Nationally Determined Contribution 3.0 for the period through 2030

1.1 National circumstances ............................................................................................................... 2

1.1.1 Geography..............................................................................................................................................2

1.1.2 Oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem .................................................................................................2

1.1.3 Climate vulnerability ..............................................................................................................................2

1.1.4 Disaster and risks ...................................................................................................................................3

1.1.5 Waste management and pollution control ............................................................................................3

1.1.6 Demography ..........................................................................................................................................3

1.1.7 Gender ...................................................................................................................................................4

1.1.8 Socio-economic profile ..........................................................................................................................4

1.2 Governance structure and policy frameworks............................................................................. 5 2. Climate change impacts and risks ....................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Present and future climate change impacts ................................................................................ 7

2.2 Sectoral climate change impacts and risk .................................................................................... 8

2.3 Water sector ............................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.1 Climate change impacts .........................................................................................................................8

2.3.2 Climate risk ............................................................................................................................................8

2.4 Agriculture and fisheries ............................................................................................................. 9

2.4.1 Climate change impacts .........................................................................................................................9

2.4.2 Climate risk ............................................................................................................................................9

2.5 Tourism sector ............................................................................................................................ 9

2.5.1 Climate change impacts .........................................................................................................................9

2.5.2 Climate risk ..........................................................................................................................................10

2.6 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................... 10

2.6.1 Climate change impacts .......................................................................................................................10

2.6.2 Climate risk ..........................................................................................................................................10

2.7 Energy sector ............................................................................................................................ 10

2.7.1 Climate change impacts .......................................................................................................................10

2.7.2 Climate risk ..........................................................................................................................................10

2.8 GHG emission and sink.............................................................................................................. 10

2.9 Climate action in the country .................................................................................................... 11

2.10 Niue’s Nationally Determined Contribution .............................................................................. 11

2.11 Mitigation contribution............................................................................................................. 11

2.11.1 Energy ..................................................................................................................................................11

2.11.2 Agriculture, forest and other land use .................................................................................................12

2.12 Adaptation contribution ........................................................................................................... 13

2.12.1 Water ...................................................................................................................................................13

2.12.2 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries........................................................................................................13

2.12.3 Tourism ................................................................................................................................................14

2.12.4 Ecosystems and biodiversity ................................................................................................................15

2.12.5 Oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem ...............................................................................................15

2.12.6 Loss and Damage .................................................................................................................................17

2.12.7 Invasive species ....................................................................................................................................18

2.12.8 Health...................................................................................................................................................19

2.12.9 Waste management and pollution control ..........................................................................................19

2.12.10 Disaster risk management ...................................................................................................................20

2.12.11 Gender and social inclusion .................................................................................................................20 3. Means of implementation................................................................................................................. 21 4. Fairness and ambition ....................................................................................................................... 22 5. NDC planning process ....................................................................................................................... 22 Annexure 1: Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of Niue’s NDC ....... 24 Annexure 2: Niue NDC Strategies and SDGs ...................................................................................... 30 i List of abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development EU European Union CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement COP Conference of the Parties CPUE Catch per Unit of Efforts DFAT Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENSO El Niño–Southern Oscillation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse gas IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MEPSL Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade NbS Nature-based solutions NCDs Non-communicable diseases NDC/s Nationally Determined Contribution/s NELD Non-Economic Loss and Damage NiSERM Niue Strategic Energy Road Map NNSP Niue National Strategic Plan NOW The Niue and Ocean Wide Trust NZD New Zealand Dollar OCC/s Ocean Conservation Commitment/s SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SPC The Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar ii Foreword Fakaalofa Lahi Atu, As we stand at a crucial point in our journey toward a sustainable future, I am honoured to present Niue’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This document reflects our deep commitment to protecting our environment, empowering our communities, and ensuring a resilient and prosperous future for generations to come. Niue is one of the world’s largest elevated coral atolls. It’s not just a small dot on the map; it’s a symbol of resilience and hope. We face significant challenges such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, biodiversity loss, and ocean acidification. Yet, we are strengthened by our rich cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and unique biodiversity. Although Niue’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is minimal compared to many other nations, we are acutely aware of our shared responsibility to address the global climate crisis. Our NDC 3.0 sets ambitious targets to lead by example. We pledge to increase and consolidate Renewable Energy generation to 80% by 2030 with international support. Additionally, we aim to make renewable technology accessible to households, raise awareness about low-emission sources, promote fuel switching to reduce transport emissions, review energy legislation, and develop energy efficiency guidelines. We believe that climate action is an opportunity to innovate, transition fairly, adapt, and thrive. Adaptation is particularly important for Niue, and we are dedicated to developing and implementing strategies to address climate risks and vulnerabilities in key sectors such as water, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, ocean, marine and coastal ecosystems biodiversity, and disaster risk management. By 2030, we pledge to enhance our carbon storage capacity through initiatives to restore and convert unproductive or degraded land and preserve our vast marine territory. Niue is committed to gender, disability, and social inclusion in our climate efforts. We envision an NDC that uplifts every member of our society, ensuring that in adaptation planning, disaster risk reduction, and capacity- building initiatives, every voice is heard, and the quality of life for everyone in Niue is improved. I extend my deepest gratitude to our partners, both regional and international, who have stood by our side. Your support, technical expertise, and solidarity have been invaluable. Let us continue to collaborate, share knowledge, and forge pathways toward a sustainable and climate-resilient Blue Pacific. As Prime Minister of Niue, I acknowledge all government departments, agencies, and the private sector for their contributions to this NDC. I appreciate their hard work, wearing many hats and achieving this important task with limited resources for their people. The Government of Niue remains committed to diligently working toward the successful implementation of the Paris Agreement and extends congratulations to all those directly or indirectly involved in the development of this NDC 3.0. In 2025, as we submit this NDC, we also reflect the recent 50th anniversary of our Constitution of Self- Governance, a special and historic milestone that underscores our enduring aspirations for peace, security, prosperity, and environmental stewardship. Our island may be small, but our vision is boundless. Together, we will navigate the tides of change, guided by the stars of wisdom, resilience, and unity. With warm regards, Fakaaue Lahi Hon. Dalton Tagelagi PRIME MINISTER & MINISTER OF CLIMATE CHANGE OF NIUE iii Acknowledgements The Government of Niue would like to acknowledge the support of the Pacific Community (SPC), implementing partner of the Regional Nationally Determined Hub and its donors the European Union (EU), New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT), Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), in enhancing Niue’s NDC. Special thanks to the Niue NDC Update Committee (comprising Mr Haden Talagi, Director, Department of Environment; and Mr Taveli Pavihi, National Coordinator, Department of Environment) which coordinated the NDC revision process. The Government also acknowledges the former Director-General for the Ministry of Natural Resources, Dr. Josie Tamate. Thanks to the Prime Minister & Minister of Climate Change of Niue and Minister for Central Agencies and Commercial Agencies, Honourable Dalton Tagelagi, and Hon Mona Ainu’u, Minister for the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) for support and critical leadership during the NDC enhancement. Appreciation to technical experts who undertook technical work and enabled the compilation of the enhanced NDC including Coral Pasisi, Anne-Claire Goarant, Amit Singh, Roxane Degueuse and Dr Noim Uddin. Niue’s enhanced NDC further owes its success to the unwavering support from Niue's government ministries, the private sector, Chamber of Commerce, and The Niue and Ocean Wide (NOW) Trust. iv 1. Introduction Niue became a signatory to the Paris Agreement and submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in October 2016. Niue is committed to the full, effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decision of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). In accordance with Decision 1/CP.21, Niue hereby communicates its NDC 3.0 under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. As part of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Climate Promise, support was extended to Niue to conduct necessary technical studies to enhance the NDC. Based on technical studies and stakeholder consultations, Niue has prioritised key sectors and identified mitigation and adaptation measures for each. This document details Niue’s national circumstances, climate change context, climate change mitigation and adaptation commitment and strategies, narrative on fairness and ambition, and processes for NDC planning, preparation and implementation. Niue’s NDC 3.0 includes unconditional, conditional and aspirational contributions to meet Paris Agreement goals. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Niue add value and complement Niue’s vision for a sustainable future that meets economic and social needs while preserving environmental integrity, social stability and the Niuean culture. The emphasis on the energy sector in the NDC 3.0 will allow Niue to work towards achieving both the NDC and the goals and targets of the Niue Strategic Energy Road Map 2015–2025 (NiSERM).1 Some key commitments in this update to Niue’s NDC, pursuant to Article 4.11 of the Paris Agreement, are outlined below. • Reduce energy sector emissions by increasing the share of renewable energy to 80% of total electricity generation by 2030. • With international support, increase the share of renewable energy by 80% in total electricity generation by 2030. • Manage demand-side energy consumption by facilitating household access to renewable technology and increase consumer awareness on lower emission sources. • Facilitate fuel switching in the transport sector to lower emissions sources. • Undertake energy legislative review and develop and implement the energy efficiency technical guidelines, Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL), and a green building rating system, to reduce emissions of energy intensive activities. • Increase carbon storage capacity by pursuing actions to restore and convert unproductive/degraded land such as degraded forest, barren land, and abandoned land. 1 Government of Niue (2015), Niue Strategic Energy Road Map 2015–2025 (NiSERM). Available at https://www.pcreee.org/publication/niue-strategic-energy-road-map-2015-2025 1

1.1 National circumstances

1.1.1 Geography Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, the island of Niue is approximately 259 square kilometres in size with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 300,000 square kilometres. The average height above sea level is 23 metres and its highest point is less than 70 metres. Niue is considered the world’s largest elevated coral atoll and its biodiversity is restricted by geographic location and size. It has seven types of vegetation in total which are categorised as cropland and fern land (both grouped as managed land vegetation), littoral shrub land, littoral forest, coastal forest, mature forest and secondary forest (grouped as natural vegetation). According to the Forest Management Plan for Niue of 2013, the area of native forest is approximately 19,000 hectares, which is about 70% of the total area of the island.2 There was a significant decline in forest area between the 1950s and the late 2000s. This has been attributed to population settlement, agricultural demand, availability of technology for clearing land, and lack of awareness. Cyclones and coastal tourism development are additional threats to forests, and cause vegetation and species loss. However, forest cover is observed to have improved in the past decade due to a declining population, reduced agricultural activities and low demand for timber. This has resulted in significant conversion of cropland to secondary rainforest. Currently, mature dense forests and regenerating medium dense forests form the largest share of vegetation with total areas of 5,566 hectares and 13,191 hectares respectively.3 Niue also suffers from the impact of invasive species that are present in the country. Niue’s National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2013–20204 highlights the threats posed by invasive species to native biodiversity, agricultural production and human wellbeing, and outlines actions to address the control or eradication of invasive species.

1.1.2 Oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem Niue is a global leader in ocean conservation and one of the first countries to commit to sustainably managing 100% of waters in its EEZ. This includes a 127,000 square kilometre no-take Marine Protected Area (Niue Moana Mahu) constituting 40% of Niue's EEZ. In 2022 Niue launched the Ocean Conservation Commitment (OCC)5 to secure sustainable sponsorship for building a climate resilient, sustainable blue economy that reinforces long-term ocean conservation. The OCC helps to fund Niue’s broader adaptation, resilience and sustainable blue economy activities.

1.1.3 Climate vulnerability Niue is situated on the edge of the southern tropical cyclone belt and within the influence of southeast trade winds. The country has a tropical marine climate with two distinct seasons. The wet season (November–April) is characterised by tropical cyclones, high temperatures and high humidity. The dry season (April–October) has warm sunny days and cool nights. The annual average temperature is 250C with little variation across seasons. Niue experiences considerable change in its climate every year which is a 2 Government of Niue (2013), Forest Management Plan for Niue. Available at https://niue- data.sprep.org/index.php/system/files/Forest%20Management%20Plan%20for%20Niue%202013.pdf 3 Ibid. 4 Government of Niue (2013), Niue’s National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2013–2020. Available at https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/niu176159.pdf 5 Government of Niue (2022), Media Release. Available at https://www.gov.nu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/12-july-media- release-gon-niue-occ.pdf 2 characteristic climate pattern in the tropical Pacific Ocean.6,7 In general, El Niño events bring drier conditions to Niue while La Niña events bring wetter conditions. Niue is naturally susceptible to tropical cyclones and droughts which have caused immense damage to the country’s socio-economic development. Between 1969 and 2010, the country experienced 63 tropical cyclones with the frequency higher during El Niño years. In 2004, Tropical Cyclone Heta wrought death and destruction in Niue. Two lives were lost and the cost of damage to homes and government infrastructure was estimated at NZD 90 million. The cyclone destroyed 90% of the artefacts housed in Niue’s national museum, along with countless archives and records. This is an example of the Non-Economic Loss and Damage (NELD) brought about from climate change. Niue has also experienced severe droughts, most recently in 1983, 1991 and 1998.

1.1.4 Disaster and risks Niue’s risk profile is inherently linked to its isolation and limited capacity to manage and respond to disasters and the effects of climate change. Traditional coping strategies have tended to make way for an increased reliance on external support, with New Zealand fulfilling its obligations to provide support to Niue in times of disaster. Niue has no surface water and relies on groundwater resources and rain catchments. Groundwater is recharged via rainfall infiltration and rainfall currently exceeds the rate of extraction. However, porous soil renders Niue’s underground fresh water vulnerable to contamination from both human causes (such as agricultural chemicals) and natural sources (such as sea water). Agriculture is focused on subsistence production, principally of root crops. The combination of relatively poor soil and dependence on rainfall makes agricultural production highly sensitive to changes in rainfall frequency and volume.

1.1.5 Waste management and pollution control Niue is committed to addressing issues related to waste management. However, there are limited viable options for the end-of-life management and/or export of items that are imported into Niue. As such, most imported items are disposed of at landfills or stockpiled on vacant land. This has resulted in end-of-life electronic items building up in unmanaged stockpiles – causing environmental pollution and health risks. In 2021 a waste audit8 was undertaken in Niue to support the development and monitoring of waste and resource recovery projects and identify necessary infrastructure and policy interventions.

1.1.6 Demography Niue is considered the world’s least populated country with a total population of 1,681 in 2022.9 Males account for 47.9% of the population and 52.1% are female. The country faces the serious challenge of out- migration that has led to steady population decline since 1979. Some of the key factors restricting social and economic growth in Niue are its small population, limited labour force, out-migration, high cost of transport connectivity and infrastructure, poor land quality and increasing vulnerability to natural disasters. There are two vulnerable demographic groups in Niue. 6 Government of Niue (2014), Second National Communication to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/niunc2.pdf 7 Government of Australia, Pacific Climate Change Science Program, Niue Department of Meteorology and Climate Change (2022), Current and future climate of Niue. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/files/28164_12pccspniue8pp.pdf 8 Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (2022), Waste Audit Report Niue. Available at https://www.gefislands.org/sites/default/files/downloads/best-practices/Niue-Audit-Report.pdf 9 https://niuestatistics.nu/population/niue-census-of-population-and-housing-2022/ 3 • Youth: There are limited economic opportunities and livelihood options for young people in Niue. This is a major contributing factor to out-migration. • Women: There is a lack of reliable data and gender-centric research around gender inequality in Niue. Legislation needs to be strengthened to promote women’s rights and gender equality.10

1.1.7 Gender Niue is committed to supporting equal rights, equal opportunities, and access to services for all people. Niue acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) through New Zealand’s ratification of the treaty in 198511 and to the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1995.12 Both Conventions have informed the guiding principles of the Niue National Strategic Plan 2016– 2026. A gender-responsive approach has been integrated into Niue’s climate action and efforts are being made to ascertain and address gender gaps and facilitate the development of structures that support the implementation of gender aspects of national policies.

1.1.8 Socio-economic profile Niue has high levels of human development and absolute poverty does not exist. Access to clean water and improved sanitation is universal in the country. Between 2006 and 2011, 80–90% of households had taps outside and inside and there was a decline in the number of households with rainwater-fed water tanks (from 53% in 1997 to 14% in 2011). The number of households with rainwater-fed water tanks increased to 65% in 2015. Access to alternative water sources, such as wells, remained stable at 2–3%.13 Primary and secondary health care services are available and free for all residents. Tertiary medical treatment is provided through transfers to New Zealand and through visiting specialists.14 In 2017 the average life expectancy was reported as 76 years. Most households have electricity and telephone connections but the related infrastructure is frequently exposed to natural disasters and prone to damage. Similarly, road connectivity is affected by disasters like cyclones and storms. Disrupted infrastructure and connectivity not only affects economic development but impairs social growth. Niue’s education system provides free primary and secondary education to all children. There is a growing need to strengthen higher education through the introduction of skills-based technical courses, particularly in tourism and energy. Skills in traditional sectors such as agriculture and fisheries also need to be updated.15 Niue is predominantly agrarian in nature with tourism gaining economic importance over the last few decades. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Niue increased from NZD 22.8 million in 2010 to NZD 28 million in 2020.16 The economy is hinged on three climate-sensitive sectors – agriculture, fisheries and tourism. 10 https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/fiji/co/niue 11 Pacific Community (2015), Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Niue. Available at https://pacificdata.org/data/dataset/76f40190-fe80-412d-b85f-488ce6b2158d/resource/50814bb4-7949-4dd2-bb6d- 602138a9a38b/download/niue-gender-stocktake-4.pdf 12 UN Women (2022), Gender Equality Brief for Niue. Available at https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2022- 11/UN_WOMEN_NIUE.pdf 13 Government of Niue (2020), Niue’s Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at https://www.cbd.int/doc/nr/nr-06/nu-nr-06-en.pdf 14 Asian Development Bank (2021), Niue: Country Classification. Available at https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/752631/niue-country-classification.pdf 15 National Accounts Estimates of Niue. Available at https://niuestatistics.nu/category/economic/national-accounts/ 16 Ibid. 4 • Agriculture: Agriculture is subsistence-based and characterised by shifting cultivation practices. Niue’s soil profile predominantly consists of limestone and is shallow and low in nutrient content. Alongside this, Niue largely depends on rainfall for crop cultivation due to the absence of surface water, shifting farming practices and the high cost of artificial irrigation facilities. Talo, bananas, cassava, breadfruit, sweet potato, yams, vegetables (cabbages, tomatoes) and mixed tropical fruit trees are the main crops grown. Key challenges to Niue’s agriculture sector are small local markets, lack of scale, geographic isolation from overseas markets resulting in transport and post-harvest problems, brain and labour- force drain and lack of effective and efficient services. • Fisheries: The fisheries sector is important for maintaining food security and the economic sustenance of the population. The sector has both inshore and offshore fisheries. The inshore fisheries, spread across 12 nautical miles from the coastline, are for subsistence and semi-subsistence fishing. These areas are responsible for meeting most of the food and nutritional needs of the population and are characterised by traditional fishing practices and equipment. The offshore fisheries operate in the area under Niue’s EEZ where commercial fishing is practiced. People engaged in the fisheries sector earn their income by either selling fish or working in the Niue Fish Processing factory. • Tourism: Tourism is an upcoming sector which has the potential to increase income and employment. Most of the country’s tourist inflow is from New Zealand, but investment should be made to develop tourism infrastructure so that Niue can establish itself as an international tourism destination. Niue’s high dependence on imports from New Zealand is a significant barrier for economic sustenance as it has created a large trade deficit in the country. Fuel forms the largest share among all imported goods. Niue imports 96% of fuel for power generation and 100% of fuel for land, sea and air transportation.

1.2 Governance structure and policy frameworks Decision-making in Niue falls under the purview of the Legislative Assembly (Parliament), which consists of 20 members representing 14 village constituencies and six common roll members. The Niue Cabinet of Ministers is chaired by the Prime Minister & Minister of Climate Change of Niue and three other members of the Niue Assembly. It is responsible for exercising the general authority of Niue and has the general direction and control of the executive government of Niue. Planning and coordination of climate action in Niue takes place at this level. At a sub-national level, the responsibilities devolve from the Legislative Assembly to Village Councils. The Church, which is an indirect political figure, is an important institution in Niue’s governance structure. In terms of climate governance, both the Village Council and the Church play a key role in implementing climate action at the local level. To pursue sustainable socio-economic development and environmental sustainability, the Government of Niue has introduced a range of national and sectoral policies. • Niue National Strategic Plan 2016–2026: The ten-year strategic framework for the country’s sustainable development provides broad goals and strategies aimed at achieving the seven national development pillars: finance and economic development; governance; infrastructure; social services; environment and climate change; Taoga Niue; and private sector. The plan addresses environmental concerns including the need to manage the effects of climate change while emphasising economic growth. • National Forest Policy (2004): This policy provides direction to develop Niue’s forest resources. Although climate change is not directly mentioned, the guiding principles of sustainable resource use, conservation and protection, individual and collective responsibility for control, and management of forests, and provision of economic opportunities, contribute towards addressing climate impacts. • Niue National Energy Policy (2005): This policy encourages fuel conservation and efficiency to achieve energy security. Key principles underlying the policy include economic efficiency, energy efficiency and environmental protection. 5 • National Climate Change Policy (2009): Niue’s climate change policy recognises that climate change affects all sectors and directly impacts on the livelihoods of its people. The policy outlines Niue's broad objectives and strategies for responding to the impacts and challenges of climate change and assists government’s efforts to access and leverage resources to formulate and implement appropriate responses. • Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (2015–2025): This road map builds on the 2005 Niue National Energy Policy and the Niue National Strategic Plan 2014–2019 (NNSP) and is aligned to current national, regional and international emerging issues related to the energy sector. It endorses a whole-of- government approach to addressing the energy security challenges of Niue. It looks at the entirety of the energy sector – electricity, renewable energy, energy efficiency and petroleum – and involves all partners working together in its implementation. • Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management (2010): This plan endorses a sustainable approach to managing fisheries that seeks to maximise economic benefits and minimise the negative impact of general environmental factors (such as cyclones and extreme weather) on fish resources and water quality. • Food and Nutrition Security Policy 2015–2019: This policy outlines the importance of food and nutrition for life, health, and livelihoods. It also emphasises the importance of food to Niuean society, culture, customs, and traditions. • National Agriculture Sector Plan 2015–2019: Niue faces many challenges in sustaining agricultural growth. This plan was formulated to guide a coordinated approach in addressing the challenges to the agriculture sector and to strengthen the contribution of the sector to economic growth. • Water Act (2012): This Act makes provision for the management, conservation and use of water resources in Niue. It also provides for the control of water pollution and the protection of ecosystems that depend on water. It makes provision for the investigation, extraction, use, control, protection, and management of water. 6 2. Climate change impacts and risks Climate change is one of the biggest drivers of environmental degradation in Niue. Some of the most prevalent impacts include rising temperature, rainfall variation, high intensity storms and tropical cyclones. These manifest into sectoral risks which threaten income, food availability, water access, energy security and more. The natural environment is an important part of the Niuean identity that has shaped the island’s culture and traditions over centuries. Today the country stands at risk of losing its identity. The following section describes the present and future climate change impacts and risks to Niue.

2.1 Present and future climate change impacts Niue’s contribution to global GHG emissions is negligible compared to many other nations, but the climate change impacts felt in the country are significant. The main changes in Niue’s climate at the present time are outlined below. • Increase in land and sea surface temperatures: The annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures have recorded an increase since 1950 with maximum temperatures rising at a rate of 0.15°C per decade. Niue has also experienced a rise in sea surface temperature of approximately 0.08°C per decade from the 1970s to the 2010s.17 • Variation in annual rainfall pattern: Niue has recorded substantial variation in rainfall since 1950. However, no clear trend can be deciphered from the data. • Sea level rise: Since 1993, sea levels near Niue have increased by approximately 5 mm per year.18 This is higher than the global average in the same period (1993–2020) of 2.8–3.6 mm per year.19 • Ocean acidification: Niue has recorded a gradual increase in ocean acidity. The aragonite saturation state has declined in the Niue region from about 4.5 in the late 18th century to an observed value of about 4.0 ± 0.1 in 2000.20 Projections indicate that the climate of Niue will continue to change.21 Key climate related projections, obtained through a collaborative effort between the Niue Department of Meteorology and the Pacific Climate Change Science Program, are outlined below. 17 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2011), Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports. Available at https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/Volume-2-country-reports.pdf 18 Ibid. 19 Church, J.A., P.U. Clark, A. Cazenave, J.M. Gregory, S. Jevrejeva, A. Levermann, M.A. Merrifield, G.A. Milne, R.S. Nerem, P.D. Nunn, A.J. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. Stammer and A.S. Unnikrishnan, (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf 20 Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2011), Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports. Available at https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/09/Volume-2-country-reports.pdf 21 Ibid. 7 • Annual average air and sea surface temperatures are projected to increase in the range of 0.3–1.1°C under the highest emission scenarios by 2030. El Niño and La Niña events will continue to occur in the future.22 • Hot days and warm nights are predicted to increase in number because of rising temperatures. Simultaneously, periods of cooler weather will decline in future. • Variation in annual rainfall pattern is predicted in Niue with a decrease in dry season rainfall and an increase in wet season rainfall over the course of the 21st century. • Frequency of intense rainfall days are likely to increase in future. • Proportion of high intensity storms will increase despite an anticipated decline in the frequency of tropical cyclones. • Sea level rise is projected to be in the range of 4–17 cm by 2030 under high emission scenarios.23 • Ocean acidification will continue to increase in Niue waters under all emission scenarios (low, medium and high) projected for this century.

2.2 Sectoral climate change impacts and risk Climate change hazards have severe consequences on Niue’s critical sectors. Poor climate resilience of both natural and human systems makes them vulnerable to these impacts, while exposing them to multiple climate risks. Key climate impacts and risks on each sector are described below.

2.3 Water sector

2.3.1 Climate change impacts Disruption to the natural water cycle: Higher temperatures disrupt the natural water cycle by catalysing water evaporation in larger amounts, which leads to higher levels of atmospheric water vapor and more frequent, heavy, and intense rain. Variation in rainfall patterns affects groundwater recharge which is the main source of water in Niue. There is no surface water and Niue depends entirely on its groundwater resources and catchment. Recharge of the freshwater lens is through rainwater infiltration. Studies show that the groundwater lens yield will be adequate to meet supply demands during the rainy season, however, it may be insufficient for water demands during the dry season. Drought occurrences are likely to fluctuate towards the higher side which raises concern over water quantity. Damage to water infrastructure: Niue is situated near the edge of the tropical cyclone belt and is subject to gale force winds during the wet season. An increase in tropical cyclones and high intensity storms will likely damage existing water infrastructure such as pipelines, storage tanks and borewells. This poses the risk of contaminated water supply. Sea level rise is also a threat to Niue’s underground freshwater supplies as it increases the salinity of coastal aquifers, thus degrading water quality.

2.3.2 Climate risk Water insecurity: Climatic factors have directly and indirectly affected the quality and quantity of Niue’s water by disrupting the natural water cycle, damaging water infrastructure, contaminating water supply and reducing ground water recharge. Niue is already facing challenges with access to water for domestic, agricultural and commercial use. Climatic risks are likely to exacerbate this water scarcity in future. 22 Government of Australia, Pacific Climate Change Science Program, Niue Department of Meteorology and Climate Change (2022), Current and future climate of Niue. Available at https://www.preventionweb.net/files/28164_12pccspniue8pp.pdf 23 Ibid. 8

2.4 Agriculture and fisheries

2.4.1 Climate change impacts Disruptions to agriculture: In the context of Niuean agriculture, rises in temperature and the CO2 fertilisation effect are predicted to boost plant growth in the short term. However, extreme heat may stunt growth in the long term, raising concern over the sustainability of domestic food production. Intense rainfall may cause seedling damage, leaching of important soil nutrients and increased competition of weeds in farmlands which may lead to increased use of – and dependence on – chemical fertilisers, pesticides or herbicides. Lack of soil moisture on the other hand can result in increased evapotranspiration leading to a decline in crop yield. Changes in climatic conditions also create uncertainty among farmers who rely on traditional knowledge to cultivate crops. Increases in wind speed from high intensity storms cause significant physical damage to crops, especially tree crops such as breadfruit, mangos, coconuts and bananas. High wind speed, combined with dry soil has the potential to increase soil erosion, thus reducing land available for cultivation. Disruption to fisheries: Climate change affects species mortality leading to a decline in fish stock. Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which could cause changes to ocean currents, may affect the availability and seasonality of deep water fish. It is observed in the Niuean fisheries sector that catch per unit of efforts (CPUE) are lower than average in El Niño years and higher than average in La Niña years. Rising sea surface temperature may increase coral bleaching and the risk of ciguatera poisoning caused by disturbance to the reefs. Ocean acidification also decreases net productivity and increases variation in catch. An increase in high intensity storms may also impact on fisheries development through damage to and loss of boats, boat launching facilities, fuel facilities, and fish storage and processing facilities. Highly skilled Niuean fishermen rely on traditional knowledge, but increasing climate variability creates uncertainty, making it difficult to determine species range and abundance.

2.4.2 Climate risk Food and nutritional insecurity: Stunted plant growth, reduced soil moisture, decline in water availability and crop mortality threaten Niue’s rainfed subsistence cultivation. Similarly, fisheries in Niuean waters have experienced a decline in catch per unit, habitat loss, and damage to fishing infrastructure. Declines in crop and fisheries productivity – combined with limited opportunities to diversify livelihoods, a high food import burden and the subsistence nature of Niue’s production system – places the country at high risk of food and nutritional insecurity.24 Fall in income level: Agriculture and fisheries are among the most important livelihoods in Niue. A fall in crop productivity and decline in the health of fisheries will affect household income levels. The number of artisanal and subsistence fishers may also decline due to disruptions to fisheries and fish stock.

2.5 Tourism sector

2.5.1 Climate change impacts Disruption to the tourism sector: Tropical cyclones and high intensity storms have the potential to damage tourism infrastructure leading to an increased expenditure on repair and maintenance. Additionally, the potential risk of climate events such as cyclones, storms, extreme heat and intense rainfall are major deterrents to tourist in-flow. The risk of coral bleaching and loss of biodiversity will likely depreciate the value of Niue as a destination for international tourists. 24 Government of Niue (2014), Second National Communication to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/niunc2.pdf 9

2.5.2 Climate risk Reduced economic opportunity: The development of the tourism sector has the potential to increase income levels in Niue and diversify livelihoods away from traditional sectors like agriculture and fisheries. The risks posed by climate change are a significant barrier in establishing Niue as an international tourist destination. Furthermore, supply disruptions due to global shocks are likely to have a detrimental effect on the food supply chain for the tourism sector.

2.6 Biodiversity

2.6.1 Climate change impacts Disruptions to biodiversity: Temperature rise, extreme heat, and rainfall variation increase the risk of prolonged dry spells. Such conditions support the increase in invasive species which compete with native vegetation for resources. They also make Niue more susceptible to forest fires, pests and diseases. Rising sea surface temperature increases ocean acidification and induces coral bleaching which affects the growth of coral and shell forming organisms. Sea level rise is likely to damage coastal infrastructure and ecosystems by causing shoreline erosion, inundation and habitat loss. In addition to these impacts, high intensity tropical cyclones and storms cause significant damage to habitat.

2.6.2 Climate risk Habitat loss and vegetation destruction: The impacts of climate change are likely to cause vegetation loss and habitat destruction, thus threatening the survival of terrestrial biodiversity. Marine biodiversity loss: Rising sea surface temperature and sea level rise cause species mortality and widespread marine biodiversity loss.

2.7 Energy sector

2.7.1 Climate change impacts Increased energy demand: Extreme hot weather and rising temperatures increase energy demands for cooling. Damage from the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events pose a risk to Niue’s existing energy infrastructure. Efforts to increase supply using renewable energy is challenging in the face of increasing extreme heat, tropical cyclones and high intensity storms that can damage infrastructure.

2.7.2 Climate risk Energy insecurity: Niue’s energy demands are likely to increase due to climate change impacts across different sectors. Climate-induced water shortages, for example, are likely to increase energy needs for water purification and supply purposes. Given its heavy dependence on fuel imports, an increase in energy demand risks the country’s energy sufficiency.

2.8 GHG emission and sink Niue’s emissions account for less than 0.0001% of global GHG emissions. The carbon sequestration of Niue’s forests exceeds its emissions many times over, making the country a net carbon sink. The sectoral breakdown of GHG emissions from Niue’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC shows that the majority of Niue’s emissions in 2009 came from the energy sector.25 Transport contributed 25 Government of Niue (2014), Second National Communication to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/niunc2.pdf 10 57%26 to energy sector emissions, followed by electricity generation at 42%.27 Emissions from the waste sector were non-material (<1). The lack of environmental baseline data to support evidence-based decision-making and limited capacity to gauge cost or emission reduction effectiveness for energy supply initiatives are two key challenges to Niue’s mitigation action. Niue has accounted for offsetting 144 Gg CO2 by converting former managed lands (assumed to be cropland) back into secondary forest.28

2.9 Climate action in the country The Government of Niue has long recognised the impacts of climate change and integrates climate considerations in development planning. The 2009 National Climate Change Policy is the overarching national policy framework that guides climate action to mitigate the causes of climate change and adapt to its impact. It aligns with the objectives of the Niue National Strategic Plan (2016–2026) and builds linkages between climate change and sustainable development at the national level through improved planning and assessment and the effective implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation initiatives.

2.10 Niue’s Nationally Determined Contribution Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions, Niue is conscious of the collective responsibility to resolve the global climate crisis. With support from UNDP, Niue has bolstered its NDC by strengthening mitigation commitments and placing high value on adaptation measures to deal with the impacts of climate change. Support was received from the Regional Pacific NDC Hub to include the priority areas of: Loss and Damage; oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem; invasive species; and waste management and pollution control. Niue has set targets outlining its commitment to the Paris Agreement and reduction of GHG emissions in line with its national circumstances. Noting that Niue is at the receiving end of climate change rather than contributing towards it, adaptation measures to address adverse impacts on human and natural systems must take precedence. Niue’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution commits to adaptation measures in nine critical sectors. The revision process has strived to align NDCs with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – see Annexure 2. Niue recognises the synergy between these two frameworks and the shared goal of addressing human and environmental vulnerabilities to achieve a sustainable and climate-resilient future.

2.11 Mitigation contribution

2.11.1 Energy Niue understands the need to transition from fossil fuel-based electricity generation to renewable energy to reduce the GHG emissions footprint and ensure energy security. Niue pledges to increase the share of renewable energy in total electricity generation to reaching 80% by 2030 through international support. Niue aims to facilitate household access to renewable technologies, promote fuel switching to reduce transport emissions, review energy legislation, and establish energy efficiency guidelines and a green building rating system. Niue’s commitments in the energy sector are outlined below. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) Increase the share of renewable energy Conditional on finance, 35,000,000 1 (particularly solar and biomass) to 80% in total capacity and technology generation by 2030 electricity generation by 26 Aviation fuel – 1.40 Gg CO e, non-powergen diesel and unleaded petrol – 2.92 Gg CO e 2 2 27 Electricity generation – 2.11 Gg CO e 2 28 Government of Niue (2014), Second National Communication to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/niunc2.pdf 11 2030. Manage demand-side energy consumption by Conditional on finance 5,000,000 facilitating household access to renewable technology and increase consumer awareness on 2 lower emission sources, and conducting a Technology Needs Assessment for the energy and water sectors. Facilitate lower emissions energy sources in the Conditional on finance, 6,000,000 3 transport and fisheries sectors. capacity and technology Undertake energy legislative review and develop Conditional on finance, 1,000,000 and implement energy efficiency technical capacity and technology 4 guidelines, MEPSL, and a green building rating system to reduce emissions associated with energy intensive activities. With international support, Niue will increase the share of renewable energy by 80% in total electricity generation by 2030.

2.11.2 Agriculture, forest and other land use Niue’s substantial forest area and low emissions makes it a net carbon sink. Therefore, by 2030 Niue is committing to increase its carbon storage capacity. The country will pursue actions to restore and convert unproductive/degraded land such as degraded forest, barren land, and abandoned land. This will include maintaining mature dense forest (21% of total land area) and regenerating medium dense forest (51% of total land area).29 29 Government of Niue (2013), Forest Management Plan for Niue, Available at https://niue- data.sprep.org/index.php/system/files/Forest%20Management%20Plan%20for%20Niue%202013.pdf 12

2.12 Adaptation contribution While Niue’s first NDC briefly discussed adaptation, the revision process explored adaptation options in more detail to identify solutions to help reduce the increasing climate impacts felt by communities. Niue is committed to develop and implement adaptation strategies to address the climate risks and vulnerabilities of key sectors such as water, agriculture and fisheries, tourism, ecosystems and biodiversity, and disaster risk management. Specific actions that the country will pursue are discussed below.

2.12.1 Water Niue acknowledges the critical link between climate vulnerability and spatiotemporal water availability, quality, and accessibility. Recognising these risks, Niue aims to enhance collaboration with other sectors and partners to forecast, plan, and invest in securing Niue's water resources. Niue relies on both groundwater and rainwater for domestic needs. Urban areas primarily rely on shallow karstic aquifers. Niue’s commitments in the water sector are outlined below. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) Develop, upgrade and maintain water infrastructure, Conditional on 45,000,000 1 and replace damaged water assets to improve finance, capacity household water accessibility. and technology Improve wastewater disposal by setting up a Conditional on 5,000,000 2 treatment plant and increasing awareness with finance, capacity communities on the importance of proper disposal. and technology Construct water harvesting structures and soil Conditional on 3,500,000 3 moisture conservation through watersheds to finance and improve ground water recharge. capacity Identify, develop and implement data management Conditional on 5,000,000 systems including Supervisory Control and Data finance and 4 Acquisition (SCADA) systems to build the capacity of capacity the Department of Utilities to control, monitor, and analyse water and energy systems. Enhance knowledge of communities on risks to the Conditional on 840,000 5 water sector and conservation methods that can be finance and employed at the household level. capacity Upscale and replicate rainwater harvesting systems Conditional on 1,000,000 6 for communities with planning for the agriculture finance and sector. capacity

2.12.2 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Much agriculture and fisheries in Niue is micro-scale subsistence, mainly for household consumption or small local market. Agriculture is often dependent on rainfall, making it extremely vulnerable to climate impacts. Adaptation in the agriculture sector is vital for securing food and nutrient security and supporting household income. Niue’s commitments in the agriculture and fisheries sector are outlined below. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Integrate climate variability, climate change and disaster Conditional 250,000 risk reduction using adaptation and mitigation strategies in on finance agricultural initiatives and developments. 2 Formulate and implement the climate and disaster Conditional 500,000 preparedness plans for resilience of the agriculture and on finance 13 fisheries sector to climate shocks, disaster response, invasive species, ecological disasters and disease outbreaks. 3 Assess vulnerability of production systems to climate Conditional 250,000 change stressors and non-climate change stressors, and on finance mitigation and adaptation strategies developed and implemented. 4 Foster care of coastal fisheries to enhance resilience against Conditional 250,000 environmental and climate change impacts. on finance 5 Strengthen management of coastal fisheries through Conditional 1,000,000 appropriate legal frameworks, regular monitoring, and on finance evaluation of the state of coastal fisheries (including development and implementation of procedures for climate change monitoring and impact assessment protocols for the sector). 6 Promote awareness and applied research to ensure Conditional 2,000,000 sustainability of coastal resources, taking into account on finance traditional knowledge and sustainable cultural practices, enhancing life skills for youth and all fishers (including the elderly who engage in subsistence fishing) and ensuring community-driven sustainable cultural practices. 7 Develop forestry-related climate change adaptation Conditional 3,000,000 demonstration projects around food security, soil on finance stabilisation, water management, coastal protection, and innovative sustainable financing including mainstreaming biodiversity. 8 Implement sustainable forest management concepts to Conditional 250,000 reduce forest degradation and GHG emissions, and to on finance maintain healthy forest ecosystems to enhance resilience against climate change. 9 Develop, pilot and upscale climate-smart management Conditional 250,000 practices for the agriculture sector. on finance 10 Develop high value agriculture commodities for export and Conditional 250,000 encourage the use of improved genetic varieties for food on finance system sustainability. 11 Scale up Climate Information Services initiatives for farmers Conditional 1,000,000 to better understand and evaluate the impacts of climate on finance change and variability on farming practices, food production and linked supply chain. 12 Ensure food security and maximise benefits for Conditional 1,000,000 communities of Niue through enhancing and maintaining on finance fisheries stocks at levels that ensure productivity and sustainable benefits. 13 Improve access to appropriate adaptation technology, Conditional 250,000 infrastructure access, knowledge and skills for climate on finance resilient fisheries food production.

2.12.3 Tourism Niue advocates for sustainable tourism with the Niuean culture and heritage at its core. Niue recognises the tourism should adopt a sustainable path to integrate it into the overall economy for continued economic prosperity. Niue’s commitments in the tourism sector are outlined below. 14 Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Encourage climate resilient strategies for the development, site- Conditional on 2,000,000 specific design, and management of tourism facilities. Consider finance how tourism sites contribute to the sustainability and resilience of Niue (including integrating infrastructure planning, EIA planning, and innovative financing options to ensure sustainability and adherence to the Niue Building Code). 2 Identify and address climate technology gaps in the agriculture Conditional on 3,000,000 sector – especially related to crop diversification and new finance varieties – ensuring food security for tourism, strengthened water supply and water safety monitoring, and improved waste management systems. 3 Review, develop and manage the tourism industry’s activities in Conditional on 500,000 relation to climate change adaptation and resilience strategies finance and identify innovative options. 4 Commit to tourism product diversification, including tourism Conditional on 2,000,000 that is mutually supportive of Niuean culture and heritage, to finance enhance the resilience of the tourism sector. 5 Strengthen waste management initiatives through sustainable, Conditional on 2,000,000 environmentally friendly tourism product diversification, and finance practices to enhance the resilience of the tourism sector in technology transfer, recycling and promotion. 6 Ensure that tourism industry stakeholders are aware of climate- Conditional on 500,000 related risks and actively engage in climate change adaptation finance strategies. This includes direct and indirect service providers and appropriate supply.

2.12.4 Ecosystems and biodiversity Niue recognises that a wide range of interventions for ecosystem conservation, management and restoration are critical to achieving the 1.50C target of the Paris Agreement. Ecosystem management is critical to stop and reverse the loss of ecosystems and to build resilience against climate change impacts while supporting sustainable livelihoods. Niue’s commitments in the biodiversity sector are outlined below. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Identify, develop and implement nature-based Conditional on 6,000,000 solutions for terrestrial and marine ecosystems. finance and capacity 2 Strengthen the enforcement of legislation that Conditional on 4,000,000 protects and preserves key terrestrial and marine finance, capacity and ecosystems and biodiversity. technology 3 Develop human resource and technical capacities and Conditional on 1,500,000 data collection systems for biodiversity and finance, capacity and environmental monitoring. technology

2.12.5 Oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem Niue is a large ocean state. Niue recognises that its vast marine territory holds immense ecological, cultural, and economic value to its people. Its ecosystem services also provide regional and global environmental benefits. Niue’s commitments in the oceans, marine and coastal ecosystem sector are outlined below. 15 Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Effectively capitalise and operationalise the Niue Conditional on 32M for Ocean Wide Trust and Ocean Conservation finance and capacity endowment Commitments (OCCs) as a game changing sustainable supporting 20- financing mechanism to support the sustainable year management, conservation and resilience of the blue commitment economy. 2 By 2030, effectively manage 100% of Niue’s marine Conditional on 1.5M per annum space and resources through its EEZ-wide marine finance and capacity spatial plan, including coastal resources, domestic and (being proposed commercial fishing, and ocean related tourism. This through the NOW will include at least 40% of Niue’s EEZ (127,000 square Trust and OCCs) kilometres under no-take zone as a large scale marine protected area). 3 Encourage private partnership in sustainable ocean Conditional on 100,000 per management and resilience through the NOW Trust finance annum and ensure that appropriate funding is sustainable and directed towards specified activities that contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of Niue’s marine and terrestrial ecosystems. 4 Strengthen the resilience of Niue's blue economy by Conditional on 5,000,000 implementing sustainable practices that support long- finance and capacity term ocean conservation and foster economic growth, particularly in the areas of ecotourism, cultural traditions and sustainable fisheries. 5 Strengthen legislation and enforcement capabilities Conditional on 4,000,000 and actions that protect and preserve key coastal and finance and capacity marine ecosystems and biodiversity. 6 Implement programmes to address marine invasive Conditional on 5,000,000 species and other potential and emerging threats. finance 7 Strengthen and develop Integrated Resource Conditional on 2,000,000 Management Plans to effectively and wholistically finance protect and sustain terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems building on existing plans such as the Nukutuluea Marine Park.30 8 Expand and/or establish new Community Protected Conditional on 1,000,000 Areas and their coordination through Community finance and capacity Protected Area Networks. 9 Strengthen education, capacity building, and Conditional on 2,000,000 awareness (including traditional knowledge) about finance and capacity climate change impacts on oceans and ocean related livelihoods. 10 Promote nature-based solutions (NbS) to sustain Conditional on 840,000 ecosystems that ensure resilience against climate- finance related threats (such as coral reefs) involving local communities. 11 Advocate for the recognition of the mitigation Conditional on 600,000 30 The Niue Nukutuluea Marine Park is an EEZ-wide Marine Spatial Management Plan, established by law in 2021. 16 benefits under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, finance and capacity emphasising the importance of non-market approaches in achieving effective climate action and SDGs within the context of ocean conservation and effective ocean management. 12 Recognising the climate mitigation benefits of blue Conditional on 2,500,000 carbon ecosystems, Niue states its conditional goal of finance and protecting all ocean components with carbon technology sequestration potential by 2030. 13 Recognise traditional knowledge and its Conditional on 250,000 per potential to contribute to better understanding of the finance and annum ocean and to the effective management of partnerships with resources. traditional knowledge holders and authorities 14 Enforce compliance with local, national, and Conditional on 100,000 international laws, ensuring that the ocean is not finance and capacity utilised for criminal activities or any actions that violate established regulations.

2.12.6 Loss and Damage Niue is already experiencing the effects of climate change manifested as Loss and Damage. Niue recognises challenges associated with addressing loss and damage from slow onset events and addressing NELD. The following strategies identify actions that are urgently required for addressing Loss and Damage, including finance, technology and capacity building. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Niue prioritises to the following: Conditional on 5,000,000 - Adequate capacity and training of a L&D coordinator to finance manage delivery of activities with support from partners. - State of evidence report developed for Niue through National dialogue. - Development of national relocation guidelines and investment strategy on infrastructure including development of Non-Economic Loss and Damage (NELD) communication products. - Pilot project: Research and engagement of Loss & Damage and Health. 2 Establish mechanisms to document and analyse Loss and Conditional on 100,000 Damage incurred because of climate change and develop a finance and comprehensive national strategy for identifying and capacity addressing climate-induced Loss and Damage in Niue. 3 Establish an enabling framework for quantifying and Conditional on 100,000 monitoring both economic and NELD caused by climate finance and change. capacity 4 Establish mechanisms to coordinate and channel financial Conditional on 100,000 resources for addressing Loss and Damage, ensuring effective finance and and equitable distribution across sectors. capacity 5 Strengthen the integration of climate resilience measures Conditional on 100,000 within sector plans, with a particular emphasis on those finance and sectors most vulnerable to Loss and Damage. capacity 6 Outline specific measures and strategies to reduce the risk of Conditional on 100,000 17 Loss and Damage caused by climate change. This may involve finance and investing in resilient infrastructure and planned relocation, capacity disaster risk reduction, ecosystem restoration, and community-based adaptation initiatives. 7 Enhance community-based resilience through the promotion Conditional on 100,000 of sustainable livelihoods, diversified economic activities, and finance and improved social safety nets. capacity 8 Implement capacity-building programmes to enhance Niue's Conditional on 300,000 ability to assess, address, and respond to both rapid-onset finance and and slow-onset climate events. capacity 9 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of the country's Conditional on 200,000 vulnerability to climate change impacts, including extreme finance and weather events, sea-level rise, and other climate-related risks capacity and identify communities, and sectors most susceptible to Loss and Damage. 10 Ensure that the design and construction of public and other Conditional on 100,000 major infrastructure and development projects consider finance and current and projected risks to minimise Loss and Damage, capacity through climate-resilience planning. 11 Improve climate change related economic and NELD data Conditional on 50,000 collection (where possible in a gender-differentiated manner), finance and analysis, monitoring, and observation systems. This can be capacity achieved by institutionalising and strengthening national capacity to collect and analyse data in a systematic manner. This could be done by developing tools and methods in estimating Loss and Damage and their associated costs. 12 Build on existing climate change policies and strategies, to Conditional on 100,000 develop new and/or revised policies to take Loss and Damage finance and into account. capacity 13 Explore and establish enabling mechanisms for easier Conditional on 150,000 accessibility to the proposed global Loss and Damage Fund, to finance and assist in covering the costs associated with Loss and Damage. capacity This may involve national institutional strengthening (policy and planning). 14 Articulate the scale of Loss and Damage finance needs: Conditional on 100,000 identify ways to strengthen existing financing mechanisms if finance and relevant; expand innovative, pro-poor, people-centred capacity financial instruments; and more importantly, call for enhanced international support beyond adaptation, especially the provision of and access to finance.

2.12.7 Invasive species Invasive species threaten native biodiversity, agricultural production and human wellbeing. Niue’s commitments to the control or eradication of invasive species are outlined in the table below. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Develop actions and capabilities to prevent the arrival and Conditional on 30,000,000 establishment of invasive species and to control and eradicate finance invasive species, diseases and pests. 18 2 Develop an adaptive forestry management and conservation Conditional on 1,000,000 plan (terrestrial and marine) to prevent, invasive species and finance, diseases, including training/capacity building by 2030. capacity, and technology 3 Implement programmes to enhance the resilience of ecological Conditional on 2,000,000 and economic systems towards possible biological invasions finance and and outbreaks. capacity 4 Strengthen biosecurity capabilities for invasive species, and Conditional on 500,000 other potential threats. finance and capacity

2.12.8 Health Challenges faced by the Niuean health sector are exacerbated by climate change. Climate change induced emergencies and disasters affect water and food availability and vector related outbreaks. The Government of Niue Health Strategic Plan 2011–2021 recognises the impacts of climate change and related events on health. It also emphasises the importance of improving the capacity of the health sector to respond to the effects of climate change and extreme events. There is also a link between non- communicable diseases (NCDs), food security and access to nutrition. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Develop a health sector-specific disaster and climate Conditional on 100,000 change preparedness and response plan that addresses finance and food security, access to nutrition and improving human capacity health through integrated actions. 2 Design and undertake a technical needs assessment of Conditional on 100,000 the Ministry of Health to respond to the effects of finance and climate change and extreme events. capacity 3 Promote and pursue sustainable climate finance for Conditional on 2,000,000 health-related adaptation and climate-resilient finance and development of health-related infrastructure (water capacity monitoring, public health, disaster response) and systems for vulnerable groups and communities. 4 Develop, implement and promote sustainable climate Conditional on 2,000,000 finance for health adaptation and climate-resilient finance development of health through a One-Health initiative with communities, including an updated Health Strategic Plan 2025-2035.

2.12.9 Waste management and pollution control Niue recognises the importance of sustainable waste management practices that take its geographical circumstances into account. The following strategies seek to enhance the safe and effective management of waste in Niue and minimise negative environmental and health consequences. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Develop a legal and policy framework for the Conditional on finance, 250,000 sustainable management of solid waste in Niue. and capacity 2 Develop a waste-to-energy strategy for solid waste. Conditional on finance 1,000,000 3 Develop and implement a waste minimisation plan Conditional on finance 100,000 (including 3Rs, composting, characterisation and and capacity source separation) by 2030. 19 4 Conduct awareness and capacity building programmes Conditional on finance 500,000 to encourage behaviour change in waste generators and waste management personnel. 5 Implement the first phase of Collect, Sort and Export Conditional on finance, 3,000,000 of Recyclable Materials in Niue. technology and capacity 6 Implement Collect, Sort and Export of Recyclable Conditional on finance, 2,000,000 Materials as identified by the E-Waste and Recyclables technology and capacity Project. 7 Strengthen composting of organic waste to produce Conditional on finance 200,000 soil enhancer. 8 Develop and deliver a Training of Trainers programme Conditional on finance 250,000 on waste management and pollution control.

2.12.10 Disaster risk management Niue’s inherent vulnerability to climate induced disasters is exacerbated by the growing impacts of climate change, undermining years of development in this sector. Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Develop guidelines and disaster management plans to Conditional on 500,000 reduce vulnerability to climate hazards for communities finance through an integrated multi-sectorial approach. 2 Establish, assess, integrate and promote climate resilient Conditional on 10,000,000 development best practices for the design and construction finance of public and other major infrastructure to minimise Loss and Damage, including climate-proofed facilities utilising the national standards on building codes where relevant. 3 Increase communication and awareness on climate change Conditional on 500,000 impacts among communities and government agencies. finance 4 Promote design and construction of multi-purpose (dual Conditional on 5,000,000 purpose) community evacuation centres that are finance sustainable and adhere to building codes. 5 Mobilise resources for the provision of climate resilient Conditional on 10,000,000 utilities (water, road, electricity) to identified sites for finance planned relocations and strengthen the same for existing communities. 6 Undertake an assessment of the only wharf on Niue to Conditional on 3,000,000 enhance capabilities, efficiency and to ensure finance strengthening against natural disasters. Outcomes from the assessment will determine costs required for the wharf upgrade. 7 Development of costed Integrated Village Development Conditional on 200,000 Plans to align with the National Strategic Plans and sector finance plans from agencies.

2.12.11 Gender and social inclusion Niue recognises that climate vulnerability and its impacts not only exacerbate gender inequality, but reinforce social power asymmetries, norms, and practices that constrain progress towards gender and social inclusion. Niue’s commitments in this sector are outlined in the table below. 20 Priority Strategies Conditionality Budget (USD) 1 Uphold gender equity and responsiveness when planning Conditional on 100,000 and implementing climate action and solutions that are finance responsive to the different risks and needs of all people (inclusive of women, girls, men, boys, youth, and people with disability) to increase resilience for all. 2 Empower individuals as catalysts for change, fostering Conditional on 500,000 inclusivity in climate action initiatives, and providing finance equal opportunities for leadership in community-driven efforts for mitigation, adaptation, and response to loss and damage. Review and update the Niue Gender Policy and develop tangible steps to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. 3 Develop, strengthen and integrate the inclusion of people Conditional on 1,000,000 with disability in national climate decision-making finance processes (involving planning and programme implementation) which directly and indirectly affect their lives. This includes identifying barriers to adapting to climate change, enhancing access and applying an integrated approach to ensure appropriate support networks are in place for their families and community. 4 Uphold Niue's global and regional obligations regarding Conditional on 250,000 gender equality, human rights, and climate change by finance strengthening systems, policies and strategies to foster and enhance all genders. 5 Ensure an appropriate environmental and social Conditional on 2,000,000 safeguards framework is in place and develop appropriate finance social protection infrastructure and systems to reduce climate shocks and indirect and direct natural disasters. 21 3. Means of implementation Niue’s unique national circumstances and developmental challenges make it challenging to implement its ambitious NDC measures. The country has limited technical and financial capacity to act upon climate change on its own. The country seeks the support of developed nations to mitigate the impacts of climate change on the island. Therefore, implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions as identified in this NDC is conditional on external support received in the form of finance, technical capacity, technology transfer and skills development. 4. Fairness and ambition Despite the socio-economic constraints faced by Niue as a Small Island Developing State, the country has committed to ambitious targets within its capacity, aligned with the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’. 5. NDC planning process The NDC 3.0 of Niue is the outcome of a consultative process. Key stakeholders were engaged to develop an inclusive NDC document. The NDC revision process identified and prioritised the most critical challenges in the context of Niue’s national development and climate change impacts. These development priorities and plans were integrated into the NDC to adopt a holistic approach to climate action. As part of the NDC planning, a review of national policy documents and plans was undertaken to gain perspective on the national circumstances and to identify gaps and barriers in climate action. Findings were discussed with key government departments and other stakeholders. Technical studies were conducted on the two key challenges to the country – food and water security – to develop greater understanding of the problem and articulate linkages to climate change. Further, a gap assessment of the first NDC submitted in 2016 was conducted with respect to the requirements of the Paris Agreement. Findings of the literature review, technical studies and gap analysis were synthesised to help frame the revised NDC. Relevant stakeholders from the government were consulted to validate findings and develop a truly inclusive NDC document. 22 23 Annexure 1 Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of Niue’s NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Reference year(s), base year(s), The latest data on GHG emissions is available for 2009. reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Quantifiable information on the As per the GHG inventory conducted in 2009, Niue accounted reference indicators, their values in for a total of only 5.1 Gg CO2e GHG emissions. The energy the reference year(s), base year(s), sector is the largest contributor to emissions in the country. reference period(s) or other starting Reference indicators are: point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year • Share of emissions from electricity generation – 42% • Emissions associated with electricity generation – 2.11 Gg CO2e Target relative to the reference Increase % by 2030 indicator, expressed numerically, for Conditional to receiving financial, technology and capacity example in percentage or amount of building support, there is potential for the country to increase reduction and consolidate renewable generation to 80 % of total electricity generation by 2030. Manage demand-side energy consumption by facilitating household access to renewable technology and increase consumer awareness on lower emission sources. Facilitate fuel switching to lower emissions sources in the transport sector. Information on sources of data used The NDC 3.0 has used the base year information from the GHG in quantifying the reference point inventory in 2009. It has utilised national energy statistics and default emission factors. Information on the circumstances Information on emissions and reference values may be updated under which the Party may update and recalculated as and when the GHG inventory is reviewed, the values of the reference indicators and a new one is conducted in the future. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation Time frame and period of Timeframe for NDC implementation is 2024 to 2030. implementation Whether it is a single-year or multi- Niue has committed to a single-year target. year target, as applicable 24 3. Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target Please refer to 1 (c) above (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered Sectors covered: Energy sector (electricity by the nationally determined contribution, generation sub sector). including, as applicable, consistent with Gases covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O). (IPCC) guidelines; Geographic coverage: Country wide. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration Niue commits to extend, over time, the scope of its paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: NDC to all categories of anthropogenic emissions in line with paragraph 31 (c). (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ Biodiversity: Protection and conservation of Niue’s adaptation actions and/or economic terrestrial and marine biodiversity and ecosystem diversification plans, including description of will reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon specific projects, measures and initiatives of sequestration. Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic Agriculture: Adopting climate smart agriculture will diversification plans. contribute to better land management practices thus, improve soil health and reduce GHG reduction. Sustainable tourism: Developing sustainable tourism activities will reduce fossil-based energy use, encourage different stakeholders (such as hotels and transportation partners) to use low emissions and energy efficient equipment, and promote renewable energy. 4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and implementation plans, including: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public Niue’s NDC revision followed a robust participation and engagement with local methodology of (i) reviewing national policies and communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- plans, (ii) technical studies on food and water responsive manner; security, (iii) an in-depth gap analysis of the first NDC and (iv) detailed consultations with key stakeholders. The process has helped in identifying and prioritising the most critical challenges in the context of national development and climate change in Niue. (ii) Contextual a. National circumstances, Please refer to Section 1: Introduction of the matters, including, such as geography, document. inter alia, as climate, economy, appropriate: sustainable development National and poverty eradication circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable 25 development and poverty eradication b. Best practices and The revision process in Niue has integrated its experience related to the development priorities and plans into the NDCs, preparation of the thereby strengthening their relevance in the nationally determined national context. Similarly, continuous engagement contribution with key stakeholders has enriched the revision process to develop a truly inclusive NDC document. c. Other contextual Niue acknowledges the need for immediate aspirations and priorities collective action to reduce the increasing impacts acknowledged when of climate change. Aligned with this goal, Niue’s joining the Paris NDCs adopt pathways to increase the climate Agreement; resilience of communities. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, Not applicable. including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally Not applicable as the global stock take is yet to determined contribution has been informed by take place. the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; (d) Each Party with a (i) How the economic and The NDCs defined in the process aim to address nationally social consequences of five socio-economic challenges facing Niue. The determined response measures have adaptation measures work towards achieving food contribution under been considered in and nutritional security, enhancing access to clean Article 4 of the Paris developing the nationally water, improving income levels and reducing Agreement that determined contribution; disaster risks. In addition to mitigation co-benefits consists of from the mitigation target, it will also help achieve adaptation action energy security in the country. and/or economic diversification plans (ii) Specific projects, Please refer to 1 (d) and 3 (d). resulting in measures and activities to mitigation co- be implemented to benefits consistent contribute to mitigation with Article 4, co- benefits, including paragraph 7, of the information on adaptation Paris Agreement to plans that also yield submit information mitigation co-benefits. on: 26 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological Current methodological approach and metrics used by approaches used for accounting for Niue are in accordance with the Revised 1996 IPCC anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The and removals corresponding to the Party’s inventory has compiled GHG emissions at Tier 1 and has nationally determined contribution, utilised national energy statistics and default emission consistent with decision 1/CP.21, factors. paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA. (b) Assumptions and methodological Niue’s GHG inventory does not include all the five major approaches used for accounting for the emission sources categorised by the IPCC as several of implementation of policies and measures them are not relevant in the country’s context. or strategies in the nationally determined Energy: Electricity generation, transport uses, domestic contribution energy and aviation use are the main sources of emissions included in the inventory. Industrial Processes and Product Use: There are no large- scale industrial facilities in Niue and the solvent use and product emissions are non-material. Hence, detailed records are not kept. Agriculture, forest and other land use: Although shifting agriculture is practiced in Niue, the usual practice of farmers is to plant amongst cleared vegetation. Similarly, the size of ruminant stock is generally low. Niue has made attempts to calculate emissions from land-use but is constrained by the lack of recent satellite imagery. Waste: Emissions (only methane) from the country’s waste sector were calculated using the IPCC Waste Model. Though, the calculated emissions were non-material (<1), they are included for completeness. (c) If applicable, information on how the Same as 5 (a) and 5 (b). Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used Same as 5 (a) and 5 (b). for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals (e) Sector-, category- (i) Approach to Not applicable. or activity-specific addressing assumptions, emissions and methodologies and subsequent approaches removals from consistent with IPCC Natural guidance, as disturbances on appropriate, managed lands; 27 including, as (ii) Approach used Not applicable. applicable: to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used Not applicable. to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, Niue’s GHG emissions were calculated using the baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), methodology and criteria provided in the Revised 1996 including, where applicable, sector-, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. category- or activity-specific reference Details are described in 1 (a), 1 (b), 5 (a) and 5 (b). levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined Niue’s NDCs cover non GHG components in the contributions that contain non- adaptation section. These were identified and prioritised greenhouse-gas components, information based on scientific data analysis which followed a robust on assumptions and methodological methodology including (i) literature review on the approaches used in relation to those national circumstances and policies and programmes, (ii) components, as applicable technical studies and gap analysis and (iii) stakeholder consultation. (iii) For climate forcers included in Not applicable. nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers is estimated (iv) Further technical information, as None. necessary (g) The intention to use voluntary Niue is committed to contributing towards international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris discourse on developing voluntary markets. Based on Agreement, if applicable these discussions, Niue will identify mechanisms to use international market mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets. 28 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers Niue’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is negligible that its nationally determined (less than 0.0001%) and the country is a net carbon sink. However, the contribution is fair and country aims to reduce energy sector emissions and has committed to ambitious in the light of its a target. The target is to increase and consolidate Renewable Energy national circumstances; generation to 80% by 2030. Also, as per the 2009 GHG inventory of the country, electricity generation contributes to 42% of total GHG (b) Fairness considerations, emissions. including reflecting on equity; Despite the constraints faced by Niue as a Small Island Developing State, the country has committed to ambitious targets within its (c) How the Party has capacity, aligned with the principle of ‘common but differentiated addressed Article 4, paragraph responsibilities and respective capabilities’. 3, of the Paris Agreement; The NDC revision process involved consultations with different stakeholders to include sectoral perspectives and to ensure that the commitments address relevant issues. (d) How the Party has Niue assessed its national circumstances and prioritised key sectors addressed Article 4, paragraph based on input received from stakeholders. Based on these findings, 4, of the Paris Agreement; sectors were prioritised. Niue strengthened its commitment by introducing new mitigation measures. Adaptation commitments were also enhanced by formulating specific measures. (e) How the Party has Niue is currently in the process of developing specific strategies, plans addressed Article 4, paragraph and actions to implement NDC measures that are aimed at reducing 6, of the Paris Agreement. GHG emissions. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally The NDC commits to increase the share of renewable energy in the determined contribution electricity mix with the objective of decarbonizing the electricity contributes towards achieving generation sub-sector that contributes 42% of the total GHG emissions the objective of the Convention of the country. A reduction of 977,000 litres of diesel per annum, or as set out in its Article 2; approximately 3.1 Gg CO2e per annum could be achieved if the country achieves the conditional target of 80% renewable energy share in the energy mix. (b) How the nationally Consistent with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and to achieve determined contribution the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 paragraph (a) and contributes towards Article 2, Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, Niue’s has committed paragraph 2(a), and Article 4, to reducing GHG emissions by increasing and consolidating renewable paragraph 1, of the Paris energy generation to 80% by 2030. Additionally, Niue has introduced Agreement. new measures and sectors with mitigation co-benefits. The NDC 3.0 of Niue represents the small island country’s commitment to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. 29 Annexure 2 Niue NDC Strategies and SDGs Contribution Related SDG Sector / Theme Niue's NDC Strategy Mitigation SDG 7 Energy By 2030, increasing the share of renewable Affordable and energy in total electricity generation by Clean Energy 80%, managing energy consumption, and facilitating fuel switching in the transport sector will make energy more affordable and cleaner. Mitigation SDG 2 Zero Agriculture, Forest Restoring and converting degraded land can Hunger and Other Land Use help to increase carbon storage capacity by SDG 15 Life on (AFOLU) 2030. This, in turn, can contribute to Land sustainable agriculture and forest management, which have the potential to reduce hunger and protect life on land. Adaptation SDG 6 Water Water Developing and maintaining water Security infrastructure through water harvesting structures, wastewater disposal improvements, and technical capacities for water quality monitoring contribute to ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Adaptation SDG 2 Zero Agriculture and Improving food security, reducing land Hunger Fisheries degradation, and supporting the fisheries sector are key to promoting sustainable agriculture, ending hunger, and achieving improved nutrition. Adaptation SDG 8 Decent Tourism Developing technical capacities and Work and supporting infrastructure for sustainable Economic tourism promotes economic growth, Growth employment, and decent work. Adaptation SDG 15 Life on Ecosystems and Implementing nature-based solutions, Land Biodiversity strengthening enforcement of legislation, and developing technical capacities for biodiversity monitoring contribute to protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, managing forests sustainably, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss. Adaptation SDG 14 Life Oceans, Marine Managing marine resources, encouraging Below Water and Coastal sustainable sponsorship, building the Ecosystem resilience of Niue's blue economy, and protecting ocean components with carbon sequestration potential will contribute to 30 the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. Adaptation SDG 13 Climate Loss and Damage Efforts to combat climate change and its Action impacts require a multidimensional approach. Establishing mechanisms to assess and redress loss and damage, developing a comprehensive national strategy, establishing a robust framework to quantify and monitor loss and damage, and strengthening the integrating climate resilience measures will contribute to urgent and effective action to mitigate and adapt to the consequences of climate change in Niue. Adaptation SDG 2 Zero Health Developing tailored preparedness and Hunger response plans that include food security and nutrition is essential for improving the SDG 3 Good health sector's ability to withstand the Health and impacts of climate change and natural Wellbeing disasters. Adopting a community-engaged SDG 13 Climate One-Health approach, which is tailored to Action the specific needs of different communities, will not only help combat climate change, but also ensure healthy lives, promote overall wellbeing of individuals and communities, and build a more sustainable future. Adaptation SDG 15 Life on Invasive Species Preventing the establishment, control, and Land eradication of invasive species, diseases, and pests is crucial for protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. It also helps in sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss. Adaptation SDG 12 Waste Developing a Waste-to-Energy strategy, Responsible Management and strengthening composting for organic Consumption Pollution Control waste, and implementing Collect, Sort and and Production Export of Recyclable Materials contribute to sustainable consumption and production patterns. Adaptation SDG 13 Climate Disaster Risk Developing guidelines and a disaster Action Management management plan is essential to reducing vulnerability to climate hazards. Key steps to combat climate change and its impacts also include strengthening climate and disaster risk monitoring capacity within relevant institutions, improving communication, and raising awareness of the impacts of climate change among communities and government agencies. 31 Adaptation SDG 5 Gender Gender Equality Conducting research to identify Equality environmental challenges and impacts of climate change specific to each gender, improving women's access to finance and credit, enhancing women's access to specialised skills, and promoting women's representation in leadership roles can all contribute to achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls. Means of SDG 17 External Support Niue seeks the support of developed Implementation Partnerships for nations to mitigate the impacts of climate the Goals change on the island. This emphasises the importance of international cooperation and partnerships in achieving the SDGs and the NDC targets. Fairness and SDG 13 Climate Ambitious targets Niue has committed to ambitious targets Ambition Action within its capacity, aligned with the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’. This emphasises the importance of each country’s role in addressing climate change and its impact, considering their different capacities and responsibilities. NDC Planning SDG 17 Consultative Niue’s revised NDC is the result of a Process Partnerships for process consultative process which included the the Goals integration of development priorities and plans into the document. This has ensured an holistic approach to addressing climate action. It has also helped improve the planning process and highlights the importance of collaboration and partnership in achieving a comprehensive response to climate action. 32 33 34