Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal - A Strategic Review of Food Security & Nutrition 2018

TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION 2018 GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL KATHMANDU N A T I O N A L P L A N N I N G C O M M I S S I O N 2 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION 2018 GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL KATHMANDU N A T I O N A L P L A N N I N G C O M M I S S I O N TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A Strategic Review of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 Published by: Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Tel: (+977)-014211013 Fax: (+977)-014211700 Email: npcs@npc.gov.np Web: www.npc.gov.np Copyright: National Planning Commission, 2018 Parts of this publication can be reproduced with prior permission. Inputs were provided by the technical teams of NARMA Consultancy Private Limited and Johns Hopkins University. All photos by WFP Nepal and NARMA Consultancy Private Limited. Recommended citation: NPC (2018), Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal. A Strategic Review of Food Security & Nutrition 2018. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission Design & Print Process: TheSquare, www.thesquare.agency Printed in Nepal. TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION 2018 GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL KATHMANDU N A T I O N A L P L A N N I N G C O M M I S S I O N Malnutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries. The impact of malnutrition on women, children and adolescent brings long-term and irrevocable physical and intellectual weaknesses, and impaired growth and development. Nepal too, has one of the highest prevalence of stunting among children less than five years of age. In our efforts to combat both chronic and acute malnutrition, the Government of Nepal has put in considerable efforts at both national and international levels, particularly in working together under the framework of the Multi Sectoral Nutrition Plan as one of the countries within the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement. The Strategic Review is a timely study to understand the current status and idea of way forward to address the food insecurity and under-nutrition in Nepal. The recommendation of the report emphasises on improved coordination in the planning, policy and its implementation among the stakeholders in agriculture and nutrition sector. This is in line with our recognition of the strong link between poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. In order to address these issues to achieve the outcomes of Sustainable Development Goal 2, government, development partners and stakeholders should work together, ensuring the agricultural food production, availability of diverse food, and its proper utilisation. The fundamental right to food for all is now enshrined in our Constitution, and recently endorsed Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act has given clear mandate for the decentralization of governance to all spheres of government. It gives us an opportunity to systematically work in improving hygienic nutrition situation in Nepal. While agricultural-led growth and driving down undernutrition are key targets for us, going forward, we must, of course, recognize the many varied causes of food insecurity and undernutrition in our country. This responsibility falls on different sectors, particularly; health, agriculture, education, water sanitation and hygiene, and local development. This Strategic Review of SDG2 is vital for developing programme, policy and strategies in reducing hunger and to promote access and availability to safe, nutritious and affordable food which we strive to have locally produced. We are committed to eliminating hunger, and this study which draws on a comprehensive task force of work conducted over many years by the food security and nutrition community, will serve to further illuminate the way to a nation without hunger having hygienic food for all. UPENDRA YADAV Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Health and Population Message GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL Ministry of Health and Population KATHMANDU, NEPAL DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER MINISTER FOR HEALTH AND POPULATION ii I am pleased to launch this strategic review of food security and nutrition in Nepal undertaken by the National Planning Commission. The Government of Nepal is committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 with SDG2 as one of our key priorities. In recent years, Nepal has made significant improvements in food security, as demonstrated by global indicators and testament to the strong commitment from the Government of Nepal for ending hunger and improving nutrition for all people. Importantly, the Constitution of Nepal enshrines the right to food and food sovereignty, which is broadly elaborated in the Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Related Act. As we have entered into new era with a federal system, we have oppurtinity to implement this in all levels of society. Historically, Nepal is known for its diversity in climate and in resources which gives significance for promoting a variety of foods and access to a healthy diet. The socio-economic and environmental changes in recent years have contributed to eroding this associated knowledge, production and consumption patterns. However, with such potentiality, Nepal can revive these traditional, locally produced nutritious foods by improving awareness of their nutritional value, by promoting indigenous knowledge and improved dietary habits and by creating prime conditions for farmers to produce them. By ensuring a holistic approach to increase local production that combines traditional food varieties with modern agricultural technologies, we now have the opportunity to improve the way we work together, so that every citizen has access to locally available, affordable and nutritious food and we achieve a nation free of hunger. CHAKRAPANI KHANAL ‘Baldev‘ Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Development Message GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development KATHMANDU, NEPAL MINISTER FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT iii On behalf of the National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, I am pleased to share with you, “Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal: A Strategic Review of Food Security and Nutrition”. In 2017, under the stewardship of the National Planning Commission, the Zero Hunger Strategic Review of Food Security and Nutrition in Nepal (ZHSR), was chosen as the mechanism to guide us on achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) in Nepal. SDG2 aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and to promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. This study was conducted as an independent, analytical and consultative exercise. It provides us with an up-to-date ‘picture’ of food security in our country, including agricultural development and the challenges we are facing with nutrition. This process serves to support transformative sustainable development in Nepal by providing best practices and an achievable action plan to achieve SDG2. Importantly, it provides a platform for all stakeholders to anchor our plans together, fostering improved dialogue and collaboration as we move forward into a promising new era for our country. The research conducted over the past 12 months ensured representation at all levels, across the entire country. Fruitful consultations were held at national, subnational, and community levels, with careful inclusion of all ethnic groups and women. This has provided us with a wealth of information on the current needs and concerns across all members of our society. I strongly believe that the recommendations from the ZHSR will complement and further strengthen the use of our other national initiatives on food security and nutrition, including the National Zero Hunger Challenge, the Agriculture Development Strategy, the Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan II and the study on Small Area Estimation of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition, among others. I therefore encourage all stakeholders to adopt these recommendations, to guide your policies and programme initiatives and to use this as a ‘roadmap’ to a country free of hunger. I would like to thank our partners the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), who worked together with the Government of Nepal on this initiative. I extend my appreciation to the technical team of NARMA Consultancy Private Limited for their collaboration in this project. Furthermore, the inputs from key stakeholders such as the District Coordination Committees, local municipal bodies, farmers’ groups and women’s organisations were invaluable for the study and I thank them all for their contributions. PROF. DR. PUSPA RAJ KADEL, Ph.D Vice-Chairman National Planning Commission Foreword GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission KATHMANDU, NEPAL VICE-CHAIRMAN iv USHA JHA, Ph.D Member National Planning Commission DIL BAHADUR GURUNG, Ph.D Member National Planning Commission Government of Nepal is highly committed to ensure Food Sovereignty as one of the fundamental rights of its citizens and this review is an effort to contribute towards this. We are pleased to express few words in this important document. Nepal is still emerging on the long path towards economic development in which food security and nutrition play a critical role. If children have the right food and nutrition at an early age, they will grow to their full potential. As adults, they will be able to provide for their own children, and thus escape the inter-generational effects of hunger. To achieve this, robust investments are needed in enhancing productive and sustainable food systems and ensuring that people are able to reap the benefits. An integrated approach ensuring that all Nepalese, especially pregnant, nursing mothers and young children have access to adequate, nutritious food throughout the year, is a vital strategy to achieve zero hunger for Nepal. This should be achieved as much as possible through the promotion of local solutions. The report of the strategic review of food security and nutrition emphasizes this need and provides a way forward for all stakeholders. We strongly believe that the integrated path recommended by this review, will contribute to achieving the set targets of SDG2 and set Nepal on a sustainable path to freedom from hunger. In this effort, we highly appreciate the contribution made by the team of experts and stakeholders to bring this document in this shape. We wish to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Dr. Prabhu Budhathoki, former Chair of the SDG2 Advisory Group and former member of National Planning Commission, who initiated and led the process at the beginning. Similarly, team of officials at the National Planning Commission (NPC) put their dedicated efforts to complete this exercise successfully, hence special thanks are due to Joint Secretaries Mr. Tulasi Prasad Gautam and Mr. Biju Kumar Shrestha, Under Secretary Mr. Mahesh Kharel, and Planning Officers Mr. Dhananjay Shah and Mr. Tilak Prasad Rijal. Message GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission KATHMANDU, NEPAL MEMBER v Nepal has the means to face challenges in food security and this is the opportune time to act. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by 193 countries in 2015, offer a tremendous opportunity for Nepal. The SDGs aim to “transform our world” by achieving 17 goals for people, the planet, and prosperity. The SDGs are an agenda for the world, and for Nepal, to leave no one behind and transform the way the world ends hunger, ensures food security, and tackles malnutrition in all its forms, through an integrated approach. “ “  Village women waiting to receive goverment services. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA Message from the Deputy Prime Minister ii Message from the Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Development iii Foreword from the Vice-Chairman iv Message from the Members of the National Planning Commission v I. Background 1 II. Status of Nepal’s Food Security and Nutrition Situation 2 III. Legal, Policy, and Programmatic Environment 6 IV. Institutional Arrangements 8 V. Enabling Environment 12 VI. Best Practices and Lessons Learned 16 VII. Opportunities and Challenges 20 VIII. Way Forward and Recommendations 30 Conclusions 36 References 38 Annex: SDG2 draft action plan 40C O N T E N T  Millet has high nutritional value and is usually grown in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA BACKGROUND Children spend time at their home in Bajhang district after school. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Bikkil Sthapit 1TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION For Nepal, ending hunger and improving nutrition for all its citizens will be a significant task, but one that is within its grasp. The country has already made great strides in reducing undernourishment and stunting. However, the prevalence of both are still high and challenges remain. Out-migration of a young workforce, feminisation of agriculture, difficult geography and poor infrastructure, poverty, significant urbanisation and a nutrition transition paired with shifting diets, and climate change and devastating natural disasters are threats to achieving food security and nutrition (FSN) for the country. Nepal does have the means to face these challenges and is in an opportune position to act. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by 193 countries in 2015, offer a tremendous opportunity for Nepal. The SDGs aim to “transform our world” by achieving 17 goals for people, the planet, and prosperity. The SDGs are an agenda for the world, and for Nepal, to leave no one behind and transform the way the world ends hunger, ensures food security, and tackles malnutrition in all its forms, through an integrated approach. The SDGs have been designed to be a transformational agenda in which each country has the scope to plan, finance, and implement actions towards achieving the SDGs in whatever way they see fit. Part of this transformational agenda is ensuring that ‘no one is left behind.’ What does that mean for Nepal? It means ending extreme poverty and reducing inequalities for women and marginalised ethnic and caste groups. It means prioritising actions for the poorest and most marginalised – the idea of “universality” with no discrimination. Where there is severe food insecurity and a high burden of malnutrition, extra efforts need to be made to close the gap for those who still struggle to meet basic food security needs and ensure everyone has basic human rights and a minimum standard of living. This is Nepal’s social contract with its people for the next two decades. SDG2, which serves as the main goal of this Strategic Review, is to “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. It contains five targets. The first is to end hunger and ensure food access for all, especially the most vulnerable. The second is to end malnutrition, including stunting and wasting in children under five as well as provide sufficient nutrition to adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older people. The third is to double agriculture productivity and incomes for smallholders, especially indigenous people and women. This should be achieved by increasing access to land and other natural resources as well as to technology and inputs, capital, and markets. The fourth is for the food system to be sustainable and resilient to climate change and weather-related disasters. The fifth is to maintain genetic diversity in both farmed and wild plants and animals. It also subscribes that this be equitably distributed. These targets are lofty, challenging, and ambitious, but for Nepal, achievable. Achieving SDG2 will be possible for Nepal if the right policies and legislation, institutional arrangements and partnerships, enabling environment, investments, and implementation paired with data monitoring systems, are put into place. It is hoped that this Strategic Review provides some evidence-based guidance on what are the right choices for the government and its partners. This Strategic Review consists of three components: a desk review, producing of thematic reports and national and subnational consultations. The objective is to inform the government on how best to achieve SDG2 by 2030 in the context of transformative sustainable development by outlining the FSN landscape, the policy and programmatic environment, and best practices for a cohesive action plan. The Strategic Review serves both as a research exercise designed to give a consolidated picture of the FSN challenges in Nepal and as a mechanism for supporting the government in setting priorities and finding gaps in policies and programmes currently implemented to achieve SDG2. In turn, the Review will allow all stakeholders to anchor their policies and programmes for achieving zero hunger in support of a clear set of government priorities based on the country’s needs. The Strategic Review provides a set of high-level recommendations related to legislation, policies, and programmes, institutional arrangements and enabling environments. Following this, a set of recommendations across the SDG2 targets are proposed. Finally, a draft action plan is presented as Annex which provides a road map for how to achieve the recommendations laid out in the report. STATUS OF NEPAL’S FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SITUATION Farmers using traditional method to till their fields. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA 3TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Nepal has made remarkable progress but still has much to do to end hunger and malnutrition for all. The country faces significant challenges, but these goals are still within its grasp. These challenges include natural disasters; including flooding, landslides, and earthquakes; climate change; poverty; poor infrastructure, especially in remote and mountainous areas; urbanization and outmigration, leading to a feminization of agriculture; volatile food prices; and dietary shifts such as an increase in processed foods high in fat and sugar. SDG2.1: ENDING HUNGER Currently, many people in the country suffer from hunger and food insecurity and spend a significant amount of their income on food. However, available literature shows that Nepal has made strides in reducing undernourishment in recent years (Headey and Hoddinot, 2015 cited by Kumar, Kumar, and Joshi, 2017). Data shows overall available food energy increasing from 2,855 kcal/capita/day in 2011 to 2,922 kcal/capita/day in 2013, with the gap between rural and urban populations further narrowing. However, nearly 41% of the population does not have access to minimum calorie intake (NPC 14th Plan). In a recent report released by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), almost two million people are considered undernourished in Nepal (IFPRI, 2017). Additionally, Nepalese in remote areas, especially the Mountains, have less access to food than those in the Terai. Even when food is physically available, it may not be affordable; therefore, poverty and household incomes are directly related to food insecurity. In 2015/16, the average household spent 53.8% of their income on food. Although the average household consumption of urban households (Rs 4,31,337) was almost 1.7 times higher than that for rural households (Rs 2,48,893), food was still the major expenditure item in both urban (44.9%) and rural areas (59.8%). SDG2.2: ENDING ALL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION Malnutrition in women and children has long- term consequences for national development by perpetuating the cycle of intergenerational poverty and hunger but Nepal has already made great progress. The percentage of children under five years of age who are underweight fell from 39% in 2006 to 27% in 2016 and stunting amongst children under five decreased from 49% to 36% over the same period (MoH, 2017). Wasting has also fallen – from 13% in 2006 to 10% in 2016 (MoH, 2017). There are many reasons for these successes, with some evidence suggesting that water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and education played a key role (Cunningham et al., 2016; Headey and Hoddinott, 2015), as well as the formulation of several integrated, multi-sectoral legal frameworks and policies, improvements in service delivery, and innovations from government agencies, strong non-governmental organization (NGO) presence and action, and donor support. However, aggregate improvements in measures of undernutrition often mask disparities amongst Nepal’s diverse population. Variations in the prevalence of undernutrition are seen by age, gender, ethnic and caste group, socio- economic status, and region. While stunting is slightly higher in males (36%) than females (35.7%), this is the opposite for wasting and underweight. Wasting is 9.8% in females compared to 9.5% in males and underweight is 27.4% in females compared to 26.7% in males (MoH, 2017). From a geographic perspective, rural areas have a significantly higher prevalence of stunting (40%) than urban areas (32%) (MoH, 2017). More specifically, Nepal’s Mountain region has the highest prevalence of severe stunting (19%) and moderate stunting (47%) compared to the Hills and Terai (MoH, 2017). Nepal’s Mid-Western region (Provinces 5 and 6) also has a high prevalence of stunting (42%) compared to other regions (MoH, 2017). Wasting is slightly higher in rural areas (10%) compared to urban ones (9%). Although stunting tends to be the most pervasive in the Mountain region, wasting is more prevalent in the Terai (12%) than in the Hills or Mountains (both 6%) and is highest in the Central and Eastern regions (MoH, 2017). Preliminary research shows that wasting is high in the Terai, associated with poor sanitation and hygiene, whereas in the Mountains, high burdens of stunting are associated with poor access to nutrient dense foods and dietary diversity (Nutrition Innovation Lab, 2017). Micronutrient deficiency, or “hidden hunger”, is most commonly caused by poor dietary diversity and is a pervasive problem in Nepal. Poor dietary diversity is usually due to diets high in staple foods that are calorically dense but low in bio-available protein and micronutrients and lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients such as protein, vitamin A, iron, and iodine. Anaemia is a major health issue in Nepal, especially among infants, children, and pregnant women. About 53% of Nepalese children under five are anaemic; 26% mildly, 26% moderately, and 1% severely, and the prevalence of the disease has increased since 2006 (MoH, 2017). Even more concerning is that 69% of Nepalese children age six to 23 months still suffer from anaemia, which was unchanged since 2006 (MoH, 2017). Anaemia 4 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION among women aged 15 to 49 years was 41% in 2016, an increase of 6% since 2006. However, anaemia among pregnant women decreased by 2% over the same timeframe to 46% (MoH, 2017). Although the government has taken measures to address anaemia, including iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, factors such as poor intake of haem iron in the diet, risky pregnancies, hookworm burden, and the lack of adherence to iron supplementation still contribute to the high prevalence of anaemia (Makhoul et al., 2012). Gender influences household food consumption in Nepal, with women often eating last in the family. This often results in lower nutrient intake for women. These gendered eating habits further contribute to undernourishment and anaemia for women in Nepal. SDG 2.3: DOUBLING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOMES In 2016, agriculture accounted for 29.4% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) (MoF, 2017) and employed approximately 66% of its workforce (MoAD, 2016). Nepal’s gross domestic product from agriculture (AGDP) was the highest among all South Asian countries from 2000 to 2007 with a growth rate of 3.3% per year; whereas its overall GDP was the lowest among these same countries with a growth rate of only 3.4% per year (USAID/IIDS/IFPRI, 2010). Agricultural households with land are mainly concentrated in Nepal’s Hill and Terai regions with over 91% of land holdings in rural areas (NPC/CBS, 2011). The average size of agricultural land holding is declining, as is the percentage of agricultural households. The national average size of agricultural land holding per household decreased from 1.1 hectares (ha) in 1995/96 to 0.7 hectares in 2010/11, which generally produces less than six months of food for an average household (NASDP, 2016). Among all farmers, the proportion of “small” farmers (operating less than 0.5 ha) increased from 41% in 1995/96 to 53% in 2010/11, whereas the proportion of “large” farmers (operating 2 ha or more) decreased from 13% to 4% during the same period (NPC/CBS, 1996 and 2011). Domestic agricultural production is the main source of food availability in Nepal, although a small proportion is imported. Of Nepal’s three regions, the Terai is considered to be the food basket of Nepal in which 57% of major cereal crops (rice, wheat, and maize) are produced. Cereal crops also dominate the cropping pattern and occupy 75% of its total cultivated land. While land productivity measured at 2000/01 constant price shows an increase in productivity between 2006 and 2016, productivity measured in terms of metric tonnes (Mt)/ha showed a decrease from 3.6 to 2.8 Mt/ha between 2015 and 2016 (MoAD, 2017). Between 2006 and 2016, the country’s grain production has fluctuated between deficits and surpluses with per capita grain production fluctuating between 189 and 223 kilograms (kg)/capita with an average of 206 kg/capita (MoAD, 2017). In recent years, Nepal’s agricultural sector has been diversifying towards high value crops and products such as fruits and vegetables, spices and condiments, and livestock (USAID/IDS/IFPRI, 2010). Nepal has vast water resources and it is estimated that 67% of its cultivated land can be irrigated. While the national objective is to enable year-round irrigation for all irrigable land, at present, year-round irrigation is available to 25.2% of total irrigable land.  Fruit seller from the Terai District. PHOTO CREDIT WFP 5TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SDG 2.4: ENSURING SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS An understanding of sustainable food systems is critical if Nepal is to successfully end hunger and malnutrition. Sustainable food systems integrate sustainable food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management in order to enhance the country’s environmental, economic, and public health. Improper uses of pesticides as well as increasing reliance on chemical fertilisers have negatively affected soil quality. Likewise, due to limited outreach from extension workers, proper techniques to enhance soil fertility and productivity are not properly demonstrated at the farm level. There is also limited knowledge among extension workers on ways to address the growing risks and vulnerabilities caused by climate change and related disasters. More sustainable food systems will rely on a better combination of risk management, climate change adaptation, and natural resource conservation. The country is at risk of natural disasters and has experienced significant ones, both in the past and very recently. While the rain that falls during the monsoons is essential for agriculture, too much results in flooding and landslides. The widespread flooding which occurred during 2017 impacted Nepal as well as India and Bangladesh and killed hundreds and displaced millions in the region (Summers, 2017). The country lacks the resources and capacity to respond to disasters of this scale and post-disaster recovery is a long and slow process. Nepal also faces challenges from climate change. The main impacts expected are rising temperatures and more erratic rainfall patterns, with an increase in intense rainfall events and longer periods of drought. The country has seen an annual temperature increase of 0.06OC (UNFCCC, 2017). The temperature is expected to increase by 1.4OC by 2030 and the number of extremely hot days is expected to increase by 55% and extremely hot nights by 77% by 2060 (NCVST, 2009). Precipitation is becoming more erratic and more extreme, increasing in areas with already high precipitation and decreasing in areas with low precipitation (UNFCCC, 2017). SDG2.5: GENETIC DIVERSITY Nepal is tenth in flowering plant diversity in Asia and 31st on a world scale. In 1984, the Agriculture Botany Division started agricultural plant genetic resource (APGR) activities. Since then, the country has also taken steps to conserve their biodiversity, with a focus on unique, rare, and endangered species. The availability of diverse genetic resources is a fundamental requirement for achieving food and nutrition security. Presently, landraces of major food crops (rice, wheat, and maize) provide limited nutrition sources at the national level even though landraces of underutilised crops provide major sources of food and nutrition security, particularly in remote regions of the Hills and Mountains. In 2016, agriculture accounted for of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) (Government MoF, 2017) and employed approximately 66% of its workforce (Government MoALD, 2016b). 29.4% Nepal has vast water resources and it is estimated that of its cultivated land can be irrigated. 67% Cereal crops also dominate the cropping pattern and occupy of its total cultivated land.75% Agricultural households with land are mainly concentrated in Nepal’s Hill and Terai regions with over of land holdings in rural areas (Government NPC/CBS, 2011).91% Underweight is in females compared to in males (Government MoHP, 2016). 27.4% 26.7% LEGAL, POLICY, AND PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENT Ganga Maya Sunuwar, cooking dinner for her family at her home in Uhiya, Gorkha. Food prices increased many folds after the 2015 earthquake damaged trails and cut off access to supplies. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Santosh Shahi 7TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION The Review highlights the legislations, policies, and programmes directly and indirectly related to SDG2 in Nepal including the country’s Constitution, the Zero Hunger Challenge (ZHC), the Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS), the Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action (FNSPA), the Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Plan (MSNP), and the 14th Plan. The Review also considers the recently approved “Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) Mainstreaming Strategy” developed by MoALD. There is no dearth of FSN policies in Nepal. However, policy coherence and implementation present a challenge. It will be important for Nepal to integrate the economic, social, environmental, and governance dimensions of sustainable development at all stages of domestic and international policy making for FSN in the country. While Nepal should be applauded for finalizing their Constitution, it will not address all of the political economy and programmatic actions that need to be undertaken to achieve SDG2. Implementation of the Constitution requires the formulation and enactment of several laws. In this regard, the government, through the Parliament, enacted the Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act on September 18, 2018. This Act will ensure the fundamental right of citizens of Nepal to food, food security and food sovereignty. Likewise, the process to promulgate the Land Use Act is also underway. The above-mentioned policies are strong and standalone for improving FSN and agriculture. However, there are redundancies across the policies. Collaboration among the originators could be stronger to avoid confusion across funding lines and monitoring at local levels and make programming more effective and efficient. These policies will also need to be modified in the context of the new institutional arrangements under the Constitution. It will be important to understand to what extent the local government level is prepared to undertake the expanded roles and responsibilities vested on them by the new institutional arrangement. Vertical coordination needs to be done in the immediate term in the context of these policies. Establishing a truly multi-sectoral, sustained, unified FSN programme to achieve SDG2 by 2030 requires horizontal coordination of programmes with implementing partners. The ADS and MSNP acknowledge barriers to intra-government collaboration between the government and development partners implementing programmes. There are issues of competing priorities and resource availability and allocation. There are also a variety of funding mechanisms and timelines between donors. Implementation will need to be decentralised, but the decentralisation process is just beginning in Nepal. It will be difficult for the province and local governments to implement the various policies without support from the federal level. District agencies currently established under the Provincial Government such as Agriculture Knowledge Centre and Veterinary Hospital and Specialist Service Centres do not yet have full autonomy, necessary human resources and systems for programme prioritisation, sector coordination, or capacity building and training. Nepal’s more frequent government staff changes and fluctuation at central and local levels for key positions within each sector is also problematic. Further, policies and programmes need to be evaluated to ensure that they are “nutrition sensitive” and take a food system approach to implementation. This Review shows that the policies in Nepal fair well on their incorporation of nutrition but less so on food systems. Policies also need to ensure that our food systems and diets are more sustainable. An analysis shows that the ADS contained more actions that were “sustainable” for diets. Lastly, social protection and gender empowerment should be mainstreamed across all SDG2 planning to ensure that no one is left behind and that vulnerable, resource-poor households are prioritised. Although the government has promulgated several policies which contribute to FSN such as the Zero Hunger Challenge, ADS, and FNSPA, a single overarching FSN policy that is aligned with SDG2 and Nepal’s federal governance system is lacking. Women from Rautahat district have access to agricultural services after enrolling themselves in the Rural Women Economic Empowerment programme, a joint United Nations project. Photo credit: WFP/Santosh Shahi 7TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Strong institutions lead to better service delivery. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA 9TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION With the Constitution of Nepal having been formalised, new institutional arrangements are now taking place in the country which have implications for the way the country coordinates its FSN activities, both vertically from central to local levels, and horizontally with development partners at respective level. The Constitution has divided powers and authorities among federal, provincial, and local government levels. Constitutionally, they have requisite authorities, powers, and rights for most of the activities related to FSN. Policies such as the Zero Hunger Challenge (ZHC), ADS, FNSPA, and MSNP have proposed several coordination committees and horizontal coordination structures at federal, regional, district, and local levels. However, these arrangements and institutional mechanisms have to be revisited considering the on-going state restructuring processes and legislative, judicial, and executive power and authorities vested to provincial and local level governments. The federal government will have a decisive role in coordinating actions across ministries and government offices down to the local level, channelling donor and civil society efforts, and developing compelling narratives around nutrition as a poverty reduction priority. VERTICAL COORDINATION Since the present Constitution has mandated most of the FSN related functions to sub-national level governments (provincial and local levels), strong collaboration and synergistic functioning among the federal, provincial, and local governments will be required. The Constitution has two clear implications for the governance of the food and nutrition sector: (1) devolution of authority and autonomy to the seven provincial governments as well as to the local levels and (2) local level governments functioning under elected executives, who will be able to determine their own policy priorities and plan, implement, supervise, monitor, and evaluate development activities in their areas. Given that the government in the federal set-up cannot function in the way it did in the unitary set-up, there will be a need to identify areas where reforms are needed. A key issue is to search for an institutional mechanism and process which will result in synergistic results and contribute to the achievement of the SDG2 targets. Likewise, a strong coordination and collaboration between provincial and local governments is a must for achieving SDG2. A prospective proposal is to establish a provincial level Food and Nutrition Security Steering Committee (PFNSSC) represented in each of the seven provinces with representation from the government, cooperatives, farmers’ organisations, private sector, and academia, as a coordinating body. Questions arise such as: How the provincial Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives 10 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Home based livestock rearing in Saptari district, not only supports the family food needs but also provide an opportunity for additional income generation. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Santosh Shahi or Ministry of Health will be capacitated? How will the powers and authorities be distributed among the different agencies in the province? What mechanisms will allow them to function synergistically and share the data and information with the centre (federal structure) and local levels? The Constitution has dissolved the District Development Committees (DDC) by establishing District Coordination Committees (DCC) and giving them the role for coordinating the programmes of municipalities and rural municipalities, monitoring development programmes, providing suggestions for solutions, coordinating with provincial and federal governments for capacity development of municipalities and rural municipalities, and organising annual workshops to review progress in the district. Under the federal governance system, 753 local- government institutions have been established which include Metropolitan city, Sub-metropolitan city, Municipality, and Rural municipality. Given that the Constitution has recognised the local level as the third and grassroots level government with legislative, judicial, and executive powers and authorities, most of the activities which will contribute to achieving the targets set as part of SDG2 are to be performed by these agencies in their respective jurisdictions. Questions arise such as: How to fill in the gaps that could be seen at the district level in the absence of district agencies? Will 753 local governments be able to take on the full responsibilities currently undertaken by the district level agencies? What institutional arrangement could be conceived at the district level keeping SDG2 at the centre? As actual implementation takes place at the Ward level and the Local Government Operation Act has delineated roles and responsibilities for the Ward Committee including in the areas of health, nutrition, and agriculture, the coordinating mechanism for FSN should also be extended to the Ward level. The likelihood of SDG2 being prioritized by any local government’s plan is low as their highest priority will generally be infrastructure development as exemplified by one of the rural municipalities, which allocated 50% of their total annual budget to infrastructure but only 15% to economic development, which includes agriculture, livestock, industries, commerce, and tourism in fiscal year 2017/18. There will need to be incentives put in place to motivate local governments to act, invest, and champion for FSN. Clarity in the roles of federal, provincial, and local level government institutions is necessary for better coordination, but more is needed. In addition to clarity, commitment of the concerned agencies is also required. Following clarity and commitment, what is necessary is the capacity to follow through. Therefore, key challenges and gaps which are currently seen with respect to the SDGs are related to the 3Cs: local-government institutions have been established which include Metropolitan city, Sub- metropolitan city, Municipality, and Rural municipality. 753 11TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 11TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Harvesting brings the whole village together. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA clarity, commitment, and capacity. These should be supported with appropriate incentives which should be tangibly earmarked in performance evaluations and government officials should be held accountable to making progress on reducing food insecurity and decreasing the burdens of malnutrition. At present, none of the local governments (municipalities, rural municipalities, sub- municipalities) have long-term development plans. However, several of them have begun to formulate these either from their own sources or with external assistance. Therefore, it is timely that local governments should be encouraged and assisted to incorporate SDG2 in their long-term plans. If needed, the National Planning Commission (NPC) should be prepared to send guidelines to the local level to incorporate the SDG targets and actions. This should be considered as one of the minimum conditions to receive federal grants. HORIZONTAL COORDINATION The sheer number of partners makes it incredibly complex for the government to coordinate activities, resources, and data systems. The funding streams to these partners, with different timelines and different objectives, sometimes not aligning with the government’s policies, can make coordination complicated and messy. As SDG2 is multi-dimensional and has multi-sectoral targets requiring engagement of different stakeholders in a coordinated manner, the representation of civil society, the private sector, and academia in the Committees will make SDG2 implementation much easier through enhanced coordination. It is too early to tell how the development partners such as NGOs and the UN will adjust and “fit into” the new government institutional arrangements. It will be important to understand how to reach the most in need, which means understanding how to make things work collectively at the local levels. With the NPC leading the coordination of the three main plans – the MSNP, ADS, and FNSP — mechanisms that will vertically coordinate federal, provincial, district, ward, and local levels must be clarified. At the federal level, the NPC should frequently assess and refocus their efforts by overseeing the allocation of funding, monitoring progress on outcomes, and integrating ministries. For this analysis to be successful, the NPC needs high-level political support and appropriate funding. The national and local governments should create legal frameworks, technical capacities, and incentives to transfer resources, share information, and remain accountable to one another and to development partners. The UN, international and local NGOs and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), academia and researchers, and private sector actors are essential partners in the design, planning, and implementation of Nepal’s various FSN plans. The NPC and other government structures must oversee and manage the coordination of multiple layers of organizations working in nutrition-sensitive agriculture and food system approaches. With the many activities proposed, progress tracking platforms and accountability mechanisms must be instilled to ensure smooth implementation. In addition, the three policies have distinct implementation mechanisms that must be coordinated by the NPC, making it unclear if this coordination will streamline activities towards SDG2 or simply create additional complications. The likelihood of SDG2 being prioritized by any local government’s plan is low as exemplified by one of the rural municipalities, which allocated 50% of their total annual budget to infrastructure but only 15% to economic development. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Children participate in early grade reading activities that form an integral part of their curriculum in the schools of Mid and Far Western Nepal. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Deepesh Shrestha 13TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLITICAL COMMITMENT, CONSENSUS, AND COORDINATION The government must mobilise political commitment to facilitate consensus and cooperation across multiple sectors. To do this, the government will need to improve linkages between the national and local arenas and ensure that the work of civil society, development actors, the private sector, and donors support government officials in sustaining FSN efforts over the long run. To build political commitment, consensus, and meaningful coordination on food and nutrition issues, Nepal could: n Support existing food and nutrition champions. n Use relevant platforms and events to promote food and nutrition policies. n Work with mass media and social media to highlight credible indicators and to promote greater attention to food and nutrition issues. n Build greater consensus within policy communities on food and nutrition indicators and multi-sectoral approaches. n Strengthen cohesion within civil society groups that focus on food and nutrition. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Successful food and nutrition governance will depend on the capacity of various actors to effectively provide a spectrum of services necessary in national agriculture, food security, and nutrition programmes. It is clear that the government understands the dearth of capacity in the country, and many amongst NGOs and within the donor communities are working to help build the capacity that is necessary for the scale up of FSN activities. The MSNP and ADS have built in comprehensive capacity objectives and activities into their overall plans. However, Nepal has room to improve its management capacity across systems, infrastructure, and human skillsets, which would reduce the barriers to achieving SDG2. The lack of FSN-related human resources is an obstacle for implementing FSN interventions. The government, particularly at the local level, lacks the adequate human resources, infrastructure, and institutionalised system to effectively function. While policy and institutional arrangements are important for achieving SDG2, challenges of having a coherent enabling environment – one that consists of policy commitment and cohesive coordination, robust capacity, sound data monitoring systems and accountability – are key for Nepal. To achieve the motto of “No one left behind” in the context of FSN, strong partnerships that work in a collaborative, coordinated way will require new cultures and modalities of working together. While the gaps and challenges highlighted in this Review are significant, there is much that Nepal can do in the context of the SDG agenda to build capacity and credibility and improve data monitoring systems. The key is to ensure that actions trickle down vertically and do not just focus on the central level but also on local level accountability and empowerment. The MSNP and ADS have built in comprehensive capacity objectives and activities into their overall plans. 14 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SERVICE DELIVERY Service delivery is more effective when channelled through decentralised structures and accompanied by active political parties and technical support from government ministries and donors. Having reliable nutrition data and performance indicators also leads to better delivery. Training programmes and salary incentives can also contribute. Those in remote areas are often missed and; therefore, have the worst FSN outcomes. Service delivery needs to focus on reaching the most remote and marginalised people. RESULTS BASED FRAMEWORKS When examining the results-based frameworks of Nepal’s food, nutrition, and agriculture policies, it is important to ask what is the evidence base for the proposed activities and what outcomes are most practical to collect data on. Some of the indicators in these policies will be difficult to collect due to their vagueness, qualitative nature, lack of validation, or not being “SMART” – specific, measurable, achievable, reliable, and time-bound. The ADS and MSNP five- year targets for nutrition are aligned, which is a great step. However, how can the frameworks across the plans be better synergised? There are a number of systems and surveys in Nepal that are involved in FSN monitoring and evaluation. All of the ministries are tapping into large information systems but these systems are siloed by sectors and mandates. Thought and time should be taken to integrate data into one FSN database and build capacity to manage these systems and act on data as opposed to just collecting information. DATA MANAGEMENT At present, Nepal’s SDG report provides targets, indicators, data sources, level of disaggregation, frequency of data collection, and agencies responsible for data management. This is important for monitoring and evaluation; however, prior to this, it is necessary to identify a lead ministry or agency responsible for achieving a particular target and making it mandatory for the team (lead and supporting ministries) to develop appropriate strategies to achieve a particular target based on their sector-specific long-term strategy or plan. In addition, the NPC is looking at each programme based on their contribution to the SDGs and modelling budget allocations accordingly. Indeed, this will reveal the financial requirements by target as well. This is a commendable task and is necessary but not adequate. Given that most of the targets and indicators require collaborative and synergistic efforts, there will be a need to identify lead and supporting ministries or agencies. Unless the responsible lead and supporting ministries are identified for each target and indicator, achieving the SDGs will be challenging. Having reliable nutrition data and performance indicators can lead to better delivery. This often means that local ownership of outcome data on the nutrition programmes is important and should be encouraged. However, this ownership requires data collection at regular intervals. Increased frequency of data observations to monitor progress to ensure that accurate and timely data can provide better response times to re-evaluate programmes. Collecting FSN, agriculture, and food system outcome data at regular intervals, especially in highly dynamic and fragile contexts within Nepal, is of critical importance. Why? Because frequent data observations to monitor progress are preferable to the development of detailed indicators that are hard to collect and analyse. Regularly updated and well-collected data is crucial for identifying coverage gaps and for preventing and responding to emerging crises among the most vulnerable, such as with natural disasters and climate change. Collecting data in a frequent and reliable manner is key to expanding political commitment, tracking progress, and allocating needed funding for FSN initiatives. The issue of reliable data availability and management will come to the forefront with the new Service delivery is more effective when channelled through decentralised structures and accompanied by active political parties and technical support from government ministries and donors. The capacities of the 753 local bodies differ. While some local bodies are highly capable in collecting data, others lack the necessary resources. Unless the responsible lead and supporting ministries are identified for each target and indicator, achieving the SDGs will be challenging.  Local vegetable markets offer farmers a venue not only to sell their produce but also interact with other producers. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA 15TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Women join in the annual harvesting in Doti district. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA When looking at investments towards FSN, Nepal ranks low against 152 other countries and is low even for the region. Agriculture is underinvested. institutional arrangements. The capacities of the 753 local bodies differ. While some local bodies are highly capable in collecting data, others lack the necessary resources. The situation is further aggravated by their inadequate knowledge and skills to collect, manage, and utilise data. Many local government authorities are not even aware what kinds of data are needed to monitor the SDG2 targets. Sensitising responsible local government authorities on the SDG2 targets, along with the importance of reliable data, is urgent. Furthermore, data collectors and processors require robust and practical hands-on training with regards to data type, collection, analysis, and utilisation using the whole “data value chain” approach. In this respect, it is necessary to establish an independent institution that targets five to six municipalities and entrusts them with undertaking data collection, management, and support services in a cluster of municipalities. FINANCING AND BUDGETING Predictable financing sources are so important to sustaining FSN interventions and actions. The country could increase its funding and coordinate its budgets that will be required to make progress on SDG2. When looking at investments towards FSN, Nepal ranks low against 152 other countries and is low even for the region. Agriculture is underinvested. The allocation of funding needs to be agreed upon between the main stakeholders and they must ensure that funding is protected in national budgets and effectively and transparently managed. Alternative sources of funding should also be mobilised. Centralised funding mechanisms should be used to generate greater incentives to cooperate in the design, implementation, and monitoring of nutrition and agriculture interventions. By contrast, if line ministries mobilise funding from a wide array of sources, they are accountable to external rather than domestic funding sources. The government has recently established the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission and is also in the process of developing a framework for fiscal transfer. In this regard, as suggested by a recent study of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) on foreign aid mobilization in federal Nepal, roles of national and subnational institutions need to be reviewed so that a federal- specific and sector-wide approach could be followed and an aid management platform established to make aid more effective and incorporate the role of the federal states. BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNED Smiles abound as children get to practice their learning in basic sanitation and hygiene in the school. Developing water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools contribute to continuing efforts at the household level to lower diarrhoeal diseases and combat malnutrition. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Deepesh Das Shrestha 17TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION LESSONS FROM NEPAL In order to formulate recommendations, taking stock of best practices and lessons learned stemming from Nepal and other countries is necessary. Nepal has seen incredible progress on reducing hunger and improving nutrition during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era through its commitment to Scaling Up Nutrition Movement (SUN) and its robust policies and programmes carried out by the government and also key development partners such as the UN, USAID, international and local NGOs, and local CSOs. However, greater gains can be achieved during the SDG implementation phase. While the plans in place for agriculture and nutrition are robust, lessons learned from the last decade show that these will need to be increased coordination between stakeholders and that everyone, including the private sector, will need to be under the same monitoring and evaluation schemes. Policies and programmes need to be scaled up but also need to be localised with involvement of local governments and other local actors. The focus needs to be on the most vulnerable in the most remote areas. With the conclusion of the Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP), progress was made in improving agriculture but more political will and better organization was needed. The plan also needed better monitoring and evaluation and the flexibility to make changes when needed. Agriculture will need to be ramped up with more private sector investment. The first MSNP was implemented in 30 districts with mixed success. It brought together many actors but there was a need for more ownership among others as well as better coordination and clear assignments of roles and responsibilities as well as commitments of time and funding and sharing of data and other information. To drive down stunting figures further, there will need to be much more targeted implementation reaching the most vulnerable households and thinking beyond traditional interventions to those more nutrition sensitive broader sectors. LESSONS FROM DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS Nepal’s development partners also call for greater coordination as well as a uniform approach in programme timing, funding, and implementation  More than 600,000 school children receive nutritious mid-day meals in government schools across the country. The national school meals programme represents a significant social safety net, serving as a strong incentive to keep children in school. PHOTO CREDIT WFP Social protection and nutrition are intrinsically linked by the fact that poverty is a key underlying cause of malnutrition. 18 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION among all partners as well as mechanisms to hold these partners accountable. Programmes need to have longer timelines as many of the problems are too complex for meaningful progress to be made in a few years. There also needs to be more thoughtful consideration of the local context to design effective programmes that cover the entire local population and reach the most vulnerable. Often programmes are scaled up by increasing the number of districts covered instead of covering more people in each district so the most vulnerable are left behind. Additional efforts to reach the most remote areas are needed. There also needs to be better planning to prevent duplicating efforts between partners. LESSONS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES Lessons from other countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, and Vietnam, all of which have seen significant reductions in food insecurity and stunting, can be garnered for Nepal. Sound political commitment, robust financing, vertical and horizontal coordination, and increased service capacity were all success factors in these countries. For countries to make progress on FSN, they must make a political commitment. Governments must acknowledge the importance of nutrition and prioritise taking action through creating a nutrition agenda, formulating and implementing nutrition policies and programmes, and setting up nutrition- relevant structures. Sufficient and well-organized financing is required for any policies or programmes to succeed and for countries to make progress on FSN. Multi-sectoral action in many areas including health, agriculture, education, and transportation is required. Progress requires consensus building and coordination between government, international organisations, NGOs, CSOs, communities, and the private sector. Effective and coordinated policies are critical but these also need to be successfully implemented to achieve results. This requires clear delineation of each actor’s roles and responsibilities as well as the capacity for each actor to carry out any required actions and reach those most in need, which  Kamala Devi in Doti district has started goat rearing in her home with money received in exchange for working to build an irrigation scheme in her community. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Deepesh Das Shrestha 19TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION A joint project between UN Women, WFP, FAO and IFAD: “Accelerating Progress towards the Economic Empowerment of Rural Women”, has been implemented in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, Niger, Kyrgyzstan, Rwanda, and Nepal. The project aims to improve rural women’s food and nutrition security, increase their incomes, enhance their decision-making power, and encourage policy environments conducive to their economic empowerment. The project leverages each UN agency’s comparative advantages and institutional strengths to generate more sustainable and wider-scale improvements in women’s livelihoods and lives. In Guatemala and Rwanda, policies and programmes are being shaped to benefit rural women under Rural women economic empowerment. The Guatemalan Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food and its gender unit are benefitting from gender best practices identified during the implementation of Purchases for Progresses. These are being utilized to create an institutional gender policy, to deliver capacity development for government staff, and to provide technical support for rural extension staff, as well as to strengthen participation and empowerment of women in farmers’ organizations. Similarly, in Ethiopia, government organizations are being supported to reform policy in ways that promote women’s rights to land and social protection. In Nepal, the joint programme “RUWEE” has been led by UN Women in partnership with WFP, FAO, and IFAD and has not only improved women farmers’ agricultural production and incomes, but also changed gender-discriminatory attitudes of their male counterparts. The programme is currently supporting 3,400 rural women and their families in 30 erstwhile Village Development Committees of the three districts of Sarlahi, Sindhuli, and Rautahat. As more women farmers take up leadership roles, the programme is also helping to break gender stereotypes and change cultural attitudes. requires capacity at the local levels and community- empowerment. Monitoring and evaluation are also essential to achieve equitable results. Transparency is key to allow for monitoring and evaluation and provide an opportunity to modify programmes to improve their effectiveness and evidence for future efforts and accountability is needed to ensure that policies have the desired effects and are a responsible use of funds. Social protection is a key strategy to address hunger and malnutrition by protecting the most vulnerable from further risk. Social protection and nutrition are intrinsically linked by the fact that poverty is a key underlying cause of malnutrition. However, social protection can also be made more nutrition sensitive. Women’s empowerment is key to end hunger and malnutrition and has been found to be the most important determinant of food security. A study in several low- and middle-income countries between 1970 and 1975 found that 43% of the reduction in hunger was due to women’s education and 12% was due to increased life expectancy for women, while only 26% was due to increased food availability and 19% due to increased healthcare (Smith and Haddad, 2000). Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is an underlying determinant of infectious diseases, especially diarrheal disease. When people suffer from an infectious disease, they have increased nutritional needs and when they have environmental enteropathy, they are also unable to absorb and utilise the nutrients that they consume (Ngure et al., 2014). Therefore, improvements in WASH can lead to large improvements in nutrition. One method of improving WASH is through community-led total sanitation, which gives communities control to determine interventions to improve sanitation. HOME BASED LIVESTOCK SUPPORT FOR RURAL WOMEN Expecting a better future... PHOTO CREDIT WFP OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 21TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES This section deals with the opportunity for Nepal itself to achieve the SDG2 targets. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Constitutional Rights and Directives. The constitutional provision of every citizen’s right to food and food sovereignty as well as the right to be protected from a state of hunger creates an enormous opportunity that no one is left behind in achieving food security and nutrition, which is the crux of SDG2.1. In addition, the Food Law 1970, which is about maintaining food safety and quality, requires all food processors to get licenses from the government and maintain the standards as prescribed by the act which makes contributions to SDG 2.2. This chapter presents the major opportunities, key issues, and challenges across the five SDG2 target areas to achieve SDG2 by 2030 in Nepal. The opportunities are defined in terms of the enabling environment and implementation aspects. While the enabling environment consists of constitutional provisions, political commitment, and devolution of service delivery to local levels; the implementation aspects are focused on investment and the best practices stemming from the Nepalese experience as well as other country experiences. The opportunities, issues, and challenges summarised in this chapter have been drawn from the review of the contemporary studies, reports, and challenges/opportunities discussions at three national level consultations, seven sub-national consultations and 15 community level discussions, as well as issue-based focus group discussions with professionals from academia and development practitioners. The Consititution has also directed the government to make necessary arrangements for (a) protecting and promoting rights and interests of peasants and utilising the Land Use Policy for increasing production and productivity of agriculture and for commercialisation, industrialisation, diversification, and modernisation of agriculture; (b) making proper utilisation of land through regulation and management on the basis of productivity and also by maintaining an environmental balance; and (c) making arrangements for agricultural tools and access to markets with appropriate prices for producers. These directives are critical opportunities for increasing food security and moving towards sustainable food systems while maintaining genetic diversity. These arrangements are critical for achieving SDGs 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. The Constitution also guarantees social justice and affirmative action for 22 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION women, Dalits, indigenous groups, the Madhesi community, Muslims, and other marginalised or excluded groups. This provides opportunities for reaching everyone and leaving no one behind. A High Level of Policy Support and Commitment from the Federal to the Local Level. The government has begun to take a number of steps to localise and take action towards achieving the SDGs, not only by establishing institutional mechanisms, but also by mainstreaming the SDGs into national plans and programmes, including the 14th Three Year Plan and major sectorial plans (MoF, 2017). The SDG codes are also assigned to all programmes in the national budget. The formulation of the ten-year Zero Hunger Challenge National Action Plan (ZHCN) and Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action (FNSPA) has added further to these national preparations. The government envisages the FNSPA to become instrumental in reducing the high rates of chronic malnutrition and its outcomes such as stunting, underweight, wasting, and obesity, which will be complimented by the MSNP II (2018-2022). The commitment of multi-sectoral ministries and agencies to the MSNPII reflects a good opportunity for the FSN sector. The government commitment to modernise Nepalese agriculture from subsistence to commercial is reflected in the ADS which was formulated in the face of common challenges such as climate change, food price volatility, low productivity, and water stresses. In addition to multi-sectorial policies such as the ADS, ZHCN, and FNSPA, several sectorial policies such as the Irrigation Policy, Agro-biodiversity, and Agri-business Promotion Policy are already in place. Initiatives to institutionalise the Nepal Food Security Monitoring System at local levels demonstrates a high- level policy commitment to FSN from the federal to the local level. Service Delivery Authorities Devolved to the Local Government. Agricultural extension’s direct reach to farmers has been surprisingly low despite over half a century of effort. It is estimated that about 15% of farmers are getting services from government extension. This has been recognised as one of the reasons for low productivity of agriculture in general as well as sub-standard agricultural products. With the constitutional provision for agricultural extension and nutrition services as the exclusive responsibility of local government, opportunities for increasing access of this service to the people, particularly small- holders and nutritionally vulnerable groups have increased manyfold. The government has already promulgated the Local government Operation Act 2017. Persuant to this act, many local governments have already started to draft Food and Nutrition Security related polices and strategies for their consituencies. This provides an opportunity for extending integrated food security and nutrition finances and services in remote and hard to reach areas as well ensuring that elected leaders are accountable to their consituencies. This is more likely to be so with the guidance from the local governments and formation of Ward level Nutrition and Food Security Steering Committees as proposed in MSNP II and emphasised in this report. Open Border Phenomena. The open border between Nepal and India is an opportunity for Nepal in the area of FSN, although it could be a challenge as well. Trade between these two countries takes place both formally and informally, including cross-border sale of agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertiliser as well as agricultural products which include food grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products, eggs, and live animals. Nepal, as a net importer of many of India’s products and inputs, and many Nepalese farmers buy inputs from Indian farmers informally using their networks, which goes unrecorded. Although this appears as a crises management strategy to Nepalese farmers to plant and apply seed and fertiliser on time, cross-border phenomena occur whenever the price differences for any inputs and outputs exist between the bordering markets in these two countries. Usually, market prices of both inputs and outputs are low in India due to heavy subsidies and support to Indian farmers by both Federal and State Governments. This has created opportunities for Nepalese farmers to obtain agricultural goods at cheaper prices which contributes to their food security and nutrition. IMPLEMENTATION Multi-stakeholder Investment. Although flow of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Nepal, including grants, loans and technical assistance has nearly tripled in the last 15 years (Nepal SDGs Final Report NPC, 2017), for successful implementation of the SDGs, there will be a need for increased, substantial and sustained investment. According to a recent report, a preliminary estimate of the annual investment requirement for the entire SDG period, 2016-2030, ranges between 42 to 54% of the GDP (Nepal SDGs Sustainable Development Goals, Status and Roadmap, 2016-2030). The average requirement is estimated to be about Rs 1770 billion per year, or 49% of GDP over the entire duration of the SDGs. The preliminary assessment reveals that 55% of the total investment requirement will be shouldered by the public sector. In addition to this, the foremost public sector investment priority goes to sectors like poverty reduction, followed by agriculture and health. Needless to say, increased investment in poverty, agriculture, and health sector essentially reflects increased investment in FSN. This excludes additional investment to be made for National Pride Projects falling under the irrigation sector. Although the ODA investment in agriculture sector was 25% higher in 2016/17 compared to 2015/16, the investment in agriculture is not among the top five sectors in which ODA contributes. The top sectors are education followed by local development, housing, and drinking water. Of the total national budget allocation, 6.44% was allocated to the SDG 2 in FY 2016/17 (MoF 2017) which was slightly low in FY 2017/18 at a tune of 6.05% indicating the need for enhanced political commitment toward the SDG2 (MoF, 2018). Apart from the public sector investment, the FSN sector has been attracting substantial investments from the private sector as well. Most of the externally assisted projects have included a “matching grant” instrument in their assistance of which farmer groups, private firms, producer associations, and cooperatives invest in small agriculture-related infrastructure and projects 23TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION such as small irrigation schemes, collection centres, seeds and grain stores, home nutritional gardens (HNG), dairy and meat processing plants, and poultry production. In addition to this, the government has amended several agricultural related acts and regulations such as the Seed Act 1999, Seed Regulation 2013, Water Resources Act 1992, and Irrigation Rule 2013 in order to attract investment from the private sector. Nepal has been included as one of 12 countries to receive the second phase of the U.S. Global Food Security Initiative, Feed the Future. The World Bank’s Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP)’s assistance has been extended for the Food and Nutrition Security Enhancement Project, as well as UN support from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). WFP’s renewed support for programmes like food/cash for work and the Food for Education Programme are indicative of investment opportunities for the SDG2 implementation in general and FSN sector in particular. Many development partners including but not limited to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank (WB), the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom (DFID), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), WFP and International NGOs (INGOs) such as Oxfam GB, Care Nepal, Hellen Keller International, Good Neighbours International and Mercy Corps are active in Nepal’s FSN sector. According to a MoF report, the number of NGOs working in Nepal has grown significantly and a total of 39,759 NGOs and 189 International Non-Governmental Organizations were registered in Nepal between 1977 and 2014 in various sectors, including health, agriculture, poverty alleviation, and good governance (MoF, 2017). The volume of aid disbursement from INGOs’ core funding has increased from 168.39 million USD in FY 2015-16 to 186.53 million USD in FY 2016-17. INGOs’ contribution in areas like service delivery, advocacy, and awareness raising is remarkable. Increased participation of INGOs across Nepal’s development initiatives is an opportunity for Nepal to piggyback on its own commitments towards SDG achievements. The INGOs, however, need to be more transparent in programme and fund channelling and compliance to government regulations. One of the general and crucial issues that Nepal faces is the efficient management of the resources including timely spending of the allocated funds and achieve targeted results. If SDG targets are to be achieved by 2030, Nepal must pay serious attention to the capacity enhancement of the human resources, especially in the area of resource management, integrity, honesty, accountability, transparency coordination and synergy development. Country Experience in Food Security and Nutrition. Nepal has made strides in achieving FSN. Over the years, it has gained invaluable experience and lessons in managing FSN projects and programmes such as MSNP, Agriculture and Food Security Programme (AFSP), Suaahara II, Sunaula Hazar Din, Nepal Innovation Lab, KISAN, and the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernisation Programme. These lessons provide an opportunity for Nepal to make even greater progress and reach the last several miles, especially for the most vulnerable, including women, children, elderly persons, disabled persons, ethnic and caste minorities, the poor, and those living in remote areas, as well as others. Programmes need to reach these people and places, and go deeper with high-quality, sustained actions. While policy and institutional arrangements are important for achieving SDG2, challenges of having a coherent enabling environment – one that consists of policy commitment and cohesive coordination, robust capacity, sound data monitoring systems and accountability – are key for Nepal. To ensure “no one is left behind” in the context of FSN, strong partnerships that work in a collaborative and coordinated way will require new cultures and modalities of working together. It is very important to formulate and approve appropriate legislation and programmatic action following the spirit of the Constitution that guarantees food to every citizen of Nepal. While the goal is lofty, real action on the ground will be demonstrated by implementing the goals of the Constitution. Faster the implementation of the Right to Food and Food Soverignty Act 2018 through the formulation of necessary Regulation as per Section 46 of the Act, greater the probability of achieving SDG2 within the specfied time frame. Enhanced clarity in the roles of federal, provincial, and local government institutions is critical for better coordination, but more is needed. In addition to clarity, commitment of the concerned agencies is also required. This should be supported with appropriate incentives which should be tangibly earmarked in performance evaluations and government officials should be held accountable to make progress on reducing food insecurity and decreasing the burden of malnutrition. It is estimated that about 15% of farmers are receiving government extension services 24 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Nearly 8.1% of the total population (23.2 million) are undernourished in Nepal (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO 2017). Nationally defined poverty is recorded at 21.6% in 2015 compared to 31% in 2004 (NPC 2017). TARGET 2.1: ENDING HUNGER KEY ISSUES Poverty, hunger and undernourishment. Using an international benchmark for extreme poverty (1.25 USD per day), Nepal has made substantial progress in reducing poverty, nationally defined poverty is recorded at 21.6% in 2015 compared to 31% in 2004 (NPC 2017). Improvements have been reported not only in terms of monetary indicators, but also against multi-dimensional measures which are drawn from a wide range of sources: key informant interviews, consultations with academic, civil society, and government leaders; particiaptory works; academic research, the national development plan, the constitution and the SDGs. According to a recent report, in 2013, Nepal was highlighted particularly for the reduction of the global MPI from 2006-2011. During this period, Nepal reduced acute multi-dimensional poverty, as measured by the global MPI, faster in annualized terms than any other country of the 34 countries covered (NPC 2018). The overall multi-dimensional poverty headcount ratio in Nepal in 2014 was reported between 26.2 and 31.0% of the population, the rural poverty head count ratio is much higher than for urban areas. While 80% of the population resided in rural areas in 2014, more than 90% of them were multi-dimensionally poor. According to a recent State of Food Security and Nutrion Report 2017, nearly 8.1% of the total population (23.2 million) are undernourished in Nepal (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO 2017). Despite promising progress in mitigating hunger, as measured by the Zero Hunger Index (ZHI) which reported substantial improvement with 21.9 in 2016, the country is still considered to have a serious hunger and food insecurity issue (ZHI score higher than 20 is considered serious) (IFPRI 2017). Safe, hygenic and nutritious food supply. Nepal still struggles in meeting high standards of safe, nutritious diets for the entire population. There are still issues of a lack of dietary diversity, but at the same time, the sale of ultra-processed foods that are high in sugar, fat and salt are increasingly in high demand and sold everywhere, even in remote mountaneous districts such as Humla. The distribution of sub-standard and inedible food has reached the Supreme Court of Nepal. Responding to a case filed by some petitioners, the Supreme court has ordered the government to assist in improving the productivity of agricultural land, to check the quality of food grains supplied by neighbours and the international community before distributing during disasters, to operate regional labs, and to blacklist organisations that commit irregularity in the course of distributing food grains. This reflects the Nepalese people’s concerns over the quality of food which is provided as assistance or which is purchased. CHALLENGES Identification of households below the poverty line. Identifying those who are most food insecure in the country is a challenge because of the lack of disaggregated data of intensity of food insecurity and food security in all communities and constituencies of local government. The government has identified poor households in 26 districts and distributed Poverty Card in 5 districts. It can be assumed that many poor households are food insecure and suffer from hunger, as poverty is directly related to hunger. Yet, there are many more that need to be “counted” and identified in 51 districts. There are several tools that help in identifying the poor households and households with increased intensity of food insecurity such as FAO’s Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Reaching hard to reach people. Providing food security and nutrition to every person is a Herculean task for Nepal due to biasness in food distribution not only among provinces, districts, local government constituencies and communities, but also among the members within a household. Quite often, nutritionally vulnerable people can be difficult to reach, and agencies require extra efforts and resources to reach them. However, the tendency of agencies is to work with the people and communities that are easy to approach and can grasp the ideas quickly. Because of the complexity associated with vulnerable populations, they have been left behind by development even with targeted efforts. Therefore, creating employment, including income generating opportunities for the poor and vulnerable, requires business other than the usual and an expansion of the programmes such as food/cash for work or micro-projects at the household level. TARGET 2.2: ENDING ALL FORMS OF MALNUTRITION KEY ISSUES Targeting women and socially excluded communities lagging behind in terms of nutrition. Nepal’s Constitution does not permit discrimination on the basis of sex. It includes special directives to provide equal opportunities to women and men but variations in the prevalence of undernutrition are seen by age, gender, ethnic and caste group, socio- economic status, and provinces. In most of Nepalese households, women are expected to eat last after feeding all the family members. Furthermore, women do not get access to the best nutritious portions of food, though improvement is gradually taking 25TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Farmers in Mountain districts often use traditional methods for grain processing. PHOTO CREDIT WFP place due to application of instruments related to gender equality and women’s empowerment. Gender inequalities are the most pervasive of all inequalities, and interactions between SDG2 on zero hunger and the SDG5 on gender equality and women’s empowerment along with other SDGs are an essential pre-condition to achieving SDG2. Ending hunger and improving nutrition is not only crucial for women due to their key roles in food production, food preparation and childcare, but also because of their special vulnerabilities related to reproductive health. Promotion of multi-sectoral approach. The causes of nutritional deficiencies are multiple and are interrelated. Therefore, addressing underlying causes of all forms of malnutrition requires multi- sectoral approaches in nutrition as has been envisaged by the MSNP. But sectoral ministries championed to work with sectoral focus guided by disciplinary bias often undermine to integrate nutrition-sensitive actions into the Annual Work Plan and Budget (AWPB). Lack of capacity of sectoral ministries is an issue which needs to be responded to swiftly and appropriately. CHALLENGES Scaling-up nutrition-sensitive training in remote and to vulnerable communities. Importance of nutrition training have been realised at all levels by all stakeholders. However, nutrition training generally targets women, whereas the underlying cause of women and children’s undernutrition lies with men as well. In addition, training hardly reaches to the remote villages and vulnerable communities, and instead is generally organised in accessible areas, market centres and road heads. Thus, training must include not only women, but men, as well as in hard to reach remote places of the country. Training is necessary but not adequate. As discussed earlier, training is necessary but a weak instrument to change behaviour. Underlying causes of malnutrition in Nepal are not solely lack of awareness and ignorance. But poverty, political instability, and country’s geographical conditions contribute to maternal and child malnutrition in Nepal. The power of training increases manifold when it is tied up with income generating activities such as Home Nutrition Gardens (HNGs), popularly known as kitchen gardens. Existing child nutrition status is unacceptable. Nepal has made remarkable progress in reducing stunting in under five years children from 57% in 2001 to 37.3% in 2014 and 36% in 2016 (MoH 2016). However, the existing prevalence is unacceptably high (NPC, 2012). The current average annual rate of reduction of stunting needs to accelerate if Nepal wants to achieve the SDG target of reducing the number of stunted children to 15% by 2030. Addressing inadequate maternal, infant and young child feeding (MIYCF) practices, untreated episodes of acute malnutrition, infections, and deficiencies in 26 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Women from Rautahat district build an irrigation scheme during a joint United Nations project. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Santosh Shahi Nepal has made remarkable progress in reducing stunting in children under five years from 57% in 2001 to 37.3% in 2014 and 36% in 2016 (MoH 2016). micronutrients, all of which constitute immediate and underlying causes of stunting in Nepal, is of critical importance along with addressing wasting. TARGET 2.3: DOUBLING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY Of the several issues and challenges to raise agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, the following issues and challenges are key to achieving SDG target 2.3 in the context of Nepal. These issues and challenges have remained with Nepal for decades, of which the country has not been able to respond effectively despite country’s awareness and commitment to address them. KEY ISSUES Increased land fragmentation, conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes, small farm size and absentee landlordism. Since the 1950s, when the country was finally free after 104 years of autocratic Rana rule, Nepal has been struggling to resolve land management related issues, particularly increased land fragmentation through land consolidation, removing dual ownership of land, ensuring rights of tenants to land and halting the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes. To date, all policies including the “Land Reform Act 1964” and amendements have virtually failed to resolve land issues. Recent years have further witnessed increase in uncontrolled land fragmentation, rampant conversion of arable land to non-agricultural purposes and increase in fallow land (MoLRM 2015). In this regard, the government formulated the Land Use Policy 2015 based on the spirit and letters of sub-Section (e) under Article 51 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, Resolution Motion by the Legislative- Parliament, directions from Legislature–Parliament and Parliamentarian Committees. Prior to this policy, the government had issued, the National Land Use Policy, 2013, which was replaced by aforementioned Land Use Policy 2015 with the objective to manage lands in a sustainable manner by developing a specific land use system through Land Use Plans (LUPs). Appropriately, the policy commits to enact/frame necessary Acts, Rules and Regulations and Directives Rightly, to effectively execute the LUP, but nothing has happened to date to facilitate the implementation of this policy. The LUP has unambiguously identified problems and challenges related to land reform and management and envisaged to ensure, among others, the use of Land and Land Resources (LLRs) on the basis of LUPs for protection of agricultural land, hygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated settlement and sustainable urbanisation. Performance of agricultural innovation systems. The government has accorded autonomy to the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) through the enactment of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Act 1991 and undertaken several rounds of restructuring of the agricultural extension system which include crop, fisheries and livestock services to the local bodies. However, effectiveness and accountability of both agricultural research and extension system remains limited. Access of farmers, particularly small-holder producers to extension service is quite low. A recent study reported that NARC’s projects are mostly mono-disciplinary rather than targeted and issue-based multidisciplinary interventions. The report further goes on to add that NARC’s projects are broad-based and have had some spill over effects on marginal households. Apart from spill over, the report claims, none of NARC’s organisational capital is geared to addressing pro- poor issues in terms of critical mass, teams, policy or flexibility. Investment in agricultural research in Nepal is less than 0.3 percent of agricultural GDP (IFPRI 2017), which is lower than the internationally recommended one percent. Likewise, extension services are poorly organised and weak to deliver 27TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION  Community discussions in Humla, help to identify needs and recognise priorities. PHOTO CREDIT WFP Since the 1950s, Nepal has been struggling to resolve land management related issues, particularly increased land fragmentation, dual ownership of land, and halting the conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural purposes. services. It was said to be devolved in theory but not in practice, controlled by appointed—rather than elected—local government bodies exercising relatively little authority over many aspects of budgeting and employment (Kyle and Resnick 2016). The Constitution of Nepal stipulates that agricultural and livestock development” will be a provincial power (Schedule 6), “agriculture and animal husbandry, agro-products management, animal health, and cooperatives” will be local powers (Schedule 8) and “agriculture” is included in the list of concurrent powers at the federal, provincial, and local levels (Schedule 9). But this has created confusion and uncertainties. The status and performance of the already poor agricultural extension service is further eroded due to lack of effective and timely back-up support and services from the expert subject matter services as the District Agriculture Development Offices (DADOs) and District Livestock Services Offices (DLSOs) have been terminated. CHALLENGES Local government commitment to invest in food security; Agricultural extension service is the key responsibility of the local governments (metropolitan city, sub-metropolitan city, municipality and rural municipality), however, current resource constraints with local governments and their development priorities would not permit them to invest appropriately in the agricultural extension sub-sector. Recent evidence coming from the different districts and activities of the local governments reveal that most are prepared to compromise agricultural extension related outlays with the investment in roads and other physical infrastructure development. The increasing demand for physical infrastructure have forced local governments to invest large portions of their agricultural development budget allocated to them by the federal government to other non-agricultural activities and physical infrastructure development works. Increased feminisation of agriculture. Shortages of agricultural labour in rural areas, due to the mass exodus of men to cities and abroad (gulf countries, Malaysia, India) in search of increased wages and driven by the increase of development, has largely feminised agriculture in Nepal. But a large majority of grassroots agricultural extension workers are male who are hardly aware of strategic and practical needs of women and their farms. Their competency to provide effective transfer of technology services is often questioned. Increasing numbers of grassroot, female agricultural extension workers will be necessary to increase the effective access of women farmers to agricultural extension services and education. Inadequate irrigation Infrastructure. Irrigation is one of the vital inputs to increase agricultural production and productivity. On the one hand, Nepal’s geographic terrain would allow just around 67% of the cultivated land (17, 66,000 ha) to be irrigated despite the country having vast water resources. On the other hand, year round irrigation facilities are available to only 25.2% of the total irrigable land. Unless year the round irrigation facility will be extended to at least 80% of the total arable land, doubling agricultural productivity by 2030 as envisaged by SDG2.3 is remote. The government’s performance record with respect to irrigation related National Pride Projects needs to be improved. Climate change. Nepalese farmers are experiencing adverse effects on agriculture production and productivity due to 28 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Nearly 40% of Terai farmers reported 25% decrease in productivity due to abnormal rainfall patterns. Investment in agricultural research in Nepal is less than 0.3 percent of Agricultural GDP (IFPRI 2017),  Farmers in the field just before the summer monsoon begins in Makwanpur district. Erratic rainfall patterns and rising temperatures in recent years have brought about an increasing urgency to adapt to climate change. PHOTO CREDIT WFP unexpected climate change. Farmers living in the hills and mountains have been losing their crops and livestock due to often and unexpected severe flash floods and resulting landslides. The Terai farmers are losing their crops due to cold waves and heat waves. In addition, many farmers have been reporting the spread of diseases and pests due to weather changes. Timely availability of key inputs. One of the key challenges of farmers during the key cropping seasons is shortage of quality seeds, fertiliser and agricultural machinery, as has been evidenced by low seed replacement rates. The agricultural mechanisation rate is also substantially low. Elite capture of subsidies and grants. The government has introduced several schemes, subsidies and grants to support smallholder producers and targeted groups in recent years. However, reports coming from the field reveal that a large majority of these inputs are often captured by the elite and resource-rich farmers who can actually afford to pay. Ensuring access of these financial schemes for smallholder producers, as well as the poorest of the poor and most vulnerable to government services and facilities is a challenge in Nepal. TARGET 2.4: SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM KEY ISSUES Land degradation. Land degradation is one of the most serious issues for sustainable food systems in Nepal. Cultivable land has been degraded over the years due to improper use of land. The situation is further worsening due to frequently occurring natural calamities such as flash floods, landslides etc. Besides natural disasters, over use of land for agriculture and heavily depended on inorganic chemicals are the major causes for land degradation. Replacing organic manures by inorganic fertilisers for commercial agriculture is increasing land degradation. As a result, land productivity is gradually decreasing over the years. Distribution of subsidized food. The Nepal Food Corporation’s (NFC) subsidised food and food assistance from other organisations have directly impacted local food systems. Because of the food (rice) they are receiving from different organisations, most of the farmers have gradually stopped cultivating local crops such as Uwa, chino, millet, buckwheat etc. and leaving productive land fallow. These crops are well adapted to the local conditions. Because of the rice culture, farmers are not interested in growing local, traditional crops despite these crops having a high nutritional value. If farmers are not encouraged to continue growing these local crops, there is a potential of these crops to be forever lost, not only in fields but also in the genetic material found in local seed banks. CHALLENGES Reforming the food supply and distribution system to reach the poor and chronically food insecure communities in remote areas. One of the key challenges related to sustainable food systems is to make existing food supply and distribution systems effective, strong, capable, contextual and scientific. The supply management is still traditional and has not been able to provide required food items regularly to the poorest and most food insecure. Instead, most of the people who live in the district headquarters have been benefitting from the subsidised food. Diversion of subsidised food from the targeted people and communities to the other non-targeted areas is prevalent due to political pressures. This diversion of limited resources makes for a significant and ethical challenge. Maintaining emergency food stocks. The lack of modern storage structures of adequate capacity in all provinces is also one of the major challenges to maintain the buffer stock of food for three months, as indicated in the Strategy and Action Plan to meet the emergency need at local and district levels. The ten years’ civil war restricted the NFC’s food distribution only to the district headquarters. After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, NFC has not been able to resume the food distribution from all the depots as several depots are still not operational in the remote areas. Due to increased road connectivity, all non-functional depots might not be required. On the basis of current needs, rehabilitation of some depots is necessary for regular food distribution in the remote food insecure areas. TARGET 2.5: MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN AGRO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION KEY ISSUES Agricultural commercialisation. Agricultural commercialisation involves the replacement of subsistence traditional farming systems by specialised enterprises for crop, livestock, poultry and aquaculture products. Commercialisation of agricultural production is a priority of government to feed the ever-growing population and attain high economic growth along with increased employment in the agricultural sector. During the implementation period, traditional varieties, breeds and wild species of food crops have gradually diminished and instead monoculture systems across large arable areas that 29TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has resulted in loss of pollinators and predators, pest resistance to pesticides, human health hazards, and environmental degradation. Unless year the round irrigation facility will be extended to at least 80% of the total arable land, doubling agricultural productivity by 2030 as envisaged by SDG2.3 is remote. favour the spread of homogenous modern varieties / limited improved breeds have been promoted. This potential loss of genetic diversity creates an amicable environment for insects/ disease epidemics and potential failure of agriculture systems, particularly in the context of climate change. The replacement of genetically diverse farmers’ varieties by modern varieties is a serious concern for plant breeders. Key Weak policy and regulatory framework. The agriculture policy of the country favours monoculture cropping systems and promotes improved crop varieties and exotic breeds to obtain high agriculture production which contradicts with conservation policies and undermines the maintenance of varietal/breed diversity on farms. Nepal’s Seed Act does not prioritise informal or farmer-to-farmer seed management systems. Similarly, the agriculture extension system primarily concentrates on promoting modern technologies with little knowledge on the historical traditional varieties and traditional farming practices. CHALLENGES Misuse and abuse of agrochemicals. Intensive agriculture management with high use of agrochemicals is practiced widely across the country. Misuse and abuse of pesticides in intensive farming are quite common in Nepal. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has resulted in loss of pollinators and predators, pest resistance to pesticides, human health hazards, and environmental degradation from toxic residues in food, water, air and soil, and disruption of ecosystems. Initiatives on integrated best management / integrated disease management (IPM/IDM) have been undertaken to reduce hazardous effect of these chemicals, but limited success has been achieved yet (Palikhe, 2002). Developing organic/non-chemical technologies and techniques that are environment-friendly and at the same time have production potential equivalent to the chemical-based technologies is a big challenge for agricultural scientists. Climate change. The effects of climate change are increasingly impacting agricultural systems in Nepal. Nearly 40% of Terai farmers reported 25% decreases in productivity due to abnormal rainfall patterns. Modern varieties as well as a few traditional rice, wheat, and maize varieties have been severely affected (Bhandari, 2012 and Joshi, 2017b). Inadequate information on traditional genetic resources. Limited information is available on total crop species, genetic diversity, levels of genetic erosion, nutrition analysis of genetic resources and agro-ecosystem services, and traditional knowledge and farmers’ innovations (Joshi and Gauchan, 2017). WAY FORWARD AND RECOMMENDATIONS Women farmers of Kaski Rupatal Rehabilitation and Fish Farming Cooperatives putting their opinions to rehabilitate and improve fish farming in Rupatal. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA 31TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION This chapter presents a ‘Way Forward’ and was prepared based on the information obtained from the policy, programme, and literature review as well as the national and subnational consultations. This should be treated as a tentative path for achieving SDG2 by 2030. To achieve the “No one Left Behind” mandate of the SDGs, FSN requires resilient collaborative partnerships. This collaboration means a culture of working together; sound, evidence-based investments; and an enabling environment supported by institutions, cohesive working structures, legislation, and policies. This section presents high-level recommendations related to legislation, policies, and programmes, institutional arrangements and enabling environments. Following this, a set of recommendations across the SDG2 targets are proposed. Finally, a draft action plan is presented which provides a road map of how to achieve the recommendations laid out in the report. Soniya Shrestha from a school in Sindupalchowk, putting her thoughts down on paper for a drawing competition titled “A world without Hunger”. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/Santosh Shahi 32 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION POLICY GOAL CONTRIBUTION TO SDG2 REMARKS Agricultural Development Strategy (2015-2035) Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action (FNSP) (2013- 2022FNSP20132022) Multisector Nutrition Plan 2018-2022 Nepal Health Sector Strategy (NHSS) (2016-2021) Nepal Zero Hunger Challenge (2016-2025) Commercialisation and diversification of agriculture, sustainable agricultural growth, and poverty reduction Ensure national FSN with a specific focus on the agricultural sector Accelerate the reduction of maternal, adolescent, and child undernutrition Improve health of all people through an accountable and equitable health service delivery system End hunger and enhance rights-based access to FSN Replaced APP (1995-2015), multi-sector strategy with four outcomes and 13 outputs Prepared in conjunction with the ADS and MSNP Part of the global Scaling-Up Nutrition (SUN) movement and is committed to improve the nutrition status of its citizens Adopts the vision and mission set forth by the National Health Policy 2014 and strengthens multi- sectoral plans including the MSNP Complementary to ADS, FNSP, and MSNP End hunger and increase access for all people including poor, vulnerable, and infants to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food (2.1), increase agricultural productivity (2.3), and sustainable food production systems (2.4) Strategic food security interventions and contribution to all SDG2 targets Contribute to end all forms of malnutrition (2.2) Contribute to end all forms of malnutrition (2.2) Provide short and long term solutions to achieve sustainable as well as inclusive food system development, contribute to all SDG2 targets As discussed in chapter 4, five multi-sectoral FSN policies make major contributions to the SDG2 mandate. These are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Five Major FSN Policies of Nepal and their Relation to SDG2 LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND PROGRAMMES: ENSURING THEY ARE MEANINGFUL TO ACHIEVE SDG2 Nepal’s Constitution enshrines food as a fundamental right of every citizen. This constitutional provision is highly consistent with SDG2 to ensure food security for all. However, its full application is contingent upon the implementation of the Right to Food and Food Soverignty Act. As food sovereignty is a precondition of genuine FSN, effective implementation of this Act will contribute to the effective governance for food security, which ultimately contributes to improved nutrition and health of citizens. 33TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Apart from the above policies, the government has already developed and approved several long-term, visionary plans related to water, seeds, biodiversity, climate change, school meals, health, gender, and social protection. Therefore, for effective contribution to and achievement of SDG2, it will be necessary to ensure consistent actions as well as monitoring frameworks between the five major policies listed in Table 1 and other long-term policies. In terms of results indicator frameworks (outputs and outcomes), sub-indicators and proxy indicators to measure performance need to be included. This Review shows that there are some overlaps and discrepancies in targets, particularly in their values or their targets measured at each five-year interval. Ensuring consistencies between indicators and their targets will not only remove uncertainties, duplications, and confusion at the implementation level but also support timely monitoring and evaluation and avoid unnecessary costs associated with duplication. In addition, most of the policies were developed prior to knowing the definite shape, scope, and mandate of the federal, provincial, and local governments or even the SDG2 global goal setting. Therefore, updating these policies so they align with the present changed environment, institutional landscape, and legal provisions (Constitution of Nepal 2015, Local Government Operation Act 2017) will be important. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: MAKING THEM EFFECTIVE TO ACHIEVE SDG2 There are already institutional arrangements for coordinating FSN activities such as the Nutrition and Food Security Steering Committees (NFSSC) at national, provincial and local levels. Currently, the structure exists at the federal (national) level and also in some districts, erstwhile VDCs, municipalities, and communities (wards) where the MSNP I (2013-2017) was operational. These committees need to be adjusted as per the new structure of the State. These structures were developed under the unitary system where central orders were carried out by local authority. Under the new context where provincial or local authorities have the right to reject central orders, different approaches are needed to streamline the NFSSC as part of the overall system, not only in the districts of the MSNP, but in all 77 districts covering 753 RMs/Ms and 6743 wards (http://103.69.124.141/MOFAGA). Capacity development of provincial and local authorities will also have to be ensured, where needed, by the National Nutrition and Food Security Secretariat (NNFSS) in the NPC. Additionally, ensuring the right representation in the NFSSC and NFSCC at each level is a critical issue. Currently, representation of government agencies at the central level, such as the NPC and related ministries such as Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD), Ministry of Land Management, Cooperative and Poverty Alleviation (MoLMCPA), Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (MoFAGA), Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST), Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizen (MoWCSC), is clear. However, representation from civil society, the private sector, academia, and farmers’ organisations also needs to be included. The composition of the committees at the provincial level could be structured similar to the federal level composition of the NFSSC and NFSCC. After the formation of the Provincial Planning Commission (PPC), these committees could be chaired by the Vice-chair and a related PPC member, respectively. Representation from ministries and other sectors could be similar to what is in place at the federal level. At the district level, as districts are allowed to continue as an administrative unit for parliamentary constituencies, coordinating roles could be given to the District Coordination Committee (DCC). Other members could come from related district level government offices such as Agricultiural Knowledge Centres (AKCs) and from the district level network of NGOs, school management committees, private sector business owners, and farmers’ organisations. At the local level, the Mayor or Chair or Vice-Mayor or Vice-Chair could chair the NFSSC. Other members could be the Ward Chair; technical staff from the agriculture, livestock, forestry, health, water, and education sectors; members of sectoral-committees of local bodies on agriculture, livestock, forestry, health, school, and social and physical infrastructure; representatives of NGOs, Community Based Organisations (CBOs), or CSOs and farmers’ organisations; or representatives of cooperatives, registered businesses, or banks. Similar structures may be adapted for the composition of the Ward level NFSSC under leadership of the Ward Chair. In addition, experts in research and evaluation of FSN programmes will also add value at all levels. Opportunities should be given to respective organisations to select their representatives rather than the NFSSC making selections. Experts could be identified and then invited to participate in the committees. IMPLEMENTATION AND THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT: OVERCOMING CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE SDG2 Implementation of SDG2 should be carried out by related ministries and agencies at respective levels. All implementing stakeholders (government, CSOs, cooperatives, private sector) should make a joint action plan with delineated roles and responsibilities. Activities can be detailed for each indicator and there should be one lead and other related agencies as implementation partners for all activities. Monitoring and review 34 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION of implementation could be undertaken biannually. In addition, monitoring can be done on an as needed basis within each quarter using the results based monitoring system. The progress of SDG2 implementation will further be reviewed biannually by the NFSSC. In addition to this, in each two-year period, there should be an evaluation and the findings from that evaluation should be used to make evidence-based decisions for the forthcoming SDG2 programmes. Capacity development is an integral part of the SDG2 plan. In addition to orientation, workshops should be held to enhance the planning, monitoring, and data collection capacity of the staff working at each level. Furthermore, special workshops should be held to motivate the elected representatives to better plan and monitor the SDG2 programme. CROSSCUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS There are key political economy recommendations that must occur now and into the future. They are improving coordination and accountability, building human capacity, increasing funding and national investment, and improving data systems. Without these, any of the other recommendations could stall. CROSSCUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Formulate the Regulation to implement the Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act 2018 2. Strengthen political commitment while including SDG2 in all national policies, plans, strategies, and budgets and localizing SDG2 at sub-national levels in order to set priorities and sequencing as well as focus on community engagement in programme development and implementation to promote community ownership. 3. Improve policy coherence across all policies and plans related to food security and food systems, agriculture, and nutrition. 4. Improve the horizontal and vertical coordination of all food security and nutrition actors – government, civil society, international, and private sectors. 5. Improve data collection, management and sharing process including on-line data and information sharing, and monitoring and evaluation results among key stakeholders Food market in the Terai. PHOTO CREDIT WFP/James Giambrone 35TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 6. Further assist to localise NeKSAP to all 753 local governments and ensure it has timely, reliable, accurate, and useful data and risk-based monitoring for policy decision making and programme redesign and adjustment. This can be done by utilizing the NeKSAP network to support the rollout of further national FSN or FS planning/implementation policies/plans/ service delivery. 7. Conduct a human capacity needs assessment in the areas of food security and nutrition and then address the gaps through formal and non-formal training programmes for frontline workers and formal education programmes in secondary schools and universities for high-level staff including distance learning in both areas to allow training in remote areas in the Hills and Mountains. 8. Presently inactive multi-stakeholder platforms, such as the National Nutrition and Food Security Steering Committee (NNFSSC) and National Nutrition and Food Security Secretariat (NNFSS), should be operationalized and those that are presently functioning should be further strengthened to support a coordinated approach and oversight to proposed provincial and local level FSN coordination mechanisms through replication of these platforms at the provincial and local level. 9. Use equity focused and gender responsive approach to leave no one behind in FSN for planning, monitoring, reviewing, evaluation and using the evidence in decision making. 10. Take whole country approach as FSN is a concern of every citizen, everywhere. 11. Enhance capacity of human resources in the areas of resource management, integrity, honesty, accountability, transparency, coordination and synergy development. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTION PLAN ACROSS FIVE TARGETS OF SDG2 The recommendations for Nepal are grounded in the five targets of SDG2 – which are to end hunger, end all forms of malnutrition, double the productivity of small scale producers, sustainable food system and agro-biodiversity conservation. These recommendations should be implemented in a way that addresses the broader challenges impacting the country that were outlined earlier in this Review. The recommendations were formulated using the latest evidence of what has made an impact on hunger, food insecurity, nutrition vulnerability, and unsustainable food systems. In addition, the recommendations were formulated based on other national or expert reports that have assessed the food security and nutrition situation in Nepal as well as “what has worked” in other country settings. Rural roads serve as vital access routes to district markets. PHOTO CREDIT WFP 36 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION CONCLUSIONS It is the hope that the findings and recommendations in this report will provide strategic advice on the way forward and will serve as the basis for a SDG2 Action Plan to implement these findings for Nepal. The implementation of the recommendations will need to take a ‘whole of country’ approach. A multi-stakeholder platform should guide inter- ministerial and partner efforts to address this multi-dimensional problem. It will also be critical to ensure that the Strategic Review and Action Plan serve everyone in Nepal: including the hard-to-reach populations, the most food insecure, and the most nutritionally vulnerable – particularly women, children, elderly people, differently abled persons, ethnic and caste minorities, the poor, the geographically-remote, and those affected by natural disasters. 37TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Ultimately, addressing hunger and the burdens of malnutrition is a strategic and critical investment in the future of Nepal. If children have the right food and nutrition at an early age, they will be able to grow to their full physical and mental potential. As a result, when they become adults, they will have fuller and more productive lives and will be better able to provide for their own children. These inter- generational effects will allow families to escape poverty, engage in the economy, and fully participate in political processes. Progress towards zero hunger will have multiplier benefits for society as a whole, contributing to significant reductions in national poverty, building the human capital required for long-term economic growth, and supporting broader efforts to achieve stability. The enhanced growth and expanded opportunities will enable the country to invest more in hunger reduction and other development gains, creating a virtuous cycle. Long lasting change takes time. The nutrition, food, and agriculture plans in the country are ambitious and hunger and stunting have been declining, which should be commended. At the same time, Nepal is on a long path towards sustainable development and economic security. Goals and targets should be aggressive, but also realistic and achievable within appropriate timeframes, and there will need to be sufficient financial resources dedicated to these efforts. Food security and nutrition should be central to the overall development for Nepal. It should not be assumed that development and economic growth will “fix” food security and nutrition on their own. This report emphasizes the need to build on human, natural, and social capitals. Without these, any SDG will be impossible to achieve. Agriculture-led growth and driving down undernutrition will be key for Nepal now, and into the future. Satisfied women farmers collect a bountiful harvest, that contributes to improved livelihoods. PHOTO CREDIT NARMA 38 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Bhandari, G (2012). Review and finding, existing problems and future strategies of maize entomological research of nepaL. Conference: Proceedings of workshop on review and strategies development of entomological research work in Nepal, 4-6 March, 2012 Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal Cunningham, K., Singh, A., Headey, D., Pandey Rana, P., and Karmacharya, C. (2016). Reaching hew heights: 20 years of nutrition progress in Nepal. Nourishing Millions: Stories of Change in Nutrition, 115-123. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2017). The State of the Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. FAO, Rome. GoN (2015) Constitution of Nepal. Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal GoN (2017) Local Government Operation Act 2074. Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal Headey, D and Hoddinott, J (2015) Understanding the rapid reduction of undernutrition in Nepal 2001– 2011. PloS One 10.12: e0145738. IFPRI (2017). 2017 Global Food Policy Report. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute Joshi, G.R (2017) Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Rice Production in Nepal. In Rice Science and Technology (MN Paudel, DR Bhandari, MP Khanal, BK Joshi, P Acharya and KH Ghimire, eds.), Crop Development Directorate (CDD), Harihar Bhawan and Agronomy Society of Nepal, Khumaltar. Kumar, A, Kumar, P and Joshi, P (2017). Food consumption pattern and dietary diversity in Nepal: implications for nutrition security. Indian Journal of Human Development, 10 (3) 1–17. Kyle, Jordan; and Resnick, Danielle. 2016. Nepal’s 2072 federal constitution: Implications for the governance of the agricultural sector. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1589. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/131009 Makhoul, Z., Taren, D., Duncan, B., Pandey, P., Thomson, C., Winzerling, J., ... and Shrestha, R. (2012). Risk factors associated with anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in rural Nepali pregnant women. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 43(3), 735. MOHP, Nepal; New ERA; and ICF. 2017. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal. MolRM (2015) Land Use Policy of Nepal. Ministry of Land Reform and Management. Singadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. MoAD (2016) Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture 2072/2073 (2015/2016) and series. MoAD (2017) Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture 2072/2073 (2015/2016) and series. MoF (2017) Economic Survey 2016-17. MoF (2017) A Study of Foreign Aid Mobilization in Federal Nepal. MoF (2018). Budget Speech, Government of Nepal. NPC (2012). Multi-Sector Nutritoin Plan (MSNP). National Planning Commission, Singadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal REFERENCES 39TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION NPC (2017) Nepal’s Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report 2017. NPC (2017) Nepal Sustainable Development Goals Status and Road Map: 2016-2030 NPC (2018) Nepal Multi Dimensional Poverty Index, Analysis Towards Action 2018 NPC and CBS (1996) Nepal living standards survey 1995/96. Statistical Report Volume Two. NPC and CBS (2011) Nepal living standards survey 2010/11. Statistical Report Volume Two. NPC (2016). 14th Plan (2073/74 – 2075/76). Singhadurbar, Kathmandu,Nepal NASDP (2016) Nepal Agricultural Services Development Programme (NASDP). NCVST (2009) Vulnerability through the eyes of vulnerable: climate change induced uncertainties and Nepal’s Ngure, F. M., Reid, B. M., Humphrey, J. H., Mbuya, M. N., Pelto, G., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2014). Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: Making the links. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1308(1), 118-128. DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12330 Nutrition Innovation Lab (2017) A multi-level risk factor assessment for stunting: Evidence from a national sample in Nepal. Nutrition Innovation Lab, Lalitpur, Nepal Palikhe (2002). Challenges and Options of Pesticide Use: In the Conext of Nepal. Plant Protection Directorate, Department of Agriculture, Harihar Bhawan, G.P.O Box 1818, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal Smith and Haddad (2000) Explaining Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C, USA. Summers (2017) Floods and devastation in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The Guardian. UNFCCC (2017) Climate change in Nepal. unfccc.int/cc inet/cc inet/six elements/public awareness/items/3529txt.php?displayPool=1162 USAID, IIDS, IFPRI (2010). Ensuring food and nutritional security in Nepal: a stocktaking exercise. International Food Policy Research Institute: India. Migration of male family members often lead to women taking over the added responsibility of farming. PHOTO CREDIT WFP ANNEXES A N N E X 1 SD G 2 D RA FT A C TI O N P LA N Ta rg et 2 .1 B y 20 30 , e nd h un ge r a nd e ns ur e ac ce ss b y al l p eo pl e, in p ar tic ul ar th e po or a nd p eo pl e in v ul ne ra bl e si tu at io ns , i nc lu di ng in fa nt s, to s af e, n ut rit io us , a nd s uffi ci en t f oo d al l y ea r r ou nd to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .1 42 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s 1. In cr ea se e m pl oy m en t an d in co m es o f t he m os t v ul ne ra bl e, di sa dv an ta ge d, an d m ar gi na liz ed H ou se ho ld s to in cr ea se fo od p ur ch as in g po w er (a ) E xp an d/ sc al e up fo od /c as h fo r w or k pr og ra m m es w ith g ua ra nt ee d an nu al m in im um e m pl oy m en t d ay s ta rg et in g vu ln er ab le H ou se ho ld s in fo od in se cu re c om m un iti es a nd h ar d to re ac h ge og ra ph ie s (b ) S ca le u p pa ss in g th e gi ft s ch em es o n ba ck ya rd li ve st oc k op er at io ns in cl ud in g go at s, he ife rs (c at tle ), an d po ul tr y th at in cl ud e tr ai ni ng a nd m an ag em en t o f t ho se op er at io ns (c ) A ss is t t ar ge te d ho us eh ol ds to m an ag e ye ar -r ou nd h om e ga rd en s th at ar e nu tr iti on -s en si tiv e an d pa ire d w ith nu tr iti on e du ca tio n St ru ct ur e (P ro gr am m e ex pa ns io n) St ru ct ur e (P ro gr am m e ex pa ns io n) Po lic y M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Fo od in se cu re , vu ln er ab le Fo od in se cu re , vu ln er ab le Sm al l ho ld er s, vu ln er ab le H H 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oL ES S M oL M C PA Lo ca l G ov er nm en t M oA LM C Lo ca l G ov er nm en t M oA LM C M oS D M oI A L M oI C S M oE A P M oH A , W FP , N FC M oA LM C M oA LD W FP G ov er nm en t W B A D B G A FS P G ov er nm en t W B G A FS P SD C , D FI D A D B G ov er nm en t SD G 1. 3 SD G 8 .1 , 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 SD G 1. 1 SD G 3. 1 an d 3. 2 SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 SD G 1. 1 an d SD G 1. 3 SD G 3. 1 an d 3. 2, SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 (d ) P ro m ot e se lf- em pl oy m en t t hr ou gh sk ill s ba se d m ic ro -e nt er pr is es (e ) F ac ili ta te ta rg et g ro up s to g ai nf ul ly en ga ge in c on tr ac t f ar m in g th ro ug h a pa ck ag e of s er vi ce (a w ar en es s, tr ai ni ng , ne go tia tio ns , l in ki ng w ith th e le ad fi rm s) Po lic y Po lic y, Im pl em en ta - -t io n su pp or t M M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i H ill s Te ra i La nd le ss an d sm al l fa rm er s La nd le ss 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l G ov er nm en t M oI TF E M oL M A C Lo ca l G ov er nm en t M oI C S M oI TF E Lo ca l G ov er nm en t M oL M A C U N D P, A us A id G iZ , D FI D , G A FS P G ov er nm en t Pr iv at e se ct or SD G 1 SD G 4. 4 SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 , 8 .3 an d 8. 5 SD G 1 SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 43TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .1 (f ) E xp an d le as e ho ld fo re st ry s ch em e to g en er at e em pl oy m en t a nd in co m e ge ne ra tin g op po rt un iti es St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) H ill s Te ra i La nd le ss 20 18 -2 03 0 Pr ov in ce G ov er nm en t M oF E M oI TF E IF A D , W B, A D B, S D C , G IZ , G ov er nm en t SD G 1. 1 2 . I m pl em en t a n at io na l sc he m e/ p ro je ct to pr ov id e ba si c fo od s tu ffs at s ub si di ze d pr ic es to H ou se ho ld s w ith a b el ow th e po ve rt y lin e (B PL ) id en tit y ca rd (a ) A ss is t l oc al g ov er nm en ts t o id en tif y H ou se ho ld s be lo w p ov er ty (b ) L au nc h a fe de ra l, pr ov in ci al , a nd lo ca l go ve rn m en t p ar tn er sh ip s ch em e to in cr ea se a va ila bi lit y of b as ic fo od s tu ffs s uc h as ri ce , fl ou r, an d pu ls es a t s ub si di ze d pr ic es to B PL H H St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) Po lic y Po lic y Po lic y Po lic y M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A N A N A Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 02 2 26 D is tr ic ts : 20 18 -2 03 0 51 D is ts - 20 19 -2 03 0 M oL M C PA M oA LD M oI A L M oA LM C Lo ca l G ov er nm en t G ov er nm en t G ov er nm en t G ov er nm en t G ov er nm en t SD G 1 .3 SD G 1 SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s (c ) O pe n fa ir pr ic e sh op s w he re H ou se ho ld s w ith B PL c ar ds a nd fo od v ou ch er s ca n bu y fo od it em s (d ) E st ab lis h in te ns iv e be ne fic ia ry m on ito rin g sy st em s to e ns ur e th at n ei th er el ite g ro up c ou ld c ap tu re n or th e ta rg et ed gr ou p m is us e th e su bs id iz ed fo od s tu ff 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oI AL Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD Co op er at iv es Tr ad er s M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts SD G 5 .4 SD G 5 .4 3. P la n an d im pl em en t a s pe ci al fo od p ro du ct io n pr og ra m m e ta rg et ed to s m al l h ol de rs an d vu ln er ab le (H ou se ho ld s ha vi ng bo th B PL Id en tit y Ca rd an d Ki sa n (F ar m er s) Ca rd th ro ug h al l 7 53 lo ca l g ov er nm en ts (a ) F or m ul at e Re gu la tio n to ac ce le ra te im pl em en ta tio n of R ig ht to F oo d an d Fo od So ve re ig nt y A ct 20 18 M oA LD M ol JP A FA O , W FP SD G 1 SD G 3 SD G 8. 1, 8 .2 (b ) M ob ili ze /a ss is t l oc al g ov er nm en ts to is su e Ki sa n (F ar m er s) C ar ds to a ll fa rm er s in th ei r j ur is di ct io n St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts G ov er nm en t SD G 1. 3 44 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION (c ) P ro vi de p ric e su bs id ie s on s ee ds a nd fe rt ili se rs a nd a cc es s to fa rm m ac hi ne rie s in cl ud in g hi rin g pu m p se ts fo r i rr ig at io n or sm al l s ch em es to a ss is t a g ro up o f f ar m er s Po lic y M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD M oL M A C A D B, W B JIC A , G A FS P, D FI D SD G 1. 3, 1 .4 (d ) P ro vi de fu ll in su ra nc e co ve ra ge fo r th e cr op s gr ow n by th es e gr ou ps Po lic y Vu ln er ab le Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 03 0 In su ra nc e co m pa ni es M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts N A SD G 1. 5 (e ) A rr an ge ti m el y an d qu al ity p ar tic ip at or y te ch no lo gy tr an sf er (e xt en si on ) s er vi ce s in te gr at ed w ith c ol la te ra l f re e ag ric re di t t o th e se rv ic e re ci pi en ts fo cu se d on C lim at e Sm ar t T ec hn ol og ie s. (a ) S tr en gt he n m ar ke t m on ito rin g sy st em s to h al t f oo d st uff c ar te lin g/ sy nd ic at in g an d pr ic e vo la til ity (b ) M ai nt ai n bu ffe r s to ck s of b as ic fo od ite m s in s tr at eg ic lo ca tio ns to u se in in ci de nc es o f s ev er e fo od s ho rt ag es o r na tu ra l d is as te rs 4. E ns ur e fo od s up pl y st ab ili ty St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) St ru ct ur e (E xp an si on ) M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH A M oS D M oI CS M oA LD M oL M A C M FI s D ev el op m en t Ba nk s Co m m er ci al B an ks M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts N A N A W FP , J IC A , N FC SD G 1 .4 . a nd 1 .5 SD G 8 SD G 1 .b SD G 8 SD G 1. 3 an d 1. 5 44 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .1 45TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 45TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Ta rg et 2 .2 B y 20 30 , e nd a ll fo rm s of m al nu tr iti on , i nc lu di ng a ch ie vi ng , b y 20 25 , t he in te rn at io na lly a gr ee d ta rg et s on s tu nt in g an d w as tin g in c hi ld re n un de r 5 y ea rs o f a ge , a nd a dd re ss th e nu tr iti on al n ee ds o f ad ol es ce nt g irl s, pr eg na nt a nd la ct at in g w om en , a nd o ld er p er so ns to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .2 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s 1. Im pr ov e he al th a nd hy gi en e pr ac tic es in cl ud in g W A SH , he al th ca re , e du ca tio n, an d w om en ’s em po w er m en t (a ) I m pl em en t a nd e xp an d co m m un ity le d to ta l s an ita tio n pr ac tic es (b ) E xp an d O D F de cl ar at io ns a nd m on ito r pr og re ss (c ) C on st ru ct a nd re ha bi lit at e dr in ki ng w at er fa ci lit ie s (t ap w at er ) (d ) A w ar en es s of p er so na l h yg ie ni c pr ac tic es , es pe ci al ly w om en ’s aw ar en es s St ru ct ur e St ru ct ur e St ru ct ur e Pr oc es s Pr oc es s M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i A ll A ll A ll A ll 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t C hi ld re n, w om en M oS D M oH P M oS D M oU D M oS D M oH P M oS D JIC A , U N - H ab ita t, Em ba ss y of F in la nd , U N IC EF G ov er nm en t SD C , D FI D , U N IC EF , J IC A JIC A , U N - H ab ita t, Em ba ss y of F in la nd , U N IC EF SD G 3. 3 SD G 4 SD G 6 SD G 3 SD G 4 SD G 6 SD G 3. 3 SD G 6 SD G 3 SD G 4 SD G 6 2. M iti ga te w as tin g by im pl em en tin g co m m un ity -b as ed a nd in te gr at ed m an ag em en t of a cu te m al nu tr iti on pr og ra m m es (a ) C ap ac ita te c om m un ity -b as ed h ea lth w or ke rs to re du ce w as tin g an d ov er w ei gh t pr ob le m s am on g ch ild re n un de r 5 y ea rs o f ag e C hi ld re n, H W Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH P M oS D U SA ID , E U , U N IC EF SD G 3 (b ) C ap ac ita te lo ca l g ov er nm en t t o pl an a nd im pl em en t p ro gr am m es re la te d to a cu te m al nu tr iti on , t ar ge tin g w om en a nd s oc ia lly ex cl ud ed c om m un iti es th at a re la gg in g be hi nd in te rm s of n ut rit io n Pr oc es s M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH P M oS D G ov er nm en t , U N IC EF SD G 3. 3 46 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 3 . R es po nd to un de rly in g ca us es of s tu nt in g am on g ch ild re n un de r 5 y ea rs of a ge 4. Im pl em en t na tio na l f or tifi ca tio n pr og ra m m es (a ) P ro vi de s up po rt o n m at er na l, in fa nt , a nd yo un g ch ild fe ed in g (M IY C F) p ra ct ic es (b ) T re at a cu te m al nu tr iti on a nd m ic ro nu tr ie nt d efi ci en ci es (a ) E xp an d th e re ac h an d av ai la bi lit y of io di se d sa lt m ai nl y in a re as w he re io di ze d sa lt is n ot y et p op ul ar iz ed Pr oc es s Pr oc es s Pr oc es s M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i C hi ld re n, H W A ll A ll 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH P M oI C S M oH P M oS D M oH P M oS D M oE A P M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en t G ov er nm en t , U N IC EF , E U G ov er nm en t , U N IC EF , E U Pr iv at e se ct or , G ov er nm en t SD G 3. 2 SD G 3. 1 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .2 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .2 46 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s (b ) I m pl em en t f oo d fo rt ifi ca tio n pr og ra m m es a m on gs t h ig hl y m al no ur is he d po pu la tio ns Pr oc es s/ Im pl em en ta ti- on M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Vu ln er ab le 20 18 -2 03 0 M oH P M oS D M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Pr iv at e se ct or , G ov er nm en t , U N SD G 3. 1 (a ) I nc re as e aw ar en es s pa rt ic ul ar ly a m on g PL W (P re gn an t a nd L ac ta tin g W om en ) on th e ne ed fo r c on su m pt io n of ir on su pp le m en ta tio n 5. T ac kl e th e un iq ue nu tr iti on n ee ds of w om en a nd gi rls b y fo cu si ng on m ic ro nu tr ie nt de fic ie nc ie s, es pe ci al ly an ae m ia Pr oc es s/ Tr ai ni ng M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i PL W 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH P M oS D EU , U SA ID SD G 3. 3 (b ) En co ur ag e pr od uc tio n an d co ns um pt io n of g re en v eg et ab le s in H N G Pr oc es s/ Tr ai ni ng Pr oc es s/ Tr ai ni ng A ll A ll 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD M oL M A C U SA ID , E U , JIC A SD G 2 .3 , 2 .4 , a nd 2. 5 6. R ec og ni ze th e gr ow in g tr en ds o f ob es ity in it s ea rly st ag e (a ) P re ve nt th e sp re ad o f o be si ty th ro ug h aw ar en es s ca m pa ig ns , p ro m ot io n of he al th y ea tin g pr ac tic es , a nd d is co ur ag in g co ns um pt io n of p ro ce ss ed fo od s M oH P M oS D U SA ID , E U , JIC A SD G 3 47TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .2 47TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .2 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s (b ) U nd er ta ke c oo ki ng d em on st ra tio ns to ed uc at e pe op le o n he al th y fo od p re pa ra tio n Pr oc es s M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i A ll 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD M oL M A C M oS D G ov er nm en t SD G 3 7. E ns ur e fo od s af et y al on g th e fo od c ha in (a ) F or m ul at e fo od s af et y po lic ie s an d en ac t th e Fo od S af et y A ct Po lic y M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL JP A G ov er nm en t SD G 12 .3 (b ) E st ab lis h th e Fo od S af et y A ut ho rit y an d m on ito r f oo d sa fe ty a t v ar io us le ve ls o f pr od uc tio n, p ro ce ss in g, a nd d is tr ib ut io n Po lic y M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 F SA 20 18 -2 03 0 M on ito rin g M oH A M oA LD M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en t G ov er nm en t SD G 12 .1 a nd 1 2c 8. T ac kl e th e nu tr iti on ne ed s of c hi ld re n un de r 5 b y fo cu si ng o n an ae m ia (a ) U nd er ta ke d ew or m in g ca m pa ig ns (b ) E nc ou ra ge c on su m pt io n of g re en ve ge ta bl es in H N G (c ) S ca le u p sc ho ol fe ed in g pr og ra m m es in ea rly c hi ld ho od d ev el op m en t c en tr es Pr oc es s Pr oc es s Pr oc es s M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i C hi ld re n C hi ld re n C hi ld re n 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oH P M oS D M oA LD M oL M A C M oE ST U SA ID , E U U SA ID , E U , JIC A W FP SD G 3 SD G 12 SD G 3 48 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s Ta rg et 2 .3 : B y 20 30 , d ou bl e th e ag ric ul tu ra l p ro du ct iv ity a nd in co m es o f s m al l-s ca le fo od p ro du ce rs , i n pa rt ic ul ar w om en , i nd ig en ou s pe op le s, fa m ily fa rm er s, pa st or al is ts a nd fi sh er s, in cl ud in g th ro ug h se cu re a nd eq ua l a cc es s to la nd , o th er p ro du ct iv e re so ur ce s an d in pu ts , k no w le dg e, fi na nc ia l s er vi ce s, m ar ke ts , a nd o pp or tu ni tie s fo r v al ue a dd iti on a nd n on -fa rm e m pl oy m en t 1. E xp an d irr ig at io n fa ci lit ie s ag gr es si ve ly to co ve r t he fu ll po te nt ia l of ir rig ab le fa rm la nd (8 0% o f t he a ra bl e la nd ) b y us in g bo th co nv en tio na l a nd n on - co nv en tio na l i rr ig at io n (a ) I nc en tiv is e pr iv at e en tr ep re ne ur s/ co op er at iv es to b ui ld , o w n, o pe ra te a nd tr an sf er (B O O T) ir rig at io n sy st em s Po lic y su pp or t Te ra i N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oE W RI M oP ID , M oA LD Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts W U A s Co op er at iv es Pr iv at e Se ct or W B, A D B SD G 1. 3 SD G 8 .1 , 8 .2 , a nd 8. 5 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 (c ) E ns ur e tim el y re pa ir an d m ai nt en an ce o f th e irr ig at io n sy st em s in o pe ra tio n in cl ud in g Fa rm er m an ag ed ir rig at io n sy st em s (F M IS ) (d ) P ro m ot e m ul tip le u se o f w at er s er vi ce s (M U S) te ch no lo gi es in fa vo ur o f s m al l ho ld er s, w om en fa rm er s, an d th e m os t vu ln er ab le (e ) P ro m ot e ap pr op ria te m ic ro ir rig at io n te ch no lo gi es s uc h as d rip ir rig at io n, p on d irr ig at io n, e tc . (b ) A ss ur e ex pe di tio us c om pl et io n of na tio na l p rid e irr ig at io n pr oj ec ts n m pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n M on ito rin g n P ol ic y su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n P ol ic y su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n M on ito rin g M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i H ill s Te ra i N A N A Sm al l- ho ld er s 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 02 1 M oE W RI M oA LD D oI P G , an d Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts , W U A s Lo ca l go ve rn m en t W U A Fa rm er G ro up s Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts W U A Fa rm er G ro up s M oE W RI Co op er at iv es Pr iv at e se ct or M oA LD , M oE W R M oP I M oA LD , M oE W R M oP I M oP I M oL M A C Co nt ra ct or s Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts W B, A D B W B, A D B, W B, A D B, N A SD G 1 , S D G 8 SD G 1 , S D G 8 , SD G 9 , S D G 1 3 SD G 1 , S D G 8 , SD G 9 , S D G 1 3 SD G 1 , SD G 8 SD G 9 (f ) E xp an d ut ili sa tio n of s m al l r iv er s/ riv ul et s fo r i rr ig at io n pu rp os es Po lic y su pp or t N A Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C , M oA LD Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts W FP (f oo d fo r w or k/ ca sh ) FA O (T A ) SD G 1 , S D G 8 , SD G 9 (g ) P ro m ot e lif t i rr ig at io n, p re fe ra bl y so la r en er gy b as ed n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n M on ito rin g M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oE W RI , M oA LD , M oP ID FA O SD G 1 , S D G 8 . SD G 9 48 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 49TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 49TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 (c ) O rie nt p ub lic a nd p riv at e ex te ns io n se rv ic es to p ro m ot e cl im at e sm ar t s ee ds a nd br ee ds (b ) A ss is t N A RC a nd p riv at e re se ar ch er s/ br ee de rs to d ev el op c lim at e re si st an t va rie tie s of c ro ps a nd a ni m al b re ed s (a ) E nc ou ra ge th e pr iv at e se ct or to pr od uc e im pr ov ed a nd c er tifi ed s ee ds of c ro ps a nd b re ed s of li ve st oc k n A w ar en es s n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n M on ito rin g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n M on ito rin g M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oA LD M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C N A RC Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts M oA LD N A RC -FA O (T A ) FA O (T A ) SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 1 , S D G 8 2. E xp an d co ve ra ge o f im pr ov ed s ee ds a nd br ee ds (a ) E st ab lis h cu st om h iri ng s er vi ce c en tr es to e na bl e sm al lh ol de rs to re nt c os tly ag ric ul tu ra l m ac hi ne ry a t f ai r p ric es Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts D ev el op . P ro je ct s, En tr ep re ne ur s - SD G 1 SD G 8 3. S ca le u p m ec ha ni za tio n, in cl ud in g fo r sm al lh ol de r fa rm er s, to a dd re ss th e sh or ta ge o f ag ric ul tu ra l l ab ou r in ru ra l a re as a nd to lo w er th e co st of p ro du ct io n an d at tr ac t r ur al y ou th s to ag ric ul tu re (b ) D ev el op a nd a ss is t v ill ag e ag ric ul tu ra l m ec ha ni cs (K al ig ar h) to o pe ra te re pa ir se rv ic e ce nt re s/ w or ks ho ps fo r a gr ic ul tu ra l m ac hi ne ry Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 L oc al go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C - SD G 1 SD G 8 50 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 5050 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 (c ) P ro vi de tr ai ni ng a nd d em on st ra tio ns to fa rm er s on a pp ro pr ia te u se o f a gr ic ul tu ra l m ac hi ne ry ta rg et in g at le as t 5 0% w om en fa rm er s (d ) D ev el op m od el v ill ag es /r ur al m un ic ip al iti es to d em on st ra te th e im pa ct o f ag ric ul tu ra l m ec ha ni za tio n (e ) R ev ita liz e A gr ic ul tu ra l T oo ls F ac to ry Bi rg un j a nd o pe ra te u nd er a p ub lic p riv at e m od el n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t Po lic y su pp or t Po lic y su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Te ra i N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 L oc al go ve rn m en ts L oc al go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oA LD M oL M A C M oA LD M oL M A C M oI C S M oF - - Pr iv at e en tr ep re ne ur s SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 1 SD G 8 (a ) R ef or m a nd re or ie nt th e N at io na l A gr ic ul tu ra l R es ea rc h Sy st em (N A RS ) t ha t ke ep s fa rm er s an d th ei r n ee ds a t t he c en tr e Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t N A N A 20 18 -2 01 9 N A RC M oA LD N PC M oF N A SD G 1 SD G 8 4. E ns ur e fa rm er s’ ac ce ss to h ig h- qu al ity , re sp on si bl e, a nd re lia bl e ag ric ul tu ra l in no va tio n sy st em s, pa rt ic ul ar ly fo r s m al l ho ld er s, w om en , a nd th e m os t v ul ne ra bl e (b ) E nh an ce th e ca pa ci ty o f t he p ub lic ex te ns io n sy st em to d el iv er c lim at e sm ar t se rv ic es a nd te ch no lo gi es (c ) E nh an ce th e ca pa ci ty o f f ar m er s an d co m m un iti es to te st , v al id at e, a nd c ar ry ou t on -fa rm te ch no lo gy d em on st ra tio ns Tr ai ni ng Tr ai ni ng N A M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A Sm al l H ol de rs 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C N A N A SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 1 SD G 8 (d ) I ni tia te a nd in st itu tio na liz e a vo uc he r sy st em fo r H ou se ho ld s w ith K is an C ar ds ta rg et in g po or a nd m ar gi na lis ed fa rm er s to re ce iv e fre e te ch no lo gy s er vi ce s fro m th e pr iv at e ex te ns io n se rv ic e pr ov id er s in cl ud in g ve te rin ar y se rv ic es Po lic y su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i Sm al l H ol de rs 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts N A SD G 1 SD G 8 51TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 51TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .3 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s (e ) E nh an ce th e ca pa ci ty o f t he lo ca l go ve rn m en t t o de liv er a gr ic ul tu ra l ex te ns io n se rv ic es ta rg et in g sm al l h ol de rs , w om en , a nd d is ad va nt ag ed g ro up s Tr ai ni ng M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oL M A C M oA LD Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts W FP , F A O , IN G O s SD C SD G 1 SD G 5 SD G 8 (g ) E xp an d in ve st m en t i n ot he r r ur al in fra st ru ct ur e, in cl ud in g ro ad s, co ld s to ra ge , di st rib ut io n fa ci lit ie s, an d “h ub s” to c on ne ct ru ra l f ar m er s to u rb an m ar ke ts (f ) E m po w er w om en o n ag ric ul tu re re la te d de ci si on m ak in g an d ac ce ss to e xt en si on , m ic ro -fi na nc e, a nd m ar ke ts (a ) E st ab lis h a fe rt ili se r f ac to ry (u re a pl an t) (b ) P ro m ot e ba la nc ed a nd o pt im um u se of p la nt n ut rie nt s th ro ug h ex te ns io n se rv ic es 5. O pt im iz e us e of fe rt ili se rs in cl ud in g ba la nc ed u se o f p la nt nu tr ie nt s Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n C ap ita l In ve st m en t n P ol ic y n A w ar en es s n T ra in in g M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A (B as ed o n D PR / fe as ib ili ty ) M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 02 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oI C S Lo ca l go ve rn m en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C M oF M oA LD M oL M A C W FP (F fW /c ), W B, A D B, IF A D , SD C , J IC A F A O , IN G O s IN G O s N G O s FG , Pr iv at e en tr ep re ne ur s FA O , J IC A , IN G O s SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 9 SD G 13 SD G 1 SD G 5 SD G 1 SD G 8 SD G 9 SD G 12 (a ) F in al is e th e co nt ra ct fa rm in g an d ag rib us in es s pr om ot io n A ct (c ) I nt ro du ce a fe rt ili se r t ar ge tin g sc he m e in pu bl ic fe rt ili se r d is tr ib ut io n sy st em (b ) I m pl em en t e ffe ct iv e m in im um s up po rt pr ic e sc he m es fo r p rio rit y co m m od iti es 6. E ns ur e ac ce ss to m ar ke ts a nd te ch no lo gi es , i nc lu di ng th ro ug h in ve st m en t i n ac ce ss in fra st ru ct ur e Po lic y su pp or t Le gi sl at io n Po lic y su pp or t Po lic y su pp or t N A N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 02 0 20 18 -2 02 0 20 18 -2 01 9 M oA LD M oA LD M oA LD M oL JP A M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oF , M oE A P FA O , J IC A , IN G O s FA O , J IC A , IN G O s FA O , J IC A , IN G O s SD G 1 SD G 8, SD G 9 SD G 12 SD G 1 SD G 8 52 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 52 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 Ta rg et 2 .4 B y 20 30 , e ns ur e su st ai na bl e fo od p ro du ct io n sy st em s an d im pl em en t r es ili en t a gr ic ul tu ra l p ra ct ic es th at in cr ea se p ro du ct iv ity a nd p ro du ct io n, h el p m ai nt ai n ec os ys te m s, st re ng th en c ap ac ity fo r ad ap ta tio n to c lim at e ch an ge , e xt re m e w ea th er , d ro ug ht , fl oo di ng , a nd o th er d is as te rs , a nd p ro gr es si ve ly im pr ov e la nd a nd s oi l q ua lit y 1. S up po rt a s us ta in ab le fo od s ys te m b y st re ng th en in g an d ex pa nd in g ex te ns io n se rv ic es to p ro vi de ed uc at io n an d tr ai ni ng in s us ta in ab le ag ric ul tu re (e .g . s oi l m an ag em en t a nd pe st ic id e us e) 2. E ns ur e ag ric ul tu re pr ac tic es a re g ea re d m or e to w ar ds c lim at e- sm ar t a gr ic ul tu re (C SA ) b y fo cu si ng on in di ge no us c ro ps th at a re h ea t a nd dr ou gh t t ol er an t an d co ns er va tio n te ch ni qu es s uc h as z er o til la ge a nd m ul ch in g (a ) S tr en gt he n fa rm er c ap ac ity o n su st ai na bl e so il m an ag em en t p ra ct ic es (S SM P) (b ) P ro m ot e in te gr at ed p la nt a nd n ut rie nt m an ag em en t s ys te m (I PN S) (c ) I nc en tiv iz e fa rm er s on o rg an ic fa rm in g pr ac tic es (O FP ) (d ) E xp an d in te gr at ed p es t m an ag em en t pr ac tic es (e ) E xp an d us e of b io -fe rt ili se r a nd b io - pe st ic id es (a ) P ro m ot e cu lti va tio n of d ro ug ht re si lie nt va rie tie s in d iff er en t p hy si o- gr ap hi c re gi on of th e co un tr y n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n A w ar en es s n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts Pr ov in ce G ov er nm en t Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M AC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M AC M oL M A C M oA LD M oA LD M oA LD M oA LD M oA LD N A RC FA O , S D C , IN G O s FA O , S D C , IN G O s FA O , S D C , IN G O s FA O , S D C , IN G O s IN G O s IN G O s SD G 1 2 SD G 1 2, S D G 1 3 SD G 1 2, S D G 1 3 SD G 1 3 SD G 1 2, S D G 1 3 SD G 1 3 (b ) C on se rv e an d cu lti va te lo ca l l an d ra ce s (c ) P ro m ot e cl im at e sm ar t f ar m in g pr ac tic es s uc h as z er o til la ge , m ul ch in g, et c. n A w ar en es s n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n A w ar en es s n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C M oA LD N A RC M oA LD N A RC IN G O s IN G O s SD G 1 3 SD G 1 3 53TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 53TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s (a ) B ui ld th e ca pa ci ty o f g ov er nm en t offi ci al s (fe de ra l, pr ov in ci al a nd L oc al ) o n cl im at e ch an ge is su es (b ) M ai ns tr ea m c lim at e ch an ge is su es in th e se ct or al p ol ie s an d pl an s aff ec tin g ag ric ul tu ra l a nd fo od p ol ic ie s (c ) C on du ct s oc ia l a ud it of s ec to ra l p ol ic ie s an d pl an s aff ec tin g ag ric ul tu ra l a nd fo od po lic ie s on th ei r r es po ns iv en es s to w ar ds cl im at e ch an ge 3. In cl ud e cl im at e ch an ge m iti ga tio n an d ad ap ta tio n ac tio ns in a ll na tio na l a gr ic ul tu re a nd fo od p ol ic ie s n T ra in in g n O bs er va tio n To ur n W or ks ho p Po lic y su pp or t Po lic y su pp or t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts N A RC M oL M A C M oL M A C M oL M A C M oL M A C IF A D , J IC A , A D B, U N , W B IF A D , J IC A , A D B, U N , W B - SD G 1 3 SD G 1 3 SD G 1 3 (a ) S tr en gt he n ca pa ci ty o f t he p ub lic s ec to r on c lim at e re la te d da ta c ol le ct io n an d re tr ie va l (b ) E nh an ce ti m el y ac ce ss o f t he st ak eh ol de rs o n cl im at e re la te d da ta es pe ci al ly o n ris k as se ss m en t a nd fo re ca st in g 4. D ev el op a st ro ng d at ab as e m an ag em en t s ys te m in re la tio n to c lim at e th ro ug h in cr ea se d co or di na tio n w ith th e D ep ar tm en t of H yd ro lo gy a nd M et eo ro lo gy th at en su re s tim el y da ta sh ar in g to u nd er ta ke sm ar t, ad ap tiv e, a nd di sa st er re sp on si ve pl an ni ng a nd im pl em en ta tio n n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oA LD M oL M A C M oL M A C FA O FA O SD G 1 3 SD G 1 3 (c ) B ui ld c ap ac ity o f s ta ke ho ld er s on th e us e of in fo rm at io n on p la nn in g cl im at e sm ar t a gr ic ul tu ra l r el at ed p la ns , p ol ic ie s, an d pr og ra m m es n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD M oL M A C FA O SD G 1 3 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 54 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 54 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION (a ) R ec la im a nd re ha bi lit at e di sa st er im pa ct ed la nd n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n C ap ita l in ve st m en t N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oF E M oA LD M oI TE F M oL M A C Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts IF A D , J ap an , U N C ou nt ry Te am , W or ld Ba nk G ro up SD G 1 3 5. P ro te ct n at ur al re so ur ce s th ro ug h w at er c on se rv at io n st ra te gi es , w at er u se in d rip a nd s pr in kl er irr ig at io n, a nd s oi l m an ag em en t i n ex te ns io n se rv ic es a nd ot he r f ar m er tr ai ni ng R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 (b ) P ro m ot e th e us e of w at er e ffi ci en t te ch no lo gi es s uc h as d rip /s pr in kl er irr ig at io n n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n C ap ita l in ve st m en t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts W U A Fa rm er G ro up s M oL M A C SD C , I FA D , W B, A D B, N or w ay SD G 1 3 (c ) S ca le u p gr ou p an d co op er at iv e fa rm in g to u til iz e fa llo w la nd (a ) P ro vi de ta x in ce nt iv es fo r t he es ta bl is hm en t o f a b io -fe rt ili se r p ro du ct io n co m pa ny (d ) E xp an d le as eh ol d fo re st ry p ro gr am m es in d eg ra de d fo re st p at ch es (e ) I m pl em en t i nt eg ra te d w at er sh ed m an ag em en t p ro je ct s in p rio rit iz ed w at er sh ed s 6. A ss is t a nd e nc ou ra ge th e pr od uc tio n, im po rt , an d us e of e co -fr ie nd ly ag ric ul tu re in pu ts (g re en m an ur e, c om po st , b io - fe rt ili se r, in te gr at ed p la nt nu tr iti on m an ag em en t sy st em s, bi o- pe st ic id es , an d in te gr at ed p es t m an ag em en t) M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i n P ol ic y s up po rt n In ve st m en t M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n In ve st m en t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n In ve st m en t n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t n In ve st m en t N A N A N A N A N A N A 2 01 8- 20 30 20 18 -2 03 0 2 01 8- 20 30 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts W U A Fa rm er G ro up s M oF Lo ca l go ve rn m en t W U A Fa rm er G ro up s M oL M A C M oI TF E M oL M A C M oL M C PA M oE A P N PC M oL M A C M oF E M oA LD M oL M C PA L oc al go ve rn m en ts SD C , I FA D , W B, A D B, N or w ay -SD C , I FA D , W B, A D B, N or w ay IF A D , J ap an , U N C ou nt ry Te am , W or ld Ba nk G ro up SD G 1 SD G 1 3 SD G 1 SD G 13 SD G 1 3 (b ) R ai se a w ar en es s of fa rm er s on th e us e of th e ec o- fri en dl y ag ric ul tu re in pu ts n T ra in in g an d n Im pl em en ta tio n su pp or t N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C U SA ID , E U , SD C , D FI D , JIC A , A D B, IF A D SD G 1 3 55TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 55TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 (c ) I nt ro du ce S oi l H ea lth C ar ds (S H C ) t o bo th te ac h an d pr es cr ib e re qu ire d so il im pr ov em en t t ec hn iq ue s n P ol ic y su pp or t n In ve st m en t N A N A 20 18 -2 02 2 Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C - SD G 1 3 (a ) E nh an ce fa rm er a cc es s to a gr ic ul tu ra l an d liv es to ck in su ra nc e sc he m es (b ) D ev el op e ar ly w ar ni ng fo re ca st in g sy st em s on li ke ly e xt re m e w ea th er e ve nt s in cl ud in g se as on al w ea th er c ha ng es (c ) D ev el op m ec ha ni sm s fo r s ha rin g ex tr em e w ea th er e ve nt s at th e lo ca l go ve rn m en t l ev el , i nc lu di ng to fa rm er gr ou ps /a gr ic ul tu ra l c oo pe ra tiv es 7. Im pr ov e ea rly w ar ni ng s ys te m s fo r se as on al w ea th er ch an ge s an d ex tr em e w ea th er e ve nt s to al lo w fa rm er s to b et te r pr ep ar e an d re ac t t o lo ng -t er m s tr es so rs an d sh or t- te rm s ho ck s fro m c lim at e ch an ge an d in cr ea se a cc es s to ag ric ul tu re in su ra nc e n P ol ic y s up po rt n Im pl em en ta tio n n M on ito rin g n P ol ic y s up po rt n Im pl em en ta tio n n M on ito rin g Im pl em en ta tio n N A N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -3 0 20 18 -3 0 20 18 -3 0 In su ra nc e co m pa ni es M oF E M oF E M oL M A C M oL M C PA Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts - FA O , W B, IF A D , IN G O s IN G O s SD G 1 SD G 1 SD G 13 SD G 1 SD G 13 (a ) S up po rt lo ca l g ov er nm en t f or th e pr ep ar at io n of th e LA PA , e sp ec ia lly ta rg et in g th e w at er sh ed le ve l (b ) B ui ld th e ca pa ci ty o f t he lo ca l go ve rn m en ts o n im pl em en ta tio n of th e LA PA 8. P ro m ot e th e Lo ca l A da pt at io n Pl an o f A ct io n (L A PA ) a s th e m ai n in st ru m en t t o pl an , i m pl em en t, m on ito r, an d ev al ua te in te rv en tio ns a t t he lo ca l l ev el s Im pl em en ta tio n n T ra in in g n Im pl em en ta tio n N A N A N A N A 20 18 -3 0 20 18 -3 0 M oF E M oF E Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oI TF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en t IN G O s IN G O s SD G 1 3 SD G 13 56 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 56 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .4 (c ) C on du ct p er io di c ev al ua tio n on L A PA im pl em en ta tio n, in cl ud in g its e ffi ca cy o n re du ci ng c lim at ic th re at s M on ito rin g N A N A 20 18 -3 0 M oF E M oI TF E M oL M A C L oc al go ve rn m en ts IN G O s SD G 13 (a ) S tr en gt he n th e N at io na l E m er ge nc y O pe ra tio n Ce nt re a nd c re at e D is tr ic t Em er ge nc y O pe ra tio n Ce nt re s in e ve ry di st ric t (b ) E st ab lis h re vo lv in g fu nd s at e ac h lo ca l go ve rn m en t l ev el fo r e m er ge nc y re sp on se an d hu m an ita ria n as si st an ce to n at ur al di sa st er v ic tim s (c ) E st ab lis h gr ai n ba nk s/ de po ts a t e ac h di st ric t l ev el fo r i m m ed ia te s up pl y of fo od to a ffe ct ed fa m ili es (a ) S tr en gt he n a la nd -u ni t w ith in lo ca l go ve rn m en ts to m on ito r l an d us e pr ac tic es , es pe ci al ly c on ve rs io n of a gr ic ul tu ra l l an d fo r ot he r u se s (b ) S tr en gt he n th e ca pa ci ty o f l oc al go ve rn m en ts to d el iv er a gr ic ul tu ra l s er vi ce s (c ) E nc ou ra ge lo ca l g ov er nm en ts to in cr ea se in ve st m en t i n ag ric ul tu ra l r el at ed ac tiv iti es 9. E ns ur e eff ec tiv e an d tim el y hu m an ita ria n re sp on se s to n at ur al di sa st er s in cl ud in g flo od s, la nd sl id es , a nd ea rt hq ua ke s to m ee t th e im m ed ia te fo od an d nu tr iti on n ee ds of e ve ry on e aff ec te d, w ith a fo cu s on th e m os t v ul ne ra bl e, b y st re ng th en in g th e N at io na l E m er ge nc y O pe ra tio n Ce nt re an d cr ea tin g D is tr ic t Em er ge nc y O pe ra tio n Ce nt re s in e ve ry d is tr ic t 10 . D ev el op a s tr on g m ec ha ni sm w ith in th e ne w ly s tr uc tu re d pr ov in ci al a nd lo ca l go ve rn m en ts to lo ok in to th e is su es of n at ur al re so ur ce s m an ag em en t in cl ud in g su st ai na bl e ag ric ul tu re de ve lo pm en t Im pl em en ta tio n n P ol ic y su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n n P ol ic y su pp or t n C ap ita l in ve st m en t n P ol ic y su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n Im pl em en ta tio n n P ol ic y su pp or t n Im pl em en ta tio n N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -3 0 20 18 -3 0 20 18 -2 02 2 20 18 -1 9 20 18 -1 9 20 18 -1 9 M oH A Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts N FC Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oI A L M oF E M oI A L M oH A M oH A M oF M oI A L Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C M oL M C PA Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C IN G O s IN G O s FA O , W B, IF A D , IN G O s - W B, A D B, S D C JIC A - SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 2 .1 SD G 13 SD G 11 SD G 13 SD G 1 SD G 8 57TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 57TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s Ta rg et 2 .5 B y 20 20 , m ai nt ai n th e ge ne tic d iv er si ty o f s ee ds , c ul tiv at ed p la nt s an d fa rm ed a nd d om es tic at ed a ni m al s an d th ei r r el at ed w ild s pe ci es , i nc lu di ng th ro ug h so un dl y m an ag ed a nd d iv er si fie d se ed a nd pl an t b an ks a t t he n at io na l, re gi on al a nd in te rn at io na l l ev el s, an d en su re a cc es s to a nd fa ir an d eq ui ta bl e sh ar in g of b en efi ts a ris in g fro m th e ut ili za tio n of g en et ic re so ur ce s an d as so ci at ed tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e, a s in te rn at io na lly a gr ee d 1. P ro vi de a pp ro pr ia te in st itu tio na l m ec ha ni sm s fo r e na bl in g pr ov in ci al a nd lo ca l l ev el g ov er nm en t an d ex ec ut iv e offi ce s to pl an , i m pl em en t, an d m on ito r a gr ob io di ve rs ity co ns er va tio n an d ut ili sa tio n 2. R eg ul ar ly a ss es s th e st at us o f a lre ad y id en tifi ed hi gh a gr ob io di ve rs ity “h ot sp ot s” th en c ol le ct an d ch ar ac te riz e cr op w ild re la tiv es a nd w ild ed ib le p la nt s fo llo w ed by s ite te st in g to id en tif y hi gh y ie ld a nd n ut rit io us ge no ty pe s fo llo w ed b y co ns er vi ng a nd p ro m ot in g th es e cr op s an d id en tif y ad di tio na l “ ho ts po ts ” w ith re lia bl e in ve nt or ie s 3. M ai nt ai n th e ge ne tic d iv er si ty o f se ed s, cu lti va te d pl an ts , a nd fa rm ed a nd do m es tic at ed a ni m al s an d th ei r r el at ed w ild sp ec ie s (a ) C on du ct e xt en si on a nd tr ai ni ng fo r ho us eh ol d pr od uc tio n of h ig h- yi el d an d nu tr iti ou s va rie tie s in cl ud in g st re ng th en in g of tr ad iti on al k no w le dg e an d pr ac tic es (a ) C on se rv e an d pr om ot e cr op s an d id en tif y ad di tio na l “ ho ts po ts ” w ith re lia bl e in ve nt or ie s (a ) S tr en gt he n/ es ta bl is h ge ne b an ks fo r va rie tie s of s ee ds , p la nt s, an d en da ng er ed an im al s pe ci es , a s w el l a s co m m un ity s ee d ba nk s, an d ar bo re tu m a nd b re ed in g ce nt re s fo r i nd ig en ou s sp ec ie s (b ) C ol le ct a nd c ha ra ct er iz e cr op w ild re la tiv es a nd w ild e di bl e pl an ts (c ) C on du ct s ite te st in g to id en tif y hi gh - yi el d an d nu tr iti ou s ge no ty pe s Po lic y su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t M ou nt ai ns H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 01 9 20 18 -2 01 9 20 18 -2 02 2 20 18 -2 02 0 20 18 -2 03 0 M oA LD N AR C N AR C N AR C N AR C M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oL M A C Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts IN G O IN G O IN G O IN G O IN G O SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .5 58 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 58 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 4. C re at e a se ar ch ab le on lin e da ta ba se th at in cl ud es in fo rm at io n ab ou t d iff er en t s pe ci es an d va rie tie s. H ar m on iz e po lic ie s, st ra te gi es , an d ac ts re la te d to bi od iv er si ty to fi t i n w ith th e sp iri t o f t he c ur re nt co ns tit ut io n an d ro le s an d re sp on si bi lit ie s de le ga te d to th e di ffe re nt le ve ls o f t he go ve rn m en t. 5. C re at e ag ro bi od iv er si ty p ro fil es an d id en tif y hi gh yi el di ng a nd n ut rit io us ge no ty pe s fo r e ac h 75 3 lo ca l g ov er nm en ts 6. C on tin ue to do cu m en t, re co rd , di ss em in at e, a nd ut ili se th e ra pi dl y va ni sh in g tr ad iti on al in di ge no us k no w le dg e on fo od p ro du ct io n, ut ili za tio n, a nd p os t- ha rv es t m an ag em en t an d en su re p ro pe r ut ili sa tio n of s uc h kn ow le dg e (a ) C re at e a se ar ch ab le o nl in e da ta ba se to p ro vi de k ey in fo rm at io n on d iff er en t sp ec ie s an d va rie tie s (a ) P re pa re a gr ob io di ve rs ity p ro fil es a nd id en tif y hi gh -y ie ld in g an d nu tr iti ou s ge no ty pe s in e ac h 75 3 lo ca l go ve rn m en ts (a ) P ro pe rly u til is e tr ad iti on al in di ge no us kn ow le dg e on fo od p ro du ct io n, u til iz at io n, an d po st -h ar ve st m an ag em en t (b ) R ev ie w b io di ve rs ity re la te d po lic ie s an d st ra te gi es a nd h ar m on is e th em in li ne w ith co ns tit ut io na l p ro vi si on (c ) D el in ea te c le ar ro le s an d re sp on si bi lit ie s of th e th re e tie rs o f t he g ov er nm en t f or ag ro -b io di ve rs ity c on se rv at io n Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Re se ar ch su pp or t Po lic y su pp or t M ou nt ai ns H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai ns H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai ns H ill s Te ra i M ou nt ai n H ill s Te ra i N A N A N A N A N A N A 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 03 0 20 18 -2 01 9 20 18 -2 03 0 N AR C N AR C N AR C N AR C M oA LD M oF E M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en t M oA LD M oF E M oL M A C Lo ca l g ov er nm en ts M oL M A C Lo ca l go ve rn m en ts IN G O IN G O IN G O IN G O - SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 SD G 13 to b e co nt in ue d: Ta rg et 2 .5 R EC O M M EN D AT IO N A C TI O N IN TE RV EN TI O N TA RG ET TI M E FR A M E RE SP O N SI BI LI TY FU N D IN G LI N K A G ES O R G EO G RA PH IC A L. G RO U P LE A D CO LL A BO RA TO R SO U RC E CO N TR IB U TI O N O TH ER S D G s 59TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION ADB Asian Development Bank ADS Agriculture Development Strategy AFSP Agriculture and Food Security Programme AWPB Annual Work Plan and Budget APP Agriculture Perspective Plan AusAID Australian Aid for International Development BOOT Build, own, operate and transfer CBS Central Bureaue of Statistics CSA Climate Smart Agriculture DDC District Development Committee DFID Department for International Development DoI Department of Irrigation DP Development Partner EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FG Federal Government FIAN Food-First Information and Action Network FIMS Farmer managed irrigation systems FNSPA Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action FSN Food Security and Nutrition FY Fiscal Year GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme GDP Gross Domestic Products GESI Gender and Social Inclusion GiZ German Technical Cooperation GoN Government of Nepal Ha Hectare HH Household HNG Home Nutritional Gardens HSS Health Sector Strategy IDM Integrated Disease Management IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPM Integrated Pest Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LAPA Local Adaptation Plan of Action LG Local Government LGOA Local Government Operation Act MDG Millennium Development Goal MoAD Ministry of Agricultural Development MoALD Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development MoLMAC Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives MoEAP Ministry of Economic Affairs and Planning MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MoF Ministry of Finance MoFE Ministry of Forest and Environment MoH Ministry of Health MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs MoHP Ministry of Health and Population LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 60 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION MoICS Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies MoITFE Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment MoIAL Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law MoLD Ministry of Livestock Development MoLESS Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security MoLRM Ministry of Land Reform and Management MoLJPA Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs MoLMCPA Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation MoPID Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Development MoSD Ministry of Social Development MoEST Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology MoUD Ministry of Urban Development MoWCSC Ministry of Women, Children, and Senior Citizen MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index MSNP Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan NA Not applicable NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Council NDHS Nepal Demographic Health Survey NeKSAP Nepal Khadhya Surakshya Anugaman Pranali NFC Nepal Food Corporation NGO Non-Governmental Organization NNFSS National Nutrition and Food Security Secretariat NNRFC National Natural Resource and Fiscal Commission NPC National Planning Commission NZHC-NAP National Zero Hunger Challenge-National Action Plan ODA Official Development Assistance PFNSSC Provincial Food and Nutrition Security Steering Committee PG Provincial Government RM/M Rural Municipality/Municipality RWEE Rural Women Economic Empowerment SALT Slope Agriculture Land Technology SDG Sustainable Development Goal SINAS Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture SMP School Meals Program SRR Seed Replacement Rate SUN Scaling Up Nutrition Movement TA Technical Assistance TRT Technical Review Team UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development VDC Village Development Committee WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WUA Water Users Assocation ZHC Zero Hunger Challenge ZHSR Zero Hunger Strategy Review of Food Security and Nutrition in Nepal 61TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 62 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL KATHMANDU N A T I O N A L P L A N N I N G C O M M I S S I O N