National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change for Nigeria

1.0 NATIONAL CONTEXT ....................................................................................... 10

1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Brief Country Overview............................................................................................ 12

2.0 GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................. 14

2.1 A Case for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change Actions ................................. 14

2.2 Gender in Climate Change Negotiations .................................................................... 15

3.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS: MANDATES AND POLICY RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENDER ................................................................................... 21

3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ................... 21

3.2 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) .............................................................................................................................. 21

3.3 Maputo Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa .................................................. 22

3.4 The Federal Ministry of Women Affairs .................................................................... 22

3.5 Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ............................................ 23

3.6 Nigerian Constitution ................................................................................................ 23 3.7 National Institutions with Mandates Related to Gender and or Environment ........... 24

3.8 Funding ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation.......................................................................................... 25

4.0 GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN ........................................ 26

4.1.0 Goal and Objectives ................................................................................................... 26

4.1.1 Goal ............................................................................................................................................... 26

4.1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.0 Priority Sectors .......................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1.0. Priority Sector 1: Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use ............................................................. 27

4.2.2.0 Priority Sector 2: Food Security and Health ............................................................................ 36

4.2.3.0 Priority Sector 3: Energy and Transport .................................................................................. 42

4.2.4.0 Priority Sector 4: Waste Management...................................................................................... 49

4.2.5.0 Priority Sector 5: Water and Sanitation .................................................................................... 53 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Federal Ministry of Environment wishes to express its profound gratitude to the organizations and persons who have contributed towards the development of the National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change for Nigeria. The development of this document was made possible with funding and technical support from the following organizations: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); Both ENDS; and Women Environmental Programme (WEP). We commend the leadership of Dr. Yerima P. Tarfa and Mrs. Halima Bawa- Bwari of Department of Climate Change (DCC), Federal Ministry of Environment and efforts of the staff, Mrs Busola Ajibola, Banke Olatubosun, Mrs. Gloria Zaka, and Women Environmental Programme (WEP): Anne-Marie Abaagu, John Baaki, and Evelyn Ugbe, for their tireless efforts at coordinating and contributing to the entire process of developing this Action Plan. We also acknowledge the valuable contributions of Dr. Priscilla Mbarumun Achakpa, Prof. Emmanuel Oladipo, Mrs. Elizabeth Jeiyol, Mrs. Comfort Owolabi, and Mrs. Nkiruka Okonkwo, for providing strategic guidance to the initial draft of the document. We will not forget to appreciate the constructive criticisms and feedback received from different Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of government at federal and state levels, the private sector, media, academia and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) at various consultations. Cover photograph and design Seun Cole 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2018 identified Nigeria as one of the countries vulnerable to climate change conditions. The negative impact of climate change is a threat to the social and economic realities of people living in Nigeria and its neighbouring countries. Despite Nigeria’s reliance on crude oil, a large percentage of the population (70%), especially women, are involved in agriculture and other economic activities. In addition, recent government policies are focused on agriculture as an economic development plan. It is pertinent to emphasize the reliance on rainfed agricultural practices, pastoral and nomadic animal husbandry activities, all dependent on favourable climate conditions and vulnerable negative impact of climate change. As such, the impact of climate change on agriculture, water resources and pastures affecting livelihoods impedes development activities and impacts on men and especially women who are economically dependent on agricultural activities. Hence, it could be argued that women are at the centre of human insecurity as it relates to climate change conditions, therefore the need for gender mainstreaming in policy development and implementation is key. Humanity has progressively come to recognize that females and males experience the impacts of climate change differently. There is a global consensus that gender inequalities worsen the coping and adaptive capacities of vulnerable groups especially women, children, youth, persons with disability, elderly people, farmers and grassroots communities. It has also been acknowledged that women and youths are important actors of change and holders of significant knowledge and skills related to mitigation, adaptation, and the reduction of risks in the face of climate change, making them crucial agents in this area. All these point to the imperative for a gender-responsive approach to addressing climate change issues from policy perspectives. Linking climate change to human development and particularly gendering its impacts remains crucial as its social consequences are not gender neutral, due to social inequalities which make males and females affected differently by climate change. 8 Gender mainstreaming could play a key role in policy development that targets mitigation and adaptation of climate change by ensuring that a gender equality perspective is adopted. Thus, when it comes to decision-making and implementation towards building resilient communities in the face of climate change, the full and meaningful participation of all groups become essential. In line with Nigeria’s intention to empower and respond to the needs of women in the context of climate change, this National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change focuses on effective strategies for integrating gender into the implementation of national climate change initiatives, including the Paris Agreement and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The Action Plan presents milestones for ensuring that in building a climate-resilient Nigeria, the important and critical roles of women, youth and other vulnerable groups are carried along in the implementation of relevant national policies and strategies. The Action Plan is based on a series of informed consultations with different stakeholders (Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies, CSOs, women, youth, farmers, persons with disability, elderly persons, among others) using inclusive participatory approaches. It will guide the implementation of gender and climate change-related policies, strategies, programmes, negotiations and actions at Federal, State and Local Government levels. Some of these policies and strategies include (i) National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change in Nigeria (NASPA-CCN 2011); (ii) Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy (2012); (iii) National Agricultural Resilience Framework (2014) ;(iv) Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016); and (v) National Gender Policy 2006 (revised 2015). Other related policy instruments include (vi) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and its Sectoral Plans. The implementation of the Action Plan will be governed by a participatory research involving the government at all levels, academic and research institutions, CSOs, particularly women and youth groups, private sector and other non-state actors, as well as development partners. The priority sectors covered by this Action Plan include: Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use; Food Security and Health; Energy and Transport; Waste Management; Water and Sanitation. The Action Plan covers the period 2020-2025. 9

1.0 NATIONAL CONTEXT

1.1 Introduction The impact of climate change is reflected in Nigeria’s economy and environment. This is evident in records of violent competition for land by herders and farmers, flooding and high temperatures amongst other factors. These effects vary from year to year and is reflected across the different regions of the country. Nigeria currently faces serious climate change-related environmental security problems including landslides, erosion, desertification, drought and heat waves all of which combine to cause stress on natural resources (land, water, forests) and infrastructure. This in turn affects livelihoods of communities especially farmers, poor households and families, dependent on natural resources for survival. It is evident that the risk of climate change impacts differently on different demographics in the country. Vulnerable groups especially women, children, farmers, persons with disability, elderly persons and youths commonly face higher risks and greater burdens from the impacts of climate change in situations of poverty. Their limited participation in decision-making processes and labour markets deepen inequalities and often prevent them from fully contributing to climate-related planning, policy-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2007 Assessment Report confirmed that the impacts of climate change will vary depending on gender, age and class1. Women are the majority of the world’s poor and are more often responsible for household food production, family health and nutrition, and management of natural resources—sectors that are particularly sensitive to climate change.2 The same is indicative of Nigerian women.3 Women are not only victims, they are also 1 IPCC (2007).Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. London: Cambridge University Press 2 UN Women (2017). UN Women and the World Bank Unveil New Data Analysis on Women and Poverty. Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/11/news-un- women-and-the-world-bank-unveil-new-data-analysis-on-women-and-poverty [accessed 5th November 2019] 3 National Bureau of Statistics (2011). National Poverty Rates for Nigeria: 2003-04 and 2009- 10. Available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/National%20Poverty%20Rates%20for%20Nigeria %202003-04%20(Revised)%20and%202009-10.pdf [accessed 5th November 2019] 10 agents of change and have unique knowledge and capabilities. Advocating for their inclusion in leadership to address climate change and influence policy is one way to ensure that a gender perspective is included; without this, climate policies could fail to be effective (United Nations Population Fund 2018)4. Discourses on gender equality/inequality has been a source of debate at the global level. This is reflected in various international conferences targeted towards promoting the status of women. This same is reflected in Nigeria, where different platforms and agencies sponsored by state and non-state actors are set up to promote the inclusion of women in all sectors. More recently, emphasis has been placed on gender mainstreaming, ensuring that both men and women’s unique needs are reflected in policy formulation and implementation.6 Despite increased awareness of gender mainstreaming, there exist disparities between men and women, especially in the socio-economic and socio-political sphere. For example, The National Bureau of Statistics in 2018 records 59.3% literacy level for women as opposed to 70.9% literacy level for men. In addition, women employees in civil service was recorded at 38.16% as opposed to men employees 68.84% in 2016. The same is reflected in the political sphere where men constitute 94.71% of the National Parliament, from 1999 – 2015.5 The underlying issue is the imbalance between men and women representation in the social, political and economic sphere. This contributes to the issue of gender as a criterion in policy formulation and implementation. From the statistics above, it is evident that women are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change in Nigeria. The low representation of women in parliament accounts for absence of gender-sensitive legislations, while their low economic and literacy level limits their adaptive capacity compared to men. 4 United Nations Population Fund (2018) ‘Strategic Plan: 2018- 2021’ available from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/18-044_UNFPA-SP2018-EN_2018-03-12- 1244_0.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 5 National Bureau for Statistics (2018) ‘Statistical Report on Women and Men in Nigeria’ available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/Women_Men_Publication%20_SG%20FN.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019]. 11 In the agricultural sector, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations records that women constitute a significant majority of smallholder producers and contributes 60-79% to the agricultural value chain for food production, processing and marketing (FAO CPF, 2012-2017).6 The World Bank indicates that across the nation, 60% male- headed households and 48% female-headed households participate in Agriculture. African Development Bank (AfDB) has indicated that Nigerian women contribute 70% of agricultural workforce.7 According to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) women account for 75% of the farming population in Nigeria.8 Women are heavily involved in the production and trading of agricultural products both in the rural and urban areas. They are also involved in the fishing and animal husbandry. The above shows that women and men in Nigeria are affected differently by the impacts of climate change on agriculture occasioned by extreme weather events based on their different levels of involvement in the sector.

1.2 Brief Country Overview • The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in West Africa and accounts for over 47% of the region’s population. It has a growing population of 198 million, females making up 48% of the population. • The country has a tropical climate, wet and dry seasons, with the wet season lasting long in the south-eastern part of the country. • Nigeria has a rich vegetation, freshwater swamps, dense tropical rainforests as well as rich in diverse wildlife. A landmass of 923,763 km2 6 FAO(2019) ‘A New Approach for Mainstreaming Sustainable Food and Agriculture in the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals’ available from http://www.fao.org/3/ca5776en/CA5776EN.pdf [accessed 25th September 2019] 7 African Development Bank (2019) ‘African Development Bank Flagship Reports’ available from https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/african-development-bank-publications-catalogue- september-2019 [accessed 25th September 2019] 8 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2015) ‘National Agricultural Resilience Framework’ available from https://fmard.gov.ng/wp- content/uploads/2018/04/NARF-Main-document.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 12 • Crude oil exports are the main source of revenue, agriculture accounts for 25% of GDP and nearly 60% of labour. Small scale manufacturing contributes to 10% GDP. • Weak human capital due to under-investment and ranked by the World Bank 152 out of 157 countries in human capital index. The country has a literacy level of 59.6% in 2015. • Agricultural activities affected by conflict and climate change conditions. Source: Nigerian Information Portal (2019).9 9 Nigerian Government, Information Portal (2019) available from http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30 [accessed 10th October 2019] 13

2.0 GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2.1 A Case for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change Actions Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies and programmes in all areas and at all levels.10 It is a strategy for making women as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all social, economic and environmental spheres, so that women and men gain equality by transforming the mainstream. It does not entail developing separate women’s projects within work programmes, or even women’s components within existing activities in the work programmes.8 It only requires that attention is given to gender perspectives as an integral part of all activities across all programmes. This involves making gender perspectives – what women and men do and the resources and decision-making processes they have access to - more central to all policy development, research, project development, planning, implementation and monitoring of norms and standards. Gender mainstreaming includes gender-specific activities and affirmative action, whenever women or men are in a particularly disadvantageous position. Gender- specific interventions can target women exclusively, men and women together, or only men, to enable them to participate in and benefit equally from development efforts.11 These are necessary temporary measures designed to combat the direct and indirect consequences of past discrimination. Mainstreaming is not about adding a woman's component or even a gender equality component into an existing activity.11 It goes beyond increasing women's participation; it means bringing the experience, knowledge, and interests of women and men to bear on the development agenda. In all ramifications, gender 10 United Nations Development Program (2007) ‘Gender Mainstreaming, A Key Driver of Development in Environment and Energy’ available from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/Sustainable %20Energy/Gender_Mainstreaming_Training_Manual_2007.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 14 mainstreaming is the integration of the gender perspective into every stage of policy process – design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation – with a view to promoting equality between women and men.11 In the case of climate change, it means assessing how climate-related policies impact the life and position of both women and men and taking responsibility to reassess them if necessary. The Government of Nigeria is committed to adopting gender mainstreaming into climate change policies and programmes and is working with relevant stakeholders to develop innovative strategies to ensure a gender-sensitive and responsive action plan for climate change planning and programming. Recognizing the need for gender mainstreaming in the implementation of the Paris Agreement and Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the Federal Ministry of Environment (through the Department of Climate Change) with support from Women Environmental Programme (WEP) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) organized a 2-day National Stakeholders Consultative Workshop on Gender and Climate Change in July 2016. The workshop brought together key stakeholders from Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Media, academia, youth, gender experts, and farmers to develop a strategic approach to mainstreaming gender in national response to climate change in Nigeria. The workshop laid the background to the development of the National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change, which will guide effective consideration of gender issues in Nigeria’s response to climate change.

2.2 Gender in Climate Change Negotiations The global concern for gender mainstreaming into mitigating and adapting to climate change is manifested in various gender clauses included in the various decisions of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC, like a number of multilateral environmental instruments, did not include any reference to gender in its initiating provisions.11 As a result, there has been on-going advocacy by women and gender constituency groups to mend this deficiency. Since 2001, with a provision on gender and representation in the Marrakech decision, the COP to the UNFCCC has been slowly taking actions towards the goal of gender equality. Decision 36/CP.7 - improving the participation of women 15 in the representation of Parties in bodies established under the Convention or the Kyoto Protocol urged ‘Parties to take the measures necessary to enable women to participate fully in all levels of decision making relevant to climate change’ and invited Parties to consider the nomination of women for elective posts in any body established under the Convention or the Kyoto Protocol. Since then, a number of COP decisions (as indicated in Figure 1) have built on the initial early decision culminating in Decision 23/CP.18, which states the decision to promote gender balance and improve the participation of women in UNFCCC negotiations and in the representation of parties in bodies established pursuant to the convention or Kyoto protocol. COP-13, held in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007, clearly underlined the commitments of Member States concerning climate change. Parties also formulated the Bali Action Plan, a crucial framework to begin negotiations to reach a global agreement on climate change by the end of 2009. The Bali Action Plan affirmed that an effective approach to climate change includes mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing. The Bali conference led toward the promotion of gender equality in the framework of the UNFCCC. The 2010 Cancun Decision 1/CP.16 (para 7)11 recognized gender equality and the 11United Nations Climate Change (2018) ‘Twelve Session of the Conference of the Parties’ available from 16 effective participation of women and indigenous peoples as important for effective action on all aspects of climate change. In addition, there are explicit provisions on gender in the governing instruments, institutional mandates and frameworks of UNFCCC institutions and bodies, such as the governing instrument of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Cancun Adaptation Framework. The Durban (2011) COP decisions as well as the governing instrument of the GCF all have explicit gender references. The Doha 2012 decision marked the high point in this trend by marking a goal of gender balance in representation and establishing gender among the standing items of the COP agenda in the widely lauded Gender Decision entitled, Promoting Gender Balance and Improving the Participation of Women in UNFCCC Negotiations and in the Representation of Parties in Bodies Established Pursuant to the Convention or the Kyoto Protocol. The COP sought to address gender equality in the UNFCCC by further deciding ‘to enhance decision 36/CP.7 by adopting a goal of gender balance in bodies established pursuant to the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, in order to improve women's participation and inform more effective climate change policy that addresses the needs of women and men equally. This decision, generally referred to as the ‘gender decision’, thus significantly advances the issue of gender balance in the UNFCCC by inviting parties to commit to the goal of gender balance, by inter alia, nominating women to bodies established under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol with the aim of a gradual but significant increase in the participation of women towards achieving the goal of gender balance. It also invites parties to strive for gender balance in their delegations to sessions under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. The gender decision recognized ‘women’s equitable participation as a procedural right, while gender equitable outcomes of UNFCCC decisions would be recognized as a goal in its own right’. The decision set in motion a number of concrete steps to promote gender balance, including the issue of the under participation of women in climate governance in the UNFCCC process. It also http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/doha_nov_2012/decisions/application/pdf/cop18_gender.pdf. [accessed July 2019] 17 highlights the broader issue of ensuring more effective climate change policy that addresses the needs of women and men equally. The latter points to a comprehensive approach to gender and climate change, including further examination and enhancing the understanding of the gender dimensions of climate change. These include understanding the impacts of climate change and climate variability and the outcomes of the strategic responses to climate change in the form of adaptation and mitigation on women’s and men’s lives and livelihoods, gender equality and the overall empowerment of women. Significantly addressing the issue of gender balance and women’s participation in climate governance and ensuring that climate change policy addresses the needs of women and men equally also must explicitly focus on the issue of the flow of adequate and predictable financing for climate change strategies at both the international and the national levels. The decision however did not specify pathways and strategies for how to improve the participation of women in UNFCCC institutions or how to promote gender-sensitive climate policies, a thread running through the decision. Rather, the decision left these matters to be addressed by the Parties through submissions as well as to be further discussed in the context of an in- session workshop on gender for COP 19 and in future discussions on gender and climate change as a standing item on the agenda of the COP. Parties at COP 20 in December 2014 under Decision 18/CP.20 established the two-year Lima work programme on gender, mandating a shift in the focus of the agenda item from concepts to implementation recognising that the adverse effects of climate change have a range of direct and indirect implications for the effective integration of gender. The effects of climate change will be felt most acutely by those segments of the population that are already vulnerable owing to geography, gender, age, indigenous or minority status and disability. The two- year work programme moves the focus of the agenda item from concepts to implementation in recognition of a gap in information and understanding among Parties about what gender-responsive climate policy looks like. Decisions are important however the full and appropriate implementation of these policies are important. Governments, practitioners, gender experts and other partners have a unique opportunity to start implementing these policies appropriately and fully taking strides towards changing paradigms that set a step closer to living in a just world that promotes and protects gender responsiveness and the integrity of the environment. 18 The 2014 Lima implementation in-sessions workshops and technical papers identified entry points for gender considerations in the following UNFCCC processes: National Communications (NCs), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). New processes arising from the Paris Agreement (NDCs) tools and guidelines analyse gender mainstreaming framework outlining 5 steps and/or actions where gender considerations should be included throughout policy/project/programme process: Gender analysis, Project/programme/policy preparation and design, Gender-responsive budgeting, Implementation, Monitoring and evaluation. The 44th session of the Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI 44) expressed its support for the continuation and enhancement of the Lima Work Programme and urged Parties and observer organizations to enhance the work programme by 29 August 2016, considering recommendations and insights resulting from the activities. The Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015 during COP 21 to UNFCCC in Paris, France. It was signed at a high-level signature ceremony on April 22, 2016. Nigeria signed the Agreement in September 2016. Articles 12 – 36 of the Paris Agreement provides for the submission and communication of the NDCs in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the intended nationally determined contributions. Article 17 emphasizes the need for greater emission reduction efforts than those associated with the NDCs in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ˚C above pre- industrial levels by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ˚C above pre- industrial levels by reducing to a level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21. Article 18 recognizes the adaptation needs expressed by many developing country Parties in their NDCs. Article 27 provides that the information to be provided by Parties communicating their NDCs, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, may include: quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), timeframes and/or periods for implementation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodological approaches including those 19 for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and as appropriate, removals, and how the Party considers that its NDCs are fair and ambitious, in the light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. At the Regional level, the 23rd African Union Summits of Head of States and Governments Decision on the High-Level Work Programme on Climate Change Action in Africa (WPCCAA) Assembly/AU/Dec.538(XXIII), Malabo 2014 recognizes the need for the elaboration of gender and youth engagement within the climate change negotiations. This led to the Committee of African Heads of States on Climate Change (CAHOSCC) and Gender and Youth Meeting on Climate Change, organized by the African Union Commission and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Nairobi, Kenya, from June 7 – 10, 2016. Key recommendations from the meetings included: (i) integration, capacity building and financing women and youth participation in climate change negotiation processes at national, regional and international levels; and (ii) need for creation of a CAHOSCC Youth Group of Negotiators (CYGN) to be integrated in national and regional government delegations to climate negotiations especially ahead of COP 22 in Morocco, in November 2016. Other recommendations of the meeting included (i) support for creative climate change projects led by women and youth; (ii) simplification and translation of NDCs for access and understanding by citizens; (iii) capacity building of women and youth on the NDCs; (iv) undertaking needs assessment and developing blueprints on risks, vulnerabilities, adaptive capacity and local technology for integrating youth and women into climate change adaptation and mitigation measures; (v) ensuring qualitative representation of women and youth in negotiations, government/CSOs delegation to COPs; (vi) and engaging youth in climate change plans, programmes and actions especially research, capacity building, technology development and transfer, policy advocacy, public engagement, monitoring and evaluation. 20

3.0 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS: MANDATES AND POLICY RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND GENDER

3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNFCCC is an international environment treaty established in 1992. Amongst other goals, it is focused on facilitating inter-governmental climate change negotiations, providing technical expertise and assisting in the analysis and review of climate change information reported by Parties and in the implementation of the Kyoto mechanism.12 Nigeria signed the Convention on Climate Change on the 9th of June 1992 and ratified it on the 15 April 1994. Nigeria also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 10 th December 2004, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement on 22nd September 2016 and 16th May 2017 respectively.

3.2 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) The Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty of the United Nations aimed at ensuring the equal rights of men and women to enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights. Entered into force in 1981, Nigeria ratified the CEDAW on 23rd August 1984. Nigeria agreed to implement all appropriate measures, including legislation and temporary special measures, to ensure that women’s human rights and fundamental freedoms are protected. It may be impossible for Nigeria to achieve the goal of CEDAW if effective strategies are not put in place to address climate change and other challenges in a gender-sensitive manner. Since the impacts of climate change undermine full enjoyment of rights that CEDAW aims to guarantee and lead to unequal access to United Nations Climate Change Conference (2019) ‘Climate Change Action 12 Summit 2019’ available from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-summit- 2019.shtml [accessed 4th November 2019] 21 these rights by different groups in the society, the implementation of CEDAW has to take into account the climate change challenge.

3.3 Maputo Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa The Maputo Protocol, as it is commonly referred to, is the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. The Protocol which supplements the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights provides for a comprehensive set of human rights for African women. Nigeria ratified the Protocol in 2004 after its adoption in 2003. Unlike any other women’s human rights instrument, the Maputo Protocol details wide-ranging and substantive human rights for women covering the entire spectrum of civil and political, economic, social and cultural as well as environmental rights13. Article 18 of the Protocol calls on State Parties to ensure women have the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment, while article 15 and 19 provide for right to food security and right to sustainable development respectively. These rights cannot be achieved in the face of the climate change challenges. Maputo Protocol therefore is an important instrument that will contribute to addressing climate change thereby ensuring rights of women to healthy and sustainable environment, food security and sustainable development.

3.4 National Gender Policy The National Gender Policy is designed to address the issues of imbalance in the opportunities available to women in relation to men. The policy aims at 13 Women, Gender and Development Directorate (WGDD)of the African Union. Maputo Protocol on Women’s Rights: A Living Document for Women’s Human Rights in Africa. Retrieved at https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/31520-doc- maputo_protocol_on_women_rights_a_living_document_for_women_human_rights_in_afri ca_submitted_by_the_women_gender_and_development_directorate_wgdd_of_the_africa n_union_commission.pdf 22 dismantling barriers that limit women’s access to and control over resources in order to enable them break out of the poverty cycle and become more active economic agents. The goal of the policy is to build a just society devoid of discrimination where the needs and concerns of women, men, girls and boys are mainstreamed equitably into all sectors of national development, by developing and utilizing the capabilities and capacities of women who make up half of the nation’s population.

3.5 Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Nigeria produced its NDCs to reduce greenhouse gas emission following the adoption of a new climate change agreement at 21st session of the COP to the UNFCCC in Paris, in December 2015. NDCs is a country specific pledge to reduce carbon emissions, which is an obligation of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. Nigeria’s main target for its NDC is 20% unconditional and 45% conditional green-house gas emission reduction by 2030. The key priority sectors of Nigeria’s NDCs include – Agriculture and Land Use, Power, Transport, Energy, Oil and Gas. The idea is to adapt this plan in key areas – Agriculture, Disaster Risk Management, Education, Energy, Environment, Health, Forestry, Urban, and Water. The Department of Climate Change of the Federal Ministry of Environment in a bid to achieve the NDC has developed the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, in addition was the development of the Nigeria’s Sovereign Green Bond in 2017.

3.6 Nigerian Constitution The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) as Amended places obligation on the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wildlife of Nigeria. The Constitution also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of place of origin, sex, religion, status, ethnic or linguistic association or ties. The above implies that, the State or agencies acting on its behalf, while protecting and improving the environment should not put some groups at disadvantage based on their sex, religion or ethnicity. This conforms to the principle of sustainable development, which is one of the principles guiding the UNFCCC. Based on the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution on environmental protection and preservation and non-discrimination, it will be right to say that the National Action 23 Plan on Gender and Climate Change will greatly contribute to fulfilling the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution.

3.7 National Institutions with Mandates Related to Gender and or Environment • The Federal Ministry of Environment amongst other mandates, is focused on taking actions regarding climate change. It is designated the National Focal Point (NFP) for the implementation of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, a responsibility executed by its Department of Climate Change which was established by a Presidential directive in 2007 (and formerly known as Special Climate Change Unit SCCU) to undertake and coordinate the national implementation of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol activities in Nigeria. • Federal Ministry of Women Affairs is established to advise government on gender and children issues with a view to promote and develop equal rights for women. • National Centre for Women Development, established in 1995 focuses on promoting gender research, gender mainstreaming, training and documentation. • National Council of Women Societies (NCWS), established in 1959, focuses on improving the welfare, progress and standard of living in Nigeria and to increase women participation in socio-economic activities. • Other key government ministries and agencies involved in response to climate change include; Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, National Emergency Management Agency, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports, Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change, and Nigeria Meteorological Agency.

3.8 Funding Funds to implement the National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change would be sourced from National and State budgets, Private sector, 24 CSOs; global finance agencies such as Global Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Adaptation Funds (AF), Development partners such as UNDP, World Bank (WB), Africa Development Bank (AfDB) and other climate funding institutions.

3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of this Action Plan will be coordinated by the Federal Ministry of Environment and the internal monitoring and evaluation systems of the responsible institutions and partners including the civil society. 25

4.0 GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN

4.1.0 Goal and Objectives

4.1.1 Goal The goal of the Action Plan is to ensure that national climate change processes in Nigeria mainstream gender considerations to guarantee inclusivity of all demographics in the formulation and implementation of climate change initiatives, programs and policies.

4.1.2 Objectives i. Increase the understanding of climate change impact among women, youth and other vulnerable groups through evidence-based vulnerability analysis and dissemination. ii. Promote mainstreaming of gender in all policies, programs and processes of climate change management in various sectors of the economy. iii. Advocate the integration of gender concerns and gender-responsive innovative approaches in the implementation of the Paris Agreement and Nigeria’s NDCs. iv. Increase participation of vulnerable groups especially women, youth and persons with disability in climate change policies and negotiations at local, state, national and international levels. v. Promote the implementation of gender responsive and sustainable adaptation and mitigation initiatives that will minimise risks associated with climate change while maximising opportunities for women, men, youth and other vulnerable groups. vi. Establish a gender responsive monitoring and evaluation system for the collection and regular dissemination of sex disaggregated data on climate change issues. 26 vii. Promote the mobilization of climate finance to implement gender-sensitive adaptation initiatives to enhance the resilience of women, youth and other vulnerable groups. viii. Strengthen capacity of the Department of Climate Change for gender mainstreaming in the overall national climate change response. ix. Provide a uniform implementation guide and platform for partnerships building and coordination among key stakeholders working on gender and climate change in Nigeria.

4.2.0 Priority Sectors This National Action Plan is focused on five key priority sectors indicated in the NDC and the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP). They include: Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use, Food Security and Health, Energy and Transportation, Waste Management, Water and Sanitation. The overall objective is to mainstream gender concerns into Nigeria’s climate-related policies, ensuring access to, participation in, contributions towards and benefits for the diverse group of stakeholders for the sustainable and equitable development of Nigeria.

4.2.1.0. Priority Sector 1: Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use

4.2.1.1 Situation Analysis Agriculture is an important aspect of Nigeria’s economy and accounts for about 22.86% of GDP.10 Even though only about 32 million hectares of land are under cultivation, agriculture contributes significantly to employment, food production and export. Agriculture is the source of food and provides employment opportunities to 37% of the country’s population,14 with strong linkages to other sectors through downstream activities such as agro-processing, consumption and export, providing raw materials to industries and providing a market for manufactured goods. 14 Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (2016) ‘LSMS-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture General Household Survey Panel’ available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/GHS_Panel_Survey_Report_W3_2015_16%20.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 27 Food security is a major priority for the Nigerian government in sync with the objectives set out in both the ERGP and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). An estimated 55% of the population in Nigeria live in rural areas where their livelihoods depend predominantly on agriculture.14 The agricultural sector in Nigeria is of importance due to its contribution to the national economy and the employment opportunities that it generates. In 2017, the agricultural sector accounted for 22.86% of the GDP.15 Women constitute a substantial part of the agricultural labour force (75%)16 in a sector that is largely characterised by smallholder farmers that mostly cultivate rain-fed farms. The major constraint facing the agricultural sector is the declining labour and land productivity as a result of the use of poor technology and an over- dependence on unreliable and irregular weather conditions that is aggravated by the effects of climate change, which lead to livestock and crops failure impacting negatively on dependent communities. Agricultural growth is strongly reliant on environmental resources such as land, forest and water. The sustainable use of these resources is vital for the growth and sustainability of the sector. Nigeria is endowed with rich forestland and biodiversity; the forest area is valued at 7.68% of the country.1 The forest encompasses three vegetation types: the swamp forest, tropical rain forest and secondary regrowth which are all found in the southern part of the country and some game reserves in the northern part of country. The forests in Nigeria are an important source of food, medicine, income for local people and raw materials industries. Deforestation is currently a major challenge in Nigeria, with an annual deforestation rate of 3.5%.10 Lumbering, animal grazing, fuelwood and charcoal production are the major drivers of deforestation in Nigeria. Due to the link between forests and climate change, there are concerns about the unsustainability of current levels and processes of extraction and consumption of forest products. 15 National Bureau of Statistics (2017) ‘Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report’ available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/GDP_Report_Q3_2017%20(2).pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 16 Food and Agriculture Organisation by the United Nations (2018) ‘Country Gender Assessment Series; National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods: Nigeria’ available from http://www.fao.org/3/CA0818EN/ca0818en.pdf [accessed 18th November 2019] 28 As such, efforts have been made by the federal and state governments to protect the forests and engage the forestry sector to conserve the forest and support forest- dependent communities with alternative sources of livelihoods. The effects of climate change on the agriculture, forestry and land use are projected to be experienced gradually through impact on both land and water.10 Changes in the occurrence and intensity of droughts and flooding are being experienced in Nigeria. Climate change is also expected to result in long-term water and other resource shortages, land degradation, drought and desertification, disease and pest outbreaks. These will lead to changes in land use, and transition of forests to grasslands, leading to loss in biodiversity. 29

4.2.1.2 Action Plan: Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Objectives Action Steps and Timeline Indicators Responsible Outcome 2020-2022 2023-2025 Institution Build and Conduct capacity Conduct capacity Number of capacity Federal and State Increased institutional strengthen assessment of development trainings for assessments Ministries of capacity on gender related institutional institutions at federal federal and states conducted and Agriculture climate change issues understanding and state levels on institutions on gender institutions involved. on gender and gender and climate mainstreaming in policies Federal and State More policies, regulations climate change. change awareness and and programmes Ministries of and programs of institutions application. Number of persons Environment. integrate gender and Review existing and trained climate change concerns. develop new policies and disaggregated by sex Federal and State regulations for institutions Ministries of Women to mainstream gender and Affairs climate change. Number of capacity development National Bureau of trainings conducted Statistics for institutions Relevant Gender Number of policies Agencies. and regulations reviewed to reflect Universities and gender and climate Research Centres. concerns. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 30 Improve Conduct baseline Construction and Number of baseline Federal and State Increased efficiency and agriculture study on agriculture rehabilitation of dams, studies conducted on Ministries of productivity of smallholder related infrastructure needs of irrigation and water infrastructure needs Agriculture and Rural farmers especially women infrastructure men and women. harvesting and storage of women and men. Development. to adapt to the systems especially in effects of drought-prone Federal and State climate change. communities. Number of Ministries of constructed/rehabilit Environment. ated agriculture Provision of agro- infrastructure by Federal and State processing and storage categories. Ministries of Works and facilities to smallholder Housing. farmers groups especially women Number of storage Federal and State and processing Ministries of Science facilities provided to and Technology Construction and smallholder farmers rehabilitation of dams, groups Civil Society irrigation and water Organisations harvesting and storage Number of systems especially in smallholder farmers Academia drought-prone communities groups accessing processing and Research Institutions storage facilities Enhance local Build capacities of Conduct practical trainings Number of men and Federal and State Enhanced protection and communities’ women and men in for communities on women involved in Ministries of preservation of forests and participation in gender-sensitive sustainable agricultural planning, Agriculture and Rural sustainable use of forestry and planning, practices and forest implementation, Development. agricultural lands implementation, management monitoring and 31 agricultural monitoring and evaluation of Federal and State sector. evaluation of agricultural and Ministries of agricultural and Provide alternative forestry Environment. forestry livelihoods for women and programs/projects. programs/projects. youth in agricultural and Civil Society forest-dependent Organisations communities Number of trainings conducted on sustainable Federal and State agriculture and Ministries of Women forest management Affairs Federal and State Number of Ministries of Youths communities trained on sustainable agriculture and forest management Number of women and youth that acquire alternative sources of livelihood. Encourage Establish a funding Number of women Federal and State More women leaders women to - mechanism and benefitting from the Ministries of Education emerge in the agriculture acquire formal scholarships for women in scholarship and forestry sector to make advance agriculture and forestry mechanism and Federal and State decisions concerning their education in enrolled in Ministries of needs in the sector. agriculture and agricultural and Environment. forestry. forestry institutions 32 Federal and State Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development. Federal Ministry of Information. Federal and State Ministries of Women Affairs Civil Society Organisation. Media 33 Ensure gender- Conduct capacity Monitor institutions budget Gender and climate Federal Ministry of Increased budgetary responsive building for for gender-responsive change Finance. allocation to gender- budgeting. institutions on gender- implementation. mainstreamed in sensitive programmes and responsive budgeting budget National Centre for projects. Women Development. Increased number of Federal and State projects targeting Ministries of Budget women and other and National Planning. vulnerable groups. Federal and State Ministries of Number of Environment budgeting officers from different institutions trained on gender budgeting Number of trainings conducted on gender budgeting Ensure Conduct advocacy and Number of Federal and State Increased access to land by women’s rights sensitization to traditional and Ministries of women to land traditional and religious leaders Agriculture and Rural ownership religious leaders to engaged in Development. support women’s right advocacies to to land ownership support women’s 34 right to land Federal and State ownership Ministries of Women Affairs Number of advocacies and Federal and State sensitizations Ministries of Lands and conducted Housing Federal and State Ministries of Environment. Civil Society Organisations. 35

4.2.2.0 Priority Sector 2: Food Security and Health

4.2.2.1 Situation Analysis Food security and climate change are ranked among the two major global challenges faced by humanity.17 Climate change impacts directly on food security, thereby worsening the dangerous situation of those already impacted by food insecurity globally through droughts, excessive rainfall, wind and salinity. Coupled with the challenge of dwindling or limited resources needed for sustainable food security, the issue of food insecurity is high. 13 Climate change will make it harder to overcome them, as it reduces the productivity of the majority of existing food systems and harms the livelihood of those already vulnerable to food insecurity. Population growth in Nigeria is increasing at a steady pace and will be accompanied by unprecedented rates of urbanization. The outcome will be rapid growth in demand for food, additionally, government policies to raise the share of biofuels in energy consumption increases the challenges to Nigeria’s collective ability to achieve sustainable food security. The women, the poor and other vulnerable groups are likely to be at risk of food insecurity as a result of climate change. Significantly, the effects of climate change on human society and the ability to mitigate and adapt to them are also impacted by social factors such as gender. In relation to public health, more frequent and severe extreme events are expected to have largely adverse effects on key determinants of human health, including clean air and water, sufficient food and adequate shelter, which will aggravate 17 Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (2008) ‘Climate Change and Food Security: A Framework Document’ available from http://www.fao.org/3/k2595e/k2595e00.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 36 existing inequalities.18 Gender-sensitive assessments and gender-responsive interventions have the potential to enhance health and to provide more effective climate change mitigation and adaptation. The FMARD projects that the demand for staple food will increase by more than 50% as a result of the growing population, effects of climate change and structural challenges – funding, farm supplies etcetera.10 Efficient production of these crops requires stable climate conditions. However, there has been a reduction in crop production in Nigeria due to increase of surface temperature associated with the global warming. Climate change will affect ecosystems productivity in Nigeria and will erode employment and livelihood opportunities of the people depending on ecosystem services. Climate risks will also have severe implications for household consumption. Much of the economic losses occur outside of agriculture, particularly in the downstream agriculture processing sectors.14 This implies that both rural and urban households are adversely affected, and per capita consumption is projected to fall for both farm and non-farm households.14 The pressure on agricultural production may result in under-nutrition significantly impacting on overall public health. The main effects of climate change on health will include an increase in primary vulnerabilities: water and air borne diseases, food insecurities, heat and cold-related illnesses and under nutrition being amongst the most significant.14 Unavailability and limited access to safe water, in particular during the dry period, is an additional threat. The impact of climate change on human health depends critically on the success to adapt to climate change in the other sectors. Effective health care systems, implementing water and sanitation programs and widening the coverage of proven and accessible public health interventions to control climate sensitive diseases, would not only significantly accelerate progress towards the achievement of health-related Sustainable Development Goals, but also reduce the vulnerability of the health sector. 18 World Health Organisation (2012) ‘Gender Climate Change and Health’ available from https://www.who.int/globalchange/GenderClimateChangeHealthfinal.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 37 The health sector in general has been slow to perceive the enormous significance of global climate change and response measures. Therefore, it is pertinent that programs and policy direction is given with regards to climate change and health. These could include: • Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change as central part of public health services. • Short, medium and long research on the adverse effects of climate change on health. • Public awareness programs on climate change impacts on health. • Development of an advanced preparedness plan. • Partnership across the society and with global community in order to safeguard and enhance national as well as global public health security issues. 38

4.2.2.2 Action Plan: Food Security and Health Objectives Action Steps and Timeline Indicators Responsible Outcome 2020-2022 2023-2025 Institution Integrate climate Conduct capacity building Update existing health Number of capacity Federal and State Health policies change and on integrating climate policy framework to include building workshops Ministries of Health. and programs that gender in national change and gender issues gender and climate change conducted for health integrate gender sector agencies health policy and in the health sector for linkages. Federal and State and climate programs. health sector agencies Number of Ministries of change concerns. workshops/consultations Information. Raise awareness among conducted and policy makers and actors knowledge materials National Orientation in the health sector on the (pamphlets, drama, Agency. interlinkages between radio, tv jingles and video documentaries) health, climate change and Federal and State produced on health, gender. gender and climate Ministries of Women change. Affairs Health policies updated National Centre for to integrate climate and Women Development. gender concerns. Federal and State Ministries of Environment. Media. 39 Traditional Leaders. Civil Society Organisations. Ensure Conduct livelihood Conduct livelihood training Number of livelihood Federal and State Enhance adaptive alternative training for women in 3 for women in 3 geopolitical trainings conducted. Ministries of Women capacities of livelihood geopolitical zones zones Affairs women affected opportunities for Number of women who by climate change women affected benefit from the Federal and State by climate change livelihood trainings Ministries of in urban and Environment. rural settings. Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development. Civil Society Organisations. To promote Train and employ more Implement mobile health Number of health Federal and State Enhanced gender sensitive female health workers to services in hard to reach workers trained to Ministries of Health. capacity of health care respond to women health communities. respond to climate- healthcare delivery services needs. induced illnesses. Federal and State professionals to that relate to Ministries of Finance. handle climate- climate change. Number of female induced diseases. workers employed to 40 Increase budgetary respond to climate Federal and State allocation specifically to change related diseases. Ministries of Women address women’s health. Affairs Amount of budget increased and spent on women’s health. National Centre for Women Development. Federal and State Ministries of Environment. Improve disease Training of women Establish a disease Surveillance system in Federal Ministry of Reduction of surveillance and community nurses to surveillance system in the community Health mortality and control program. address climate change communities in the hands of established and handled State and Local morbidity due to related diseases. women. by women. Government working climate change in the Health Sector. related diseases Number of community Civil Society health extension workers Organisations. (CHEW) trained to handle climate change National Centre for related diseases. Women Development. . Community Midwives. 41

4.2.3.0 Priority Sector 3: Energy and Transport

4.2.3.1 Situation Analysis Energy consumption in Nigeria is rapidly increasing as a result of ongoing economic and population growth. Records of consumption patterns signal an alarm for the country’s future economic development and energy security.19 Hydroelectricity constitutes the primary source of power generation in Nigeria and over the last three decades the country has experienced severe blackouts and power rationing.1 With the exception of structural challenges, this is also due to drought and subsequent low-water levels, contributed by climate change. At present, petroleum products and natural gas represent the main sources of energy in Nigeria’s urban areas and one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Another predominant alternative source of energy not limited to the rural areas in Nigeria, is the use of charcoal. The International Energy Agency records a steady increase in the use of charcoal from the year 2010 to 2018. The implication of charcoal consumption is the cutting and burning of trees. Note that the cutting of trees and replacement of trees is not proportionate, leading to catastrophic environmental effects. Rural electrification is therefore a long-term national priority. Availability of electricity in rural areas and commercial centres would stimulate much needed social and economic development. The energy challenge in Nigeria overlaps with issues such as gender and poverty. The gendered division of labour usually means that women are responsible for most domestic tasks and subsequently women and children are worst affected by the health impacts of smoke inhalation with firewood or charcoal for cooking. As such, a set of key issues needs to be prioritised. They include: • Promotion and implementation of energy efficiency programs in supply transmission demanding and emphasizing women needs. • Restructuring of the energy pricing to guard against abuse and inefficiencies. 19 United Nations Development Programme (2016) ‘Gender Equality in National Climate Action: Planning for Gender-Responsive Nationally Determined Contributions’ available from https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Environment/Ge nder_Equality_in_National_Climate_Action.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 42 • Rationalising energy consumption in the demand sectors without reducing service levels of negatively impacting economic development targets. • Diversifying the energy supply resources by increasing renewable resources such as wind, solar and bioenergy. In relation to the transport sector, energy intensity is high due to Nigeria’s use of low efficient-engines using hydrocarbons fuels in addition to heavy reliance on road transport as the main means of transportation. There are significant differences between women’s transport demand and experiences as opposed to those of men – differences in access to private transport, in patterns of commuting and employment, in child-care and elderly care responsibilities, in basic attitudes to private and public transport – to justify treating women separately. Transport plays a significant role in either exacerbating or improving the relative disadvantage of women. Transport poverty is very evident in many parts of Nigeria and this compounds the many other difficulties associated with living on a low income. Poor transport options limit access to employment and social support networks, and to health, recreational and sports facilities, restricting quality of life. Transport or the lack of it can also impact directly on women’s physical and emotional wellbeing. There are obvious health risks associated with waiting for long periods in inclement weather, particularly for older women and respiratory problems triggered by traffic pollution and poor health quality.14 Some of the problems of travelling by public transport affect women’s wellbeing. Overcrowding on public transport involves invasion of personal space that many find distressing and which renders women vulnerable to sexual abuse. Similarly, energy-related planning regarding electricity generating capacity and energy delivery systems are not gender neutral; men and women are affected differently by energy policies wherever their home, work and community roles differ. It is important to identify the energy services of primary importance to women and consider options for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of such services. Mainstreaming gender-sensitivity into energy and climate-related policies and projects require a paradigm shift that recognises women’s contributions to 43 climate change responses and promotes the development of new opportunities for women in the energy sector. To accomplish this goal, women generally need to gain greater confidence and expertise in business management to build their capacity to undertake new economic activities. They also require technical training to enable them to operate, manage and market new energy equipment. 44

4.2.3.2 Action Plan: Energy and Transport Objectives Action Steps and Timeline Indicators Responsible Outcome 2020-2022 2023-2025 Institution Integrate Conduct researches to assess Revision of national policies and Number of studies Federal and State National policies, gender and gender-responsiveness of legislation on energy and conducted to Ministries of programs and climate change energy and transport sector transport in order to ensure that assess gender- Environment. legislations in into energy and policies, legislations and gender considerations are responsiveness of energy and transport sector programs considered energy and Federal and State transport sector are policies, . transport Ministries of Women gender sensitive. programs and frameworks Affairs legislations Number of Federal and State policies and Ministries of Power. legislations reviewed to Federal and State address climate Ministries of and gender Transport. concerns. Universities and Research Centres. Private Sector. 45 Civil Society Organisations. Create Produce Information, Design and develop online short Number of Federal and State More people awareness on Education and courses as well as courses for awareness raising Ministries of become aware of the relationship Communication (IEC) educational institutions on climate campaigns on Information. the relationship between climate materials such as posters and change, gender, energy and television between climate change, energy fliers. (produced in local transport. channels, radio, Federal and State change and and gender. language) newspapers and Ministries of Power. gender. other medium. Federal and State Awareness gained Number of IEC Ministries of Women inform gender- materials Affairs sensitive policies produced and by policymakers. distributed. Federal and State Ministries of Online courses Education developed and launched Federal ad State Ministries of Number of Communication educational institutions Private Sector. offering courses on issues of Civil Society climate change, Organisations. gender, energy and transport 46 Support women - Enrol women in energy Number of women Federal and State More women to gain technology training centres and girls enrolled Ministries of become experts in knowledge in in energy Environment. different energy energy technology technologies technologies. centres and trained Federal and State Ministries of Power Federal and State Ministries of Education Civil Society Organisations. Private Sector. Reduce the Create public awareness Develop and introduce affordable Number of public Federal and State Reduced pollution emission of campaigns targeted at clean cooking options to campaigns Ministries of Power. of the environment greenhouse discouraging GHG especially rural communities and launched to and health issues schools. gases (GHG) at emissions and efficient use encourage Federal and State associated to household level of energy efficient use of Ministries of cooking with crude and in schools. energy and Environment. energy sources and discourage other GHG Conduct practical trainings greenhouse gas Federal Ministry of emissions. for women on the emissions. Humanitarian Affairs, construction of wood Disaster Management Number of and Social practical trainings Development 47 efficient stoves and small conducted for biogas stoves women on Civil Society construction of Organisations. wood-efficient and biogas stoves. Clean and affordable cooking options introduced to communities and schools. Increase budget - Lobby and advocate for increased Number of gender Federal and State Gender-sensitive allocation on budget allocation/investment on and climate Ministries of Finance. climate change gender and gender and climate change change projects programs and programs in the energy and climate change that receive Federal Ministry of projects transport sector programs and funding from the Budget and National implemented in the project in the budget Planning energy and energy and transport sector. transport Civil Society sector. Organisations. 48

4.2.4.0 Priority Sector 4: Waste Management

4.2.4.1 Situation Analysis Waste management has been a major challenge in Nigeria especially since post- independence era. Waste generation has consistently expanded both in volume and complexity. This is due to the rapid increase in population over the years, increase in socioeconomic development, industrialization, technology advancements, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns20. Sadly, these developments have not been matched by adequate provision including funding and infrastructural facilities to sustainably manage this ever- growing quantum of waste. Consequently, this has led to a poor state of our environment as all manner of wastes clog our drainages, litter our streets, high ways, market places, public places and in fact most open places21. Nigeria generates over 32 million tonnes of solid waste annually. Solid waste is one of the largest sectors causing pollution in Nigeria, but also a significant contributor to climate change.18 Solid waste contributes directly to greenhouse emission through the generation of methane from the anaerobic decay of waste in landfills and the emission of nitrous oxide from solid waste combustion facilities.22 Both of these greenhouse gases have high global warming potential. Both women and men are involved in the production of agricultural and domestic waste. Likewise, they are also negatively affected by waste pollution increasing health risks and decreasing quality of life. Household members have different roles in handling different types of waste and in carrying out hygiene and cleanliness practices in the home and community which make their exposure to harmful effects of waste to vary. 20 Babade, O. O. Status of Solid Waste Management in Nigeria Including Plastic. Retrieved at file:///C:/Users/DELL%20USER/Downloads/UNEP-POPS-CW.2-CP06.En.pdf 21 Ibid 22 United Nations Statistics Division (2008) ‘Workshop on Environment Statistics’ available from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/UNSD_UNEP_ECOWAS%20Workshop/Ses sion%2008-3%20Waste%20statistics%20(UNSD).pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 49 Women are key managers of household waste and cleanliness and of guiding hygiene practices of children. Poor waste management endangers the women and their children respectively. Women’s exposure to harmful waste threatens their reproductive health and that of their unborn babies. 50

4.2.4.2 Action Plan: Waste Management Objectives Action Steps and Timeline Indicators Responsible Outcome 2020-2022 2023-2025 Institution Integrate Conduct gender assessment Build capacity of waste Updated gender-sensitive Federal and State Gender and climate climate of national waste management agencies on policies and programs for Ministries of change issues change and management policies and integrating gender in waste integrated waste Environment. integrated in waste management gender in programs. management. management. Federal and State systems, policies waste Ministries of Women and programs. management Collaborate with relevant Number of trainings Affairs system stakeholder towards conducted for waste management agencies Private Sector. integrating climate change and gender in waste Partnerships established management systems. Civil Society with different agencies Organisations. towards integrating gender issues in waste management. Other Relevant Agencies. Promote Build capacity of Create public awareness on Number of educational Federal and State Reduced pollution effective educational institutions waste management and institutions trained and Ministries of from waste waste (Primary, Secondary, related projects at urban and practicing effective waste Environment. University) on waste management rural areas management. management. Federal and State practices in Ministries of Women communities Affairs 51 Train and support women in Number and kinds of waste recycling programs public awareness National Orientation campaigns launched on Agency effective waste management. Private sector Number of women Local Governments supported to establish Civil Society recycling and other waste Organisation. management programs. Create access Conduct advocacy to Provide access to loans and Number of waste projects More women to finance financial institutions and microcredits for women to led by women. State and Local actively participate mechanism other agencies of engage in small-scale waste governments. in waste government to provide management projects. management for women’s Incentives available for funding support for women Federal Ministry of ventures. participation to support their waste start-up business. Environment. in waste management initiatives. management Number of female jobs Civil Society businesses created. Organisations. Increase in income. 52

4.2.5.0 Priority Sector 5: Water and Sanitation

4.2.5.1 Situation Analysis Limited access to water and poor sanitation in Nigeria is a major contributor to high mortality rates especially among children. Contaminated drinking water and poor sanitary conditions, such as open defecation and poor waste management results in increased vulnerability to water-borne diseases, such as diarrhoea which leads to deaths. UNICEF (2019) reports that only 26.5% of the population use improved sanitation facilities.23 Water supply development is a three-tier responsibility in Nigeria between the Federal, State and Local Governments, the responsibility for sanitation falls within the purview of state governments.23 As such, 69% of the population have access to improved water supply, 57% of the same population size are from the rural communities.24 Despite the approval of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in the year 2000, there is little improvement in clean water supply and sanitation.23 Notwithstanding, the Federal Ministry of Water Resources and the river basin development authorities have been directly carrying off water facilities provisions such as boreholes in rural communities (Federal Ministry of Water Resources 2019)25. Women and children in both rural and urban areas are continuously involved in fetching water from close or distant sources. Based on cultural ascribed roles, women are more likely involved than men in the collection of water as such are 23 UNICEF (2019) ‘Water Sanitation and Hygiene’ available from https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene [accessed 5th November 2019] 24 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (2014) ‘Nigeria – National Water Supply and Sanitation Baseline Survey’ available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/ddi- documentation-english-29.pdf [accessed 4th November 2019] 25 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (2019) available from http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-40-29/executive/109-federal-ministry- of-water-resources [accessed 10th October 2019] 53 disproportionally and negatively affected. According to reports from UN-Water and the Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (2015)26, women in majority of households in Nigeria are tasked with sourcing for water and maintenance of hygiene in the house and its environs. Furthermore, the report also indicated the gender divide in decisions bordering on water management and sanitation projects in rural areas. Men are more likely to access relevant training to maintain and repair water systems than women. Climate change is further exacerbating the water and sanitation challenges experienced in Nigeria and this is placing more burden on women as they go farther distances to access water. Scarcity of water also affects effective sanitation which depend on its availability. Hence, it is pertinent that women are engaged in developing and implementing measures that would reduce vulnerability associated with climate change. 26 UN-Water and the Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (2015) ‘Gender, Water and Sanitation: A Policy Brief’ available from file:///Users/ebimboereseiyefa/Downloads/1_unwpolbrief230606.pdf [accessed 10th October 2019] 54

10.5.2 Action Plan: Water and Sanitation Objectives Action Steps and Timeline Indicators Responsible Outcome Institution 2020-2022 2023-2025 Build Train and fund women as Train women in plumbing, water Number of women Federal and State More women technical entrepreneurs in the water plant treatment, community- trained in plumbing, Ministries of Water have technical capacity of sector at state and rural level based quality monitoring system water plant Resources. capacity in water women in and service provisions at state treatments and other management and water and rural levels. water services in Federal and State economically management state and rural level. Ministries of Women empowered. Affairs States and Local Number of women Governments. entrepreneurs in the water sector. Civil Societies. Universities and Research Centres. Private sector 55 Increase Rehabilitate and install hand Construct and rehabilitate local Number of Federal Ministry of Increased access access to safe pumps, wells and main water dams both in rural and urban constructed and Water Resources. to potable water drinking lines in both rural and urban areas. rehabilitated dams in in rural and urban water in both areas. the rural and urban State and Local areas. rural and areas. Governments. urban communities. Number of pumps, Federal Ministry of wells and main water Humanitarian Affairs, lines installed both Disaster Management in rural and urban and Social communities. Development Development Mobilise women groups to Conduct training for women in Number of women Federal Ministry of Gender of gender- establish nurseries and plant nurseries and trees planting. groups involved in Agriculture and Rural dimensions based trees upstream to avoid protection of Development. incorporated in programs for dislodgement of sediments, watersheds in rural integrated water integrated soil erosion and improve areas. Federal Ministry of resource water water quality. Environment. management. resource Number of women management. trained in nurseries Federal Ministry of and tree planting. Women Affairs Number of nurseries Civil Society in the hands of Organisations. women. 56 Number of trees planted by women groups. Increase Conduct sensitizations on Provide adequate public toilet Number of public Federal and State Decrease in access to public hygiene, open facilities in rural and urban toilets constructed in Ministries of sanitation related sanitation defecation and regular areas. rural and urban Environment. illnesses facilities. handwashing areas. Advocate for toilet facilities National Orientation suitable for persons with Number of public Agency. disability in private and public and private buildings. buildings with Federal and State toilets suitable for Ministries of Housing persons with disability. and Development. Number of Civil Society sensitizations Organisation. conducted. Media. 57 GLOSSARY Adaptation Ability of a system to adjust its mechanisms, processes and structures to climate change. Adaptation can be spontaneous of planned; it can occur in response to or in advance of a change in conditions. Anthropogenic Greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities are called anthropogenic when they do not come from natural emissions. Climate Change Significant climate variations that are attributed directly or indirectly to human activities, altering the composition of the atmosphere. Significant variations in climate in the past was also caused by natural factors. Conference of Parties (COP) This is the meeting of all States that are signatory to a convention. COP in the context of this Action Plan refers to Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is the supreme decision- making body of the Convention. All States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at the COP, at which they review the implementation of the Convention and any other legal instruments that COP adopts and take decisions necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention, including institutional and administrative arrangements. Gender Mainstreaming It is a strategy for making women as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes. It is about ensuring the different needs of women, men, children, youth, people with disability and the 58 elderly are considered and addressed in programs, policies and laws. Gender Gender refers to socially constructed characteristics of women and men. It is the society’s perception of what one should do or shouldn’t, how one should behave or what one’s roles should be, for being a man or a woman. Simply put, it is what is expected of you because you are a man or a woman in a society. These socially constructed characteristics vary from society to society based on historical and cultural background, education and other factors. Green Climate Fund (GCF) GCF is a financial mechanism under the UNFCCC which helps fund climate finance investment in low-emission, climate-resilient development. The GCF supports the efforts of developing countries to respond to challenge of climate change. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that remove and re-emit the infrared radiation. They help maintain the heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases are produced by both natural and anthropogenic processes. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. The Kyoto Protocol recognizes that the developed countries are responsible for current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity and so places heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.” Mitigation Anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases 59 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) NAMA refers to set of policies and actions that countries undertake as part of commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on their capabilities. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Efforts by countries to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. NDCs is an obligation required by Parties to the Paris Agreement as contained in Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Agreement. Paris Agreement Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with greenhouse gas-emission mitigation, adaptation and finance. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) An international climate change mitigation framework that incentivizes developing countries to reduce greenhouse has emissions or increase the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by forest land through conservation and sustainable management of forests. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the objective to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994. 60