32 ,2 79 8, 05 8, 23 1 3, 23 9, 05 1 6, 47 8, 10 2 42 ,1 07 ,6 63 3, 31 1, 98 3 45 ,4 19 ,6 46 20 30 30 ,7 98 ,6 11 6, 99 9, 79 4 3, 77 9, 84 0 7, 55 9, 68 1 49 ,1 37 ,9 26 3, 50 6, 86 0 52 ,6 44 ,7 86 TO TA L 23 7, 91 7, 15 1 69 ,6 72 ,4 22 10 1, 87 1, 18 6 40 ,9 46 ,0 76 81 ,8 92 ,1 52 53 2, 29 8, 98 7 28 ,8 92 ,5 47 56 1, 19 1, 53 4 Ta bl e 4 .6 6. P ro je ct ed T ot al C os t w it h R eh ab ili ta ti on a nd M od er ni za ti on C os t ( 20 20 2 03 0) u nd er S ce na ri o 1 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 220The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Year Benefits (P’000) Costs (P’000) Net Present Benefit 2020 8,980,053 30,834,284 (21,854,231) 2021 18,184,556 38,666,561 (20,482,005) 2022 27,619,172 36,517,466 (8,898,294) 2023 37,289,654 38,001,788 (712,135) 2024 47,201,898 35,414,112 11,787,786 2025 57,361,947 34,384,773 22,977,174 2026 67,775,998 48,244,728 19,531,270 2027 78,450,401 22,946,970 55,503,430 2028 89,391,663 23,716,685 65,674,978 2029 100,606,457 24,505,642 76,100,815 2030 112,101,620 25,314,323 86,787,297 2031 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2032 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2033 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2034 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2035 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2036 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2037 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2038 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2039 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 2040 112,101,620 1,807,967 110,293,653 NPV @ 10 337,381,378 IRR 37.44% BCR 4.69 Table 4.67. Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for Baseline Scenario 4.15.4. Benefit-Cost Analysis Using a 10% discount rate, a Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) was performed. The NPV, IRR, and BCR were computed. The analysis used the development cost per system as basis for the costs. The stream of benefits is assumed to cover the period 2020-2040. Baseline Scenario Table 4.67. shows the BCA for the baseline scenario. NPV at 10% discount rate is about PHP 337 B. IRR is 37.44%. and BCR is 4.69. Figure 4.33. shows the graph of annual net benefits under baseline scenario. Note: At current prices 221 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.33. Annual Net Present Benefit of Baseline Scenario Scenario 1 Table 4.68 shows the BCA for Scenario 1. NPV at 10% discount rate is about PHP 450 B. IRR is 40.63% and BCR is 5.25. Year Benefits (P’000) Costs (P’000) Net Present Ben-efit 2020 10,057,604 34,865,952 (24,808,348) 2021 20,396,821 42,933,971 (22,537,150) 2022 31,025,536 41,030,290 (10,004,754) 2023 41,951,855 42,949,810 (997,955) 2024 53,184,110 39,243,145 13,940,965 2025 73,027,982 38,429,482 34,598,500 2026 86,419,539 52,513,863 33,905,677 2027 100,186,060 26,283,592 73,902,468 2028 114,338,043 27,239,097 87,098,946 2029 128,886,282 28,221,357 100,664,925 2030 143,841,871 31,881,451 111,960,420 2031 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2032 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2033 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2034 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2035 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2036 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 Table 4.68. Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) for Scenario 1 Figure 4.34 shows the graph of annual net benefits under Scenario 1. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 222The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.34. Annual Net Present Benefit of Scenario 1 Year Benefits (P’000) Costs (P’000) Net Present Ben-efit 2037 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2038 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2039 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 2040 143,841,871 2,123,223 141,718,648 NPV @ 10 450,884,674 IRR 40.63% BCR 5.25 Note: At current prices 4.15.5. Sensitivity Analysis This section presents how different values of the benefits and costs will affect the values of the BCA evaluation criteria (IRR, BCR, and NPV) per scenario. Case 1 assumes an increase in cost of 20%. Case 2 presents a scenario wherein benefits decrease by 20%, while Case 3 is the combination of both. Table 4.69 shows the summary of the results of the sensitivity analysis. As can be seen from the table, both baseline and scenario 1 were able to meet the threshold IRR of 10% for all cases. 223 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.69. Summary Table per Scenario under Each Case Table 4.70. Projected Area and Cost for Sugarcane, 2020-2030 SCENARIO CASE NORMAL CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 NPV (bil lion) IRR (%) BCR NPV (bil lion) IRR (%) BCR NPV (billion) IRR (%) BCR NPV (billion) IRR (%) BCR Baseline 337 37.44 4.69 292 29.50 3.91 225 27.99 3.75 178 21.91 3.11 Scenario 1 450 40.63 5.25 400 32.43 4.38 310 30.85 4.20 260 24.67 3.50 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 444,069 - - 2020 450,730 6,661 9,605,207 4,939,821 2021 457,491 6,761 10,041,764 5,164,336 2022 464,353 6,862 10,498,162 5,399,055 2023 471,318 6,965 10,975,303 5,644,442 2024 478,388 7,070 11,474,131 5,900,982 2025 485,564 7,176 11,995,630 6,169,181 2026 492,847 7,283 12,540,832 6,449,571 2027 500,240 7,393 13,110,812 6,742,704 2028 507,744 7,504 13,706,699 7,049,159 2029 515,360 7,616 14,329,668 7,369,544 2030 523,090 7,730 14,980,952 7,704,489 Total 5,791,194 79,022 133,259,160 68,533,282 4.15.6. Projections for High-Value Crops and Cost Projections This section presents the projected of area for development and the corresponding cost for HVCs. The top 3 crops identified based on production are Sugarcane, Coconut and Banana. There are also projections for other crops, which include Corn, Pineapple, Mango and Tobacco. The projections used the growth rate of area harvested per crop as basis. Two options are presented for the cost projections: unit cost for drip or sprinkler irrigation (PHP 1.2 M/ha)-STW (PHP 200,000/ha) for option 1 and drip or sprinkler irrigation (PHP 1.2 M/ ha)-SPIS (PHP 6 M/10 ha) for option 2. Projections for Sugarcane, Coconut and Banana Table 4.70 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for sugarcane. Growth rate used for the projection is 1.5%. A total of 79,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for sugarcane for the period 2020-2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 133 B for option 1 (drip-STW unit cost) and about PHP 69 B for option 2 (drip-SPIS unit cost). The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 224The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.71 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for coconut. Growth rate used for area is 1%. A total of 424,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for coconut for the period 2020-2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 714 B for option 1 (drip STW unit cost) and about PHP 367 B for option 2 (drip-SPIS unit cost). Table 4.71. Projected Area and Cost for Coconut, 2020-2030 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 3,664,416 - - 2020 3,701,060 36,644 52,840,875 27,175,307 2021 3,738,070 37,011 54,970,362 28,270,472 2022 3,775,451 37,381 57,185,668 29,409,772 2023 3,813,206 37,755 59,490,250 30,594,986 2024 3,851,338 38,132 61,887,707 31,827,964 2025 3,889,851 38,513 64,381,782 33,110,631 2026 3,928,750 38,899 66,976,367 34,444,989 2027 3,968,037 39,287 69,675,515 35,833,122 2028 4,007,718 39,680 72,483,438 37,277,197 2029 4,047,795 40,077 75,404,521 38,779,468 2030 4,088,273 40,478 78,443,323 40,342,280 Total 46,473,963 423,857 713,739,808 367,066,187 Table 4.72 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for banana. Growth rate used for area is 1%. A total of 52,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for banana for the period 2020 2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 88 B for option 1 (drip-STW unit cost) and about PHP 45 B for option 2 (drip SPIS unit cost). Table 4.72. Projected Area and Cost for Banana, 2020-2030 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 452,368 - - 2020 456,892 4,524 6,523,151 3,354,763 2021 461,461 4,569 6,786,034 3,489,960 2022 466,075 4,615 7,059,511 3,630,606 2023 470,736 4,661 7,344,009 3,776,919 2024 475,444 4,707 7,639,973 3,929,129 2025 480,198 4,754 7,947,864 4,087,473 2026 485,000 4,802 8,268,162 4,252,198 2027 489,850 4,850 8,601,369 4,423,561 2028 494,749 4,899 8,948,005 4,601,831 225 CHAPTER 4 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2030 504,693 4,997 9,683,746 4,980,212 Total 5,737,162 52,325 88,110,432 45,313,936 Projections for Other Crops Table 4.73 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for corn. Growth rate used for area is 0.5%. A total of 142,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for corn for the period 2020-2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 239 B for option 1 (drip-STW unit cost) and about PHP 123 B for option 2 (drip-SPIS unit cost). Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 2,523,993 - - 2020 2,536,613 12,620 18,197,993 9,358,968 2021 2,549,296 12,683 18,837,652 9,687,935 2022 2,562,043 12,746 19,499,796 10,028,466 2023 2,574,853 12,810 20,185,214 10,380,967 2024 2,587,727 12,874 20,894,724 10,745,858 2025 2,600,666 12,939 21,629,173 11,123,575 2026 2,613,669 13,003 22,389,439 11,514,569 2027 2,626,738 13,068 23,176,428 11,919,306 2028 2,639,871 13,134 23,991,079 12,338,269 2029 2,653,071 13,199 24,834,365 12,771,959 2030 2,666,336 13,265 25,707,293 13,220,894 Total 31,134,879 142,343 239,343,155 123,090,766 Table 4.73. Projected Area and Cost for Corn, 2020-2030 Table 4.74. shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for pineapple. Growth rate used for area is 2.5%. A total of 21,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for pineapple for the period 2020-2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 36 B for option 1 (drip-STW unit cost) and about PHP 18 B for option 2 (drip-SPIS unit cost). Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 67,845 - - 2020 69,541 1,696 2,445,817 1,257,849 2021 71,280 1,739 2,582,172 1,327,974 Table 4.74. Projected Area and Cost for Pineapple, 2020-2030 The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 226The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.75 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for mango. Growth rate used for area is 1.7%. A total of 30,000 ha are projected to be added in the area for mango for the period 2020 2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 51 B for option 1 (drip-STW unit cost) and about PHP 26 B for option 2 (drip SPIS unit cost). Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2023 74,888 1,827 2,878,109 1,480,170 2024 76,761 1,872 3,038,564 1,562,690 2025 78,680 1,919 3,207,964 1,649,810 2026 80,647 1,967 3,386,808 1,741,787 2027 82,663 2,016 3,575,622 1,838,891 2028 84,729 2,067 3,774,963 1,941,410 2029 86,848 2,118 3,985,417 2,049,643 2030 89,019 2,171 4,207,604 2,163,911 Total 935,961 21,174 35,809,169 18,416,144 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 147,694 - - 2020 150,204 2,511 3,620,563 1,862,004 2021 152,758 2,553 3,792,576 1,950,468 2022 155,355 2,597 3,972,762 2,043,135 2023 157,996 2,641 4,161,508 2,140,204 2024 160,682 2,686 4,359,221 2,241,885 2025 163,413 2,732 4,566,327 2,348,397 2026 166,191 2,778 4,783,274 2,459,969 2027 169,017 2,825 5,010,527 2,576,842 2028 171,890 2,873 5,248,577 2,699,268 2029 174,812 2,922 5,497,937 2,827,510 2030 177,784 2,972 5,759,144 2,961,845 Total 1,947,796 30,090 50,772,416 26,111,528 Table 4.75. Projected Area and Cost for Mango, 2020-2030 Table 4.76 shows the annual projected area, required increase in area and the projected costs for the two options for tobacco. Growth rate used for area is 0.5%. A total of 246 ha are projected to be added in the area for tobacco for the period 2020-2030. This translates to a projected cost of about PHP 413 M for option 1 (drip STW unit cost) and about PHP 212 M for option 2 (drip-SPIS unit cost). 227 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.76. Projected Area and Cost for Tobacco, 2020-2030 Table 4.77. Projected Costs for NIA and OGA based on Fund Source under Baseline Scenario, 2020-2030 Year Projected Area (ha) Increase in Area (ha) Projected Cost (P’000) Option 1 Option 2 2019 4,357 - - 2020 4,379 22 31,414 16,156 2021 4,401 22 32,519 16,724 2022 4,423 22 33,662 17,312 2023 4,445 22 34,845 17,920 2024 4,467 22 36,070 18,550 2025 4,489 22 37,337 19,202 2026 4,512 22 38,650 19,877 2027 4,534 23 40,008 20,576 2028 4,557 23 41,415 21,299 2029 4,580 23 42,870 22,048 2030 4,603 23 44,377 22,823 Total 53,747 246 413,166 212,486 YEAR NIA (P’000) OGA (P’000) NG ODA Loan Total NG ODA Loan Total 2020 24,274,559 4,971,898 29,246,457 1,354,191 277,364 1,631,555 2021 30,709,889 6,289,977 36,999,867 1,377,549 282,149 1,659,698 2022 28,769,176 5,892,482 34,661,658 1,448,589 296,699 1,745,288 2023 29,756,143 6,094,632 35,850,775 1,726,467 353,614 2,080,081 2024 28,101,234 5,755,675 33,856,909 1,822,718 373,328 2,196,046 2025 27,426,914 5,617,561 33,044,475 1,924,334 394,141 2,318,475 2026 39,187,057 8,026,265 47,213,322 2,031,616 416,114 2,447,730 2027 20,986,884 4,298,519 25,285,403 2,144,879 439,312 2,584,191 2028 22,151,325 4,537,018 26,688,344 2,264,456 463,804 2,728,260 4.16. Budgetary Requirements and Financing Schemes Fund for irrigation is sourced mainly from the local government or NG and foreign sources or ODA. Succeeding tables show how projected costs are divided between local and foreign sources. Percentage allocation for local is 83%, while foreign is 17%. This distribution is based on the average share of each fund source for the period 2015-2018. Table 4.77 shows the annual projected cost of NIA and OGA for the baseline scenario divided between the fund sources. For the period covered by the NIMP, NIA’s total projected cost sourced from local funds is estimated to be about PHP 299.4 B, while those sourced from the ODA will be about PHP 61.3 B. For OGA, local funding is about PHP 21 B, while foreign funding is about PHP 4.3 B. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 228The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.78. Projected Costs for NIA and OGA based on Fund Source under Scenario 1, 2020-2030 YEAR NIA (P’000) OGA (P’000) NG ODA Loan Total NG ODA Loan Total 2029 23,380,544 4,788,786 28,169,330 2,390,699 489,661 2,880,360 2030 24,678,149 5,054,561 29,732,710 2,523,980 516,960 3,040,940 TOTAL 299,421,878 61,327,373 360,749,250 21,009,478 4,303,146 25,312,624 YEAR NIA (P’000) OGA (P’000) NG ODA Loan Total NG ODA Loan Total 2020 27,449,914 5,622,272 33,072,185 1,530,249 313,425 1,843,674 2021 34,053,538 6,974,821 41,028,359 1,568,500 321,259 1,889,759 2022 32,287,815 6,613,167 38,900,982 1,655,562 339,091 1,994,653 2023 33,617,878 6,885,589 40,503,467 1,950,671 399,535 2,350,206 2024 31,241,659 6,398,894 37,640,553 2,065,449 423,044 2,488,493 2025 30,783,579 6,305,070 37,088,649 2,186,980 447,936 2,634,916 2026 42,773,741 8,760,887 51,534,627 2,315,662 474,292 2,789,954 2027 23,991,132 4,913,846 28,904,978 2,451,915 502,200 2,954,115 2028 25,396,375 5,201,667 30,598,042 2,596,186 531,749 3,127,935 2029 26,884,124 5,506,387 32,390,510 2,748,946 563,037 3,311,983 2030 31,372,676 6,425,729 37,798,405 2,910,694 596,166 3,506,860 TOTaL 339,852,430 69,608,329 409,460,759 23,980,814 4,911,733 28,892,547 Table 4.78 shows the annual projected cost of NIA and OGA for Scenario 1 divided between the fund sources. For the period covered by the NIMP, NIA’s total projected cost sourced from local funds is estimated to be about PHP 339.9 B, while those sourced from the ODA will be about PHP 69.6 B. For OGA, local funding is about PHP 24 B, while foreign funding is about PHP 5 B. 4.17. Monitoring and Evaluation Planning, implementation, and M&E are three interconnected processes in irrigation development that significantly enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of investment programs and projects. The development and use of Results Framework for every irrigation program and project of NIA under this NIMP will ensure the interconnectedness of these three processes throughout the different stages of the program/project cycle, and establish the correlation between well-defined objectives, indicators and interventions, and the achievement of the expected development results (i.e., outcomes and outputs) of individual programs and projects and their links with the NIMP’s overall Results Framework. If properly designed, the use of Results Framework will make it easy to track progress and take proactive measures during implementation and explain both successes and weaknesses at the time of completion of program and project. 229 CHAPTER 4 M&E systems are designed to inform project management whether implementation is going as planned and whether corrective action is needed to adjust implementation plans. In addition, M&E systems should provide evidence of project outcomes and justify project funding allocations. M&E is essential for a results-based approach to program/project implementation management, which is carried out in all phases of the program/ project cycle. An M&E plan is designed during the planning stage to incorporate the relevant indicators and targets and identify the means of verification (or sources of information) for those indicators and targets. Tables 4.79 and 4.80 show the RBME to be used in this NIMP for the monitoring and evaluation of impacts and outcomes, respectively. Unlike in the past where M&E has focused on physical achievements and financial disbursements, the RBME proposed in the NIMP focuses on outputs, outcomes, and impact described in the Results Framework. RBME also includes economic, social, environmental, institutional and other indicators that allow measurement of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability of irrigation programs and projects included in the NIMP. The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 230The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 Im pa ct Im pa ct In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue nc y an d Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on 1. F oo d se cu rit y (a va ila bi lit y, ac ce ss ) a nd po ve rt y re du ct io n w ith a cc el er at ed a nd su st ai ne d irr ig at io n de ve lo p m en t u nd er di ve rs ifi ed cr op p ro du ct io n sy st em s % o f f ar m ho us eh ol d ar ea s m ov e up of in co m e po ve rt y th re sh ol d by e nd o f 20 30 fr om ba se lin e (2 01 9) 28 .5 % po ve rt y in ci de nc e fo r r ic e su bs ec to r (2 01 9) 1% fa rm ho us e ho ld a re as 1% fa rm ho us e ho ld a re as 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s 1% fa rm ho us eh ol d ar ea s • M id t er m • E nd o f P ro je ct • E ve ry 5 ye ar s th er ea fte r H ou se ho ld s ur ve ys P hi lR ic e R B H S ad ju st ed to a ls o ca pt ur e im pa ct s of N IM P N ED A co m m is si on in g su rv ey s In cr ea se d av ai la bi lit y an d ac ce s si bi lit y of pa la y (p ro du ct io n re la tiv e to lo ca l d e m an d) 76 % ri ce su ffi ci en cy (2 01 9) (8 8% ri ce su ffi ci en cy b as ed on a ct ua l de m an d) 19 ,1 30 ,2 38 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 19 ,4 54 ,8 54 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 21 ,8 10 ,3 37 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 22 ,2 09 ,9 92 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 22 ,6 20 ,8 50 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 24 ,5 84 ,5 38 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 25 ,0 61 ,8 70 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 25 ,5 52 ,5 77 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 26 ,0 57 ,0 17 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 26 ,5 75 ,5 91 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n 27 ,1 08 ,6 79 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (9 8% ri ce su ffi ci en cy by 2 03 0) • M id t er m • E nd o f P ro je ct • E ve ry 3 ye ar s th er ea fte r H ou se ho ld su rv ey s N FA /D A In cr ea se d ag ric ul tu ra l jo bs in ir ri ga te d ar ea s cr ea te d by en d of 2 03 0 fr om b as e lin e (2 01 9) 96 8, 93 7 jo bs (2 01 9) 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr ic ul tu ra l j ob s in ir rig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr ic ul tu ra l j ob s in ir rig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr ic ul tu ra l j ob s in ir rig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr ic ul tu ra l j ob s in ir rig at ed ar ea s 2% a gr i cu ltu ra l jo bs in irr ig at ed ar ea s • M id t er m • E nd o f P ro je ct • E ve ry 3 ye ar s th er ea fte r H ou se ho ld su rv ey s D A Ta bl e 4 .7 9. R es ul ts b as ed M & E: E va lu at io n of th e N IM P Im pa ct s 231 CHAPTER 4 Ta bl e 4 .8 0. R es ul ts b as ed M & E: M on it or in g an d Ev al ua ti on o f t he N IM P O ut co m es O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on 1. Im pr ov ed N IA irr ig at io n sy st em s pl an ni ng an d m an ag em en t C ro p pi ng in te ns ity 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% 17 0% S ea so n al d at a A nn ua l re po rt s N IA R e po rt s N IA In cr ea se d ag ric ul tu ra l pr od uc tiv ity IIr rig at ed pa la y pr o du ct io n: 14 ,4 63 ,7 60 m t/ ye ar Ir rig at ed pa la y yi el d: 4 .4 3 to ns /h a 14 ,8 68 ,7 47 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (4 .4 3 to ns /h a/ se a so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 15 ,2 85 ,0 68 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (4 .4 3 to ns /h a/ se a so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 17 ,7 34 ,8 25 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 18 ,2 31 ,3 95 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0c ro p pi ng in t.) 18 ,7 41 ,8 80 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0c ro p pi ng in t.) 20 ,8 07 ,9 85 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0c ro p pi ng in t.) 21 ,3 90 ,6 03 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0c ro p pi ng in t.) 21 ,9 89 ,5 43 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 22 ,6 05 ,2 45 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 23 ,2 38 ,1 97 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) 23 ,8 88 ,8 66 m t p al ay pr od uc tio n (5 .4 to ns / ha /s ea so n X1 .7 0 cr op pi ng in t.) S ea so n al d at a A nn ua l re po rt s N IA R e po rt s PS A D at a N IA /D A The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 232The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on O AC p ro du ct io n & yi el d: Su ga rc an e pr od uc tio n: (1 .5 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 25 ,1 01 ,7 82 to ns /y ea r Su ga rc an e yi el d: 5 7 to ns /h a 25 ,4 78 ,3 09 to ns /y ea r 25 ,8 60 ,4 84 to ns /y ea r 26 ,2 48 ,3 91 to ns /y ea r 26 ,6 42 ,1 17 to ns /y ea r 27 ,0 41 ,7 48 to ns /y ea r 27 ,4 47 ,3 75 to ns /y ea r 27 ,8 59 ,0 85 to ns /y ea r 28 ,2 76 ,9 72 to ns /y ea r 28 ,7 01 ,1 26 to ns /y ea r 29 ,1 31 ,6 43 to ns /y ea r 29 ,5 68 ,6 18 to ns /y ea r C oc on ut pr od uc tio n (1 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 14 ,8 73 ,4 27 to ns /y ea r C oc on ut yi el d: 4 to ns /h a 15 ,0 22 ,1 61 to ns /y ea r 15 ,1 72 ,3 83 to ns /y ea r 15 ,3 24 ,1 07 to ns /y ea r 15 ,4 77 ,3 48 to ns /y ea r 15 ,6 32 ,1 21 to ns /y ea r 15 ,7 88 ,4 43 to ns /y ea r 15 ,9 46 ,3 27 to ns /y ea r 16 ,1 05 ,7 90 to ns /y ea r 16 ,2 66 ,8 48 to ns /y ea r 16 ,4 29 ,5 17 to ns /y ea r 16 ,5 93 ,8 12 to ns /y ea r 233 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on B an an a pr od uc tio n (1 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 9, 45 2, 37 2 to ns /y ea r B an an a yi el d: 2 1 to ns /h a 9, 54 6, 89 6 to ns /y ea r 9, 64 2, 36 5 to ns /y ea r 9, 73 8, 78 9 to ns /y ea r 9, 83 6, 17 7 to ns /y ea r 9, 93 4, 53 8 to ns /y ea r 10 ,0 33 ,8 84 to ns /y ea r 10 ,1 34 ,2 23 to ns /y ea r 10 ,2 35 ,5 65 to ns /y ea r 10 ,3 37 ,9 20 to ns /y ea r 10 ,4 41 ,3 00 to ns /y ea r 10 ,5 45 ,7 13 to ns /y ea r C or n pr od uc tio n (0 .5 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 7, 81 0, 77 8 to ns /y ea r C or n yi el d: 3 to ns /h a 7, 84 9, 83 2 to ns /y ea r 7, 88 9, 08 1 to ns /y ea r 7, 92 8, 52 7 to ns /y ea r 7, 96 8, 16 9 to ns /y ea r 8, 00 8, 01 0 to ns /y ea r 8, 04 8, 05 0 to ns /y ea r 8, 08 8, 29 0 to ns /y ea r 8, 12 8, 73 2 to ns /y ea r 8, 16 9, 37 6 to ns /y ea r 8, 21 0, 22 2 to ns /y ea r 8, 25 1, 27 4 to ns /y ea r P in ea pp le pr od uc tio n (2 .5 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 2, 79 9, 25 9 to ns /y ea r P in ea pp le yi el d: 4 1 to ns /h a 2, 86 9, 24 1 to ns /y ea r 2, 94 0, 97 2 to ns /y ea r 3, 01 4, 49 6 to ns /y ea r 3, 08 9, 85 8 to ns /y ea r 3, 16 7, 10 5 to ns /y ea r 3, 24 6, 28 3 to ns /y ea r 3, 32 7, 44 0 to ns /y ea r 3, 41 0, 62 6 to ns /y ea r 3, 49 5, 89 1 to ns /y ea r 3, 58 3, 28 9 to ns /y ea r 3, 67 2, 87 1 to ns /y ea r The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 234The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on M an go pr od uc tio n (1 .7 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 58 1, 15 1 to ns /y ea r M an go yi el d: 4 to ns /h a 59 1, 03 1 to ns /y ea r 60 1, 07 8 to ns /y ea r 61 1, 29 7 to ns /y ea r 62 1, 68 9 to ns /y ea r 63 2, 25 7 to ns /y ea r 64 3, 00 6 to ns /y ea r 65 3, 93 7 to ns /y ea r 66 5, 05 4 to ns /y ea r 67 6, 36 0 to ns /y ea r 68 7, 85 8 to ns /y ea r 69 9, 55 1 to ns /y ea r To ba cc o pr od uc tio n (0 .5 % in cr ea se / ye ar ): 7, 00 2 to ns /y ea r To ba cc o yi el d: 2 to ns /h a 7, 03 7 to ns /y ea r 7, 07 2 to ns /y ea r 7, 10 7 to ns /y ea r 7, 14 3 to ns / ye ar 7, 17 8 to ns /y ea r 7, 21 4 to ns / ye ar 7, 25 0 to ns /y ea r 7, 28 7 to ns / ye ar 7, 32 3 to ns /y ea r 7, 36 0 to ns /y ea r 7, 39 7 to ns /y ea r 235 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on 2. En ab le d IA s In cr ea se d nu m be r of IA ’s w ith in co m e fr om Ag ri bu si ne ss (in cl ud in g di ve rs i fie d ag ri cu ltu re ) B y 20 20 , 2, 78 5 N IS IA s w ith “m od i fie d” IM T co nt ra ct s B y 20 20 , 2, 08 0 C IS IA s w ith “m od i fie d” IM T co nt ra ct s 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar (a p pr ox . 1 0% of 2 ,7 85 N IS IA s) 21 0 IA s pe r ye ar (a p pr ox . 1 0% of 2 ,0 80 ) 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r ye ar 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r ye ar 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r ye ar 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r ye ar 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r 28 0 IA s pe r y ea r 21 0 IA S pe r y ea r S ea so n al d at a A nn ua l re po rt s N IA re po rt Su rv ey of IA s ev er y 3 ye ar s 49 0 B us i ne ss pl an s N IA In cr ea se d nu m be r of IA ’s un de r ta ki ng gr ou p fa rm in g N um be r of IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g ze ro 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g 10 % in cr ea se in IA s in gr ou p fa rm in g S ea so n al d at a A nn ua l re po rt s N IA re po rt Su rv ey of IA s ev er y 3 ye ar s 49 0 B us i ne ss pl an s N IA /D A The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 236The National irrigation master Plan 2020-2030 CHAPTER 4 O ut co m e O ut co m e In di ca to rs B as el in e An nu al T ar ge ts D at a Co lle ct io n an d Re po rt in g 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 Fr eq ue n cy a nd Re po rt s D at a Co l le ct io n In st ru m en ts Re sp on si bi lit y fo r D at a Co lle c ti on 3. Re si lie nt sy st em s N ew pr oj ec ts im pl e m en te d us in g ne w de si gn st an da rd s st ar tin g 20 26 ; th es e pr oj ec ts w ill d e cr ea se th e va lu e of da m ag e to ir ri ga tio n in fr a st ru c tu re s cu rr en t ly a t a n av er ag e of P H P 1. 3 B / ye ar Ze ro To ta l o f 2 sy st em s ou t o f 2 45 N IS 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed 5% o f ex is tin g nu m be r of N IS sy st em s re tr of itt ed An nu al in ve nt or y N IA An nu al Re po rt s N IA In cr ea se d nu m be r o f fa rm er s ad op t in g w at er sa vi ng te ch no l og ie s 99 ,5 87 fa rm er s ad op te d as o f 2 01 9 co ve rin g 11 9, 54 9 ha 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r in fa rm er s ad op tin g w at er sa vi ng te ch no lo gi es 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se p er ye ar 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se p er ye ar 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r 10 % in cr ea se pe r y ea r N IA Ac co m pl is h m en t Re po rt Su rv ey of fa rm er s/ IA s N IA 239 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 5.1. Recommendations for Water Resources Management One of the main reasons for the low performance of irrigation systems is the lack of water during dry season. The estimation of dependable (low) water supply and flood (high) discharges for rivers, potentially viable for reservoir and/or diversion dams, is very important. Cognizant of this, the NIMP computed the 80% dependable flow of 195 rivers nationwide. They can be used to estimate the irrigability index for existing PIPs or new irrigation development areas. Regional unit discharges have also been estimated and can be used for new irrigation development projects for rivers in ungauged watershed. Spatial proximity technique can also be used to estimate the dependable flows of adjacent ungauged rivers. It is advisable however, that in the conduct of FS especially for ungauged rivers, estimated dependable flow values given here should be verified using actual flow measurements during dry season months or through deterministic modeling (e.g. SWAT or HEC HMS). Continuous hydrologic data acquisition and monitoring should also be pursued to improve the data set and consider the effect of changing land use and climate change. There is a need to delineate areas served by NIS and CIS, as well as those served by minor irrigation systems (e.g., SWIP, SFR, STW, PISOS, DD, SPIS, SD). The NIA through the different RIOs and IMOs have already started delineating the areas served by NIS and CIS. The BSWM has also been delineating the areas served by SWIPs and DDs including the parcellary mapping of individual farms since 2014. It has also collaborated with different state universities and colleges (SUCs), in several DA-BAR funded projects aimed at identifying and delineating potential sites for small scale irrigation systems using GIS based assessment. The Phil-LiDAR 2 Project 1 (Agricultural Resources Assessment using LiDAR and other RS Data) of UP Diliman has also embarked on a nationwide endeavor to establish baseline inventory of resources. This entails high resolution mapping of agricultural, aquaculture and forest resources, as well as, establishing hydrologic datasets for flood modeling to generate risk maps and EWS. With all these efforts and together with the geospatial maps generated through this NIMP, NIA should finally be able to establish the total irrigable areas in the country and help identify and zone areas where various modes of irrigation are feasible. NIA should identify areas where surface water and groundwater sources are technically feasible. Climate change is expected to increase water stress in more regions, increasing the reliance on groundwater use for agriculture. Surface water variability and weather extremes will greatly expand the role of groundwater in current and future irrigated areas. As a result, several regions that do not significantly use groundwater for agriculture will likely do so in the future and risk facing the same challenges currently experienced in the regions which already use groundwater intensively. The implementation of sustainable resource management policies would allow groundwater to act as a powerful CCA option. The vast groundwater resources in the country are underutilized especially for agricultural use and could be tapped to provide irrigation all year round. The practice of supplementing irrigation from surface sources with groundwater from STWs should be encouraged especially for areas where the surface water sources (i.e., creeks) have very low dependable discharges during the dry season and for areas underlain by good shallow aquifers. Cognizant of the country’s vast groundwater potential, the DA through the DA Regional Field Units (RFUs) and in collaboration with the University of the Philippines Los Baños, launched an STW 240recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Irrigation Program in 1992 to promote cost effective and sustainable STW irrigation technologies. Parallel STW irrigation projects were then implemented at the same time by BSWM and NIA. All these projects helped popularized STW irrigation and increased the STW population through private sector initiatives. These STWs provided farmers with reliable irrigation source during intense drought periods and especially in all the El Niño episodes that have occurred since then. It is high time that the NIA revive this project. NIA still distributes STWs although on a much lower number and based only on necessities. They also maintain drilling rigs and planned to procure more. The NIA CO also plans to procure more geo-resistivity equipment and distribute them to the ROs to help identify locations for STW installations. Some NIA IMOs (e.g., Region 11) have already installed standby STWs which they only use during prolonged dry spells. The practice of using STWs to supplement gravity irrigation should be encouraged even at the farmer’s own initiatives. This is not only as a short term solution to improve the cropping or irrigation intensity but also to encourage crop diversification. Sedimentation is one of the main problems that cause canal deterioration and decrease in water yield during dry season. To reduce future rehabilitation works due to desilting, provision of silt control devices, either on the head works or on main or lateral canals, should be included in the design, especially for sediment laden rivers or creeks. Estimation of sediment discharge should also be included in the FS, considering the escalating erosion of our watersheds. More comprehensive and specific studies on modernized structural/ infrastructure facilities and auxiliaries (e.g., precision agriculture systems), alternative power sources (e.g., renewable resources and biomass) for irrigation systems and farm operations and/or business diversification, and use of wastewater for irrigation and supporting production systems can be done and incorporated in the development of lower level plans to optimize productivity and efficiency of irrigation systems. Other possible evaluation tools such as those established by other institutions such as the Technology Assessment Protocol espoused by DOST-PCAARRD, the UN’s Clean Development mechanisms, and Sustainable Consumption and Production approaches among others can be considered and employed after comprehensive discussion and validation. Incorporation of the validated approaches can be done in the formulation of lower level plans such as the regional and provincial master plans and in the next updating of the NIMP. 5.2. Implementation Strategies for the New NIA Geodatabase The NIA geodatabase will play a significant role in the organization both as a data repository and as a tool to monitor performance of various projects and activities being implemented on the local and regional levels. It is also a vital component of the entire information system that can highly impact decisions at the CO or at the national level. However, it is also important to investigate the management issues related to introducing and implementing GIS technology at NIA because this is often deemed more crucial than their technological issues. This is because GIS, compared to other technologies, requires specialized organizational and management approaches. Some of these issues include the nature of geographic datasets and their roles in the organization’s operations, the current state of GIS technology and its future direction, the relationship of GIS with other existing technologies in the organization, and the multiuse nature of GIS data, among others. GIS implementation may also vary from one organization to another. In NIA, 241 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 GIS will serve as data and operational framework that affects and ties together different activities in the organization. Thus, it is significant to determine the appropriate role of GIS in NIA, understand its implications, and identify appropriate implementation strategies. GIS as a tool and technology provides new perspective and serves as basis for operations and decision making. Laying out the role and scope of this technology in the organization leads to identifying appropriate models for implementation and management. In GIS, there are different kinds of models that can be followed depending on the scope, the degree of integration of GIS into its operation and planning, degree of centralization of GIS operation and use, the degree of centralization of management control, and the like. For NIA, an enterprise GIS setup is more appropriate than other alternative models. In this environment, GIS provides an information and operations framework for different major activities and applications within NIA. This means that various GIS applications will be central in the organization which in turn would result to the widespread use of the technology. In addition, this will also aid NIA’s corporate decision making and operations. Although GIS is expected to be utilized by different divisions and offices (e.g., IMOs, ROs, system offices) in NIA, coordination and control should be centralized. This means that wherever GIS management is to be placed in the organization or a new GIS unit is to be established in NIA, it should be able to coordinate all the users, and the design, implementation, expansion, and standards in the system should be centrally managed by this unit. In order to build and fully operationalize the system, implementation is key and would require some planning and management. GIS implementation simply involves designing, acquiring, installing, and operationalizing the necessary components of the system (e.g., data, software, hardware, and people) to attain the organization’s GIS needs. There are several steps in the implementation process. The first is the requirements analysis phase. This particular stagenot only involves determining the functional and data requirements for the GIS applications and users, but also entails assessment of resources, opportunities, and constraints in the organizational and institutional environment. In NIA, the main objective in the implementation of GIS is to generate reliable data from various irrigation developments in the country and use such information to build better and improved decisions. The next step is the design phase, which employs developing a conceptual design for the system, database, applications, and organizational components. This part also centers on the hardware and software requirements including data needs. In terms of hardware requirement, the following specifications are recommended for the GIS server and GIS workstations: GIS Server (NIA CO) • Intel Xeon Gold or Intel Xeon Platinum Processors • 64GB DDR4 Memory • SSD 4 x240GB • 2 x 10TB Sata HDD • Nvidia Graphics Card GIS Workstation (NIA CO, ROs, IMOs, Systems) • 27” UHD Dual Monitor • Intel Core i7-8700 Processor • 16GB DDR4 Memory • 2TB HDD + 512GB SSD Storage • Nvidia GTX1050 4GB VRAM In terms of software requirement, an ArcGIS Enterprise is recommended for NIA CO while ArcGIS Desktop Advanced licenses for the regional and local offices (e.g., IMOs, system offices). ArcGIS Enterprise is regarded by ESRI as the foundational software system for GIS, powering mapping and visualization, 242recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 analytics, and data management. It is also closely integrated with ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS Pro, and is complementary with ArcGIS Online in the implementation of web GIS. The main difference between ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise is that the former runs in an ESRI-managed cloud infrastructure where computation and data storage are all done in a highly scalable environment, while the latter runs on the organization’s own infrastructure. With regard to ArcGIS Desktop license, a standard or advanced level is proposed so that users can optimize the potential of the software and capitalize on its various functionalities and uses. An ArcGIS Desktop Advanced license includes map creation, interactive visualization, spatial analysis, multi-user editing, advanced data management, advanced analysis, high-end cartography, and extensive database management, among others. In summary, here are the software requirements recommended for NIA and its regional/local offices: NIA CO • ArcGIS Server Enterprise • ArcGIS Desktop Advanced • Windows Server • SQL Server • Firewall and Antivirus Regional and Local Offices • ArcGIS Desktop Standard or Advanced • Windows 10 • Antivirus The next phase is the construction phase which essentially involves developing the specifications for system selection and acquisition. This is where the efforts on data acquisition and database design efforts also begin. For NIA, the detailed design structure of the geodatabase has been prepared already and can be updated periodically to cater any additional information or changes in the data attributes. Prototype testing is also under this stage to validate the performance of the system. Finally, the last part is the implementation phase which already includes the O&M of the system. This consists of integrating GIS into the organization’s operating environment, supporting various users, and managing the ongoing process of data and system maintenance. Apart from the deployment and operational testing, user training is also a critical aspect of this phase as it intends to build capacities and competencies of NIA personnel in implementing GIS workflows, populating the different feature classes in the geodatabase, and updating existing thematic layers of the organization. In the general, this can be divided into three processes, namely data loading, data updating, and data maintenance. Data loading relates to how data can be loaded directly in the NIA geodatabase from source data such as shapefiles or from other file geodatabases. This could be done by connecting through an SQL Server or SQL Database, or it can be loaded directly to the central geodatabase by using a wizard assistance such as the Simple Data Loader or Object Loader. Data updating, on the other hand, is conducted primarily to modify the data that are already stored in the geodatabase. The data updating process for NIA from the local offices to the regional and to the CO follows the illustration (Figure 5.1.). 243 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1. Data Updating Workflow for the NIA Geodatabase The local nodes include the IMOs and system offices where data will be mostly generated and populated. This will then be transmitted or fed to the RO for evaluation and verification before forwarding them to the NIA CO. It is also important that a geodata service for each region will be created in the NIA CO. A geodata service allows a user to access a geodatabase through a local area network (LAN) or the Internet using ArcGIS Server. It can also be used to perform geodatabase replication operations, make copies using data extraction and perform various queries in the geodatabase. When this service becomes accessible to the RO, a two-way replica of the data in the desktop geodatabase should be created. This will allow data changes to be sent from the parent replica to the child replica or vise versa. Under this set-up, the parent replica is the NIA CO geodata service and the child replica is the RO’s desktop geodatabase. Updated data from the local nodes will be synchronized to the desktop geodatabase of the region. Once these data have been reviewed and verified, the RO will then synchronize its geodatabase to the geodata service so that NIA CO will have access to the updated feature classes. Otherwise, the data will again be reverted to the local nodes for further editing, correction, and updating. The last step is data maintenance. This activity helps organizations like NIA to keep track of the changes required in the data to keep it updated and relevant. It is also referred to as a process of continual improvement and regular checks. Like any other type of data, geographic data in NIA is no different. Some examples of these include updating of address of farmers, subdividing parcels of irrigation systems, adding pumps and wells in the area, updating the FUSAs, etc. In GIS, there are two strategies in data maintenance—without versions and with versions. The former is appropriate for simpler features wherein a user does not need to manage history or multiple versions of the data. On the other hand, the latter strategy allows multiple concurrent states of databases known as versions to exist at the same time. This means that each version signifies an ongoing work and there is no limit to the number of versions a geodatabase can have. This type also allows one to manage past, present, and proposed changes to the data. 244recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 5.3. Organizational Reform to Implement the New NIA Geodatabase It is recommended that NIA coordinate with the irrigation units of other agencies for the purpose of linking them with the NIA geodatabase, to improve the management of the geospatial data such as the boundary of CIS, OGA and PIS. In order to assure the proper implementation of the new NIA geodatabase, establishment of a Geodatabase Unit is deemed necessary. This Geodatabase Unit shall be set up at the CO and at each of the ROs, as indicated below: Table 5.1. Proposed Composition of the Geodatabase Unit NIA Office No of Position Items CO Corporate Planning Depart ment: Management Informa tion Division 6 RO/UPRIIS/MARIIS Regional Manager 2 X 17 IMO/Interim/Division 2 X 56 Total 152 5.4. Capacity Building on the New NIA Geodatabase and Related Topics on Irrigation Development Rationale for Capacity Building Data management is necessary for a more organized, efficient and productive flow of work and it tremendously improves planning and operations. All these data, which are geographic in nature necessitates their management in a geodatabase—a collection of geographic datasets with a comprehensive information model that can represent and manage geographic information. For NIA, the new geodatabase serves the compilation, storage, management and data integrity maintenance of all necessary spatial information. For planning and operations, it is important to have a view of the proposed site prior to field visit for the initial review of what should be expected on the ground. A look into maps is more efficient than directly going first to the area for reconnaissance. Different map files could be seen through overlaying one another. In irrigation system development, dam improvement and other irrigation-related projects or activities. Thus, a capacity building is critical to train concerned NIA personnel on the use of the new NIA geodatabase. Moreover, national datasets have been gathered for NIMP necessitating a practical and operational awareness of NIA personnel to ensure the success of irrigation development in the country. This capacity building program is designed to be undertaken twice a year for the next 3 years, until such time that a Geodatabase Unit is installed at the NIA CO and at the NIA ROs with the corresponding plantilla positions equivalent to the participants identified for this program. 245 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Table 5.2. Number of Participants for Geodatabase Capacity Building Table 5.3. Preparatory Activities and Office in Charge Office Number of Participants NIA CO 6 RO/UPRIIS/MARIIS 3 IMO/Interim/Division 56 Activity Office in Charge • Identification and invitation of participants • Identification and preparation of training venue • Provision of accommodation for participants • Provision of accommodation for UPLBFI Resource Persons • Production of training manual (UPLBFI will provide the pdf file) • Drone package (1 per region; drone unit with peripherals; image processing software eg. Agisoft) NIA • Preparation of the training manual • Preparation of the data for the training: o Map ATLAS (per Region) in e-format o Other map data • Installation software (Open Source) • Drone UPLBFI Objectives The main objective of the capacity building program is to enhance the current skills and understanding of the NIA staff in the use of GIS and UAS as applied in irrigation development and management. Specifically, the training aims to: • Introduce the participants on the basics of GIS and map making; • Demonstrate fundamental workflows for the NIA geodatabase; and • Perform UAS survey and image processing. Participants All NIA personnel involved in irrigation development are highly encouraged to participate in the capacity building. Table 5.2 shows the breakdown of participants across all NIA offices in the country. Number of Trainings and Proposed Activities A total of two batches of training will be held, representing each of the island group in the country, to cater to all NIA offices. Table 5.3 summarizes the preparatory activities to be done with the corresponding office assigned, while Table 5.4 shows the initial topics and schedule to follow for the conduct of trainings. 246recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4. Topics and Schedule Day Topic Office in Charge Materials Needed Day 0 Arrival at the venue Preparation of the venue NIA LCD Projector and Screen Power outlets; extension cables Whiteboard and markers Day 1 AM Opening Program NIA AM Introduction to the Training (objectives and schedule) Distribution of Train ing Manual Installation/down loading of e-files of training manual and map data Installation/down loading of e-files of GIS, image processing and other related software NCB/CLT Training Manual Laptop per participant ArcGIS software Quantum GIS software NIA GIS data NEW NIA Geodatabase PM Introduction to ArcGIS Working with Map Data CLT/NCB GIS data Map ATLAS Day 2 Working with ArcGIS Introduction to the NEW NIA Geodatabase CLT/NCB Day 3 AM Working with the NEW NIA Geodatabase Working with QGIS CLT/NCB PM Unmanned Aerial System for irrigation development NCB/CLT UAS (drone) plus periph erals 247 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Day Topic Office in Charge Materials Needed Day 4 Unmanned Aerial System for irrigation development Flight planning Actual flight Image Process ing NCB/CLT UAS (drone) Image processing software Day 5 Working with UAS products ie. photomo saics Updating the NEW NIA Geodatabase eg. In tegrating spatial data, UAS data products Closing Program NCB/CLT CLT/NCB Materials Needed 1. 1 laptop per participant 2. ArcGIS software (NIA-acquired) 3. Quantum GIS (please download latest version) 4. UAS (drone; at least 1 unit per region) plus software for image processing 5. Map ATLAS by Region (prepared by UPLBFI as part of NIMP) 5.5. NIA’s Organizational Restructuring Directions There are many reasons why organizations restructure. However, most organizations are compelled to restructure to be more efficient and effective. In the case of NIA, the primary reasons include the following: • To better address the critical needs of Filipino farmers in irrigated agriculture • To better respond to NIA’s legal obligations in the irrigation development of the country • To better meet the critical issues of resilience and climate change in irrigation development • To comply with the Rice Tariffication Act • To strengthen NIA’s organizational capacity to implement the Strategic Plan and NIMP The Four Principles in Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency Each of principles below is central to creating more effective yet affordable government (Farrell and Goodman, 2013): 1. The use of better evidence for decision making 2. Greater engagement and empowerment of citizens 3. Thoughtful investments in expertise and skill building 4. Closer collaboration with the private and social sectors 248recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Key Principles that Should Guide NIA in Achieving Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency Listed below are key principles that should guide NIA in crafting its “new” organizational structure. These principles must be fully understood and appreciated by the whole organization. The rank and file employees must be involved in how best to implement these principles in the “new” NIA. The role of the Change Management Office that is suggested in the “Way Forward” recommendations is central to this objective. • Function specialization to achieve efficiency. The NIA must organize itself according to the core or key functions of the agency. These are defined by various laws. These functions are articulated in the “new” NIA strategic goals and Agency Wide Programs (AWPs). Function specialization, involving the separation of tasks within a system to achieve organizational efficiency, must be supported by a highly competent staff. • Flatter organizational structure towards greater efficiency. A flatter organization can be achieved through de-concentration and decentralization. These involve the delegation of power, authority, and responsibility from the CO to the ROs and from the ROs to the IMOs. NIA’s major operational strength must be manifested in highly competent IMOs whose major task is to manage the irrigation infrastructure. • Removal of conflict of interest and to institute a system of check and balance. The NIA must carefully review its development and approval system to avoid conflict of interest in offices, units, or persons. As a rule of thumb, there should be no competing interest in relation to the official tasks or responsibilities assigned to an office, unit, or person. In addition, NIA must institute a transparent and highly objective system of check and balance. • Strengthen governance as key strategy to increase NIA’s organizational effectiveness. NIA must exert efforts to improve its transparency, predictability and accountability. NIA must strengthen the offices/units that are central to the improvement of governance. Of central importance to this strategy is the technical skills and morale of its employees, which can be achieved through a highly competent and responsive Office on Human Resource Management (HRM). 5.6. Recommendations and Guidelines for Environmental and Social Safeguards Protection and Management of Irrigation Watersheds Many irrigation systems exist in degraded watersheds, resulting to the alteration of their structure and function. Their capability had been reduced to provide essential ecosystem services including regulation of hydrologic regimes, regulation of stream sediment loads, and regulation of nutrient inputs into storage reservoirs and to farmers’ fields. Consequently, these irrigation systems experience either too little or too much water in their operations. The hydrologic regulation function of these watersheds had been altered. Irrigation field personnel and farmers, during FGDs, attest to the fact that previously the stream or river base flows of these watersheds were enough to sustain their irrigation supplies for about nine consecutive rainless months. Presently, after two consecutive rainless months the base flows of rivers and streams 249 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 in the watersheds are inadequate to sustain a crop irrigation demands. An interagency convergence of critical stakeholders, such as the NIA, DENR, BSWM, NWRB, LGUs, WUAs and IPs should be organized to protect and manage irrigation watersheds. Encourage interagency planning and management of water resources in each watershed based on the principles of IWRM. Wherever a Watershed Management Council exists, close collaboration with it is imperative. Management of Land Cover and Land Use Change in the Watersheds and Irrigation System Service Area Changes in land cover and land use within the catchment areas are a major factor in watershed degradation. Deforestation and the subsequent use of deforested land for agriculture is a major cause of soil erosion. Corollary to erosion, the sediments in the eroded soil from the uplands silt up rivers, dams, and reservoirs according to irrigation field personnel and farmers who joined FGDs. Sedimentation and siltation severely reduce reservoir capacity, thus shortening the lifespan of irrigation infrastructures and appurtenant facilities. Reportedly, a few NIA-operated dams and reservoirs have been silted up long before reaching their lifespan because of upland erosion. Moreover, runoff from upland fields can potentially pollute water with pesticides and fertilizers and degrade water quality. To curb erosion and sedimentation in rivers and reservoirs, initiatives by local stakeholders included reforestation and joint development with IPs and other upland farmers of cropping systems that minimize soil erosion. Upland farmers should be encouraged to apply land management practices, such as contour plowing, terracing, and agroforestry around the catchment area of the dam and reservoir. More importantly, an IWRM plan by all stakeholders should be developed. For sustainable management of land cover and use in the catchment area, local stakeholders must monitor the vegetation conditions and correct adverse changes through community efforts. Resilience to Climate Change and Disaster Risks The Philippines has been heavily investing in irrigation development to boost crop yield and enlarge currently irrigated areas for many years now. However, the Philippine climate has been changing and the climatic variations pose potential threats to the resilience and sustainability of the Philippine irrigation systems and ultimately to the national food production and distribution system. CC is predicted to alter the Philippine hydrologic cycle, changing the temporal and geographical patterns of rainfall, evapotranspiration, runoff, and ground water recharge, and particularly in their extremes. Spatially and temporally, irrigated agriculture will suffer from either too much or too little water, or both. The planning, design and construction of new irrigation systems and the O&M of existing ones will be badly affected by these projected temporal and geographical changes in water availability or scarcity or both. Fundamentally, the existing irrigation systems had not been planned, designed, and constructed to consider the risks posed by CC and climate variability, especially the parameters relating to design flood event. Typically, infrastructure codes and standards use historical climate data and analyses to calculate climatic design values, assuming that the average and extreme conditions of the past will represent conditions over the future lifespan of the structure. While this assumption has worked in the past, it will become less valid as the climate changes. The PhilCCAP included CC considerations into the guidelines/ manual it has developed for the planning, design, construction, and O&M of irrigation 250recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 systems. The NIA must institutionalize the guidelines/manual, which could be a sound basis for irrigation modernization. LGUs consider irrigation systems, flood control and drainage systems as economic support infrastructure to boost household income. Intrinsically, these infrastructures are shields from the impacts of CC and vulnerability. Moreover, with decent household income, farmers will be less vulnerable to disasters, such as climate variability and change and its ripple effects, thus making them more adaptive and resilient. On another front, irrigation planners and designers should pay attention to the development and improvement of tertiary systems to facilitate introduction of climate smart-agriculture (CSA) incorporating climate-resilient (eg., enhanced reservoir, slope protection, etc.) and water-efficient features. With improved on-farm water control and application facilities, farmers can adopt CSA to increase the adaptive capacity of agricultural production in the project/ service areas. Farmers adopting improved agricultural technology strengthen the technical capacity on both social and environmental safeguards management. Rehabilitation and Restoration of Existing Irrigation Systems Apart from conducting studies on technical, economic/financial and institutional feasibility, the restoration/ rehabilitation and improvement of existing NIS and CIS also calls for study, through Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan (EPRMP), on environmental feasibility. EPRMP can be conducted for restoration/rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems, especially if large areas will be involved, and 5 years or longer had already passed. Possibly, so much changes had already occurred within the service areas and in the watershed where it is located and have caused varied environmental and social problems. Environmental assessment is needed to upgrade and modernize river infrastructure, where relevant, including irrigation and drainage canals, and storage facilities, flow control structures, measurement devices, and supporting infrastructure such as service roads. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA is a sustainability tool to safeguard and manage the environment in which a proposed/new irrigation project will be constructed and will operate later. It is used to characterize the nature, magnitude, intensity and ultimately the significance of the likely impacts. The Philippine EIA systems require proposed irrigation projects with a potential service area greater than or equal to 1000 ha; line irrigation projects and foreign-assisted projects need to undergo environmental assessment as a safeguard policy. ESIA is a well-established method used to identify, predict, interpret and communicate information about the impact of major projects on human health and well being, including that of ecosystems on which human survival depends upon. Although ESIA process has been used to assess likely environmental impacts of projects for decades, its effectiveness as a planning and management tool is reportedly not clearly evident. For ESIA application to sustainable irrigation development, the process can be further improved to produce striking effects. Importantly, the contextual dimension of impacts should be identified because they must have a meaning to the decision makers and stakeholders. Rather than delve into ex-ante impact evaluation, ESIA must focus on enhancement of beneficial environmental impacts and mitigation of adverse effects. EIS must also strive to design and manage project activities to prevent impact from occurring 251 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 rather than focus on mitigating or “curing’”the impacts. The purpose of EIA process is not just to assess impacts and complete an EIS, but rather it is to improve the quality of decisions. Consequently, the EIA process will provide environmental information that will help irrigation agency to take actions that protect, restore, and enhance the environment in the long term. The following are guidelines in improving EIS: 1. An EIS should synthesize complex environmental data and information on air, water, land, and people, that are digestible to irrigation planners, designers, and to field operations staff and farmers. The environmental problems that irrigation planners, designers, constructors, and field operations staff must deal with are complex and are generally multi- and cross disciplinary in nature. So, environmental problems are difficult to pin down and solve because they are in feedback loops. Expectedly, the environmental impacts of irrigation projects on air, water, land and people are, to a large degree, interlinked and interrelated. On account of the foregoing, accurate data and information must be collected and used in environmental and social assessments because these form part of project FS. Given these, it will allow the proponent to prepare the Environmental and Social Management or Mitigation Plans (ESMPs). The design of an ESMP will also be effective if the root causes of the impacts are ascertained. Impact can be better reduced or avoided or mitigated when the root causes are known. Long term, rather than temporary solutions, are easier to study and develop, thus irrigation planning and designing lead to sustainable environmental performance of irrigation systems with ESMPs based on accurate and digestible data and information. Still, the data and information on problems and impacts and corresponding root causes, which must be synthesized in substance and format, are needed by irrigation planners and designers. Oftentimes, the data and information presented in EISs are mostly prescriptive. The irrigation planners and designers found such data and information indigestible and therefore ineffective to planning and design. EIA preparers should sit down with irrigation planners and designers to consult with them the kind of data and information that would be useful to planning and design for integration with project development phases. 2. An EIS should strengthen interaction and inter linkage between ESIA at project planning and design stage and environmental management system (EMS) at project operations after decommissioning. During the interviews with key informants and interpersonal discussions with operations staff, and dialogues with officers and members of IA, it was found that most of them in the field do not know about ESIA. The lack of knowledge about ESIA by the operations staff and farmers stemmed from the fact that ESIA at the planning or project feasibility stage is mainly used to secure ECC. Most of the decisions about the project design and implementation are made by a project planning team. Field operations staff and farmers had not participated in the public consultation aimed at identifying the consequences of the project that led to the adoption of a particular management measure. In practice there is often poor linkage between the EIS produced to gain approval for a project and the environmental management strategies that are implemented once the project is operational. Environmental performance can be sustained in the irrigation project area if the ESIA at the planning and design 252recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 stage is strongly linked to environmental management during operations stage after project decommissioning. There exists a potential to marry ESIA at the planning stage to International Standard Organization EMS of the organization to check environmental compliance during post-project operations period. 3. An EIS should establish ESIA follow up programs for post audits of EISs Corollary to the foregoing, the NIA could implement EIA follow-up to keep an eye on the real effects of projects. ESIA predicts likely environmental impacts of irrigation projects, but the real problems, issues and impacts take place and are experienced by farmers and field personnel during O&M of the system. Thus, it is important to place equal or even larger significance to environmental management and protection after project construction. During the operations phase, field operations personnel usually deal with environmental and social issues due to impact prediction uncertainties and non environmental compliance from planning to construction phase. NIA can carry out for post audits of ESIAs to see to it that environmental management systems are being implemented or enforced, which will require in-house capacity. Foremost, the NIA should establish an environmental and social safeguard unit at the CO and ROs. Engaging Stakeholders in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public participation is essential to ensure that assessment of a proposed project’s environmental and social impacts is in the context of the stakeholders’ bio physical and socio-cultural environment. It is a process in concurrence with DENR EMB Memorandum Circular No.: 2010-4 dated June 29, 2010, “The Standardization of Requirements and Enhancement of Public Participation in the Streamlined Implementation of the Philippine EIS” that aims to ensure that the EIA process is based on a timely and well-informed public participation of potentially affected communities. Through such process, the stakeholders are not just being informed and capacitated but more importantly, they are given a sense of ownership of the project. Engaging stakeholders through a participatory ESIA could generate creative and locally appropriate solutions to the identified likely impacts. This could also help incorporate indigenous knowledge systems in the assessment that shall consider the socio-cultural conditions of the communities to be affected. Furthermore, it shall improve public awareness and understanding of the project and issues involved in decision making, which is a precondition for functioning democratic system and public satisfaction and trust in the project. This process hopes to build a future of good relations and trust with community leaders, the proponents, and the funders (Roquia, 2014). To facilitate engagement of stakeholders and to ensure that all their issues and concerns will be properly documented, below are guidelines of plans that need to be developed during the Socio Cultural Assessment: Indicative Indigenous People Development Plan The IPDP is done through a series of consultation with the decision makers of the project affected, barangay and municipal interagency, the tribal leaders of the ancestral domain, barangay chairperson of LGUs and the government agencies such as the Municipal Social Welfare Development Office (MSWD), Municipal Health Office (MHO), DA, Department of Education (DepEd), NCIP, Peoples Organizations (POs) as well as the Non-government Organizations (NGOs). 253 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 The objectives are to: • Identify the basic needs and welfare of the community as basis for the framework of social development program/IP development plan of the project affected Municipality/ Barangay within the project operation area; • Prepare an indicative sustainable plan based on the government requirement DENR DAO 2003-30 revised and the mandated corporate responsibility of Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP); and • Establish a working relation with ADSDPP and the various community stakeholders with the goal of improving the quality of life of the project affected communities by enabling them to become self-reliant. The ISDP also provides an opportunity for: • Addressing key socio-economic issues and concerns by the various stakeholders, including those that were raised during the public scoping; • Identifying and designing the recommended measures in response to the issues and concerns that were raised; • Identifying the lead agency or organization responsible in implementing the measures; and • Setting of timelines to implement these measures consistent with the plans and programs of the lead agencies. It is expected that in the long term, the economic benefits from tax revenues, funds from the mandated services of the inter-agencies, and socio-economic benefits to the host communities, will be partly the sources of funds to sustain the implementation of the Social/IP Development and Management Plan. The ADSDPP will support such plan in concurrence with the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of concerned LGUs and surrounding communities. The information collected from the perception survey will also form part of the SDP that mainly address the following issues: • Perceived fears of environmental “destruction” or degradation due to pollution of land, air, water and resources, and health risks; • Possibility of the IPs losing their Ancestral domain; • Possibility of the non-IPs (migrant farmers) of losing their homes and farmlands; and • Possibility of losing their source of livelihood. On the other hand, IPRA (RA 8371) concretizes the constitutional mandate to recognize, protect and promote the rights of IP within the context of national unity and development, especially their rights to their ancestral lands and domain, to the preservation and development of their cultures, traditions and institutions, and to their human rights and freedoms as mandated in the 1987 Constitution. It is a plan drafted to address the issues of IPs, in cooperation with NCIP as the institution that facilitates the planning and implementation of programs in coordination with the local government. The NG recognizes the importance of the IPs/ ICCs protection and development such that it enshrined its commitment in the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for 2001– 2004, Chapter 13–Protecting Vulnerable 254recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Groups-Assistance to specific vulnerable groups-of which the IPs of the area is one. The government, in coordination with the local government and ADSDPP, will have to provide economic opportunities to uplift majority of those from poverty. Thus, the IPDP shall guide ADSDPP and concern LGUs in the preparation and implementation according to the LGU guidelines for the five year SDP/ADSDPP. The overall focus of the indicative IPDP is to assure DENR EMB/NIA that the ADSDPP can mitigate the major impacts, which include health and safety programs, environmental preservation, and alternatives to livelihood programs of the affected communities. ADSDPP will take the local needs in making strategic partnerships with all concerned stakeholders that include the LGUs, NGOs, and people organizations. Gender Action Plan The Project's Gender Action Plan (GAP) will be implemented by the Project's Management Unit (PMU) which will hire a community development/gender specialist in the project team. The specialist will be responsible for incorporating the GAP into project planning and program, including sensitivity workshops, gender analysis, and establishment of sex and gender disaggregated indicators, and culturally sensitive indicators for project performance and monitoring. The PMU will include reporting on progress of GAP activities in quarterly progress reports on overall project activities to NIA. Table 5.5 shows how planners could integrate gender in the ESIA. Table 5.5. Considerations in the Integration of Gender in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA Process Integrating Gender-related Considerations Scoping Identify key gender issues Terms of Reference Indicate the need to collect gender-specif ic and sex-disaggregated data; ensure gen der expertise and gender balance of the team. The latter improves consideration of multiple perspectives. In some culture, only female data collectors can interview women. Use networks of female profes sionals if no suitable team members are available. Impact Identification Conduct a gender analysis; identify posi tive/negative effects on women and men. Public consultation Ensure meaningful participation of men and women from different groups. Con sider cultural gender perceptions: Who speaks? Would separate meetings for men and women improve participation? If women normally do not speak out, wom en’s groups may help them to speak with a united voice. Identify appropriate meeting times and locations based on data on gen dered tasks and time use. 255 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 ESIA Process Integrating Gender-related Considerations Mitigation measures Include measures to address the identified adverse impacts on both women and men Environmental Management Plan Include a GAP or gender strategy. Post-monitoring Use gender sensitive indicators for iden tified impacts, measuring outcomes for women and men. Use participatory mon itoring mechanisms for women and men. Adapted from: NCEA, 2015 Resettlement Action Plan The Resettlement Action Plan for the Project is formulated to ensure that the Project Management Office (PMO) of the project will provide a just compensation and peaceful relocation procedure prior to the commencement of the project in accordance with the appropriate and applicable laws, policies and/or guidelines of the country as well as taking into consideration the policies/guidelines of the international financing institution particularly the WB and JICA’s Resettlement Guidelines/Policies for Social Considerations, and other related institutions. The objectives of this Resettlement Action Plan are as follows: • Provide project impact assessment to the Project Affected Families (PAFs), • Quantify the private and public properties which shall not be taken for public use without just compensation, • Present a strategic scheme/plan to ensure proper resettlement of the PAFs in a timely manner, • Recognize and consider the involvement of the PAFs in the implementation of the RAP, • Provide necessary resources that may be needed, particularly the funds needed for the social component of the project which include among other cost for the resettlement of the PAFs, and • Provide livelihood/income resto ration. Capacity Building To sustain irrigation development, NIA must build technical capacity and adequate competence in ESIA practice and training. Lack of this capacity has slowed down irrigation development in the regions, which is an issue raised by a number of stakeholders in the series of regional FGDs conducted. Building ESIA capacity in NIA is supported by the legal framework elucidated by the Philippine EIS Law (PD 1586), the Philippine Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (RA 8371), the Right of Way Acquisition Law (RA 8974) and their implementing rules and regulations. Additionally, a number environmental and natural resource use laws complement and fortify PD 1586, RA 8371, and RA 8974. Similarly, there are a number of local and national institutions that can backstop capacity building efforts at NIA CO and ROs. In view of this, NIA must build productive relationships with these agencies and institutions. NIA staff have skills and competence to undertake ESIA. At the NIA CO, an interim Environmental Unit (EU) can be strengthened to assume ESIA functions through academic or professional and practical training and workshop. Training is not the only component, but it is the core component of capacity building. Short training courses on important aspects 256recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 of ESIA, particularly its effectiveness to capacitate the NIA, can be held. Reference manuals and procedures for the conduct of ESIA are widespread in textbooks and published reports locally, nationally, and internationally, in a wide range of sectors such as infrastructure, agriculture, etc. As previously stated in this report, an ESIA methodology generically consists of screening, scoping, impact prediction and mitigation, EIS, and audit of ESIA. Thus, depending on project objective and relevant biophysical and social contexts, ESIA procedures could be custom fitted to the needs of the trainees. For instance, under the supervision of mentors, trainees will conduct an ESIA of a new irrigation system as part of their practical capacity building. In these trainings, the focus of discussion and skill building should be on the benefits of ESIA to sustainable irrigation development rather than on technical aspects of conducting acceptable ESIA. Trainers must conduct follow-on trainings until such time the NIA gains enough technical skills and competence in the ESIA. That way, environmental compliance and safeguards can be enforced, and irrigation development becomes sustainable. Ultimately, this can pave the way for mainstreaming ESIA in irrigation planning, design, construction, and O&M in the near future. Establishment of Environmental and Social Safeguards Unit The interim environmental unit at the NIA CO can be formally organized as a section specifically tasked to oversee enforcement of environmental and social safeguards of new and existing irrigation projects/systems. Its fundamental function is to ensure that environmental compliance in all stages of irrigation development is fully abided by. As much as possible, the section should be ran by NIA staff with multidisciplinary training and skills. 5.7. Recommendations for Financing On Public-Private Partnership As farmers become competitive in rice production through the confluence of irrigation development and other productivity enhancing interventions provided by the government, it is but prudent to consider weaning them from free irrigation (but still provide subsidies as needed) as this would allow for more private sector participation (through PPP) in the irrigation sector in terms of construction, O&M, and rehabilitation. PPPs have the potential to facilitate an expanded role for the private sector in irrigation, mobilize expertise in the sector, and ensure medium to long- term sustainability. This would greatly ease the financial burden on the government while farmers in turn, would be assured of efficient irrigation services. After all, farmers will only be willing or able to pay the service fees if the irrigation services (together with other improved inputs where needed) help them to increase yields and thereby incomes to a level that enables them to afford the fees and make a suitable profit. Given this context, PPP in irrigation can be a viable option if the main stakeholders are satisfied by the arrangement. The WB1 provides an analysis of the main considerations of each of the three main stakeholder groups, the tables of which are reproduced in the following page: 1 Mandri-Perrot, C. and J. Bsitbey. 2016. How to develop sustainable irrigation projects with private sector participation. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 257 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.2. Stakeholders’ Requirements for Entering into PPP 258recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Adapted from: World Bank On Official Development Assistance The utilization of ODA Funds can be further increased in the long term from the NIMP recommended 17% of total financing to around 20%. The basic merits in financing infrastructure projects through ODA include, among others, (1) longer-term maturity and favorable concessional financing terms, with grant element of at least 25 %, (2) a wider access to knowledge, experience, and technology, and 3) improved overall project implementation due to the absence of contractual disputes. This is very much suited for large infrastructure projects that will require long-term financing, especially if these have long gestation period. ODA accessed by Government has favorable financing terms that match the needs of such infrastructure projects much better than commercial sources of finance. However, for NIA and OGA involved in irrigation to take full advantage of this, weak agency-level capacity must be addressed. Line agencies must make efforts towards increasing and diversifying its manpower, in order to enhance its absorptive capacity to handle infrastructure projects, especially big-ticket ones. Also, ODA financing is not without risks and disadvantages. In considering ODA as an infrastructure financing option, appraisals must be constantly conducted to determine whether such an option is the best fit for a particular the project, while taking into full consideration both the advantages and disadvantages of this financing option. On Projections and Target Setting and Interventions The static, linear model used in the consumption, production, and subsequently physical area projections in the NIMP abstracts from a lot of factors that affect supply and demand of rice and demand for irrigation services and can be further improved. Developing a dynamic equilibrium/multi-market model for the agriculture sector or at the very least an agricultural crops forecasting model and utilizing its results to project and simulate the need for irrigation services for various crops will be the next step forward in enhancing the masterplan. Thus, it is recommended that another project be commissioned specifically for that purpose. 259 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 In the meantime, policymakers can augment their information by making full use of the PRISM which can generate start of-season maps and yield estimates as well as damage assessments from typhoons, flood, and drought which can be used for rapid decision-making on emergency response, planning and implementation of rehabilitation programs. On the Disaggregation of Project Budgeting What the NIMP presents in its Non-PIP investment plan is the estimated yearly cost based on the area needed to be generated per province based on the national projected targets. This merely serves as a guide in crafting provincial level masterplans. Hence, the NIMP needs to be cascaded to the regional and provincial levels. It is left to the provincial level personnel to identify the specific projects that can meet the given targets keeping in mind the recommendation of the NIMP that the cost of O&M as well as the cost of the FSDE be already included in the budget. 5.8. Other Important and Urgent Recommendations Formulation of regional and provincial master plans with the NIMP as a national guideline While this NIMP provides guidelines, directions, priorities and schemes for irrigation development at the national level, lower level plans such as regional and provincial master plans should be formulated in order to develop more detailed irrigation development plans based on the physical targets set in this NIMP for the various regions and provinces. The need for these lower level plans is indicated in the implementation framework presented in this master plan. Regional level plans are essentially river basin plans transcending political boundaries and using the river basin as the basic planning unit. Hence, regional irrigation master plans should be formulated based on the river basin approach. This is to ensure integrated and sustainable water resources management and to address competing water use issues within the region. Project level plans will constitute the provincial master plans, which in turn will form part of the regional master plans. The provincial master plans to be formulated should be supportive of and in harmony with the regional master plans, which in turn should be supportive of and in harmony with this NIMP to ensure consistency of irrigation development plans at all levels. The other principles and guidelines presented in this NIMP should likewise be used in the formulation of regional and provincial master plans. It is stressed that lower level planning objectives should be need-based or demand-driven and the formulation of alternatives should reflect stakeholders’ concerns and should be consistent with national planning objectives such as those set by the PDP and other national policies and legislations. It is again stressed here that this NIMP was formulated in accordance with the provisions of PDP, which calls for food security rather than food self-sufficiency. Furthermore, the formulation of regional and provincial master plans should take into account the various considerations such as technical, economic, financial, environmental, social, institutional, and legal and all other contemporary issues such as CC and climate variability in order to ensure the development of more comprehensive, relevant and responsive plans. Furthermore, the principles of VE/VA should be applied during the formulation of regional and provincial master plans, as described separately in this list of other recommendations. 260recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 The formulation of regional and provincial master plans should commence immediately upon the approval of this NIMP, either internally or by commissioning an independent team of qualified professionals. Formulation of new engineering design standards to make irrigation infrastructure more climate and disaster resilient While details on how to make irrigation infrastructure more climate and disaster resilient are already presented under the section on CCA and Disaster Resiliency in this document, the need to formulate new engineering design standards for irrigation infrastructure is included in this list of recommendations for greater emphasis. As a concrete way to deal with extreme weather conditions due to CC, the design of irrigation infrastructure like dams and spillways, reservoirs, and other water control and erosion control structures should be based on new and more stringent engineering standards. To facilitate the formulation of new design standards for irrigation infrastructure, the DGCS of DPWH may be considered, modified and improved if necessary or adapted. The DGCS is basically intended to standardize the design for all classes of infrastructure projects undertaken by the DPWH in accordance with some overriding requirements. The DGCS for Water Engineering Projects has complete provisions for all water engineering projects including data requirements, hydrology, hydraulics, modeling, flood control, drainage, and CC. Hence, its use is highly recommendable for the design of irrigation infrastructure. A technical working group or engineering task force should be created to review and modify the guidelines to suit site specific peculiarities or adapt the applicable guidelines and design criteria in the DGCS in order to formulate the new design standards specifically intended for irrigation infrastructure. This new set of design standards should then be used to update the NIA Design Manual. Creation of Quality Control/Quality Assurance to ensure high levels of standards during the construction of irrigation projects To ensure high level of standards and quality of work during the construction of irrigation projects, an independent body may have to be created for Quality Control/ Quality Assurance (QC/QA). This body should conduct a thorough assessment and evaluation of the quality of supplies and materials and workmanship and in ensuring that construction is based on approved engineering design during the construction of irrigation projects. This body should prepare substantive reports to the CO as part of M&E during project construction. The same body should also take charge of QA/QC during rehabilitation and restoration of irrigation systems to ensure high quality of civil works. Depending on the nature of the project (size, cost and other practical considerations), the QC/QA may be put up at the national, regional or IMO level. The need for this QC/QA is included in the recommended implementation framework of this NIMP. It is included in this list for greater emphasis of its importance. Implementation of Value Engineering/ Value Analysis (VE/VA) in all stages of the irrigation development The NEDA report on VE/VA Study on Irrigation for Food Water Security (NEDA, 2018) provides various options in irrigation development based on VE/VA. While the VE/VA principles and the recommended options in the said NEDA study were employed in the formulation of this NIMP, it is emphasized that these principles and options should be considered at all stages 261 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 of the irrigation development and even in the formulation of regional and provincial master plans. The NEDA recommendation in that report on the “change orientation” from a rice self-sufficiency and rice-based cropping systems mindset to a food security and diversified cropping systems mindset, as reflected in the physical targets set in this NIMP and in the provision of support for crop diversification, should be observed at all levels for consistency. The cost-effectiveness principle of VE/VA, which is reflected in the proposed criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects in this NIMP and in the investment program, should likewise be observed and continuously applied to maximize the use of capital for irrigation development. Other recommendations in the NEDA VE/VA report such as the strengthening of institutions, augmentation of NIA organization, strengthening of program/project implementation and the principle of “building participation/interest” and “improvement of services” along with consolidation of RDE, as reflected in the institutional and organizational components of this NIMP, should be considered during the course of implementation of this NIMP. In the formulation of regional master plans, as recommended above, river basin planning or the “river basin approach” should be used and this is consistent with the recommendations of NEDA in that VE/VA study. The “bundle water” approach, which is essentially intended to optimize the use of water resources should also be observed in regional level or basin level planning. The other NEDA recommendations such as improvement of efficiency and effectiveness should also be adopted during the formulation of lower level plans. Furthermore, for the other NEDA recommendations such as diversification, intensification and resiliency adoption, while already reflected in this NIMP in the sections on Irrigation Support for High Value Crop Production Systems (Section 5.13), Water Use Efficient and Water Saving Technologies (Section 5.11), and Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Resiliency in Irrigation Development (Section 5.12), respectively, it is emphasized that these should all be observed and sustained during the course of implementation of this NIMP at all levels. All other details of VE/VA including processes and recommended options that can be employed during the formulation of regional and provincial master plans and in the implementation of this NIMP can be found in the VE/VA report by NEDA. Strong coordination between DENR and NIA on watershed and aquifer protection and management With the DENR being responsible for the development of projects and programs of all watersheds in the country regardless of their classification, size, use, and administrative jurisdiction and with water resources supplying irrigation systems emanating from these watersheds, it is imperative that a strong coordination between DENR and NIA be operationalized. Coordination between DENR and DA, which at certain periods in the past had NIA under its administrative jurisdiction, is already stipulated in Section 27 of AFMA (RA 8435 of 1997) to wit, “The Department shall coordinate with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources concerning the preservation and rehabilitation of watersheds to support the irrigation systems.” To further strengthen the coordination between DENR and NIA and between DENR and DA through BSWM, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) should be formulated based on the principles of IWRM among other considerations to ensure sustainable irrigation water supply from 262recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 watersheds and aquifers. While a MOA of this sort already exists and was signed between NIA and DENR on August 5, 2019, additional provisions may have to be included to make the coordination even stronger and more comprehensive. In the current MOA between NIA and DENR, the objective is geared towards effective management and development of the 143 watersheds supporting the NISs in the Philippines. Since the current MOA obviously caters only to these large watersheds supplying water for existing NIS, expansion of coordination efforts should be considered to include other watersheds catering to other existing irrigation systems and all other watersheds that have the potential for supplying irrigation water for future NIPs, CIPs, SIPs, MPs and other irrigation projects that would evolve based on the physical targets set in this NIMP. Furthermore, since the current MOA is only focused on watersheds, additional provisions should be considered to include protection and management of aquifers particularly their recharge areas. These additional provisions can easily be subsumed in the current MOA since watersheds and aquifer systems are hydraulically connected and continuously interact with each other. To make the operationalization effective, it is important to establish a clear delineation of the respective roles and responsibilities of the DENR and NIA for this joint undertaking. A special task force composed of members from each of the two agencies, may have to be formed. This dedicated task force should ensure the proper implementation of protection and management measures for all applicable watersheds and aquifers, including but not limited to maintenance of adequate land cover within the catchment areas and recharge areas, to ensure sustainability of surface and groundwater resources for irrigation development. For watersheds and aquifer systems supplying irrigation water for small irrigation projects of DA-BAFE and BSWM, a separate MOA will have to be formulated with DENR. The same principles previously mentioned can be applied in the crafting of this MOA. While this NIMP has identified Watershed Protection & Development as one of the NIA Core Functions, and at the same time strongly recommended an interagency convergence of critical stakeholders, such as the NIA, DENR, BSWM, NWRB, LGUs, WUAs and IPs to protect and manage irrigation watersheds, this strong coordination between DENR and NIA and other agencies and stakeholders involved is included in this list of other recommendations to highlight its paramount importance. Support and push for the enactment of the national land use policy act to protect agricultural lands Irrigation development largely depends not only on available water resources but also on available land resources. In view of the pervasive land conversion of agricultural lands in the country into other uses such as residential, commercial and industrial, there is an urgent need to fast track the enactment of the National Land Use Policy Act to prevent the unwanted areal decrease of prime agricultural lands. Land conversion of existing highly productive agricultural lands and other productive agricultural lands that have the potential for irrigation development such as those identified in this NIMP under the new NIA Geodatabase should be strictly prohibited in order to safeguard food security through irrigation development as espoused in this NIMP. This recommendation is consistent with the pronouncement of the President of the Republic of the Philippines in his State of the Nation Address for two consecutive years to include the National Land Use Policy Act in the legislative agenda. 263 recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Upgrading of the minimum requirements for conducting FS to meet the data requirements of the new set of criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects To ensure the technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental sustainability and social acceptability of any proposed irrigation project and at the same time enable the application of the proposed criteria for prioritization presented in this NIMP, certain minimum requirements should be imposed in the conduct of feasibility studies for irrigation projects. This includes a clear specification of the various technical, economic/ financial, institutional and environmental/ social data used in the feasibility studies. Technical data include water resources (e.g., dependable flows, water duties, groundwater, etc.) and land resources (e.g., slope, land suitability, etc.). Economic/ financial data include development cost, EIRR, etc. Institutional data include ROW issues, willingness of farmers, etc. Environmental data include watershed land cover, watershed management and protection issues, biodiversity and multi hazard occurrence. Social data include presence of impoverished communities, IP and vulnerable groups, resettlement issues and cultural values. All detailed information and data requirements are presented in the section on criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects and in the Annexes. Feasibility reports should not be considered acceptable in the absence of a summary sheet showing a complete listing of the aforementioned data requirements to facilitate the application of the criteria for prioritization of irrigation projects by the national agencies such as NIA, BSWM and DA-BAFE. Exploration of PPP for irrigation development particularly for MPs and for diversified cropping systems While the potential of PPP for irrigation development is already presented under the financial recommendations and also in the section on irrigation support for crop diversification, it is included in this list for greater emphasis, particularly for MPs and for pressurized irrigation under diversified cropping systems. Exploration of PPP for MPs is consistent with the principles of VE/VA. In the NEDA report on VE/VA Study on Irrigation for Food Water Security, they stated that “the bundling of water resources projects would not limit development not only to irrigation but also in the development of water supply and hydropower projects be it in the main river or on tributary rivers. This would entice or attract private developers to invest under a PPP scheme or any other modality under a shorter timeline than what is being done at present.” Past records have already proven the attractiveness of PPP to the private sector. In fact, as evidenced by the earlier BOT experiences for a number of irrigation projects in the country (e.g., Casecnan and San Roque), there is interest from the private sector in entering into PPP in MPs with hydropower. The advantage of PPP is that it can provide the financing for construction of dams and reservoirs for irrigation and hydropower generation. The PPP should, however, be mutually beneficial to both parties. 264recommendations For Effective implementation Of Nimp CHAPTER 5 Moreover, if PPP is to be pursued, NIA needs to clearly define its objectives and what it wants from the partnership. NIA needs to develop and establish the guidelines for PPPs in MPs, learn to assess the likely success of proposed options, and identify logistical and operational problems and uncover potential ones, determine what resources (e.g., funds, materials, and staff) will be required. NIA can set up a committee of experts with members coming from the academe, engineering firms, private sector, and the ranks of prominent civil servants to help carry out the above. To get the most from PPP projects, NIA should consider hiring transaction advisors to prepare getting into PPPs. The advisor can prepare project documentation, analyze more deeply the proposed PPP projects, provide better advice and guidance to NIA, and assist in engaging the potential private sector partner. In the case of HVC production systems to be irrigated by pressurized irrigation such as drip and sprinkler irrigation systems with pumps and pumping units, partnership between the private sector with either NIA or DA should be explored to ease up the financial burden on the part of the farmers and the government. A MOA will have to be fleshed out to come up with a mutually acceptable andbeneficial working arrangement. The details of the PPP for irrigation support for HVC production systems can also be fleshed out during the formulation of the regional and provincial irrigation master plans. 265 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The support and contribution of the following institutions, agencies, and organizations in the formulation of this NIMP is gratefully acknowledged: • Biodiversity Management Bureau • Bureau of Soils and Water Management • Department of Agriculture • Department of Budget and Management • Department of Environment and Natural Resources • Department of Public Works and Highways • Department of Science and Technology Advanced Science and Technology Institute • Department of Science and Technology LiDAR Portal for Archiving and Distribution • Forest Management Bureau • International Rice Research Institute and Philippine Rice Information System • Mines and Geosciences Bureau • National Commission on Indigenous People • National Economic and Development Authority • National Irrigation Administration • National Irrigation Administration Irrigation Management Offices • National Irrigation Administration Regional Offices • National Mapping and Resource Information Authority • National Water Resource Board • Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration • Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology • Philippine Rice Research Institute • Philippine Statistics Authority • River Basin Control Office • University of the Philippines Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation • Local Government Agencies of Davao • Local Government Agencies of Nueva Ecija • Local Government Agencies of Ilocos Sur • Local Government Agencies of Bohol 266REFERENCES Abaño, S. 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