National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2020

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN 2016-2020 FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT December 2015 i Foreword Nigeria is endowed with enormous biodiversity that includes the freshwater swamp forest, mangrove forest and coastal vegetation, lowland forest, derived savannah, guinea savannah, Sudan/Sahel savannah, and montane ecosystems. Each of these ecosystems has its diverse species of fauna and flora with diverse genetic endowments. Biodiversity plays vital and diverse roles in our economy, ecology and social lives. We use it as food, fibre, domestic and commercial products, medicine, and for aesthetics and culture, agriculture, knowledge, and industrial processes. We will therefore ensure that it is studied, valorized, conserved and developed in a way that it will bring sustainable benefits to all Nigerians. However, there are serious environmental challenges that have led to the loss of biodiversity and threatened our existence. Their drivers include all forms of habitat change, over-exploitation, pollution, invasive alien species and climate change. To reverse this situation, we collaborated with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to revise our National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and will implement it. This revised NBSAP will guide the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity, access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their utilization. It is an important document that provides information on biodiversity and their threats and analyzes institutional and legal frameworks that govern biodiversity issues in our country. It is my hope that this NBSAP will inspire and guide all stakeholders to play their parts towards conservation, and sustainable utilization of biodiversity and the sustainable development of our country. Amina J. Mohammed (Mrs) Honourable Minister of Environment ii Preface The preparation and revision of the NBSAPs were done in compliance with Article 6 of the CBD and COP Decision X/2 respectively. The revision process of the NBSAP started with the nomination of the National Project Coordinator and the identification of the NBSAP Revision Team. This was followed by identifying relevant experts and credible consultants who could play a role in the process. Relevant Stakeholders in biodiversity issues were also identified. A work plan was prepared and followed but was reviewed from time to time. Capacity of the members of the NBSAP Revision Team was built through trainings received at inside and outside the country. The Revision Team reviewed draft reports prepared by Consultants. They also organized validation workshops for draft reports. The draft revised National Biodiversity Strategy (NBSAP) was developed through synthesis of the various validated reports of NBSAP components and adopted both by stakeholders and Government. Consequently, Nigeria has adopted 14 SMART National Targets with 21 Impact Indicators and 67 Actions with 123 Performance Indicators and 20 Programmes. Our revised NBSAP document for 2016–2020 has six chapters: the Introduction; Status of Biodiversity; Strategy: Principles, Priorities and Targets; Action Plan; Implementation plan; and Institutional, Monitoring and Reporting. In summary, the revised NBSAP outlines the situation of our biodiversity, the actions we have adopted at home in line with global requirements and our determination to address the threats to biodiversity through the implementation of the NBSAP for the sustainable benefit of our people. Salisu M. Dahiru Director of Forestry iii Acknowledgements The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) of Nigeria remains extremely grateful to all the international organizations and their members of staff that contributed in one way or the other to the successful completion of the revision process of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). It is particularly grateful to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD) for building the capacity of the project team and providing guidance; to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for driving the process and providing technical support; to the UNEP-World Conservation and Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) for its technical support; and to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for its financial support. The contributions of George Saddimbah, Anthony Kamau, Jane Nimpamya, Philip Bubb, Abisha Mapendembe, Sarah Walker, Sarah Ivory and John Tayleur are very notable and highly appreciated. The Ministry is grateful to the World Bank and ECOWAS Commission for their encouragement. At the national level, the Ministry commends the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Natures Copex Nigeria Limited, Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP), Quavant Project Limited and PHR Management Consult for providing consultations at various stages of the revised NBSAP. The Ministry will also like to appreciate the efforts of the Multi-stakeholders including the various relevant Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies; Non-Governmental Organizations; Civil Society Organizations; relevant State Ministries; the Media; and the Press and the Expert Review Team who have been part of the NBSAP revision process for their dedication. The Ministry commends Professors Maurice Iwu, Elijah Sokomba and Patricia Ori Donli; and Mr Alade Adeleke for their invaluable contributions and patriotism. Finally, the Ministry is greatly indebted to its past and present High level management including the Honourable Minister of Environment, Amina J. Mohammed (Mrs), Honourable Minister of State for Environment, Alh. Ibrahim Usman Jibril and the Permanent Secretary, Dr Bukar Hassan for their support and encouragement; to the Directors of Forestry: Mr. Peter M. Papka, Mr. Simon Oye Adedoyin, Mr Philip O. Bankole and Mr Salisu M. Dahiru, for their guidance; and to all other relevant Ministry staff members for their immeasurable contributions. John E. Onyekuru, PhD NBSAP National Project Coordinator iv Executive Summary Nigeria houses a cornucopia of both plants and animal species which makes it very rich in biodiversity. The considerable levels of endemism and species richness in the country are due to a complex topography, favourable climate and wide range of habitats. These include but are not limited to coastal creeks of the Niger Delta, the rainforests of the Cross River basin and the mountains along the Cameroun border. The Atlantic Ocean forms the southern border part of Nigeria, and with its highly diverse marine and freshwater ecosystems. There exists an inland layout of an array of other forest ecosystems including the Sahel Savannah in the extreme North, Sudan Savannah, Guinea Savannah and Derived Savannah woodland. Species statistics showed that Nigeria has an endemic flora of 91 species belonging to 44 families with Rubiaceae accounting for the highest numbers. A list of faunal species was also outlined. According to the IUCN Red list 2013, Nigeria has a total of 309 threatened species in the following taxonomic categories: Mammals (26), Birds (19), Reptiles (8), Amphibians (13), Fishes (60), Molluscs (1), other Invertebrates (14) and Plants (168) (Sedghi, 2013). The categories of biodiversity related sites in Nigeria include: 7 National Parks of Old Oyo, Cross River, Gashaka-Gumti, Okomu, Chad Basin, Kainji Lake, and Kamuku; 27 Important Bird Areas including all National Parks and 60% the Ramsar sites; 11 Ramsar Sites; 2 World Heritage Sites of Sukur Kingdom and Osun Osogbo Grove; 994 Forest Reserves; 32 Game Reserves; 1 Biosphere Reserve; and many Sacred groves at varied level of protection. This document gave information on the status of biodiversity and its contribution to varied sectors of Nigerian economy including tourism, agriculture, water resources, health, commerce and industrial development. It showed how biodiversity impacts on the lives and livelihoods of the people as well. The value of biodiversity to Nigerians and the linkages it has on various sectors of the Nigerian economy was vividly shown. The threats to biodiversity, causes and consequences of biodiversity loss in Nigeria were also identified and analysed. It outlined the Policy, Legal, and Institutional Frameworks on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as an integral part of the national policy on environment. There was an elaboration of Stakeholders on Biodiversity management. This revised NBSAP was developed within the framework of stakeholder’s participatory approach involving series of plenary of multi-stakeholders workshop and peer reviews with over 500 stakeholders ranging from international and national experts to officials of sub national entities and managers of natural resources at the grass root. The consultative process included a detailed review of Nigeria’s first NBSAP (2001-2010) which provided valuable lessons and guidance for the formulation of this second NBSAP (2016 – 2020). v Some of the key lessons learned from the first NBSAP include the lack of management structures for implementation of the NBSAP and the low level of awareness creation at Federal, State and Local governments during its preparation. Institutional linkages were not properly addressed in the implementation plan of action. Targets and Actions were not set to address identified major challenges although challenges were identified. Strategies for mainstreaming biodiversity into different sectors were weakly analysed in the first NBSAP. These shortcomings of the previous NBSAP form the bases of the lessons learned and the planning process of the current NBSAP has addressed them as critical in the implementation of the revised NBSAP. Nigeria’s Long Term Vision for biodiversity management is: ‘A Nigeria with healthy living environment where people live in harmony with nature and sustain the gains and benefits of biodiversity, integrating biodiversity into National programme aimed at reducing poverty and developing a secure future in line with the principle of ecological sustainability and social equity.’ The major focus of this vision is the consideration of genetic materials as a strategic but fragile resource to be conserved, sustainably utilized and perhaps more importantly to be deployed as natural capital for socio -economic development of Nigeria. Seven principles governing the national biodiversity Strategy were outlined. These are linked to Nigeria’s commitment to the CBD that is a genuine appreciation of biodiversity in national development and socio-economic welfare of the Nigerian people. They include specific principles that support global best practices in biodiversity management and in general, the environment and natural resources. Nigeria considers the five goals of the Global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 very appropriate and applicable to its situation and adopted them to form the basis of the current NBSAP. It has also adopted 14 SMART National Targets with 21 Impact Indicators and 67 Actions with 123 Performance Indicators and 20 Programmes. Consequently, Nigeria’s current NBSAP is closely aligned to both the CBD Strategic Plan for biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi biodiversity Targets and Nigeria’s unique Priorities and features. The National Targets and related Global Strategic Goals of the NBSAP are as follows: Target 1: By 2020, 30% of Nigeria’s population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country. Target 2: By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget Target 3: By 2020, adoption of a national ecosystem-based spatial planning process and plans, promoting the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to sustain development vi Target 4: By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management Target 5: By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species Target 6: By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria’s national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types Target 7: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their threatened wild relatives, including culturally valuable species, are documented, maintained and valorised in two key institutions in Nigeria Target 8: By 2020, at least 60% of identified pollution sources, including those from extractive industries and agricultural inputs, are brought under control and guidelines are put in place to mitigate their effects on ecosystems Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones Target 10: By 2015, the Nigerian NBSAP has been fully revised and adopted by government as a policy instrument, and its implementation commenced in a participatory manner Target 11: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced Target 12: By 2020, community participation in project design and management of key ecosystems is enhanced in one (1) each of the six (6) ecological zones Target 13: By 2020, national-based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective international partnership support Target 14: By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria’s biodiversity targets Supporting systems or components were developed in the revised NBSAP as implementation plans to ensure the development of necessary capacities and inclusive societal engagement in the development, updating and implementation of the country’s NBSAP. The plans developed include: plan for capacity development and technical capacity needs assessment; vii communication and outreach strategy including the development of the National Clearing House Mechanism CHM, www.chm-cbd.com.ng that has some translations in the three main Nigerian languages (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba); and a plan for resource mobilization. The responsibility for implementing the NBSAP is held by relevant multi-stakeholder institutions identified in the NBSAP document which constitute the Biodiversity Steering Committee (BSC). The Ministry of Environment, through the Department of Forestry which houses the key biodiversity National Focal Points, will be responsible for the direct monitoring of the implementation of this NBSAP. The Biodiversity Steering Committee will oversee the process of NBSAP implementation and report to the Federal Executive Council (Council of Ministers) and the House Committee on Environment (Parliamentary Committee). The Committee will keep the implementation of the NBSAP under review based on regular reports from the National Biodiversity Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordinating Unit (NBMECU). It will ensure that the activities included in the Action Plan for the implementation of the Strategy are included in the activity plans of the institutions involved in implementing the Strategy. Monitoring and evaluation will be conducted periodically to enable the tracking of progress during the implementation of the revised NBSAP. Consequently, a monitoring plan was developed in the plenary of multi-stakeholders workshop which has a matrix that is applicable to both the impact indicators and performance indicators. The Monitoring Matrix consists of the: Targets or Action; Impact Indicators or Performance Indicators; Responsibility for activity indicator; Data for indicator (Baseline and Target/Action Data); Data Gathering Methods; Means of Verification, and Collection Frequency for the data. This is to ensure that the national Targets and Actions contribute to the achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity targets and ultimately, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. viii Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Physico-Geographic and Climate Features 2 1.2. Administrative Tiers of Government and Population 3 1.3. Economy 5 CHAPTER TWO 2.0. STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN NIGERIA 6 2.1. Values of Biodiversity and Ecosystem in Nigeria and their Contribution to Human Well-being 10 2.1.1 Value of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) 10 2.1.2. Biodiversity and Ecotourism 11 2.1.3. Wetlands and Marine Biodiversity 11 2.1.4. Cultural and Aesthetic Values of Biodiversity 12 2.2. Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss 12 2.2.1. High Population Growth Rate 13 2.2.2. Poverty 13 2.2.3. Policy and Legislation Constraints 13 ix 2.2.4. Poor Land Use Planning 14 2.2.5. Governance and Transparency 15 2.2.6. Socio-cultural Characteristics, Food and Trade Connections 15 2.2.7. Effect of Climate Change 16 2.2.8. Unsustainable Agricultural Practices 16 2.2.9. Unsustainable Harvesting of Bioresources 17 2.2.10. Extractive Industries and their Activities 18 2.2.11. Uncontrolled, Illegal and Harmful Mining Practices 19 2.2.12. Pollution 19 2.2.13. Gas Flaring 20 2.2.14. Invasive Species 20 2.2.15. Overgrazing 22 2.3. Constitutional, Legal and Institutional Framework 23 2.3.1. Policy Frame Work 23 2.3.2. Legal Framework 24 2.3.3. Institutional Framework 24 2.3.3.1. Institutions and their Responsibilities 25 2.4. Lessons Learned from the Earlier NBSAP and the Process of Revising the Earlier NBSAP 30 CHAPTER THREE 3.0. STRATEGY PRINCIPLES, PRIORITIES AND TARGETS 33 3.1. Long Term Vision 33 3.2. Principles Governing the Strategy 34 3.3. Main Goals or Priority Areas 35 3.4. National Targets 36 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0. NATIONAL ACTIONS TO ACHIEVE THE STRATEGY 39 4.1. Application of the NBSAP to Sub-National Entities 39 4.1.1. Relationship between NBSAP and Sub-National Entities 39 4.2. Sectoral Actions: Mainstreaming Biodiversity into National Development, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change Plans 53 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 54 5.1. Plan for Capacity Development and Technology Needs Assessment for NBSAP Implementation 55 5.1.1. Capacity Development Plan 57 5.1.2. Technology Needs Assessment and Plan for Increasing Technical Capacity 59 5.1.3. Identification and Evaluation of Current Technology Status 59 x 5.2. Communication and Outreach Strategy for the NBSAP 60 5.2.1. Required Communication Actions 61 5.2.2. Strategic Approach 63 5.2.3. Roles and Responsibilities 63 5.3. Plan for Resource Mobilization for the NBSAP Implementation 64 5.3.1. Finance Actors 64 5.3.2. Financing Mechanisms 64 5.3.3. Innovative Funding for the NBSAP 65 CHAPTER SIX 6.0. INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING AND REPORTING 67 6.1. National Coordinating Structures 67 6.1.1. Considerations for Establishment of NBSAP National Coordinating Structure 68 6.1.2. Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Structures 69 6.2. Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) 73 6.2.1. Website Design Process 74 6.2.2. Essence of the Clearing House Mechanism 74 6.2.3. Main Page Type Designs 75 6.3. Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Plan 78 6.3.1. Monitoring and Evaluation 78 6.3.2. Reporting Plan 78 6.3.3. Monitoring Plan 80 6.3.4. Evaluation Plan 119 6.3.5. Major NBSAP Challenges 120 REFERENCES APPENDIX List of Members of the Multi-Stakeholders Committee List of Consultants and their profiles The Peer Review Team The NBSAP Revision Team List of participants involved in the process of the revision of the NBSAP xi LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1: Ecological Zones of Nigeria 3 Fig. 1.2: Map of Nigeria 4 Fig 2.1: Map of Nigeria showing vegetation zones and some important sites for Biodiversity 9 Fig. 2.2: Clearing Typha on Nguru channel 21 Fig. 2.3: Number of grazing livestock in Nigeria between 1981 and 2008 22 Fig. 6.1: Website Design Process 74 Fig. 6.2: Early prototype Home Page 75 Fig. 6.3: Close-Out Document Checklist 76 Fig. 6.4: NBSAP Reporting Structure 79 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Nigeria’s Geopolitical Zones 4 Table 2.1: List of Endemic Vertebrate species in Nigeria 6 Table 2.2: Categories of Biodiversity sites in Nigeria 8 Table 2.3: Stakeholders (Policy and Government Institutions) on Biodiversity in Nigeria 28 Table 3.1: National Targets and Related Global Strategic Goals 36 Table 4.1: Strategy and Action Plan for Nigeria’s Revised NBSAP 40 Table 5.1: Capacity Assessment Framework 56 Table 5.2: Capacity Development Activities and Actions 57 Table 5.3: List of Identified Technologies 59 Table 5.4: Technology Needs and Required Actions 60 Table 5.5: NBSAP Stakeholders and Required Communication Actions 61 Table 5.6: NBSAP Implementation Team Roles and Responsibilities 63 Table 5.7: Checklist of Sample Financial Mechanisms for NBSAP 64 Table 6.1: NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities 69 Table 6.2: Close-Out Document Checklist 77 Table 6.3: NBSAP Target Monitoring Matrix 81 Table 6.4: NBSAP Actions Monitoring Matrix 87 Table 6.5: Evaluation Activities, Responsibility and Periods 119 xii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABS Access and Benefit Sharing ADPs Agricultural Development Projects BDCP Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme BD Biodiversity BSC Biodiversity Steering Committee CBD Conference of Biological Diversity CBO Community-Based Organization CCD Climate Change Department CENRAD Centre for Environment Renewable Natural Resources Management Research and Development CHM Clearing House Mechanism COP Conference of the Parties CSO Civil Society Organization DDA Desertification Amelioration Department DPR Department of Petroleum Resources EA Environmental Assessment Department ECN Energy Commission of Nigeria ERA Environmental Rights Action FAN Forestry Association of Nigeria FCT Federal Capital Territory FDF Federal Department of Forestry FMA&RD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FME Federal Ministry of Education FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMF Federal Ministry of Finance FMH Federal Ministry of Health FMJ Federal Ministry of Justice FML&S Federal Ministry of Lands and Survey FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources FRIN Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria GCLME Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem GBO Global Biodiversity Outlook GEF Global environment Facility IMCABS Inter-Ministerial Committee on Access and Benefit Sharing LCBDA Lake Chad Basin Development Authority LGAs Local Government Authorities MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies M & E Monitoring and Evaluation NABDA National Biotechnology Development Agency NAGGW National Agency for Great Green Wall NALDA National Livestock Development Agency NAN News Agency of Nigeria NAQS Nigerian Agricultural Quarantine Service xiii NASPA-CCN National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change in Nigeria NBC Nigerian Broadcasting Commission NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NBMA National Biosafety Management Agency NBMECU National Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Coordination Unit NBWG National Biodiversity Working Group NCC Nigerian Communication Commission NCF Nigerian Conservation Foundation NCGRAB National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology NESREA National Environmental Standards Regulation and Enforcement Agency NEST Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team NFP National Focal Point NGOs Non-governmental Organizations NIFFR Nigerian Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research NIMASA Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency NIOMR Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research NIPRD National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NOA National Orientation Agency NOSDRA National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency NPC National Planning Commission NPS National Parks Service NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products NUC National University Commission OSGF Office of Surveyor General of the Federation PC&EH Pollution Control and Environmental Health PQD Plant Quarantine Department SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice SPDC Shell Petroleum Development Company UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme WCS Wildlife Conservation Society 1 CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION Nigeria and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Nigeria became a Party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994 and thus committed itself to the convention’s three objectives: the conservation of biological diversity; the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are required in Article 6 to prepare and implement a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). According to the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-3) assessment, the pre- 2010 NBSAPs were, among other things, poorly implemented which resulted in continuing poor management and loss of biodiversity. Consequently, at the 2010 or tenth Conference of the Parties (COP-10) held at Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, more than 190 countries of the world reached an historic global agreement to take urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity and adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 with 5 goals and 20 Targets. At that historic occasion, Nations affirmed their commitment to ensure that they achieved the adopted global agreement for biodiversity conservation. Parties were urged to revise/update their pre-2010 NBSAPs using this Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets as an overarching, flexible framework in accordance with national circumstances, priorities and capacities. The Strategic Plan is a ten-year framework for action by Parties to the CBD and stakeholders to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. The plan recognizes the importance of biodiversity for sustaining a healthy planet and for delivering essential benefits to people. The NBSAP is a national instrument for identifying, documenting and addressing the threats to biodiversity in order to prevent its loss. Its objectives are: to address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across governments, societies and economic sectors; to reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use; to improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; to enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services; and to enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building. Nigeria has an NBSAP, which was launched in 2006 but unfortunately, was not adequately implemented. This pre-2010 NBSAP is now revised in compliance with COP decision X/2 and the guidance adopted in decision IX/9. By this, Nigeria reaffirms its commitment to ensuring that it delivers on these obligations through positive action at home which will promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods. This revised NBSAP will guide our efforts in the conservation and sustainable use of our rich biodiversity over the decade, including setting our target to halt its overall loss by 2020. In the longer term, our ambition is to move progressively from near biodiversity loss to sustainable use of biodiversity. 2 1.1. Physico-Geographic and Climate Features Geography Nigeria is situated in the West African region and lies between longitudes 3 0 E and 15 0 E and latitudes 4 0 N and 14 0 N. It has a land mass of 923,768 sq.km. It is bordered to the north by the Republics of Niger and Chad. It shares borders to the west with the Republic of Benin, while the Republic of Cameroun shares the eastern borders right down to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean which forms the southern limits of Nigerian Territory. The about 853km of coastline confers on the country the potentials of a maritime power. Land is in abundance in Nigeria for agricultural, industrial and commercial activities. At her widest, Nigeria measures about 1,200 km from east to west and about 1,050 km from north to south. The country’s topography ranges from lowlands along the coast and in the lower Niger Valley to high plateaus in the north and mountains along the eastern border. Much of the country is laced with productive rivers. Nigeria’s ecology varies from tropical forest in the south to dry savannah in the far north, yielding a diverse mix of plants and animals. The broad and mostly level troughs of the Niger and Benue rivers form Nigeria’s prominent physical features. The river Niger enters the country from the northwest, the river Benue from the northeast; the two rivers form a confluence in Lokoja in the North Central region and continue south, where they empty into the Atlantic at the Niger Delta. North of the Niger Valley are the high plains of the Country, an area of relatively level topography averaging about 800 m above sea level, with isolated granite out-cropping. The Jos Plateau, located close to Nigeria’s geographic centre, rises steeply above the surrounding plains to an average elevation of about 1,300 m. Climate Temperature across the country is relatively high with a very narrow variation in seasonal and diurnal ranges (22 - 36 0 C). There are two basic seasons: wet season which lasts from April to October; and the dry season which lasts from November till March. The dry season commences with Harmattan, a dry chilly spell that lasts till February and is associated with lower temperatures, a dusty and hazy atmosphere brought about by the North-Easterly winds blowing from the Arabian Peninsula across the Sahara; the second half of the dry season, February – March, is the hottest period of the year when temperatures range from 33-40 0 C. The extremes of the wet season are felt on the south-eastern coast where annual rainfall might reach a height of 330cm; while the extremes of the dry season, in aridity and high temperatures, are felt in the north third of the country. Vegetation In line with the rainfall distribution, a wetter south and a drier northern half, there are two broad vegetation types: Forests and Savannah. There are three variants of each, running as near parallel bands east to west across the country. These include Sahel Savannah in the extreme North, Sudan Savannah, Guinea Savannah, Derived Savannah, Tropical evergreen rainforest, Fresh water swamp and Saline water swamp. There is also the unique vegetation 3 of the Jos plateau, as well as the montane vegetation of the isolated highlands of Mambilla and Obudu. The savannah, especially Guinea and Sudan, are the major grains, grasses, tubers, vegetable and cotton growing regions. Fig 1.1 shows the Ecological zones in Nigeria. The Tropical evergreen rain forest belt bears timber production and forest development, production of cassava; and plantation growing of fruit trees – citrus, oil palm, cocoa, and rubber, among others. Fig. 1.1: Ecological Zones of Nigeria 1.2. Administrative Tiers of Government and Population Administrative Structure Nigeria operates a federal system of government. There is a central government with its headquarters in Abuja. There are 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), as shown in Fig. 2, with 774 Local Government Areas that constitute the third tier of government. 4 Fig. 1.2: Map of Nigeria It is now common for reasons of coordination and for representation in national affairs to group the 36 states into six geopolitical zones as follows (indicated in Table 1.1): Table 1.1: Nigeria’s Geopolitical Zones Zone Constituent States North West Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara North East Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, Yobe North Central Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nassarawa, Niger, Plateau South West Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo South East Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo South South Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross-River, Delta, Edo, Rivers Federal Capital The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) The current constitution was adopted in 1999 and amended in 2014. The executive arm is headed by a President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, elected by popular vote for no more than two four-year terms. The Federal Executive Council, an appointed body, functions as a cabinet within the executive arm. The legislature is bicameral consisting of the Senate elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms, and a House of Representatives, also elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The judiciary constitutes the third arm of government and is made up of the Supreme Court and the Federal Courts of Appeal with judges appointed by the federal government on the advice of an Advisory Judicial Committee. 5 A Governor who appoints Commissioners to oversee various state ministries heads the state. It is noteworthy that state ministry structure varies between states and does not necessarily follow the federal model. Local government administrations (LGA’s) function as the main supporting bodies for activities within each state and are administered by elected Chairperson. Population The population of Nigeria is estimated at 183, 523, 434 people as at July 2015, which is equivalent to 2.51% of the total world population and makes Nigeria number 7 in the list of the total world population (Source: Worldometers). Nigeria is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups: the most populous and politically influential are Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%. 1.3. Economy Nigeria is a middle income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 21 st largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 20 th largest in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent, though currently underperforming, manufacturing sector is the third-largest on the continent, and produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African sub-region. Nigeria's economy is struggling to leverage the country's vast wealth in fossil fuels in order to displace the poverty that affects about 33% of its population. Like most developing countries there is the coexistence of vast wealth in natural resources and extreme personal poverty in Nigeria. The economy has enjoyed sustained economic growth for a decade, with annual real GDP increasing by around 7%; it was 6.3% in 2014. The non-oil sector has been the main driver of growth, with services contributing about 57%, while manufacturing and agriculture, respectively contributed about 9% and 21%. The economy is thus diversifying and is becoming more services-oriented, in particular through retail and wholesale trade, real estate, information, communication and entertainment. The 2015 outlook is for moderate growth of 5%, due to vulnerability to slow global economic recovery, oil-price volatility and global financial developments. The low oil price will lead to a sharp decline in fiscal revenues. Though agriculture has suffered from years of mismanagement, inconsistent and poorly conceived government policies, neglect and the lack of basic infrastructure. Still, the sector accounts for over 26.8% of GDP and two thirds of employment. 6 CHAPTER TWO 2.0. Status of Biodiversity in Nigeria Nigeria is rich in biodiversity and among the regions of the world, houses comparable levels of endemism and species richness due to a complex topography and wide variety of habitats. These include but are not limited to coastal creeks of the Niger Delta, the rainforests of the Cross River basin and the mountains along the Cameroun border with Nigeria (WCS, 2015). Along with the Atlantic Ocean which forms the southern border part of Nigeria, and with its highly diverse marine and freshwater ecosystems, there exists an inland layout of an array of other forest and woodland ecosystems which end up in Sudan Savannah and Sahel/semi-desert belt in the northern part of Nigeria. With very extensive and broad based river systems that emerge out of the two largest Rivers – Niger and Benue, Nigeria has a huge watershed resource which supports agriculture, navigation and commerce. The three major plateaux landscapes in the central part – Jos, the south eastern end – Obudu and the north east – Adamawa and Mambilla contains the topmost peaks of Nigeria where altitude approaches about 1800 m asl. Each of these ecosystems has its own unique characteristics of wild fauna, higher and lower floral species and a huge collection of marine and freshwater aquatic species. In species diversity and endemism, Nigeria is highly endowed. Borokini (2014) reports that Nigerian endemic flora amount to 91 species belonging to 44 families with Rubiaceae accounting for the highest numbers. A breakdown of faunal species is presented in the Table 2.1. Table 2.1: List of Endemic Vertebrate species in Nigeria Mammals Birds Fishes (Freshwater) Fish (Marine) Reptiles Cercopithecus sclateri (Primates Cercopithecidae) Sclater's Guenon Crocidura longipes (Soricomorpha Soricidae) Savanna Swamp Shrew Dasymys foxi (Rodentia Muridae) Fox's Shaggy Rat Praomys obscurus (Rodentia Muridae) Gotel Malimbus ibadanensis (Ploceidae) Ibadan Malimbe Estrilda poliopareia (Estrildidae) Anambra Waxbill Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis (Estrildidae) Rock Firefinch Vidua maryae (Viduidae) Jos Plateau Indigobird Alestopetersius smykalai (Alestiidae) Blue Diamond Tetra Arnoldichthys spilopterus (Alestiidae) Niger Tetra Ctenopoma argentoventer (Anabantidae) Silver bellied Climbing Perch Ctenopoma nebulosum (Anabantidae) Fog Bushfish Aphyosemion deltaense (Aplocheilidae) Delta Killifish Grammonus longhursti (Bythitidae) Meganthias carpenteri (Serranidae) Yellowtop Jewelfish Cynisca gansi (Squamata Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae) Cynisca kigomensis (Squamata Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae) Cynisca nigeriensis (Squamata Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae) Mehelya egbensis (Squamata Ophidia Colubridae) Dunger's File Snake Rhinotyphlops 7 Mammals Birds Fishes (Freshwater) Fish (Marine) Reptiles Mountain Soft furred Mouse Epiplatys biafranus (Aplocheilidae) Biafra Panchax Epiplatys longiventralis OC (Aplocheilidae) Banded Panchax Fundulopanchax arnoldi (Aplocheilidae) Arnold's Lyretail Fundulopanchax powelli (Aplocheilidae) Black Aphyosemion Nothobranchius kiyawensis (Aplocheilidae) Kiyawa Nothobranch Parauchenoglanis akiri (Bagridae) Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi (Bagridae) Thysochromis annectens (Cichlidae) Neolebias axelrodi (Citharinidae) Neolebias powelli (Citharinidae) Domino Neolebias Barbus aboinensis OC (Cyprinidae) Aboina Barb Barbus clauseni OC (Cyprinidae) Garra trewavasai (Cyprinidae) Dormitator pleurops crossii (Squamata Ophidia Typhlopidae) Cross' Beaked Snake Cnemaspis gigas (Squamata Sauria Gekkonidae) Perret's Nigeria Gecko Cnemaspis petrodroma (Squamata Sauria Gekkonidae) Nigeria Crag Gecko 8 Mammals Birds Fishes (Freshwater) Fish (Marine) Reptiles (Eleotridae) Synodontis guttatus OC (Mochokidae) Synodontis robbianus OC (Mochokidae) Russet Synodontis Source: Wilson & Reeder (2005) for mammals, Dickinson (2003) for birds, the EMBL Reptile Database (2005) for reptiles, Frost (2004) for amphibians, and FishBase 2004 (2004) for fishes However, overall, biodiversity in Nigeria is highly threatened due to land use changes from agriculture and overgrazing, over exploitation of natural resources through extractive actors, invasive species and environmental pollution. According to the IUCN Red list 2013, Nigeria has a total of 309 threatened species in the following taxonomic categories: Mammals (26), Birds (19), Reptiles (8), Amphibians (13), Fishes (60), Molluscs (1), other Invertebrates (14) and Plants (168) (Sedghi, 2013). Conservation scientists observe that immediate attention should be focused on saving what remains of the priority areas for biodiversity in the country. There is also general consensus on where the remaining nexus of biodiversity lies in Nigeria and the first level action is expected to be focused on those areas as shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Categories of Biodiversity sites in Nigeria Category of Biodiversity related sites Number Comments National Parks 7 The National Parks are high priority conservation areas and are found in seven locations, namely Old Oyo National park in Oyo State, Cross River National Park in Cross River state, Gashaka Gumti in Taraba/Adamawa states, Okomu National Park in Edo state, Chad Basin National Park in Borno/Yobe States, Kainji Lake National Park in Niger/Kwara States and Kamuku National Park in Kaduna state. However, these reservoirs of Nigeria’s biodiversity suffer from low funding and several management and technical challenges Important Bird Areas 27 These are identified as important biodiversity areas too. All National Parks have IBAS within them and 60% of Nigeria Ramsar sites are also IBAs Ramsar Sites 11 Management plans have been developed for four of these sites (Apoi Creek, Lower Kaduna, Oguta Lake and Baturiya) but are yet to be implemented due to lack of funding. The national wetland policy is at draft stage and 9 Category of Biodiversity related sites Number Comments there are plans to designate four more sites (Chingurme, Ibom/Cross River estuary, Wawan Rafi Wetlands and Akassa coastal wetland. World Heritage Sites 2 The Sukur Kingdom in Mandara Mountains in Madagali LGA of Adamawa State in north eastern Nigeria is the first Nigerian landmark to be listed on the World Heritage Sites, while Osun Osogbo Grove made the list later in 2005. Forest Reserves 994 50% still maintain their FR status, while the remaining 50% have either been de-reserved or have been encroached upon and converted to either farmlands or residential areas Game Reserves (State Governments and a few managed by communities) 32 60% under various levels of management Biosphere Reserve 1 The only named Biosphere Reserve according to UNESCO is in Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria Sacred groves N/A Many in number and at varied level of protection Nigerian Conservation Foundation (2012) Fig 2.1: Map of Nigeria showing vegetation zones and some important sites for Biodiversity 10 2.1. Values of Biodiversity and Ecosystem in Nigeria and their Contribution to Human Well-being Nigeria is rich in biodiversity but unfortunately, many people do not appreciate the function and value of its natural ecosystems. Ecosystem services include those processes and conditions within which nature sustains and otherwise meets the needs of humankind. Nigeria’s ample biodiversity and associated habitats are important both locally and globally in a variety of ways going beyond aesthetics to provide valuable ecosystem services, present and future economic benefits and spiritual values which are difficult to quantify. One of the principal means of ensuring that natural resources are managed sustainably lies in placing proper values on such resources. In effect, any management regime which assigns zero value to natural resources runs the risk of overexploitation. Consequently, for any resource to be more effectively managed, the cost of using the resource needs to reflect the total value the society places upon it. The problem of resource depletion and over exploitation is worsened by imbalances in the law and practice of resource valuation in Nigeria especially with regard to capturing the economic value of natural resources. Nigeria’s natural resource endowment comprising a great variety of ecosystems and a number of unique species serve as a major source of wealth and economic empowerment in the country and play a fundamental role in rural development, poverty alleviation and good governance. Trade and traditional occupations associated with biodiversity in Nigeria include wood carving, canoe building, furniture making, basket weaving, local dye industry, bee farming and honey processing, fish smoking, bush meat hunting/processing, oil palm processing, fruit processing and local medicine marketing. Biodiversity is central to the livelihood of Nigerians and despite the fact that crude oil accounts for about 90% of Nigeria’s exports and more than 80% of government revenue, poverty in Nigeria has led to a near total dependence of over 90% of the rural population on forests, especially non timber forests products (NTFPs). 2.1.1 Value of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) The income realised from NTFPs by an average collector has been estimated by Otegbulu (2013), where the amount realised by Rhizophora racemosa from 2000 - 2002 is ₦129,950.6 and Raffia palm ₦137,777.76. Other NTFPs sourced by local communities in Nigeria include bush meat, snails, as well as wild fruits such as bush mango, edible kola, nuts, vegetables of various types and also condiments and health related food such as cooked leaves, varied species of spices, and honey from bee hives, mushrooms and the basil plant. Ethno-botanical studies have revealed the importance of hundreds of different kinds of herbs used for curing different kinds of diseases in different parts of Nigeria. Accordingly, trade in medicinal plants and animal parts have grown and now form a major category of merchandise in village markets in rural and peri-urban settlements. The number of people who rely on herb resources is increasing. Consequently, maintaining health standards for millions of Nigerians depends on the protection and sustainable management of biodiversity. The National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) has reliable data on the medicinal plant resources in Nigeria. 11 2.1.2. Biodiversity and Ecotourism Ecotourism can be defined as responsible travel to natural areas that contribute to conserving the environment and sustaining the wellbeing of local people. The advantages of ecotourism for developing countries are as follows: • It causes minimal environmental impact compared to other options. • Increases awareness towards the conservation of natural and cultural assets, both among locals and tourists. • It generates significant foreign exchange and economic benefits to host communities. Nigeria’s forest (particularly the protected areas), marine and wetland resources provide great opportunities for ecotourism, which is widely touted as a viable development strategy for the developing world. For instance, Argungu Fishing Festival remain very popular as a tourist event in Nigeria while the Hadejia Nguru Wetlands in northern Nigeria and some other notable sites in the country have great potential for receiving millions of migratory birds, that could provide huge resource for seasonal bird watching if well developed. Nigeria’s iconic large mammals include: the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), the African elephant (Loxadonta africana), the lion (Panthera leo) and Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). The country is also a centre for primate diversity and its bird diversity, a record 940 species is among the highest in Africa. However, the economic potentials of ecotourism in Nigeria have been greatly underutilized as compared to other regions in Africa. For instance, in Tanzania, where ecotourism represents the largest source of revenue, gross receipts totaled $322 million as far back as 1996. Kenya realized $502 million in gross receipts in 1997 while South Africa received $2.2 billion in earnings in 1995 (Honey 1999). 2.1.3. Wetlands and Marine Biodiversity Wetlands are one of the most undervalued ecosystems providing food, water filtration and a unique habitat for a variety of unique species (WWF, 2015). Nigeria's wetlands are estimated to cover 28,000 km2 about 3 percent of the 923,768 km2 land surface area of the country (Uluocha and Okeke, 2004). Oyebande et al. (2003) and Asibor (2009) have identified fourteen major wetland belts in Nigeria which are as follows: Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe, Lake Chad, Upper Niger and Kainji Lake, Middle Niger - Lokoja - Jebba Lower Kaduna, Lower Benue - Markudi, Cross River, Lower Niger, Niger Delta, Benin-Owena and Okomu, Lagos Lagoon and Lekki Peninsula, Yewa Creeks and the transboundary wetlands of the upper Benue. The Lake Chad wetlands for instance is crucial because of its proximity to the edge of the Sahara Desert and its provision of water for over 20 million people in Nigeria and neighbouring countries such as Chad, Cameroun and Niger (Gophen, 2008). These wetlands support fisheries and irrigation giving access for livelihoods and economic activities. Wetlands and their biodiversity contribute to the national and local economies by the provision of natural resources, recreational opportunities, ecosystem benefits such as, climate regulation, flood protection, pollution control and water purification (U.S. EPA, 2006). 12 2.1.4. Cultural and Aesthetic Values of Biodiversity Culturally, many ethnic groups in Nigeria have unique and distinct traditions and knowledge which they use in relating with nature. The survival of natural habitats and species are therefore important to Nigerian cultures. There exists a strong integration between cultural heritage and biodiversity. Lifestyles, customs and norms as well as the associated arts, crafts, songs and folklores, reflect the type of biodiversity and natural resources in different communities and societies in Nigeria. The social fabric of life including food, shelter type, skills and traditional knowledge are all enshrined in biodiversity represented in these areas. For example, Ijaws, Itsekiris and the Ilajes of the Niger Delta region are coastal people and are used to the coastal environment. They are skilled in swimming, canoe building, fishing, water regatta and sea-food processing. Similarly, inland Lake People around Lake Kainji, Hadejia-Nguru, Lake Chad, Oguta Lake and the Benue floodplains, are familiar with freshwater fishing, fresh water fish processing and water resources utilisation and management. In prehistoric times, special attention was placed on areas of high biodiversity protection in support of worship, provision of important herbs and consultation with deities in many parts of Nigeria. Some communities still maintain fetish or sacred forests where spiritual consultations and collection of traditional medicines and herbs for community benefits take place. The recognition of this interaction between biodiversity, culture and natural heritage in Nigeria has earned the country some level of international recognition, leading to the listing of Osun-Osogbo grove in Osun State as a World Heritage Site. The interaction between culture and biodiversity has also assisted in the protection of certain endangered species of wildlife such as the Sclaters Guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri), which is not only available in the wild in Taylor Creek and Stubbs Creek Forest Reserves, but also in abundance in sacred forests in Akpogueze community in Anambra State and Langwa community in Imo State. Apart from the aforementioned benefits, the maintenance of environmental health and sanitation is also an ecosystem service performed by biodiversity, through biological scavengers and decomposers. This ecosystem service is likely to be lost in part, following the recent crash of populations of vultures and other species of scavengers around slaughter slabs, abattoirs and dumpsites in Nigeria, where they provide useful services of eating up waste. 2.2. Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss Biodiversity in Nigeria is under enormous pressure. For instance, the deforestation rate in Nigeria is about 3.5% per year, translating to a loss of 350,000-400,000 ha of forest land per year (Ladipo, 2010). Recent studies show the remainder forests occupy 923,767 km2 or about 10 million ha (Ladipo, 2010). This is about 10% of Nigeria's forest land area and well below FAO's recommended national minimum of 25% (Ladipo, 2010). Drivers of biodiversity loss in Nigeria include agriculture, pollution, extractive industries, construction industries, bush burning, hunting, over fishing, climate change among others. They are discussed as follows: 13 2.2.1. High Population Growth Rate Biodiversity loss is a problem in many other countries in the world and most particularly developing countries where poverty is still pervasive. Nigeria is the most populous African country and has one of the highest population growth rates in the world. Biodiversity supports the growing populations in rural and urban areas but the pressure is becoming increasingly higher due to over-exploitation occasioned by high demand. A small population of people, living at low densities by means of traditional patterns of agriculture, pastorals and hunting-gathering have for many centuries been able to use natural resources sustainably simply by not removing these resources faster than their reproductive or replenishment rates. However, Nigeria’s large population is characterized by high percentages of illiteracy, unemployment and poverty, which acts as powerful drivers of increasingly severe demands on the remaining biodiversity in Nigeria. Towns are becoming larger, new villages are being established; farms and wood cutting activities are extending further and further from each settlement. New roads and tracks enable farming, hunting and wood cutting to occur in previously undisturbed habitats. In addition, several socio-economic factors can be reported to be mediating the relationship between population and natural resource depletion or degradation in Nigeria. For example, critical factors such as access to and patterns of production, distribution, and consumption have had significance influence on Nigeria’s biodiversity loss, particularly with the realization that people's perception, attitudes, and values may be more important than sheer numbers of people. 2.2.2. Poverty According to the Human Development Index Report (UNDP 2008-2009), the number of poor people in Nigeria remains high and the level of poverty rose from 27.2 per cent in 1980 to 65.6 per cent in 1996, an annual average increase of 8.83 per cent over a 16-year period. However, between 1996 and 2004, the level poverty declined by an annual average of 2.1% to 54.4%. To a large extent, poverty contributes a major threat to biodiversity and in other ways continues to further deepen the level of poverty in most rural areas. As an underlying factor for biodiversity degradation, poverty causes threats to biodiversity for the following reasons. The poor are pushed by the affluent and influential majority to destroy their own source of livelihoods for meagre financial returns and the poor, due to deprivation find it difficult to secure any other alternative than to erode the very foundation of their own long term survival. Biodiversity is always at the receiving end being the readily available option for food, fibre and minimal commercial gain by the rural poor. The need for protection of biodiversity is therefore seen as elitist by the rural poor whose deprivation in terms of food and domestic needs have been pushed to the wall. 2.2.3. Policy and Legislation Constraints The environment and by implication, biodiversity, lags behind other sectors in policy and legislative reforms. The underpinning value elements of biodiversity as a life support system for millions of Nigerians is yet to receive recognition and serious consideration in national 14 policy and legislative action. The existing laws relating to biodiversity are obsolete, with the exception of the new laws establishing the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), that on Climate Change and possibly the Grazing Commission. The process of policy review on biodiversity related issues is very slow and given little or no consideration in major policy and strategic national discourse. Biodiversity issues have been relegated into the background and have only been the concern of conservationists, scientists and environmentalists despite its significant contribution to the livelihoods of rural and peri-urban communities and the ecosystem services it provides. International conventions and treaties are entered into and signed by the Federal Government of Nigeria, but implementation has been slow, with huge backlogs of annual contributions to the respective trust funds of these conventions. Low budgetary allocations to implement decisions of the various conferences and meetings of the Parties to these conventions and agreements, coupled with low capacity have resulted in poor implementation. Poor legislative enforcement has been and still is a glaring setback for biodiversity conservation in Nigeria. The National Parks that are repository of much of Nigeria’s biodiversity have faced serious threats of poaching in recent years, losing not only wildlife but also Rangers to poachers. Everywhere in Nigeria, biodiversity related laws are broken openly due to low public awareness on biodiversity and lack of capacity for law enforcement agents to deal with issues of concern. Poor law enforcement on biodiversity has occasionally caused embarrassment for the Government and people of Nigeria. Implementing the domestic enforcement of laws is as important as laying emphasis on international conventions. Nigeria's biodiversity laws if well enforced can assist the action of Nigeria on the national obligations to the international treaties signed. Poor institutional cohesion, low capacity of States to manage varied biodiversity related portfolios, the lack of commitment to and investments in the Departments responsible for biodiversity matters characterize the biodiversity conservation policy of most States of Nigeria. Wildlife conservation Departments/Units have either been marginalized or are inactive in many States. In most States of Nigeria, the Biodiversity related legislations such as the wildlife and forestry laws are obsolete, non-implementable and are totally ignored (or not regarded) by the customary, sharia and other courts. 2.2.4. Poor Land Use Planning Land use and land cover change have emerged as a global phenomenon and perhaps the most significant regional anthropogenic disturbance to the environment. As is the case in Nigeria, rapid urbanization/industrialization, large scale agriculture and major changes in human activities have been identified as the major causes of the dramatic changes in land cover and land use patterns globally. Dramatic land cover and land use changes that would have once taken centuries now take place within a few decades. 15 Two key land tenure and land use issues that require future consideration include how to mediate/resolve problems that arise between tenure systems; and how, within the various tenure systems, to support policy/institutional frameworks that are capable of promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. Competing land uses such as agriculture and human settlements are contributing to the decline of forests and woodlands together with the rising demand for fuel wood and charcoal. Over harvesting, agricultural encroachment and unregulated burning are believed to be contributing to the decline of many species in the wild. The depletion and degradation of the natural resource base has extended to less undisturbed areas in the different ecological zones of Nigeria. Poor land use planning and unclear tenure rights have been identified as a major catalyst to biodiversity degradation and loss in Nigeria. Poor Land Use Planning has not only affected biodiversity but has also resulted in conflicts which has claimed human lives and further impoverished the Nigerian rural community Major conflicts such as the Jos crisis, the Tiv/Jukun crisis of Benue and Taraba States and the Aguleri/Umuleri crisis in Eastern Nigeria are in one way or the other associated with biodiversity and natural resource access and use. 2.2.5. Governance and Transparency Biodiversity in Nigeria, as is the case in many countries is largely considered a common ‘good’. It is therefore largely affected with the principle of the tragedy of the commons which places exploitation within the range of the survival of the fittest. It has been observed that most of the domestic, commercial and industrial activities carried out in the country impacts heavily on the biodiversity resources. The issue of biodiversity is multi-faceted and control of its exploitation equally complex. The degree of pressure on natural resources has outgrown the current straight-jacketed approach to its management by most States and local authorities. Extension services on forestry and biodiversity related matters have collapsed, thereby leaving the governance of natural resources in an open loop. There are however exceptional situations, as is the case in Cross River State, where communities have taken the lead in forest protection, royalty and benefit sharing, forest management, NTFP exploitation control and ecotourism planning. Corruption is another major factor to blame for creating a threatened future for Nigeria’s Biodiversity. The collapse of logging controls in Nigeria is traced to corruption of forestry officials and this indirectly affects all other natural resource based products. Corrupt politicians have aided the de-reservation of many biodiversity rich areas for non-sustainable reasons, thereby jeopardizing all past efforts at saving and protecting biodiversity. 2.2.6. Socio-cultural Characteristics, Food and Trade Connections As a set of practices or ways of doing things, cultures shape biodiversity through the direct selection of plants and animals and the reworking of whole landscapes (Sauer, 1965 as cited in Pretty et al. 2008). Such landscapes have been described as anthropogenic in nature, their 16 composition, whether introduced species, agricultural monocultures or genetically modified crops, being a reflection of local cultures and a product of human history including the context in which individuals and groups live their lives (Milton, 1999 as cited in Pretty et al. 2008). Some cultural practices that exist in Nigeria encourage the use of specific species for festivals and they often limit the population of species occurring in a narrow ecological range. While it is important to remark that in some Nigerian societies, cultural taboos and their sanctions have helped to check abuse of the environment at least among the inhabitants, the abandonment of these traditional cultural practices have done more harm and posed serious threat to the natural environment. Many Nigerians, especially in the southern parts view the consumption of wild resources as normal and in some cases a delicacy. Bush meat consumption is high and has only reduced in the past few years due to scarcity occasioned by pressure on wildlife resources. The situation is a bit better in some parts of northern Nigeria that is dominated by Islam, where consumption of some types of wildlife is prohibited. However, field reports on bush meat trade have confirmed that apart from primate species, other large games and a large variety of flora are used as food and traditional medicines in northern Nigeria. The ‘juju’ market or traditional medicine market is also responsible for a high percentage of biodiversity in-take from the wild in Nigeria. The current report on the global scarcity of vultures by Birdlife International is a special case for concern. In Nigeria, field reports continue to support the fact that vultures are mostly harvested and used in traditional medicine. A study of the national status of vulture species in Nigeria reveals that there is large scale utilization of vulture body parts for traditional medicine (Akagu and Adeleke, 2012). 2.2.7. Effect of Climate Change The National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change in Nigeria (NASPA CCN 2011) revealed that climate change is already having significant impacts on Nigeria. According to the report, recent estimates suggest that in the absence of adaptation, climate change could result in the loss of between 2% and 11% of Nigeria’s GDP by 2020, rising to between 6%-30% by the year 2050. The impacts of climate change are expected to exacerbate the impacts of human pressure on biodiversity. This will further diminish the ability of natural ecosystems to continue to provide ecosystem services and may cause invasion of strange species that are favoured by climate change. 2.2.8. Unsustainable Agricultural Practices Conversion to agriculture is occurring in many protected areas, in community-owned land, and in state-managed forests without control. Rainforests and savannah woodlands are under the greatest threat from agricultural conversion. Communities in and around protected areas continue to encroach on these protected areas in total disregard to their protection status. 17 Until more sustainable agricultural practices are put in place, the process of slash-and burn agriculture continues requiring the clearing of new lands for continued harvests. Mangroves are also heavily harvested for fuel-wood and for construction materials. In areas where particular species, such as hardwood trees, rattans, medicinal and food plants, and other non-timber forest products, are harvested unsustainably, not only are these species lost but also a myriad of associated plants, such as insects and fungi, that require these specific hosts to meet their own ecological requirements for survival. 2.2.9. Unsustainable Harvesting of Bioresources About 70% of Nigerian households mainly in rural and semi-urban areas depend largely on fuel wood consumption for their domestic and to a large extent commercial energy needs. The demand for fuel-wood is higher in the less vegetated north and in urban cities where most poor who cannot afford other cost of other sources of energy supply use fuel wood for food production. Charcoal production is also in high demand from the highly populated cities and is the most critical cause of forest degradation in some parts of the country, with a rapidly growing population, increasing poverty and relatively low industrialisation rate, Nigeria should develop mechanisms to diversify the alternatives to meeting the energy requirements in rural and semi-urban areas as part of the strategies to save biodiversity and increase the size of the national vegetation cover. The Nigerian Government is currently concerned about rising deforestation and environmental degradation, which is estimated to cost the country over $6 billion a year. However, government has failed to put in place effective measures to curb illegal logging and only 6% of the land area is protected. Timber concessions have been granted in some of Nigeria's forest areas and oil-palm plantations have replaced forest areas. Large areas of natural forests are being exploited for species such as Khaya spp., Nauclea diderrichii (Opepe), Terminalia ivorensis (Odigbo), Terminalia superba (Afara) and Triplochiton sceleroxylon (Obeche). High intensity of logging and illegal exploitation of these and other species has continued to pose serious threats to the country’s forest resources. The tree-fall gaps in logged areas has also led to the establishment of secondary growth that often cannot fully replicate the lost trees and the demand for commercial timer does not allow for natural regeneration. There is also the case of genetic erosion, when the largest and most vigorous trees are selectively logged, leaving the genetically poor trees behind to reproduce. The on-site conversion of logs into lumber using chainsaws (Chainsaw milling), is supplying a large proportion of local timber markets with cheap lumber. While it offers socio-economic opportunities to local people, it is often associated with poor timber quality and it also encourages corruption and other illegalities. Regulating and controlling the practice has therefore become a great challenge in the country due to the mobility of these chainsaw milling operations. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) brokered an agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon, in September 2008, to protect the habitat of the endangered Cross River gorilla by cracking down on illegal logging and the bush meat trade, by strengthening and 18 improving law enforcement and monitoring in the Cross River National Park (Nigeria) and Takamanda National Park (Cameroon). In addition, the two countries agreed to increase community involvement in conservation activities as well as strengthening conservation education and public awareness on conservation. Aquatic resources are also overexploited. Ayeni (1985) posited that Nigeria has an extensive inland water mass of about 12.5 million hectares that can produce over 500,000 tons of fish under adequate management. According to Anon (1984) Nigeria needs 1.6 million tonnes of fish protein annually but her national fish output is only 400, 000 tons annually, due to unsustainable harvesting practices and incidences of pollution. 2.2.10. Extractive Industries and their Activities Extractive industries in Nigeria are those companies that search for, and exploit resources which are naturally stocked in the earth’s crust. Some of the non-renewable resources of Nigeria that are regularly exploited include crude oil and gas; the nation’s major source of energy and foreign earning, solid minerals, and salts. The petroleum industry accounts for over 90 percent of Nigeria’s national income. The Niger Delta is the seat bench of oil and gas production in Nigeria. Virtually all aspects of oil and gas exploration and exploitation have deleterious effects on the ecosystem and local biodiversity. Nenibarini (2004) reported that seismic activities through massive dynamiting for geological excavation have had serious effects on the nation’s aquatic environment. The use of dynamites produces narcotic effect and mortality of fish and other fauna. The destabilization of sedimentary materials associated with dynamite shooting also causes increment in turbidity, blockage of filter feeding apparatuses in benthic fauna and reduction of photosynthetic activity due to reduced light penetration. The process of burying of oil and gas pipelines in the Niger Delta is equally known to fragment biodiversity rich ecosystems such as rainforest and mangroves. Apart from the reduction in habitat area, clearing of pipeline tracks reduces natural populations, which might in turn distort breeding. Oil spillages occur routinely in the Niger Delta. Sources of oil spill are varied, including, pipeline leakage and rupturing, accidental discharges (tank accident) discharges from refineries and urban centres. The recent UN Report on Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) and Ogoni land released in August 2011 revealed that the occurrence of oil spills on land brings about fire outbreak that leads to the killing of vegetation and creation of crust over the land, making remediation and re-vegetation very difficult (UNEP, 2011). It was further reported that areas directly impacted by oil spills will be damaged, and root crops, such as cassava, will become unusable. When farming recommences, plants generally show signs of stress and yields are reportedly lower than in non-impacted areas. The overall effects of oil on ecosystem health and biota are many. Oil interferes with the functioning of various organs and systems of plants and animals. It creates environmental conditions unfavourable for life. 19 Oil exploration in the Niger Delta and in coastal areas, gas emissions and other pollutants from the petroleum industry have therefore caused considerable environmental pollution and forest degradation, thus attrition of the biodiversity of Nigeria. 2.2.11. Uncontrolled, Illegal and Harmful Mining Practices The history of mining activities in Nigeria dates back to the tin mines on the Jos Plateau for tin and bauxite and the coal mines of Enugu. The tin deposits on the Jos plateau had been extracted through open cast mining, until when surface deposits were depleted. Today, deeper underground ores cannot be extracted economically as world market prices of tin have fallen. This has left the coast clear for artisanal and illegal miners to flourish. The mining of coal on the other hand, was stopped in favour of cleaner energy sources such as oil and gas. Since the withdrawal of foreign investment in the 1970’s, the contribution of the mining sector to the GDP dropped to less than 1% (Seven Year Plan, 2002). The emphasis on mining also changed from big foreign companies, to small local companies and artisan miners who provided raw materials for the local market. The local mining and processing of these raw materials have had major socio-economic, infrastructural development of these areas, associated with major negative physical, biological, hydrological as well as environmental impacts. Small-scale, largely illegal mining have had similar widespread negative impacts in most other areas in Nigeria. The influx of mining operators without adequate monitoring of production and documentation does not augur well for conservation of the vegetation cover, minerals and land use systems. The erosion problem created in the mining sites is on a steady increase, leading to development valleys. Solid mineral mining in Nigeria has left behind, abandoned and un-reclaimed mine sites, to the detriment of the surrounding communities, the environment and biodiversity. 2.2.12. Pollution The production and use of toxic chemicals pose a major and relatively new threat to humankind and the environment. Emissions from vehicles, industrial processes, liquid and solid waste, pesticides and chemical fertilizers for agricultural and domestic purposes release toxic substances into the air, soil or water thereby affecting aquatic and other organisms in the environment. Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and DDT are of particular concern since they do not degrade easily in the environment. They accumulate and are lethal to plants, animals, fishes and human beings resulting in the disruption of the ecosystem and loss of species. Pollution has become one of the most serious problems of our time and water pollution is one of the prime reasons for the loss of aquatic genetic diversity. This view is further confirmed by the UNEP (2011) reports that concludes that pollution of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons in Ogoni land in Nigeria is extensive in land areas, sediments and swamp land. Most of the contamination is from crude oil although contamination by refined product was also found at three locations. Oil pollution in many 20 intertidal creeks has therefore left mangroves denuded of leaves and stems, leaving roots coated in a bitumen-like substance sometimes 1 cm or more thick. Mangroves are spawning areas for fish and nurseries for juvenile fish and the extensive pollution of these areas is impacting on the fish life-cycle. With oil spill on land, fires often break out, killing vegetation and creating a crust over the land, making remediation or re-vegetation difficult. The UNEP investigation also found that the surface water throughout the creeks contains hydrocarbons, with floating layers of oil varying from thick black oil to thin sheets. 2.2.13. Gas Flaring Due to the lack of gas utilization infrastructure, Nigeria flares approximately 75% of the gas it produces and re-injects only about 12% for enhanced oil recovery. Gas flaring contributes to both the production of the acid in acid rain and increased carbon emissions into the atmosphere. One study (Pollutec 1996) estimated that 12 million tons of methane gas is released into the atmosphere in Rivers and Delta States. It subjects flowering plants to heat radiation, high temperatures and excessive light and gas deposits (dry and wet depending on the season). In the Niger Delta affected plants show signs of chlorosis (leaf discoloration), scorching, browning and desiccation, stunting and death after prolonged exposure (Pollutec, 1996). The same study also noted that gas flares attracted yam beetles and grasshoppers that destroy crops. 2.2.14. Invasive Species Invasive species inhibits ecological processes and reduces the value of the environment, thereby limiting livelihood options available to people living and dependent on such ecosystems. They are also termed as plant invaders, as alien plants that invade and replace native vegetation. Some of the common invasive species in Nigeria are Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans), Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Typha grass (Typha latifolia). Invasive weeds have however impacted negatively on their new area of invasion exerting untold hardship on the people, particularly poor farmers, biodiversity, including entomo fauna and phyto-flora. Most of these weed species smother out the native species into extinction while others produce allellopathic substances that eliminate other species around them (Adebayo and Uyi, 2010). Nypa palm was introduced into Nigeria in 1906 from Singapore Botanic Gardens, to control coastal erosion. It grows up to 10 m tall and produces large buoyant propagates that are dispersed by ocean currents. This invasive species has invaded the Nigerian coastal environment and has displaced the native mangroves of the Niger Delta, causing loss of biodiversity and hardship to coastal communities who depend on the biodiversity and the dynamics of the mangrove ecosystem for their livelihood. The species invades deforested and exposed mudflats and forms dense mono-specific stands that out-compete native mangrove species. The lack of stilt roots, absence of leaf litter and dense structure reduces estuarine habitat and has negatively affected native biodiversity. It is a major weed in several regions of the world having climatic regions similar to its native habitat. In many countries where it is a pernicious weed, it has been found to interfere with 21 river transportation, irrigation channels, pumps and access to water by riverine communities and recreational activities. Water hyacinth has become a major weed in Nigeria having successfully invaded and established itself on the entire Badagry Creek, the Yewa Lagoon, Ologe Lagoon, the Lagos Lagoon and the waterways of the riverine areas of Okitipupa. As a result of water hyacinth invasion, Akinyemiju (1987) gave a rough estimate that more than one third of Nigeria’s local fish supply has become threatened by the mats of water hyacinth. It is known in Nigeria for example that the salinity of the Lagos Lagoon usually drops drastically during the raining season thereby enhancing a build-up of the weeds during this season. The conducive temperatures and high rate of reproduction coupled with the seasonally low salinity of the Lagos lagoon made the water hyacinth an especially dangerous threat to the continued use of the affected Nigerian waters as a resource, unless appropriate and effective control is adopted and implemented forthwith. The Federal Government of Nigeria has made attempts to maintain focus on the control of invasive species, most particularly water hyacinth and Nypa Palm. Apart from data and information sharing, there is need for much more investments in research, stakeholder participation in the control of invasive species and seeking opportunities for converting waste to wealth approach to management. Typha grass (Typha latifolia) is a native plant species of North and South America, Europe, Eurasia, and Africa. T. Latifolia generally grows in flooded areas where the water depth does not exceed 0.8m. However, it has also been reported growing in floating mats in slightly deeper waters. Typha is often among the first wetland plants to colonize areas of newly exposed wet mud, with its abundant wind dispersed seeds. The buried seeds can also survive in the soil for long periods. It germinates best with sunlight and fluctuating temperatures, which is typical of many wetland plants that regenerate on mud flats. It also spreads by rhizomes, forming large interconnected stands. Hence, it has three interlocking reproductive strategies: dominance of local habitats by clone growth, survival of long inhospitable periods with buried seeds, and dispersal to new sites with wind-dispersed seeds. Fig. 2.2: Clearing Typha on Nguru channel 22 This may explain in part why the species is so widespread. It is considered to be a dominant competitor in wetlands, and often excludes other plants with its dense canopy. Although this is a natural species of wetlands, there is growing concern about the degree to which it is replacing other native species. Today, it is a native invasive plant species devastating the watersheds of the Chad Basin and Hadejia-Nguru wetlands, causing flooding, loss of farmlands and conflict among farmers, herdsmen and fishermen. 2.2.15. Overgrazing Overgrazing occurs when plant material is grazed faster than it can naturally regenerate, often leading to the permanent loss of plant cover. It is a common effect of too many animals grazing on limited range land and also occurs when plants are exposed to livestock grazing for extended periods of time without sufficient recovery periods. It reduces the usefulness of the land and is one of the causes of soil erosion and desertification. Overgrazing can occur under continuous or rotational grazing. It can be caused by having too many animals on the pasture land or by not properly controlling their grazing cycle. It reduces plant leaf areas which prevents sunlight from reaching the plant and affects the plant growth. Plants become weakened and have reduced root length. EPI (2011) reports that one indicator that helps in the assessment of grassland health is changes in the goat population relative to those of sheep and cattle. As grasslands deteriorate, grass is replaced by desert shrubs. In such a degraded environment, cattle and sheep do not fare well but goats, being particularly hardy ruminants, are able to forage on these desert shrubs. Fig. 2.3: Number of grazing livestock in Nigeria between 1981 and 2008 23 Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, reports losing 867, 000 Ha of range land and crop land to desertification each year (EPI, 2011). As human and livestock populations increase, herders and farmers compete for the limited land for farming and grazing. The goat population in particular has skyrocketed as the soil has eroded. If Nigeria’s human and livestock population continues to grow as they are today, the associated land degradation will eventually undermine the nation’s capacity for farming and livestock production. The Federal Government’s concern over this threat has resulted in the introduction of a draft bill to the National Assembly for an Act establishing a National Grazing Reserves Commission; with powers to acquire and develop land for grazing and livestock routes in any part of the country. This bill is yet to be passed by the National Assembly. 2.3. Constitutional, Legal and Institutional Framework Nigeria’s National Policy on Environment provides the major constitutional legal and institutional platform for the conservation and management of the environment in Nigeria. It derived its powers from the constitution of the Federal Republic in Nigeria and upholds the mandate and goal to ‘ensure environmental protection and the conservation of natural resources for sustainable development’, The National Policy on Environment was formulated in 2001 and reviewed in 1999. The policy which underwent review in 2014 places the mandate to coordinate environmental protection and natural resource conservation on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and has the following strategic objectives: The Ministry has the mandate to coordinate environmental protection and natural resource conservation for sustainable development; and specifically to secure a quality environment adequate for: • Good health and wellbeing; • Promote sustainable use of natural resources; • Restore and maintain the ecosystem and ecological processes and preserve biodiversity; • Raise public awareness and promote understanding of linkages between environment and development; and • Cooperate with government bodies and other countries and international organisations on environmental matters. 2.3.1. Policy Frame Work The national policy on conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is an integral part of the national policy on environment. The national policy on environment which was reviewed in 2006/7 further strengthened biodiversity conservation. The policy was first developed in 1989 following the promulgation of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) decree no 58 of 1988 and revised in 1999. The decree provides the legal framework for the implementation of the policies on environmental protection, natural resources conservation and sustainable development. The 1999 National Policy on Conservation of Biological diversity is aimed at: 24 • integrating Biological Diversity considerations into national planning, policy and decision making and • conserving and enhancing the sustainable use of the nation’s biological diversity. With the creation of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) in 1999, FEPA was absorbed and the Ministry became the highest policy making body responsible for addressing environmental issues in Nigeria, including conservation of biodiversity. In pursuit of the policy objectives as enunciated, an overriding concern is to alleviate poverty and increase the per capita income of Nigerians. Consequently, the country has developed strategies and programmes for sound and sustainable management of biodiversity involving the most vulnerable groups particularly women and children. The strategies have been designed to promote sustainable and adequate levels of funding and focus on integrated human development programme, including income generation, increased local control of resources, strengthening of local institutions and capacity building including greater involvement of community based and nongovernmental organizations, as well as the lower tiers of government as delivery mechanisms. The achievement of some of the above strategies has been through the intervention project known as Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Programme (LEEMP); it is for the empowerment of rural populace while protecting the environment. There is the 2006 National Forestry Policy and 2006 Biosafety Policy to give guidance for the protection and conservation of Biodiversity in the Country. 2.3.2. Legal Framework One of the significant outcomes of Nigeria’s participation in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nigeria, thus assumes obligations under the provision of the treaty in accordance with customary international law. The Nigerian constitution makes fundamental provision for environmental protection and clearly identifies important components of environment. Section 20 of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria contains the country’s environmental objectives that are meant to “protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air, land, forest and wildlife”. In recognition of the need to protect its biological resources, Nigeria has put in place a number of legislations including the Forestry Ordinance and the National Parks Act, the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, National Oil Spill and Detection Agency, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency among others. However the implementation of these laws have been weak apart from the fact that some of these laws need review. Nigeria now has a Biosafety Act which will further strengthen biodiversity conservation in the country. 2.3.3. Institutional Framework A number of institutions and organizations have been designated to carry out activities that could facilitate the implementation of the CBD in Nigeria. The Federal Ministry of Environment coordinates the activities of these institutions. The creation of the Ministry is a deliberate design by the Federal Government to achieve a well-articulated, effective and 25 efficient and efficient outfit that will adequately address and manage environmental issues in Nigeria in a holistic manner, devoid of duplication of efforts and competition among various government agencies. The Federal Ministry of Environment has the responsibility to ensure that all developmental projects are subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment before they are embarked upon, to control land degradation including soil erosion, combat desertification, abate pollution, and embark on reforestation and conservation of biological diversity. The National Parks Service a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment, has the overall responsibility for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in the national parks. At the state level, Ministries have been established for the protection of biological diversity and general environmental management. Private initiatives include the establishment of botanical/zoological gardens and support for biodiversity programmes through provision of financial grants. There has also been a marked increase in the number of non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that are concerned with the environment and conservation of biological diversity. The Prominent NGOs include the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST), Savannah Conservation (SC), Forestry Association of Nigeria (FAN), Centre for Environment Renewable Natural Resources Management Research and Development (CENRAD), Environmental Rights Action (ERA), the Nigeria Field Society and Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP). These institutions have made substantial success on their various mandates but have been constrained by inadequate funding for the implementation of their programmes. 2.3.3.1. Institutions and their Responsibilities • Federal Ministry of Environment: advises Federal Government on all matters pertaining to the conservation utilization and regeneration of forests resources. It has overall responsibility for environmental management in the country, protection and management of biodiversity/resources through stakeholder participation. It also assists in the development of trained manpower to meet the demands of environmental management. The Federal Government has established National Environmental Standards Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) to effectively enforce all environmental laws in the country. Other Agencies are National Parks Service, National Oil Spill and Detection Agency, under the Federal Ministry of Environment. • Forestry Department: Constitution and protection of forest lands through enforcement of relevant legislation, develop regeneration programmes and harvesting systems for biological resources. • State Ministries of Environment. The state Ministries of Environment also play the role of protecting the environment and Conserving Biodiversity at the state level. • Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria: has the responsibility of improving genetic value of species of economic potentials, improvement of methods of cultivating, harvesting and processing of forest products. Its role is to also improve knowledge of the ecology of plants and animals, the methods of pest control and management of biodiversity in 26 natural forest. Furthermore, its role is to integrate the cultivation of wild plants and wild animals of economic importance into the farming systems in different ecological zones to yield positive socio-economic benefits to the rural populace. • Local Government Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Establish Local Government Forest Reserves, mobilize rural communities to support environmental and conservation programmes. • Ministry of Agriculture: Supports biodiversity conservation in grazing reserves through control of hunting and harvesting of plants, encourage and promote the consolidation of scattered and fragmented farm holdings, encourages production of agricultural crops and commodities to ensure food and nutrition security in the country and for export. • Ministry of Water Resources: development of surface and underground water for multipurpose uses and management of water sheds. • Universities/Technical Schools: conducts research on the control and management of species under in situ and ex situ conservation methods and train manpower for the execution of conservation programmes of government. • Non-Governmental Organizations: support biodiversity conservation through awareness campaigns, interpretive education and research, lobby governments to support environmental and biodiversity conservation programmes, direct participation in preparation and implementation of management plans, report writing and in seeking for international funds to support biodiversity conservation. • Linkage Centre for Forest Conservation and Biodiversity (Federal Ministry of Environment/University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB): environmental monitoring of conservation plots and agricultural lands, wildlife domestication, aquaculture, and conservation of medicinal plants and lost crops and research on species of Botanical and Zoological Gardens. • National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) Ethnobotanical/Ethno medical survey of medicinal plants for industrial utilization and their conservation: documentation, training and evaluation of herbal products and traditional medical practice. • Agricultural Based Research institutions: � Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN): in-situ conservation of species of rubber, ex situ seed gene bank, live field gene bank and in-vitro for rubber. � Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) Ibadan Conservation of in-situ species of cocoa, ex situ Seed gene bank, live field gene bank and in-vitro for cocoa. � Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) Benin: conservation of in-situ species of oil palm, ex-situ seed gene bank, live field gene bank in vitro for oil palm. 27 � National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI) Badagi: conservation of ex-situ gene bank and live field gene bank for all cereals. � National Root Crops Research institute, Umudike: conservation of live field gene bank on farm for cassava, potato, sweet potato, ginger and coca yam. � Institute of Agricultural Research, Samaru Zaria: conservation of gene bank for various food crops. � Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Moor Plantation, Ibadan: conservation of live gene bank for various crops for training and development. � National Horticultural Research Institute Ibadan: conservation of seed gene bank, and live field in vitro for horticultural food crops. � National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan: conservation of seed field gene bank in vitro for forest trees, fruit trees, vegetable and ornamentals. � International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan: conservation of ex situ seed gene bank and field gene bank for agricultural crops, and multipurpose trees. � Lake Chad Research Institute Maiduguri: conservation and genetic improvement of cereals, ex situ seed gene bank and field gene bank. � National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAELS), Zaria: public awareness on the conservation of crop gene banks on the field and the use of environmentally friendly agricultural practices. � National Animal production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria: conservation gene banks in livestock species. � National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR): genetic improvement of freshwater fisheries and conservation. • Federal Government Project Initiatives � National Biosafety Frame work (NBF): the Federal Government of Nigeria has developed NBF with the collaboration of UNEP-GEF to ensure the safe management of living modified organisms (GMOs) to ensure they do not have adverse impact on the conservation of biodiversity and human health. � Local Empowerment and Environmental management program (LEEMP) is for the empowerment of rural populace while protecting the environment. � Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME): it's a project in collaboration with UNIDO for the implementation of pilot phase of mangrove reforestation and Nypa palm utilization method in the Delta area of Nigeria. It’s aimed at conserving biodiversity, improving the socio-economic life of the coastal communities. � Integrated Management of Invasive Aquatic weeds project: this is a project with collaboration of ADB for the control of invasive aquatic weeds. 28 � Climate Change Programme: this is a Federal Government Programme to address climate change problems. A special unit has been established to handle the issues of climate change in the country. Towards ameliorating the problem of climate change the Federal Government has directed that 60% of the Ecological fund of the Nation be dedicated to reforestation programs. Forestry Projects are been developed currently in the country. A climate change bill has been passed by the Parliament awaiting Presidential assent. � Desertification and Drought Amelioration Department under the Federal Ministry of Environment; this is a Department established to address issues of drought and desertification in the country. � Fadama Integrated Land Management Project: This project empowers the Rural People on how to utilization wetlands in sustainable manner � Biodiversity Surveys: Biodiversity surveys in Nigeria have come in various forms such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, forest resources surveys, wildlife inventory and aquatic resources surveys. Results of such surveys have been utilized in the preparation of Conservation Strategies and Action Plans. The following Conservation Strategies and land have benefited from the result of such surveys: National Conservation Strategy 1985, Natural Resources Conservation Action Plan 1992, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 1998, State Environmental Strategy and Action Plan 1997. Nigeria however needs to make the survey continuous and systematic as different from the existing practice of discontinuous assessment. Under the State of the Environment Assessment and Reporting Programme, the country is placing special attention on biological diversity, forests and coastal and marine resources. The programme commenced in year 2001 and was expected to provide input into the UNEP's Global Environment Outlook. For effective linkages on biodiversity conservation, the following Government Ministries, agencies and institutions are significant stakeholders with the Federal Ministry of Environment on biodiversity matters: Table 2.3: Stakeholders (Policy and Government Institutions) on Biodiversity in Nigeria S/N Policy and Government Institutions Action on Biodiversity 1 Federal Ministry of Water Resources Watershed management, IBA’s, Migratory waterfowls, Management of inland water resources, dam and biodiversity issues, Coastal and inland protected areas. 2 Federal Ministry of Health Environmental and Public Health; role of biodiversity in public hygiene, traditional medicine, biodiversity and traditional knowledge, bio-prospecting and health implications, wildlife and medical research vaccine production. 3 Federal Ministry of Agriculture Land Use Planning, Agriculture and Fisheries project design and management, agricultural design for biodiversity sensitivity, agricultural production, certification, trade and biodiversity connection. Agro-forestry; human wildlife conflict management. 29 S/N Policy and Government Institutions Action on Biodiversity 4 Federal Ministry of Transport and Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency Coastal and marine biodiversity related issues including impacts of pollution, ship wrecks and coral reefs, sea-based endangered species, such as sea turtles, manatees, whales and dolphins. 5 Federal Ministry of Education Environmental education and awareness, Curricular development. 6 Ministry of Works and Housing Infrastructure development, the impact of and /or biodiversity regarding in respect of Environmental Impact Assessments. 8 Ministry of Solid Minerals Mining and impacts on biodiversity, mining and protected area principles. 9 Ministry of Power and Steel Energy production and biodiversity implications, power lines and biodiversity issues. 10 Ministry of Culture and Tourism Tourism development, heritage and indigenous people’s right on biodiversity. 11 Ministry of Aviation Biodiversity considerations, wildlife hazards and bird strikes. 12 National Communication Commission Communication masts and birds biodiversity. 13 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Department of Petroleum Resources; & Oil companies Biodiversity issues in oil resource extraction and petroleum exploration, oil pollution impacts on biodiversity. 14 Nigerian Agricultural Quarantine Service Plant and animal species export and import to and from Nigeria, role of invasive species in Biodiversity management, pests and pesticides. 15 Ministry of Science and Technology; and National Agency for Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Genetic Resource conservation and management; Biosafety. 16 The Ecological Fund Office and the National Planning Commission Ecological Fund and support for biodiversity management initiatives. 17 Ministry of Police Affairs and the Nigerian Police Service Enforcement of Environmental Laws and those associated with trade in Endangered Species in collaboration with the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). 18 Nigerian Custom Service Border checks and awareness on international trade on endangered species in collaboration with NESREA on Biodiversity; Wood/wood product export control. 19 Central Bank of Nigeria Biodiversity connections with the currently developed Nigerian Sustainable Development Banking Principles – Guidelines on Agriculture, Oil and Gas. 20 National Planning Commission Mainstreaming biodiversity in National Development planning. 21 National Space Agency Satellite imagery, remote sensing application to biodiversity management. 22 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement of biodiversity related laws. 30 S/N Policy and Government Institutions Action on Biodiversity Enforcement Agency (NESREA) 23 National Park Service Focal point for National Parks, promotion of ecotourism. 24 Forestry Institute of Nigeria Forestry research and development. 25 NIOMR – Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research Marine biodiversity research & development. 26 Federal Department of Fisheries in the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology. 26 NIFFR – Nigerian Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute Freshwater biodiversity research and development. 27 NIHORT – Nigerian Institute of Horticultural Research. Horticultural plants research & development. 28 National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB) Genetic biodiversity data bank and research. 29 NCRI & Root Crops Research Institute & NIFOR Agricultural research and development. 30 National Council of Women Societies (NCWS) Gender issues in biodiversity management. 31 Biodiversity-minded NGOs Advocacy, education and awareness-raising; complementary field work and research. 32 Community-based Organisations Community-level actions; advocacy. 33 National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) Traditional medicine development and research. 34 Institute of Oceanography, University of Calabar Estuarine, coastal& mangrove ecosystem biodiversity research and development. 2.4. Lessons Learned from the Earlier NBSAP and the Process of Revising the Earlier NBSAP The first NBSAP was prepared to develop appropriate framework and programme instruments for the conservation of Nigeria’s Biological Diversity and enhance its sustainable use by integrating biodiversity consideration into national planning policy and decision making processes. It recognized the need to conserve and sustainably use its biodiversity including agro-biodiversity. It outlined the status of biodiversity, national efforts at biodiversity conservation, and strategies for biodiversity management in Nigeria, plan of action for the Nigerian biodiversity, financial support policy and the elements of biodiversity monitoring. 31 However, it lacked clear cut implementation plans: capacity development plan; technology needs assessment; and a communication plan. There was no national coordination structure put in place for its implementation, no national Clearing House Mechanism (CHM), no performance/implementation indicators for the planned actions, no Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework and no reporting plan. There was low level of awareness creation at Federal, State and Local governments during its preparation and the NBSAP was inadequately implemented, hence the poor management of biodiversity in the country. These shortcomings of the previous NBSAP form the bases of the lessons learned and the planning process of the current NBSAP has addressed them as critical in the implementation of the revised NBSAP. In the COP decision X/2, Parties were urged to: “Review, and as appropriate update and revise, their national Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans, in line with the Strategic Plan and the guidance adopted in decision IX/9, including integrating their national targets into their national Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, adopted as a policy instrument, and report thereon to the Conference of the Parties at its eleventh or twelfth meeting”. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 therefore is an overarching framework and consists of a shared vision and mission, 5 goals and 20 Aichi Biodiversity targets. Based on the above, Nigeria requested the Secretariat of the CBD to commence the revision of its previous NBSAP. The revision started with the nomination of the National Coordinator from the focal Department in the Federal Ministry of Environment; the choice of UNEP as the implementing agency; capacity building of the Coordinator through participating in regional capacity building workshops; the acquisition of funds from Global Environment Facility (GEF); and the naming of the project team. The NBSAP revision was done stepwise: one component after the other. The first component was Biodiversity Status Assessment. An NGO, the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), was engaged to undertake the assignment through consultations and awareness raising and review. Under this assignment, information were gathered and analysed and a report produced on: Values of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Nigeria and their contribution to human well-being; Causes and consequences of Biodiversity loss; Constitutional, legal and institutional Framework; Lessons learned from the earlier NBSAP; process of developing the revised NBSAP; identification of stakeholders and an updated baseline data. Thereafter, a peer review meeting was held on the draft report submitted and this was followed by a multi-stakeholder workshop for the validation and adoption of outcomes. The next was the Setting of National Targets, Principles, and Main Priorities of the strategy and the development of the Strategy and Action Plan, which was undertaken by another Consultant NGO, Natures Copex Nigeria Limited. Under this assignment, the Long term vision, Principles governing the strategy, Main goals or priority areas, National Targets (SMART), were outlined and the Strategy and Action Plan was developed. Similarly, a peer review meeting on the draft report produced was held and thereafter, a multi-stakeholder workshop to validate and adopt it. 32 The development of the National Clearing House Mechanism CHM, www.chm-cbd.com.ng, was undertaken by the Consulting Firm, Quavant Projects that also trained some members of staff. The national CHM can be used to create awareness on biodiversity at even the grassroots level since it has some translations in the three main Nigerian languages: Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba. Notifications of meetings were posted there and visits to the site are increasing on daily bases. Apart from the use of the CHM, both the electronic and print media are engaged during validation workshops and technical meetings for awareness creation and information dissemination. The consulting Firm, Bioresources Development Conservation Programme (BDCP), carried out the Development of implementation plans and related activities. They prepared the capacity development plan; technology needs assessment; communication plan and the national coordination structure. BDCP, in the plenary of the multi-stakeholder workshop validated the draft impact and performance indicators prepared by the National NBSAP revision team and UNEP-WCMC. In addition to this, and in the plenary of the multi stakeholder workshop, BDCP developed the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework. The synthesis of all these components was also undertaken by the Bioresources Consulting Firm. On the production of the draft NBSAP document, a multi-stakeholder workshop was held for the validation and adoption of the document. Thereafter, a high- powered delegation, from among key players in the NBSAP revision process, met with the Honourable Minister of Environment for the adoption and implementation of the revised NBSAP. The revision process of the Nigerian NBSAP was open, participatory and transparent. Relevant Ministries, NGOs, Civil Society Organizations, the Academia, Oil companies, State Governments and Development partners (ECOWAS, World Bank, UNDP, FAO etc) and others were involved. In the course of the NBSAP revision process a council memorandum on the need for sub-nationals (State and Local Governments) to prepare and implement Sub national BSAPs was presented and adopted at the ninth meeting of the National Council on Environment. Since then some States have complied. All these were to ensure that the NBSAP was jointly developed, adopted and owned and implemented by the full range of Stakeholders. 33 CHAPTER THREE 3.0. STRATEGY PRINCIPLES, PRIORITIES AND TARGETS Nigeria is a growing and emerging economy with high hopes for economic diversification, increased industrialization and improvement in energy efficiency and agricultural transformation. Nigeria’s huge populations about 60% of which live in rural areas depend highly on varied forms of biodiversity endowments of the country. The need for best practices in biodiversity management through strategic planning becomes more paramount, given the status of Nigeria as a leading country in the mineral extraction sector involving oil and gas as well as solid minerals of various types. The natural environment and biodiversity resources in Nigeria have been severely damaged and are under threats. The overall objective of biodiversity conservation is to set in place as soon as possible, measures that would conserve the dwindling resources and avoid further damage, and over a long term, taking necessary steps to reverse the trend of damage done. The most important element of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is to mainstream biodiversity into development planning to enhance sustainable development. 3.1. Long Term Vision ‘A Nigeria with healthy living environment where people live in harmony with nature and sustain the gains and benefits of biodiversity, integrating biodiversity into National programme aimed at reducing poverty and developing a secure future in line with the principle of ecological sustainability and social equity.’ A key focus of this vision therefore is the consideration of genetic materials as a strategic but fragile resource to be conserved, sustainably utilized and perhaps more importantly to be deployed as natural capital for socio -economic development of Nigeria. It will explore the policy elements necessary for the transformation of biological diversity to biological resources, as an asset base. It attempts to proffer methods to capture an equitable share of benefits arising from access to, and the use of Nigeria’s genetic and biochemical resources for the Nigerian economy and communities. It has deliberately involved the private sector and the civil society as partners in development in harnessing Nigeria’s biological resources to create wealth, generate employment and contribute to the general economic development of the country. Regarding environmental resources as an asset raises the possibility that it can be shared or transferred across generations and as a resource it can be drawn upon, built upon, traded and developed. For Nigeria to be able to do this requires full strengthening of existing institutions and the establishment of new institutions and organizations that are capable of translating this complex knowledge to action, to engage in bold priority setting and transforming the Nigerian economy into a sustainable knowledge based economy. The strategy recommendation will require mobilization of the entire nation and all stakeholders in this new mission of economic renewal and sustainable development. The transformation will require the establishment and formalization of the “Development Triad” involving the government, the civil society and the private sector. 34 3.2. Principles Governing the Strategy Nigeria’s commitment to the Convention of Biological diversity (CBD) is a genuine appreciation of biodiversity in national development and socio-economic welfare of the Nigerian people. National Environment Policy incorporates specific principles that support best practices in environment and natural resource management, including biodiversity. Following are the underlying principles for supporting Nigeria’s Biodiversity and the implications of the National Biodiversity Strategy: • The physical environment; including soil, water, air and mountains together with the associated living organisms – plants, animals and microbes provide the life support services for our people and constitute the foundation upon which our agriculture, water resource, energy needs and food security of our people are based. • Nigerians depend on biodiversity for a good array of goods and services, and will accord priority to its conservation, management and sustainable use. • The conservation and sustainable utilization of Nigeria’s biodiversity are key to improvement of agricultural productivity and sustainability, thereby contributing to national development, healthcare, tourism, trade, education and livelihood. • The need to set best practices in mineral exploration and exploitation is crucial for Nigeria’s biodiversity in order to retain the biodiversity conservation to provide better living standard for the people. • Nigeria’s biodiversity is better conserved in-situ but development of ex-situ conservation approaches will be encouraged to support the natural and wild biodiversity pool. Nigeria is fully conscious of the intrinsic values of biodiversity. • Conservation goals are best achieved through ecosystem and landscape approaches, while encouraging indigenous people and community participation in ecosystem management is crucial for the survival of species and protection of biodiversity. Traditional methods of biodiversity protection have critical roles to play within the scope of NBSAP in Nigeria. • Nigeria believes in the integration of technological innovations into the management of biological resources and is fully committed to the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which provides, among other things, that products of biotechnology do not impact negatively on the environment and human health. • NBSAP is a coherent framework for the coordination and sustainable management of biodiversity by all stakeholders, working in synergy to protect the genetic base of Nigeria’s biodiversity through integration into national development planning. • Utilization of Nigeria’s biodiversity will be transparent, equitable and efficient. Access to genetic resources will be given in line with our commitment to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable Sharing of the Benefits arising from their utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 35 3.3. Main Goals or Priority Areas Nigeria considers the five goals of the Global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 very appropriate and applicable to her situation and adopts and applies the elements as follow: Nigeria’s National Goal 1: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity into national planning and societal values The rate of decline in biodiversity, including species, habitats and ecosystems will be slowed down and Nigeria will design an integrated approach to land use planning in support of the rehabilitation of critical ecosystems such as mangroves, grasslands, montane vegetation, woodlands, tropical rainforests, watersheds, wetlands, rivers and lakes. Nigeria’s National Goal 2: Reduce the direct pressures on Nigeria’s biodiversity resources and promote sustainable use. Concerted efforts will be made to promote sustainable practices of land use for agriculture, mining, crude oil exploration, aquaculture, tourism, housing development and industrialization. Nigeria will encourage investment in alternative energy sources and promote environmental education among the populace. The use of Nigeria’s biodiversity, including its benefits such as ecosystem services or by products, will be sustainable. Multi-agency cooperation will be central to the assessment, monitoring and regulation of conservation processes. Nigeria’s National Goal 3: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Concerted effort will be made to conserve important ecosystems, habitats and species across the entire landscape of Nigeria. Adequate representation of all ecosystems will be made a national priority in setting up conservation areas. Endemic and Endangered species will be well conserved and sufficient action will be put in place to control invasive species and weeds. Effective legislation and enforcement as well as environmental education will be given adequate attention in the efforts to support biodiversity. Multi-agency collaboration and information sharing will be given priority in natural resource management issues. Nigeria’s National Goal 4: Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services to all. Policies on sharing of benefits derived from the use of Nigeria’s biodiversity resources are to be formulated and implemented, at the same time balancing the twin goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Essential mechanisms will be put in place at the three tiers of government to address conflicts on biological resource use. 36 Nigeria’s National Goal 5: Promote participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building as an integral part of implementation of biodiversity management Nigeria will make stakeholders participation in planning and designing of biodiversity management processes and actions a major priority. Communities, relevant government agencies, State and Local Governments, private groups, corporate businesses, civil society organizations and the media will be involved at varied levels on biodiversity planning and actions. Multi-agency involvement in biodiversity monitoring will be given adequate attention in biodiversity related issues. 3.4. National Targets The priority strategies for biodiversity conservation which are based on the needs of the people and globally agreed strategic goals of the CBD have fourteen corresponding priority targets for the Period 2016 to 2020. The targets were the outcome of a review meeting by the NBSAP stakeholders’ review process. The following fourteen targets spread across the twenty Aichi Biodiversity targets and the five Strategic Goals for the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 – 2020. Table 3.1: National Targets and Related Global Strategic Goals SN National Targets Related Aichi Target Related Global Strategic Goals Target 1 By 2020, 30% of Nigeria’s population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country. Related Aichi Target 1 Relevant Strategic Goal – 1 Target 2 By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget. Related Aichi Target- 1 Relevant Strategic Goal – 1 Target 3 By 2020, adoption of a national ecosystem-based spatial planning process and plans, promoting the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to sustain development. Related Aichi Targets 5, 6, 7 Relevant Strategic Goals – 1, 2, 3 Target 4 By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management. Related Aichi Targets 5,14,15 Relevant Strategic Goals – 2, 3, 4 37 SN National Targets Related Aichi Target Related Global Strategic Goals Target 5 By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species. Related Aichi Targets 4,6,9,12 Relevant Strategic Goals – 1, 2, 3 Target 6 By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria’s national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types. Related Aichi Targets 5 & 11 Relevant Strategic Goals – 2 & 3 Target 7 By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their threatened wild relatives, including culturally valuable species, are documented, maintained and valorised in two key institutions in Nigeria. Related Aichi Target 13 Relevant Strategic Goal – 3 Target 8 By 2020, at least 60% of identified pollution sources, including those from extractive industries and agricultural inputs, are brought under control and guidelines are put in place to mitigate their effects on ecosystems. Related Aichi Target- 8 Relevant Strategic Goal – 2 Target 9 By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones. Related Aichi Target- 9 Relevant Strategic Goal – 2 Target 10 By 2015, the Nigerian NBSAP has been fully revised and adopted by government as a policy instrument, and its implementation commenced in a participatory manner. Related Aichi Targets 2 & 17 Relevant Strategic Goals – 1 & 5 Target 11 By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced. Related Aichi Target 16 Relevant Strategic Goal – 4 Target 12 By 2020, community participation in project design and management of key ecosystems is enhanced in one (1) each of the six (6) ecological zones. Related Aichi Targets 1,7,11 Relevant Strategic Goals – 1, 2, 3 38 SN National Targets Related Aichi Target Related Global Strategic Goals Target 13 By 2020, national-based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective international partnership support. Related Aichi Target 20 Relevant Strategic Goal – 5 Target 14 By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria’s biodiversity targets. Related Aichi Targets 2,14,19 Relevant Strategic Goals – 1, 4, 5 39 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0. NATIONAL ACTIONS TO ACHIEVE THE STRATEGY The National Actions to Achieve the Priority Targets and Strategies will be implemented within a period of 5 years (2016 - 2020) and will involve working with a wide range of relevant MDAs as shown in table below. Applications of the NBSAP to Sub-national entities are contained in the last column of the table. 4.1. Application of the NBSAP to Sub-National Entities The sub-national entities will be supplementary to the NBSAP. This is to make it more effective since broader issues identified as national Priorities will be thematic in sub national plans. For instance issues such as sustainable livelihoods which were addressed generally at the national level will be further defined and explored on the sub-national level. 4.1.1. Relationship between NBSAP and Sub-National Entities The sub-national plans will strengthen the broad national plans in the following way: • The national policy framework will highlight national priorities and action; however, it cannot specify and prioritise actions at local levels. Sub-national strategies will feed into the national policy framework to achieve this; • NBSAP implementation and coordination requires considerable human, institutional, administrative and financial resources. Sub-national entities will be used to decentralised the process and reduce the heavy burden on resources at the national level; • Sub-national strategies will better involve the public at the grass root level to ensure sustainability, acceptance and ownership of conservation initiatives; • Sub-national strategies will be better internalized among sub-national governments, as they are more reflective of local needs and realities. This will help to clear impediments to implementation; • Sub-national strategies will also provide better exchange of knowledge and sharing experience, contributing to both individual and institutional capacity building; • The task of reviewing sub-national strategies is not as cumbersome as national strategies, and hence the ease in identifying gaps, reprioritizing issues and monitoring progress will be more defined. • Sub-national strategies and governments are more aptly placed to involve local communities in the conservation effort; The application of the national strategy action plan to NBSAP is presented in Table 4.1. 40 Table 4.1: Strategy and Action Plan for Nigeria’s Revised NBSAP BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Target 1. By 2020, 30% of Nigeria’s population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country. Lead Institution: Federal Department of Forestry (FDF) Related Aichi Target - 1 Relevant National BD Goals - 1 Promote Environmental Awareness and Good Environmental Governance. Support and Promote Community Based Institutions on sustainable biodiversity resource use efforts. Support and promote the activities of civil society organisations, corporate media groups; and the National and State Information management institutions on informal environmental education programmes and activities. Promote the values of ecosystem services in the context of awareness creation on environment and biodiversity. 1.1. Conduct outreach and awareness campaigns (radio, jingles etc), information sharing and public discussions on Nigeria’s biodiversity and its significance to ecology, economy, life and services, with specific emphasis on indigenous and local communities NOA 2016-2020 To be adapted at the States, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Community levels 1.2. Produce and distribute publications in appropriate local languages and dialects on biodiversity and ecosystem services for the public, especially women and youth. NOA 2016-2020 To be adapted at the States LGAs and Community levels 1.3. Inclusion of the subjects and texts on biodiversity conservation into the national primary and secondary education and the General Studies (GS) of tertiary institution curricula FME 2016-2020 To be adapted at the States level 41 Table 4.1: Strategy and Action Plan for Nigeria’s Revised NBSAP BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame 1.4. Host a Bi-annual National Forum on Biodiversity for legislators and other sectors of the economy FDF 2016-2020 Host an annual Forum on Biodiversity for legislators and other sectors of the economy at the States and LGAs levels 1.5. Host an annual National Biodiversity dialogue, and Press Conference. FDF 2016-2020 Host an annual Biodiversity dialogue, and Press Conference at the States and LGAs levels 1.6. Promote environmental social media networking among the Nigerian youth. FDF 2016-2020 Involvement of States and LGAs Target 2. By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 1 Relevant National BD Goals – 1 Integrate biodiversity conservation considerations into national development plans. Strengthening the processes on Access and Benefit Sharing to ensure that biodiversity conservation is considered in the granting of access to Nigeria’s genetic resources. Enhancing National Biodiversity assessment 2.1 Conduct Economic Valuation of Biodiversity and national studies on ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB). NCF 2016-2020 Active stakeholders (states LGAs and Communities) involvement 42 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame capabilities 2.2 Integrate valuation of biodiversity into national accounts, strategies and planning process. Budget and NPC 2016-2020 Sub-national entities to conduct economic valuation of Biodiversity in special ecosystems in their areas 2.3 Establish and implement a national procedure for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), to enhance private sector investment and corporate social support to Nigeria’s biodiversity protection. FDF 2016-2020 States, LGAs and Communities to adapt national procedures to suit their specific needs 2.4 Strengthen and implement the provisions of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). EA 2016-2020 Sub-national entities to strengthen their environmental assessments processes Target 3. By 2020, adoption of a national ecosystem-based spatial planning process and plans, promoting the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to sustain development. 3.1 Conduct a National Biodiversity survey, to identify habitats of high biodiversity and ecosystem services value and priorities for ecosystem restoration and new conservation areas. NPS 2016-2020 Sub-national entities to adapt and conduct biodiversity surveys in their areas 43 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 5, 6, 7 Relevant National BD Goals – 1, 2, 3 3.2 Establish a government process for ecosystem-based spatial planning. Office of the Surveyor General of Federation (OSGF) 2016-2020 Sub-national entities to establish a government process for ecosystem based spatial planning adapted to their localities 3.3 Establish Grazing Reserves and Pastoral Routes as an important element of local, National and Sub regional land use planning. NALDA (KADUNA) 2016-2020 Stakeholders (States, LGAs and Communities) involvement in such designation 3.4 Safeguarding of wildlife corridors as part of spatial development/habitat connectivity axes/Green Infrastructure. NPS 2016-2020 Sub-national entities (forest/game reserves) to safeguard wildlife corridors as part of spatial development Target 4. By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 5,14,15 Relevant National BD Goals – 2, 3, 4 Support the implementation of the Great Green Wall Sahara Programme Establishment of a National terrestrial, river and wetlands Rehabilitation Programmes. 4.1 Establish a National Forest and Vegetation Recovery Programme, including mangroves and other coastal areas. FDF 2016-2020 Sub-national entities to develop and establish recovery programmes based on their specific challenge 4.2 Review and strengthen the National Forest Policy, to improve production efficiency whilst promoting conservation of high biodiversity habitats and restoration of degraded areas. FDF 2016-2020 Stakeholders (States, LGAs and Communities) participation and involvement in such designation is required 44 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame 4.3 Resuscitate the National Forest Development Committee and Forest Utilization Centres, as part of the strengthened National Forest Policy. FDF 2016-2020 Same as above 4.4 Develop a national strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agro forestry. FDF 2016-2020 Same as above 4.5 Establish a National Rivers and Wetlands Rehabilitation Programme, linked to reduction of pollutants in Target 8. FDF 2016-2020 Same as above 4.6. Support the implementation of the Great Green Wall Sahara Programme. DDA 2016-2020 States, LGAs and Communities to be actively involved 4.7. Promote alternative livelihoods for communities in protected areas and ecosystem restoration areas. FDF 2016-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 4.8. Develop pilot community-based sustainable energy-efficient production facilities e.g. bio gas, solar energy etc. around protected areas and ecosystem restoration areas. Renewable Energy Unit 2016-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 45 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Target 5. By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 4,6,9,12 Relevant National BD Goals – 1, 2, 3 Stock assessment and prepare a National Action Plan for Nigeria’s endemic species Conservation of High Altitude Habitats Conservation of Important Wildlife corridors and Migratory Sites 5.1. Conduct and publish an assessment of the conservation status of Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species. NPS 2016-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 5.2. Identify priority sites requiring management actions for Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species. NPS 2016-2020 Same as above 5.3. Identify important sites for migratory species and their conservation needs. NCF 2016-2020 Same as above 5. 4. Produce a Strategy for Conservation of High Altitude Habitats, linked to Targets 2, 3, 4 NCF 2016-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities Target 6. By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria’s national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 5,11 Relevant National BD Goals – 2, 3 Strengthening the capacity of the National Parks in Nigeria Development of Biodiversity Conservation Strategy for the Niger Delta 6.1 Identify sites for new or expanded conservation areas from the relevant surveys and strategies under Targets 3, 4 and 5. NPS 2016-2020 Active involvement of Sub national entities 46 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame 6.2 Upgrade the status of ten forest reserves/game reserves and sanctuaries to National Park status, including marine ecosystems. NPS 2016-2020 Active involvement of Sub national entities 6.3 Implement the Conservation Strategy for Biodiversity in the Niger Delta. Ministry of Niger Delta 2016-2020 Active involvement of Sub national entities 6.4 Assess the status of biodiversity resources in the designated new National Parks. NPS 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 6.5 Prepare and implement management plans for the Designated New National Parks. NPS 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 6.6 Document and map the indigenous and local communities’ conservation areas and strengthen their management plans. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 6.7 Implement the full plan for the paramilitary status of the Nigerian National Parks to enhance the level of biodiversity protection in protected areas. NPS 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities Target 7. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated Stock assessment and Preparation of a National Action Plan for Nigeria’s 7.1 Establishment of a national centre / institute for knowledge and sustainable BDCP 2015-2020 Sub-national entities to participate actively in establishing such centre 47 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame animals and their threatened wild relatives, including culturally valuable species, are documented, maintained and valorised in two key institutions in Nigeria. Lead Institution: NABDA Related Aichi Target- 13 Relevant National BD Goals – 3 endemic species Use of Biodiversity. 7.2 In-situ conservation of wild relatives of cultivated plants and domesticated animals. FRIN 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 7.3 Establishment of Nigerian National gene bank for cultivated plants and domesticated animals. NABDA 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 7.4. Establishment /Rehabilitation of Community Herbal Heritage Centres. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities Target 8. By 2020, at least 60% of identified pollution sources, including those from extractive industries and agricultural inputs, are brought under control and guidelines are put in place to mitigate their effects on ecosystems. Lead Institution: PC&EH Related Aichi Target- 8 Relevant National BD Goals – 2 Pollution reduction programme in Nigeria. 8.1 Promote measures to reduce agricultural wastes, fertilisers and agro-chemicals entering rivers and wetlands. PC&EH 2015-2020 Sub-national entities to participate actively in programmes to promote best agricultural practices in their locality 48 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame 8.2. Identify the pollutant sources and purification capacity of Nigeria’s wetlands, rivers and coasts, for restoration measures in Action 4.5. PC&EH 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 8.3. Strengthen national water quality guidelines FMWR 2015-2020 8.4. End gas flaring and manage oil spillage. NOSDRA 2015-2020 Target 9. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 9 Relevant National BD Goals – 2 Control and Management of Invasive Alien species in Nigeria 9.1. Strengthen the capacity of the Plant Quarantine Services Department for effective border control. PQD 2015-2020 To be replicated at the States level. 9.2. Establish a national framework for the control and management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). FDF 2015-2020 To be replicated at the States level. 9.3. Promote the utilization of IAS in Nigeria. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 9.4. Strengthen research on the impacts of IAS and update the existing baseline on IAS status. FRIN 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 9.5. Establish an early warning and rapid response mechanism for IAS at the ports and border crossings. PQD 2015-2020 To be replicated at the States level. 49 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Target 10. By 2015, the Nigerian NBSAP has been fully revised and adopted by government as a policy instrument, and its implementation commenced in a participatory manner. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 2,17 Relevant National BD Goals – 1 & 5 10.1. Revise the NBSAP and adopt it as a policy instrument. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 10.2. Establish and strengthen a Biodiversity Steering Committee. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 10.3. Establish and implement Sub-national (State and Local Government) levels of the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, promoting stakeholder participation. State Governments 2015-2020 To be replicated at the States level. 10.4. Strengthen Multi Stakeholders Committees on biodiversity-related conventions and protocols. FMEnv (Planning Research and Statistics Department) 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 10.5. Establish synergy among focal areas in the environment sector. FMEnv (Planning Research and Statistics Department) 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities Target 11. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to 11.1. Accede to the ABS Protocol. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 11.2. Develop a National ABS framework or legislation. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 50 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 16 Relevant National BD Goals – 4 11.3. Designate appropriate structures of protected areas for sustainable harvesting of non-timber products by local people, to ensure benefits to them and guarantee protection of resources NPS 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 11.4. Develop and implement policy guidelines for bio-prospecting, access and benefit sharing, and associated traditional knowledge (intellectual property rights). FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 11.5. Develop and implement a Sub-national (State and Local Government levels) regime on ABS. State Governments 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities Target 12. By 2020, community participation in project design and management of key ecosystems is enhanced in one (1) each of the six (6) ecological zones. Lead Institution: FDF Promotion of Gender and Community participation in biodiversity management 12.1. Strengthen the capacities of local Communities to participate in natural regeneration of wetlands, arid zone vegetation, forests, mangroves & other priorities identified in Targets 3, 4, 5 & 6. Local Communities 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 51 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Related Aichi Target- 1,7,11 Relevant National BD Goals – 1, 2, 3 12.2. Survey the flora and fauna outside protected areas, including sacred groves, community lands, abandoned farmlands and homesteads, and assist local communities in the sustainable management of these sites. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 12.3. Strengthen the implementation of guidelines for Community-based sustainable forest management, including conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. FDF 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 12.4. Develop a national framework and mechanism for community participation in ecotourism planning and development. NPS 2015-2020 Active involvement and participation of all Sub national entities Target 13. By 2020, national-based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective international partnership support. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 20 Establishment of Nigeria Biodiversity Trust Fund 13.1. Conduct an NBSAP resource needs assessment. BDCP 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities 13.2. Establish a national funding mechanism for biodiversity. FMEnv (Planning) 2015-2020 Active involvement of all Sub-national entities including PPP 13.3. Integrate biodiversity conservation into national appropriation. FMF 2015-2020 To be adapted at the States level 52 BIODIVERSITY TARGET National Programmes Actions Implementing Institution/Time Frame Application to Sub National Entities Institution Time frame Relevant National BD Goals – 5 13.4. Strengthen the government partnership with development partners (e.g. GEF, UNDP and UNEP.) FDF 2015-2020 Sub-national entities to participate in partnership building Target 14. By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria’s biodiversity targets. Lead Institution: FDF Related Aichi Target- 2,14,19 Relevant National BD Goals – 1, 4, 5 Capacity Building of key actors in Biodiversity 14.1. Determine prioritised capacity building needs for government agencies, NGOs and local communities to implement the NBSAP. BDCP 2015-2020 All stakeholders including Sub-national entities to participate actively in prioritising capacity building needs 14.2. Develop training guides and modules for prioritised capacity building needs. NGO 2015-2020 Sub-national entities to be involved in developing training guides and modules 14.3. Build capacity of government officials and individuals for prioritised NBSAP implementation capacity development needs in relevant organizations including NGO’s through meetings, seminars and conferences both locally and internationally. Development Partners 2015-2020 To be replicated at the Sub national levels 53 4.2. Sectoral Actions: Mainstreaming Biodiversity into National Development, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change Plans The following steps would be taken to integrate biodiversity issues into national development policies relevant to poverty reduction and climate change mitigation and adaptation in the forestry, food and agriculture, commerce & industry, environment, health, and education sectors of the economy: • Review policies, plans and budgets in the key sectors of the economy that need to change to support improved biodiversity management; • Create awareness to policy and decision makers on the economic implications of improved biodiversity management; • Influence Lawmakers to make/review laws relevant to biodiversity management for sustainable economic development; • Enhance the understanding of key personnel of sectoral stakeholders with capacity to influence budgets to support projects that would improve biodiversity management and create climate resilient ecosystems to reduce poverty and climate change impacts; • Influence the creation of a network of stakeholders to enhance integrated biodiversity management through participatory planning, knowledge sharing and capacity building across all levels of government; • Establishment of an Inter-Agency Committee to develop sustainable financing mechanism to generate revenues for biodiversity programmes; • Integration of biodiversity education into national curricula at all levels 54 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Nigeria has since the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) produced its first NBSAP report in 2006. Consequently, the revision of the first NBSAP report is expected to be completed by the end of 2015. However, for the NBSAP to be completed there is the need to address and develop the supporting systems, which are actions needed to achieve the NBSAP national targets. These supporting systems or components were developed as implementation plans to determine who does what, where and how. The plans developed for NBSAP implementation include: • The plan for capacity development and technical capacity needs assessment, which detailed the human and technical needs to implement the NBSAP and how they may be mobilized; • A communication and outreach strategy for the NBSAP, detailing how the NBSAP will be promoted in the country among decision makers and the public at large; and • A plan for resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation; this analyzes the financial resources needed to implement the NBSAP and how they will also be mobilized. Finance mobilization options examined include, domestic budget, external assistance (where relevant) and innovative financial mechanisms. The main objective of these plans is to ensure the development of necessary capacities and inclusive societal engagement in the development, updating and implementation of the country’s NBSAP. Target Stakeholders Gender Issues Gender can be simply put as a social construct of men and women’s behaviour, which refers to the roles and responsibilities that are created in our families, our society and our culture. It is therefore needful to sensitize coordinators of NBSAP to integrate gender issues in its activities. Also, to bridge the gender gaps in NBSAP implementation, the coordinators shall adopt the following means: • Gender analysis of biodiversity programmes and projects; • Gender responsive planning and policies for integrating women in resource management decision making; • Development of a comprehensive plan for integrating gender issues for women and youths empowerment through measures of positive discrimination; • Organizing workshops/conferences on gender issues and compile comprehensive gender statistics. 55 5.1. Plan for Capacity Development and Technology Needs Assessment for NBSAP Implementation The Capacity Assessment Framework (Table 5.1) reflects the interplay among the following three dimensions ((i) Enabling Environment; (ii) Organizational; (iii) Individual). They are the three levels at which capacity is nurtured. Capacity development at enabling environment level Nigeria operates a presidential system of government with bicameral legislative system (the Senate and the Federal House of Representatives). She also has three levels of governance, the national, State and the local governments. The responses for developing capacities at the enabling environment level include those CD initiatives which relate to the development of policies, laws, rules and norms relevant to official governance procedure in Nigeria. Capacity development at organizational level Organizational arrangements in Nigeria also exist at the three levels. Public sectors are organized into ministries at the federal and state levels. There are also other government agencies and commissions as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The capacity development responses for developing organizational capacities relate to organizational structures, processes, resources and management issues. Capacity development at individual level The capacity development initiatives aim at developing capacities of the individual employees in the country. The CD tools and techniques have been chosen keeping in view the individual levels of knowledge and skills in the relevant fields, their qualifications and motivation relevant to the Nigerian context. Core Capacity Issues: Along the three points of entry mentioned above, there are several core issues to be explored for the capacity assessment. These also provide a comprehensive set of issues from which capacity needs will be developed. 56 Table 5.1: Capacity Assessment Framework Core Biodiversity Capacity Issues Capacity for development and maintenance of the protected areas system Capacity for research of the biodiversity components and monitoring Capacity for biodiversity rehabilitation Capacity for multi sectoral consultation processes Capacity for integration of Biodiversity conservation in different sectors and cultural settings Capacity for collection of relevant data for NBSAP and emerging issues in Biodiversity conservation Capacity for biodiversity financing, resource mobilization utilization and economic evaluation of biodiversity Capacity AC ND AC ND AC ND AC ND AC ND AC ND AC ND Enabling Environment Policies � � � � � � � Program � � � � � � � Regulations � � � � � � � Coordination/ Communication � � � � � � � Organizational Structures � � � � � � � Processes and practices � � � � � � � Resources � � � � � � � Leadership/ Management � � � � � � � Individual Qualification � � � � � � � technical knowledge/skills � � � � � � � Motivation, Incentives, Awards � � � � � � � AC – Acceptable; ND – Need Development 57 5.1.1. Capacity Development Plan The capacity development plan is a response to address the key capacity deficits identified in the capacity needs assessment. Its core components consist of the prioritized capacity needs which need to be addressed to improve the core capacity issues. The capacity development activities and actions are listed below. Table 5.2: Capacity Development Activities and Actions Core Capacity Issues Individual and Institutional Capacity Needs Specific Actions Capacity for development and maintenance of the protected areas system Strengthen enforcement of Protected Areas(PAs) Work with State and local governments to strengthen enforcement of PAs Improve planning and resource mobilization � Develop template for planning and resource mobilization � Hold joint planning sessions with groups of MDAs Improve training and review of Staff development � Create ‘train-the-trainers’ program within the competency curriculum to train key staff on PA management � Provide training in modern PA management techniques Capacity for research of the biodiversity components and monitoring; Increase funding opportunities � Create fund fora to bring together government agencies, Universities and research institutions with donors � Work with donors and private sector towards the creation of multi-year funding agreements for research Improve strategic leadership and direction � Develop strategic planning templates for research institutions � Establishing management systems for performance, monitoring and review Provide training � Provide training in research techniques � Create peer-to-peer networks to ensure ongoing learning of new techniques. Capacity for biodiversity rehabilitation Promote better policies and legislations Lobby legislative members to formulate better laws and policies Improve strategic leadership Create effective strategic planning template for senior management Provide training Provide training and create peer-to-peer networks to ensure ongoing learning of new techniques. Capacity for multi sectoral consultation processes Improve national structures and mechanisms � Develop coordination mechanism, structures and instruments at Federal, State and Local levels � Make organizational structures result and client oriented Encourage better coordination of Programs and objectives � Establish baseline development data, indicators, benchmarks � Ensure that planning is both top-down (clarity of direction) and bottom-up (taking account of feedback from the clients on priorities) 58 Core Capacity Issues Individual and Institutional Capacity Needs Specific Actions Improve coordination of team work among agency personnel Provide clarity of positions, roles and responsibilities Capacity for integration of Biodiversity conservation in different sectors and cultural settings Promote better policies Lobby legislative members to formulate better laws and policies Promote coordination between sectors � Convene a planning and coordination workshop for different sectors � Create operational biodiversity coordinating units within key stakeholder sectors Provide training for personnel in different sectors � Provide training on biodiversity conservation to personnel across different sector � Create ‘train-the-trainers’ program for personnel within different sectors Capacity for collection of relevant data for NBSAP and emerging issues in Biodiversity conservation including ecosystem approach to services, sustainable utilization, climate change and biodiversity etc. Increase funding � Create fund fora to bring together government agencies working on NBSAP with donors to promote understanding of mutual benefit of agencies working together � Link data collection to national development in order to attract more funding � Ensure accountability and provision of regular reports to donor agencies Improve strategic leadership Establish management systems for performance, monitoring and review, reporting and assessment outcomes and outputs Provide training � Provide training on emerging issues and data collection � Create peer-to-peer networks to encourage ongoing learning of new techniques. Capacity for biodiversity financing, resource mobilization utilization and economic evaluation of biodiversity Promotion of good policies � Clarify policy priorities based on the MDAs strategic direction and needs of the people � Monitor policy implementation and impact Improve resource mobilization and utilization � Link budgets with priority service program priorities � Build and use effective budgets, including project and donor budgets, and cash flow forecasts � Integrate the annual and multi-year planning and budgeting processes Provide training in biodiversity financing, E.g. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB). � Develop curriculum on biodiversity financing � Create a ‘train-the-trainers’ program within the competency curriculum to train key personnel in biodiversity financing and economics 59 5.1.2. Technology Needs Assessment and Plan for Increasing Technical Capacity Technology needs assessment (TNA) defines the human and technical capacity needs to implement the NBSAP and how they may be mobilized. The overall goal of the TNA is to facilitate the NBSAP implementation process by identifying and analyzing the priority technical capacity needs. 5.1.3. Identification and Evaluation of Current Technology Status The technologies taken into the prioritization exercise are listed below. Current status shows that the technologies are at various levels of utilization. The technologies are also known to have been used in one form or the other to address specific NBSAP concerns. Table 5.3: List of Identified Technologies S/No. Technologies for NBSAP Implementation 1 Awareness creation through various media 2 Integration of biodiversity in EIA process 3 Management of community forest and protected areas 4 Establishment of gene banks to conserve biodiversity 5 Sustainable utilization of biodiversity 6 Use of geographic information system (GIS) for land use mapping 7 Use of survey tools such as ArcGIS software, satellite imageries, etc. 8 Isolation of indigenous cultivars for in-situ conservation of plant species and wildlife in various ecosystems 9 Management of unique land forms such as wetlands and arid zones 10 Networking and transfer of data management, monitoring and spatial analysis 11 Management of invasive alien species 12 Biotechnology research 13 Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) 14 Climate change mitigation 15 Reforestation techniques 16 Agroforestry 17 Forest user groups 18 Conservation techniques and practices 19 Management of freshwater ecosystem 20 Ecosystem Services Evaluation Tool (EcoSET) or The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) 21 Management of zoological and botanical gardens 22 Preservation and regeneration of marine biodiversity and ecosystems 60 Prioritization of the needed technical capacity was therefore vital in determining which capacity to promote for effective NBSAP implementation. Following the prioritization six technical capacity needs were identified for effective implementation of the NBSAP. • Management of community forest and protected areas; • Operation of gene banks to conserve biodiversity; • Sustainable utilization of biodiversity; • Isolation of indigenous cultivars for in-situ conservation of plant species and wildlife in various ecosystems; • Management of unique land forms such as wetlands and arid zones; and • Networking and transfer of data management, monitoring and spatial analysis. Table 5.4: Technology Needs and Required Actions Technology Actions or Alternative Management of community forest and protected areas Create enabling environment to promote protected areas management, both legal and incentives to enhance livelihoods Operation of gene banks to conserve biodiversity Establish gene bank centers in the country Sustainable utilization of biodiversity Embark on massive sensitization programme to educate the general public Isolation of indigenous cultivars for in situ conservation of plant species and wildlife in various ecosystems Establishment of conservation centers for indigenous species Management of unique land forms such as wetlands and arid zones Create buffer zones to protect wetlands and arid zones Networking and transfer of data management, monitoring and spatial analysis Encourage establishment of biodiversity associations and conduct trains on data management and spatial analysis 5.2. Communication and Outreach Strategy for the NBSAP The communication and outreach strategy sets overall communication objectives develop and sustain effective channels of communication, which will serve the exchange of information among all key stakeholders and enhance the coordination mechanism of NBSAP ensuring that the listed goals and targets are promptly met. 61 5.2.1. Required Communication Actions The required communication actions for NBSAP are detailed below: Table 5.5: NBSAP Stakeholders and Required Communication Actions Stakeholder Responsibility Means of engagement Means of information dissemination Time frame National Coordinating Committee � Provide administrative support for NBSAP implementation � Provide implementation guidance and advice Meetings’ agenda, minutes, reports Email, telephone, Skype, teleconference, website, newsletters Minimum once before and after meetings National Agencies � Mainstream biodiversity at national level � Enhanced countries engagement in NBSAP Workshops and e learning materials Workshops reports Publications Regional Facilitators Follow ups Email, telephone, Skype, teleconference, National website e-newsletter As required by the Capacity Building Strategy Civil Society organizations (i.e. national NGOs and indigenous people organizations) Institutions of learning Schools, CBOs � Mainstream biodiversity work � Implementation of national and regional projects Participation in development projects � Town hall meetings � School essay competitions � Conferences, Seminars, Workshops � Side events at International meetings � When outputs are launched Business and industry � Expand the sectoral scope of the Partnership � Engage with new sectors to bring for which finding indicators in the environment sector has proved difficult � Further explore the opportunities of cross sectoral indicator mainstreaming � Thematic storylines on linked indicators on website and e newsletters � Thematic storylines – timing dependent on availability of resources Mass media � Educate the public on the importance of biodiversity � Key messages, attractive graphics and products, interesting stories/case studies � Press releases � Press conference Occasionally (to be determined by events) 62 Stakeholder Responsibility Means of engagement Means of information dissemination Time frame Faith Based Organizations � Mainstream biodiversity work through education of the public and members on the importance of biodiversity Participation in development projects � Conferences, Seminars, Workshops Occasionally (to be determined by events) CBD Secretariat Develop a much closer integrated working relationship between national authorities for NBSAP implementation � Maintain CBD website and make it accessible � Newsletters � Email, telephone, Skype, teleconference, website � Face-to-face meetings � CBD, NBSAP Forum , and other relevant International meetings � Minimum monthly communicat ion, but more often as required � More frequent before CBD meetings � Before outputs are launched NBSAP Forum � a key player in NBSAP revision process � Engagement with CBD, UNEP, UNDP and other Parties � NBSAP Forum meetings � Quarterly updates to forum on progress, planned activities and new resources Other Conventions (i.e. Ramsar, CMS, UNCCD, UNFCCC) � Enhance efforts to increase engagement with other Conventions � Develop relevant indicators for specific MEAs � Website tool for filtering indicators for specific MEAs and visualizing synergies � Encourage Partners to engage with MEAs stakeholders and share information on indicators � Email, telephone, teleconference, Skype � Global website � Specific publications/ reports � Special newsletter edition � MEAs and other international meetings � Bi-annual special e newsletter � Follow-up contacts for Ramsar, CMS, UNCCD, and UNFCCC � Focus on technical advisory bodies, National Focal Points and COPs 63 Stakeholder Responsibility Means of engagement Means of information dissemination Time frame UN agencies and other Donors National biodiversity mainstream work National and regional development projects � MDG (Goal 7) � Rio+20 SDG � Human Development Report � World Development Report � Annual reports FAO, WHO, UNESCO, etc. � Contact production teams according to schedules 5.2.2. Strategic Approach This strategic communication plan is particularly devoted to support the NBSAP and will contribute to a well-defined purpose. This strategy will operate in three levels mainly: • Intra stakeholder communication; • Communication with the public; and • Communication with international bodies 5.2.3. Roles and Responsibilities The understanding of roles and responsibilities by the implementation team will enable efficient and successful implementation of all the NBSAP actions. Table 5.6: NBSAP Implementation Team Roles and Responsibilities Implementation Team Roles and Responsibilities Country Focal Point • Coordinating communication activities; • Reviewing and revising on an annual basis the Communication Strategy; • Identifying communication opportunities; • Maintaining mailing and contact lists; • Development of all information materials, press releases, etc. • Tracking progress and collecting materials for communication outputs (documents, photographs, interviews, etc.); • Diffusion and dissemination of all communication outputs; • Providing the appropriate materials to the website administration. National Coordination Unit • Overall supervision and coordination of the communication team activities; • Quality management of all communication activities and outputs; • Direction for the website development; • Direction for the development of all outputs including information materials, press releases, etc.; • Preparing and monitoring communication budget; 64 The actual specific guidelines will be developed by the National Focal Points ensuring that the minimum important information is collected by all relevant actors (e.g. government agencies, NGOs, partners, private sector, etc.). 5.3. Plan for Resource Mobilization for the NBSAP Implementation The Aichi Biodiversity Target 20 calls for countries to assess their financial resource needs and mobilize financial resources and incentives in respect of those national activities which are intended to achieve the objectives of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. The overall objective is to provide the countries’ NBSAP planners with an approach to assessing the costs of implementation, and to mobilizing financial resources in order to fill financial gaps. It will also ensure that the actors systematically understand the cost implications for implementing the strategies within the revised NBSAP. 5.3.1. Finance Actors The list of financial actors for NBSAP implementation in Nigeria includes: • Domestic funding � The Federal Government of Nigeria � Private sectors � Fund raising events • International Agencies � Donor agencies, e.g. GEF, UNEP, UNDP 5.3.2. Financing Mechanisms In order to sustain the gains to be made through NBSAP implementation, public funding will remain the dominant financial source. This include government national budget for environment ministries and ecological funds. Innovative financial mechanisms will also be employed as well as other domestic sources of support, and external funding. Table 5.7: Checklist of Sample Financial Mechanisms for NBSAP Financial Mechanisms Description Positive tax incentives Develop tax credits and tax deductions for behaviors, products and services that cause positive changes in ecosystem management Negative tax incentives Develop taxes on behaviors, products and services that cause positive changes in ecosystem management Dedicated funds Develop funds to pay for sustainable management of ecosystems Reduction of subsidies Reduce or remove harmful subsidies, such as on fertilizers, and increase subsidies that have beneficial impacts on ecosystems Caps and limits on trade Set limits on certain ecosystem goods and services, such as water use Procurement policies Design procurement policies for public and private entities to promote the purchase of goods and services that promote sustainable ecosystem management Payments for ecosystem services Develop schemes that allow a group of beneficiaries to pay for the costs of maintaining ecosystem services (e.g., water payments for ecosystem services that allow downstream users to pay for forest protection upstream) 65 Financial Mechanisms Description Independent certification Promote market-based certification systems for sustainably produced goods and services using agreed upon standards and verifiable chain-of-custody Biodiversity offsets and wetlands banking Biodiversity offsets promote a framework for reducing biodiversity loss by allowing companies from different sectors (e.g., mining) to protect equivalent areas of land and biodiversity using agreed upon standards Fines and levies Establish punitive fees and fines that discourage environmentally harmful behavior, such as bottom trawling practices Conservation easements Establish long-term agreements between landowners and third-party organizations, such as land trusts, to foster conservation on private lands Voluntary and mandatory fees Develop voluntary fees (such as a hotel or tourism fee) that allows individuals to contribute to sustainable management, and develop mandatory fees (such as airport departure fees) that can be directed toward sustainable management 5.3.3. Innovative Funding for the NBSAP The actions expounded below will constitute new ways of generating funds for the NBSAP implementation: Promoting Participation of the Entire Gamut of the Nigerian Citizenry in Biodiversity Conservation, Through the Mechanisms of Crowd funding: Crowd funding is a financing method that uses the tactics of soliciting moderately modest contributions from a group of individuals to generate funds for a cause. This mechanism will be used to raise funds for NBSAP as follows: • For prescribed handsome amounts of money, naming facilities/sites or visible components of Conservation (Protected) Areas after individuals, firms/corporations by way of an organized honour scheme. • Operating a “build and operate” scheme for private entrepreneurs willing to participate in running of visitors’ centers in national parks, forest reserves and other Conservation (Protected) Areas where emphasis is on biodiversity conservation. Organizing Regular Periodic Biodiversity-based Lotteries: With the guidance of the National Lottery Regulatory Commission, lotteries will be organized, with a special one on World Biodiversity Day (WED), to generate funds for biodiversity conservation. A lottery is a kind of betting or gaming with three important features: • some payment is required of participants; • one or more prizes may be won by participants, the prizes are won by chance; • Profits from the lottery will be ploughed into biodiversity conservation projects of the NBSAP, such as maintenance of infrastructure in national parks and game or forest reserves. 66 Establishment of a Mechanism for Collection of Biodiversity Taxes from Direct Users of Biodiversity: Developing and operationalizing a revenue generating system that is based on taxation of the direct beneficiaries from biodiversity exploitation; for example: • Various categories of visiting tourists (i.e., game-viewers/photographers and researchers etc.) will be made to pay commensurate Entrance and Use- fee charges. • Also various categories of industries will be made to pay biodiversity taxes, commensurate with the magnitude of disturbance (e.g., noise, air and water pollution, etc.), they cause in the environment. Increasing Biodiversity Conservation Support by Accessing Funds from International Donor Agencies: The arrowhead of this action will be Universities, Research Institutes and NGOs, through increased well-articulated grant applications to UN agencies and private Foundations that encourage environmental conservation. The FMEnv will jumpstart this process by organizing training workshops on “How to Prepare/Write Good Research Grant Applications”, in the major ecological zones of the country, namely: Sahel Biome, Afrotropical Highland Biome, Sudan-Guinea Biome, and Guinea-Congo Rainforest Biome. Establish Ecological Fund equivalents at the State and Local Government levels: Increasing the scope of fund generation for the Ecological Fund, to include contributions from multinational business outfits operating in Nigeria, and State and Local Governments Edicts and Ordinances at the State and LGA levels will be needed to domesticate the Ecological Fund at these levels of government. Each of the three tiers of government will, on an annual basis set aside, a prescribed percentage of its annual revenue into a Trust Fund that it will establish for biodiversity conservation. At each of these levels of government, a special BD Management Committee will be established to manage the Fund. Promoting Ecotourism: This will be done through government and private sector support for biodiversity based festivals such as the Argungu Fishing Festival, the Biseni Fishing Festival and others of its kind in the Niger Delta, etc. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism will take a lead in this activity. Profits from organizing these fiestas will partly be used to enhance conservation of biodiversity at festival sites and their environs. Establishment of a National Biodiversity Trust Fund: To succeed a strong legislative backing will be pursued for this purpose. Though this will require some time as the legislative Act will pass through the Nigerian legislative houses. 67 CHAPTER SIX 6.0. INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING AND REPORTING Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is an essential aspect of the NBSAP implementation. It provides for periodic assessment, updating and utilisation of data for corrective and adaptive management. It ensures efficiency, effectiveness and positive impact of the NBSAP on the management of biodiversity. Varied methods of assessment and data collection, validation and circulation among stakeholders will be integrated into the framework. Nigeria will adopt and use the M&E framework in a transparent and accountable manner and will reinforce varied levels of stakeholder involvement and participation in the M&E process. Nigeria will sustain a Monitoring and Evaluation process that is integrated into Biodiversity management both at the planning and the implementation stages. This will ensure adaptive management during project implementation and lead to the achievement of targets. However, capacities will be mobilized and, where necessary, built to enable adequate monitoring and evaluation of the programmes and actions of the NBSAP. The process of NBSAP reporting in Nigeria started in 2001 with the completion of the first national report. It is now at the stage of development of plan of actions and the synthesis of the fifth national report. However, lack of efficient coordination mechanisms has been identified as one of the major challenges limiting the implementation of NBSAP in the country. To this effect this section clarifies the necessary actions to establish and strengthen the national coordinating structures for NBSAP. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the various NBSAP institutional actors. Periodic Assessment Platforms will be created to enable timely assessment and acquisition of data that will assist measurement of actions and impacts. The Periodic Assessment Platform will provide opportunity for monitoring of habitats, species, benefit sharing, collaborative management and physical environment situations. More so, transparent information sharing network will be coordinated by the Nigerian Biodiversity Clearing House mechanism, www.chm-cbd.com.ng, which will be sustained for effective information management and transparency. The public: varied economic sectors, including civil society organisations, corporate organisations, and communities will have access to M&E periodic assessment report and will have roles to play in contributing to validation, sharing and development of data and information on biodiversity. 6.1. National Coordinating Structures Objective The main objective is to strengthen coordination of NBSAP activities for effective implementation and also to ensure that the set out national goals and targets for NBSAP are met. 68 6.1.1. Considerations for Establishment of NBSAP National Coordinating Structure The following options should be considered in establishing an effective and efficient national coordination structure. • High-level inter-ministerial and stakeholder steering committees shall be established for the implementation of the NBSAP and as elements of an overall national implementation mechanism. • The cross-sectoral nature of biodiversity planning requires strong coordination structures. On paper, most existing NBSAPs provide for coordination structures across ministries and interest groups, but often these have had limited or no effect on coordination and implementation. A high-level inter-ministerial body and a stakeholder committee, or a combination of the two, should be established to ensure comprehensive coverage and political buy-in for the development of the NBSAP and subsequently to oversee implementation. Whether these are deliberative or advisory bodies is for the country to decide; the important thing is to ensure the broadest level of participation and buy-in, create permanent fora for considering new scientific information and policy options, and ensure effective monitoring and oversight. Where there are sub-national NBSAP process in place, similar mechanisms should also be established at the appropriate level. • NBSAPs shall also provide for sub-national levels (State and local governments) decisions and actions that affect biodiversity are often taken at the local level, and the overall NBSAP will only be implemented if corresponding strategies and action plans are also developed and implemented at the relevant sub-national level(s). Decentralization of biodiversity planning to sub-national levels has been largely neglected in existing NBSAPs and this is one of the main causes of poor NBSAP implementation. • NBSAPs shall be an instrument for implementation of all the biodiversity-related conventions and thereby promote coherence in national implementation of these. The country should promote coordinated and coherent action at the national level to meet their commitments under the various conventions. NBSAPs should provide the overall framework for national biodiversity planning and should be an instrument for achieving the objectives of all the global biodiversity-related conventions to which the country is a party. • NBSAP support mechanism should be established to assist countries to develop and implement their NBSAPs and to monitor and analyze the experience of implementation. To maximize the opportunities for meeting the goals and targets of the new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, greater efforts should be made to promoting coordination and coherence. There need to be arrangements in place for ensuring that available capacities are effectively employed to the greatest effect, that an overall picture of ongoing support initiatives is available, that gaps and unmet needs are identified, and that lessons learned are systematized and disseminated. 69 6.1.2. Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Structures The responsibility for implementing the NBSAP is held by relevant multi-stakeholder institutions identified in the NBSAP document which constitute the Biodiversity Steering Committee (BSC). The Ministry of Environment, through the Department of Forestry which houses the key biodiversity National Focal Points, will be responsible for the direct monitoring of the implementation of this NBSAP. Monitoring and evaluation entities, consistent with the established NBSAP national coordinating structure outlined in Table 6.1, on NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities, that will regularly use indicators to track progress and ascertain results, will be established. Based on data collected and systematized, the entities will develop an annual report on the implementation of the NBSAP. Also, the monitoring and evaluation entities will inform the Government on the progress made and results achieved in implementing the NBSAP. Table 6.1: NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities S/No. National Actors Suggested Roles and Responsibilities Make up 1 The Steering Committee or National Coordinating Unit Oversee the process of NBSAP implementation Civil servants, bureaucrats, senior scientists, community leaders 2 Coordinating Agency • Initiates and coordinate the process of preparing / drafting the NBSAP • Liaise with CBD secretariat and with other national and international agencies on NBSAP • Source for resource persons, including scientists, NGOs, and Consultants are specialists/experts on the various ecosystems and thematic/crosscutting issues identified • Budget implementation and identification of appropriate funding sources • Review exercise, monitoring and evaluation Federal Ministry of Environment (Biodiversity Unit). The country focal points are: CBD NFP, CHM NFP, SBSTTA NFP, Resource Mobilization NFP, ABS NFP, Biosafety NFP, Protected Areas NFP, Coastal and Marine Biodiversity NFP. 3 Other national agencies Play leading role in the process of NBSAP implementation Ministries include education, finance, agriculture and rural development, justice, water resources, culture and national orientation, science and technology etc. 70 S/No. National Actors Suggested Roles and Responsibilities Make up 4 Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs) • Contribute to community mobilization and capacity building • Ensure wide spread community sensitization and awareness creation • Participate in stakeholders brainstorming Civil Society Organizations, CSOs and NGOs focusing on biodiversity conservation 5 Local Communities, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) • Participating in brainstorming process to elicit reactions/response and commitments • Bridging forth special knowledge about opportunities in their locality; • Local-level involvement in planning to generate increased support and commitment, stimulate self help, and mobilize local resources including lands Traditional leaders Occupational groups Youths Women groups 6 Consultants and Researchers, the University Community • Stocktaking and assessment to identify major gaps that emerge through NBSAP implementation process • Contribute to various ecosystems and thematic / crosscutting issues identified University lecturers Individual consultants and professionals 7 National and State Governments Provide funding for NBSAP implementation The federal government of Nigeria, 36 federating States and FCT Abuja 8 International Agencies and Donors Provide technical support and funding CDB Secretariat, GEF, UNDP, WWF, World Bank etc. 9 Private and Corporate Sector Provide other sources of funding i.e. Voluntary contributions Private organizations, e.g. oil and gas companies The Federal Ministry of Environment (Federal Department of Forestry), the Government Ministry with the mandate for Environment and in particular, biodiversity conservation, will be the lead agency for coordinating, promoting and facilitating the implementation of the NBSAP. The Federal Department of Forestry, other Government Departments and Ministries, State Governments, Non- Governmental Organisations, academics, and research institutions and Civil Society organisations that are implementing agencies (i.e. agencies implementing NBSAP projects) will identify Focal Points and each take responsibility for the implementation of their own projects or project components. The State Governments, Local 71 Community Based Organisations, Faith Based Organisations, Private and Corporate sector, Other NGOs not implementing any project, International Agencies and Donors will play roles as outlined in Table 6.1, on NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities. Biodiversity Steering Committee The Biodiversity Steering Committee will oversee the process of NBSAP implementation and report to the Federal Executive Council (Council of Ministers) and the House Committee on Environment (Parliamentary Committee). The Committee will keep the implementation of the NBSAP under review based on regular reports from the National Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinating Unit (NBMECU). It will ensure that the activities included in the Action Plan for the implementation of the Strategy are included in the activity plans of the institutions involved in the implementation of the Strategy. It will be constituted by the Honourable Minister of Environment, senior government officials, technocrats, senior scientists, community leaders and NGOs as outlined Table 6.1, on NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities and their meetings presided over by the Honourable Minister of Environment. The Honourable Minister of Environment will also host the Secretariat. National Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Coordination Unit (NBMECU) The actual monitoring and evaluation of the NBSAP implementation will be led and coordinated by the National Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinating Unit (NBMECU), established under the Federal Ministry of Environment, Biodiversity Conservation Unit of the Federal Department of Forestry. The establishment of the NBMECU is fundamental to the overall success of NBSAP implementation. Composition of the Members of NBMECU Members of the NBMECU will consist of eight full-time government personnel that are National Focal Points involved in the implementation of the objectives of the CBD. They include: (i) CBD NFP;..................................................................................Coordinator (ii) CBD CHM NFP;.........................................................................Member (iii) CBD SBSTTA NFP;.....................................................................Member (iv) CBD Resource Mobilization NFP; ............................................Member (v) CBD PoW Protected Areas NFP;..............................................Member (vi) CBD Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) NFP; ............................Member (vii) CBD Coastal and Marine Ecosystem NFP; and...................Member (viii) CBD Bio safety NFP..............................................................Member Functions of the NBMECU The NBMECU will: • Report to and work on the advice of the Biodiversity Steering Committee; • Coordinate with donors for securing funds for implementation of the NBSAP; • Report to the National Planning Commission (NPC), 72 • Prepare and disseminate national status report on NBSAP implementation including an annual report to the public through the national CHM: www.chm-cbd.com.ng; • Allocate resources, approve plans and regularly supervise activities of the National Biodiversity Working Group (NBWG); • Provide technical support to members of NBWG implementing projects of the NBSAP; • Prepare National Positions for CBD events such as Conference of the Parties (COP) and the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA); • Coordinate the overall implementation of the NBSAP including hosting the Secretariat of the National Biodiversity Working Group; • Convene annual workshop for members of the NBWG to share information on advances made to support their projects; • Document the different implementation indicators of the NBSAP and produce an annual NBSAP implementation report, as well as other relevant reports required by government; and • Maintain the established national biodiversity CHM including links to existing biodiversity related databases. National Biodiversity Working Group (NBWG) A National Biodiversity Working Group (NBWG) will be established where all relevant stakeholder institutions that agree to become implementing partners of the NBSAP will meet to discuss issues relevant to the achievement of its objectives and goals. Members of the NBWG will share information, comments and activities that contribute to the implementation of the NBSAP and are specifically required to report on implementation of their projects to the NBWG and submit periodic reports to the NBMECU in an agreed format to enable the full and proper monitoring and assessment of NBSAP implementation. Composition of the National Biodiversity Working Group Membership of the NBWG will include Focal Points from the: Federal Department of Forestry, other relevant Government Departments and Ministries, Non-Governmental Organisations, academics, and research institutions and Civil Society organisations that are implementing agencies (i.e. agencies implementing NBSAP projects) and experts identified by NBMECU. The Federal Department of Forestry will serve as Secretariat for the National Biodiversity Working Group. Functions of the National Biodiversity Working Group Members of the NBWG will: • Share information on support advanced to their biodiversity projects; • Ensure effective monitoring and evaluation through regular monitoring and periodic assessment of their projects; 73 • Coordinate with State Governments, Local Community Based Organisations, Faith Based Organisations, Private and Corporate sectors, other NGOs not implementing any project, International Agencies and Donors to determine progress status, outcomes and lessons learned from their related projects and programmes, annually; and • Meet, at least twice a year, to assess the overall progress and identify lessons learned and submit a report to NBMECU, annually. Other Relevant Organisations Other Relevant Organisation involved in the implementation of the NBSAP, as stated in Table 6.1, on NBSAP Stakeholders and Responsibilities are: the State Governments, Local Community Based Organisations, Faith Based Organisations, Private and Corporate sectors, other relevant institutions and NGOs not implementing any project, International Agencies and Donors. Partnership with various organizations and donors will ensure effective implementation of the NBSAP in Nigeria and also contribute to sustainable development and reduction of poverty. Furthermore, it will also stimulate the necessary ingredient to mainstream biodiversity across sectors of the government and society; promote biodiversity-friendly practices by business; and promote synergy and coherence in the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements. Partners may include, among others, other conventions and multilateral/bilateral agencies, foundations, women, local communities, non-governmental organizations, civil society and the public sector. 6.2. Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) In relation to the convention, it was initially planned to set up an agency supplying information on biodiversity. But the idea of actively ‘brokering’ information proved unrealistic. Hence, rather than being a gigantic data-bank, the CHM is an information network made up of electronic and non-electronic media. Article 18.3 of the Convention commits the contracting parties to establishing a Clearing House Mechanism to facilitate and promote technical and scientific co-operation. The task of the CHM is to provide necessary information, or to indicate where such information is available and of what quality it is. The CHM helps avoid duplication of work, promotes the transfer of technology, and enables formulated objectives to be achieved more quickly At the first Conference of the Parties (COP) in December 1994, it was decided that a Clearing-House Mechanism should be set up, under the authority of the contracting states. There are now 152 National Focal Points in convention countries; 117 of these have e-mail facilities and 20 have their own web site (as of May 2001). The CBD Secretariat plays a central coordinating role. A whole host of instruments, services, and modes of co-operation have now been developed. These include: partnerships between industrial and developing countries in establishing National Focal Points; a functioning electronic network; list-servers; a ‘toolbox’ to help contracting states with website construction; and booklets, a newsletter, and other information material. 74 The BDCP has successfully instituted the CHM. A website that brings the Bioresource endowment of the nation and activities of the BDCP to your doorstep. 6.2.1. Website Design Process 6.2.2. Essence of the Clearing House Mechanism • Providing a brief online version of the latest NBSAP and national report for easy reference (e.g. executive summary). • Providing news on major national events related to biodiversity. • Providing links to information on national biodiversity, especially if these links are in the NBSAP or national report. • Providing a directory of institutions and expertise related to NBSAP implementation. • Providing a space where national stakeholders can express their views and announce their biodiversity related events and activities. • Providing, whenever possible, additional content or links that respond to other identified national information needs. • Being available in the national language(s). Fig. 6.1: Website Design Process 75 6.2.3. Main Page Type Designs Several prototyping sessions were conducted during the Analysis phase to help determine the main page type layouts. Below are samples of an early stage prototype and then a last prototype of several of the main pages. Fig. 6.2: Early Prototype Home Page 76 Fig. 6.3: Close-Out Document Checklist 77 Table 6.2: Close-Out Document Checklist Content Information on: CRITERIA MET Content Biodiversity in the country National strategy and action plan (NBSAP) Progress towards national and/or Aichi Biodiversity Targets Biodiversity thematic areas and cross-cutting issues as well as on biosafety and access and benefit-sharing at the national level Corresponding implementation activities in the country National and applicable regional legislation Regional or international cooperation, collaboration, and networking Scientific and technical references Case studies, assessments, reports News and events Links to other national websites Other relevant resources CRITERIA MET Online services Search engine CRITERIA MET Online services Online databases (species, protected areas, document, experts, ..) or links to these databases Online submission services Collaboration tools (forums, blogs) Other modern services (e.g. maps) CRITERIA MET Layout Home page CRITERIA MET Layout Design and attractiveness of the site Menu and navigation Overall user-friendliness Appearance on mobile devices Appearance of printed pages CRITERIA MET 78 Visibility and usage Ranking after a Google search of “Biodiversity [Country]” in the CRITERIA MET Visibility and usage language of the site Web statistics (page views) Availability in several languages (if applicable) Activities undertaken to promote awareness of the national CHM (meetings, brochures, ...) Use of the national CHM by thematic groups and other stakeholders CRITERIA MET Content management Use of a content management system (CMS) CRITERIA MET Content management Number of updates in the current year and the previous year Frequency of locally-generated updates Number of active contributors Use of terminology/metadata System(s) in place to gather and analyze statistics (based on reports provided) Content translation (if site is available in several languages) CRITERIA MET 6.3. Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Plan At the global level, all nations Party to the CBD will be subject to regular review by the Conference of the Parties (COP) through the CBD Secretariat. The implementation of the NBSAP will be subject to monitoring and evaluation of the progress achieved. 6.3.1. Monitoring and Evaluation However, to facilitate this work, a Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice has been established and have developed a common set of biodiversity indicators to be used in assessing the level of implementation of the NBSAP and status of biodiversity in the country. The NBSAP process and activities in Nigeria will be monitored for the level of implementation of the Priority National Targets which have earlier been identified. 6.3.2. Reporting Plan The reporting plan has been described together with the functions of the monitoring and evaluation structures for this M & E and is also illustrated in Figure 2 below. The various entities of the structure: Other Relevant Organisation, NBWG, NBMECU, and Biodiversity Steering Committee, carry out their functions and report to the next in a hierarchical manner and as frequent as the data collection. 79 Fig. 6.4: NBSAP Reporting Structure Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Reports Programme Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Reports Project Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Reports Annual Programme Monitoring and Evaluation Reports Biodiversity Steering Committee National Planning Commission Federal Executive Council House Committee on Environment Public Programme Programme NBWG Projects Other Relevant Organisations Projects NBMECU 80 6.3.3. Monitoring Plan The Nigerian NBSAP will be monitored using the matrix stated below. The monitoring plan was developed in the plenary of multi-stakeholders workshop which was held in Abuja on the 11 th and 12 th November 2015. This matrix is applicable to both the impact indicators (Table 6.3) and performance/implementation indicators (Table 6.4) of the NBSAP Targets and Actions respectively. The implementation of the NBSAP Targets and Actions will enable the achievement of the desired state of biodiversity in the country. The national Targets and Actions will also contribute to the achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity targets and ultimately, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The Monitoring Matrix consists of the Targets and Impact Indicators or Actions and Performance Indicators, Baseline and Action Data, Data Gathering Methods, Means of Verification, and Collection Frequency for the data. The NBSAP Target and Impact Indicators is presented in Table 6.3 below 81 Table 6.3: NBSAP Target Monitoring Matrix Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year Target 1. By 2020, 30% of Nigeria’s population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country. % of the population aware of the importance of biodiversity. FDF NA % 2016 30 % 2020 Surveys of representation groups of the population to be carried out OR Estimate of number of people reached by outreach activities Survey Results Results of Estimate Annually Target 2. By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget. No. of payments for ecosystem services per year. FDF 0 N0. 2016 50 N0. 2020 Review of PES Annual Report Annually Amount of payments for ecosystem services per year. FDF 0 ₦ 2016 200 Million Naira ₦ 2020 Review of PES Annual Report Annually No. of beneficiaries of payments for ecosystem services per year. FDF 0 No. 2016 100 N0. 2020 Review of PES Beneficiaries Annual Report Annually Contribution of biodiversity to the national GDP FDF To be determi ned ₦ 2016 To be Determi ned ₦ 2020 Review of National GDP Annual report Every 2 years 82 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year Target 3. By 2020, adoption of a national ecosystem based spatial planning process and plans, promoting the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to sustain development. % of the country with published and adopted spatial plans that promote the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services. FDF 0 % 2016 30% % 2020 Review of country land reports and geo spatial plans Nigerian National state of Environment report Every 2 years Target 4. By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management. % of the total area of degraded ecosystems in 2015 under programmes for restoration and sustainable management. FDF NA % 2016 15% % 2020 Review of Ecosystem restoration Report Annual Report Annual Target 5. By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species. No. of management plans implemented for habitats of endemic, threatened and migratory species FDF To be determi ned N0. 2016 6 N0. 2020 Implementation report on Reviewed Management Plans Annual Report Annual 83 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year Target 6. By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria’s national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types % increase of Nigeria’s national territory with some form of conservation area status. FDF To be determi ned % 2016 10 % 2020 Review of Protected Areas (Forest/ Grazing reserve) report Annual Report Annual Annually % increase of conservation areas assessed to be sustainably and effectively managed. FDF NA % 2015 30% % 2020 Review report of Protected Areas Annual report Target 7. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their threatened wild relatives, including culturally valuable species, are documented, maintained and valorised in two key institutions in Nigeria. No. of key plants and animals with their genetic diversity documented, maintained and valorised NABDA NA N0. 2015 200 N0. 2020 Review of reports on Genetic diversity Annual Report Annual 84 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year Target 8. By 2020, at least 60% of identified pollution sources, including those from extractive industries and agricultural inputs, are brought under control and guidelines are put in place to mitigate their effects on ecosystems. % increase in the number of restored wetlands, rivers, coastal and other sites damaged by pollution. PC&EH 10 % 2015 At least 60 % 2020 Review of reports of monitoring of Polluted and restored Water bodies Annual Report and other related reports Annual Target 9. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones. No. of IAS with significant negative impacts FDF NA N0. 2015 4 N0. 2020 Review of IAS report Annual Report Annual No. of IAS eradicated. FDF 0 N0. 2015 To be determi ned N0. 2020 Review of IAS report Annual report Annual 85 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year Target 10. By 2015, the Nigerian NBSAP has been fully revised and adopted by government as a policy instrument, and its implementation commenced in a participatory manner. NBSAP revised and adopted. FDF 0 % 2015 At least 80% implem entatio n % 2016 Review of Implementation report of revised NBSAP Production of NBSAP component documents Annually Sub-national BSAPs initiated. (State and Local Government) State Min in charge NA N0. 2015 36 N0. 2020 Review of State Projects State annual report Annually Target 11. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable Nagoya Protocol acceded to. FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2016 Review of status of policy instrument deposited for ratification at CBD Secretariat List of Parties on CBD’s website Once-off 86 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced. National ABS framework or legislation adopted. FDF NA % 2015 100% % 2017 Inquire from FDF Actual National ABS Framework or legislation adoption report Once- off Target 12. By 2020, community participation in project design and management of key ecosystems is enhanced in one (1) each of the six (6) ecological zones. No. of NBSAP projects with community participation in design and management. FDF 0 N0. 2016 At least 20 N0. 2020 Review of implementation report of NBSAP annual plan Revised NBSAP Implementati on report/docu ment Annual Target 13. By 2020, national based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective % increase since 2014 of national and International funding for biodiversity. FDF NA % 2015 50% increase % 2020 Review of annual NBSAP conference proceedings NBSAP Annual Report Annually 87 Targets Impact Indicator Responsib ility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency of the data Baseline Target value unit year value unit year international partnership support. Target 14. By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria’s biodiversity targets. No. of beneficiary institutions with strengthened capacity to implement the NBSAP. FDF 2 N0. 2015 At least 10 N0. 2020 Review of NBSAP capacity building Report Annual NBSAP Implementati on Report Annual 88 Table 6.4: NBSAP Actions Monitoring Matrix Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 1.1. Conduct outreach and awareness campaigns (radio, jingles etc), information sharing and public discussions on Nigeria’s biodiversity and its significance to ecology, economy, life and services, with specific emphasis on indigenous and local communities. 1.1.1. No. of outreach & awareness campaigns. NOA NA N0. 2015 20 N0. 2020 1.1.1 Review of outreach and campaigns Reports Annual Report Annual 1.1.2. No. of public discussions. NOA To be imputed by FDF N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 1.1.2 Review of public discussions Reports Newsletter, NOA reports to NBSAP annual meeting Annual 1.1.3. No. of states in Nigeria with outreach activities. NOA NA N0. 2015 At least 50% N0. 2020 1.1.3 Review of outreach activities Reports at annual NBSAP meeting Newsletter Annual 1.1.4. No of radio jingle aired NOA NA N0. 2015 At least 10 jingles N0. 2020 1.1.4 Review of Radio Jingles Reports at annual NBSAP meeting Newsletter Quarterly 1.1.5. No of advert in television and newspapers NOA To be determi ned N0. 2015 At least 20 each N0. 2020 1.1.5 Review of Television advert and newspaper publication reports at annual NBSAP meeting Newsletter Annual 89 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 1.2. Produce and distribute publications in appropriate local languages and dialects on biodiversity and ecosystem services for the public, especially women and youth. 1.2.1. No. of publications produced and no. of copies distributed. NOA 0 N0. 2016 At least a million copies distribut ed N0. 2020 1.2.1. Review of publication Annual Report Annual 1.2.2. No of local languages and dialects covered by outreach publications. FDF 0 N0. 2016 To be determin ed Amo unt/ Rati o 2020 1.2.2 Desk Review of Annual report on outreach publication Annual Report Annual 1.3. Inclusion of the subjects and texts on biodiversity conservation into the national primary and secondary education and the General Studies (GS) of tertiary institution curricula. 1.3.1. No. of biodiversity subjects and texts included in each level of the education system. FME To be imputed by FME Represe ntative N0. 2016 At least 2 each N0. 2018 1.3.1. Review of Surveys Result Surveys results Every 2 years 1.3.2. No of primary, secondary and tertiary institution in which biodiversity conservation subjects are taught. FME To be imputed by FME Represe ntative N0. 2016 At least 10 each N0. 2018 1.3.2. Review of Surveys results Surveys results Annual Reports 1.4. Host annual National Forum on Biodiversity for legislators and other sectors of the economy 1.4.1. No. of Fora hosted. FDF 0 N0. 2015 2 N0. 2016 1.4.1. Review of hosted for a reports Annual Report Annual 90 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 1.5. Host an annual National Biodiversity dialogue/conference, and Press Conference. 1.5.1. No. of years (frequency) when a dialogue & press conference are held. FDF 0 N0. 2015 Once annually N0. 2020 1.5.1. Review of conferences reports Annual Conference Report Annual 1.6. Promote environmental social media networking among the Nigerian youth. 1.6.1 No. of social media sites linked to the National CHM FDF NA N0. 2016 5 N0. 2020 1.6.1. Review of Social Media and No. of Hits Desk Study result Annual 1.6.2. No of youths that visits social media sites linked to the National CHM FDF NA N0. 2016 200 N0. 2018 1.6.2 Analysis of N0. Of hits on website NBSAP Communicatio n Plan Report Annual 2.1. Conduct Economic Valuation of Biodiversity and national studies on ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB).2016-2020 2.1.1. No. of published reports on TEEB studies and values of biodiversity resources NCF NA N0. 2016 3 N0. 2020 2.1.1. Review of TEEB study and Valuation report TEEB Study and Valuation results Every 2 years 2.2. Integrate valuation of biodiversity into national accounts, strategies and planning process. 2.2.1. No of National accounts published that includes biodiversity activities. Budget and National Planning NA N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 2.2.1. Review of Nigeria’s Annual Appropriation Annual Appropriation report Annually 91 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 2.2.2. No. of published development strategies and plans that promote biodiversity values. FDF NA N0. 2015 2 N0. 2020 2.2.2. Review of Development Strategies and Plans by FDF FDF Annual Report Annually 2.3. Establish and implement a national procedure for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), to enhance private sector investment and corporate social support to Nigeria’s biodiversity protection. 2.3.1. National procedure for PES established. FDF 0 No 2015 1 No 2017 2.3.1. Review of PES Annual Report Annual 2.3.2. National procedure for PES implemented FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 2.3.2. Review of PES reports Annual Report Annual 2.4. Strengthen and implement the provisions of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). 2.4.1. Strengthen provisions for EIA that promote biodiversity and ecosystem services values. EA Departme nt NA N0. 2015 1 N0. 2016 2.4.1. Review of EIA Provisions Act EIA Act Implementati on Report Once-off 92 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 2.4.2. % of EIAs that include biodiversity and ecosystem service values EA Departme nt NA % 2015 2% N0. 2020 2.4.2. Review of EIAs EA Annual report Annual 3.1. Conduct a National Biodiversity survey, to identify habitats of high biodiversity and ecosystem services value and priorities for ecosystem restoration and new conservation areas 3.1.1. National Biodiversity survey report published which identifies habitats of high biodiversity and ecosystem services value and priorities for ecosystem restoration and new conservation areas. NPS To be reporter by NPS No. 2015 To be reported No. 2018 3.1.1. Review of Habitat classification and Valuation report Annual Survey Report of NPS Very Ad-hoc 3.2. Establish a government process for ecosystem-based spatial planning. 3.2.1. Ecosystem based spatial planning guideline Established Office of Surveyor General of Federation (OSGF) To be provided by OSGF No. 2015 To be reporter by OSGF No. 2018 3.2.1. Inquire from OSGF Actual Establishment of guideline Once off 3.2.2. Ecosystem based spatial planning adopted FDF To be provided by FDF No. 2015 1 No. 2018 Inquire from FDF Actual adoption of guideline Once off 93 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 3.2.3. Ecosystem based spatial planning implemented FDF 0 No 2015 1 No 2018 Review of annual report from FDF Annual report Annual 3.3. Establish Grazing Reserves and Pastoral Routes as an important element of local, State and Sub regional land use planning. 3.3.1. No. of Grazing Reserves established. NLDA Kaduna NA but should be populate d N0. 2015 To be reported N0. 2020 3.3.1. Inquire from NLDA Review report of NLDA Annual 3.3.2. No. of Pastoral routes established. NLDA NA but should be populate d N0. 2015 To be reported N0. 2020 3.3.2. Inquire from NLDA Review report of NLDA Annual 3.4. Safeguarding of wildlife corridors in terms of spatial development/habitat connectivity axes/Green Infrastructure. 3.4.1. No. of wildlife corridors identified and safeguarded FDF NA N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 3.4.1. Inquire from FDF FDF Annual report Annual 94 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 4.1. Establish a National Forest and Vegetation Recovery Programme, including mangroves and other coastal areas. 4.1.1. No. of Published reports on % of National Forest and Vegetation Recovery Programme FDF Provided by FDF N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 4.1.1. Review of National Programmes Reports Review of Annual Report Annual 4.1.2. No of Published report on % of Mangrove and coastal area recovery programme FDF To be Reporte d N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 4.1.2. Review of programmes Reports Review of Annual Report Annual 4.2. Review and strengthen the National Forest Policy, to improve production efficiency whilst promoting conservation of high biodiversity habitats and restoration of degraded areas. 4.2.1. Revised National Forest Policy published FDF 0 No. 2016 1 No. 2016 4.2.1. Review of FDF report Revised Forest Policy Once-off 4.2.2. Act for the revised National Forest Policy published FDF 0 No. 2016 1 No. By 2017 4.2.2. Review of FDF report National Forest Act Once-off 4.3. Resuscitate the National Forest Development Committee and Forest Utilization Centres, as part of 4.3.1. No. of times meetings held by the National Forest Development Committee (NFDC) FDF 0 N0. 2016 5 No. 2020 4.3.1. Review of FDF and NFDC report Review of Annual Report Annual 95 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year the strengthened National Forest Policy. 4.3.2. No. Of Resolutions adopted at each meeting of the National Forest Development Committee (NFDC) FDF 0 N0. 2016 5 N0. 2020 4.3.2. Review of NFDC minutes and reports Annual Reports Annual 4.3.3. No of Resolutions implemented at each meeting of the National Forest Development Committee (NFDC) FDF NA No. 2015 2 No. 2020 Review of NFDC minutes Annual Reports Annual 4.3.4. No of Forest Utilization Centres rehabilitated FDF NA No. 2015 2 No. 2020 Review of Annual report Annual reports Annual 4.4. Develop a national strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agro forestry. 4.4.1. National Strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agro forestry developed FDF 0 No. 2015 1 N0. By 2016 4.4.1. Review of Agricultural Biodiversity and Agro Forestry Strategy Document Annual Report Once-Off 96 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 4.4.2. National Strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agro forestry adopted FDF 0 N0. 2016 1 N0. 2020 4.4.2. Review of agricultural biodiversity and Agro forestry strategy Document Annual Report Annual 4.4.3. National Strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agro forestry implemented FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 4.4.3. Special survey required to be carried out Survey result or report Annual 4.5. Establish a National Rivers and Wetlands Rehabilitation Programme, linked to reduction of pollutants in Target 8. 4.5.1. No. of Dedicated national rehabilitation programmes to reduce pollution in Rivers and Wetlands FDF 0 N0. 2016 5 N0. 2020 4.5.1. Desk Review of Annual Report on Rehabilitation programmes Annual Report Annual 97 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 4.5.2. No. of Dedicated national rehabilitation activities to reduce pollution in Rivers and Wetlands FDF 0 N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 Review of National Rehabilitation Activities Report Annual Report Annual 4.6. Support the implementation of the Great Green Wall Sahara Programme 4.6.1. No. of technical personnel posted DDA 15 NO. 2015 5 NO. 2020 4.6.1. Inquire from DDA Dept. Result of Inquiry/Annua l Report Annually 4.7. Promote alternative livelihoods for communities in protected areas and ecosystem restoration areas. 4.7.1. No. of alternative livelihoods introduced FDF NA N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 4.7.1. Desk Review of Annual Report on Alternative Livelihoods Document Annual Report Annual 4.7.2. No. of people engaged in alternative livelihoods two years after starting the practice FDF NA N0. 2018 200 N0. 2020 4.7.2. Special Survey required to be carried out by FDF Survey Result Annually 98 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 4.8. Develop pilot community-based sustainable energy efficient production facilities e.g. bio-gas, solar energy etc. around protected areas and ecosystem restoration areas. 4.8.1. No of community-based energy efficient production facilities provided ECN NA N0. 2016 3 N0. 2020 4.8.1. Review of sustainable energy efficient facilities ECN Annual report Annually 4.8.2. No. of people around protected areas using community based energy efficient production facilities ECN NA N0. 2015 100 N0. 2020 4.8.2. Review of sustainable energy efficient facilities ECN Annual Report Annually 5.1. Conduct and publish an assessment of the conservation status of Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species. 5.1.1. Reports on the conservation priorities of endemic species published NPS NA N0. 2016 2 N0. 2020 5.1.1. Review of reports on Conservation of endemic species Annual Report Annually 5.1.2. Reports on the conservation priorities of threatened species published NPS NA 2016 2 N0. 2020 5.1.2. Review of eports on Conservation of threatened species Annual Report Annual 99 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 5.1.3. No. of Ramsar and other sites used by migratory species conserved NPS 11 N0. 2015 15 N0. 2020 5.1.3. Review of reports of Ramsar sites and the important species conserved. Annual Reports and other publications Annual 5.2. Identify priority sites requiring management actions for Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species. 5.2.1. Published report of priority sites requiring management actions for Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species NPS 7 N0. 2015 15 N0. 2020 5.2.1. Review of reports of Sites of Nigeria’s endemic and threatened species Annual Report Annual 5.3. Identify important sites for migratory species and their conservation needs. 5.3.1. Published report that identifies important sites for migratory species and their conservation needs for management action NCF NA N0 2015 1 N0 2020 5.3.1. Review of Conservation of migratory species report Annual Report Once-off 5. 4. Produce a Strategy for Conservation of High Altitude Habitats, linked to Targets 2, 3, 4 5.4.1. Published strategy for conservation of high altitude habitats NCF 0 N0 2015 1 N0 2020 5.4.1. Inquire from FDF, NCF,NPS Published strategy Once-off 100 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 6.1. Identify sites for new or expanded conservation areas from the relevant surveys and strategies under Targets 3, 4 and 5. 6.1.1. No. of new sites for conservation areas identified NPS 9 N0 2015 20 N0 2020 6.1.1. Review of New Conservation areas report Annual Report Annual 6.2. Upgrade the status of ten forest reserves/game reserves and sanctuaries to National Park status, including marine ecosystems. 6.2.1. No. of New National Parks established since 2015 NPS 0 N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 6.2.1. Review of Proposals for New National Parks Annual Report Annual 6.2.2. Representation of each ecosystem type in the National Park system NPS 6 N0. 2015 7 N0. 2020 6.2.2. Review of Ecological location of National Parks report Field Report Annual 101 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 6.2.3. No. of new marine ecosystems identified and upgraded to National Parks since 2015 NPS 0 N0. 2015 2 N0. 2020 6.2.3. Review of Ecological location of National Parks Field Report Annual 6.3. Implement the Conservation Strategy for Biodiversity in the Niger Delta. 6.3.1. No. of actions in the Conservation Strategy for Biodiversity in the Niger Delta implemented Ministry of Niger Delta 5 N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 6.3.1. Review of reports on Implementatio n of Niger delta’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Niger Delta Annual Report and other related reports Annual 6.4. Assess the status of biodiversity resources in the designated new National Parks. 6.4.1. No. of the new National Parks with baseline data especially status of biodiversity resources NPS NA N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 6.4.1. Review of Biodiversity Resources Assessments Annual Report and other reports Bi-annual 102 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 6.4.2. Baseline assessments of the status of biodiversity resources of new National Parks NPS NA N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 6.4.2. Special Survey required to be carried out Annual Report Every 2 years 6.5. Prepare and implement management plans for the Designated New National Parks. 6.5.1. No. of new National Parks with management plan prepared NPS 0 N0. 2016 10 N0. 2020 6.5.1. Review of National Parks Management Plans NPS Annual Report and other related reports Annual 6.5.2. No. of new National Parks with management plan implemented NPS 0 N0. 2016 10 N0. 2020 6.5.2. Review Implementatio n management Plans NPS Annual Report and other related reports Annual 6.6. Document and map the indigenous and local communities’ conservation areas and strengthen their management plans. 6.6.1. No. of Indigenous and Local Community Conservation areas FDF 37 N0. 2015 146 N0. 2020 6.6.1. Special Survey to be carried out Field Report Annual 103 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 6.6.2. Distribution of Indigenous and Local Community Conservation areas FDF 37 N0. 2015 146 N0. 2020 6.6.2. Special Survey to be carried out Field Report Annual 6.6.3. No. of Indigenous and Local Community Conservation areas with a supported management plan FDF NA N0. 2015 146 N0. 2020 6.6.3. Review of reports of Indigenous and Local communities Conservation Areas Annual Report Annual 6.7. Implement the full plan for the paramilitary status of the Nigerian National Parks to enhance the level of biodiversity protection in protected areas. 6.7.1 % of actions in the plan for the paramilitary status in National Parks implemented NPS 50% % 2015 75% % 2020 6.7.1. Review of Reports on Implementatio n of Paramilitary status in NPS NPS Annual Report and related reports Annual 7.1. Establishment of a national centre / institute for knowledge and sustainable Use of Biodiversity. 7.1.1. Existence of a functional national centre/institute BDCP 0 N0. 201 1 N0. 2020 7.1.1. BDCP Report Actual establishment of the institution Annual 104 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 7.2. In-situ conservation of Wild relatives of cultivated plants, domesticated animals. 2016-2020 7.2.1. No. of wild relatives of both Cultivated plants and Domesticated animals present in protected areas FRIN NA N0. 2015 90 N0. 2020 7.2.1. Report of Special Survey Survey result Every 2 years 7.3. Establishment of Nigerian National gene bank for cultivated plants and domesticated animals. 7.3.1. No. of gene bank accession NABDA 4 N0. 2015 20 N0. 2020 7.3.1. Review of NABDA IAR, FRIN, NIHORT Reports on gene bank accession Annual Report Annual 7.3.2. No. of cultivated/domesti cated/wild plant and animal relatives with genes stored NABDA NA N0. 2015 50 N0. 2020 7.3.2. Review of genes storage Annual Report Annual 105 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 7.4. Establishment/ Rehabilitation of Community Herbal Heritage Centres. 7.4.1. No. of Community Herbal Heritage centres established FDF 25 N0. 2015 37 N0. 2020 7.4.1. Review of Herbal Heritage Centres Annual Report Annual 7.4.2. No. of Community Herbal Heritage centres rehabilitated FDF 0 N0. 2015 37 N0. 2020 7.4.2. Review of Herbal Heritage Centres Annual Report Annual 8.1. Promote measures to reduce agricultural wastes, fertilisers and agro chemicals entering rivers and wetlands. 8.1.1. Ratio of agricultural extension workers to farmers FMA&RD, NA Ratio 2015 2:50 Rati o 2020 8.1.1. Review of Agricultural Extension services reports Field Report Annual 106 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 8.1.2. Quantity of Nitrogen and other pollutants deposition and water quality in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems PC&EH NA Ratio 2015 Very low Rati o 2020 8.1.2. Review of Water quality report Assessment Report Quarterly 8.2. Identify the pollutant sources and purification capacity of Nigeria’s wetlands, rivers and coasts, for restoration measures in Action 4.5. 8.2.1. No. of Companies that discharge untreated effluent into Nigeria’s wetlands, rivers, coasts and terrestrial sites PC&EH NA N0. 2015 Till report is available N0. 2020 8.2.1. Review of reports of Pollution of Water bodies Annual Report Quarterly 8.2.2. Level of Nutrient loading in freshwater and terrestrial environment PC&EH NA % 2015 925 % 2020 8.2.2 Review of fresh water pollution report Assessment Reports Quarterly 107 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 8.2.3. Level of Nutrient loading in marine environment PC&EH NA % 2015 To be determin ed % 2020 8.2.3 Review of Pollution of marine water Reports of data collection Quarterly 8.2.4. Number of Reported incidence of water-borne disease and illness in communities around wetlands and uplands PC&EH NA % 2015 N0. (Reducti on in number) % 2020 8.2.4 Review of reports on Water Borne Diseases Annual Reports Quarterly 8.3. Strengthen national water quality guidelines 8.3.1. Amount of Resources mobilised to support National water quality guidelines FMWR NA % 2015 30 % of require resource s % 2020 8.3.1. Review of report of Resource mobilization for Water quality Annual Report and other related reports Annual 8.3.2. Level of implementation of National water quality guidelines FMWR To be reported 2015 To be determin ed 2020 8.3.2. Review of report of resource mobilization Annual report and other related reports Annual 108 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 8.4. End gas flaring and manage oil spillage. 8.4.1. Deadline for end of gas flaring announced NOSDRA NA Date 2015 50 % reductio n in gas flaring % 2020 8.4.1. Review of Gas flaring reports Annual Report Annually 8.4.2. No. of reported infractions of laws on gas flares NOSDRA 0 (Polluter pays) N0. 2015 0(Pollute r pays) N0. 2020 8.4.2. Review of reports Infractions of gas flares Field Report Quarterly 8.4.3. No. of prosecutions for infractions of laws on gas flares NOSDRA 0 (Polluter pays) N0. 2015 0 (Polluter pays) N0. 2020 8.4.3. Review reports of Prosecution on gas flares Annual Report Annual 8.4.4. No. and extent of oil spillage and their remediation NOSDRA To be determi ned N0. 2015 0 N0. 2020 8.4.4. Review of oil Spillage Annual Report Annual 109 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 8.4.5. No. of reported pipelines vandalized and repaired NOSDRA To be determi ned N0. 2015 All N0. 2020 8.4.5. Review of pipeline vandalization Annual Report Annual 8.4.6. No. of outreach activities to reduce oil spillage NOSDRA To be determi ned N0. 2015 To be determin ed N0. 2020 8.4.6. Review of outreach on oil Spillage Annual Report Annual 9.1. Strengthen the capacity of the Plant Quarantine Services Department for effective border control. 2016-2020 9.1.1. Budgetary support to the Nigerian Agricultural Quarantine Service (Plant/Animal Department) for effective border control of IAS NAQS 9 million Naira 2016 10 million Nair a 2020 9.1.1. Review of annual budget provisions Annual Report and field inspection report Annual 9.2. Establish a national framework for the control and management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). 9.2.1. Published Adopted National Framework for the control and management of Invasive Alien FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 9.2.1. Review of IAS Frame work Annual Report Once-off 9.3. Promote the utilization of IAS in Nigeria. 9.3.1. Level of IAS based products in the market and systems FDF 3 N0. 2015 7 N0. 2020 9.3.1. Special Survey required Survey Result Annual 110 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 9.4. Strengthen research on the impacts of IAS and update the existing baseline on IAS status. 9.4.1. Level of budgetary support for IAS research FRIN NA % 2015 10 % increase % 2020 9.4.1. Review of Budget Provisions Annual Report Annual 9.4.2 Published current baseline data on IAS status FRIN NA N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 9.4.2 Review of IAS Assessment (Inventory) Report IAS Assessment Report Annual 9.5. Establish an early warning and rapid response mechanism for IAS at the ports and border crossings. 9.5.1. No. of operational early warning and response mechanism for IAS NAQS 40 N0. 2015 200 N0. 2020 9.5.1. Review of Early Warning Mechanisms Annual Report Annual 9.5.2. No. of ports and border crossing with IAS rapid response team PQD NAQS 200 N0. 2015 2 N0. 2020 9.5.2. Review of reports by NAQS IAS Ports and Border Patrols Annual Report and daily field inspection reports Annually 10.1. Revise the NBSAP and adopt it as a policy instrument. 10.1.1. Published adopted NBSAP FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 10.1.1. Review of the NBSAP revision Annual Report Once-off 111 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 10.2. Establish and strengthen a Biodiversity Steering Committee. 10.2.1. No of approved reports of meetings of the Biodiversity Steering Committee FDF 0 N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 10.2.1. Review of Biodiversity Steering Committee reports Annual Report Annual 10.2.2. Proportion of Budget and Project Implementation achieved FDF 0 N0. 2015 Yes N0. 2020 10.2.2. Review of FDF budget provisions Annual Report Annually 10.3. Establish and implement Sub national (State and Local Government) levels of the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, promoting stakeholder participation. 10.3.1. No of sub national (State and Local Government) with Published and adopted BSAP FDF 0 N0. 2015 15 N0. 2020 10.3.1. Review of Sub-National BSAP Annual Report Annual 10.3.2. No. of stakeholders that participated in the NBSAP Revision process FDF 40 N0. 2016 50 N0. 2020 10.3.2. Review of the Revised NBSAP Document NBSAP Document Once-off 10.4. Strengthen Multi Stakeholders Committees on biodiversity-related conventions and protocols. 10.4.1. Proportion of Budget and Project Implementation achieved FMENV (Planning Research & Statistics) 0 % 2015 50% % 2020 10.4.1. Review of Ministerial Budget Annual Report Annually 112 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 10.5. Establish synergy among focal areas in the environment sector 10.5.1. No. of activities between Ministry of Environment and other Stakeholders on NBSAP implementation FMENV (Planning, Research & Statistics) 0 N0. 2015 5 N0. 2020 10.5.1. Review of Synergy between FMENV and relevant Stakeholders Annual Report Annually 11.1. Accede to the ABS Protocol. 11.1.1. Deposition of instrument of ratification with CBD Secretariat FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2016 11.1.1. Review of accession to the Nagoya Protocol List of ratified countries on CBD website Once-off 11.2. Develop a National ABS framework and legislation 11.2.1. Published ABS national framework FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2017 11.2.1. Review of Draft Statutory Instrument Existence of Statutory Instrument Once-off 11.2.2. ABS legal instrument enacted into law FDF 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2020 11.2.2 Review of ABS Statutory Instrument Statutory Instrument Once-off 11.3. Designate appropriate structures of protected areas for sustainable harvesting of non timber products by local people, to ensure benefits to them and guarantee 11.3.1. No. and size of Protected Areas with structures for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs FDF NA N0. 2015 4 N0. 2020 11.3.1. Review of sustainable harvesting of NTFPs Annual Report Annually 113 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year protection of resources 11.3.2. No. of Permits granted for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs FDF NA N0. 2015 10 N0. 2020 11.3.2. Review of Permits for NTFPs Annual Report Annually 11.3.3. Revenue generated from NTFP Permits FDF NA Naira 2015 ₦1,000,0 00 Nair a 2017 11.3.3. Review of NTFPs Permits Annual Report Annually 11.4. Develop and implement policy guidelines for bio prospecting, access and benefit sharing, and associated traditional knowledge (intellectual property rights). 11.4.1. Adopted guidelines for bio prospecting, access and benefit sharing, and associated traditional knowledge FDF 0 N0. 2016 1 N0. 2017 11.4.1. Review of ABS guidelines Annual Report Annually 114 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 11.4.2 No. of applications granted for bio prospecting FDF 5 N0. 2016 20 N0. 2020 11.4.2. Review of ABS Permits Annual Report Annually 11.4.3. No. of Permits issued for bio-prospecting and access to genetic resources FDF 2 N0. 2016 10 N0. 2020 11.4.3. Review of ABS Permit application Annual Report Annually 11.5. Develop and implement a Sub national (State and Local Government levels) regime on ABS. 11.5.1 Adopted sub-national regime on ABS States Govt. Authority 0 N0. 2016 36 N0. 2018 11.5.1. Review of Sub-National ABS Annual Report Once-off 115 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 11.5.2. % of implementation of sub-national ABS regime States Govt. Authority 0 % 2016 100% % 20 18 11.5.2. Special Survey required Survey Result Bi-annual 12.1. Strengthen the capacities of local Communities to participate in natural regeneration of wetlands, arid zone vegetation, forests, mangroves & other priorities identified in Targets 3, 4, 5 & 6. 12.1.1. No of Projects replicated with Community participation in the design and management of key ecosystems LGAs Authority 0 N0. 2016 10 N0. 2020 12.1.1. Review of Local Governments Reports Annual Report Annually 12.2. Survey the flora and fauna outside protected areas, including sacred groves, community lands, abandoned farmlands and homesteads, and assist local communities in the sustainable management of these sites. 12.2.1. Published report of survey of flora and fauna outside protected areas FDF 1 N0. 2016 4 N0. 2020 12.2.1. FDF Report Existing Survey Report Annually 12.2.2. No. of Communities assisted FDF 0 N0. 2016 109 N0. 2020 FDF in collaboration with States and LGAs authorities FDF Annual Report Bi-annual 116 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 12.3. Strengthen the implementation of guidelines for Community-based sustainable forest management, including conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. 12.3.1. Proportion of Budgetary resources directed to support the implementation of guidelines for Community-based sustainable forest management FDF 0 % 2016 2% % 2020 12.3.1. Review of Annual Report and Budget released Annual Report Annually 12.4. Develop a national framework and mechanism for community participation in ecotourism planning and development. 12.4.1. No. of Adopted framework and mechanism for Community participation in ecotourism planning and development FDF NA N0. 2016 1 N0. 2020 12.4.1. FDF Report Annual Report Annually 13.1. Conduct an NBSAP resource needs assessment. 13.1.1. Published report of NBSAP resource needs assessment BDCP 0 N0. 2015 1 N0. 2016 13.1.1. Review of NBSAP Capacity building Report Resource needs NBSAP Report Once-off 117 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 13.2. Establish a national funding mechanism for biodiversity. 13.2.1. Published and adopted national funding mechanism for biodiversity FMEnv (Planning, Research Statistic) 0 N0. 2016 1 N0. 2020 13.2.1. Review of Funding for Biodiversity Annual Report Once-off 13.3. Integrate biodiversity conservation into national appropriation. 13.3.1. Proportion of appropriated budget released for Biodiversity FDF 0 % 2015 2% % 2020 13.3.1. Review of budgetary appropriation to biodiversity FMEnv appropriation document Annually 13.4. Strengthen the government partnership with development partners (e.g. GEF, UNDP and UNEP.) 13.4.1. No. of Government projects and activities on Biodiversity supported by development partners FDF NA N0. 2016 37 N0. 2020 13.4.1. Review of Development partnership Annual Report Annually 118 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 13.4.2. Amount of investment on Biodiversity by partners FDF NA ₦ 2016 To be reported ₦ 2020 13.4.2. Review of External funding on Biodiversity Annual Report Annually 14.1. Determine prioritised capacity building needs for government agencies, NGOs and local communities to implement the NBSAP. 14.1.1. Conduct NBSAP implementation Capacity Needs Assessment BDCP Available List 2015 50% met % 2016 14.1.1. Evaluation of capacity needs assessment report NBSAP Document Once-off 14.2. Develop training guides and modules for prioritised capacity building needs 14.2.1. No. of training guides and modules for NBSAP implementation FRIN 0 N0. 2015 To be determin ed N0. 2016 14.2.1. Review of publications on training guides and modules for NBSAP Implementatio n NBSAP Publications Once-off 119 Actions Performance Indicator Responsi bility for Activity indicator Data for indicator Data gathering methods Means of Verification Collection and Reporting Frequency for the data Baseline Action value unit year value unit year 14.3. Build capacity of government officials and individuals for prioritised NBSAP implementation capacity development needs in relevant organizations including NGO’s through meetings, seminars and conferences both locally and internationally. 14.3.1. No. of proposals and training for individuals for prioritised NBSAP implementation capacity development needs Developm ent Partners 0 N0. 2015 To be determin ed N0. 2020 14.3.1. Actual capacity developed for NBSAP NBSAP Document Once-off 14. 3. 2. No. of beneficiaries trained in prioritised NBSAP implementation capacity development needs Developm ent Partners 0 N0. 2015 To be determin ed N0. 2020 14.3.2. Review of training reports National reports to the CBD Annually 119 6.3.4. Evaluation Plan The main evaluation components include: • Annual review and planning meetings; • Steering Committee meetings; • Multi-Stakeholders meetings; • Mid-term (3-year) review by mid-2018; • Sixth National Report in 2018; and • Final evaluation in 2021; as shown in Table 6.5 below together with the responsibility and time. Table 6.5: Evaluation Activities, Responsibility and Periods Evaluation Activity Respon sible When will the activity be carried out? 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Quarterly review meetings NBWG * * * * * * Annual review and planning meetings NBMEC U * * * * * * Steering Committee Meetings CBD NFP * * * * * * Mid-Term Evaluation (External) Consult ant * Final Evaluation (External) Consult ant * Sixth National Report CBD NFP * 120 6.3.5. Major NBSAP Challenges In addition to conceptual assumptions, practical challenges faced in the implementation of NBSAPs include: • Inadequate coordination among various government ministries, agencies, departments and NGOs; • Willingness to integrating biodiversity into sectoral policies and plans; • Integrating the various local level needs and demands within the broad priorities of the NBSAP; • Inadequate legislative reforms; • Insufficient finances; • Lack of community-based initiatives; and • Difficulty coordinating and integrating numerous stakeholders and their respective views. 121 REFERENCES 1. Adebayo, R. A. and Uyi, N.O. 2010. Biological control of invasive weed species: Nigerian experience. International Journal of Agricultural Research 5: 1100-1106 2. Akagu, R. and Adeleke, A. (2012) Current status and threats facing the Nigeria vultures. Submitted to the pan-African Vulture Summit, Masai Mara, Kenya 16-20 April 2012. Nigerian Conservation Foundation 3. Akinyemiju, O.A. (1987). Invasion of Nigerian waters by water hyacinth. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 25: 24-26 4. Alao, J.S. 2009. Need for Biodiversity Conservation in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Biological Diversity and Conservation 2/1: 14-20 5. Anon. 1984. Nigeria is Starving of Fish. New Nigerian Newspaper August 3. Pp 10 6. Asibor, G. 2009. Wetlands Values, Uses and Challenges. A Paper Presented to the Nigerian Environmental Society at the Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, 21st November 2009 7. Ayeni, J.S.A. 1995. Conservation of Natural Resources. The Dynamic of Vanishing Species and their Habitats. In the Nigerian Environment: Ecological Limits of Abuse, Proceeding of the Annual Conference of the Ecological Society of Nigeria held in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Eds. Nokoe. 17-38 8. BDCP 2015. Ogbogolo Community Biodiversity Action Plan (A GEF-UNDP Pilot Project in Rivers State), GEF-UNDP Niger Delta Biodiversity Conservation Project. Final Report by Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) April 2015 9. BDCP 2012. Restoration and the Conjunctive Sustainable Management of Native Mangroves and Nypa Palms in the Cross river Estuary of Nigeria (UNIDO GEF/BDCP/FMEnvt). 10. BIP 2012. The Biodiversity Indicators Partnership 2020 Communication Strategy. Document No: BIPTPM2012/14, Draft. Version November 2012 11. Bravo-Baumann, H. 2000. Capitalization of experiences on the contribution of livestock projects to gender issues. Working Document. Bern, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. 12. Borokini, T.I. 2014. A Systematic Compilation of Endemic Flora in Nigeria for Conservation Management. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6: 6406-6426 122 13. CBD. 2012. Resourcing the Aichi Biodiversity Targets: A First Assessment of the Resources Required for Implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention of Biological Diversity. 83 pp. Available at: http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/fin/hlpgar-sp-01/official/hlpgar-sp-01-01-report-en.pdf. 14. CBD. 2012. Review of implementation of the strategy for resource mobilization. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int 15. Dickinson, E.C. 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd edition. Christopher Helm, London 16. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp 17. Earth Policy Institute (EPI). 2011. World on the Edge by the number of growing goat herds signal global grassland decline. Retrieved from www.earth-policy.data.org 18. EMBL Reptile Database. 2005. Reptile Database. Retrieved from: http://www.reptile-database.org/ 19. EZEALOR, A.U. and O.A. AKINSOLA, (eds.). 2006. The Renewable Natural Resources of the Niger Delta: Options for its Sustainable Management. Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Lagos and the John D. and Catherine T. Mac Arthur Foundation, USA. 87pp. 20. FAO. 1997. Gender: the key to sustainability and food security. SD Dimensions, May 1997 (available at www.fao.org/sd). 21. Fishbase. 2004. Fishbase. Retrieved from http://www.fishbase.org/home tw.htm 22. Frost, D. R.2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 3.0. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. 23. Gophen, M. 2008. Management Perspectives in Arid, Semi-arid, Sub-tropical and Tropical Dry Climates. In: Sengupta M., Dalwani R. (eds) 12 World Lake Conference International Lake Environment Committee. Jaipur. Pp: 1338-1348 24. Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development. Island Press, Washington, DC 25. Ladipo, D. 2010. The state of Nigeria’s forests. IITA Research for Development Review Bulletin, Issue 4 26. Milton, K. 1999. Nature is already sacred. Environmental Values 8:437-449 123 27. National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (NASPA-CCN). 2011. Retrieved from http://nigeriaclimatechange.org/naspa.pdf 28. Nenibarini, Z. (2004). Impacts of Extractive Industries on the Biodiversity of the Niger Delta. National Workshop on Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management. 29. Otegbulu, A (ed). 2013. Natural Resource Valuation and Damage Assessment in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Niger Delta. University Press Plc. Ibadan, Nigeria 30. Oyebande, L. Obot, E.O. and Bdiliya, H.H. 2003. An Inventory of Wetlands in Nigeria. Report Prepared for the World Conservation Union - IUCN, West African Regional Office, Ouagadougu, Burkina Faso 31. Pisupati, B. (2007), Effective Implementation of NBSAPs: Using a Decentralized Approach, UNU-IAS, www.ias.unu.edu/resource centre/Effective%20Implementation%20of%20NBSAPs%20 %20Pisupati.pdf 32. Prip, C; Gross, T; Johnston, S; Vierros, M (2010), Biodiversity Planning: an assessment of national biodiversity strategies and action plans. United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, Yokohama, Japan 33. Pollutec Nigeria Limited. 1996. Proceedings of the First Consensus Workshop on the Preparation of Rivers and Bayelsa State Environmental Action Plan. Port Harcourt, Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency and World Bank 34. Sauer, C.O. 1965. The morphology of landscape. In: J. Leighly (ed) Land and life. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp.315-350 35. Sedghi, A. 2013. Redlist 2013: Threatened Species Across the Regions of the World. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/nov/26/iucn-red-list threatened-species-by-country-statistics 36. Spergel, Barry and Melissa Moye. 2004. Financing Marine Conservation, A Menu of Options. Washington, D.C.: WWF Center for Conservation Finance. 37. U.S. EPA. 2006. Application of Elements of a State Water Monitoring and Assessment Programme for Wetlands. Wetlands Division, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC 124 38. Uluocha, N.O. and Okeke, I.C. 2004. Implications of Wetlands Degradation for Water Resources Management: Lessons from Nigeria. Geojournal 16: 151-154 39. UNEP-WCMC 2013. Incorporating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Values into NBSAPS, Guidance to support NBSAP practitioners, produced as an output of a joint UNEP-WCMC and IEEP project, funded by Defra, and in collaboration with the Secretariat of the CBD to examine the ‘Lessons learnt from incorporating biodiversity and ecosystem service values into NBSAPs’. 40. UNDP 2014. Transforming Biodiversity Finance, A quick guide for assessing and mobilizing financial resources to achieve the Aichi Targets and to implement National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans 41. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). 2015. WCS. Retrieved from www.wcsnigeria.org 42. World Wildlife Fund (WWF). 2015. The Value of Wetlands. Retrieved from: http://wwf.panda.org/about our earth/about freshwater/intro/value/ http://www.worldwildlife.org/conservationfinance to be replicated at the States level. 1 APPENDIX LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE MULTI-STAKEHOLDERS COMMITTEE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Honourable Minister of Environment, Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment, Director of Forestry, Director Department of Drought Desertification Amelioration, Director Department of Pollution Control, Director Environmental Assessment Department, Director Department of Erosion Control and Coastal Zone Management, Director of Pollution and Environmental Health, Press Unit of the Ministry of Environment, Legal Unit of the Ministry of Environment OTHER MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Agriculture, Women Affair Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Petroleum, Mines and Power, Ministry of Communication, National Planning Commission, NESREA, NOSDRA, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, National Park Service, Ministry of Commerce, Trade & Investment, Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC), National Council on Women Society, Ministry of the Niger Delta, Ministry of Information, Youth and Culture, States Ministry of Agriculture and Environment. NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP), Rural Dwellers Life Advancement Initiatives (RDLAI), Voice of the Less Privilaged People (VOLPO), Community Health and Development Advisory Trust (COHDAT), Poverty in Africa Alternative (POVINNA), Nigeria Youth Climate Coalition/WEDO, The Small Holders Foundation, Society for the Improvement of Rural People (SIRP), Gender, Environment and Sustainable Development Initiative (GENSD) DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS UNEP, UNDP, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), ECOWAS Commission, World Bank, Nigerian Agip oil Co. Ltd, Shell Development Company. THE PRESS Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), Radio Nigeria, Africa Independent Television (AIT), Daily Trust Newspaper. 2 LIST OF CONSULTANTS (NBSAP Revision) S/N0 Name Address Contact N0 1 Naturescopex NIG. Ltd 48, Sinatu Ajayi Street, Morogbo, Off Badagry Expressway, Lagos 08033472636 2 PHR Management Consult N0 2 Mararaba Gurku/Keffi road Nasarrawa State , Nigeria 08103723030 3 Nigeria Conservation Foundation Km 19, Lagos-Epe Expressway, Lekki. Lagos 01-2642498, 4718693 Email- info@ncfnigeria.org P.O Box 74638, Victoria Island, Lagos 4 Bioresources Development Conservation Programme (BDCP) JB Leton Close, Off Abdullahi Ibrahim Crescent, Off T.O.S. Benson, Ngozi Okonjo Iweala Way, Utako District Abuja, Nigeria. Tel. +234 9-2915345 +23488092648699 E-mail: bdcpn@bioresources.org 5 Quavant Project Limited No 3, Limpopo Crescent, Sun City, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria 08027401978 3 ATTENDANCE LIST OF VALIDATION WORKSHOP ON STOCKTAKING AND ASSESSMENT OF NBSAP HELD IN CHIDA INTERNATIONAL HOTEL ON 11 TH DECEMBER, 2012. S/NO NAME ORGANISATION PHONE N0. EMAIL ADDRESS 1. M.A BABATUNDE FDF 08023218664 musliu007@yahoo.com 2 ADEWUYI, A FME 08055017403 kunlesola2003@yahoo.com 3 DR MRS EGO EZUMA VOLPO 08033166171 egoezuma95@yahoo.com 4 H. BAWA-BWARI FMEnv 08033119734 halimabawab@yahoo.com 5 Engr IDEIN A. FMEnv 08033841609 idrisaking@yahoo.com 6 EZE OGECHUKWU F. FMEnv 08068171501 eze ogechukwu@yahoo.com 7 SHEHU MUHAMMAD MALA FMEnv 08039496221 shehumala@hotmail.co.uk 8 SAMUEL AJABA FDF 08160313524 9 G.C UJOR FDF 08075965040 10 DANJUMA YUSUF FDF 07032147847 11 SIMON N. KUWASAU FDF 07057777371 12 AUDU LAWAL FDF 08053378283 13 MOUSSA LEKO ECOWAS 08070619749 dallou2009@gmail.com 14 ENGR .F. OKEKE FMEnv 08037015179 engrfellyo@yahoo.com 15 ANUMWU FELIX FDF 08036189759 felianumwu@yahoo.com 16 ALEX ABUTU DAILY TRUST 08068701960 alexyabutu@gmail.com 4 S/NO NAME ORGANISATION PHONE N0. EMAIL ADDRESS 17 DOGARI VICTORIA JONATHAN FDF 07031974906 jvictoriad@yahoo.com 18 DR EGHAREVBA HENRY .O NIRPD 08051559005 omoregieegharevba@yahoo.com 19 SEYI OLADUNJOYE RUDLA 08037111296 rudla org@yahoo.com 20 AHMAD SULAIMAN FMOT 08037015706 ahmadsulaiman69@yahoo.com 21 JOHN AKINNUBA CECD 08064365843 ceedrainforestnig@yahoo.com 22 DICKSON AMAGADA ROVIENO FMJ 08182007219 foneyo1@yahoo.com 23 ALIYU KALEIR NTA 08036244656 aliyukuleir77@yahoo.com 24 YAKUBU MIJIN YAWA FMEnv 08037874489 25 IBRAHIM A.A FDF 08029581845 ibrahimade@gmail.com 26 AWALITE CHIAMAKA FAITH FDF 07039520803 faithchiamaka2012@gmail.com 27 AKOR ONOJA VICTORIA FMWR 08062091039 onoja.akor@yahoo.com 28 BARR WOKOMA ALABO FMJ 08023259887 asawokoma@yahoo.com 29 BARR IFEANYI ALOH VOLPO 08186055088 don ifee@yahoo.com 30 STEPHEN AYUBA FDF Ayubastephen25@yahoo.com 31 R.A USMAN FDF 08053022205 rusman@yahoO.com 32 RUFUS EBEGBA FDF 08033147778 rebegba@hotmail.com 33 DR JOHN ONYEKURU FDF 08030882261 johnonyekuru@yahoo.com 34 DR ALOYSIUS MADUKA MOUA UMUDIKE 08023881523 aloymaduka@yahoo.com 5 S/NO NAME ORGANISATION PHONE N0. EMAIL ADDRESS 35 USMAN MAGAJI FMA 07050618034 usmanmagaji@gmail.com 36 IGNATIUS TUTENSON FMEnv 08186237245 igtutenson@yahoo.com 37 AYODELE ABIMBOLA FED DEPT OF FISHERIES 08033125344 ayodeleabin@yahoo.com 38 ENE-OBONG ENE UNN 07031657745 eneobongene@yahoo.com 39 PROF. P.O DONLI UNIV. OF MAIDUGUIRI 08074548359 podonli@yahoo.com 40 ALADE ADELEKE NIGERIAN CONSERVATION FOUNDATION 08033472636 Alade.adeleke@ncfnigeria.org 41 ALMAMUD IBU IBRAHIM FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT 07045098625 42 SAADATU UBASHIA RADIO NIGERIA 08090648011 saareade@gmail.com 43 JONAH C MOSES NPS 08022117447 jonahcmoses@yahoo.com 44 JOHN K AUTA FMEV 08023751136 Jkauta2007@yahoo.com 45 ORAKWUE IFEOMA FMEV 08035893119 Ifeoma orakwue@yahoo.com 46 TAANGAHAR THOMAS BDCP 08020314572 esokomba@yahoo.com 47 AUDA S.O FORESTRY 08023339698 simeonaudu@yahoo.com 48 AJIBOLA ABIMBOLA FDF 08033659158 Ajibola.aa@nfis.gov.ng 49 AKPANKE GABRIEL FDF 08067654356 50 ALI BABA YUSUF FDF 08065940549 babaaliyusuf@yahoo.com 51 SEGUN B. AKINOLA FMENV 08059648564 akinolashegun@yahoo.com 52 T.D JOHN FMENV 08052734050 timdanjohn@yahoo.com 53 NWAPI EDITH NAN 080306008 edithnwapi@yahoo.com 54 NWANZE NONSO FDF 07031646722 55 ABISABO ADAMU FMENV 0806805150 56 NZEDURU C.V FMENV 07033336570 chidedia@yahoo.com 57 MKANANG I.T FMENV 08091303945 58 P.E EMEZURU FMENV 08036084762 59 EMMANUEL OZOBIA FMENV 08065301310 6 S/NO NAME ORGANISATION PHONE N0. EMAIL ADDRESS 60 ONYEKWERE B.U FORESRTY 08160313625 Onyekwere23@yahoo.com 61 DR. LAWRENCE EYO ESSIEN EA DEPT 08033143157 Law eyo@yahoo.com 62 OKPO LONDON PRESS ENVIRONMENT 08059605929 63 TF FAMESO FDF 080555142456 tomfameso@yahoo.com 64 ANATAKU HAUWA NANA FORESTRY 07031901240 Hauwa4victory@yahoo.co.uk 65 JIDDA DANIEL MALUM FORESTRY 08082906508 JIDDA D@YAHOO.COM 66 ZARA BUKAR BOLORI FORESTRY 08023632018 zarabolori@yahoo.com 67 FALANA B OLAYINKA FORESTRY 08055307698 68 BLESSING C MBONG FORESTRY 08036655486 cblessingcharles@yahoo.com 69 CAROLINE DOKA FORESTRY 08065444192 Topic4me123@yahoo.com 70 ADEBISI SIKEADE FORESTRY 07032743344 Sikeade4eva@yahoo.com 71 KITANKANG I JOYCE FORESTRY 07081546996 joyceiya@yahoo.com 72 SHEHU NDAMAN FORESTRY 08099607889 shehunda@yahoo.com 73 J.O OSSAGIE (MRS) FORESTRY 08054949216 74 EBUNOLUWA O. NATH FORESTRY 08155381261 ebunoluwa2025@yahoo.com 75 DR. JEMILAT A IBRAHIM NIPRD 07036512604 sadiqoyene@yahoo.com 7 ATTENDANCE LIST FOR WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS (Validation of NBSAP Targets and Actions) S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 1 MR OMENI FIDELIS FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (CITES FOCAL POINT) fedelodomeni@yahoo.com 08053524527 2 MR SHEHU NDAMAN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (RAMSAR FOCAL POINT) shehunda@yahoo.com 08032183322 3 MR OHIKHUEME CLEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT. clemohi2013@gmail.com 08036352544 4 MRS MARGARET CHUKWU ENVIRONMENT & TOURISM SUPPORT INITIATIVE (NGO) eatsnig04@gmail.com 08037939473 5 MR WILLIAM E.O FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (GLOBAL TAXONOMY INITIATIVE FOCAL POINT) etiwill@yahoo.com 07032881038 6 MR ADAMU CIROMA LAWAL MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND FISHERIES, KANO STATE adciro2law@yahoo.com 08054113064 7 MR SANI MUSA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, JIGAWA STATE Sanmus4eva@yahoo.com 08035374095 8 OGAR I.P FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES ogaripat@yahoo.com 08037258607 9 ABDULLAHI SAMINU FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT elsameen2k4c@gmail.com 08069765686 10 JUBRIL MOHAMMED MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, KANO STATE jubrilmoha@gmail.com 08064439152 11 THOMAS I. WILLIAMS FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT thomaswill@yahoo.com 08038081530 12 JIDDA D. MALLUM FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT jidda d@yahoo.com 08082906508 13 USMAN ZUWAIRA WAWATA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT sweetzuwee@yahoo.com 08039659526 14 ZARA BOLORI BUKAR FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT zarabolori@yahoo.com 08023632018 8 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 15 MR MOHAMMED SABO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, KATSINA STATE moham14sab@gmail.com 08053734059 16 JOYCE KITAKANG FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT joyceiya@yahoo.com 08030507405 17 MATTHEW NWOKWU IYKON GLOBAL FOUNDATION (NGO) mat4twins@yahoo.com 07039034002 18 ADEBISI S.O FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT sikeade4eva@yaho.com 07032743344 19 EMMANUEL NWANKWO MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, ENUGU STATE emmanwakwo@yahoo.com 08030862346 20 NATH-UTOH EBUNOLUWA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ebunoluwa2025@gmail.com 08155381261 21 OMIRIGBE I. MATHEW FEDERAL DEPERTMENT OF AGRICULTURE omirigbem@yahoo.com 07063700615 22 PATIENCE OJONG FMENV pepeojong@yahoo.co.uk 07038839736 23 JOHN MSHELBWALA CONSULTANT johnmshelbwala@yahoo.com 08033287039 24 FALANA B. O FMENV (ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING FOCAL POINT) benediisrael123@gmail.com 08055307698 25 CHUKWUEMEKA FIDELIS MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, EBOYI STATE chukwufide@yahoo.com 07026883316 26 RUFUS EBEGBA FMENV (BIOSAFETY FOCAL POINT) rebegba@hotmail.com 08033147778 27 Godwin NKWOH MINISTRY OF LANDS AND SURVEY ENUGU STATE godwinnkwoh@yahoo.com 08030535321 28 HALIMA BAWA-BWARI FMENV(MARINE AND COASTAL ZONE BIODIVERSITY FOCAL POINT) halimabawab@yahoo.com 08033119734 29 AZOGINI C. V DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION AMELIORATION DEPARTMENT vcazogini2@gmail.com 08062429116 30 ABORELE GABRIEL NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION aborele@gmail.com 08028192355 9 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 31 MR ANYANWU FIDELIS DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE, ENUGU STATE anyafidelis@yahoo.com 08036886042 32 ALEX ABUTU DAILY TRUST NEWSPAPER alexyabutu@gmail.com 08068701960 33 MFON NKANANG NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT STANDARD REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT AGENCCY mfonukonkanang@gmail.com 08024990505 34 PEPPER GABRIEL THE VOICE OF THE LESS PRIVILEGED ORGANIZATION (NGO) Tearsofzills@gmail.com 08039415490 35 ABDULMALIK A. O FMENV (CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES OF FAUNA AND FLORA FOCAL POINT) 0ziabdulmark4@yahoo.com 08066333850 36 KOMULAFE OSHO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, OYO STATE Komolafe32os@gmail.com 08053664516 37 BAKUT T. A FMENV (MONITORING OF ILLIGAL KILLING OF ENDANGERED SPECIES FOCAL POINT) ayubabakut@yahoo.com 08034460969 38 DICKSON AMAGADA R. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF JUSTICE foneyol@yahoo.com 08182007219 39 BAMIDELE ADELABU MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, OSUN Bamideleade4@yahoo.com 07030773592 40 DR. JEMILAT IBRAHIM NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT sadiqoyene@yahoo.com 07036512604 41 MRS. UCHE OBIERIKA WRADEC (NGO) wradec@gmail.com 08050990871 42 MRS. NGOZI UHEGBU RURAL DWELLERS LIFE ADVANCEMENT INITIATIVE (NGO) ruraldwellerslife@yahoo.com 08037111296 43 AHMAD SALIHU UMAR FMENV ahmadsalihuumar@gmail.com 07038192612 44 GBOLAHAN AGBABIOKE RURAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE, IBADAN (NGO) Gbolahan4eva@gmail.com 08030228861 10 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 45 ANDREW AHONSI FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH andrewahonsi@yahoo.com 08065660131 46 ABDULLAHI YAKUBU FMENV (IUCN) FOCAL POINT abkakat@gmail.com 08036532129 47 LABARAN AHMED FMENV (INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES FOCAL POINT) ahmedlabaran83@yahoo.com 08068291626 48 AUDU S.O FMENV (BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE FOCAL POINT) simlyd5765@gmail.com 08023339698 49 OLUMIDE MARTINS DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, IBADAN, OYO STATE olumidemartin@yahoo.com 08036880642 50 J.K. AUTA FMENV (AGRO-FORESTRY EXPERT) jkauta2007@yahoo.com 08023751134 51 O.S ADEDOYIN FMENV (DIRECTOR, FOREST MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT) osadedoyin@yahoo.com 0805485400 52 L.M. FARUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION lawanf@yahoo.com 08036989299 53 S.ABURIME FMENV saburime@yahoo.com 08033212416 54 PRINCE CHIGOZIE VOICE OF THE LESS PRIVILAGED ORGANIZATION (NGO) marine ladior@yahoo.com 08180639682 55 OLUYEMI BANJO UNIDO o.banjo@unido.org 56 BENSON IJEOMA BIORESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME (NGO) b.ijeoma@yahoo.com 08035990824 57 OGBU NEMENUO NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT AGENCY nwomaama@yahoo.com 08032753609 58 ENGR. SILSA NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM COMPANY 07039255283 59 P.O BANKOLE FMENV (DIRECTOR OF FOREST UTILIZATION AND philipbankole@gmail.com 08037260542 11 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO BIOSAFETY) 60 SALISU DAHIRU FMENV (CBD NATIONAL FOCAL POINT) Sdahiru85@yahoo.com 08030570607 61 EMMANUEL BEBIEM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE emmabebiem@gmail.com 08037009452 62 BARR. ODUNGIDI REBECCA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF JUSTICE beckyodungidi@gmail.com 08065059919 63 NUCUNDI FMENV 64 DR. ONYEKURU J. E FMENV (PROJECT COORDINATOR) johnonyekuru@yahoo.com 08030882261 65 ETTEDEM PHILIP VOICE OF THE LESS PRIVILAGED ORGANIZATION (NGO) pettedem@yahoo.com 08023253654 66 ONYEKWERE BLESSING FMENV (TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FOCAL POINT) blessuchechiy@yahoo.com 08160313625 67 KINGSLEY NWAWUBA FMENV (UN REDD+ FOCAL POINT) kingnwawuba@yahoo.com 08038088656 68 IFEANYI E. NEWSWATCH MAGAZINE ifeanyieze@gmail.com 07036193731 69 JULIET DANGUIS ITV NEWS 08036940642 70 SEYI ITV CAMERAMAN 71 VERONICA DANIYA NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA O8060564025 72 GLORIA OGBAKI RAY POWER RADIO STATION 08033501832 73 ETTA MICHEAL .B BLUEPRINT MAGAZINE 08037865928 74 FEMI ADEOSUN NATIONAL MIRROR NEWSPAPER 08033967909 12 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 75 TAIYE AGBAJE NEWSWATCH MAGAZINE 07063536757 76 NGOZI NWAKWO NIGERIAN PILOT NEWSPAPER 08060541556 77 GODSON ELEKWACHI FEDERAL RADIO COOPERATION OF NIGERIA 08039121941 78 AFOLAYAN OLUFUNKE GALAXY TV 07063820722 79 OLA GALAXY TV 80 COLLINS NWABUIFE NIGERIAN TRIBUNE NEWSPAPER 08039521408 81 GLORIA IKIBAH WE FM RADIO STATION 08065508445 82 QUEEN UKOMADU LOVE FM RADIO STATION 07039372632 83 FUNMI OLASUPO VANGUARD NEWSPAPER 08032264635 84 FRANK IKPEFAN NATION NEWSPAPER 07064951881 85 VICTOR OKECHUKWU PUNCH NEWSPAPER 08034427262 86 NKECHINYERE ITODO VOICE OF NIGERIA 08133950221 87 ADEYEMI TOMIWA VOICE OF NIGERIA 08132476890 88 PAULETTE C. ORTIME CHAMPION NEWSPAPER 08035873101 89 OLADIMEJI OMOTAYO LTV 08032399597 90 CHIDIMMA OKEKE DAILY TRUST NEWSPAPER 08036017655 91 PAUL OBI THISDAY NEWSPAPER 92 OMOTOLA OMOJOLA NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY 13 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 93 MR OBED ATUORA 94 MR NNAMDI NWUCHUKWU 95 MR MAMMUD IBRAHIM 96 MR OKOLIKO O.J 97 MR EASY TAYO LTV CAMERAMAN 98 MR NNAMDI IDRIS BLUE PRINT 99 MR BIDEMI ABEJIDE WAZOBIA FM 100 MR OLA TEMITOPE WAZOBIA FM 101 MR AJAYI OLUSEYI THISDAY NEWSPAPER 102 MISS AMARACHI DIOBI ASO RADIO 103 MR ABDULLAHI AHMED ASO RADIO 104 MR IBEH JOSEPH KAPITAL FM 105 NEBO OKECHUKWU KAPITAL FM 106 JOHNSON UDEANI NAN-PHOTO 107 LUKMAN SANI NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY 108 ANIFOWOSE KAFAYAT NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY 109 EMMANUEL O. ADAMS NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY 14 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO 110 AUGUSTINE ABULU ALEX DAILY TRUST NEWSPAPER 111 PATIENCE EMEZURU FMENV 112 CAROLINE DOKA FMENV ATTENDANCE LIST FOR WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS (Validation of Impact and Performance Indicators AND Development of Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, M&E) S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO. 1 MR MPEH SAMSON NOSDRA strongzenn@gmail.com 08055323879 2 MR SHEHU NDAMAN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT shehunda@yahoo.com 08032183322 3 MR OHIKHUEME CLEMENT REP DIRECTOR EA clemohi2013@gmail.com 08036352544 4 MR AGHA UKPAI AGHA NBMA ukpaison@yahoo.com 07086117730 5 MR WILLIAM E.O FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT etiwill@yahoo.com 07032881038 6 RAJI KABIRU NNPC kabiru.raji@nnpcgroup.com 08032941928 7 PHARM A. OGUNTUNDE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECH yome za@yahoo.com 07039863496 8 ABDULLAH HAFSAT FEDERAL DEPT OF FISHERIES hafsatabdullah@yahoo.com 08055010009 9 JIDDA D. MALLUM FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT jidda d@yahoo.com 08082906508 10 EMMANUEL FRIDAY OTU FEDERAL MINISTRY OF LAND HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT emmanuelotu30@yahoo.com 08037868643 15 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO. 11 MUKHTAR ALIYU GATAWA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES muktargatawa@yahoo.com 08035051716 12 ADEOLA JEGEDE NIPRD adeolajegede@yahoo.com 08077758116 13 A.F JACOB NESREA ayuba.jacob@nesrea.gov.ng 08034871241 14 ADEBISI S.O FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT sikeade4eva@yaho.com 07032743344 15 NATH-UTOH EBUNOLUWA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ebunoluwa2025@gmail.com 08155381261 16 AGBOR HAPPINESS NESREA happy4eva@yahoo.co.uk 08132109510 17 OKPE JERRY NIS FCT COMMAND okpe.jerry@yahoo.com 08034045421 18 TIJANI DANLADI SANUSI FEDERAL MINISTRY OF FINANCE tyjmar@yahoo.com 08026282626 19 AGBEJA F. GABRIEL NEW AGENCY OF NIGERIA fagab2000@yahoo.com 08052339048 20 OBUSEH MARTINS NAQS martinobuseh@yahoo.com 08023079217 21 UWECHI ALOZIE O. NAQS obiomauwechi@yahoo.com 08023238345 22 EWEJE O. M FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WOMEN AFFAIRS loistep1@yahoo.com 08032153246 23 BELGORE H. D MRS FEDERAL MINISTRY OF JUSTICE mail4hafsat@yahoo.com 08066105403 24 BELLO A.A FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVPT Atikuabdulkadir2@yahoo.com 08080902259 25 JONAH C. MOSES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE jonahcmoses@yahoo.co.uk 08022117447 26 ABULLAHI AHMED NABDA aahmed@yahoo.com 08025671290 27 ALAFARA I. ADEBAYO IWWMA ibrahimala@gmail.com 08130812459 28 DR FANIRAN. A NPC tayofaniran@hotmail.com 08035515017 16 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO. 29 ABDULRAHMAN OLUMOH FORESTRY KWARA STATE olumabdul@gmail.com 08055313744 30 MUSA HASSAN FORESTRY KATSINA STATE musahassan55@gmail.com 08034949578 31 ADESUSI ADESEYI OWOLABI FORESTRY ONDO STATE owolabiadesusi@yahoo.com 08033296226 31 ONWUCHI SABINA N. MRS FORESTRY IMO STATE onwuchisabina@yahoo.com 08037938733 32 ANUKWO MARK FORESTRY ENUGU STATE markanukwo@yahoo.com 08052567426 33 CHIFANG M. RIMAMMHANAT FORESTRY TARABA STATE 07059222517 34 IBRAHIM ABUBAKAR FORESTRY GOMBE STATE ibrahimdugge@gmail.com 08025477185 35 AHMED E. EGAIDE FORESTRY NASSARAWA STATE 08092257423 36 HARUNA IBRAHIM BIRNIWA FORESTRY JIGAWA STATE Giginyaidrisumar22@gmail.com 08037341028 37 ADELABU J. OLAWALE FORESTRY OYO STATE Laibjolawale@gmail.com 08163229747 38 OLUWOLE AKANDE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT akande.tunde78@gmail.com 08033029439 39 AHMED USMAN YAKASAI FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ahmedusmanyakasai@gmail.com 08028903208 40 OHIKHUEME CLEMENT OMOYEMI FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Clemohi2013@gmail.com 08036352544 41 JOHNSON ABOGUN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT 08188256895 42 AYODELE SAM E. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ayodelesam@gmail.com 08032109745 43 MOUSSA LEKO ECOWAS Dallou2009@gmail.com 08052424800 44 JOSEPH AKPOKODJE WORLD BANK jakpokodje@worldbank.com 08033740948 45 OMEZIKAM ONUOHA WORLD BANK oonuoh@worldbank.com 08106928160 17 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO. 46 STEPHEN M. AWOYEMI NCF Stephen.awoyemi@ncfnigeria.org 09028645954 47 MRS UCHE OBIERIKA WRADEC Wradec@gmail.com 08050990871 48 MR CHIGOZIE EZUMA VOLPO Marine ladior@yahoo.com 08180639682 49 MRS NGOZI UHEGBU RUDLA ruraldwellerslife@yahoo.com 08037111296 50 ONYEKWERE BLESSING FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT blessuchechiy@yahoo.com 08160313625 51 AUDU SIMEON O. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Simeyd2000@gmail.com 08023339698 52 ADEYEMI HAFSAT FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Adeyemihafsat58@gmail.com 07034943472 53 OSAKUADE T. MICHEAL FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT osakuat@yahoo.com 08066172915 54 DR MRS EHI-EBEWELE .E. FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT elizaehi@yahoo.com 08028120106 55 UBAH PHILOMINA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT favouredphil@gmail.com 08060421132 56 FALANA B.O MRS FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT benedisrael@gmail.com 57 JOHN K. AUTA FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Jkauta2007@yahoo.com 08023751134 58 JEMILAT IBRAHIM NIPRD sadiqoyene@yahoo.com 07036512604 59 HALIMA BAWA-BWARI FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT Halimabawab@yahoo.com 08033119734 60 PROF PHILIP O. PHIL-EZE BDCP Philip.phileze@unn.edu.ng 08038864101 61 PROF AUGUSTINE EZEALOR BDCP augustine ezealor@yahoo.com 08033562234 62 AGUGUA STEPHEN BDCP agiugua@yahoo.com 08067932711 63 DR MRS GLORIA OBUH NABDA gobioh@yahoo.com 08034007152 18 S/N0 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL PHONE NO. 64 DR AUSTRIA OTEGBULU BDCP austinotegbulu@yahoo.com 08033275725 65 PROF JOHNSON EKPERE BDCP jaekpere@yahoo.com 08033230430 66 BENSON IJEOMA BDCP b.ijeoma@gmail.com 08035990824 67 OPEYEMI TOLULOPE AJAYI BDCP opeyemibellos@yahoo.com 08055600394 68 AMAKA OLILI BDCP amakaolili@gmail.com 08067045655 69 UGOCHI UWANDU BDCP Ugy4all55@gmail.com 08067924386 70 CHARLES ANELE BDCP Charlesanelee@gmail.com 08070762103 71 MILDRED UDEAGBALA BDCP chymildy@gmail.com 08186137925 72 DR JOHN ONYEKURU FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT johnonyekuru@yahoo.com 08030882261 73 PRO MAURICE IWU BDCP Iwu.maurice@yahoo.com 74 PROF ELIJAH SOKOMBA BDCP esokomba@yahoo.com 08033185715