Mozambique's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2023

4 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 5 Cane seller, MAPUTO

6 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 7 GENERAL COORDINATION Environment – UNFCCC Focal Point) Cláudio dos Jadwiga Massinga (National Director of Climate Change) Santos Quenhe (National Directorate of Climate Change, Cláudio Ismael Afonso (National Director of Forests) Ministry of Land and Environment). TECHNICAL COORDINATION FUNDING Almeida Sitoe Climate Promise Inês de Sousa Mourão This document is made available by the National Directorate of Climate Change REVIEW Carla Marina Domingos Pereira (National Directorate REFERENCES: of Climate Change, Ministry of Land and Ministry of Land and Environment. 2023. Mozambique Environment – NAP Focal Point) Marilia National Adaptation Plan. National Directorate of Climate Telma Antonio Manjate (National Change, Maputo. Mozambique Directorate of Climate Change, TECHNICAL Ministry of Land and Pg. 374pp. DATASHEET Environment) Fernando Tavares Caniua (National GRAPHIC DESIGN Directorate of Climate Change, Ana Paula Bouças Ministry of Land and Environment) PHOTO CREDITS Luís Nhamucho (National Directorate of Inês de Sousa Mourão Climate Change, Ministry of Land and Environment) Eduardo Baixo (National Directorate of Climate Change, SUBMITTED Ministry of Land and Environment – UNFCCC – Focal by CEAGRE in collaboration with Point for Environment) Agostinho Fernando (National Directorate of Climate Change, Ministry of Land and 15th March, 2023

8 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 9 Farmer, District of Namaacha MAPUTO

10 MOZAMBIQUE’S TABLE OF CONTENTS National Adaptation Plan 11 LIST OF FIGURES 14 4 FUTURE CLIMATE 101 LIST OF TABLES 16 4.1 Climate Projections 101 4.1.1 Future Temperature Projections 101 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 4.1.2 Future Precipitation Projections 103 PREAMBLE 21 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 27

5 CLIMATE RISKS 109 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 30 5.1 Climate Risks and Vulnerability by Socioeconomic Sector 111 ABBREVIATIONS 47 5.1.1 Agriculture 111 Forests 118

1 INTRODUCTION 85 Fishing 120 5.1.2 Water Resources 122

2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CLIMATE CONTEXT 63 5.1.3 Energy 123 2.1 Geographic Profile 63 5.1.4 Oil and Gas 125 2.2 Population 66 5.1.5 Industry 126 2.3 Economy 67 5.1.6 Biodiversity 128 2.4 Relief 68 2.5 Climate 76 2.5.1 Precipitation 76 6 CLIMATE FINANCE PORTOLIO IN MOZAMBIQUE 133 2.5.2 Inter-annual Variation of Precipitation 80 6.1 Green Climate fund (GCF) 133 2.5.3 Temperature 81 6.2 Global Environment Facility (GEF) 136 6.3 Bilateral Cooperation Funds and Others 138

3 HISTORICAL TRENDS OF EXTREME EVENTS 85 6.4 Local Adaptation Plans (LAP) 140 3.1 National Development Priorities 90 3.2 Climate Vulnerability and the Pandemic 96

12 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 13

7 GAPS AND NEEDS FOR GREATER CLIMATE RESILIENCE 143 9 REFERENCES 207 Financial 144 Tecnological and Knowlege 145 10. ANEXO 1. ACÇÕES ESTRATÉGICAS DE ADAPTAÇÃO 215 Political and Institutional 146 1. Strengthening Coordination, Institutional Framework and Updating Policy Documents Relating to the NAP Implementation 215

8 MOZAMBIQUE’S NAP 151 2. Strengthening the Early Warning System 225 8.1 Mandate  151 3. Education, Public Awareness (communication) and Research 235 8.2 Vision  153 4. Climate Finance 244 8.3 Mission  153 5. Increased Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable People – 8.4 Principles  154 – Integration of Gender and Children in Policies and Actions 253 8.5 Objectives  155 6. Integrated Local Governance Plans 262 8.6 Pillars  156 7. Resilience Mechanisms for Urban Areas 8.7 Consistency Between the NAP and Other International Instruments 156 and Other Settlements Developed 269 8.7.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 156 8. More Resilient Agriculture 278 8.7.2 Sendai Framework  158 9. Strengthened Food and Nutritional Safety 288 8.7.3 The Paris Agreement 159 10. Resilient Public Infrastructures 299 8.7.4 Other United Nations Conventions 160 11. Management of Water Resources, Water Supply and Sanitation 310 8.7.5 Other Initiatives 162 12. Improved Access to Renewable Energy 323 8.8 Alignment with Sector Development and Strategies 164 13. Reduced Vulnerability of People to the Transmission Vectors 8.9 Losses and Damages of Climate Changes 173 of Diseases Associated to the Climate Change 332 8.10 Strategic Adaptation Actions 178 14. Oceans and Coastal Protected Areas 340 8.11 Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 188 15. Strengthened Ability to Prepare and Respond 8.11.1 Implementation Plan 188 to Climate Risks and Disasters 349 8.11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 189 16. More Resilient Forests 359 8.11.3 National Climate Change Monitoring and Evaluation System 196 8.12 Time Horizon and Schedule 200

14 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 15 FOOTNOTES 373 Figure 9 Annual Accumulated Deficit for Post-Disaster Reconstruction Between 2016 and 2021 90 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 10 Trends in the Average Annual Temperature in Mozambique Figure 1 Map of Geographical Location of Mozambique for the Recent Past Between 1960 and 2006 (black line) and the projected and its Administrative Division into Provinces 64 future for three emission scenarios (colored lines). The colored bars Figure 2 Relief of Mozambique (Bila and Fondo 2010:32) 70 on the right side indicate the different scenarios used in the simulations Figure 3 Spatial Distribution of Accumulated Annual Rainfall (A2, A1B and B1) as well as the uncertainty ranges in the average climate in Mozambique (Source: Mozambique Precipitation Atlas, INAM, 2012) 79 projections around 2090 – 2100 (Adapted from Mcsweeney et al., 2010) 102 Figure 4 Precipitation Deviations Showing Inter-Annual Variability Figure 11 Spatial Patterns of Monthly Average Rainfall from September and the Probability of Occurrence of Floods and Droughts to November Projected for the Years 2030, 2060 and 2090 in Four Regions of the Country: North, Center, South and Coastal (Adapted from Mcsweeney et al., 2010) 104 (Source: INGC, 2009) 81 Figure 12 Conceptual Framework of Climate Risk 111 Figure 5 Spatial Distribution of Average Maximum Temperature Figure 13 Number of Local Adaptation Plans (LAP) (on the left) and Average Minimum Temperature in Mozambique, Calculated Prepared and Approved for Funding by Province 141 for the Period 1982 - 2017 (Source: WFP, 2018. Mozambique Climate Analysis) 82 Figure 14 Theory of Change Diagram for the NAP Roadmap 149 Figure 6 Inter-Annual Variation of Average Maximum Temperature Figure 15 NAP Implementation Phases 188 in Maputo City Between 1980 and 2020 83 Figure 16 Institutional Arrangements to Monitor Figure 7 Trend in the Number of Extreme Events the Implementation of Climate Policies 192 that Occurred Between 1980 e 2019 86 Figure 8 Total Number of Extreme Events that Occurred in Mozambique Between 1980 – 2019 (Source: produced based on DeSinventar data and INGC reports on the rainy season) 87

16 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 17 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Framework of Integrated Climate Change Adaptation Actions for the NAP Implementation 43 Table 2 Climate Risks by Sector/Area in Mozambique 95 Table 3 Number of Projects Implemented and Budget Allocated in the Context of Climate Change in Mozambique from 2015 to 2022 139 Table 4 SWOT Analysis of the NAP Process 146 Table 5 Main Sectoral Instruments and integration of climate change 168 Table 6 Framework for Integrated Climate Change Adaptation Actions for the Implementation of the NAP 182 Table 7 Indicative Budget of Strategic Actions of Adaptation to Climate Changes 185 Table 8 Institutional Attributions for the Implementation of Adaptation Actions 194 Table 9 NAP Implementation Schedule 202

18 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 19 Sunrise on Chidenguele Lagoon, Administrative post of Chidenguele, GAZA

20 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 21 MOZAMBIQUE is an extremely vulnerable country to the negative impacts of climate change, which erode and com- promise environmental, social and economic development efforts. Therefore, it is imperative to increase resilience in the medium and long term, rather than being limited to immediate and isolated climate actions. Focus should also be on the integration of climate change issues in the con- tinuous planning process. In response to the above-mentioned challenge, Mozambique’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) has emerged, which is based on the principles of the United Na- tions Framework Convention PREAMBLE on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including the decisions of the Par- is Agreement and other Conferenc- es of the Parties to this Convention, and it is linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. In addition to this internation- al framework, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) has its foundations in Mozambique’s National Development Strategy and the sectoral strategies approved by the Gov- ernment of Mozambique.

22 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 23 THE NAP PRESENTS a framework of integrated climate Mozambique’s NAP has three main objectives, namely: change adaptation actions for its implementation, a To create a favorable environment for integration of ad- result of extensive consultations with various strata of aptation in planning and budgeting at national, provincial our society during face-to-face and online work sessions, and district levels; questionnaires and interviews, integration of specific To improve the capacity to manage and share data and adaptation actions (sectoral, regional or thematic), information, access technology and finance adaptation; including the main development sectors, in response to and the country's main climate vulnerabilities. To implement adaptation actions for a greater resilience of the most vulnerable at the district level. THE NAP FOCUSES on achieving the objectives of WE BELIEVE that we are increasingly closer to greater the National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation of resilience, united around a better and reinforced planning Climate Change (ENAMMC) to reduce the vulnerability of that shall lead us to a more efficient and effective climate people and the economy, create institutional and human action, in favor of a stronger and healthier Mozambican capacity and increase the ability to access financial and environment and society. technological resources, without neglecting the objectives of promoting low carbon development. Ivete Joaquim Maibaze Minister of Earth and Environment

24 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 25 Group of children and women, AZA

26 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 27 ON BEHALF of the National Directorate of Climate Change, I would like to thank everyone who participated in the preparation of this National Adaptation Plan, whether by taking part in consultation seminars or by answering ques- tionnaires sent to the sectors for collection of information. I would also like to thank the climate change focal points, the Governments and Provincial Secretariats of Nampu- la, Sofala and Maputo for hosting and supporting the organization of regional seminars. Special acknowledgement goes to the Adapta- tion Division, UNFCCC Secretariat, for their technical support and AKNOWLEDGEMENTS strategic guidance. Acknowledge- ments also go to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for funding the initiative. Much special appreciation goes to the technical and administrative team of CEAGRE for their coordination and logistical support and to Ana Paula Bouças for the translation into English. Maputo, March 2023. National Directorate of Climate Change

28 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 29 Maputo city downtown view, MAPUTO

30 MOZAMBIQUE’S EXECUTIVE SUMMARY National Adaptation Plan 31 INTRODUCTION is based on three pillars and has the creation of resilience Mozambique is one of the most vulnerable countries to ex- and reduction of climate risk as a priority. treme weather events. Its exposure to the east coast of the The country formally launched the NAP process on 13th Indian Ocean, downstream to several international rivers December, 2016 as a way to materialize the ENAMMC and that flow into its extensive plains and its economic status the integration of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) into as a least developed country, place the Country as one of planning. The main objective of the process was to involve the most vulnerable to climate change in the world. stakeholders in the design of the roadmap for prepara- The adaptive capacity of communities is conditioned by tion and implementation of the NAP. The country has also limited and often climate-dependent livelihoods, such as made an effort to increase resilience at the local level, hav- subsistence and rain fed agriculture, artisanal fishing and ing developed Local Adaptation Plans (LAPs). To date, 125 tourism, and a still poor capacity to absorb disasters and LAPs have been prepared (out of a total of 154 districts). the bio-geophysical shocks that they face. But an increase in adaptive capacity is still needed in With the main economic sectors and large part of com- the medium and long term. To this end, Mozambique is munities largely exposed to climate risks, the country's now presenting its National Adaptation Plan – NAP MOZ, adaptive capacity can increase significantly if adaptation in an effort to bring about transformative changes in the to climate change is integrated into national, provincial, entire planning and budgeting processes, including cur- district and sectoral public planning and budgeting pro- rent environmental, social and economic practices, as well cesses within civil and private society. as increase its capacity to absorb climatic shocks, which Mozambique has already taken steps in this regard, inte- are expected to be even more intense and frequent. grating resilience to a certain degree into its Government's Five-Year Program and the updating of its First Nationally NATIONAL CONTEXT Determined Contribution (NDC) for the period 2020-2025. The Mozambican population is over 30 million inhabit- This is fully aligned with the National Strategy for Adapta- ants, with women representing around 52%. The popula- tion and Mitigation of Climate Change (ENAMMC), which tion is typically young, with around 45% aged 0-14 and 52%

32 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 33 aged 15-64. More than 66% of the population is rural, but HISTORICAL TRENDS OF EXTREME EVENTS with a very rapid urbanization process. The number of peo- Studies carried out based on precipitation data between ple residing in urban areas is estimated to have increased 1960 and 2006 indicated that there is a delay in the be- by 5 million between the years 2000 and 2017, which has ginning of the rainy season, reaching between 20 and 45 environmental implications in urban areas. days in some places, as well as a more pronounced persis- Agriculture in Mozambique is the basis of the national tence of dry days in the northeast part of the country in economy, with an average contribution of over 20% of the the months of March to May and September to November. total GDP and employing 80% of the working population. Furthermore, it was observed that the average annual rain- Trade, transport and communication services contribute fall in Mozambique decreased at an average rate of 3.1% per with an average of 10% each. The extractive industry sector decade in the aforementioned period. has shown great performance in recent years, having gone In general, average temperatures in Mozambique range from 2% in 2013 to just over 7-8% between 2018 and 2021. between 25°C and 30°C (average maximum temperatures) The climate of Mozambique is, in general, humid and and 15°C – 21°C (average minimum temperatures). The dry tropical, with pockets of hot semi-arid climate and two highest average maximum temperatures are recorded in distinct seasons, one being hot and rainy, from October to the coastal area of the country, in the south of Tete prov- April, and the other cold and dry, from May to September. ince and the western part of Gaza province. As for average Territorial planning has been one of the main constraints minimum temperatures, these have a decreasing pattern to the harmonization of development and land use planning from the coast to the interior. The highest average mini- between sectors, resulting in an increase in vulnerability, mum temperatures are recorded along the northern coast where human settlements are established in inappropriate and the lowest are recorded in Gaza province. In general, areas and the infrastructure is built in inappropriate places. average maximum temperatures tend to increase in recent As a measure, the Country has prepared the National Terri- decades. In the case of Maputo City, despite a marked in- torial Development Plan, with the purpose of harmonizing ter-annual variation, the long-term trend was an increase and maximizing land use in order to promote development. of about 1ºC between 1980 and 2020.

34 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 35 FUTURE CLIMATE CLIMATE RISKS The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Estimates of loss of human life and economic losses indi- in its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), presents unequivo- cate to growth during the period 1970 to 2019. Mozambique cal evidence of climate change worldwide: the atmosphere is among the countries that had the greatest loss of life and oceans are warming, the extent and volume of snow during the prolonged drought of 1981, with about 100,000 and ice are decreasing, sea levels are rising and weather deaths. Cyclone Idai in 2019 caused economic losses esti- patterns are changing. In Mozambique, historical data on mated at around USD 1.96 billion, and a cost of reconstruc- extreme weather events show that tropical cyclones, floods tion estimated at USD 2.9 billion, making it the country and droughts are common in Mozambique and their fre- with the highest losses on the African continent between quency and intensity tend to increase in recent years. 1970 and 2019. In terms of the African continent, Mozam- These events are often associated with socio-economic bique has the second highest number of climate disasters, damage, resulting in loss of human life, human suffering, with 79 events, after South Africa, with 90 events, between loss of property, destruction of critical infrastructure (eg. 1970 and 2019. health facilities, schools, access roads, etc.) and other in- The sixth IPCC Report notes that the impacts and direct losses. Through an analysis of the trend of events risks of climate change are becoming increasingly com- recorded in the last four decades (1980 – 2019), it is noted plex and more difficult to manage. Multiple climate haz- that the number of events that devastated the country has ards will occur simultaneously, and multiple climate and increased significantly since the 2000s. For example, in non-climate risks will interact, resulting in the composi- the rainy season of 2018/2019, Mozambique was severely tion of overall risk and cascading risks across sectors and hit by three cyclonic events: Idai, Kenneth and Desmond. regions. Some responses to climate change result in new During this period, and on average, Mozambique was hit impacts and risks. by a cyclone or flood every two years and drought every Mozambique is particularly vulnerable to climate change three years. due to its location downstream to shared river basins.

36 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 37 This vulnerability is exacerbated by the extensive coast- Mozambique, established climate support funds for these line and socio-economic fragility. More than 60% of the countries. Between 2019 and 2021, the Green Climate Fund population lives in low-lying coastal areas, where intense (GCF) financed six projects, 3 for adaptation and 3 for mit- storms from the Indian Ocean and rising sea levels put igation. Out of all the projects financed, only one is at na- infrastructure, coastal agriculture, key ecosystems and tional level, while the others cover several countries and fisheries at risk. Although migration to urban areas is in- Mozambique is part of this set. The Global Environment creasing, two-thirds of the population still resides in ru- Facility (GEF) has funded more than 30 national projects, ral areas, with limited access to electricity, clean water and of which 15 are explicitly on climate change. Still, the gap sanitation. Forty-five percent of the population lives below between needs and available funds is still huge. If the costs the poverty line and 70 percent depend on climate-sensi- of humanitarian emergency operations, post-disaster re- tive agricultural production for food and livelihoods. construction and resettlement of populations displaced by climate disasters are taken into account, the difference is CLIMATE FINANCE IN MOZAMBIQUE even greater, which suggests specific actions to increase na- Climate finance in Mozambique is still deficient. The tional capacities to mobilize resources for climate finance. limited capacity of the State Budget to finance development One of the country's main advances in the area of climate activities further limits the ability to finance climate-resil- change is the preparation of local adaptation plans, which ient development. Several bilateral and multilateral coop- are an integral part of this NAP and aim to promote decen- eration partners have contributed to the financing of cli- tralized actions to the district level and guide concrete ac- mate action in Mozambique. It is estimated that between tions to reduce people's and economic vulnerability at the 2015 and 2022, 47 projects were financed with a budget of local level. Mozambique prepared 135 and approved 104 around USD246 billion for coordination, institutional ca- PLAs at the district and municipality levels, out of a total pacity building, adaptation and mitigation actions. of 161 districts (including the 7 urban districts of Maputo The Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC), in recog- City) budgeted at around USD 6 billion. However, given the nition of the limited adaptive capacities of developing limitation of the State Budget, little was implemented. countries, particularly least developed countries like

38 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 39 GAPS AND NEEDS climate risks in communities and in the national econo- The Sixth IPCC Report highlights that adaptation, in re- my and to promote low carbon development and the green sponse to current climate changes, is reducing climate risk economy through its integration in the sectoral and local and vulnerability, primarily through adjusting existing sys- planning process”. The ENAMMC recognizes adaptation tems. Many adaptation options exist and are used to help as a top priority, and therefore has the following specific manage the projected impacts of climate change, but their objectives: (i) to make Mozambique resilient to the impacts implementation depends on the capacity and effective- of climate change, reducing climate risks to people and ness of governance and decision-making processes. These goods as much as possible, restoring and ensuring the ra- and other enabling conditions can also support climate tional use and protection of natural and built capital; (ii) resilient development. Based on the NDC and the inputs to identify and implement opportunities to reduce GHG collected during the consultations, the barriers and gaps emissions that contribute to the sustainable use of natural associated with the NAP process include financial, techno- resources and access to affordable financial and technolog- logical and knowledge, political and institutional limita- ical resources and the reduction of pollution and environ- tions which must be removed to allow a good environment mental degradation, promoting low carbon development; for the implementation of strategic adaptation actions to and (iii) to build institutional and human capacity, as well climate change. as explore opportunities for accessing technological and financial resources to implement the ENAMMC. THE NAP The NAP focuses on achieving ENAMMC's objectives to Mandate, vision and objectives reduce the vulnerability of people and the economy, create The NAP's mandate is implicit in the National Strategy for institutional and human capacity, and increase the abili- Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change (ENAMMC) ty to access financial and technological resources, without (MICOA, 2012): neglecting the objectives of promoting low carbon devel- The general objective of ENAMMC is “to establish action opment. Thus, Mozambique’s NAP has three main objec- guidelines to create resilience, including the reduction of tives, namely:

40 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 41 1. To create an enabling environment to facilitate the inte- to this international framework, the NAP has its founda- gration of adaptation into planning and budgeting at na- tions in the Mozambique National Development Strategy tional, provincial and district levels; and in the sectoral strategies approved by the Government 2. To improve the capacity to manage and share data and of Mozambique. information, to access technology and finance adaptation; and LOSSES AND DAMAGES 3. To implement adaptation actions for greater resilience Although the UNFCCC does not have a precise definition of the most vulnerable at the district level. of loss and damage, it is generally understood that both result from extreme events. In the scope of the Glasgow COHERENCE WITH SDGS, SENDAI, PARIS Conference (COP26) discussions, the UNFCCC recognizes AGREEMENT AND ALIGNMENT OF SECTORAL that “covering” losses and damages is the third essential DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES pillar of climate action: helping people after they have al- The NAP is based on the principles of the UNFCCC, includ- ready experienced climate-related losses. The IPCC's 6th ing the decisions of the Paris Agreement and other Confer- Assessment Report (AR6), published in February 2022, rec- ences of the Parties to this Convention and is linked to the ognizes that as the magnitude of climate change increases, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Sendai Frame- so does the likelihood of exceeding adaptation limits. Rec- work for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The other ognizing the impacts caused by extreme weather events in

1992 Rio de Janeiro Conventions, the UNCCD and the CBD the country, Mozambique is called upon to include efforts should be considered to create synergies and reduce soil to be able to cover the damage losses from climate change, degradation and maintain agricultural productivity, while and for this purpose, it must document these losses and maintaining healthy ecosystems capable of supporting ad- include in its MRV systems the appropriate mechanisms to aptation and providing nature-based solutions. In addition account for economic and non-economic loss and damage.

42 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 43 Table 1 STRATEGIC ACTIONS FRAMEWORK OF INTEGRATED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR THE NAP IMPLEMENTATION The NAP's Framework for Climate Change Adaptation Ac- tions (Table 1) results from consultations in face-to-face Objective Pillar Strategic Adaptation Actions (2022-2032) and online work sessions, questionnaires and interviews, To create an enabling Institutional 1. Reinforcement of coordination, institutional integration of specific adaptation actions (sectoral, region- environment framework framework and the updating of policy documents to facilitate related to the NAP Implementation al or thematic), including the main development sectors, the integration in response to the country's main climate vulnerabilities. of adaptation into planning and budgeting To improve Knowledge, 2. Reinforcement of the early warning system; knowledge technology 3. Education, public awareness (communication) and and capacity and finance research; to manage 4. Climate finance and share data and information, access technology and finance adaptation To implement Resilience 5. Increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people adaptation actions of the most – integrating gender and children into policies and for greater resilience vulnerable actions; of the most 6. Preparation of integrated local governance plans; vulnerable 7. Development of resilience mechanisms for urban areas and other settlements; 8. Promotion of more resilient agriculture; 9. Reinforcement of food and nutrition safety; 10. Resilient Public Infrastructures; 11. Improved management of water resources, water supply and sanitation; 12. Improved access to renewable energy; 13. Reduced vulnerability of people to disease transmission vectors associated with climate change; 14. Protection of Oceans and Coastal Areas; 15. Reinforcing the capacity to prepare and respond to climate risks and disasters; 16. Increasing the resilience of forests

44 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 45 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION Documented strategic adaptation actions are budgeted at Institutional arrangements were established by the ENAM- around USD 7.2 billion. The actions are aligned with the MC and operated by the National System for Monitoring NDC and the implementation of the indicated strategic and Evaluation of Climate Change (SNMAMC). The mon- actions will imply significant advances in the implemen- itoring and reporting of data and information needed to tation of the NDC. track adaptation actions and mitigation efforts is provided on a sectoral basis according to the main IPCC reporting TIME HORIZON AND CALENDAR categories. The Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) The present NAP has a time horizon of 10 years and is has the overall responsibility to oversee national climate aligned with the ENAMMC and the NDC. Therefore, the policy and prepare and maintain the adaptation report and NAP Implementation Plan is in line with the ENAMMC submit Mozambique's National Communications, BURs, and NDC Implementation Plan. Three phases of imple- BTRs and NDCs to the UNFCCC. mentation of the present NAP are established: Phase 1: Mozambique's National Transparency Framework for 2022-2024 – establishment of the NAP implementation the implementation of climate actions was established in environment, mechanisms for coordinating and financ- line with international standards as a way of facilitating the ing the NAP and piloting the implementation of adap- preparation of reports for the UNFCCC. Thus, the national tation actions; Phase 2: 2025-2030 – consolidation of system was developed to systematically produce the follow- the implementation of vulnerability reduction measures; ing reports: Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), Nation- Phase 3: Post-2030 – Consolidation of climate resilient al Communication (CN) and the Implementation Report development. The Post-2030 phase lacks a NAP review of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to and update process. Climate Change (RI-ENAMMC), including the following interim reports: the National Inventory Report (RIN), Na- tional Determined Contribution Implementation Report (RI-AAMMC) and Adaptation Communication (CA).

46 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 47 Coconut vendor, Inhambane city, AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses INHAMBANE PA Paris Agreement ARA Regional Water Administrations BM Bank of Mozambique BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report AC Adaptation Communication CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCGC Disaster Management Coordination Council CLGRC Local Climate Risk Management Committees CH4 Methane CN National Communication CO2 Carbon Dioxide ABBREVIATIONS CO2eq Equivalent Carbon Dioxide NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development COP Conference of the Parties CQNUMC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CSE Superior Council of Statistics CTCM Technical Council for Methodological Coordination CTGC Technical Council for Disaster Management DA Activity Data

48 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 49 DINAB National Directorate of Environment INE National Institute of Statistics DNMC National Directorate for Climate Change INGC National Institute for Disaster Management EBAC Low Carbon Development Strategy INGD National Institute for Disaster Management EDM Mozambique Electricity INP National Petroleum Institute ENAMMC Mozambique's National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Strategy IPP´s Independent Power Producers ENH National Hydrocarbon Company IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use ETF ou ETA Enhanced Transparency Framework KTOE Thousand tones of oil equivalente FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization LA Level Assessment FNDS National Sustainable Development Fund LDC Least Developed Countries FOLU Forests and Other Land Uses LoCAL Local Climate adaptive living facility FREL Forest Reference Level LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System FUNAB National Environment Fund M&A National Monitoring and Evaluation System FUNAE National Energy Fund MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development GEE Greenhouse Gases MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance Gg Gigagram MGC Matola Gas Company HCB Cahora Bassa Hydropower MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Action ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency MIREME Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy GGI Greenhouse Gas Inventory MISAU Ministry of Health IIAM Mozambican Agricultural Research Institute MIT Mitigation Scenario INAHINA National Institute of Hydrography and Navigation MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources INAM National Institute of Meteorology MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification INATTER National Institute of Land Transport MTA Ministry of Earth and Environment NDCi Nationally Determined Contribution Intent MTC Ministry of Transport and Communications

50 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 51 MtCO2 Millions of tons of carbon dioxide PRH Humanitarian Response Plan MW Mega Watts QNFTM Mozambique's National Strengthened Transparency Framework N2O Nitrous Oxide QRD Disaster Recovery Framework NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation NDC Nationally Determined Contribution REF Reference Scenario SDG Sustainable Development Goal RI-AAMMC Report on the Implementation of the Nationally Determined PES Economic and Social Plan Contribution PDUT District Land Use Plan RI-ENAMMC Implementation Report for the National Climate Change PNDT National Territory Development Plan Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy ONG´s Non-governmental Organizations RIN National Inventory Report PBURM Mozambique's First Biennial Update Report SEN National Statistical System PBTRM Mozambique's First Biennial Transparency Report TA Trend Assessment PETROMOC Mozambique’s National Oil Company UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Drought and Desertification PARP Poverty Reduction Plan UEM Eduardo Mondlane University POCA Agricultural Marketing Plan UNEPUnited Nations Environment Program PODA Agricultural Development Plan UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change PQG Government's Five Year Plan

52 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 53 Fruit vendors, Maputo City, MAPUTO

54 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 55 MOZAMBIQUE is extremely vulnerable to the negative im- pacts and unpredictability of the climate. As a least devel- oped country with a long coastline in the Indian Ocean, Mozambique has been experiencing, with increasing in- tensity and magnitude, the negative impacts of climate change, which have made climatic phenomena such as droughts or cyclones and tropical storms to become more frequent and intense. The adaptive capacity of communities is con- ditioned by limited and often climate-de- pendent livelihoods, such as subsistence and rain fed agriculture, artisanal fishing and tourism, and a 1. INTRODUCTION still poor capacity to absorb disasters and the bio-geophysical shocks they face. With the main economic sectors and a large part of the communities largely exposed to cli- mate risks, the country's adaptive capacity can increase significantly if adaptation to climate change is integrated into national, provincial and district public planning and budgeting processes of both civil society and private.

56 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 57 Mozambique has already taken steps in this regard, in- the NAP preparation and implementation (Photo). The aim tegrating resilience, to a certain extent, into its Govern- of the NAP is to reduce vulnerability by integrating climate ment’s Five-Year Program and recently approving, in the change adaptation into national planning processes, with- Ministers’ Cabinet, the country’s update of its first Nation- in relevant sectors at all levels (UNFCCC, 5/CP.17). The NAP ally Determined Contribution (NDC) for the period 2020- process is based on learning from the implementation of 2025. This is fully aligned with the National Strategy for adaptation actions and programs (including the NAPA and Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change (ENAMMC), PLAs), as well as the capacity building of national staff at which is based on three pillars, having the creation of resil- all levels and in all sectors to identify adaptation actions ience and the reduction of climate risk as a priority. within the development actions and their integration into Under the UNFCCC and under the Cacún Agreement planning and budgeting instruments. (2010), the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) was established as a medium and long-term planning tool, complementary to the existing National Adaptation Action Program (NAPA) focused on reducing vulnerability in the short term. The country had already prepared and submitted its National Action Program for Adaptation to Climate Change (NAPA), which gave rise to the implementation of several projects, and has been preparing its National Communications, fol- lowing on what is provided in the INDC. Mozambique formally launched the NAP process in a work session that took place in Maputo on December 13, 2016. The main objective was to present the process to sev- eral stakeholders and start the design of the roadmap for Presentation of the NAP process in the launch session.

58 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 59 This process is then based on Mozambique's efforts to re- Based on an extensive consultation process, this docu- duce its vulnerability, namely through the implementation ment constitutes the NAP of Mozambique and consists of of the ENAMMC and the integration of Climate Change description chapters and the Plan itself: Adaptation (CCA) in planning. Considering the country's 1. Environmental and Socio-economic Context; high vulnerability to climate change and the urgency to 2. The Future Climate; reduce it, the implementation of the NAP process is an ex- 3. Climate Risks; cellent opportunity to integrate adaptation into medium 4. Gaps and Needs for Greater Climate Resilience; and long-term development planning and, therefore, one 5 Climate Finance Portfolio in Mozambique; of the main assets to reduce national and local vulnera- 6. Historical Trends of Extreme Weather Events; bilities, promoting resilient and low-carbon development, 7. Mozambique NAP; associated with the implementation of concrete actions on a) Vision; the ground. This NAP is concurrently the adaptation ac- b) Mission; tion plan to implement Mozambique's First Nationally De- c) Principles; termined Contribution (NDC) Update. d) Objectives; The country has also made an effort to increase resil- e) Pillars; ience at the local level, having developed Local Adaptation f) Consistency between the NAP and other international Plans (PLAs). To date, 79 LAPs have been prepared (out of a instruments; total of 161 districts)1 . g) Alignment with Sectoral Development and Strategies; But an increase in adaptive capacity is still needed in the h) Strategic Adaptation Actions. medium and long term. To this end, Mozambique is now 8. Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan; presenting its National Adaptation Plan – NAP MOZ, in an 9. Time Horizon and Calendar; effort to bring about transformative change in the entire 10. Bibliographic References planning and budgeting process and also in current envi- ronmental, social and economic practices, and to increase its capacity to absorb climatic shocks, which are expected to be even more intense and frequent.

60 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 61 Photo of bivalves, Administrative post of Chidenguele, GAZA

62 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 63 2.1 GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE The Republic of Mozambique is located in the southern hemisphere, on the southeast coast of the African conti- nent, between latitudes 10º27’S and 26º52’S and the me- ridians of 30º12’E and 40º51’E. The country has an area of 801,590 km2 of land and about 13,000 km² of inland waters. Along the eastern part, it is bathed by the Indian Ocean, with a coast- line of approximately 2,700 km. In its northern part, Mozambique 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC is bordered by Tanzania, to the AND CLIMATE northwest by Zambia, Malawi and CONTEXT Lake Niassa; Zimbabwe to the west, South Africa to the southeast, and E-Swatini to the south, in a line of international land borders with an extension of about 4,330 km. To the east, the country is bordered by the Indian Ocean and separated from Mad- agascar by the Mozambique Channel (Figure 1).

64 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 65 Figure 1 MAP OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF MOZAMBIQUE AND ITS ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION INTO PROVINCES Administratively, the country is divided into 11 prov- inces, as the municipality of Maputo city (capital of the country) also has this status. The provinces are currently divided into 154 districts (26 more districts from the pre- vious 128) which, in turn, are divided into 419 local admin- istrative districts, called Administrative Posts. The latter 13o30'0''S are made up of 1052 localities, the lowest level of the Mo- zambican state's administrative configuration. The subdi- visions reported above are joined by 53 municipal authori- ties, of which 33 were created in 1998, 10 more in 2008 and another 10 in 2013. Along the approximately 2,700 km of coastline there are 17o45'0''S numerous islands, including the Quirimbas archipelago in Cabo Delgado province, Mozambique island and the is- lands of Goa and Sena in Nampula province, the Bazaruto INDEX Mozambique archipelago in Inhambane and the Inhaca, Portuguese and Xefina islands in Maputo province. The relief of the country is arranged in the form of 22o0'0''S an amphitheatre, with a mountainous area to the west, LEGENDA Country Capital Province Capital which descends in flat steps to the coastal plain, to the Main Road Railway east. In terms of altitude, Mozambique is characterized by Rivers Lakes plains, plateaus, mountains and depressions. The coastal plain, with altitudes of up to 200 meters, extends along 26o15'0''S 0 40 80 160 240 320 Km 32o30'0''E 36o45'0''E 41o0'0''E

66 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 67 the entire coastal strip, narrowing from the mouth of the more than 40 existing languages in the country. The of- Rovuma River to the Zambezi delta and extending in the ficial language adopted is Portuguese, inherited from the south to the so-called great Mozambican plain, up to Ponta colonizing country, Portugal, from which Mozambique be- de Ouro. It occupies 1/3 of the national territory. There are came independent on June 25, 1975. also the so-called low pressure plains that extend along the Mozambique has experienced significant population valleys of the main rivers, eventually receiving the name growth with an average annual rate of 2.4% over the last of the respective hydrographic basins, such as: Incomáti ten years. Between 2007 and 2017 there was a growth of 8.4 Plain, Limpopo Plain, Save Plain, Búzi Plain, Lúrio Plain, million inhabitants, against 4.4 million between 1997 and Lugela Plain, Messalo Plain and Zambezi Plain. 2007. According to projections, Mozambican population could exceed 50 million inhabitants by 2050. These data 2.2 POPULATION show how the demographic issue will have a very impor- Mozambican population is 30,832,244 inhabitants (INE tant role in planning the socio-economic development of 2021), with around 52% women and 48% men. The distri- the country and the potential challenges for the manage- bution by age group is about 45% among 0-14 years, 52% ment of natural resources which is the main source for the for 15-64 years and 3% for over 64 years. More than 66% of majority of the population, as well as the environment. the population is rural and 56% are women. It is estimated that the number of people residing in urban areas has in- 2.3 ECONOMY creased from 5 million in 2000 to over 10 million in 2017, Agriculture in Mozambique is the basis of the national econ- which has environmental implications in urban areas. The omy. The sector employs 90% of the female workforce and most widely spoken national languages in the country in- 70% of the male workforce, that is, 80% of the Mozambican clude KiSwahili, EMakhuwa, CiSena, XiNdau, XiTsonga, workforce works in the agricultural sector (PEDSA, 2011). XiTchope, Guitonga, CiNyungwe, EChwabo, EKoti, ELom- Agriculture has an average share of GDP above 20% of the we, CiNyanja, CiYao, XiMakonde and KiMwane, out of the total. The sectors of transport, trade and communications

68 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 69 contributed with an average of 10% each. The extractive in- plateaus, mountains and depressions. The coastal plain, dustry has shown great performance in recent years, hav- with altitudes of up to 200 meters, extends along the en- ing gone from 2% in 2013 to just over 7-8% between 2018 tire coastal strip, narrowing from the mouth of the Rovu- and 2021 (INE: Mozambique National Accounts). The na- ma River to the Zambezi delta and extending in the south tional economy has considerable potential in the primary to the so-called great Mozambican plain, up to Ponta de sector, driven by the existence of natural resources, how- Ouro. It occupies 1/3 of the national territory. There are ever, the main challenge is the development of industries also the so-called low pressure plains that extend along the that allow sustainable exploitation and transformation of valleys of the main rivers, eventually receiving the name these resources. The diversification of the national econ- of the respective hydrographic basins, such as: Incomáti omy is still a challenge for a more stable, comprehensive Plain, Limpopo Plain, Save Plain, Búzi Plain, Lúrio Plain, and sustainable growth. Mozambican economy, after sever- Lugela Plain, Messalo Plain and Zambezi Plain. al years of growth of around 7% per year, has slowed down since 2016 due to various factors caused by international and national situations. Estimations point that in 2020 the country had a negative growth (-1.23%) and the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the situation after the damage caused by cyclones Idai and Kenneth in the previous year. 2.4 RELIEF The relief of the country is arranged in the form of an am- phitheatre, with a mountainous area to the west, which de- scends in flat steps to the coastal plain, towards the east. In terms of altitude, Mozambique is characterized by plains,

70 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 71 Figure 2 RELIEF OF MOZAMBIQUE (BILA AND FONDO 2010:32) The plateaus occur mainly in the central and northern The plateaus occur mainly in the Central regions of the country, where they are more expressive, es- and Northern regions of the country, pecially in the provinces of Manica, Tete, Zambézia, Nam- where they are more expressive, especially pula, Niassa and Cabo Delgado, forming island mountain- in the provinces of Manica, Tete, ous or “inselbergs”. Zambézia, Nampula, Niassa and Cabo In the southern region of the country, the plateaus occu- Delgado, configuring themselves in py only a small strip in the western part of the provinces of mountainous islands or “inselbergs”. Maputo and Gaza in a mountainous alignment of approx- In the southern region of the country, imately 900 km in length and 30 km in maximum width, the plateaus occupy only a small strip along the border with Swaziland, Republic of South Africa in the western part of the provinces of and Zimbabwe. Maputo and Gaza in a mountainous In some plateau areas there are accumulation plains alignment of approximately 900 that result from excavations carried out in river valleys, as km in length and 30 km in maximum is the case of the valleys of the Zambezi, Messalo and Luge- width, along the border with la rivers. Swaziland, Republic of South Africa and 1. In the plateau area, the following are distinguished: Zimbabwe. In some plateau 2. Medium plateaus (200m – 600m altitude); areas there are accumulation plains Highlands (600m – 1,000m altitude) that result from excavations carried The main plateaus are: out in river valleys, as is the case of 1. Mozambican Plateau: located in the provinces of Zambé- the valleys of the Zambezi, Messalo zia and Nampula. and Lugela rivers MOUTAINS In this region, the plateaus have altitudes ranging from 1000 - 1500 metros 600 to 1,000 meters in altitude. The main feature of the PLATEAUS 500 - 1000 metres 200 - 500 metres HIGHLANDS 0 - 200 metres

72 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 73 Mozambican plateau is the occurrence of “inselbergs” (1,646m), Tumbine (1,542m) ), Derre (1,417m) and Mongue called islands or residual hills. (1,043m); and, in Tete, the mountains (Planaltos da Mara- 2. Niassa Plateau - located in the province of Niassa, along via-Angónia) are in their northern part, near the border Lake Niassa; with neighboring Malawi, and the highlight goes to the 3. Mueda Plateau – located in Cabo Delgado province; mountains: Domuè (2,096m) and Chiobuè (2,021m); 4. Chimoio Plateau – located in Manica province, close to 3. West of Manica: escarpment of the same name or the border with Zimbabwe; Chimanimani massif near the border with Zimbabwe; it is 5. Maravia Plateau – located in the province of Tete, close in this massif where the highest mountain in the country is to the border with Zambia; located, Binga (2,436 m altitude, in the district of Sussun- 6. Angónia Plateau – located in the province of Tete, close denga), 35 km length and a width that varies from (8 to 10 to the border with Malawi. km) and it is located about 80 km from the city of Chimoio, Mountain formations with altitudes equal to or greater and the Serra Choa (1,844 m). Also in this province, there is than 1,000 meters are located at: the Espungabera massif with an altitude of approximately 1. West of Niassa: where mountain elevations have the 1,000m, separating Chimanimani from Serra da Gorongo- shape of an Ipsilon (Y), constituting a chain or Maniam- sa (Sofala) with a maximum altitude of 1,863m. ba-Amaramba system in which hills such as: Jéci (1,836m), In the southern region of the country there are no Mitucuè (1,803m), Sanga ( 1.79 m), Chitagalo (1,803 m), mountain formations as such, however, in terms of altitude Chissindo (1,579 m) and Txingeia (1,787 m) are to be high- we fall into an illusion when we look at the Libombos pla- lighted; teau chain, as it is located in a predominantly flat region; 2. Northwest of Zambézia and Tete: in Zambézia there in fact, it is nothing more than a plateau with only 802m are the Chire-Namúli formations with hills such as: Namú- of altitude (M'ponduíne mount) in Namaacha, next to the li (2,419m), Chiperone (2,054m), Inago (1,807m), Mabu border with Swaziland and South Africa.

74 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 75 Fire associated with itinerant agriculture, SOFALA

76 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 77 2.5 CLIMATE north, where the annual average varies between 800 and According to the Köppen-Geiger classification, the climate 1,200 mm, becoming exceptionally high, 1,500 mm, in the in Mozambique is generally of the Aw type (tropical humid highlands of Zambézia, Niassa and the mountainous areas and dry) with pockets of BSh (semi-arid hot climate), with of Gorongosa. Central Mozambique and the entire coast- two distinct seasons, one being hot and rainy, from Octo- line receive amounts of rainfall ranging between 800 and ber to April, and the other cold and dry, from May to Sep- 1,000 mm. However, in some regions of the province of tember (Gelcer et al., 2018). Tete, the values of precipitation are reduced by up to 600 The atmospheric circulation in the country is character- mm. The south of the country is generally drier, with an av- ized by zones of influence of low equatorial pressures with erage rainfall of less than 800 mm, reaching values of 300 NE monsoon winds during summer. Winds in the south mm in the administrative post of Pafuri, in the province of and central zones are predominantly SE trades, and in the Gaza (Figure 3). north they are influenced by a monsoon regime with NE Precipitation trends in Mozambique are not significant- winds during summer and SW winds during winter. The ly observable, due to the great inter-annual variability of rainfall regime in Mozambique is influenced by the trop- rainfall in different seasons. However, the analysis of his- ical cyclones formed in the southwestern Indian Ocean torical data carried out in several studies point to a late basin during summer, the Intertropical Convergence Zone onset of the rainy season in Mozambique, as well as an in- (ITCZ), the Indian monsoon, low pressure systems over crease in the persistence of dry days. the continent, Atlantic and Indian Anticyclones, El Niño/ Analyzing precipitation data between 1960 and 2006, Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Cold Fronts (Macie, 2016). the INGC Report (2009) points to a delay, in the beginning of the rainy season, that reaches between 20 and 45 days in 2.5.1 PRECIPITATION some places, as well as a more pronounced persistence of The spatial distribution of precipitation is very variable dry days in the northeast of the country in the months of across the country. Precipitation is more abundant in the March to May and September to November.

78 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 79 Figure 3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACCUMULATED The study of Mcsweeney et al. (2010) identified that in ANNUAL RAINFALL IN MOZAMBIQUE the period between 1960 and 2006, the average annual rainfall in Mozambique decreased at an average rate of 3.1% per decade in the period under analysis. On the oth- er hand, despite the observed decreases in precipitation, the amount of precipitation during heavy rainfall events increased at an average rate of 2.6% per decade, with these increases being more pronounced in the period from De- cember to February (DJF). The period of greatest precipitation in the country cor- responds to the summer of the Southern Hemisphere, between October and April. During the rainy season, the highest rainfall occurs in the months of January, Febru- ary and March, contributing about 45% of the total annual rainfall and is often associated with migration and activity Average annual Rainfall (mm) from the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In the northern region of the country, typical values 90 - 340 of monthly rainfall are 20 – 200 mm/month during the 340 - 519 519 - 646 rainy season and 5 – 30 mm/month in the dry season. The 646 - 737 central region records between 30 – 200 mm/month in 737 - 865 the rainy season and 20 – 40 mm/month in the dry sea- 865 - 1,043 1,043 - 1,293 son. The south of Mozambique, with the lowest precipita- 1,293 - 1,644 tion values, registers between 40 -130 mm/month in the 1,644 - 2,135 rainy season and 20 - 40 mm/month in the dry season. Km 0 70 140 280 420 560 Escala: 1: 8,000,000 Source: Mozambique Precipitation Atlas, INAM, 2012)

80 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 81 PRECIPITATION DEVIATIONS SHOWING INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY Figure 4 AND THE PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF FLOODS AND DROUGHTS IN FOUR REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY: NORTH, CENTER, SOUTH AND COASTAL It is mainly the southern region that is prone to drought North and some areas in the south of the province of Tete, in the 500 center of the country. 0 -500 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2.5.2 INTER-ANNUAL VARIATION Central Rainfall deviations [mm] OF PRECIPITATION 500 0 In Mozambique, there is a very high inter-annual variability -500 of rainfall in the rainy season, particularly in the central and 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 South southern regions. This variability causes significant fluctua- 500 tions in the annual amounts of precipitation, and there are 0 -500 also years with an abundance of precipitation (with a great- 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 er probability of floods), or a deficit of precipitation (with a Coastal 500 greater probability of droughts). Figure 4 shows the devia- 0 tions of precipitation from the climatological mean in four -500 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 geographic regions of the country, including the coastal re- Date gion in the period from 1960 to 2006. The best documented Source: INGC, 2009 cause of this variability is the southern oscillation and the El 2.5.3 TEMPERATURE Niño phenomenon (ENSO), which on average causes warmer In general, average temperatures in Mozambique range and drier conditions and relatively cooler and wetter condi- between 25°C – 30°C (average maximum temperatures) tions (La Niña) in the rainy season of eastern southern Afri- and 15°C – 21°C (average minimum temperatures) (Figura ca. Evidence on the ENSO relationship and precipitation in 5). The highest average maximum temperatures are re- Southern Africa can be found in several studies (Reason et corded in the coastal area of the country, in the south of al., 2000; Reason and Jagadheesha, 2005). Tete province and in the western part of Gaza province

82 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 83 (Figura 5) on the left). As for the average minimum temper- In general, average maximum temperatures tend to atures, these have a decreasing pattern from the coast to increase in recent decades. In the case of Maputo City, the interior. The highest average minimum temperatures despite a marked inter-annual variation, the long-term are recorded along the northern coast and the lowest are trend was for an increase of around 1°C between 1980 recorded in Gaza province (WFP, 2018). The Gaza region and 2020 (Figura 6). also has the highest temperature range in the country. Figure 5 Figure 6 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (ON THE LEFT) AND AVERAGE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN MOZAMBIQUE, INTER-ANNUAL VARIATION OF AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE CALCULATED FOR THE PERIOD 1982 - 2017 IN MAPUTO CITY BETWEEN 1980 AND 2020 Average Monthly Max Temperature Average Monthly Min Temperature TMAXmean Maputo 29 28.5 TMAXmean MOZAMBIQUE MOZAMBIQUE 27.5 28 <20oC <15oC 20 15 16 27 21 22 17 23 18 19 24 20 26.5 25 26 21 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 27 22 28 23 Anos 29 24 R2= 18.5 p-value= 0.005 Slope estimate= 0.019 Slope error= 0.006 30 25 >30oC >25oC Source: WFP, 2018. Mozambique Climate Analysis

84 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 85 HISTORICAL DATA on extreme events show that three climate-related hazards are most likely to occur in Mo- zambique, namely tropical cyclones, floods and droughts. These events are often associated with socio-economic damage, resulting in loss of human life, human suffering, loss of property, destruction of critical infrastructure (eg health facilities, schools, access roads, etc.) and other in- direct losses. Through an analysis of the trend of events recorded in the last four decades (1980 – 2019), it is noted that the number of events that devastat- ed the country has increased significant- ly since the 2000s (Figura 7). Since 3. HISTORICAL the decade (2000-2010) to the TRENDS present, the number of cy- OF EXTREME clones competes with the number EVENTS of flood events, despite the slowdown in drought events. Bearing in mind that tropical cyclones are of- ten associated with heavy rainfall events that can con- tribute with a significant proportion of precipitation in a very short period, which in turn cause flooding in several regions of the country, with serious implications for the health of communities, the aggravation of these phenome- na in recent decades should deserve special attention.

86 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 87 Figure 7 Figure 8 TREND IN THE NUMBER OF EXTREME EVENTS TOTAL NUMBER OF EXTREME EVENTS THAT OCCURRED BETWEEN 1980 E 2019 THAT OCCURRED IN MOZAMBIQUE BETWEEN 1980 – 2019

9 Total disasters registered between 1980 and 2019 25 7 Number of Events Número de Eventos 20 5 21 20 15 3 10 12 1 5 -11980 1990 2000 2010 2020 0 Decades Tropical Cyclones Floods Droughts Tropical Cyclone Floods Type of Event Source: produced based on DeSinventar data and INGC reports on the rainy season In the period 1980 to 2019, Mozambique was affected The direct impact of these events is often expressed by 21 tropical cyclones, 20 flood events and 12 droughts by the number of loss of human life, people affected (Figura 8). This means that on average, the country is af- through loss of personal property and livelihoods, de- fected by a tropical cyclone or a flood event every two years struction of critical infrastructure in the country such and a drought event every three years. Tropical cyclones as roads, bridges, water supply system, schools, hospi- and flooding events represent about 77% of the total events tals, as well as the outbreak of water-borne diseases (eg that occurred in the period under analysis. In fact, in re- malaria, cholera, diarrhea, etc.). However, the lack of sys- cent years there has been more than one cyclone or tropi- tematic and homogeneous records of events and their cal storm a year, exacerbating the impacts these phenome- impacts and, on the one hand, the persistence in con- na have on the economy and the lives of populations. sidering only large-scale and high-impact disasters in a

88 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 89 short period of time have hidden thousands of small and During this period and on average, Mozambique was hit medium-scale disasters that take place every year in the by a cyclone or flood every two years and a drought every country. Consequently, Mozambique does not know the three years. real value of the direct and/or indirect economic losses as- The direct impact of these events is often expressed in sociated with these events. the number of loss of human life, loss of personal property According to the Desinventar2 database, between 1979 and livelihoods, destruction of critical country infrastruc- and 2022, in Mozambique, the highest disaster related ture such as roads, bridges, water supply systems, schools, death toll (76%) originated from droughts, followed by hospitals or disease outbreak transmitted by water (eg ma- floods (16%) and epidemic (5%). On the other hand, cyclones laria, cholera, and diarrhea, among others). Furthermore, were responsible for 51% of the damage houses, while given the impact of these events on the economy, includ- floods and flash floods destroyed 29% and 4% respectively. ing the cost of destruction, emergency operations, resettle- Even though the economic losses were not systematically ment and reconstruction, the impacts of extreme weather accounted, the DesInventar data base presents an estima- events are also expressed in monetary terms. tion of losses at about USD35 billion from disasters during Figure 9 shows that despite the amount allocated the period 1979-2022. The disaster events occur in combi- to reconstruction after extreme weather events, this nation causing multiple and overlapping damages amount is not sufficient and the financial deficit related According to the National Institute for Disaster Man- to the impacts associated with extreme weather events agement (INGD) updates on extreme events, in recent and emergencies has increased to such an extent that, years cyclones have been the most common and damag- since 2016, they have already exceeded 9 billion Met- ing events, followed by floods and droughts. For example, icais. For comparison purposes, Mozambique’s GDP in in the 2018/2019 rainy season, Mozambique was severely 2019 was 15 billion Meticais 3 . hit by three cyclonic events: Idai, Kenneth and Desmond.

90 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 91 Figure 9 ANNUAL ACCUMULATED DEFICIT FOR POST-DISASTER The following constitute priority areas for national RECONSTRUCTION BETWEEN 2016 AND 2021 development: 10 000 1. Energy; 9000 2. Agriculture; 8000 3. Fisheries; 7000 4. Manufacturing industry; Millions of Meticals 6000 5. Mineral extractive industry; 6. Tourism industry. 5000 The development pattern adopted by the National Devel- 4000 opment Strategy (ENDe) assumes that the industrialization 3000 process plays a crucial role in boosting the economy by 2000 stimulating the development of the main sectors of activity 1000 (agriculture and fisheries). However, industrialization will 0 only be effective if it takes into account the principles of 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 Annual Accumulated Deficit Annual Allocated sustainable development and a climate resilient economy. Deficit (since 2016) Value The NAP’s function is to bring together different stra- Source: MTA, 2021 tegic elements of development and promote sustainable 3.1 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES development. The most prominent are the local adapta- Mozambique has established its long-term National De- tion plans, which at this stage are still at the district level, velopment Strategy (ENDE) for the period 2015-2035. The but which are also expected to be at the provincial level; main objective of the ENDe is “to improve the living con- the National Territorial Development Plan (PNDT) and the ditions of the population through structural transforma- District Land Use Plans, which have the function of estab- tion of the economy, expansion and diversification of the lishing and explaining the territorial consequences of the productive base”.

92 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 93 national development model, giving territorial rationality for alteration of the seasonal patterns of the rainy and dry to the Government's major strategic options and contrib- seasons, both in terms of onset and duration4 and the in- uting to greater efficiency in the implementation of the tegration of parameters related to the protection of lives main sectoral policies with the most significant territori- and infrastructure. al impact. The PNDT recognizes exposure to climate risks This component also includes, in view of Mozambique's and therefore considers it imperative and urgent that it as- exposure to extreme events, such as those associated with sumes the implementation of defined policies and strate- tropical cyclones, the risk management and prevention gies, in the sense of drastically reducing vulnerability and mechanisms associated with the climatic phenomena. The increasing the resilience of the Mozambican territory to vulnerability factors generated by these changes in the pre- these and other extreme events. cipitation regime and by the increase in temperature are: Table 2 intends to summarize the intensity of impacts of 1. Decreased quantity of quality water available for various climate change felt and projected for Mozambique in the uses (human, wildlife, forest, agriculture, energy produc- various sectors of activity. tion, industry) due to lower rainfall, lower aquifer recharge, The impacts and vulnerabilities identified on the NAPA, increased evapotranspiration, saline intrusion and greater PCN and SCN by the IPCC at a regional scale and by the risk of spread of fires (lower relative air humidity); INGD in the national and local context and already men- 2. Greater risk of loss of life, crops, forests and other natu- tioned above were validated in the consultations with the ral heritage, soil erosion and damage to infrastructure as- various partners, including representatives of the private sociated with floods and inundations due to sea level rise sector and civil society at the sectoral, central, provincial and storm surge and extreme precipitation events – floods and regional levels and are mainly related to responses and strong winds; such as the management of water resources, which should 3. Lower availability of biomass for energy purposes; be improved to face the change in water availability, both 4. Changing the distribution and abundance of fisheries in terms of quantity and quality, as well as its seasonality, resources and marine biodiversity by heating the water

94 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 95 Table 2 CLIMATE RISKS BY SECTOR/AREA IN MOZAMBIQUE column and acidification and, ultimately, bleaching and Climate Risks dying of corals; Change Droughts Floods Tropical Rising Increase Sector/area Change in atmospheric in cyclones of sea level in average 5. Increase in human mortality and morbidity due to the precipitation water sea temperature patterns temperature spread of vector-borne diseases associated with climatic patterns Water resources variables and malnutrition, with exacerbated effects on the ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• • most vulnerable groups; and Infrastructure • ••• ••• •• 6. Decreased soil fertility due to erosion, deforestation, Agriculture •• ••• ••• ••• ••• • excessive fires and saline intrusion. Food safety •• ••• ••• ••• ••• • Forests •• ••• ••• •• ••• • Industry • ••• ••• ••• • Energy • •• • •• Health •• • •• •• •• • • Tourism •• • •• •• ••• • • Transport •• • ••• ••• •• Biodiversity and conservation areas •• ••• ••• ••• ••• • •• Coastal areas • • • ••• ••• ••• •• Human settlements •• •• ••• ••• ••• ••• • Fishing • • • •• •• ••• Key: ••• High •• Moderate • Low (or not known) Source: MICOA, 2012

96 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 97 3.2 CLIMATE VULNERABILITY of climate change, countries recognize the importance of AND THE PANDEMIC more well-equipped medical facilities, better risk commu- The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated nication strategies, more health professionals trained in climate vulnerability in Mozambique. This is because the crisis response, more and better disease surveillance and latter is deeply related to the social weaknesses and the need for functional early warning systems. pandemic was another way of aggravating and exposing Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by an es- them. According to the work developed by the NAP Global timated 0.5% in 2020, due to the pandemic covid-19, the Network5, the pandemic has reinforced the need for ad- first decline in 28 years, after growing 2.2% in 2019. The aptation in the most vulnerable countries. Thus, there is economic contraction dragged 850,000 people below the a shared priority in the fight against the pandemic and international poverty line in 2020, an increase of 1.2 per- against climate change with a view to recovery and regen- centage points, while GDP per capita was expected to con- eration, both environmental and economic and social. In tract by -3.4% in 2020. Mozambique’s economy recovered the case of the health sector, for example, whether as a re- moderately in 2021. Growth reached 2.2 percent, driven by sponse to COVID-19 or building its resilience to the impacts agriculture and a gradual rebound in demand.

98 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 99 Dry bed of one of the affluents of Zambeze River, TETE

100 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 101 4.1 CLIMATE PROJECTIONS 4.1.1 FUTURE TEMPERATURE PROJECTIONS The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) presents unequivo- cal evidence of climate change worldwide: the atmosphere and oceans are warming, the extent and volume of snow and ice are decreasing, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. The most optimistic scenar- io predicts an increase in the earth's tempera- ture between 0.3°C and 1.7°C and, in the worst case, the Earth's surface could warm between 2.6°C and 4.8°C 4. FUTURE over this century until 2100 CLIMATE (IPCC, 2021). In December 2015, the Paris Agreement, approved under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), established a glob- al framework to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and noted that global warming should be limited to 1.5°C. In Mozambique, some studies point to a significant in- crease in temperature, with the average annual tempera- ture expected to increase between 1.0 and 2.8 °C by 2060 and between 1.4 and 4.6 °C by 2090 (INGC, 2009; Mcsweeney

102 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 103 et al., 2010) (Figure 11). The projected rate of warming will 4.1.2 FUTURE PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS be faster in the interior regions of Mozambique than in ar- Precipitation variations are not as clear as temperature eas closer to the coast. All projections indicate substantial variations. The range of precipitation projections resulting increases in the frequency of days and nights considered from different models is large and encompasses both neg- "hot" in the current climate. So, this increase will be be- ative and positive changes. There are indications of varia- tween 17 and 35% of days per year, around 2060 and be- tions between -15 to +20 mm per month, or -15% to +34% tween 20 and 53% of days per year in 2090. The same pro- (Mcsweeney et al., 2010). However, the models show more jections also indicate a reduction in the frequency of days consistency in seasonal projections, indicating a reduction and nights considered "cold" in the current weather. in rainfall in the dry season, that is, in the period from June to August (JJA) and from September to November (SON). This reduction is partially offset by the increase in rainfall in the rainy season, from December to February (DJF), with Figure 10 TRENDS IN THE AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN MOZAMBIQUE greater expression in northern Mozambique (Mcsweeney FOR THE RECENT PAST BETWEEN 1960 AND 2006 (black line) et al., 2010). In general, rainfall projections do not indicate Mozambique: Mean Temperature Anomaly Annual substantial changes in annual rainfall, but rather change 6 6 Temperature Anomaly ( C) in rainfall patterns (Figure 11). 4 4 2 2 A2A1B B1 0 0 -2 -2 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 Trends in the average annual temperature in Mozambique for the recent past between 1960 and 2006 (black line) and The projected future for three emission scenarios (colored lines). The colored bars on the right side indicate the different scenarios used in the simulations (A2, A1B and B1) as well as the uncertainty ranges in the average climate projections around 2090 – 2100 (Adapted from Mcsweeney et al., 2010)

104 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 105 Figure 11 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL FROM SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER PROJECTED FOR THE YEARS 2030, 2060 AND 2090 (Adapted from Mcsweeney et al., 2010) 2030 2060 2090 2. Precipitation patterns: -10 -10 a) With irregular behavior of rainfall in terms of start- ing and ending time, rainfall load (phenomena of intense -12,5 -12,5 -10 precipitation in a short period of time) and duration of the +90 -15 -15 +40 rainy season (drought), disfiguring the notions of “official” -12,5 +30 -17,5 -17,5 +20 and “real start” of the agricultural season, which in some +10 -15 0 regions may result in a decrease in current potential yields -20 -20 -10 of around 25%; -17,5 -20 -22,5 -22,5 -30 -40 b) With a growing reduction in potential agricultural in- -20 -50 come levels by up to 20% in the main crops that constitute -22,5 -27,5 -25 -27,5 -25 the basis of food security and an essential condition for im- 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 proving the per capita income of Mozambican households; -27,5 -25 INGC projections (2009) foresee that the CC in Mozambique will be manifested mainly in the: 3. Increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events (droughts, floods and tropical cyclones): 1. Temperature patterns: a) Persistence of extraordinary floods in identifiable plac- a) atmosphere – with an average increase between 1.5 °C es in the country, which can be referred to as “risk zones”; and 3.0 °C in the period between 2046 and 2065 and re- b) Cyclones and other strong winds; cord of more hot days and fewer cold days, with an increase c) Prolonged droughts; in maximum and minimum temperature; 4. Sea level rise: 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm as a result of b) oceans – with rising average sea levels and changes in thermal expansion and 15 cm, 110 cm and 415 cm as a con- the distribution and availability of fish stocks and effects sequence of the reduction of continental ice caps in the on marine ecosystems (such as, for example, corals); years 2030, 2060 and 2100, respectively.

106 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 107 Water supply by tank during the 2018 drought, Maputo City, MAPUTO a) Identified areas with potential increased risk due to the emergence of other adverse natural phenomena such as loss by submersion and erosion of coastal areas, intru- sion of saline water, desertification; b) Reduction of available areas for the practice of agricul- ture in green or lowlands; c) Many of the main coastal urban centers in the coun- try, including Maputo, Beira and Quelimane, are already in a critical situation in terms of vulnerability (human lives, properties, social infrastructures, etc.) to the effects of CC.

108 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 109 THERE ARE SEVERAL PUBLICATIONS that place Mo- zambique at the top of risk classifications, including cli- mate, such as the Global Climate Risk Index 20215 , pub- lished by the Germanwatch World Bank Group, or the ND-Gain Index , published by the University of Notre Dame. The first places Mozambique as the country most affect- ed by climate change in 2019, with 700 deaths and losses of around USD 4930.08, equivalent to more than 12% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Between 2000 and 2019 Mozambique was ranked as the fifth most affected country worldwide. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events has 5. CLIMATE been increasing worldwide. Es- RISKS timates of loss of human life and economic losses indicated growth dur- ing the period 1970 to 2019. Mozambique is among the countries that had the greatest loss of life during the prolonged drought of 1981, with about 100,000 deaths and economic losses caused by Cyclone Idai in 2019, estimated at around USD 1.96 billion, and a recon- struction cost estimated at USD 2.9 billion, making it the country with the highest losses on the African continent between 1970 and 2019). In terms of the African continent,

110 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 111 Figure 12 Mozambique is the second with the highest number of cli- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF CLIMATE RISK matic disasters, with 79 events, after South Africa, with 90 events, between 1970 e 2019 (7,8) . IMPACTS According to the Sixth Report of the Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2021), risks associat- ed with climate change arise from climate-related hazards CLIMATE Vulnerability SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES (climate trends and extremes) and the vulnerability of so- Natural Socio-economic ciety, communities or systems exposed (in terms of liveli- Resources Variability hoods, infrastructure, ecosystem services and governance) Hazards RISK Adaptation as illustrated in (Figure 12). and mitigation Anthropogenic actions Climate Based on the above, on the experience of Mozambique Change Governance and on the perspective of the evolution of climate Exposure vectors in the country, the most significant climate risks are: 1. loss of livelihoods, built-up areas and coastal infrastruc- EMISSIONS and lans use change Source: IPCC, 2014 ture, ecosystem services and economic stability associated with a trend towards drought, storm surge, ocean acidifica- tion, sea level rise and extreme precipitation; and 5.1 CLIMATE RISKS AND VULNERABILITY 2. Threats to coastlines in low-lying areas due to severe BY SOCIOECONOMIC SECTOR storms and rising sea levels. The sixth report of the IPCC indicates that the impacts and risks of climate change are becoming increasingly complex and more difficult to manage. Multiple climate hazards will occur simultaneously, and multiple climate and non-climate risks will interact, resulting in the com- position of overall risk and cascading risks across sectors

112 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 113 and regions. Some responses to climate change result in of human life, crops, livestock and wildlife. In line with new impacts and risks. forecasts, there is an increase in the frequency and intensi- Mozambique is particularly vulnerable to the climate ty of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and change due to its location downstream of shared river ba- tropical cyclones (recent cyclones with high impact: Idai sins (Floods e.g. Limpopo Basin 2000 and 2013; Licungo and Kenneth 2019, Eline in 2000, etc.). The destruction of Basin 2007, 2013 and 2019, etc.). This vulnerability is ex- social and economic infrastructure, greater dependence acerbated by the country's 2,470 km of coastline and so- on international support, increases in food prices, damage cio-economic fragility. More than 60% of the population to human health and the environment, and the destruc- lives in low-lying coastal areas, where intense storms from tion of ecosystems are some of the serious forms of mani- the Indian Ocean and rising sea levels put infrastructure, festation of vulnerability in Mozambique, which represents coastal agriculture, key ecosystems and fisheries at risk. Al- a major barrier to the efforts of the Government and its though migration to urban areas is increasing, two-thirds partners to fight poverty and achieve Sustainable Develop- of the population still resides in rural areas with limited ment Goals (SDGs). access to electricity, clean water and sanitation. Forty-five Although vulnerability affects all population groups, percent of the population lives below the poverty line and women are particularly more vulnerable. Often, where they 70 percent depend on climate-sensitive agricultural pro- take refuge, they start life again in deplorable situations duction for their food and livelihood. The country's vul- due to extreme poverty, in such a way that some parents nerability is also heightened by its low adaptive capacity, end up allowing their daughters to get involved in prema- poverty, limited investment in modern technology and de- ture unions. But this is just one facet of gender inequali- ficiencies in its infrastructure and social services, especial- ties, with women exposed to various forms of violence. . ly those related to health and sanitation (e.g. malaria and Gender inequalities remain a challenge in ensuring the cholera in 2019 after Cyclone Idai and Kenneth in central observance of human rights and promoting inclusive and and northern Mozambique). These events result in the loss sustainable development. Despite the recognition of the

114 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 115 role that women play in the country's socio-economic de- Out of the 3 million hectares of land with potential for velopment, they are often excluded from decision-making irrigated agriculture, only 118,000 hectares were equipped processes, have little access to resources and opportunities for irrigation in 2015 and only 62,000 ha (52%) were be- and their empowerment is relegated to the second plan. ing used for irrigated agriculture (CIAT; World Bank. 2017). These challenges increase in emergency situations due to The country's National Development Strategy (2015-2035), the government's limited capacity to prevent and adequate- the Green Economy Action Plan (2013-2030), the National ly respond to situations created by natural disasters and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy (2013- the increased vulnerability of populations, especially wom- 2025) describe the agriculture sector as essential for pover- en, children and the elderly, to gender-based violence10. ty reduction and for stimulating economic growth, as well as one of those that has the greatest potential for adapta- 5.1.1 AGRICULTURE, FORESTS AND FISHING tion and emissions reduction, through the promotion of AGRICULTURE resilient production techniques and systems. Agriculture in Mozambique is the basis for development Basic food production is dominated by cereals such as and it is the most important source of income and subsist- maize, sorghum, millet and rice. Rice production has shown ence for more than 80% of the population. It has an aver- great expression in recent years with the expansion of nation- age share on the GDP of above 20% of the total GDP (INE: al production on a commercial scale. In relation to cash crops, Contas Nacionais, 2008 – 2018). The agriculture sector also cotton, sugar cane and tobacco are the most expressive crops, plays an essential role for women's livelihood, as 90% of the both in terms of covered area and production volume. Rice economically active female population earns a living from production is carried out in irrigated areas and floodplains. agriculture. In addition, women constitute 61% of the agri- Rice is the third most important crop in the cereals group, cultural workforce. The country's agricultural potential is having increased the cultivated area from 200 thousand hec- estimated at 62% of the total area, but only 7% of the area tares in 2006 to 300 thousand hectares in 2012, despite the is currently cultivated (CIAT; World Bank. 2017). national potential being around 900 thousand hectares.

116 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 117 Agriculture in Mozambique is mainly dominated by the diversifying the livelihoods of peasants, it is a source of family sector whose production is oriented towards sub- income and an economic reserve, it contributes to the bal- sistence, in a rain fed regime, and highly vulnerable to cli- ance of production systems, to the increase of agricultural mate variability. In terms of farm size, approximately 72% production, with animal traction and manure, and to the of the country's farmers work on plots of land that do not food security of households, while still playing a social exceed 2ha, using limited amounts of inputs and exten- role in rural communities. Livestock production is main- sively practicing slash and burn (CIAT; World Bank. 2017). ly carried out by the family sector for subsistence (mainly Livestock production and savanna burning represent two small animals such as goats, rabbits, chickens, ducks), but main sources of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the large-scale production has been increasing in recent years, agriculture sector. mainly livestock (beef, swine, goat and sheep) and broilers Some major drought-sensitive food crops, such as maize, and egg production. could decline on average by up to 11% (2046-2065), and up Although agriculture is the economic base of the majority to 45% in areas like Tete. More erratic rainfall and temper- of the population in the country, it is constrained by low soil ature changes could contribute to the spread of existing productivity; biotic and abiotic factors, such as high pres- and new agricultural pests, such as fall armyworm, posing sure from pests, diseases and weeds, and irregularity and an unprecedented threat to maize and sorghum. The in- scarcity of rainfall, respectively; low use of inputs (fertilizers, creased risk of floods and droughts is likely to affect key pesticides and improved seed) and low level of use of ade- value chain crops such as soy, pigeon pea and sesame, dis- quate technologies. Other factors that also contribute to low rupting local markets and farmers' incomes. These pro- productivity include poor agronomic practices and insuffi- duction impacts, combined with the effects of floods and cient extension services due to low geographic coverage. heavy rains on rural roads, could result in a loss of agricul- The impacts of climate change on agriculture result from tural GDP of 4.5 - 9.8 percent by 2050. direct impacts that can be cyclones, floods, droughts, heat Livestock production is an important activity in the waves in cultivated areas, reducing harvests and destroy- agricultural sector. Animal husbandry is a component of ing agricultural infrastructure and equipment and access

118 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 119 routes for crop flow. The weak infrastructure for storing and just over 40 million hectares of forests and other woody managing water and irrigation is an aggravating factor. The formations. Of this area, about 67% (26.9 million hectares) main affected by these impacts are rural populations that correspond to productive forests. More recently, a new for- depend almost exclusively on subsistence agriculture for est inventory (MITADER, 2018) found a decrease of 21% in their food security. For example, Cyclone Idai is reported to the total forest area and 36% in the productive forest area, have affected more than 700,000 hectares of agricultural as compared to the 2007 inventory. land and caused losses corresponding to US$258 million in Although deforestation rates vary over the years, the destroyed crops. Tropical cyclones Idai and Kenneth, which pressure to convert forests to other uses reduced by 30% occurred in the 2018/2019 rainy season, resulted in livestock from 2013 to 2018 (MITADER, 2018), and it is expected that losses due to the death of 5,428 cattle, 10,305 small rumi- the reduction in deforestation and the increase in affores- nants, 3,191 pigs and 124,498 birds. As the frequency and tation will lead to greater areas of forests and greater car- intensity of cyclones increases, the affected areas and there- bon storage, allowing for an increase in wood production, fore the number of those affected will increase. employment and income. Deforestation and forest degradation in Mozambique is FORESTS estimated at 12 MtCO2/year of carbon dioxide emissions in Mozambique has a considerable area of natural forests and the period between 2000 and 2012 (CEAGRE & Winrock other woody formations, mainly Miombo, Mecrusse and International, 2016). The main cause of deforestation, with Mopane types. These tropical dry forests are subject to a around 7.8 MtCO2/year (65% of total emissions) is the con- high rate of deforestation and degradation, due to their version of forests for shifting agriculture. The other impor- fragility and high demand for goods and services to which tant causes are urban sprawl and infrastructure (1.4 MtCO2/ they are subject and the fact that they are the main liveli- year; 12%), logging (0.9 MtCO2/year; 8%) and firewood and hood of the poorest population (MITADER, 2018). charcoal (0.8 MtCO2/year; 7%). Reforestation in Mozam- The 2007 national forest inventory (Marzoli, 2007) esti- bique is still in its infancy, even though its role in reducing mated the country's forest cover at just over 50%, that is, pressure on natural forests is recognized. Although there

120 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 121 is a potential area of around 7 million hectares for plant- potential of Mozambique’s fisheries products is around 332 ing fast-growing exotic species, only close to 60,000 ha are thousand tons, with the main resources being shallow-water planted, mainly with species of the genera Eucalyptus and shrimp (in Sofala Bank and in Maputo Bay), deep-sea crusta- Pinus (DNTF, 2015). ceans (on the continental slope of the central and southern Forest management is often referred to as a means of areas), horse mackerel and mackerel (on the Sofala Bank) reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but at the same time and demersal fish (in the southern and northern areas). as a means of adaptation, insofar as they have the poten- It is estimated that the fisheries sector contributes tial to produce goods and services of local utility from the around 4% to the GDP (MIMAIP, 2016) through the export provision of renewable energy services of biomass, wood, of shrimp, prawns and other fish products, with a global and a variety of non-wood forest products, protection and production of around 151 thousand tons per year, from ma- recovery of soil productivity, regulation of the hydrological rine fisheries and inland waters (Ministerial Diploma No. cycle, among others. In the case of Mozambique, where the 161/2014 of 1 October). Fisheries contribute to food security main type of agriculture is itinerant, the restoration of for- and especially by providing around 50% of the animal pro- est ecosystems is a natural way of recovering soil produc- tein consumed in the country (MIMAIP, 2016). Therefore, a tivity. At the same time, while acknowledging that 77% of breakdown in the ecosystems and resources based on fish- domestic energy is from biomass and that this pattern will eries will have severe socio-economic implications. continue for decades to come, it is extremely important to Climate change risks to marine and fisheries resources in- recognize the role of sustainable forest management as an clude rising temperature, precipitation and sea level, coastal adaptation measure. storms and acidification of estuaries. This can decrease fish stocks, alter markets and influence tourism in the marine FISHERIES and coastal environment. Since the extensive Mozambican The Mozambican coastline is about 2,700 km long, and sev- coast is home to several fishing communities, in addition to eral fishing resources can be identified. According to the large tourist investments, the impacts of climate change have Fisheries Master Plan (2010-2019), it is estimated that the the potential to directly affect 1/3 of the population living on

122 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 123 the coast and the practice of fishing, as well as negatively af- crease (such as in the south), expected population growth fect the coastal tourism industry. Tropical Cyclones Idai and is projected to decrease water availability. For example, in Kenneth, which occurred in the 2018/2019 rainy season, re- the Limpopo basin, an estimated 15 percent increase in sulted in the loss of 2,189 vessels that were destroyed and 77 river flows is still likely to result in a 64 percent drop in boat engines damaged, 2,387 fishing gear units lost and 5,210 water availability by 2050, due to the population growth. tonnes of fish lost; in fish farming, 562 tanks and 228 cages Increased river flows are likely to increase the risk of flood- were totally destroyed and 396 tons of fish lost. ing, particularly from January to March, and high-intensi- ty rain events will increase flooding along the coast12 . The 5.1.2 WATER RESOURCES weak infrastructure for capturing, storing and channeling With 104 river basins and considerable groundwater po- water is one of the main limitations in the sector, which in tential, Mozambique has abundant water resources. How- turn is reflected in sectors such as agriculture, health and ever, increased risk of floods and droughts, more variable environmental sanitation, and energy generation. rainfall and high population growth are putting pressure on these water resources. Mozambique shares 13 major riv- 5.1.3 ENERGY ers with neighboring countries and the anticipated rainfall The energy sector has recorded, over the last two decades, reductions in Zimbabwe and Zambia could translate into significant growth, both in terms of production and de- significant reductions in river flows in Mozambique. The mand. Despite the consumption of modern energy sources flows of the Zambezi River could be reduced by up to 15 per- showing a noticeable evolution, particularly the consump- cent (not taking into account the risk of drought and pop- tion of electricity and gas, biomass of forest origin remains ulation growth). In the central area, this could translate the most important source of energy used in the country into a reduction in per capita water availability of around (ME, 2012). Indeed, it is estimated that around 77% of Mo- 1.900 m3/ capita/year in 2000 to around 500 m3 by 2050 zambican families depend on biomass, mainly charcoal (the international water scarcity threshold is 1,000 m3/cap- and firewood, to satisfy their energy needs (Mahumane & ita/year). Even in areas where river flows are expected to in- Mulder, 2016).

124 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 125 This reality is due to the fact that the majority of the at the development of non-polluting energy generation population in rural areas (estimated at around 70%) re- systems, including hydroelectric plants, but also less pol- sorts to the use of firewood to satisfy their cooking and wa- luting fossil fuels, such as natural gas. The government has ter heating needs, while in the urban area, whose number set an ambitious target of producing an extra 600 MW of of population has been growing at a fast pace, most of the energy by 2024, of which 400 MW will be generated by gas- population use charcoal for cooking, despite the increas- fired power plants and 200 MW will come from solar, wind ing price of this type of energy and the negative impacts and hydropower13 . associated to it. It should be noted that according to the preliminary results of the last census carried out by the 5.1.4 OIL AND GAS National Statistics Institute, the urban population repre- The consumption of liquid fuels grew at an average rate of sents approximately 32% of the country's total (INE, 2018). 6% per year, and as of 2009 it reached an average growth Mozambican government has ruled out the possibility of rate of 15% per year. The transport sector is responsible for abandoning coal mining as part of the energy transition ad- the largest portion of this increase, followed by the industri- vocated by the United Nations to meet the goal of reducing al sector. The consumption of petroleum products almost carbon emissions by 2030. The government justifies this po- doubled in the period 2000 - 2011. Natural gas production sition on the grounds that coal remains one of the main Mo- in Mozambique has grown by an average of 5.3% per year zambican exports and thus makes a crucial contribution to since 2006. About 95% of the natural gas produced is ex- the balance of payments and as a source of foreign exchange. ported to South Africa. The Government also believes that the energy transition must In the last decade, the energy sector continued to grow always take into account the real conditions of the country. significantly. With the increase in the exploration and At the moment coal is the main contributor to the balance of consumption of natural gas in the country, new actors payments and in second place are heavy mineral sands. emerged, especially from the private sector, in the area of Gas also has a place in the energy transition. In the con- electricity production, the independent energy producers text of the energy transition, actions are underway aimed (IPP's) that have been expanding the national production

126 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 127 capacity, which currently stands at 2,724 MW (EDM, 2018). as one of the Mozambican government's bets to promote The approval of the Natural Gas Master Plan by the Gov- national development (GoM, 2014). ernment in 2014, aimed at the massification of natural gas It is important, however, to point out that the Mozam- produced in the country, has boosted the increasing use of bican industrial sector is mainly made up of micro-enter- this resource, not only in the production of electricity, but prises and other small companies, which together account also in the industrial sectors, services and road transport, for more than 90% of the industrial park. Micro-industries although at still low levels. Natural gas also represents an make up around 63% of the sector, small 31%, medium 3% opportunity to diversify the mix of forms of energy used and large 3% (MIC, 2016). in Mozambique, making an important contribution to In terms of employment, large companies are the ones industrial and socio-economic development. In turn, the with the greatest weight with 71%, followed by small com- consumption of liquid fuels, diesel and gasoline doubled, panies with 16%, medium-sized companies with 8% and, fi- mainly due to the increase in the national car fleet, which, nally, micro-companies with 6%. Large companies are also with 287,951 vehicles in 2010, almost tripled in less than the ones with the highest turnover with a total of 69%, fol- ten years, reaching 782,757 vehicles in 2018 (INE, 2011 & lowed by micro-companies with 21%. Medium and small 2018). It should be noted that part of these fuels is used in companies only handle turnover of around 5% and 4%, re- the extractive industry, which is an emerging sector with spectively. significant growth, and in the generation of electricity. Regarding the sectors that contribute the most to Mo- zambican industrial production, the metallurgical indus- 5.1.5 INDUSTRY try (dominated by aluminum smelting) is the one with the The industry sector has played an important role in the greatest weight, with a contribution of 35%, followed by the Mozambican economy. Since national independence, this food industry with 25%, the beverage industry with 13%, sector has contributed significantly to the GDP. Based on non-metallic minerals with 10%, the tobacco industry with this contribution, integrated industrialization is identified 8%, and the other industries with 9%.

128 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 129 5.1.6 BIODIVERSITY Diversity (CDB, Resolution No. 2/94) and signed the Cart- Mozambique is characterized by an abundance of natural agena Protocols on Biosafety for Genetically Modified Or- resources and considerable biological diversity, which sup- ganisms (Resolution No. 11/2001) and the Nagoya on Access port a great diversity of species (flora and fauna). The coun- and Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing (Resolution No. try has four groups of important natural ecosystems: (i) 2/2014). The socio-economic characteristics of the country terrestrial ecosystems, (ii) marine and coastal ecosystems, also put it in a peculiar situation in terms of biodiversity (iii) inland water ecosystems and (iv) coastal ecosystems. conservation. In fact, more than half of the Mozambican These comprise considerable biological diversity estimat- population, estimated at 28 million inhabitants accord- ed at over 6,000 species of plants and 4,200 species of an- ing to the results of the last census in 2017; 66.6% of the imals (3,075 insects, 726 birds, 214 mammals, 171 reptiles population of this country lives in rural areas (INE, 2019). and 85 amphibians). There is still considerable agricultural Like other developing countries, the Mozambican popula- production and diversity potential, which is distributed in tion, especially the rural population, depends on natural 10 agro-ecological zones. In terms of coastal and marine resources for its survival. biodiversity, 194 species of coral, 9 plant species of man- At the national level, in 2003, Mozambique embarked groves, 13 of marine meadows, 5 of turtles, 18 of marine on the development and implementation of the National mammals (seven species of dolphins, 8 of whales, 2 of seals Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biological and 1 species of dugong), 2,626 species of sea fish (800 spe- Diversity (2003-2010) and this was updated for the period cies associated with coral reefs, 92 cartilaginous fish) and 2015 – 2035. Given the transversal nature for conservation 1,363 species of mollusks. The biodiversity of inland waters of biodiversity, the national legal framework is character- is also recognized, with emphasis on Lake Niassa and the ized by a diversity of instruments that govern activities Zambezi Delta. related to biodiversity, including, among others, the Land Recognizing the importance of biodiversity conserva- Law (law 19/97), the Environment Law (Law nº 20/1997), the tion, Mozambique ratified the Convention on Biological Fisheries Law, the Forests and Wildlife Law (Law nº 10/99)

130 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 131 and the Conservation Law (Law nº 16/2014), in addition to Biodiversity values can be analyzed within a series of regulations associated with these laws (e.g. En- the following categories: vironmental Impact Assessment Regulation, Forestry and 1. Forest (timber and non-timber) and fauna resources; Wildlife Regulation and General Regulation on Maritime 2. Fisheries resources; Fishery Activities). Although some of these instruments 3. Agricultural and livestock resources; need to be improved, consolidated and their implementa- 4. Tourism resources; tion strengthened, the existence of this diverse legal basis 5. Mineral resources. that contributes to the conservation of biodiversity is to be The main threats to biodiversity in Mozambique are hu- praised and valued. man activities, mainly consisting of land use change that For the materialization of the instruments indicated results in loss or reduction of biodiversity and operate at above, the country has invested in conservation measures, various spatial scales. Human threats to biodiversity are mainly in-situ, which is demonstrated by the fact that 26% exacerbated when combined with climate change, espe- of the national territory is covered by Conservation Are- cially when we consider that in extreme weather events, as (ACs), with 13 terrestrial areas and 2 marine. In recent in addition to direct damage to ecosystems, there are dis- years, three National Reserves, a National Park and several placements of populations that are settled in safe places, coutadas and wild and community farms were created. Bi- where other ecosystems are affected. Furthermore, the loss odiversity is fundamental in Mozambique for economic de- of agricultural crops and the loss of livelihoods lead people velopment in general, as 90% of rural energy comes from to resort to the use of wild plants for food, but also to the firewood and charcoal and more than 80% of the popula- intensification of charcoal production as a complementary tion uses the goods and services offered by biodiversity for way of finding means of survival for households. their survival.

132 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 133 6.1 GREEN CLIMATE FUND (GCF) THE GREEN CLIMATE FUND (GCF) is the world’s largest climate fund, mandated to support developing countries raise and realize their Nationally Determined Contribu- tions (NDC) ambitions towards low-emissions, climate re- silient pathways and it is a critical element of the historic Paris Agreement (PA). A core GCF principle is to follow a country-oriented approach, which means that developing countries lead GCF programming and implemen- tation. Country ownership of GCF financing decisions enables developing countries to turn NDC ambitions into climate 6. CLIMATE action. GCF’s country-oriented FINANCE PORTOLIO approach is underpinned by capacity-building support through IN MOZAMBIQUE its Readiness Programme that is availa- ble to all developing countries. The balanced allocation principle obliges the GCF to invest 50% of its resources for mitigation and 50% for adaptation in equivalent subsidy. At least half of its adaptation resources must be invested in the most vulnerable countries (SIDS, LDCs and African States). The GCF aims to leverage syner- gies and minimize potential trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation.

134 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 135 In 2017, the GCF funded the Readiness Program which restoration and enhancement, for food insecure small- aimed to strengthen the Designated National Authority of holder women and men; (ii) to enhance and sustain the Mozambique by establishing a coordination mechanism adaptive capacity of smallholder women and men through with an Advisory Committee, preparing and executing an a combination of context-specific, integrated risk man- institutional capacity plan. The means of implementation agement tools and market-based opportunities; and (iii) to consisted of a robust consultative process (including sen- inform adaptation planning and decision-making across sitization of the private sector and identification of poten- smallholders, communities and national/local authorities tial applicants for direct access to accreditation) with the through the generation and use of climate information. To- support of a team of consultants with several complemen- gether, these components will strengthen individual, com- tary skills. Deployment of support also enabled the devel- munity and government capacities to address climate risks opment of the strategic framework for engagement with and vulnerabilities according to national commitments. the GCF, through the preparation of the national climate The other two multi-country adaptation projects include finance strategy and the GCF national program, and the one that aims to establish a coral reef investment window, building of structured dialogue with Accredited Entities, targeting 17 countries in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin Amer- including national applicants for GCF15 accreditation. ica and the Caribbean, to address critical barriers of pri- Between 2019 and 2021, the GCF funded six projects, 3 vate funding and investment focused on the blue economy. of which were adaptation and other 3 mitigation. Among The GCF acts as an anchor investor, with US$125 million, all the projects financed, only one is at national level, while encouraging further public and private sector investment the others cover several countries and Mozambique is part in the following areas: sustainable ocean production, ecot- of this set. The project at the national level is implemented ourism and sustainable infrastructure and waste manage- in Tete province with the following objectives: (i) to reduce ment. The other project aims to reduce or avoid the impacts vulnerability to climate risks through the promotion of of climate change through ecosystem-based adaptation for climate-resilient agriculture, as well as the watersheds vulnerable coastal populations in Mozambique, Tanzania,

136 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 137 Madagascar and South Africa. This project brings togeth- social and economic development. The GEF supported er adaptation sub-projects by non-governmental organ- the integration of adaptation measures into development izations (ONGs) under the Blue Action Fund to improve plans, policies, programs and projects at regional, nation- climate-resilient coastal zone management in this diverse al, sub-national and local levels. Innovation, partnership region. The program will leverage additional co-funding and gender equality are also part of the GEF's approach to from ONGs, while grant recipients are required to provide supporting adaptation and resilience. 25% of their project budget. In Mozambique, the GEF has funded more than 30 na- tional projects, of which 15 are explicitly on climate change. 6.2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) Although the other projects are not referred to as climate The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was the first glob- change projects, they make an important contribution to al source of funds for climate adaptation and continues to improving the institutional and policy environment, the play a leading role in strengthening the resilience of devel- degradation of soils and biodiversity, which in turn is very oping countries as the operational entity of the financial directly related to adaptation to climate change. mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention In addition to this, Mozambique has also benefited from on Climate Change. It channels climate adaptation sup- climate funds from bilateral cooperation and other pri- port primarily through the Least Developed Countries vate and civil society initiatives. Based on the information Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF). above, it can be seen that the level of investments from the These two funds play an important role in serving the Par- GCF and GEF climate funds has been increasing, but it is is Agreement, which sets a global adaptation target to in- still low in Mozambique compared to the country's current crease adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce level of vulnerability. vulnerability to climate change. The GEF's approach to adaptation is based on the rec- ognition that climate change affects all aspects of human,

138 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 139 Table 3 6.3 BILATERAL COOPERATION FUNDS AND OTHERS NUMBER OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED AND BUDGET ALLOCATED IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Mozambique has been receiving funding for climate change IN MOZAMBIQUE FROM 2015 TO 2022 projects through bilateral cooperation partners and inter- Region of Number Allocated budget implementation of projects national financial institutions. During the period 2015 - implemented Total in USD USD € MZN equivalent 2022, at least 47 projects costing more than 245 million North 3 8,940,00 625,000 _ 9,627,500 dollars were registered (Table 3). Most of the projects are Center 7 21,700,00 5,000,000 123,437,748 23,659,329 implemented at the national level, covering all provinces. South 11 31,688, 000 700,00 15,000,000 31,926,095 The projects include several actions, among which capacity Coastal 6 16,828,275 _ _ 16,828,275 building, coordination and MRV (Measurement, Reporting National 20 164,441,604 29,341,298 _ 164,441,604 and Verification).Preparation of national reports, techni- TOTAL 47 243,597,879 35,666,298 138,437,748 245,795,304 cal assistance, adaptation, mitigation, among others. Note: The source of this information is the Ministry of Landand Environment (MTA) database on climate change projects implemented from 2015 to 2022. It should also be noted that part of the projects known as Southern zone, in fact, are at national level, and coordinated centrally in Maputo.

140 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 141 Figure 13 6.4 LOCAL ADAPTATION PLANS (LAP) NUMBER OF LOCAL ADAPTATION PLANS (LAP) One of the main requirements for the implementation of PREPARED AND APPROVED FOR FUNDING BY PROVINCE climate actions is their integration into the planning and 30 budgeting mechanisms of development actions. This pro- 25 cedure allows climate actions to be recognized as develop- 20 15 ment priorities, and on the other hand, facilitate access 10 and allocation of funds for the implementation of these 5 actions. Mozambique prepared 135 and approved 104 LAPs 0 do a la a e la a ne a o o ss pu zi Te t fa ic az ut ut at district and municipality level, out of a total of 16116 dis- ga ia be So an ba G ap ap el N am m M m M M D N Za ha de o In ab tricts (Figura 13) budgeted at around 368 billion meticais e C ad id C Number of districts with approved PLAs Number of districts with unapproved PLAs Number of districts with PLAs (around 6 billion US dollars). The LAPs constitute an im- portant basis for the implementation of concrete activities to reduce vulnerability at the level of the most vulnerable populations and sectors, however, given the limitation of the State Budget, little has been implemented. Thus, the present National Adaptation Plan includes specific actions that aim to leverage the districts' capacities to implement the LAP and, in this way, reduce the vulnerabilities of peo- ple and the economy. Difficulties at the district level are not only at the implementation level, but also at the planning level, such that more than half of the districts in the coun- try still do not have an approved LAP, and its preparation depends on technicians at the national or provincial level.

142 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 143 THE SIXTH IPCC17 REPORT highlights that adaptation, in response to current climate change, is reducing climate risks and vulnerability mostly via adjustment of existing systems. Many adaptation options exist and are used to help manage projected climate change impacts, but their implementation depends upon the capacity and effective- ness of governance and decision-making processes. These and other enabling conditions can also support Climate Resilient Development. Mozambique has development policies 7 aimed at reducing poverty through a set 7. GAPS of actions in different sectors that AND NEEDS include access to basic health FOR GREATER care, improvement of food and CLIMATE nutrition security, water supply and environmental sanitation, access to RESILIENCE clean renewable energy, among others. The implementation of these policies, despite indicat- ing progress at various levels, has faced the challenges posed by extreme weather events. The preparation of the first version of the roadmap for designing and implementing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process in Mozambique was based on an analysis of

144 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 145 gaps and barriers that had already been the scope of the climatic data (meteorological, hydrological, hydrographic, country's INDC and on its update based on the inputs col- air quality, etc.); and lected during the most recent stakeholder consultations, 4. Slow return on climate change adaptation investment. notably in training sessions. Based on what these contributions were and on what 2. TECHNOLOGICAL AND KNOWLEDGE is established by the National Climate Change Mitigation 1. Weak capacity to cost the losses caused and response and Adaptation Strategy (ENAMMC), the discussion of the measures to climate change and little research and investi- institutional framework for the conduct of the process was gation on climate change; also started, which was then concluded with the NAP pro- 2. Unpredictability of the intensity and magnitude of cli- cess itself, at the end of the launch phase, with the defini- mate change impacts; tion of the mandate, vision and mission. 3. Weak capacity to design projects to compete for availa- Based on the NDC (Government of Mozambique, 2021) ble climate finance; and the inputs collected during the consultations, barriers 4. Unavailability of adaptation technologies and poor tech- and gaps associated with the NAP process include: nical capacity for Monitoring, Reporting and verification (MRV), including the effects of policies, strategies, plans, 1. FINANCIAL projects and the availability and use of climate financial 1. Insufficient availability of climate funding for the coun- and technological resources; and try, associated with the complexity of access criteria and 5. Difficulty in research and poor dissemination of knowl- procedures; edge about the risks and actions of climate change, asso- 2. Poor public investment and private sector participation ciated with poor capacity to manage and disseminate the in adaptation actions; results of studies and projects. 3. Lack of funds for maintenance and updating of the net- work of systematic observation stations and collection of

146 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 147 3. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL In terms of needs, to move forward with the NAP, 1. Insufficient incentives to attract the participation of the it is necessary to: private sector and civil society in the development of initi- 1. Update vulnerability studies including climate atives that contribute to climate change adaptation; scenarios in order to identify priority areas/sectors 2. Poor sensitivity of decision-makers to issues related to 2. Define clear coordination mechanisms; climate change and the costs of inaction; and 3. Put in place mechanisms for implementing the 3. Weak coordination and accountability of sectors in the ENAMMC such as the Knowledge Management Center, implementation of approved strategies and policies, due to National Network on Climate Change and Financial little capacity to verify the implementation (enforcement) Mechanism; of laws and regulations, also associated with little capacity 4. Assess the capacity building needs of the National for integrated planning in activities. Climate Change Network (of the institutions of the MRV During the training, an analysis of Strengths, Weakness- institutional arrangement) and prepare and implement es, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) was also prepared the Capacity Building Plan so that it can conduct and validated. See Table 4. investigation and research in the relevant areas; 5. Strengthen the Integrated Climate Change Database Table 4 SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE NAP PROCESS Management System 6. Strengthen institutions for collecting, processing and Strengths Weaknesses systematizing information and creating a database on Existence of: Lack of studies on climate and means of data Planning instruments that already integrate collection studies carried out and national experts in the area of the medium and long-term impacts of CM Poor knowledge and technical skills about CCA Institutional framework for CM Poor quality of adaptation actions climate change; Concrete adaptation actions Low integration of the most vulnerable groups in MC seen as a priority in the PQG and the decision regarding CCA 7. Design and implement a strategy for education, integrated into the State Budget module awareness, dissemination and public participation in Opportunities Threats climate change; Creation of education and awareness programs Scarce financial resources Existence of the legal framework and political Cultural diversity that threatens communication commitment (e.g. variety of languages) Experience in dealing with extreme events Poverty Existence of various cooperation partners and Multiple vulnerabilities (HIV-AIDS, low level of CCA programs education, crime, poverty, among others) Corruption

148 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 149 Figure 14 8. Assess the technological needs, prepare and implement THEORY OF CHANGE DIAGRAM FOR THE NAP ROADMAP the respective plan; 9. Update sectoral policies to integrate climate change; Goal: IMPACT The climate change is integrated into policies, strategies, plans and budgets of all sectors at all levels, increasing 10. Establish climate insurance; their coherence and effectiveness in addressing climate risks 11. Train national technicians in the design and management of projects that compete for climate finance; 12. Develop and/or improve tools to monitor and evaluate CCA; and 1. Effective coordination 2. Technical capacity to reduce climate 3. The collection, management and RESULTS mechanisms and governance scenarios in critical regions and to sharing of climate and sustainability 13. Strengthen the capacity to integrate processes are enhanced to integrate integrate climate change into the information and M&E systems are climate change across national planning and budgeting system improved and public awareness other cross-cutting issues in the CCA and sub-national sectors is strengthened of these topics is increased (gender, biodiversity and others). Figure 14 shows the outcome of the theory of change made 1.1 The parties' development strategy 2.1 INAM's ability to predict and 3.1 SNMAMC is strengthened is elaborated over the launch of the NAP process and the design of its model in climatically critical zones to consider the NAP process and implemented is strengthened and includes 1.2 The mandate for climate change roadmap. 2.2 Tools to address vulnerabilities, a Transparency Portal. ACTIVITIES adaptation is defined at the national, assess adaptation options and integrate 3.2 Tools for integrating provincial and district levels into planning and budgeting adaptation into planning 1.3 Sectoral NAPs are compiled, across all developed sectors and budgeting processes including the mandate, 2.3 Climate resilience projects are disseminated. coordination and implementation and a strategy to mobilize resources 3.3 Public awareness of climate mechanisms at national, provincial are developed change is increased and district levels OBSTACLES Insufficient coordination Lack of technical capacity to integrate and governance mechanisms Sex-disaggregated information climate change into the national, lead to insufficient policy on climate and social provincial and district planning coherence at national, provincial vulnerability is very poor and budgeting system and district levels Problem: Mozambique is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world and lacks a strong mandate, capacities and tools to coordinate, plan and implement national and subnational climate change adaptation initiatives in different sectors

150 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 151 8.1 MANDATE THE NAP'S MANDATE is implicit in the National Strat- egy for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change (ENAMMC) (MICOA, 2012): The overall objective of ENAMMC is to "establish guide- lines for action to build resilience, including the reduc- tion of climate risks for the communities and the nation- al economy and promote the development of low carbon and green economy, through their integration in the sectoral and local planning processes”. The specific objectives are: (i) to become resil- ient to the impacts of climate change in Mozambique, while minimiz- 8. MOZAMBIQUE’S ing climate risks to people and NAP property, restoring and ensuring the rational use and protection of the natural and built capital; (ii) to identify and implement opportunities to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions that contribute: to sustainable use of natural resources, access to financial resources and technological affordable resources; and the reduction of Collection of water from holes in the dry bed 6 pollution and environmental degradation by promoting of the Zambeze River, low-carbon development; and (iii) to build the institution- TETE al and human capacity as well as exploring opportunities

152 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 153 to access technology and financial resources to implement The National Directorate for Climate Change (DMC) is the national climate change strategy. the government entity in charge of coordinating and facili- The Strategy defines adaptation and climate risk reduc- tating the development of the NAP, with the support of the tion as a national priority, while recognizing the need to Climate Promise. take advantage of the opportunities that the country has, The process was conducted on the basis of extensive without prejudice to development actions, to reduce the stakeholder consultations, involving public and private impacts of climate change through a set of actions of miti- entities and representatives of civil society and the pri- gation and low carbon development”. vate sector, including the media, and started in 2017 with The vision of ENAMMC is “a prosperous and climate the launch of the NAP process and the elaboration of its change resilient Mozambique, with a green economy in roadmap. all social and economic sectors”. This vision is achieved by the following mission “Reduce vulnerability to climate 8.2 VISION change and improve the living conditions of Mozambicans, A prosperous and climate change resilient Mozambique, through the implementation of concrete measures of ad- with a green economy in all social and economic sectors. aptation and reduction of climate risks and also of miti- gation and low carbon development, aiming at sustainable 8.3 MISSION development” with the active participation of all social, en- Vulnerability reduction to climate change and improving vironmental and economic actors and sectors”. the living conditions of Mozambicans, through the im- Accordingly, the NAP is also referred to in the Nation- plementation of concrete measures for adaptation and re- ally Determined Contribution as Mozambique's climate duction of climate risks, taking into account low carbon adaptation and resilience priority aligned with national, development options, aiming at sustainable development, sectoral and local development policies. with the active participation of all social, environmental and economic actors and sectors.

154 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 155 8.4 PRINCIPLES 5. Sustainability – the need for interventions on climate The NAP is based on the guiding principles change to be sustainable from an economic-financial, envi- of the UNFCCC, the Sendai Framework and the ronmental, social and cultural point of view; Updated NDC and the ENAMMC of Mozambique: 6. Transparency and participation – need for informa- 1. Proactive/Preventive nature – demonstrating lead- tion provision, accountability and adequate response to ership and pioneering spirit at the expense of a reactive the different actors in the context of climate change, seek- attitude; ing to ensure that the strategy implementation process is 2. Social equity – recognition and respect for human inclusive, participatory and comprehensive; rights and the fact that all citizens, irrespective of their so- 7. Valuing local and traditional knowledge on mecha- cial status, must carry out specific CC adaptation actions nisms for adapting to climate change. to CC, with due regard for the cultural diversity that char- acterizes Mozambican society; 8.5 OBJECTIVES 3. Equality – of rights, opportunities and challenges be- Responding to identified gaps and needs, tween men and women in all areas of political, social, eco- Mozambique’s NAP has three main objectives: nomic and cultural life, regardless of color, race, ethnic or 1. To create an enabling environment to facilitate the inte- geographical origin, place of birth, religion, level of educa- gration of adaptation into planning and budgeting at na- tion , socio-economic position, profession, party affiliation tional, provincial and district levels;; and political beliefs; 2. To improve the capacity to manage and share data and 4. Parity – the strategy is based on the principle of equali- information, access technology and finance adaptation; ty between men and women, with a view to ensuring wom- and en's representation in decision-making and climate change 3. To implement adaptation actions for greater resilience management bodies; of the most vulnerable at the district level.

156 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 157 A successful NAP is one that creates the conditions to address key development challenges facing people in Mo- be unnecessary. It is expected that within a few years, the zambique and around the world. For example, the UN's en- various sectors, public and private organizations and civil gagement in support and recovery after Cyclones Idai and society entities will fully and automatically integrate adap- Kenneth are unique achievements in meeting the 2030 tation into their planning, operations and budget and that Agenda, linking humanitarian response, recovery and re- Mozambique will be a resilient nation. silience into a single effort. The humanitarian response is unique in its timeliness, coordination and scale, bring- 8.6 PILLARS ing life-saving assistance to nearly two million people. A The three pillars that support Mozambique's NAP great deal of effort has been made to link the formulation objectives are: of the Disaster Recovery Framework (QRD) to the update 3. Institutional framework; of the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) in order to en- 4. Knowledge, technology and financing; and sure the nexus between humanitarian and development 5. Resilience of the most vulnerable. efforts. Mozambique has commitments to meet the SDGs, on which it has developed a framework of national indica- 8.7 CONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE NAP tors. The performance indicators of the SDGs are in line AND OTHER INERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS with the goals of sustainable development in Mozambique 8.7.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) and in this way with the adaptation indicators, particular- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global ly disaster risk reduction, food security, health, education, call for action to end poverty, protect the environment agriculture, biodiversity, cities, oceans and coastal areas, and climate and ensure that people everywhere can enjoy among others. peace and prosperity. The UN and its partners in Mozam- bique18 are working to achieve the Sustainable Develop- ment Goals. 17 ambitious and interconnected goals that

158 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 159 8.7.2 SENDAI FRAMEWORK (INGD). These instruments are closely linked to the NAP to The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- ensure that the economy, ecosystems, and the community 2030 applies to the risk of small and large-scale, frequent are resilient and are prepared to take concrete actions to and infrequent, sudden and slow onset, caused by natural reduce the risk of disasters, with a focus on those caused or man-made hazards, as well as environmental, techno- by climatic phenomena, which are the most common in logical and biological related hazards. The aim is to guide the country. multi-disaster risk management in training at all levels, as well as within and across sectors. The expected result of 8.7.3 THE PARIS AGREEMENT the Sendai Framework is the substantial reduction of risks The Paris Agreement aims to achieve the decarbonisation and losses from disasters in lives, livelihoods and health of world economies and sets out as one of its long-term and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and envi- goals to limit the rise in global average temperature to lev- ronmental assets of people, businesses, communities and els well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue countries. The purpose of the Sendai Framework is to pre- efforts to limit the rise in temperature to 1.5ºC, recognizing vent new and reduce the risks of existing disasters through that this will significantly reduce the risks and impacts of the implementation of integrated and inclusive econom- climate change. Furthermore, the Agreement aims to in- ic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, crease the capacity to adapt to the negative impacts of cli- environmental, technological, political and institutional mate change and to promote resilience to climate change measures that prevent and reduce exposure to hazards and a low greenhouse gas emission development, in a way and vulnerability to disasters, increase readiness for re- that does not threaten food production and make financial sponse and recovery, and thereby strengthen resilience19. flows consistent with a path towards low-emissions and cli- In Mozambique, the Sendai Framework is operationalized mate-resilient development. through the Master Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2017- The operation of the Paris Agreement is mainly done 2030, approved by the Government of Mozambique and co- through the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). ordinated by National Institute for Disaster Management

160 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 161 In this context, climate financing mechanisms are also es- The UNCCD is the only legally binding framework cre- tablished with a view to supporting developing countries, ated to address desertification and the effects of drought. particularly the Least Developed Countries (LDC) to im- It constitutes a multilateral commitment to address the plement the Agreement. Mozambique’s nationally deter- impact of land degradation and protect the land so that it mined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement pri- can provide food, water, shelter and economic opportunity oritizes adaptation and highlights an ambitious mitigation for all people. The Sixth IPCC Report states that climate commitment to reduce about 76.5 MtCO2eq from 2020 to change will have a severe impact on soil degradation, and 2030, conditional on the provision of financial, technolog- consequently on the reduction of agricultural productivi- ical, and capacity building from the international commu- ty and the degradation of ecosystems, thus increasing vul- nity. The strategic actions presented in this NAP are part nerability. Therefore, the interaction between the UNFCCC of the adaptation component of the Mozambique NDC and and the UNCCD is extremely important, particularly with are part of the ENAMMC climate risk reduction and ad- regard to the combination of adaptation actions with soil aptation pillar that covers the main sectors of economic protection measures. development, as a basis for promoting a resilient economy. United Nations Convention for the Conservation 8.7.4 OTHER UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS of Biological Diversity (CBD) United Nations Convention The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the first to Combat Desertification global agreement to cover all aspects of biological diver- A The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertifi- sity, its main objectives are: (i) the conservation of biologi- cation (UNCCD) is one of the main conventions associat- cal diversity; (ii) the sustainable use of the components of ed with the UNFCCC, and its main objective is to combat biological diversity; and (iii) the fair and equitable shar- desertification. ing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genet- ic resources. Biodiversity and the benefits it provides are

162 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 163 fundamental to human well-being and a healthy planet. a global mechanism that is producing results by channe- Despite continued efforts, biodiversity is deteriorating ling grants to locally-led climate change adaptation ac- around the world and this decline will continue or worsen tions in least developed countries. At COP26, the LDC under normal business scenarios. The interaction between Group recognised LoCAL as a long-term initiative in sup- biodiversity loss and climate change will increasingly ex- port of LDCs' climate action objectives. LoCAL supports acerbate the impacts of extreme weather events and in- LDCs in reviewing and implementing Nationally Deter- crease the vulnerability of communities. For its part, the mined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans as UNFCCC recognizes the role of biodiversity for both miti- well as securing direct access to international finance gation and adaptation, and Ecosystem-based Adaptation is from the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund for a concept already cemented and considered from a great- further deployment of the mechanism. er perspective in actions at the local level. The post-2020 In the context of valuing local knowledge, Mozambique global biodiversity framework builds on the Strategic Plan is also part of the Consortium of Universities in Least De- for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and sets out an ambitious plan veloped Countries on Climate Change21. The Consortium to implement broad-based action to bring about a transfor- will focus on climate change adaptation, especially com- mation in society’s relationship with biodiversity, ensuring munity-based adaptation. The objective of this consortium that by 2050 the shared vision of ‘living in harmony with is to seek to consolidate adaptation mechanisms based on nature’ is fulfilled. local knowledge; foster a collaborative South-South net- work to increase research capacity and expertise on cli- 8.7.5 OTHER INITIATIVES mate change; and to establish networks and increase the In addition to these international initiatives, Mozam- capacity of universities in the South to develop common bique is aligned with other regional initiatives through research projects and implement teaching and training SADC, the African Union, the Least Developed Countries programs on different topics of climate change. (LDC) Group, and other initiatives. One of the initiatives is the Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility (LoCAL) 20,

164 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 165 8.8 ALIGNMENT WITH SECTOR DEVELOPMENT to this, there are pilot projects being developed in order AND STRATEGIES to strengthen the technical and institutional capacity to Mozambique has some sectoral instruments aligned with integrate resilience to climate change in key sectors of the the need to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate economy and to improve the evidence base for the future change and promotion of low-carbon development. Exam- development policies and plans. In addition, the Econom- ple of these instruments is the Plan for Poverty Reduction ic and Social Plan (PES) already includes programme for (PARP), the Strategic Plan for Agriculture Development climate change. The implementation of sectoral strategies (PEDSA), the Social Action Basic Strategy, the Strategy of such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Tourism, the National Water Resource Strategy, the Master Degradation (REDD+), although focused on mitigation, has Plan for Disaster Management, the Disaster Management a strong adaptation component, in recognition that miti- Policy, Intervention Strategy in Slums in Mozambique and gation will not be carried out without solving local devel- its Action Plan, the Gender, Environment and Climate opment problems. Change strategy, the Energy Strategy and the proposals of On the other hand, private sector agents are still not very the national Development Strategy, the Emission Reduc- aware of the risks of exposure to climatic phenomena and tion Strategy from Deforestation and Forest Degradation variations and do not immediately identify the need for (REDD+), amongst others. These instruments recognize ex- adaptation and creation and resilience in their activities. plicitly that extreme weather events are one of the largest However, it is the private sector that has its own resources and main threats to performance of the sectors and develop- and will typically have the greatest adaptive capacity. Even ment (see Table 4). The inclusion of climate change aspects without being aware, this is what one resorts to remain in sectoral planning and in social and economic plan (PES) competitive in the market, facing droughts, floods, among is still limited. However, there is an increasingly growing other impacts and vulnerability factors. Therefore, the pri- concern with climate change issues since the country has vate sector, like all others, is exposed to climate risks and been affected by extreme weather events, revealing some by realizing this and reacting to them consciously, it will of the potential impacts of climate change. As a response integrate a competitive advantage.

166 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 167 Climate change must be integrated into socio-economic development plans, not as a cross-cutting issue, but a de- velopment issue that is part of all sustainable development agendas defined by the Government, NGOs and the private sector. The floods of 2000, the drought of 2016, and the cyclones and tropical storms that occurred between 2018 and 2022 clearly demonstrated that there is a need to in- clude the issue of adaptation to climate change in the de- velopment agenda of all sectors, as the impact of climate events extremes affects all of them.

168 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 169 Table 5 MAIN SECTORAL INSTRUMENTS AND INTEGRATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE Instrument Integration of Climate Change Instrument Integration of Climate Change National Development The ENDe explicitly indicates that the Climate Changes constituted an important > PEDSA In its diagnosis, it recognizes that Mozambique has important hydrographic Strategy (ENDe) factor in reducing the rate of economic growth, and may constitute a risk (2011-2020) basins, with the potential to support the growth of agricultural production and (on revision for the implementation of the strategy. However, it does not explicitly state productivity and minimize the negative impacts of CC. He mentions that one 2015-2035) 22 how development actions could be implemented to minimize this risk. But of the challenges that Mozambique has is soil erosion and salinization, mainly it is strategically oriented towards the development of agriculture, industry, associated with CC in the coastal zone. Strategic actions include several directly infrastructure, energy, tourism, among other activities, which are vulnerable to related to CC, with emphasis on (i) Improving the management of water resources Climate Changes, assuming that they are taken into account in the planning and (...) for agriculture and other uses and to reduce the risks arising from climate operation of investments. change; (ii) to develop and implement policies and strategies to reduce the impact of CC on natural resources and, ultimately, on food security and rural livelihoods; (iii) to develop and implement a strategy to reduce the risks associated with National Territorial The PNDT is an instrument for articulating and coordinating sectoral policies natural disasters and CC and adapt production systems. Development Plan with a more significant territorial impact. The PNDT is limited to articulating 2020-2040 sectoral policies from the perspective of the development of territories at the national and provincial levels, and in their articulation in an integrated territorial Food and Nutrition The FNS Strategy recognizes CC as one of the main causes of food insecurity. development perspective, with a strong component of taking advantage of Security Strategy The strategic objectives of the FNS strategy include: (i) Reducing the incidence endogenous resources and valuing the territorial potential (2008-2015) of malnutrition (acute and chronic) through the improvement of health conditions, water and sanitation, and food and nutrition education; Agenda 2025 It indicates as one of the critical uncertainties the growing capacity to manage (ii) to Increase the capacity of households to respond to seasonal variations (2003-2025) natural disasters and the effects of global CC. Furthermore, it recognizes that in production and physical and economic access to adequate food agriculture, as it is influenced by climate, can increase the probability of risk in production National Water It includes several aspects that can serve as entry points for CC, recognizing Resources that they will exacerbate the country's ability to capture water as a result of CC. NAPA It established as priorities in relation to measures to adapt to CC the following: Management Strategy Specific actions include water supply in urban and peri-urban, rural areas; water (i) to Strengthen the early warning system for agriculture; (ii) to Develop farmers' supply for socio-economic development including irrigation, supply to industry, capacities to deal with CC; (iii) to Reduce the impacts of CC in coastal areas; (iv) to energy, tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, navigation and water sport Manage water resources under CC conditions National Strategy The Basic Social Security strategy that recognizes exposure to shocks and natural Energy The strategy is aimed at aligning Mozambique with internationally accepted for Basic Social Security disasters linked to the CC is one of the causes of poverty and vulnerability. One Strategy best practices for efficient energy use, raising citizens' awareness of good (2019-2024) of the strategic objectives is to increase the coverage and impact of basic social environmental practices, diversifying the energy supply matrix, with particular protection interventions for the poorest and most vulnerable people emphasis on new and renewable sources of energy and the opportunities created by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto Protocol (FP) Strategy for Intervention Defines as one of the specific objectives to achieve the reduction of vulnerability in Informal Settlements of populations residing in informal settlements, in relation to the effects of New and renewable EDENR is structured in two main lines of action: the Off-Net Strategy (EDENR- in Mozambique and its climate change energy development FR) and the On-Net Strategy (EDENR-ER). These two aspects have different Action Plan strategy 2011-2025 characteristics and requirements, although they apply to the same renewable sources, namely hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, Gender Strategy The general objective of Gender, Environment and Climate Change Strategy is ocean energy, and co-generation with organic waste. The EDENR-FR applies and Climate Change to develop in an integrated way the gender perspective in its transversal aspect to the supply of energy in Isolated Energy Systems (EIS), and is designed to for the environment sector, with a view to improving the quality of life of the accommodate a mix of energy sources that complement each other, with different population, in particular women and communities, through mitigation and quality and magnitude, to ensure minimum cost and maximum access. In this adaptation to climate change and sustainable use of natural resources. regime, renewable sources can be consumed directly, or for the generation of The strategic objectives are: electricity for individual, public or private consumption 1. To contribute to the empowerment of women and local communities, through access to technologies and other activities for the mitigation and adaptation to climate change and the sustainable use of natural resources 2. To ensure gender equity in the decision-making process, training and environmental capacity building 3. To ensure that plans, policies, programs, strategies and budgets promote gender equity, access to natural resources and measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change 4. To ensure that staff and technicians from all sectors of environmental > transversality have an understanding of gender equity and are able to contribute to the purposes of this strategy >

170 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 171 Instrument Integration of Climate Change Instrument Integration of Climate Change > Gender Strategy 5. To contribute to MICOA being an institution that actively practices and > Mangrove Management The objective of this Strategy is to maintain or increase the biodiversity, values and Climate Change promotes gender equity in environmental management Strategy 2020-2024 and function of the mangrove ecosystem, in order to respond to the needs of 6. To operate MICOA's Gender Department as a national mechanism for environmental protection in estuaries and coastal zones. It is also intended that implementing and monitoring priority actions in the field of gender, environment this strategy will contribute to minimizing the effects of global warming through and climate change the process of carbon sequestration and storage, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and contributing significantly to the achievement of SDG 14. The Disaste The general objectives are: implementation of the strategy can also open new avenues for self-employment, Management Policy a) to prevent the loss of human life and destruction of property caused by natural such as ecotourism, restoration and replanting, aquaculture and beekeeping, or man-made disasters; helping to improve the socio-economic conditions of coastal communities b) Incorporation of disaster prevention in the overall process of national development; c) Promotion of internal and external solidarity, in the event of calamities; National Strategy The present strategy, recognizing that the causes of deforestation and forest d) Ensuring effective coordination and participation of the public and private for Reducing Emissions degradation have their origins in productive and development activities such sector in disaster management; from Deforestation as the expansion of agricultural areas (89,407 ha/year; 65%), the expansion of e) Contribution to the conservation and preservation of the environment; and Forest Degradation residential areas and infrastructure development (16,285 ha/year, 12%), the f) Promotion of regional or international coordination in the management of (REDD+) unsustainable exploitation of wood (11,412 ha/year, 8%), firewood harvesting and disasters, especially those whose causes originate from neighboring countries charcoal production (9,027 ha/year, 7%), among others, focuses its actions on orientation of these activities so that they are carried out in order to minimize Disaster The Disaster Management Act (Act No. 15/2014 of 20 June) was drafted in deforestation and forest degradation. Management Law recognition of the country's vulnerability to natural disasters as well as other The ultimate objective of this strategy is to promote sustainable development, disasters resulting from human action. The Law aims to establish the legal regime greater resilience to climate change, integrated rural development, through for disaster management, and includes prevention, mitigation of the destructive a set of actions focused on the forestry, agriculture and energy sectors. This effects of disasters, development of relief actions, humanitarian assistance, as strategy provides an opportunity to align and harmonize policies, strategies well as reconstruction actions in the affected areas. The law recognizes that its and sectoral plans, promoting the ownership and integration of climate change objectives will only be achieved through multisectoral and multidisciplinary and mobilizing funds to carry out activities that result in greater agricultural efforts, involving the structures of society and individual citizens, in order productivity, greater efficiency in the use of energy, restoration of degraded areas to guarantee promptness and effectiveness in responding to events that have and the management, protection and sustainable use of forests. The boundaries occurred, but also in preventing their occurrence or its effects through a of the causes of deforestation and forest degradation at the landscape level proactive stance. The law states that disaster management actions must be carried and resource users are tenuous, demanding an integrated approach in the out in a decentralized manner, observing the powers of public administration implementation of viable, inclusive, efficient and sustainable actions and models bodies, without prejudice to the principle of mutual aid between the different geographical areas National Plan for Mozambique established, as one of the principles of the National Plan for Master plan for disaster Approved by the Council of Ministers on 17 October 2017, the Direct Plan for Territorial Development Territorial Development (PNDT), the protection of people and goods against risk reduction 2017-2030 disaster risk reduction seeks to operate the Disaster Management Law and the (PNDT) natural and anthropogenic hazards. The PNDT further established, in its action National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change, through plan, the need to guarantee the safety of communities, people and goods through the identification of actions to reduce disasters, which can be incorporated into actions such the program of protection and defense works against floods in the governance plans at all levels, namely the Five Year Plans and the Economic period from 2020 to 2040. The territorial development plan advocates preventing and Social Plans. It is up to the Disaster Risk Reduction Coordinating Council risks of natural and anthropogenic origin and safeguarding the sustainability (body that defines Disaster Risk Reduction policies and strategies) to ensure of ecosystems and biodiversity and envisages ensuring: resilient and sustainable that disaster risk reduction activities are part of the debate that leads to the country that knows well the areas most exposed to the different types of risk (of formulation of the Five-Year Plans and should advise the Government on the natural or human origin) and threats to the quality of the environment definition of annual priorities on disaster risk reduction in order to make them part of the Economic and Social Plan in all sectors of governance. The general objective of this plan is to reduce the risk of disasters, the loss of vital infrastructure, as well as preventing the emergence of new disaster risks by increasing human and infrastructural resilience in the face of extreme climatic, natural and anthropic events. The Plan is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction. Thus, the document focuses on prevention, as a disaster risk reduction measure > >

172 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 173 Instrument Integration of Climate Change 8.9 LOSSES AND DAMAGES OF CLIMATE CHANGES > Guide for Construction The Resilient Housing Reconstruction Guide aims to guide construction actors In the framework of the Glasgow Conference (COP26) dis- of Resilient Housing and users, mainly district technicians, artisans and others interested in the implementation of the resilient building techniques, as well as reducing housing cussions, the UNFCCC recognizes that “Covering” the loss rebuilding costs. This guide on resilient housing emphasizes the prohibition of construction in disaster risk areas and damage is the third essential pillar of climate action: helping people after they have already experienced cli- Health Sector The Health Sector Development Strategy states that the quality of health depends Strategic Plan largely on the environment and the availability of potable water, sanitation, mate-related losses. The IPCC's 6th Assessment Report hygiene and management of water resources. Indeed, a large part of the occurrence of diseases such as diarrhoea, malnutrition, malaria and neglected (AR6), published in February 2022, recognizes that as the tropical diseases is attributable to the unavailability of drinking water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene. Extreme weather events have the potential to magnitude of climate change increases, also increases the destroy health infrastructure, exacerbate the heath condition of people living with diseases, and increase shortages of potable water and sanitation services probability of exceeding the limits of adaptation. The re- port differentiates these boundaries between “soft” – where adaptation options exist but not accessible – and “hard” – cases where “there are no reasonable prospects that intol- erable risks will be avoided”. These limits have even greater impacts on vulnerable communities that do not have the necessary resources to implement adaptation measures23 . Although the UNFCCC does not have a precise definition of losses and damages, it is generally understood that they result both from extreme events such as cyclones, droughts and heat waves and from slowly evolving changes – such as sea level rise, desertification processes. , shrinking gla- ciers, land degradation, and ocean acidification and salin- ization. In some cases, damage can permanently alter the landscape; this is the case, for example, of the advance of the sea on small islands or droughts consuming freshwater

174 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 175 resources and turning previously productive agricultural private infrastructure. Prolonged droughts are causing lands into dust. Vulnerable communities are particularly arid and semi-arid regions to lose their aquifer reserves. likely to suffer loss and damage from lack of funding or Other losses and damages include climate-displaced peo- from living in places that are already beyond what adapta- ple, who often never return to their homes or their return tion efforts could protect. means starting over from scratch. Damages can be divided into economic and non-eco- Thus, Mozambique is called upon to include efforts to be nomic losses, although the two categories may overlap: (i) able to cover losses from damage from climate change, for Economic losses and damages are those that affect traded this purpose, it must document these losses and include in resources, goods and services. In other words, climate im- its MRV systems, the appropriate mechanisms to account pacts that affect sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fish- for economic and non-economic losses and damages. eries and tourism or that damage essential infrastructure and properties, in addition to disrupting supply chains; (ii) Non-economic losses can be the most devastating – such as the incalculable price of losing family members, the dis- appearance of cultures and ways of life, or being forced to leave ancestral lands and homes. Based on this context, it is clear that Mozambique is highly prone to loss and damage from climate change. Losses resulting from frequent cyclones expose local com- munities and the economy in general to irreparable losses, with incalculable consequences. For example, rising sea levels result in coastal erosion and saline intrusion, with consequences for the loss of agricultural areas, public and

176 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 177 Livestock watering, Mahelane, MAPUTO

178 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 179 8.10 STRATEGIC ADAPTATION ACTIONS adaptation into development programs while the NDC in- The vulnerability and exposure of societies and ecological cludes the full listing of sectoral technical actions. Thus, systems to climate-related hazards is constantly changing the climate adaptation actions presented cover the main due to circumstances at the economic, social, demograph- regions of the country (north, centre, south, coastal zone), ic, cultural, institutional and governance levels (IPCC, the main climate risks (cyclones, droughts, floods) and 2014). Effective climate change adaptation and risk mitiga- were grouped into the main development themes with a tion measures address the three risk aspects: hazard, vul- view to promoting a climate resilient development as they nerability and exposure. reduce people's vulnerability, with a focus on the most vul- From the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), nerable people, in particular women, and reducing the vul- adaptation contributions and actions related to transpar- nerability of public and private infrastructure. Thus, the ency and governance with respect to climate change data, themes identified, in a participatory way through services and climate empowerment were analyzed. To public consultations with key actors in the different these were added mitigation actions that could increase regions of the country are as follows: resilience and adaptive capacity. That tally was cross-refer- 1. Coordination and governance of adaptation to climate enced with Ambition 2030 to see which domains needed change; to see their resilience increased. 2. Reducing the risk of climate disasters; The NAP's actions framework of adaptation to climate 3. Reducing the vulnerability of people, especially women change (Table 6), results from consultations in face-to-face, and the poorest; online work sessions, questionnaires and interviews, inte- 4. Early warning system about weather disasters; gration of specific adaptation actions (sectoral, regional or 5. Resilient cities and settlements; thematic), in response to the main vulnerabilities climate 6. Climate Resilient Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries’; change in the country, and the main development sectors. 7. Food and nutrition security; The NAP actions are focused on the process of integrating 8. Water resources management;

180 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 181 9. Health and prevention of waterborne diseases; 10. Education, knowledge and public awareness; 11. Public and private infrastructure; 12. New and renewable energies; 13. Oceans and coastal areas. These themes resulted in 16 integrated climate change ad- aptation actions divided by the three pillars of the NAP as indicated in Table 6. The details of the strategic adaptation actions can be found in Annex 1. The financing and imple- mentation strategy of this NAP is the following: expansion of project ideas into Concept Notes that can be submitted to the main climate finance mechanisms, focusing on the mechanisms established by the UNFCCC (GCF, GEF, LCDF, etc.) but without excluding the possibility of financing through others bilateral development support partners and private sector and civil society initiatives. As a way of facilitating implementation, the design of a financing strategy is proposed among the strategic actions, which should include training on the design of project proposals oriented towards the main climate funds for adaptation.

182 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 183 Table 6 FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATED CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NAP Theme/Sector/Region Focus Theme/Sector/Region Focus Objective 1: Create an enabling environment to facilitate the integration of adaptation 7. Desenvolvimento de mecanismos Plano de urbanização resiliente às MC, CityRAP (city resilience action into planning and budgeting de resiliência das áreas urbanas planning tool). Drenagem de águas pluviais, tratamento de águas residuais, e outros assentamentos gestão de resíduos Pillar 1: Institutional framework 8. Agricultura Produtividade (alternativas à agricultura itinerante, agricultura mais resiliente de conservação, sistemas agroflorestais), redução de perdas pós-colheita 1. Reinforcement of Coordination, Strengthening of climate action coordination: National Directorate of (armazenamento e processamento, cadeias de valor), pragas e doenças institutional framework and updating Climate Change, Ministry of Economy and Finance, provincial and district 9. Reforço da segurança alimentar Disponibilidade, acesso, preferência de alimentos e valor nutricional of policy documents related to the governments, integrated plan and budget. Integration of the NAP in the next e nutricional Implementation of the NAP PQG and sectoral planning instruments Objective 2: Improve knowledge and capacity for management and sharing of data and information, access to technology 10. Aumento da resiliência Estradas e Pontes, Postos de saúde, Escolas and financing for adaptation das Infraestruturas Públicas 11. Melhoria da gestão de recursos hídricos, Reforçar a capacidade de captação, armazenamento e canalização da água Pillar 2: Knowledge, technology and finance abastecimento de água e saneamento para consumo humano, animais, rega, etc. Poupança e reutilizaçãso de água, sistemas de rega 2. Reinforcement of the early warning Systematic information collection and real-time information for system power 12. Melhoria do acesso às energias Redução e eficiência de energia de biomassa, acesso à electricidade e gás system renováveis natural outras alternativas incluindo mini-centrais hídricas, eólicas, solares (térmicas e fotovoltaicas) 3. Education, public awareness Reactivation of the Center for knowledge management and research, public (communication) and research awareness, technology development and innovation 13. Redução da vulnerabilidade das pessoas Água, saneamento do meio, e higiene, gestão de resíduos urbanos (domésticos, aos vectores de transmissão de doenças hospitalares e industriais) associadas às mudanças climáticas 4. Climate finance Capacity building in project design, climate fund management 14. Proteção dos oceanos e das zonas Promoção do desenvolvimento turístico, erosão costeira, subida do nível costeiras do mar, intrusão salina, mangais, pesca (inclui aquacultura - armazenamento e processamento, cadeias de valor) Aumentada a resiliência da pesca Objective 3: Implement adaptation actions for greater resilience of the most vulnerable Zonas turísticas e zonas costeiras com infraestruturas resilientes e desenvolvimento costeiro verde e sustentável Pillar 3: Resilience of the most vulnerable 15. Reforço da capacidade de preparação Redução do risco, resposta aos desastres, operações de resgate/salvamento e de resposta a riscos e desastres climáticos e resposta pós-desastres 5. Increasing the adaptive capacity Reinforcement of basic social protection measures with regard to climate of vulnerable people - integrating gender change so that it contributes to the resilience of vulnerable populations 16. Aumento da resiliência das florestas MFS incluindo processamento de produtos florestais madeireiros e PFNM, and children into policies and actions Strengthening the orientation and targeting capacity of the Productive Social áreas de conservação de biodiversidade, ecoturismo Action Program to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups 6. Integration of local Implementation of Local Adaptation Plans governance plans Territory management, local adaptation committees

184 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 185 Table 7 Documented strategic adaptation actions are budgeted at INDICATIVE BUDGET OF STRATEGIC ACTIONS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES around US$7.2 billion (Table 7). The actions are aligned with the NDC and the implementation of the indicated Action Budget (USD) strategic actions will imply significant advances in the im- 1. Strengthening coordination, institutional framework and updating 1,013,436,000 policy documents related to the Implementation of the NAP plementation of the NDC. 2. Reinforcement of the early warning system 63,603,567 3. Education, public awareness (communication) and research 976,000,000 4. Climate finance 1,000,000 5. Increased adaptive capacity of vulnerable people - gender 60,364,253 mainstreaming in policies and actions 6. Integrated Local Governance Plans 8,800,000 7. Developed resilience mechanisms for urban areas 9,000,000 and other settlements 8. More resilient agriculture 415,651,532 9. Enhanced food and nutrition security 47,133,013 10. Resilient Public Infrastructures 8,662,500 11. Improved water resources management 2,829,772,972 12. Improved access to renewable energies 1,513,558,478 13. Reduced vulnerability of people to disease transmission vectors 1,248,000 associated with climate change 14. Oceans and Coastal Protected Areas 208,000,000 15. Strengthened capacity for preparedness and response to climate 4,406,500 risks and disasters 16. More resilient forests 76,049,051 Total 7,236,685,866 Source: Updated NDC Implementation Plan (Government of Mozambique 2021)

186 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 187 Access bridge to the Island of Mozambique, NAMPULA

188 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 189 8.11 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING 8.11.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION AND EVALUATION PLAN A robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is 8.11.1 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN needed to track progress on Mozambique's climate change The present NAP is aligned with the ENAMMC and the adaptation goals. The NDC Partnership Plan includes cli- NDC. In this way, the NAP Implementation Plan is in mate action performance monitoring instruments. This line with the ENAMMC and NDC Implementation Plan. plan includes the key indicators, the reference level and Thus, three phases of implementation of the present NAP the targets to be achieved in 2030. This instrument should are established: Phase 1: 2022-2024 – establishment of be used as a basis for the monitoring and evaluation of the NAP implementation environment, mechanisms for the NAP. Additionally, the country designed the matrix coordinating and financing the NAP and piloting the im- of monitoring elements of the Mozambique NDC 2020 – plementation of adaptation actions; Phase 2: 2025-2030 2025 within the scope of ICAT. The matrix includes indica- – consolidation of the implementation of vulnerability re- tors and global targets from the NDC as well as measures duction measures; Phase 3: Post-2030 – Consolidation of for adaptation and climate risk reduction, mitigation and climate resilient development. The Post-2030 phase lacks low carbon development. It is important to mention that a NAP review and update process (Figure 15). the detailed matrices for adaptation and climate risk re- duction, mitigation and low carbon development include Figure 15 indicators that are sensitive to the gender dimension that NAP IMPLEMENTATION PHASES resulted from WRI support. Phase 3: Post-2030 - Evaluating the The institutional arrangements were established by performance of NAP ENAMMC and operated by the National System for Mon- Phase 2: 2025-2030 implementation - Consolidation of - NAP review itoring and Evaluation of Climate Change (SNMAMC). the implementation and update Phase 1: 2022-2024 of vulnerability Monitoring and communication of necessary data and in- - Establishment reduction measures of favorable - Evaluating the formation to track adaptation operations and mitigation environment for NAP performance of NAP implementation efforts are provided on a database in accordance with the implementation - Improved NAP coordination and funding mechanisms - Piloting the implementation of adaptation actions

190 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 191 main IPCC reporting categories. The MTA has overall re- removals and the second for Monitoring and Reporting sponsibility to oversee national climate policy and prepar- (tracking) the adaptation and risk reduction, mitigation ing and maintaining the adaptation report and submitting and low carbon development and the support received and Mozambique’s National Communications, BURs, BTRs and required contained in the ENAMMC, NAP, NDC and LTS. NDCs to the UNFCCC. Climate finance and expenditures are reported by the The Mozambique's National Transparency Framework MEF and FNDS as part of the SNMAMC process. As shown for the implementation of climate actions was established in the figure, the global system is supported by government in line with international standards as a way of facilitat- entities and local government institutions, as well as devel- ing the preparation of reports for the UNFCCC. Thus, the opment partners, Non-Governmental Organizations and National System was developed to systematically produce civil society. Development partners play a critical role, both the following reports: Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), in supporting projects and programs aimed at strengthen- National Communication (CN) and the Implementation ing institutional MRV capacity, and in providing informa- Report of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adap- tion and data on financed climate change interventions. tation to Climate Change (RI-ENAMMC), including the following interim reports, the National Inventory Report (RIN), National Determined Contribution Implementation Report (RI-AAMMC) and Adaptation Communication (CA) (Figure 16). The National Transparency Board has the following systems: Measurement and Reporting System, Verifica- tion System and Academy Technical Support. In turn, the Measurement and Reporting System is sub-divided into two, one for Measuring and Reporting GHG emissions and

192 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 193 Figure 16 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS TO MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CLIMATE POLICIES UNFCCC VERIFICATION Council of Ministers National MRV System: - National Communications GIIMC Statistics - GHG Inventories Academia ctor - Biennial Transparency Reports - Report of Implementation of the ENAMMC ACADEMY TECHNICAL SUPPORT Coordinating Institution MEASURING AND REPORTING Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste Trans- Natural Water Healthy Finance Gender Science Public Early Disaster Marine Tourism Biodiversity Sector Sector Sector Sector port Resources Resources Sector Sector Sector and Works and Warning Management and Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Techonology Housing Sector Sector Inner Sector Sector Waters Resources Sector PRIVATE SECTOR CIVIL SOCIETY CHG INVENTORIES NGOs TRACKING THE IMPLEMENTATION ENAMMC AND NDC Source: ICAT - Mozambican National Enhanced Transparency Framework

194 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 195 > Body/Sector Type of actions to be implemented Project implementation and fundraising Support to the Government in the implementation of activities on cross-cutting issues The reports will later be verified by the Statistics Sector, Technical support for the design and implementation of sectoral Private Sector policies and measures GIIMC and Academia that will technically advise the Min- It can be an example by integrating climate change risks into isters cabinet in approving the Reports. The academy will business plans with a view to creating greater resilience and security for investments also provide technical support to the sectors involved in Sector leadership role in introducing and disseminating best the MRV. practices Implementation of adaptation and mitigation activities at the The updated NDC presents an institutional frame- community level work. Nevertheless, and taking into account the chal- Community empowerment Civil society lenges still present to ensure the implementation of the Mobilization of funds for project implementation NAP objectives, five functions are chosen as priorities, Monitoring NAP implementation as an independent observer namely: (i) coordination, (ii) definition of policy in an Divulgação de informação sobre boas práticas de redução inclusive way, (iii) operation (iv) monitoring and evalua- de vulnerabilidade tion and learning and (v) support to be implemented by Media Dissemination of information on good practices to reduce vulnerability various actors (Table 8). Translation of articles on adaptation into common language Transmission of local and ancestral knowledge about observations of climatic phenomena, mechanisms of adaptation to extreme Table 8 INSTITUTIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS climatic events FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION ACTIONS Integration of ancestral knowledge and cutting-edge technology with low cost and maintenance to increase resilience Body/Sector Type of actions to be implemented Community-Based Facilitation of the interaction between scientific knowledge and Organizations local knowledge Definition of policies, regulations, technical standards in line with climate change Support and cooperation in the implementation of programs and projects Facilitation and harmonization of public, private and civil society integration Proposal and support for the implementation of adaptation measures Design and implementation of projects, adaptation actions and Government climate risk reduction, mitigation and low carbon development, Development and inclusion of adaptation in education curricula (Ministries, Provincial, and cross-cutting issues District, Municipal Academy and Research Development of research programs and systematic observation, Promotion of the coordinated implementation of impact reduction Governments) Institutes including standardization of methods and data quality activities through the incorporation of adaptation aspects in the PQG and ENDe Systematization and documentation of scientific, technical and local knowledge about climate change Provide resources for government, NGOs and CSOs in Mozambique to carry out development activities Development partners and climate finance Alignment of technical and financial interventions with the adaptation measures and actions defined in the NAP so that all stakeholders work towards a common objective >

196 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 197 8.11.3 NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MONITORING The SNMAMC reports are based on the use of sectoral AND EVALUATION SYSTEM indicators reported by government ministries to the MEF. The MEF collects and ensures the quality of the data that The monitoring and evaluation of the NAP should build is collected and reviewed by the MTA to produce the SN- on existing national provisions to accompany the imple- MAMC report. Information on climate change activities mentation of the national policy on climate change. This is and outcomes that occur at the district level is shared at provided by the National Climate Change Monitoring and the provincial level through the Economic and Social Plan Evaluation System (SNMAMC), established by ENAMMC as (PES) process. At the national level, the sectors are respon- an instrument to measure the progress of the strategy. The sible for providing information on the progress of the PES SNMAMC mandates the country to report to the Council to the MEF (UDP, 2019). of Ministers, on an annual basis, the measures taken to The framework of indicators provided by the SNMAMC adapt and mitigate climate change in Mozambique (UDP, provides a basis for long-term monitoring of the strategy, 2019). The main objectives of the systems are: along with the implementation of the ENAMMC and NDC. • Improve accountability in the use of resources and verify A number of challenges and systemic issues will need to be the effective allocation of resources to sectors, at all levels addressed through increased support for capacity build- and to the most vulnerable groups; ing, along with an expansion of the indicators needed to • Support intersectoral coordination and implementation track mitigation across sectors and activities. of ENAMMC and Action Plans for Climate Change through monitoring and learning of the implementation process; • Assess the extent to which ENAMMC has contributed to reducing vulnerability to climate change and achieving Mozambique's national development goals; • Inform policy formulation and planning by developing new evidence on the effectiveness of adaptation, mitiga- tion and disaster risk reduction approaches; and • Comply with national (Government) and international reporting requirements.

198 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 199 Coal vendor, Lichinga city, NIASSA

200 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 201 8.12 TIME HORIZON AND SCHEDULE The present NAP has a time horizon of 10 years and the first implementation phase runs until 2025. The proposed schedule is presented in Table 9. During the validation seminar, the participants were unanimous to indicate that all strategic actions are urgent and should start in 2022 or 2023. However, knowing the need to mobilize resourc- es for the implementation of these actions, strategically, this Adaptation Plan will adopt an approach of prioritizing actions, starting with those considered structuring (e.g. Coordination, Policies) or particularly critical (e.g. Water resources, Health, Education and research). The Plan sets a target of 2-3 funded projects per year, in line with the proposed strategic actions. Year Strategic Action Focus 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

202 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 203 > 8. Increasing the resilience Implementation of the Strategic Plan for the Table 9 of agriculture Development of the Agrarian Sector (PEDSA): NAP IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE Productivity (alternatives to shifting agriculture, conservation agriculture, agro-forestry systems), Year post-harvest loss reduction (storage and Strategic Action Focus processing, value chains), pests and diseases 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 9. Food and nutrition Implementation of the Food Security and security Nutrition Strategy (ESAN): Availability, access, Goal 1: Create an enabling environment to facilitate the integration of adaptation food preference and nutritional value: positive into planning and budgeting nutrition and eating practices Pillar 1: Institutional Framework 10. Increase in the Implementation of approved instruments aimed 1. Reinforcement Strengthening of climate action coordination: resilience of public at building resilient infrastructure: Roads and of Coordination, National Directorate of Climate Change, Ministry infrastructures Bridges, Health Centers, Schools, infrastructures institutional framework of Economy and Finance, provincial and district for energy generation and transmission, water and updating of policy governments, integrated plan and budget. collection and distribution documents related to the Integration of the NAP in the next PQG and sectoral planning instruments. Systematic data 11. Management of water Implementation of the National Water Resources Implementation of the NAP collection for MRV including tracking progress resources and water supply, Management Program: Strengthen the capacity and results achieved, Updating database on MRV/ sanitation and hygiene to capture, store and channel water for human Integrated Management System on Climate consumption, animals, irrigation, etc. Water Change saving and reuse, irrigation systems Objective 2: Improve knowledge and capacity for management and sharing of data and information, 12. Improved access to Implementation of the Energy for All Program access to technology and financing for adaptation renewable energy and EDM Strategy 2018 – 2028: Reduction and efficiency of biomass energy, access to electricity Pillar 2: Knowledge, technology and finance and natural gas other alternatives including mini hydro, wind, solar (thermal and photovoltaic) 2. Reinforcement of the Systematic information collection and real-time plants early warning system information for system power 13. Reduced vulnerability Implement the National Health Program 3. Education, public Center for knowledge management and research, of people to disease focusing on water-related diseases: water supply, awareness (communication) public awareness, technology development and transmission vectors environmental sanitation, hygiene, urban waste and research innovation, updating of vulnerability assessment associated with climate management (domestic, hospital and industrial) studies including climate scenarios, bienial change Climate Change Conferences 14. Protection of oceans Sustainable and integrated development 4. Climate finance Capacity building in project design, climate fund and coastal areas of the Coastal Zone: Promotion of tourism management development, coastal erosion, sea level rise, Objective 3: Implement adaptation actions for greater resilience of the most vulnerable saline intrusion, mangroves, fisheries (includes aquaculture - storage and processing, value Pillar 3: Resilience of the most vulnerable chains) 5. Increase in the adaptive Reinforcement of basic social protection Increased fishing resilience capacity of vulnerable measures with regard to climate change so that Tourist areas and coastal areas with resilient people - integration of it contributes to the resilience of vulnerable infrastructure and green and sustainable coastal gender and children in populations development policies and actions Strengthening the orientation and targeting 15. Strengthening the Implementation of the Master Plan for Disaster capacity of the Productive Social Action Program capacity to prepare and Risk Reduction:: Risk reduction, disaster to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups respond to climate risks response, rescue operations and post-disaster 6. Integration of Local Implementation of Local Adaptation Plans and disasters reconstruction Governance plans Territory management, local adaptation 16. Increasing the resilience Implementation of the National Forestry committees of forests Program: Sustainable Forest Management including processing of timber forest products 7. Development of resilience Climate Change resilient urbanization plan, and NTFP, Biodiversity conservation areas, mechanisms for urban areas CityRAP (city resilience action planning tool). ecotourism and other settlements Rainwater drainage, wastewater treatment, waste management >

204 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 205 Taxi. Quelimane. ZAMBÉZIA

206 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 207 CEAGRE & Winrock. (2016). Identificação e análise dos agentes e causas directas e indirectas de desmatamento e degradação florestal em Moçambique. Relatório final. Maputo. 36p. CIAT; Banco Mundial. 2017. Climate-Smart Agricultura em Moçambique. CSA Country Profiles for Africa Series. Centro Internacional para a Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Banco Mundial. Washington, D.C. 25 p.DNTF, 2015 EDM, 2018a. Plano Director Integrado de Desenvolvimento do Sistema Eléctrico de Moçambique 2015-2042. Electricidade de Moçambique, Maputo, Moçambique. 9. REFERÊNCIAS EDM, 2018b. Estratégia BIBLIOGRÁFICAS nacional da concessionária de energia elétrica para 2018-2028. Iluminação da Transformação de Moçambique. Electricidade de Moçambique, Maputo, Moçambique. Gelcer E e Perondi D. 2018. Influence of El NiñoSouthern oscillation (ENSO) on agroclimatic zoning for tomato in Mozambique January 2018Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 248:316-328, DOI: 10.1016/j. agrformet.2017.10.002

208 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 209 GoM, 2014. Estratégia Nacional de Desenvolvimento S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. 2015-2035. Maputo, Moçambique. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, INE (Instituto Nacional de Estatística), 2011. Estatísticas J.B.R. dos Transportes e Comunicações, 2009-2011. Maputo, Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Moçambique. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, INE, 2019. Resultados definitivos do IV Censo do Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação (RGPH) 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 2017. Maputo, Abril de 2019, Moçambique. IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, INGC, 2009. Study on the impact of climate change on D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. disaster risk in Mozambique Synthesis Report, 2009. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, IPCC, 2014. Climate Change, 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.- Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, University Press. In Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Mahumane, Gilberto & Mulder, P. 2016. Introducing IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate MOZLEAP: An integrated long-run scenario model of Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution the emerging energy sector of Mozambique. Energy of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Economics 59, 275 – 289. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson- Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani,

210 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 211 Marzoli, A. (2007). Inventário Florestal Nacional. MITADER. 2019. Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Avaliação Integrada das Florestas de Moçambique AIFM. Territorial. Relatório R.III/01. Proposta Técnica Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas. Moçambique. Preliminar de PNDT. McSweeney, M. new, Lizcano G., and Lu X. (2010) MITADER. 2018. Desflorestamento em Moçambique Improving the accessibility of Observed and Projected (2003 – 2016). Maputo. 42 pp. Climate Information for Studies of Climate Change PEDSA, 2011. Plano estratégico par o desenvolvimento in Developing Countries. The UNDP Climate Change do sector agrário. Ministério da agricultura Country Profiles MIC. 2016, Política e Estratégia Industrial (2016-2025), ME/DEP. 2012. Estatística da Energia 2000-2011 Maputo. (Ministério da Energia - República de Moçambique Reason, C.J.C., Allan, R.J., Lindesay, J.A. and Ansell, ed.). Moçambique: Direção de Estudos e Planificação, T.J., 2000: ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ministério da Energia de Moçambique Ocean basin in the global context: Part 1,Interannual MICOA, 2012. Estratégia Nacional de Adaptação composite patterns. International Journal of Climatology, e Mitigação das Mudanças Climáticas. 20, 1285-1327. MIM AIP. 2016. Boletim estatístico de pesca e Reason and D. Jagadheesha 2005 A model investigation aquacultura 2006-2017. Disponível em: http://www. of recent ENSO mimaip.gov.mz/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AF_Boletim- impacts over southern Africa. Oceanography Department, Estatistico-Miolo-2006-2017-Final-em-usoFev2019.pdf University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa MTA, 2021: NDC Actualizada de Moçambique.

212 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 213 Inauguration of an project, Distrito de Namaacha, MAPUTO

214 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 215 1.STRENGTHENING COORDINATION, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND UPDATING POLICY DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE NAP IMPLEMENTATION Strengthening coordination of climate actions: National Directorate of Climate Change, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Provincial and District Govern- ments, Integrated Plan and Budget. NAP Integration in the next Government's 10. ANNEX 1. Five-Year Plan (PQG) and sectoral STRATEGIC planning instruments. ADAPTATION ACTIONS PROJECT TITLE: Climate Change Observatory - Climate Change Forum SUMMARY Brief description of proposed actions Although the country has been severely affected by cli- matic events, given its location of greater vulnerability, thus adding several challenges in the various development

216 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 217 sectors, with emphasis on the public works and housing reducing climate vulnerability in the economy and socie- sector, health, agriculture and disaster risk management, ty. The main point of entry for the integration of adapta- efforts carried out in the country to respond to these cli- tion actions in development is their incorporation into the matic events in order to adapt and reduce their impact Government's Five-Year Plan (PQG), which will then be ab- when they occur still face coordination level barriers. In re- sorbed in the different sectors. cent years, the Government of Mozambique created the Na- tional Directorate for Climate Change with the role of lead- 1. RELEVANCE ing the coordination of climate actions. The Government 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC also remodeled and created the National Institute for Dis- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL aster Management, with the role of coordinating response, DEVELOPMENT GOALS preparedness, and post-disaster support, with a focus on Climate change has continually contributed to an increase climate disasters. Nonetheless, these institutions do not in the frequency and intensity of disasters at the nation- fully respond to all concerns, given the transversal nature al level. The most common weather events in the country of climate impacts, as well as the complexity of impacts at include tropical cyclones, floods, storms and droughts. provincial, district and local levels. In this sense, reinforc- When these climatic events happen, many humans are ing coordination between the various development sectors lost and agricultural fields are also lost, which contributes and actors (government institutions at national, provincial to food insecurity, and various socioeconomic infrastruc- and local levels, the private sector, civil society, youth, local tures (mainly houses, bridges, roads, electricity transmis- community organizations and international development sion lines, schools and hospitals) get destroyed. These loss- partners) and improving the institutional framework and es cause setbacks and constraints in various development the policy to underline the implementation of the coun- sectors, negatively affecting the economy (e.g. reduction try's adaptation plans and improve the intervention of the in GDP) while reducing access to basic social services as various adaptation actors would clarify roles and respon- a result of the destruction of health, education, water and sibilities and promote synergies to create greater impact, sanitation, communication and electricity infrastructure.

218 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 219 At the same time, the impacts may exacerbate the situa- Furthermore, coordination shall be implemented so that tion of food insecurity as a result of the loss of agricultur- the integration of climate change is considered not only al crops, destruction of transport, processing and storage at the sectoral level, but also at the provincial, district and infrastructure, and the proliferation of agricultural pests local levels, where the respective development plans must and diseases. include relevant climate impacts. Efforts to reduce the vulnerability of the economy must 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED also be aligned with other initiatives, particularly the Sus- OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED tainable Development Goals (SDGs), therefore requiring a Despite the evidence of the impacts of extreme weather coordinated effort of actions so that by reducing climate events in the country, there is still a lack of considering vulnerability it is also possible to respond to the SDGs. climate aspects in planning and budgeting in the different development sectors. This is, in part, a result of weak inter- 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED sectoral coordination between the various sectors that are (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) beset by climate change. It is crucial that the ministries that For the realization of the country's commitment of reduc- will play key roles in the development and adaptation to ing climate vulnerability, several actors must interconnect climate change, such as the ministries responsible for the in favor of this cause, from Government actors (national, sectors of Land and Environment, Economy and Finance, provincial and district), private sector, civil society and in- Transport and Communication, Agriculture, Health, Dis- ternational cooperation partners in order to synchronize aster Management, Public Works and Water Resources, their efforts and establish consolidated policies and other Energy, Trade and Tourism understand the magnitude and instruments for the effective implementation of adapta- timing of risks and their implications in their own sectors, tion actions in the context of climate change. In terms of so that they can take climate change into account during Government actors, the Ministry of Land and Environment their planning and budgeting as an essential part, for them (MTA) and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) play to be able to effectively implement adaptation measures. a very crucial role in coordinating and consolidating the

220 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 221 institutional framework to ensure the implementation of (ii) Training of actors working on climate change adaptation actions. Although the role of these two minis- planning, budgeting and monitoring tools for the NAPs tries in this action is highlighted, the role and contribution implementation; of other ministries with specific actions related to disaster (iii) Development of a national framework of indicators management (the INGD), academia, provincial and district that integrate the NAPs and SDGs to guide public governments, the private sector and civil society including planning; young climate activists is essential. Research institutions (iv) Design updated and specific climate scenarios that and systematic observations, management and storage and cover the entire national territory and include all sectors; data sharing are also extremely important in order to doc- (v) Integration of adaptation actions into the ument impacts and produce evidence that can be used for Government’s Five-Year Plan 2025-2029. monitoring the implementation of adaptation measures. (vi) Improved understanding and quantification of climate With an effective implementation of the NAP, these ac- change impacts, losses and damages and adaptation tors involved will benefit because their efforts and sectoral limits, based on existing data. plans will reduce the negative impacts associated with ex- treme weather events. 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS OF THE 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY Strengthening coordination, institutional framework, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) updating and adapting policies brings with it several Improving coordination and strengthening the institu- objectives that include: tional framework increases actors performance during (i) Operation of the governance structure for climate the implementation of their actions by reducing climate change with a focus on adaptation actions, especially vulnerability and avoiding duplication of efforts and the including sectors not traditionally involved in climate overlapping of roles during the implementation of ac- actions, such as health, education, child protection; tions; producing evidence that can be used to monitor the

222 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 223 performance of the implementation of adaptation meas- the main entry point for all sectors, private sector, civil ures and increasing the level of transparency before the society and development cooperation partners; parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on (iii) Prepare the guide on the integration of CC in the Climate Change. environmental impact assessment and licensing; This measure, in addition to building robustness in the (iv) Ensure participation in regional and global forums implementation of adaptation plans, which in turn helps in on climate change for the purpose of learning and achieving the 17 SDG objectives, contributes to the achieve- disseminating assured experiences; ment of priority 2 of the Sendai framework for Disaster (v) Develop a national indicator framework that integrates Risk Reduction (DRR), which consists of strengthening the the NAPs and SDGs to guide public planning instruments; governance for disaster risk management. (vi) Draw up-to-date and specific climate scenarios that cover the entire national territory and all development 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS sectors; 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES (vii) Integrating adaptation actions into the Government’s To put this action into practice, the following Five-Year Plan (PQG 2025-2029). activities are needed: (viii) Analyze the impacts of climate change on different (i) Review the operational framework of coordination sectors, using existing data and collection systems; of climate change, including planning, budgeting, (ix) Ensure the incorporation of adaptation actions into implementation and monitoring and evaluation of integrated planning and budgeting adaptation to climate change at the central, provincial (x) Coordinate with disaster risk reduction and and district levels (GIIMC, the Climate Change Network management (INGD) entities at national, provincial and and knowledge Centre) and in the various economic and district level; social development sectors; (xi) Establish coordination standards with line ministries (ii) Capacity building for climate change units in various for monitoring the NAP implementation and the strategic climate change planning and monitoring tools, which is decision-making and advocacy process.

224 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 225 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS 2. STRENGTHENING THE This coordination action is led by the Ministry of Land and EARLY WARNING SYSTEM Environment (MTA) and the Ministry of Economy and Fi- Collection of systematic and real time information to feed nance (MEF) and should be taken as a priority in the prepa- the Early Warning System (EWS). ration of the next five-year program (PQG). However, due tiv- to the fact that the implementation of national adaptation PROJECT TITLE: do plans involves several development sectors, the collabora- esponse to the Early Warning System (EWS) tion of all sectoral ministries and other stakeholders (e.g. academia, private sector and civil society, Non-Govern- SUMMARY mental Organizations, cooperation partners, professional Brief description of proposed actions organizations such as the Order of Engineers), young cli- The early warning system (EWS) is a whole set of instru- nto mate activists, is essential. ments that aim to warn the population in advance about em the occurrence of a phenomenon that can cause human 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET and material damage. The primary objective of the early The projected budget is based on the baseline of Mo- warning system is to enable people, institutions and com- zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at munities to respond in a timely and adequate manner to USD1,014,436,000. hazards/threats in order to reduce the risk of death and property damage. To be effective, alerts must not only have 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION a solid scientific and technical basis, but also focus primar- AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ily on communities, institutions, objects and infrastruc- This action should cover the whole country, with deploy- tures exposed to the risk. ment in the provinces, and its implementation shall be In recognition of the various risks, with particular from 2023 to 2030. emphasis on climate risks, Mozambique established the

226 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 227 National Institute for Disaster Management (INGD) with 1. RELEVANCE the aim of, among other objectives, implementing an effi- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC cient early warning system capable of providing preventive AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL warning regarding the proximity of disasters and prepare DEVELOPMENT GOALS intervention plans for each type of disaster in order to re- Early warning on the occurrence of weather events is the duce the impacts. The INGD has been implementing the proactive way to deal with environmental extremes and re- EWS with the support of institutions such as INAM and duce adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts DNGRH, which are essential actors in the development of when these events occur. Prevention has the ultimate pur- credible information to warn about natural phenomena, pose of reducing death, destruction of infrastructure, and hence a reduction in disaster associated deaths has been disruption of access to basic social services, loss of agricul- witnessed. Nonetheless, the goals to be achieved are still tural crops, among others, thus reducing economic losses far from desirable, partly due to the scarcity of resources, by promoting climate-resilient development. but also due to the reduced human and technological ca- In order to ensure an effective early warning system, a pacity, the latter including the meteorological and hydro- mechanism for collecting data, processing meteorological metric network, data processing systems, preparation and and hydrometric information, formulating warning mes- transmission of prior notice in an understandable manner sages and a timely dissemination to potential victims is and in accessible language, as well as the actions to be tak- needed. en in response to the notice given. To this end, focusing The implementation of an EWS in Mozambique is part on local organizations such as local disaster management of the implementation of several national policies, par- committees has been a challenge, but a goal to be achieved ticularly the Master Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2017- in all communities. 2030, approved by the Government of Mozambique, and at the international level, the implementation of the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction, and therefore also for the sustainable development goals.

228 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 229 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED to systematize information, assess risks, ensure response OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED preparation, support local organizations in the imple- Since the main impact of a climate disaster is reflected in mentation of response and risk reduction plans, as well as the loss of lives of people and animals, loss of agricultural subsequent actions, including rescue operations, victim crops, infrastructure and consequent impact on the econ- assistance and reconstruction. The National Meteorology omy, a EWS has the potential to produce information in Institute (INAM) and the National Directorate of Water Re- good time to avoid most of these impacts. It is recognized sources Management (DNGRH) play a crucial role in col- that warning itself is not enough, which is why for an EWS lecting, systematizing and processing meteorological and to be efficient and effective it must include an action plan hydrometric data that are used to assess risk, hence the (e.g. evacuation, protection) that can be implemented in need for coordination between these institutions for the good time. Thus, there is need to strengthen the capacity operationalization of the EWS. At the local level, Local Dis- for systematic collection and processing of climate data, aster Risk Management Committees have been established preparation of prior notice and its timely transmission in critical regions with the task of identifying locally exist- and support to communities and institutions so that they ing threats (including EWS information) for the design and can implement a response plan. This chain needs to be im- implementation of prevention, preparedness and response proved and on constant alert for it to be effective, hence the activities. need for institutional, human, technological and financial capacities for it to be operational. 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS The main objectives of this action include, among 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED others: (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) – Strengthening INDG's capacity to coordinate EWS In Mozambique, the INGD plays a key role in conceptualiz- operation actions; ing and implementing the Disaster Risk Reduction Master – Strengthening the capacity of INAM and DNGRH to Plan 2017-2030, being responsible for coordinating actions

230 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 231 systematically collect climate data, including establishing An effective EWS has coordinated actions at all levels, a network of stations, updating and maintaining adequate including State institutions (national, provincial, district, measuring equipment; local), civil society, private sector and grassroots local or- – Increased capacity for local disaster risk management ganizations. Thus, organizations/companies should adopt committees on risk identification, response, preparedness EWS as part of their emergency procedures and operations and implementation; and train workers on disaster prevention standards. – Institutionalization of disaster reduction plans Additionally, the implementation of this action is a sig- (emergency operations) at the level of public and private nificant step towards avoiding and reducing the negative institutions, civil society and in neighborhoods. impacts of climate adversities and achieving the SDGs in general. 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE Furthermore, the implementation of this action con- (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE stitutes a relevant step towards achieving priority 4 of the GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) A EWS is a support system for other planning tools and 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS has the main function of reducing the impacts of extreme 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES weather events. Therefore, the EWS must be seen as part of The following activities will be put into practice to a set of actions to prevent the risk of climate disasters and materialize this climate action: include land use planning and allocation of infrastructure (i) Training of technicians in EWS matters (throughout in safe or less risky areas, the adoption of building codes the chain, from data collection, processing, preparation for climate-resilient public infrastructure and information of warning, and its transmission up to the preparation support for the climate insurance system. and implementation of the response plan; (ii) Reinforcement of National Meteorology Institute

232 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 233 (INAM) and National Directorate of Water Resources (xii) Reinforce systems for storing, sharing and processing Management (DNGRH) capacity to provide meteorological data and disseminating hydrological information; and hydrometric information which is dedicated and (xiii) Identify places of refuge and evacuation channels in adequate to each user; those administrative posts prone to hydrometeorological (iii) Strengthened scale of early warning system, covering events. the districts; (xiv) Strengthening the participation of women and (iv) Reinforcement of storage systems, data processing people with disabilities in local disaster risk management, and timely dissemination of meteorological and early warning and adaptation strategies. hydrological information; (v) Reinforcement of INAM's role in coordinating the 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS collection and monitoring of climate data; The Early Warning System is led by the INGD in coordi- (vi) Setting standards for the development and nation with INAM and the DNGRH. However, given the coordination of early warning systems for multiple events; transversality of the impacts in different sectors, the EWS (vii) Reinforcement of climate and meteorological operation actions must include other sectors, mainly the information systems, allowing to forecast the occurrence Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADER), of droughts; Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources (viii) Strengthening the INGD’s role in coordinating (MOPHRH), Ministry of Health (MISAU) and the Agricul- response and recovery operations to climate disasters; tural Research Institute of Mozambique (IIAM). In addi- (ix) Establishment and training of local disaster risk tion to these government entities, it is necessary to involve management committees; other actors, particularly cooperation partners, given the (x) Strengthening storage systems, data processing and need for Funds to equip and strengthen the early warning dissemination of hydrological information; system, which include: UNEP, UNDP, World Bank, USAID, (xi) Consolidate (or streamline) ongoing maintenance AfDB, FAO, CANADA, NORWAY, and FRANCE. of equipment used in hydrometric stations to ensure reliability and quality of collected data;

234 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 235 7. ESTIMATED BUDGET 3. EDUCATION, The estimated budget is based on the reference of Mo- PUBLIC AWARENESS zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at (COMMUNICATION) USD63,603,567. AND RESEARCH Center for knowledge management and research, public 8. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT awareness, technology development and innovation. IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD The implementation of this action must be subdivided into PROJECT TITLE coastal zones where flood events, cyclones and floods oc- Establishment of Knowledge and Awareness Centers on cur, and semi-arid zones where drought events also occur. Climate Events. In terms of coastal zones this action shall cover the coastal areas of the provinces of Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofa- SUMMARY la, Zambézia and Cabo Delgado. In semi-arid areas, it shall Brief description of proposed actions cover the provinces of Tete and interior regions of the Climate change is a relatively new phenomenon and many provinces of Gaza and Inhambane. This is an action to be of its causes and impacts are not known. At a global level, implemented between 2022 and 2030. there has been the emergence of institutions dedicated to researching these natural phenomena from various points of view. Mozambique is not alien to this global movement and has made some effort to introduce climate change top- ics in some of the teaching curricula. Even so, this process has been done in a timid and uncoordinated way, resulting in a lack of continuity in the construction of knowledge, particularly local knowledge about climate change.

236 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 237 Additionally, information and public awareness about research groups, and the adjustment of school curricula climate change are not done systematically and often cli- at all levels will be necessary for formal education, while mate change is only referred to as news after the occurrence systems of public awareness will be established so that in- of an extreme climate event. In order to guarantee that the formation for public use is disseminated for the purpose country can provide a response tailored to the real impacts of raising the awareness of Mozambicans on the need for and the current social, economic, cultural and political sit- adjustments to live in a world with climate change. uation, the country needs to have adequate knowledge, on the one hand, of the true climate risks, the vulnerability of 1. RELEVANCE people and infrastructure, and response capacity (mainly 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC local response) to extreme weather events. This knowledge AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL will be used to shape and influence policies at national, DEVELOPMENT GOALS provincial and local levels so that appropriate and social- The establishment of a knowledge-based society is a fun- ly just responses are implemented for both planning, pre- damental part of sustainable development. It is in this con- vention and reconstruction. In this context, the training text that several of the sustainable development goals aim of national research institutions, in partnership with their to ensure that people have access to quality education and regional and international counterparts, is necessary. Re- information, and that this can help prevent and reduce the search aimed at understanding the risk of disasters and risk of disasters. It is thus, in the pursuit of these SDGs reducing uncertainties are crucial. and the need to promote science-informed policies that it The promotion of studies that technically and scientifi- is proposed to strengthen research capacity and include cally support the use of adaptation measures based on eco- material on climate change in school curricula at all levels systems – AbE aimed at reducing the risk of natural disas- as a way to ensure that future generations can grow with ters and that can be easily adopted by local communities the necessary knowledge to face the adversities that tend is also essential. Thus, the establishment of laboratories, to increase with climate change.

238 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 239 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED to higher education and promoting the establishment and OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED consolidation of research programs on climate change. One of the main problems pointed out in the planning and Research institutions, in addition to generating knowl- implementation of climate change adaptation measures edge and systematizing knowledge on the subject, must in- is the deficient national capacity for planning, budgeting, clude a system of public awareness, where scientific results implementing, monitoring, and coordinating climate ac- are presented to the general public in a simpler language tions. Additionally, the lack of knowledge extends to the that can be used to influence policies, regulations, sectoral lack of access to technologies and the reduced ability to standards, among others. The use of social networks and plan and design projects to access climate funds, as well as mass media is particularly encouraged, which is why there the lack of consistent data that substantiate the impacts of is a need for a close connection between researchers and climate change, identification of zones and types of risks, public and private information bodies that can facilitate among others. Even where knowledge exists, it is limited in the transmission of information to the public in a format scope and often only found at national levels. Establishing and accessible language for the target audience. research and teaching capacities would significantly help to address the knowledge and capacity deficit at provincial 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS and district levels in order to build teams that can lead and The main objectives of this action are, among others: support the planning and implementation of adaptation (i) To establish a national climate change knowledge base plans, including local adaptation plans of action (LAPAs). that can support policy development and implementation of climate change adaptation measures; 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED (ii) To establish bases for training national technicians (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) who may guide and support the implementation Jointly, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Sci- of adaptation plans, including the LAPAs; ence and Technology and Higher Education shall take the (iii) To build a knowledge society that may align its lead in designing and implementing school curricula up policies based on knowledge and seek vulnerability

240 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 241 reduction solutions in the local knowledge; (iii) Updating of teacher training curricula, with a view to (iv) To facilitate the involvement and training of children integrating climate change topics; and adolescents in adapting to climate change. (iv) Updating curricula from Grade 1 to 12, with a view to integrating climate change topics; 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE (v) Establishment of higher education and research (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE programs on climate change; GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY (vi) Implementation of communication and awareness AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) plans for climate change adaption and mitigation; An informed society is a developed society as its actions (vii) Establishment of platforms for empowering are based on scientific knowledge and evidence. Therefore, adolescents and young people on climate actions, as well knowledge management, education and public awareness as improving their involvement in disaster risk reduction are extremely important steps towards the self-improve- actions; ment of communities, partly through adjusting the way of (viii) Support for climate activist children and adolescents life, and partly through the use of technologies and knowl- and youth representatives from Mozambique on global edge to reduce risk and increase adaptation ability. platforms; This action improves understanding of natural disaster (ix) Support for climate communication initiatives risk, which is priority 1 of the Sendai Framework for Disas- led by children and adolescents (blogs, social media, ter Risk Reduction (DRR). newspapers, community radios); (x) Support for the involvement and participation of 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS adolescents in actions on climate change (radio programs, 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES children's parliament, etc.); (i) Teacher training on climate change; (xi) Development of channels and materials adapted to (ii) Trainer training on climate change; ensure reach, awareness and information for different population groups;

242 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 243 (xii) Incorporate the systematic performance of gender be used as the main platforms for disseminating informa- analyzes for different risks related to climate change; tion to the general public. (xiii) Collaborate with the Ministry of Education and The contribution of other partners is crucial for the Human Development (MINEDH) to include modules implementation of this action, which includes the UNDP, related to climate change and adaptation in school World Bank, Research and Academic Institutions, UN-Hab- curricula; itat, IUCN, SREP and CEP. (xiv) Organize mass information campaigns to prepare the population for critical seasons/periods such as the 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET pre-cyclone, rainy season. The projected budget is based on the baseline of Mo- (xv) Identify and organize educational sessions dedicated zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at to the categories most affected by climate change such as USD976,000,000. the group of fishermen, farmers. (xvi) Structuring a decentralized system of periodic and 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT inclusive awareness at the local level, adapted for people IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD with less schooling, people with disabilities, children out This is a nationwide action, but to facilitate its implemen- of school, among other groups. tation, a Center should be established in each region of the country, especially in the regional capitals (Maputo, Sofa- 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS la and Nampula). Actions shall be implemented between The Ministry of Education and Human Development and 2023 and 2030. the Ministry of Science and Technology and Higher Edu- cation lead the implementation of this action. Higher edu- cation institutions, institutes and research centers will im- plement the teaching and research programs. The media (radio, television, newspapers, etc.) and social networks will

244 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 245 4. CLIMATE FINANCE development plans and therefore facilitate the implemen- Training on project design, management of climate funds tation of climate actions, particularly the adaptation to cli- and preparation of financing strategies for the NAP. mate change. Although the Convention has made efforts to mobilize resources so that countries may benefit, access PROJECT TITLE mechanisms are considered complex. Converting project Strengthening national capacities for climate finance. ideas into fundable projects is still a challenge. In part, the lack of national and regional capacities, the lack of con- SUMMARY sistent information for demonstrating impacts, the lack of Brief description of proposed actions statistics on the number of people affected and the level In recognition of the need and urgency to implement of damage, the difficulty of estimating climate additional- measures to adapt to climate change, the United Nations ity, among others, are often pointed out as impediments Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to countries submitting good project proposals. Currently, established financial mechanisms to support developing six regional, national and subnational projects (3 are adap- countries, particularly least developed countries (LDC), as tation) funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF), totaling is the case of Mozambique. These financial mechanisms, US$26.7 million, are being implemented in Mozambique. such as the Adaptation Fund, the Least Developed Coun- Still, the financing needs for adaptation to climate change tries Fund (LDCF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the are greater than the amount available. Estimates of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), established the rules costs of recovering from the impacts of extreme weath- for accessing funds in order to respond to the priorities er events show an increase in the financial deficit which, for adaptation to climate change, promotion of low-car- since 2016, has already exceeded 9 billion meticais, which bon development, removal of barriers (institutional, le- means that greater efforts must be made to ensure the gal, technological, etc.), creating local capacities, among availability of financial resources for the implementation others, to facilitate the integration of climate actions in of low-carbon adaptation and development plans.

246 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 247 Local Adaptation Plans (LAPs) were prepared in an equal capacity plan. The implementation of this climate action number of districts and municipalities, however the evalu- will strengthen institutional capacity for project prepara- ation of the implementation of these plans indicates that tion as well as the establishment of an accredited national only a small part of these was carried out using funds from financial agency, and thereby increase the capacity to raise the State Budget, which is deficient itself. climate funds and the capacity to implement and manage climate change adaptation projects and low-carbon devel- 1. RELEVANCE opment. The main purpose of this action is to establish a 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC NAP financing strategy that may ensure sufficient finan- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL cial flows for the implementation of climate change strate- DEVELOPMENT GOALS gic adaption actions. In 2015, the National Sustainable Development Fund (FNDS) was established, an institution subordinate to the 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED Ministry of Economy and Finance, being the entity that Integrating climate change into planning and budgeting will support and coordinate the financial mechanism for is a decisive step towards reducing climate vulnerability. It the mobilization and management of sustainable develop- is recognized that these processes are still a challenge, but ment funds. In this way, the FNDS is in preparation to be- currently, the country has taken significant steps in the come the accredited national institution for the prepara- introduction of climate markers and indicators in the na- tion and submission of projects for climate funds. In 2017, tional planning and budget system. However, a plan will be the GCF approved a Readiness Program aimed at strength- of no use if funds for its implementation are not secured. ening the Designated National Authority of Mozambique by As mentioned before, 135 LAPs were prepared, but very establishing a coordination mechanism with an Advisory few of these plans were implemented, in part due to lack Committee and preparing and executing an institutional of funds for their materialization. Carrying out planned

248 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 249 investments that incorporate adaptation to climate change and national economy will benefit from the reduction of can contribute to lower vulnerability, thus increasing adap- vulnerability and climate risk. tive capacity at national and community levels. 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED The objectives of this climate action include, among (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) others, the following: The National Sustainable Development Fund (FNDS) is (i) Reinforcement of capacity to prepare and implement the key institution in the implementation of this climate local adaptation plans - Government technicians at the action. Given its functions, the FNDS must coordinate local level trained in PFM - Public and Financial Manage- its actions with the Ministry of Economy and Finance ment Systems (eg Planning, Budget, Monitoring, Audits, (which coordinates development priorities), the Ministry etc.) and climate change adaptation integration in the of Agriculture and Rural Development (to which it re- provincial plans; ports) and the Ministry of Land and Environment (which (ii) Training for the advisory committee of the designat- coordinates climate actions). Other actors include ac- ed national authority - NDA in the design and analysis of credited international agencies that have supported projects and strategies for mobilizing resources; Mozambique in the preparation and implementation of (iii) Training for the National Sustainable Development climate change adaptation and low-carbon development Fund (FNDS) and the Ministry of Economy and Finance projects, particularly United Nations Agencies, Interna- for identification, preparation, implementation, and mon- tional Financial Agencies such as the World Bank and itoring of climate projects; the African Development Bank. (iv) Mapping of UNFCCC climate funds and independent The main beneficiaries of the implementation of this cli- funds (public or private) and identification of potential mate action are the most vulnerable communities that will funders for specific projects (matching projects with po- have the opportunity to benefit from the implementation tential funders); of adaptation projects, but in general, society and the local (v) Design of fundraising strategy to maintain a sustaina- ble financial flow for the NAP implementation.

250 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 251 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE On the other hand, this action guarantees the imple- (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE mentation of priority 3 of the Sendai Framework for DRR, GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY which promotes investment for reducing disaster risks and AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) increasing resilience to climate events. Creating national capacities for resource mobilization has the advantage not only of reducing dependence on accred- 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS ited international agencies, but also of accelerating proce- 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES dures for converting ideas into projects that are part of na- The following activities will be put into practice tional priorities. At the same time, operations carried out to materialize this climate action: through an accredited national agency have the possibili- (i) Financing of local adaptation plans; ty of reducing operating costs for project preparation and (ii) Training for district technicians on the public their submission to climate finance agencies established by and financial management system; the UNFCCC and other independent climate funds, public (iii) Training for the advisory committee of the designated or private. Adaptation is a very expensive process, so with national authority - NDA in the design and analysis access to climate finance, we would be moving towards of projects and strategies for mobilizing resources; achieving several SDGs, specifically those related to erad- (iv) Capacity building for the FNDS as an accredited icating poverty (objective 1), eradicating hunger (objective national agency for the identification, preparation 2), quality health (objective 3), reduction of inequalities (ob- and implementation of climate change adaptation jective 10), sustainability of communities and cities (objec- and low-carbon development projects; tive 11). This is because weather events, when they occur, (v) Design of funding strategy for the NAP. tend to set back or compromise the achievement of these objectives.

252 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 253 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS for climate finance. This project note aims to reinforce the The implementation of this climate action will be led by current capacity of the FNDS and the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, but with the partic- but considering the identification of individual technical ca- ipation of the National Fund for Sustainable Development pacities that may be based on different geographical regions (FNDS), Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) and oth- of the country. The time horizon for the implementation of er relevant sectoral ministries. This is an action that still this action is 5 years, 2023 to 2027. involves several partners for its implementation, which include: UNDP, WFP, ENABEL, FAO, World Bank, JICA, AfDB, AFD, Millennium Challenge Corporation, USAID, 5. INCREASED ADAPTIVE the Belgian Cooperation, among others. CAPACITY OF VULNERABLE PEOPLE - INTEGRATION 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET This action is budgeted at around USD 1 million, estimated OF GENDER AND CHILDREN within the scope of the activities of Mozambique’s updated IN POLICIES AND ACTIONS NDC, the source of information of the budget of the strate- Reinforcement of basic social protection measures with gic actions of this NAP. regard to climate change so that it contributes to the resil- ience of vulnerable populations. 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT Reinforcement of the ability to guide and focus the Pro- IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ductive Social Action Program to increase the resilience of This is a strategic action that should ideally be implemented vulnerable groups. on a national scale, however priorities may vary depending on the climate challenges of each region. The capabilities for PROJECT TITLE mobilizing climate funds go through the accreditation of a Improving the adaptive capacity of climate change vulner- national institution for the preparation of project proposals able groups.

254 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 255 SUMMARY to the occurrence of climatic events and thus reducing their Brief description of proposed actions adverse impacts. However, even though the country has ac- Mozambique is a developing country where poverty rates cess to these factors, the most vulnerable groups do not have are high and a large part of the country’s population lives access and remain increasingly vulnerable. Hence the need to in the coastal zone, exposed to cyclones, tropical depres- adopt policies and practices to particularly favor these groups sions and storms, rising sea levels, floods and droughts. and give them the opportunity to increase their adaptive ca- Given the country's high vulnerability and high exposure pacity. to climate events that are projected to grow in the com- It should be noted that unequal gender power relations ing decades (INGC, 2009) it is crucial that the country permeate dynamics at the community and family level, rel- prepares itself for adaptation to achieve socioeconomic egating women and girls to a reproductive role, unpaid care development and increase the adaptive capacity, mainly and family work, and excluding them from decision-making of the most vulnerable groups that basically include chil- processes, access to and control over resources and the free, dren, women, the elderly, the disabled and the poor. Al- informed and autonomous capacity to make strategic deci- though the entire population is affected in some way by sions about their health and well-being. In this context, they extreme weather events, they strongly affect women, the are less resistant to natural hazards and more exposed to poorest, the elderly, children and the disabled because violence, harmful practices and negative survival strategies. they are at extremely high risk and do not have the means to reduce their exposure to weather events. 1. RELEVANCE To increase the adaptive capacity of the most vulnera- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC ble groups, three factors are needed, including knowledge, AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL technology and financing. These three factors allow taking DEVELOPMENT GOALS effective and proactive actions before the occurrence of cli- Increasing adaptation of these communities that live in a matic adversities, as well as allowing an objective reaction context of high exposure to climatic events with a focus

256 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 257 on vulnerable groups that are devoid of adaptation and re- voice for socio-cultural reasons would ensure the integra- sponse mechanisms to natural disasters is essential. By in- tion of all elements of society in climate change adaptation creasing the adaptability of these most vulnerable groups, actions because when these events arrive they are not se- we would be reducing several severe socioeconomic and de- lective, they need to be faced by all. velopment impacts that arise when climate disasters occur, Women and girls, who should be agents of change, are which include loss of human life, loss of housing and mate- deprived of the possibility of actively contributing to the rial goods in communities, recurrent resettlements of com- planning, implementation and monitoring of adaptation munities, reduced susceptibility to contracting diseases as- strategies. They do not have sufficient access to informa- sociated with natural disasters such as malaria and cholera. tion or weight in decisions taken at family and community levels. Their volatile income is easily erased by the risks in- 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED duced by climate change and the low level of human capital OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED and access to productive means and resources that hinder Although it is interesting to reduce vulnerability in all ele- their resilience after disasters and emergencies. ments, in specific groups that are mainly more vulnerable, which include children, the elderly and women, it seems to 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED be a high priority due to the lack of means of response for (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) these groups. Increasing the adaptive capacity, especially While it is recognized that natural disasters affect all of the most vulnerable people, and integrating gender into groups in society, the most vulnerable groups tend to be adaptation policies and actions makes it possible to reduce the hardest hit, most often having high exposure and poor the vulnerability of these high-risk groups and thus reduce response. Priority groups whose adaptive capacity needs to the severe socioeconomic impacts of climate disasters. be reinforced include mainly: women, children and adoles- Additionally, increasing the resilience of vulnerable cents, the elderly, the disabled and people living in extreme groups that are often oppressed in society and with less poverty or suffering from illnesses.

258 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 259 Statistics on those affected in terms of gender are scarce, implementing climate change adaptation actions, while but it is clear that more than half of those affected are guaranteeing women and girls an identity and voice in women, children and the elderly, who are often also heads the different processes of adaptation and preparation and of their households. These are the ones that take refuge response to emergency situations. in the accommodation and resettlement centers as an ev- (iv) Creation of budgets and funding mechanisms to idence of their lack of capacity to deal with the impacts address gender-specific issues and vulnerable groups. of extreme weather events. In accommodation centers, women are particularly vulnerable to harassment and gen- 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE der-based violence. Furthermore, parents force young girls (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE into premature marriages on the grounds of poverty exac- GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY erbated by extreme weather events. AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) The consideration and prioritization of adaptation of vul- 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS nerable groups and gender integration prevents the gov- Increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable people ernment and other actors with specific development and and mainstreaming gender in adaptation policy support actions for vulnerable groups from having recur- and actions will allow: rent setbacks whenever climatic events occur due to having (i) Strengthening the response to gender issues, social to assist the victims, resettle them and rebuild socio-eco- protection and increase the resilience of vulnerable nomic infrastructure. The implementation of this climate populations; action contributes to the fulfillment of SDG 5 on gender (ii) Ensuring better guidance of vulnerable populations in equality, thus reducing gender inequalities in the access order to increase their resilience and response to climate to EWS information, decision-making opportunities, and events and prioritization of concerns of vulnerable access to the support granted among affected people. groups; On the one hand, it constitutes a significant step towards (iii) Gender mainstreaming in policy, strategy design, achieving SDGs 1 and 2, which consist of eradicating pover- regulations and sector planning within the framework of ty and hunger at all levels.

260 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 261 On the other hand, it ensures that the country is consider- (vii) Strengthening the capacities and leadership of ing priority 4 of the Sendai Framework for DRR as it is im- women and girls to make decisions about climate proving the preparedness, response and recovery of peo- adaptation and emergency preparedness and response; ple, particularly those vulnerable to climate events. (viii) Mobilizing women-led community grassroots organizations and civil society organizations in gender 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS assessments to inform adaptation plans and response 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES interventions and to monitor the impact of emergencies The main activities related to this action include: on gender inequalities. (i) Reinforcing basic social protection measures that may increase populations resilience and response; 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS (ii) Guiding and ensuring proactive responses of The implementation of this activity must be led by the vulnerable groups, particularly women and female-headed Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action (MGCAS) households; and must have the support of the INGD and cooperation (iii) Reinforcing the articulation between the social partners. Strategic partners in the implementation of this protection system and the natural disaster response action include the UN-Women and UNICEF, whose actions system, including articulation with early warning systems; focus on the promotion and development of women, FAO (iv) Establishing funding or budget aimed at responding and the World Vision. to gender and vulnerable groups issues; (v) Improving the system for collecting and storing gender 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET statistics on vulnerable groups and those affected by The projected budget is based on the baseline of Mo- climate disasters; zambique’s updated NDC activities and is estimated at (vi) Establishing inclusive participatory mechanisms USD60,364,253. to involve women and youth in the planning, implementation and monitoring of local adaptation strategies;

262 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 263 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT and Mitigation of Climate Change, 135 Local Adaptation IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD Plans (LAP) were prepared at district and municipal lev- This action must have a nation-wide coverage and be im- els. Most of the LAPs were prepared by central level tech- plemented from 2022 to 2030. nicians using participatory methodologies, where climate risks and vulnerability were mapped, the main affected identified and potential solutions identified. Despite the 6. INTEGRATED LOCAL fact that technicians and local governments have partic- GOVERNANCE PLANS ipated in the preparation, the mobilization of resources, coordination of actions and their implementation is defi- Implementation of Local Adaptation Plans, Territory Man- cient, and little was achieved as compared to the impact agement and Local Adaptation Committees. that was expected from the LAPAs. This action aims to increase the capacity of local governments in planning, PROJECT TITLE budgeting, resource mobilization and implementation of uilding robustness and integration into climate change local adaptation plans (LAPAs). planning and governance in Mozambique. 1. RELEVANCE SUMMARY 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC Brief description of proposed actions AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL The institutional framework for implementing the NDC DEVELOPMENT GOALS and NAP in particular needs to be strengthened at the The LAPAs preparation is a significant step in the ENAM- local level, where actions take place and cause the greatest MC and NAP implementation. However, the local adapta- impact. This action means building local governance ca- tion plans (LAPAs) are only the first step of several others pacities for an effective implementation of climate actions that must be taken before effectively reducing the climate in general. As part of the efforts undertaken by the Govern- vulnerability of communities. In this sense, while the ment to materialize the National Strategy for Adaptation

264 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 265 country has made significant advances in the prepara- and operation of local adaptation committees will only be tion of LAPAs, it still has the challenge of making these achieved when there are resources to support the expenses plans implementable, which requires good governance, of their functioning. Thus, this climate action will support intersectoral coordination, an excellent connection be- local governments to operationalize their LAPAs, and by tween implementers and beneficiary communities. These so doing help their communities to create their capacity to requirements only constitute a working environment, and adapt and overcome themselves. additionally, it is necessary that the budget be materialized by financial, technical and technological availability com- 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED patible with local conditions. (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) The main actors for the implementation of this action are 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED the local governments (district and municipal) and the OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED respective development cooperation partners and benefi- Participatory processes such as those used for the prepa- ciary communities. Particular emphasis will be given to lo- ration of Local Adaptation Plans (LAPAs) have the advan- cal grassroots organizations through the establishment of tage of involving all stakeholders, including beneficiaries support mechanisms with the early warning system (EWS) of identified initiatives, to reduce vulnerability. When, af- and training for the implementation of the preparedness ter planning, there are no follow-up and implementation response plan, as well as adaptation in techniques and actions, this can create frustration for the parties involved technologies for the use of resilient natural resources. This when the expectations created are not met. In the analysis action aims to support the implementation of 11 LAPAs of the LAPAs implementation, it was evident that the lack of in critical districts and municipalities (one per province, follow-up and implementation was mainly due to the lack including Maputo City) with the potential to benefit more of financial resources, but also, in part, to the weak capaci- than 4 million inhabitants of these districts and munici- ty of Governments and local technicians to mobilize finan- palities. cial resources to face planned actions. The materialization

266 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 267 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS adjustment of existing systems. Many adaptation options Supporting the implementation of Local Adaptation exist and are used to help manage the projected impacts Plans (LAPAs) will entail, among others, the following: of climate change, but their implementation depends on (i) Training of local governments to prioritize climate the capacity and effectiveness of governance and deci- actions in their development plans; sion-making processes. These and other enabling condi- (ii) Training of local technicians (districts and tions can also support climate resilient development. The municipalities) in the implementation and monitoring of LAPs are primarily focused on reducing vulnerability and climate action projects; increasing the adaptive capacity of communities. Achieving (iii) Training of local communities through existing local the effective implementation of the LAPs would therefore bodies or local adaptation committees to be established; mean managing to increase local capacities to promote (iv) Provision of resources to projects identified in the sustainable and climate-resilient local development, there- LAP with a view to implementing concrete vulnerability by reducing losses and damages associated with extreme reduction activities; weather events. Additionally, the implementation of this (v) Establishing linkage mechanisms between LAP action has the potential to contribute to the achievement implementation actions with other local or national of several SDGs, but particularly SDG 13 on action against or regional initiatives with a view to creating synergies climate change. It also ensures that the country is consid- and increasing the impact of interventions. ering priority 2 of the Sendai Framework for DRR. 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY The main activities to be carried out in this action are: AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) (i) Training of technicians and district governments on Adaptation, in response to current climate change, is re- public and financial management systems; ducing climate risks and vulnerability primarily through (ii) Financing of local adaptation plans;

268 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 269 (iii) Training of local adaptation committees and other 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT grassroots community organizations to implement IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD adaptation actions; This action must have a nation-wide coverage and be im- (iv) Establishing mechanisms for linking and exchanging plemented between 2023 and 2030. experiences with other adaptation initiatives at local, regional and national levels. 7. RESILIENCE MECHANISMS 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS FOR URBAN AREAS The implementation of Local Adaptation Plans is the re- AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS sponsibility of local governments (district and municipal) with the collaboration of the respective local development DEVELOPED Preparation and implementation of climate change resil- partners (private, civil society) and local communities, ient urbanization plans. through local adaptation committees or other local grass- roots organizations that prove to be relevant for climate PROJECT TITLE change adaption. Climate resilience based on an integrated and communi- ty approach in the south, center and north region of the 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET country. This action is budgeted at approx. USD 8,800,000, esti- mated within the scope of the activities of Mozambique’s SUMMARY updated NDC, the source of information of this NAP’s stra- Brief description of proposed actions tegic actions budget. The main urban centers of the country, namely the cities of Maputo, Matola, Beira, Quelimane, Pemba and Inhambane

270 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 271 are located in the coastal zones and have questionable ter- Other preponderant actions to ensure the resilience of ritorial planning plans, which makes the populations living urban centers consist of greater capacity for preparation in these centers and their socioeconomic infrastructure and innovation. The tense and bitter experiences of the highly vulnerable to weather events. As proof of this, these past are what guide the best preparation and innovation in cities were successively hit between 2019 and 2022 by cy- urban centers. clones Idai, Kenneth, Eloise, Ana and Gombe. Cyclone Idai, a Category 2 cyclone, was the deadliest storm ever to hit 1. RELEVANCE Africa and the biggest humanitarian disaster of 2019, caus- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC ing 1300 deaths across Southeast Africa. In Mozambique, AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL Cyclone Idai resulted in 603 deaths, more than 400,000 DEVELOPMENT GOALS people were displaced, and 1.8 million people were affect- The proximity to the coast of the country's main urban ed. Furthermore, this cyclone caused the destruction of centers means that these urban areas are recurrently af- 700,000 hectares of agricultural crops, and more than a fected by storms, cyclones and tropical depressions. Addi- billion US dollars in damage24 . tionally, the risk of flooding from sea water resulting from Due to the high risk of climatic events to these urban sea level rise in these urban centers is high. The high sus- centers, betting on mechanisms that guarantee the resil- ceptibility of these urban centers combined with poor ur- ience of these areas is crucial. To this end, actions that ban planning, the questionable quality of urban infrastruc- include urban planning, transport, sanitation (supply of ture and greater population density make them severely drinking water, sanitary sewage, urban cleaning, manage- affected by the impacts of climatic events mainly related to ment of urban solid waste, drainage and management of loss of human lives and property of urban populations, in- rainwater), housing and other infrastructure (roads, bridg- frastructure, human settlements, contracting diseases re- es, irrigation, electricity transmission lines, urban ports) lated to poor health, worsening poverty. To mitigate these are essential components to ensure greater resilience and negative impacts, actions that ensure greater resilience of sustainability of urban centers. these centers are necessary.

272 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 273 Ensuring the resilience of urban centers and other settle- growth, as well as the preservation of the urban environ- ments is an exercise that involves all elements and groups ment so that it is cleaner and healthier. It also ensures that of society that are found in cities. urban areas are safe, attractive and sustainable. 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) The implementation of this activity will ensure that the Ensuring the resilience of urban centers and other set- country's urban centers are not severely affected and im- tlements is an exercise that involves several actors from pacted by adverse weather events. In this way, the need for the various development sectors, but municipalities play reconstruction of these urban centers after the occurrence a preponderant and leading role, with the support of all of climatic extremes will be avoided or reduced, as the soci- ministries, the private sector, cooperation partners and oeconomic and environmental damages of climatic events urban communities from all social and cultural groups. will be low. Experiences in planning for resilient25 cities re- Implementing this action is reducing negative surprises veal that early resilient planning of urban settlements, de- when a climate disaster occurs. The main beneficiaries of signing infrastructure resilient to climate hazards, and or- this action are the populations residing in coastal cities, ganization of preparedness teams for the implementation estimated at more than 10 million inhabitants, with a fo- of urban emergency plans can significantly reduce losses cus on informal settlements, but also all investments in and damages associated with the occurrence of extreme urban infrastructure in these cities, including industrial weather phenomena. Thus, this action aims to introduce parks, public works, water supply systems, electricity and urban resilience planning using tools such as CityRAP (city communications. resilience action planning tool). In addition, this action contributes to the cities pre- senting progressive infrastructural, economic and social

274 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 275 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS vulnerability will also be concentrated in informal settle- Investing in urban resilience and other settlements ments and rapidly growing smaller settlements. The addi- is to ensure: tionality of considering urban resilience in other settle- (i) Better planning, territorial organization ments is to avoid recurrent setbacks resulting from their and robustness of the various urban infrastructures destruction whenever climate disasters occur, especially in that include buildings, housing, transport, a context in which these climate events tend to be more fre- telecommunications, distribution of energy and water, quent and intense. The destruction of urban infrastructure sanitation, among others, considering climate events often leads to consequences such as job losses, increased and consequently reduce its destructive effect. delinquency, insecurity resulting from the loss of property (ii) The construction of cities that comply with established and assets. Urban actions such as waste management have standards and regulations to ensure greater security of potential for mitigation, mainly the reduction of methane infrastructures. emissions produced by municipal waste. The implementa- tion of this action has the potential to contribute to SDG 11 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE to ensure resilient, sustainable and safe cities and commu- (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE nities, as well as contributing to the achievement of SDG 9 GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY relating to industrialization, innovation and development AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) of quality and resilient infrastructures. On the other hand, Future human vulnerability will continue to be concen- it ensures improved preparedness, response, recovery and trated where the capacities of local, municipal and na- reconstruction of urban centers, priority 4 of the Sendai tional governments, communities and the private sector Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). are least able to provide infrastructure and basic servic- es. Under the current trend of rapid urbanization, human

276 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 277 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS els, from government entities, the private sector and the 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES general community. A strategic partner in urban resilience The main activities to be implemented to ensure the planning is UNHabitat, which advises, trains and provides resilience of urban and other settlements are: technical support to municipalities and local governments (i) Ensuring that all investments, especially public ones, in the planning and implementation of urban resilience are climate proof; plans. Additionally, the involvement of the UNDP, CDF, (ii) Mapping zones which are highly prone to climate World Bank, FCDO and Sweden is highlighted. disasters; (iii) Preparing urban resilience plans for coastal cities 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET (Maputo, Matola, Beira, Inhambane, Quelimane, Pemba); The projected budget is based on the baseline activi- (iv) Training leaders and technicians of municipalities ties of Mozambique’s updated NDC and is estimated and local governments in the implementation of urban atUSD9,000,000. resilience plans; (v) Preparing and/or updating and disseminating legal 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT and strategic instruments that guide the construction IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD of all government, private sector and community This action shall focus on the main urban centers in the infrastructures in general, given the current reality of country, which present greater risk to climatic events, climate change. namely Beira, Maputo, Matola, Quelimane, Pemba, Inham- bane and Xai-Xai. This action shall be implemented be- 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS tween 2023 and 2030. Urban and other settlements resilience must be led by municipalities and local governments and its implemen- tation should consider all development sectors at all lev-

278 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 279 8. MORE RESILIENT as soil and environmental degradation and erosion (INGC, AGRICULTURE 2009). On the other hand, the weak infrastructure to sup- Productivity (alternatives to shifting cultivation, conser- port agriculture (e.g. irrigation systems, access roads for vation agriculture, agroforestry systems), reduction of the transport and disposal of products, storage systems post-harvest losses (storage and processing, value chains), and processing industry) places Mozambican agriculture pests and diseases. among the most vulnerable to extreme weather events. Climate change creates the potential for the emergence of PROJECT TITLE new agricultural pests and diseases of economic impor- Increased agricultural production capacity in the context tance. For example, the emergence and spread of fruit flies of climate change and nature conservation. and corn stem borers, with enormous consequences for the economy and food security, have been linked to the cli- SUMMARY mate change. Faced with this reality, resilient agriculture Brief description of proposed actions is mandatory. Resilient agriculture implies using short-cy- Agriculture is the largest economic activity in Mozam- cle and high-yielding varieties resistant to drought, pests bique and contributes about 24% of GDP, guarantees food and salinity environments; investing in irrigation systems, security, job creation, alleviation and fight against poverty. adopting agroforestry systems, using bio-fertilizers and Despite the foregoing, agriculture is mainly carried out in nitrogen-fixing crops, and integrating biological control. rudimentary ways, in a rain-fed system and without im- Part of these techniques (e.g. use of improved inputs, agro- proved inputs. Given the predominance of shifting culti- forestry systems) are already being implemented in the vation in the country and the rapid growth of the Mozam- country by some programs such as SUSTENTA, however, bican population, which is projected to double (60 million) the challenges of spreading these techniques throughout by 203025, the pressure on the agriculture sector to pro- the country still prevail due to the environmental and ag- duce more food will increase. This will result in shorter ricultural challenges faced in each specific region. fallow cycles, which will lead to reduced soil fertility as well

280 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 281 1. RELEVANCE to soften the socioeconomic impact and worsening of pov- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC erty, mainly in rural areas where agriculture is the main AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL basis of subsistence and source of income for these envi- DEVELOPMENT GOALS ronmental extremes. Furthermore, resilient agriculture Agriculture is the very important sector and the basis of can help to avoid continued and accelerated deforestation the country's economy and is predominantly practiced in and land degradation in response to the continued and ac- the itinerant regime and very dependent on the rainfall re- celerated growth of the Mozambican population. gime. In the current context of intensification and increase in the frequency of droughts, mainly in the southern re- 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED gions of the country, including the increase in floods in the OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED central regions of the country and along the banks of the Resilient agriculture serves as an opportunity to take a main river basins as a result of the excessive rainfall that is step forward in overcoming the historical challenges that felt, the loss of agricultural production as a result of exten- plague this sector in the country, as well as being an es- sive droughts, delayed onset of the rainy season and flood- sential step to face the current reality of climate change. ing, the salinity of soils in coastal areas is recurrent. As Resilient agriculture makes it possible to: (i) minimize an example, Cyclone Idai is reported to have affected over the negative impact of adverse weather events on rural 700,000 hectares of agricultural land and caused losses of communities and avoid compromising sustainable devel- US$258 million in destroyed crops. opment objectives, particularly those related to poverty Faced with this scenario of high adversity imposed by eradication and food security; (ii) the intensification of ag- climate change, more resilient agricultural practices (crops riculture and thus alleviate the problems of soil degrada- tolerant to drought and saline soils, use of short-cycle tion, (ii) solve the problems of low yields that characterize crops, installation of irrigation systems using renewable our cultivation systems; (iii) promotes the conservation of energies, agro-forestry systems, avoiding the use of fire for agricultural ecosystems; (iv) avoid the situation of despair openings of new fields of cultivation) are the best solution and food insecurity of families during the occurrence of

282 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 283 bad weather; (v) guarantee the sustainability of agricultur- and high investment in this regard. Cooperation partners al systems by adopting practices that are environmentally have been important in providing funds for access to these friendly, less polluting and with low forest carbon emis- innovative practices. It is estimated that more than 80% sions. While women represent a significant proportion of of the Mozambican population practices subsistence agri- workforce in agriculture, their lack of control over assets, culture, with women representing a greater percentage in land and resources puts them in a vulnerable situation this practice and producing most of the food consumed in against the risks caused by climate change. the country and various agricultural commodities for the international market. 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MAD- The implementation of resilient agriculture aims ER) and farmers are key players in this action. MADER takes to achieve the following objectives: part in the coordination, articulation of implementation, (i) Availability of suitable technologies and inputs for mobilization and management of funds, search and trans- climate change; fer of technologies, facilitation of access and provision of (ii) Implementation of resilient blue economy throughout improved inputs. Farmers are fundamentally involved in the country; adopting and implementing resilient farming practices. It (iii) Implementation of improved technologies that is recognized that these two actors do not complete the improve the productive capacity and conditions of the chain and there are other important parties such as the pri- agricultural ecosystem over time, such as agroforestry vate sector that generally guarantee the commercialization systems and other conservation agriculture practices; of the intended inputs. There are consumers and exporters (iv) Integration of seed production and storage into who participate in the production utilization component. agricultural production; Resilient agricultural practices generally lack technology

284 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 285 (v) Diffusion of improved irrigation systems and the It is essential to emphasize that with this action, the adoption of renewable energies to supply irrigation country is taking a step towards SDG 1 related to the erad- systems; ication of poverty, SDG 2 - eradication of hunger, SDG 12 - (vi) Reinforcement of equitable and sustainable sustainable production and consumption and SDG 13 - cli- agriculture techniques and approaches. mate action to combat and mitigate the impacts of climate change. It also allows the achievement of priority 3 of the 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE Sendai Framework for DRR, which has to do with the need (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE to carry out public and private investment for the preven- GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY tion and reduction of disaster risk. AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) Resilient agriculture comes to solve the recurring prob- 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS lems of loss of agricultural production, despair of families, 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES food insecurity whenever there are droughts, floods, rainy The implementation of this action requires the season delay, and outbreak of pests, among other adversi- following activities: ties related to climate change. (i) Availability of suitable technologies and inputs for On the other hand, the implementation of resilient agri- climate change; culture will help the government and cooperation partners (ii) Expansion of electrical networks and improvement of to be able to incorporate the aid package for communities energy quality to make agricultural enterprises viable and in situations of hunger and food insecurity. stimulate investments in the six agricultural development In addition, resilient agriculture will reduce the high corridors; rates of soil and environmental degradation resulting from (iii) Diffusion of improved technologies for natural current shifting farming practices, and therefore also con- resources: agroforestry systems; tribute to mitigation through carbon storage in agricultur- (iv) Incentive to seed production and conservation: al ecosystems. Implementation of action plan for seed production

286 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 287 and conservation and promotion of low-cost grain and 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS seed storage systems, contained in the Technological The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MAD- Adaptation Action Plan for Agriculture; ER) is the key institution that must lead the implementa- (v) Dissemination of improved technologies for tion of this strategic action. But there are some practices conservation agriculture and livestock; that should be implemented in close cooperation with the (vi) Dissemination of improved irrigation technologies; Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA) (e.g. the imple- (vii) Dissemination of improved livestock technologies; mentation of agroforestry systems), Ministry of Mineral (viii) Promotion of conservation agriculture/climate- Resources and Energy (MIREME) and the Ministry of Pub- -smart agriculture for fodder and food production; lic Works, Housing and Water Resources (MOPHRH) (e.g.: (ix) Promotion of the use of integrated agroforestry the implementation of irrigation systems using renewable systems for the recovery of areas degraded by the shifting energies). The contribution of cooperation partners, NGOs cultivation; and the private sector is equally relevant. (x) Promotion of methane use from rice cultivation systems for energy production / improved low-emission 3. EXPECTED BUDGET rice production systems; The projected budget is based on the baseline of Mo- (xi) Promotion of the use of renewable energy for zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at irrigation / water pumping systems; USD415,651,532. (xii) Prevention of wildfires associated with shifting cultivation; 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION (xiii) Ensure women have access to land (land use and AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD benefit deed), goods and access to credit; Agriculture is the livelihood of the majority of Mozam- (xiv) Training and empowerment of women in technology bican population and is practiced throughout the country. and adaptation solutions; Therefore, this action must be implemented throughout (xv) Ensure oversight of problems relating to gender the country, considering the variations in the agro-ecolog- inequalities in the agricultural sector. ical potential of the country. This action shall be imple- mented from 2023 to 2030.

288 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 289 9. STRENGTHENED FOOD malnutrition (IOF 2019/2020). The country has been strug- AND NUTRITIONAL SAFETY gling with food insecurity for decades, yet this problem Availability, access, use, and stability of supply (including has remained unchanged over the last 15 years4. Among food preferences, nutritional value and positive eating and the various strategies and policies that the country has consumption behaviors). designed to deal with this problem, focus goes to the first Food Security and Nutrition Strategy (ESAN) established PROJECT TITLE in 1996 (with the current version III to be revised), the Ag- Food and nutrition security as a step towards the well-be- ricultural Policy and Implementation Strategy (PAEI), the ing and development of Mozambique. inclusion of this issue in the Government's five-year pro- grams, in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in the SUMMARY Multi-sectoral Action Plan for the Reduction of Chronic Brief description of proposed actions Malnutrition (PAMRDC) and in the Action Plans for the Food and nutrition security occur when all people have Reduction of Absolute Poverty (PARPA). Despite these ef- permanent physical, social and economic access to nutri- forts, the challenges are still huge in the country because tious food in sufficient quantity to meet their nutritional there is a number of factors that affect food and nutrition needs and food preferences, in order to ensure an active security, which include the existence of high waste in the and healthy life. To ensure food and nutritional security, it production chain, severe weather events (floods, droughts, is necessary to ensure the production, transport, storage, cyclones), instability and population displacement due distribution, access and preferential consumption of ade- to conflicts, global fluctuations in commodity prices and quate food with nutritional value. In Mozambique, more supply chains, changes in mandates and poor coordina- than 50% of households live in a situation of food inse- tion between sectors, limited access to food production, curity. Children are the most affected group by this prob- processing and preservation technologies, among oth- lem, where 38% of them in the country live with chronic er challenges. In a context of worsening extreme weather

290 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 291 events that could lead to reduced agricultural harvests and 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED rapid population growth in the country, ensuring produc- OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED tion, distribution and food access to guarantee food and Investing in food and nutrition security in the country nutritional security is vital to ensure people's health and would help to reduce the current extremely high levels of well-being, the achievement of the country's development food insecurity and chronic malnutrition that mainly af- and economic growth and greater resilience of communi- fect children under 5 years of age, particularly in the prov- ties to climatic, political and economic adversities. inces of Nampula, Cabo Delgado, Niassa and Zambézia where the situation is more intense as 43-47% of children 1. RELEVANCE living in these provinces are short height for their age. 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC Food and nutrition security help to avoid problems re- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL lated to hunger and malnutrition, which include: delayed DEVELOPMENT GOALS development and growth of children, increased risk of in- Food and nutrition insecurity is a priority problem for the fant mortality, inequalities in human development, school nations for they bring with them irreversible socioeco- absenteeism, increased risk of diseases related to malnutri- nomic impacts that can affect the entire nation and com- tion such as anemia, gastrointestinal problems, reduction promise and set back the development, stability and eco- of the impact of chronic diseases on chronically ill people, nomic growth of a country, continent and globe. Food and avoiding despair among the households and the reduction nutrition insecurity reduce the GDP's productive capacity, of labor productivity. The high levels of chronic malnutri- reduces labor productivity, people's life expectancy, and tion have a direct impact on economic development and it can lead communities to engage in criminal practices, the Government's response capacity. wars, sexual exploitation, child labor, among other illicit and conflicting situations, which can make people become fragile and conducive to catching illnesses and aggravate the impact of climate change.

292 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 293 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED actions at national, provincial and district levels to address (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) the issue of food insecurity and malnutrition. Given that food and nutrition security is a serious problem These actors alone are not capable of guaranteeing food that affects vulnerable groups made up of children, the el- and nutrition security, which is why they need the collab- derly, the disabled, pregnant women and people suffering oration of other public sectors (Education, Gender and from chronic diseases, living in situations of extreme pov- Social Action), as well as food producers and distributors, erty, this action must pay special attention to these groups. academia and other research institutions, civil society and Since this action has three main components (food pro- cooperation partners. duction, access and consumption), its implementation in- volves different actors in each of these phases, who lead 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS the process, although in some cases there may be actors The implementation of this action allows the who are involved in more than one phase. At the central achievement of the following results: level, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (i) Implementation of sustainable and nutritious food and the Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries par- production, processing and distribution practices; ticipate to ensure sufficient quantity and quality of food (ii) Improvement of people's diet, health and well-being production, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MIC) through the integration of essential and healthy foods, and the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) rich in nutrients, and through the promotion of healthy to lead the processing, distribution and marketing of food, eating and consumption behaviors; and the Ministry of Health (MISAU) to promote nutritious (iii) Transformation of agricultural production systems and safe consumption and use practices. The Technical that are sensitive to nutrition, which will allow for greater Secretariat for Food and Nutrition Security (SETSAN), investments, reduction of waste in the production chain, based at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop- and resilience of the agricultural sector and people ment (MADER), is the lead entity to facilitate multisectoral against climatic, political and economic adversities, with quality production;

294 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 295 (iv) Combating inequalities in the access to nutritious begging, early mortality, inequality and exploitation of food, particularly among vulnerable groups that include vulnerable groups (women, children, elderly and disabled children, pregnant women, the elderly, the disabled, the and poor); sick and individuals living in extreme poverty; (iv) Ensuring construction of resilient societies to various (v) Design and implementation of consolidated policies adversities that include diseases, epidemics, pandemics, that guarantee that food reaches the various social groups economic shocks and climate change events; in a stable and accessible way and contributes to their (v) Ensuring the achievement of sustainable development well-being and improvement of their health. objectives, international, regional and national policies and strategies related to combating and eradicating 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE poverty, zero hunger, healthy people, reducing the (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE vulnerability of disadvantaged groups and reducing GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY socioeconomic inequalities between people, communities AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) and nations. Ensuring food and nutrition security brings the (vi) Contributing to the achievement of SDG 2 on following additional features: eradicating hunger, SDG 10 on reducing inequalities and (i) Ensuring that food and nutrition are a fundamental SDG 13 on climate action. human right for people to live a life of dignity; (ii) Ensuring the construction of healthy nations that will 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS use their health to contribute to the various sectors of 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES development by providing their physical and intellectual The main activities of this action include: manpower; (i) Ensuring the availability of production inputs for (iii) Reducing people's vulnerability to engage in criminal subsistence farmers and promote diversified production; practices, conflicts, wars, situations of extreme poverty, (ii) Intensifying actions that promote the production

296 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 297 of adequate, nutritious and high-quality food (rich in 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS calories, fatty acids, proteins, vitamins and minerals) is an Food and nutrition security has four main dimensions, essential component to ensure a balanced diet; namely availability, accessibility, use and stability. Due to (iii) Ensuring access to food and fair distribution of the complexity of this action, several actors are responsi- income and food at the national level and food assistance ble for its implementation. SETSAN is the critical platform to the neediest populations; and is the entity that leads and addresses the complexity (iv) Ensuring stable access to nutritious food at various and promotes, coordinates, plans and monitors multisec- levels (individual, family and social); toral food and nutrition security interventions. (v) Ensuring better processing and conservation of food The food production component should be led by the through the dissemination of food preservation practices Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADER) during the post-harvest period at the household level; and supported by the Ministry of the Sea, Inland Waters (vi) Strengthening the monitoring of food product market and Fisheries (MIMAIP). operations, particularly in remote regions, in order to Food access should be headed by the Ministry of Indus- assure access to food in these regions; try and Commerce (MIC) and the Ministry of Transport (vii) Improvement of access routes, prioritizing the and Communication (MTC). connection between the production and consumption The Ministry of Health (MISAU) has a crucial role in ensur- poles in order to improve access to food; ing the consumption and effective use of food. (viii) Capacity building of households in food practices In addition to these actors identified to lead each of the (especially of young children), adequate consumption of dimensions of food and nutrition security, there are other food and drink (sufficient quality, quantity and frequency) important actors in this exercise, which include: all min- which is vital for the growth and maintenance of the istries that are members of the National Council for Food health of all family members. and Nutritional Security (CONSAN); provincial and district

298 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 299 governments, the Mozambican Agricultural Research In- 10. RESILIENT PUBLIC stitute (IIAM); multilateral and bilateral development and INFRASTRUCTURES cooperation partners such as FAO, UNICEF, the Chinese Roads and bridges, health centers and schools. and Dutch Governments, JICA, Development Banks, key donors; associations of producers, community authorities, PROJECT TITLE civil society, producers, traders and consumers. Building robustness and resilience in Mozambique public infrastructure 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET SUMMARY The projected budget is based on the baseline of Mo- Brief description of proposed actions zambique’s NDC updated activities, and is estimated at Mozambique is one of the most vulnerable countries to USD47,133,013. weather events, ranking third among the most exposed Af- rican countries to weather events. This high exposure and 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION vulnerability make the country recurrently affected by bad AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD weather. Among other damages, when these storms arrive, This action shall be prioritized in the central and north- they totally or partially destroy public and private infra- ern regions of the country, where the rates of food and nu- structure. From 2019 to the present alone, weather events tritional insecurity are extremely high. It is an action that have destroyed 7627 bridges, 32,9334 school infrastruc- shall be implemented between 2023 and 2030. tures, and compromised about 47774 km of road. When these destructions occur, not only the Mozambican gov- ernment is affected, but the whole of society as well as the economic growth and development of the country. For ex- ample, the bridge over the Revúbuè river, in the city of Tete,

300 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 301 was rehabilitated in 2019 after cyclone IDAI in an invest- Reduction Master Plan for 2017-2030. Still in this effort of ment that cost 3.7 million dollars and this infrastructure providing resilience in public infrastructures and assuring collapsed again in 2022 during the occurrence of Gombe better prevention and response of public infrastructures storm, which had implications on the State budget and the to climatic events, in 2012 the Government integrated the whole of society, as days went by without transitability on SADC Infrastructure Master Plan, whose purpose is to de- the road. When IDAI occurred, around 5700004 consum- fine the requirements of regional infrastructures and the ers were left without access to electricity and the damage conditions that facilitate building essential infrastructure on electrical infrastructures was estimated at around USD in the areas of energy, water, transport, tourism, meteorol- 133.5 million. During the passage of the same cyclone, 944 ogy and telecommunications by 2027. health units were destroyed, causing economic losses to These infrastructures should enable the SADC region the health sector of around USD 81,486,4044 and addition- to achieve regional integration, economic growth and pov- al USD 12,074,398 from the reconstruction process. erty eradication. In addition to these initiatives, there are The Government, aware of the negative implications and other initiatives in the country that are implemented in setbacks, has been making efforts to increase the resilience cooperation with international partners, such as the Mo- of the country's public infrastructure. One of the first rele- zambique Cities and Climate Change Project, financed by a vant efforts was adopted in the 2000s after the catastroph- US$120 million credit from the International Development ic floods that devastated southern Mozambique between Association (IDA). February and March, 2000. Still within the scope of the Although there are numerous efforts in the country to same efforts, in 2006 the Government approved the Mas- increase the resilience of public infrastructure to better re- ter Plan for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Dis- spond to climate events, there is still a lot of work ahead of asters (PDPMCN) for the period 2006 to 2016. In 2017, the construction, rehabilitation and adaptation of basic social Government updated the previous Plan in order to adapt it and economic infrastructure such as bridges, roads, ports, to the current reality, through the creation of Disaster Risk health centers, educational facilities, water supply and

302 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 303 sewage systems, telecommunication systems and power so these infrastructures are easily destroyed when climatic systems. One of the most important steps for the effective adversities occur. The recurrent destruction of these infra- implementation of this action is the definition of critical structures limits the country from achieving the interna- infrastructures whose resilience guarantee is extremely tional commitments it has assumed regarding Sustainable mandatory so as not to compromise the economic growth Development, the Millennium Development Goals, poverty and development of the country. eradication, among others. Likewise, these destructions have a negative impact on society as a whole because they 1. RELEVANCE are left in a situation of lack of essential social services for 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC their survival and development related to access to health, AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL mobility, transport of goods and agricultural production, DEVELOPMENT GOALS access to electricity, access to drinking water, sanitation The resilience of public infrastructure is essential to ensure and telecommunication services. the provision of basic social services, economic growth and development in the country, the southern region and the 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED continent in general. In the case of Mozambique, investing OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED in resilience is mandatory given the country's greater vul- The destruction of infrastructure produces adverse impacts nerability and exposure to climate events and because it not only on the covered area, as usually it negatively affects has basic social infrastructure (roads, bridges, public build- the capacity to recover from climatic shocks and hinders ings) that were old and built in colonial times or shortly the sustainable development and economic growth of a after independence. Additionally, even the relatively re- place, nation or region, including in areas not directly af- cent buildings when they were built, the country was not fected. Additionally, the lack of resilient infrastructure can frequently and severely affected by climatic events, hence increase inequality between sites and communities across aspects of infrastructural resilience were not considered, a region and country. So, with resilience guarantee for the

304 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 305 country's public infrastructures, these socioeconomic and such as the World Bank, the International Development development impacts will be mitigated and avoided. On Association (IDA), UN-habitat, among others with which the other hand, it would ease the desperation and stress of the country has bilateral and financing agreements. people affected by climate shocks due to the lack of basic The implementation of this action benefits the public sec- services and would prevent the government from taking tor at all levels (central, provincial, district and local) as decisions without due caution due to being in emergency they will stop mobilizing funds for the reconstruction of situations, as well as allowing the country to prepare for a the same infrastructures. It benefits cooperation partners, better response from weather adversities. as they will not be disbursing funds for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of very same infrastructures. Society 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED in general benefits because it will not experience moments (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) of shock and stress due to the lack of basic social services. This action mainly involves and benefits government en- tities, cooperation partners, the private sector and society 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS in general. The main government entities involved include The following are the objectives and expected results the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resourc- for the implementation of infrastructure resilience: es (MOPHRH), the Provincial Directorates of Public Works, (i) Consolidation of public investment processes, Housing and Water Resources (DPOPHRH), the District territorial planning and protection of public Planning and Infrastructure Services (SDPI) and the mu- infrastructures against climatic events; nicipal councils. (ii) Reducing losses and damage to vital infrastructures, In the private sector, contractors and inspectors of pub- as well as preventing the environment from new disaster lic works stand out. risks by increasing infrastructure resilience in the face of Among the cooperation partners, we can highlight some extreme and recurrent weather events; that are already implementing this action in the country, (iii) The country will take a proactive approach of

306 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 307 preparation and response to weather events and Ensuring the resilience of public infrastructure leads us reduction of adverse impact of climate change on the to achieve SDG 9 related to innovation and development of country's public infrastructure. quality and sustainable infrastructure and SDG 13, which promotes the need to adopt measures to combat climate 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE change and its impacts. (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE This action also ensures that the country is considering GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY priority 3 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Re- AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) duction, which encourages the adoption of structural and Infrastructure resilience means the capacity to plan, pre- non-structural measures to reduce the risk of disasters and pare and adapt to climatic adversities that tend to increase ensure better response and resilience to climate events. in frequency and intensity over time, especially in the context of Mozambique, which is in a situation of strong 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS exposure to weather events. The implementation of this 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES measure will prevent the country from being burdened by To ensure the resilience of public infrastructure, the extremely high costs of recovery and reconstruction of in- country needs to carry out the following activities: frastructure after the occurrence of climatic adversities. (i) Do the mapping of disaster-prone infrastructures Additionally, it will prevent the country's GDP from ex- and assess the risk in order to identify high-risk periencing low moments due to the destruction of vital in- infrastructures based on their vulnerability and exposure, frastructures, given that some public infrastructures that whose resilience is essential in order not to set back the guarantee vital public services such as telecommunication development and economic growth of the country; and transport are paralyzed and have a negative impact on (ii) Do the necessary investment during the construction the country's GDP. and rehabilitation of public infrastructure, considering the current reality of climate change;

308 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 309 (iii) Design schemes for an effective management of 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS public infrastructures to ensure their greater durability This action of ensuring resilience of public infrastructure and thus confer resilience; must be led by the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and (iv) Since building resilient infrastructure is generally Water Resources, which has the mandate to regulate, su- costly, secure financial arrangements to increase the pervise and inspect the construction process of public in- resilience of economic and social infrastructure, which frastructure, as well as assure the quality of public works are critical and vital to the functioning of the country; in the country. (v) Contract climate insurance to insure the most Ensuring resilience of public infrastructure is a process vital public infrastructure and those prone to climate that involves high costs, which is why the country must rely disasters; on the various cooperation partners for the materializa- (vi) Ensure greater supervision and accountability of tion of this action. contractors that build public infrastructures so they build infrastructures with the desired and expected quality and 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET durability; This action is budgeted at 8,662,500, within the scope of (vii) Increase information exchange and partnerships Mozambique’s updated NDC activities, the source of infor- between stakeholders (ministerial sectors) on the mation of this NAPs strategic actions budget. availability of information on risk levels of public infrastructure. 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT IMPLE- (viii) Ensure compliance with resilience rules in the MENTATION PERIOD reconstruction and rehabilitation of all infrastructure The public infrastructures of the various regions of the affected by climate disasters. country are disaster-prone and regularly affected by cli- mate change events, particularly floods, cyclones, wind- storms and storms. For this reason, this action must be

310 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 311 implemented on a national scale and considering the time to, Umbeluzi, Limpopo, and Incomáti Save, Búzi, Pungué, horizon of 2023 and 2030. Zambezi, and Rovuma) in the country are shared rivers and originate from neighboring countries. The sharing of 11. MANAGEMENT OF WATER these main rivers forces the country to plan the integrated RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLY management of the same and to consider the events that can happen beyond national borders, and this exercise AND SANITATION makes the sustainable management of these resources a Reinforcing the ability to capture, store and build water huge challenge for the country. On the other hand, pop- supply infrastructure for human and animal consump- ulation growth, urban development and climate change tion, irrigation, etc. Water saving, water reuse and irri- are aggravating the problems of water resources pollution, gation systems. creating problems of water availability in the necessary quantity and quality. Due to the fact that water is a vital PROJECT TITLE resource for life, health, socioeconomic development, pov- Building a robust and resilient water resources manage- erty eradication, the fight against hunger and the reduc- ment system. tion of infant mortality and the reduction of inequalities, it is essential to strengthen the capacity to capture, store SUMMARY and distribute water to human consumption, animals, ir- Brief description of proposed actions rigation, saving and reuse of water in order to guarantee Mozambique has a diversity and richness of water resourc- its sustainable management. To carry out this sustainable es. In the country, there are 104 main river basins with management, it is necessary to define a set of coordinated an extension that varies between about 1000 km2 to 100 actions between the various sectors and stakeholders. The thousand km2. The Zambezi and Rovuma rivers are the country needs to develop water supply and sanitation in- basins that have the largest water catchment areas, with frastructures that are sustainable, safe and resilient to the more than 100,000 km2. Most of the main rivers (Mapu-

312 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 313 risk of climate change, including taking measures to pro- 1. RELEVANCE tect public health. - more appropriate structures for rural 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC sanitation and hygiene from the point of view of environ- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL mental protection and preservation; develop water safety DEVELOPMENT GOALS plans, promote the exploitation and development of deep Water availability is greatly affected by weather condi- aquifers as an alternative water supply in areas affected tions. Mozambique's climate is characterized by two sea- by drought and construction of small water storage infra- sons, rainy and dry. This seasonal variation in weather structure for human consumption, livestock watering and results in fluctuations in water availability and presents irrigation, as well as the establishment of an optimal water distinct water resource management challenges; in the resources monitoring network. rainy season, the country is concerned with managing In 2007 the country prepared a National Strategy for excess water events (floods and floods) and in the dry Financial Assistance for the Management of Water Re- season, it is concerned with water scarcity events (extreme sources, whose main objective is to establish sustainable drought, delay in the onset of rains). and adequate management of water resources. Although The management of water resources in Mozambique this step and others have been taken in the country, the is further aggravated by the fact that the country shares challenge of sustainable management of water resources its main rivers with neighboring countries such as South is still a reality, especially in the current context of climate Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe Malawi and Tan- change, accelerated population growth, and disorderly ur- zania, and because Mozambique is located downstream of ban expansion. these rivers, in the periods of rain the upstream countries release water from their retention systems, which causes catastrophic flood situations. Additionally, disorderly ur- banization, poor sanitation and hygiene in rural areas and urban centers, schools and health units, saline intrusion,

314 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 315 low soil water retention capacity, high evapotranspiration related to people's health and well-being, access to drinking rate, deforestation, agricultural production have been fac- water and sanitation, responsible consumption and produc- tors that contribute to the scarcity of drinking water and tion, sustainable city and communities, poverty eradication, pollution of water resources, a fact that further adds to the zero hunger and sustainable agriculture. challenges of water resource management in the country. Additionally, this action guarantees the economic Water is a vital resource for human survival. The fluctua- growth of communities and the country and nations, im- tion and reduction of its quantity and quality lead to a re- proves water scarcity problems, ensures that quality water duction in people's quality of life and health, a reduction in is an available resource for current and future generations, food production, a lack of drinking water, as well as com- and reduces social inequalities and environmental degra- promising the development of nations and the stability of dation. the planet and ecosystems. To overcome and alleviate these challenges, the country must ensure the sustainable man- 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED agement of water resources. This sustainable water man- (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) agement will ensure better distribution and use of water, The sustainable management of water resources is an ac- help build climate resilience and alleviate poverty through tion that involves and benefits various actors at different improved human well-being, livelihoods, food production, levels, from government entities, the private sector, coop- ecosystems, industries and growing cities. eration partners and water consumers. In the country, there are several government entities 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED with different mandates. Among the various existing en- OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED tities, the National Directorate for Water Supply and San- Improving access to water supply and sanitation services and itation (DNAAS) and the National Directorate for Water ensuring their sustainable management is the achievement Resources Management (DNGRH) stand out. Both institu- of almost all sustainable development goals, especially those tions are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public

316 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 317 Works, Housing and Water Resources (MOPHRH). These (SPI). At the district level, the District Planning and Infra- two institutions are responsible for planning, supervising, structure Services (SDPI) are the arm of the district Gov- monitoring and regulating the distribution and manage- ernment of the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Wa- ment of water supply and sanitation and water resources ter Resources (MOPHRH), responsible for implementing in Mozambique. water supply and sanitation activities in rural areas. To ensure the mandate of these two institutions, the Government created the Fund for Investment and Assets 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS of Water Supply (FIPAG) which has the role of supplying The sustainable management of water resources and water water in urban centers (large cities and towns). To ensure supply allows the achievement of the following results: water supply and sanitation in urban areas not covered (i) Increased capacity to manage water resources at all by FIPAG and in small towns, the Government created levels through the development of small infrastructures the Administration of Water Supply and Sanitation Infra- for impounding or storing water; and establishment of structures (AIAS). optimal water resources monitoring network; The Government also created the Water Regulation (ii) Ensuring robust water supply and sanitation to the ur- Council (CRA) which is the regulatory body for the urban ban, peri-urban and rural population and to all econom- water and sanitation subsector to ensure the protection of ic sectors through the construction of multi-purpose wa- consumer interests. There are also regional water admin- ter supply systems, including desalination for arid and istration entities (ARAs) in the country with the mandate semi-arid zones using clean energy sources; development of ensuring the socio-economic management of water re- of more appropriate infrastructure construction technol- sources, supervision of development, conservation and sus- ogies for rural sanitation from the point of view of envi- tainable use of water resources in the hydrographic basins; ronmental protection and preservation; promotion of wa- at the provincial level, the Provincial Directorates of Public ter safety plans and institutional capacity building for the Works (DPOP) and the Provincial Infrastructure Services main actors, and promotion of behavior change based in

318 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 319 the community to change roles and responsibilities and (viii) Undertake climate-resilient water, sanitation and hy- make water, sanitation and hygiene management more eq- giene technology assessment; uitable; (ix) Planning and managing climate-resilient water, sanita- (iii) Strengthening the technical and institutional capacity tion and hygiene services; of entities involved in the management of water resources (x) Prioritization of water resources for water supply, sani- and water supply and sanitation, which will contribute to tation and hygiene; the safe access to water, better planning and monitoring of (xi) Provision of water and sanitation infrastructure for water supply systems; those schools and health facilities that are resilient to the (iv) Improve the capture, conservation and use of rainwater climate change. through construction of excavated and underground res- ervoirs, mainly in arid and semi-arid zones; 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUES (v) Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructures in the (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE main surface courses and small easily maintained dams GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY for the purposes of water supply, irrigation and animal wa- AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) tering; The sustained management of water resources and access (vi) Promotion of low water consumption systems and re- to water supply and sanitation services will lead to the duction of existing waste in the water distribution network, achievement of the main objectives of sustainable develop- mainly in urban centers; ment; it will ensure water savings, boost local, regional and (vii) Strengthening the adaptation of semi-arid zones to national development, ensure the well-being and improve- the periods of water scarcity caused by drought, through ment of the health of beneficiary communities; it will also increasing the availability of potable water to the vulner- ensure better and multiple use of water, increase the resist- able population through exploration and development of ance of communities against climatic shocks, mainly those deep aquifers; events related to water, such as drought; it will catapult the

320 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 321 agrarian sector through access to irrigation and watering environmental resources for an ecological water reserve), systems for livestock and human consumption. The imple- the construction of dikes to protect against floods, the mentation of this action also takes us towards achieving construction of small dams and water holes to ensure SDG 1 - the eradication of poverty and SDG 2 - the eradi- access to water during droughts, all in line with the cation of hunger, as the efficient use of water to supply the sustainable management of water resources; agricultural sector, SDG 6 - access to drinking water and (iii) Institutional capacity building and strengthening of sanitation, as well as SDG 13 - climate action to combat the decentralization of operational management of water climate change and its impacts. This action will allow the resources; country to invest and implement actions that ensure better (iv) Development of water resources management plans in resilience of water resources, which ensures that priority river basins; 3 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is (v) Installation of floodgates in national dams that still considered. have no gates and construction of new dams from scratch to increase the water storage capacity and reinforce water 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS supply; 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES (vi) Establishment of an optimal resource monitoring The main activities required to ensure the network; implementation of this action include: (vii) Exploration and development of deep aquifers as an (i) Ensure integration between water and territorial alternative for water supply in areas affected by drought; management to prevent territorial development from (viii) Construction of multi-purpose water supply systems compromising water resources; including desalination for arid and semi-arid zones using (ii) Creation of a network of multipurpose reservoirs clean energy sources; to satisfy different needs (control of flooding, water (ix) Promotion of water security plans and institutional supply and irrigation, but also ensuring the minimum capacity building of the main actors;

322 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 323 (x) Development of small infrastructures for impounding 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET or storing water; The estimated budget is based on the baseline activi- (xi) Development of more appropriate infrastructure ties of Mozambique’s updated NDC, and is estimated construction technologies for rural sanitation from atUSD2,829,772,972. the point of view of environmental protection and preservation. 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS The management of water resources is a serious constraint The implementation of this action at the central level will in the country both in the urban and rural context, so this be led by the Ministry of Public Works (MOPHRH). This is an action that must cover the whole country and must Ministry will implement its activities through the National take place between the period 2023 and 2030. Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation (DNAAS), which is the entity that guarantees water supply and sanitation, 12. IMPROVED ACCESS and through the National Directorate of Water Resources TO RENEWABLE ENERGY Management (DNGRH), which is responsible for managing Reduction and efficiency of energy from biomass, access water resources. For an effective implementation of this to electricity and natural gas, other alternatives including action, it is necessary to involve other institutions, includ- mini-hydro, wind, solar (thermal and photovoltaic). ing the Water Supply Regulation Council (CRA), FIPAG, AIAS, the Regional Directorates for Water Administration PROJECT TITLE (ARAs), the Provincial Directorates of Public Works (DPOP), Harnessing the country's renewable energy potential. District Planning and Infrastructure Services (SDPI) and cooperation partners.

324 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 325 SUMMARY the Renewable Energy sector and jointly combat the im- Brief description of proposed actions pact that the use of non-renewable energy has on the cli- Sustainable development, economic growth and poverty mate. Other efforts and additional goals were established eradication are dependent on energy. Renewable energies, in the country, such as the commitment to increase access due to their restorative capacity and the fact that they are to clean energy by 50% until 2020 in the Government's clean, do not emit or emit low carbon emissions, as well as Five-Year Plan 2015-2019. guarantee the conservation of natural resources, are seen The implementation of these efforts and policies to im- as an ideal option to face climate change, guarantee access prove access to renewable energies is faced with barriers at to energy in rural poor communities and other groups in an institutional level, which include weak articulation and need who do not have access to other more expensive en- coordination of actions between key institutions in the ergy sources. sector, a lack of technical capacity and the absence of up- Mozambique has great potential for the development to-date and comprehensive procedures and tools of ener- of renewable energies, with a potential of around 23,0264 gy planning. However, these and other barriers should not GW. Out of this potential, 23,000 GW come from solar weaken or set back the efforts of the government and other energy, 19 GW from water sources, 5 GW from wind ener- actors aimed at improving access to renewable energies. gy, 2 GW from biomass energy and 0.1 GW from geother- mal energy. 1. RELEVANCE From the fact that the country recognizes its great poten- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC tial and importance of renewable energies, it has made ef- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL forts to improve access to these resources. As part of these DEVELOPMENT GOALS efforts in 2016 during the COP 22 in Marrakech the coun- The country's energy production matrix is composed main- try signed a Joint Declaration with the European Union, ly by six renewable energy sources, specifically solar, water, Norway and 13 Member States to increase cooperation in wind, geothermal, waves and seas and biomass. Effective

326 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 327 exploitation of this energy diversity and guaranteed access c) It ensures the implementation of investments that will is vital in context of the current challenges of global cli- help create local development in regions without access to mate change. electricity. In addition, improving access to these different sources of renewable energy in the country will help to solve the 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED challenges of accessing energy in rural areas and for peo- (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) ple without the financial strength to access other more ex- The main actor, at central level, in improving access to re- pensive energy sources; it will provide a boost for econom- newable energies in the country is the Ministry of Mineral ic growth at all levels from local to national; it will help Resources and Energy (MIREME). But given the diversity of solve energy access problems related to rapid population renewable energy sources in the country, this mandate is and urban growth; it will help diversify income-generating subdivided among various Government institutions, name- opportunities in communities. ly: the Electricity of Mozambique (EDM), which has the role of providing quality energy and expanding the capacity of 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED generation and transmission of electricity in the country. OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED There is also the Energy Fund (FUNAE) and the Energy Strengthening access to renewable energy solves the Regulatory Authority (ARENE). The FUNAE's mission is following problems: to ensure the development, production and use of various a) It reduces dependence on and use of energy sources that forms of energy at low cost, as well as to promote the con- are very harmful to the environment and that contribute servation and rational and sustainable management of ex- to the growing global problem of climate change; isting energy resources in the country. b) It ensures the reduction of the challenges of lack of ac- Energy Regulatory Authority (ARENE) is the institution cess to energy in rural areas and with low population den- that ensures the regulation and supervision of the elec- sity through the use of cheaper, independent and self-suffi- tricity and liquid fuels’ subsectors in order to ensure the cient energy supply such as the use of solar energy;

328 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 329 alignment of the energy sector with the best international 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE practices. (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE In this exercise of improving access to renewable re- GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, sources, there are many other multilateral, bilateral and AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) financing partners. Improving access to renewable energy promotes the use of From this action, not only the beneficiaries of these energy sources without greenhouse gas emissions; it guar- renewable energy sources gain, but the whole globe, due antees the sustainable use of natural resources through the to the characteristics of renewable energies, particular- use of inexhaustible and clean energy sources; it has less ly those related to the low emission of greenhouse gases, impact on the environment; allows the use of cheap energy which avoids the degradation of the environment. sources without high costs in the long term; allows the use and exploitation of modern biomass resources specifically 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS energy crops, agricultural, urban and industrial waste. Im- The main achievements of the implementation of this ac- proving access to renewable and affordable energy ensures tion include the promotion of the use of renewable energy the achievement of SDG 7, as well as SDG 13, which consists sources to boost the socio-economic development of rural of taking actions that help combat climate change and its and urban communities and the country in general; the di- effects. Additionally, it constitutes an important step to- versification of the country's energy matrix and better use wards achieving priority 4 of the Sendai Framework for of the high potential of the country's solar, water, wind and DRR related to better preparation for effective response to biomass energy sources; the strengthening of the coun- climate events. try's energy matrix by energy sources that are increasingly cheaper in the long term because they demand low main- tenance costs; equip the national energy matrix with more independent and autonomous energy sources.

330 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 331 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS regulating and supervising the energy sector, so the imple- 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES mentation of this action is led by this ministry. To improve access to renewable energies in the coun- There are also other key institutions, the most relevant try, the following activities are necessary: being EDM, FUNAE, multilateral and bilateral partners (i) Improved coordination, technical capacity including such as the African Development Bank, Arab Development that of youth for the implementation and monitoring of Bank for Africa, Development Bank for Southern Africa, access to renewable energies and operation and mainte- European Investment Bank, World Bank, Islamic Bank De- nance actions; velopment Agency, European Union, Korea International (ii) Installation of 50,000 photovoltaic or wind turbine Cooperation Agency, Swedish International Development lighting systems in areas without electricity; Cooperation Agency, German Development Cooperation (iii) Installation of 5000 solar PV systems for pumping wa- Agency. ter for domestic, community or public use in isolated (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) areas, including agricultural irrigation 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET and livestock watering; The estimated budget is based on the reference of Mo- (iv) Installation of photovoltaic systems or wind turbines zambique's updated NDC activities, and is estimated at to supply 5000 refrigerators for domestic use in homes in USD1.513.558.478. areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE); (v) Replacement of 2,500,000 incandescent light bulbs 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT with low consumption light bulbs (LED); IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD (vi) Sustainable use of biomass energies. This action must be implemented on a national level and between the period 2023 and 2030. 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS In institutional terms, the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy (MIREME) is the institution responsible for

332 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 333 13. REDUCED deaths annually in all age groups, however pregnant wom- VULNERABILITY OF PEOPLE en and children are the main victims. Despite the fact that TO THE TRANSMISSION Malaria in Mozambique affects all regions of the country, it is really disturbing in the coastal regions. Another health VECTORS OF DISEASES problem in the country is cholera and this health problem ASSOCIATED TO THE is more prevalent in the provinces of Nampula, Tete and CLIMATE CHANGE Niassa. The northern provinces of the country are affected Water, sanitation and hygiene, urban waste management by repeated28 outbreaks that often occur after natural or (domestic, hospital and industrial). man-made disasters. These and other vector-borne diseas- es are conditioned by environmental variables such as tem- PROJECT TITLE perature, humidity and land use patterns. As forecasts of Strengthening preparedness, responsiveness and resilience changes in climate patterns show that they will worsen in of Mozambican communities to climate change diseases. the coming years, it is necessary for the country to prepare to reduce people's vulnerability to these diseases. SUMMARY On the other hand, these diseases are a concern due Brief description of the proposed action to their fatality and the high pressure they place on the Higher temperatures tend to extend the amplitude and national health system. At the moment, the country has prolong the seasonality of transmission of diseases caused developed actions that include vaccination to prevent the by vectors and bacteria, especially malaria and cholera. development of serious forms of these diseases in patients, The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in- quick access to diagnostic and treatment services at com- fluence the incidence of water-related diseases and pests. munity level, awareness campaigns have been developed Mozambique is among the ten nations in the world most for the prevention of these diseases through the promo- affected by malaria, causing between 44,000 and 67,000 tion of the use of mosquito nets to prevent cases of malaria

334 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 335 and adoption of personal hygiene and food hygiene prac- suffer additional pressure in a context where the system tices to prevent diarrhea and cholera. is already under pressure and fragile, further aggravating Despite the fact that these efforts are achieving positive inequalities. In this sense, it is necessary to ensure that the results in recent years (e.g. reduction of 19% from 2020- population is healthy in order to promote the country's 2019, and 24% from 2020-2021)29 there are still many chal- economic development, thus calling for a holistic response lenges. These challenges may continue, with the risk of through the awareness and necessary action for continu- getting worse in the near future if the country does not get ous access to health, education and other social services. ready, with the forecast of continuing changes in climate patterns. 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED 1. RELEVANCE The reduction of people's vulnerability to diseases asso- 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC ciated with climate change means that the growth of the AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL economy in places affected by bad weather does not pres- DEVELOPMENT GOALS ent setbacks due to lack of labour to work in the various When we deal with a society in which people are weak- development sectors. Additionally, this action will ensure ened by illnesses, it becomes difficult to achieve local, re- the implementation of measures to prevent diseases asso- gional and national economic growth due to the shortage ciated with climate change and thus prevent the country of labour to work in the various development sectors. In a from panicking and the collapse of the health system in context where projections indicate that climate patterns times of climatic events. could favor the occurrence of diseases associated with cli- Diseases generally create environments of stress and de- mate change if the country does not prepare to reduce spair within families, and the implementation of this ac- people's vulnerability to these diseases, in addition to tion will prevent diseases and this negative impact on the compromising the country's development, our health will social and economic structure of families will be avoided.

336 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 337 On the one hand, it is necessary to ensure that the health 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS system is more resilient and responsive to the shocks and The implementation of this action allows the achieve- impacts caused by climate change. On the other hand, it is ment of the following results: necessary to mobilize health workers to support preven- (i) Reinforcing the capacity to prevent and control the tion and response at all levels, from the provincial, district spread of vector diseases through the correct mapping of and community levels. their distribution and mobility and the improvement of vector control measures and behaviors linked to aspects 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED of sanitation and hygiene with a focus on community sys- (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) tems for severely affected areas and consider vaccination This action will mainly benefit communities living in ur- against cholera and malaria; ban centers as these regions are highly susceptible to ma- (ii) Establishment and reinforcement of a surveillance laria and cholera due to poor environmental health in system and specific control measures on diseases favored these areas, which favors the outbreak of these epidemics. by climate change; People living in extreme poverty, children, pregnant wom- (iii) Improved understanding and identification of dis- en, the disabled and the elderly are priority groups in this eases and conditions exacerbated and caused by climate action not just from the fact that they are more vulnerable change and the mapping of their distribution across to these diseases due to lack of access to drinking water the country in order to define adequate prevention and and means of prevention, but because they are a group that combat actions, targeting specific vulnerable population they also have a higher risk of fatality when contracting groups, such as children, pregnant mothers and infants, these diseases due to their poor capacity for rapid access to the elderly, people living with HIV-AIDS. diagnosis and treatment. However, a focus on all popula- tion groups is recommended, the issue of productivity and general well-being must be considered.

338 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 339 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE the Sendai Framework DRR, relating to reducing risk and (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE increasing resilience in people, is being viewed as a priority GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY in the country. AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) Prevention is always the best strategy to deal with illness- 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS es. Therefore, by reducing people's vulnerability to diseases 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES related to climate change we would be ensuring that the The main activities of this action include: country saves resources and efforts in assisting these af- (i) Mapping the distribution and mobility of non- fected patients. These resources would be allocated to oth- neglected tropical disease vectors; er actions in the health sector or to combat other diseases (ii) Carry out a study on climate change and diseases that plague our national health system. This action would related to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); ensure even better assistance to people affected by weather (iii) Carry out a study on emerging and re-emerging events considering that diseases are not the only problems diseases, including non-neglected tropical diseases; caused by weather events, there are usually other problems (iv) Strengthen entomological or vector surveillance such as displacement of families, injuries to people, lack of and improve surveillance systems and specific control food and other means of survival. and prevention measures for diseases favored by climate On the other hand, the implementation of this action change; will guarantee availability of labour in good health condi- (v) Rehabilitate water, sanitation and hygiene tions to perform several tasks in several development sec- infrastructures in health units, as well as guarantee tors. Additionally, reducing people's vulnerability is a step the budget for operation and maintenance and for towards ensuring SDG 3 related to people's quality health environmental cleaning. and SDG 13 related to taking actions to combat climate change and its effects. This will ensure that priority 3 of

340 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 341 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS PROJECT TITLE MISAU is the entity that should handle the implementation Integrated management of ecosystems in coastal areas. of this action. However, due to the fact that some diseases such as cholera and malaria are related to access to clean SUMMARY water and poor environmental health MOPH and manag- Brief description of proposed actions ers of urban centers must add their contribution. Mozambique is a country that is bathed to the east by the Indian Ocean and it means that this country has an exten- 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET sive coastline comprising about 2700 km. Coastal areas The estimated budget is based on the reference of Mo- in the country cover 10 of the 11 provinces, namely: Cabo zambique's updated NDC activities, and is estimated at Delgado, Niassa, Nampula, Zambézia, Sofala, Inhambane, USD1.248.000. Gaza, Maputo Province, Maputo City and Tete. Along the coastal areas there is a diversity of ecosystems that in- 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION clude mangroves, swamps, coastal lagoons, dunes, banks AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD and coral reefs, among other ecosystems with a high so- This action should focus on the main urban centers of the cioeconomic and environmental contribution. These ma- country and on the cities located along the coastal zones. rine and coastal ecosystems provide various goods and This action shall be implemented from 2023 to 2030. services such as: fish, raw materials, iodine, tourism, cul- tural services, they are vital for the transport and trade 14. OCEANS AND COASTAL sector due to their ability to connect different destina- PROTECTED AREAS tions. Despite this huge contribution from these regions Resilient tourism development, coastal erosion, rising sea these are the places where depressions and tropical cy- level, saltwater intrusion, mangroves, fisheries (includes clones form and with the rising sea level driven by climate aquaculture - storage and processing, value chains); in- change these and other weather events are expected to be creased fisheries resilience.

342 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 343 more intense in the future. In addition to that, these are economy through fishing, which contributes to more than favorable places for human habitation and this contrib- 3% of the GDP and 4% of national exports30. The rising utes most of the times to the pollution and contamina- sea level, the occurrence of floods in the coastal area and tion of these ecosystems, over-exploitation of resources, changes in navigability and docking conditions in ports destruction of these habitats and coastal erosion. These and the over-exploitation of these regions are factors that actions compromise the functionality and sustainability can bring about various social, economic and environ- of the oceans and coastal areas. So, in order to ensure bet- mental constraints and national development. Therefore, ter resilience of these ecosystems to climate change and the sustainable management of coastal areas is an essen- continue to obtain socio-economic, cultural and environ- tial step towards reducing the risk and impacts of rising mental benefits from these ecosystems, it is necessary to sea levels, environmental degradation, while safeguarding implement ecosystem-based adaptation actions. people and goods. 1. RELEVANCE 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC OR GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL The sustainable management of oceans and coastal areas DEVELOPMENT GOALS guarantees better resilience of these ecosystems to climate On the one hand, oceans are the basis for international change, ensures the sustainability of coastal and port activ- trade due to their ability to ensure the transport of large ities, the progressive growth of coastal tourism and main- volumes of cargo at a relatively low cost as compared to tenance of long-term socio-economic and environmental other means of transport. On the other hand, coastal are- contribution of marine and coastal environments; it also as are the main shelter region for the Mozambican popu- allows the reduction of degrading and polluting factors in lation, with over 60% of the national population and this marine and coastal ecosystems. region makes a great contribution to the main national

344 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 345 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) With this action, the following results will be The resilience and sustainable use of marine and coastal achieved: ecosystems involves different actors and brings benefits (i) Development of resilient conservation and coastal to various elements of society and at all levels. In terms protection practices; of government actors, this action involves provincial, dis- (ii Promotion of good practices among operators and trict, municipal and local governments in regions where tourists, through public-private partnerships, aimed these ecosystems exist. Ministry wise, the Ministry of the at the resilience of the sector and the conservation Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries (MIMAIP) and the Min- of ecosystems; istry of Land and Environment (MTA), Ministry of Trans- (iii) Identification and mapping of the main climate risks port and Communication (MTC) and the Ministry of Cul- on resources and coastal, marine and tourist areas; ture and Tourism (MICUTUR) have a prominent role in (iv) Reinforcement of knowledge related to the sustainable the implementation of this action. The INGD is another use of coastal and marine resources and resilience institution that has a considerable contribution, given the of these ecosystems. high vulnerability to the risk of climate events in these regions or ecosystems. The resilience and sustainability 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE of coastal areas and oceans bring gains to these sectors as (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY THE the activities of these ministry sectors are based on these GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY same ecosystems. AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SDGS) These actions bring an additional contribution because they allow the reduction of high pressure and disorderly use of marine and coastal ecosystems, which guarantees the maintenance of social, economic, environmental and

346 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 347 cultural functionality of these types of ecosystems that 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS constitute the basis of the national economy by providing 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES tourism, fishing resources and ensure the import and ex- The main activities of this action are: port of products. In this action, there is the potential for (i) Assessment of the main climate risks on resources mitigation through carbon sequestration in mangrove and areas of tourist interest; ecosystems. (ii) Development of resilient coastal conservation The sustainability and resilience of coastal areas and and protection practices; oceans will only be guaranteed when several parties are in- (iii) Promotion of good practices among operators volved, so as this action can allow for interdisciplinarity, and tourists, through public-private partnerships, aimed cooperation and coordination between those involved in at the resilience of the sector and the conservation this cause, so that some challenges can be managed jointly. of ecosystems; This action, in addition to guaranteeing the achievement (iv) Operator counseling on resilient building codes; of SDG 13 on climate action, it guarantees the achievement (v) Promoting the adoption of climate insurance of other SDGs, specifically SDG 14 on the protection of for tourism activities and infrastructure; marine life, SDG 9 on innovation and the development of (vi) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan resilient infrastructures, which will reduce the impact of and Project Ideas for the Coastal Area and Infrastructure; climate events on coastal areas that are generally prone to (vii) Ensure the economic empowerment of women weather events and SDG 11 related to building sustainable and youth in coastal areas and in economic activities cities and communities considering the fact that our coun- related to fishing and tourism. try's big cities and most people live and are found in coast- al areas. It will also provide greater resilience, preparedness and recovery of coastal areas, a fact that embodies priority 4 of the DRR Sendai Framework.

348 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 349 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS 15. STRENGTHENED ABILITY The MTC, MIMAIP and the managers of the cities locat- TO PREPARE AND RESPOND ed in the coastal areas should take the lead in implement- TO CLIMATE RISKS ing this action. The academies, the MTA and MOPH, the private sector and cooperation partners are stakeholders AND DISASTERS Risk reduction, disaster response, rescue operations and who also play a relevant role in ensuring the implementa- post-disaster response. tion of this action. PROJECT TITLE 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET Prevention works, mapping of risk areas and response ac- The estimated budget is based on the reference of Mo- tions to climate disasters. zambique's updated NDC activities, and is estimated at USD208,000,000. SUMMARY Brief description of the proposed action 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION Climate change has contributed to the increase in climate AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD disasters in the country. In Africa, Mozambique is recog- This Project should focus on the coastal areas, specifical- nized as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate ly in the Districts of Matutuíne, Marracuene, Manhiça, disasters along its coast. As it has an extensive coastline Matola, Katembe, Maputo City, Bilene, Limpopo, Xai-xai, (2700 km), more than 60% of the country's population lives Chonguoene and Mandlakazi, Vilanculos, Govuro, Inhar- in these areas due to the favorable socioeconomic condi- rime, Zavala, Massinga, Inhambane City, Quelimane, An- tions provided by the coastal regions. On the other hand, goche, Nacala and Pemba. The implementation of this ac- these areas are quite affected by climatic events (floods, ris- tion shall start from 2023 to 2030. ing sea levels, salinity) and this puts this population and its infrastructure, production areas, at high risk.

350 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 351 For recognizing its high vulnerability and exposure to the for people displaced due to sudden events and may remain risk of climate events and for having had very bitter ex- there for weeks/months until they are transferred to reset- periences during the occurrence of some environmental tlement sites or return to their areas of origin. storms in the past, such as the case of cyclones Dineo in Although there are initiatives in the country that aim to 2017, Idai and Kenneth in 2019, that almost resulted in increase the resilience and response of vulnerable commu- the disappearance of some regions in the country, such nities to disasters such as the “Rural Resilience Project of as the city of Beira, and severely devastated the provinc- the North of Mozambique - Moz-Norte” and the existence es of Tete, Zambézia, Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Niassa, of the Master Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2017-2030, the country has focused on environmental catastrophe among other initiatives, there are still significant challeng- response actions. es because risk management is a transversal theme and in- Since risk incorporates several components that include terconnects several sectors. threat, vulnerability and exposure, the actions carried out The great challenge the country faces in risk manage- in the country to better respond to climate disasters in- ment is to prevent natural disasters from hitting the same clude the management of these 3 risk elements, which in- people repeatedly, for that, people must be stabilized dur- clude reducing vulnerability, exposure and threat by means ing the response phase to natural disasters and in this way, of improvement of the alert and timely action system, iden- we would be building societies resilient to climate change. tification of safe areas for the evacuation and shelter of af- fected people, improvement of knowledge about risk man- 1. RELEVANCE agement, among other actions. The specific vulnerability 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC of women and girls to gender-based violence in the context AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL of disaster displacement needs to be addressed through DEVELOPMENT GOALS specific safe spaces for children and women. In Mozam- When weather events occur various, socioeconomic and bique, schools are used as immediate temporary shelter environmental constraints come up. These constraints

352 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 353 include loss of agricultural production, injuries to people, ience, priority 4 of the Sendai Framework DRR; to ensure loss of public and private infrastructure, loss of human better risk perception and better response to disasters, life, backtracking on government efforts, worsening pov- priority 1 of the Sendai Framework DRR; to incorporate erty, creating despair in affected communities, increasing climate risk management into local, regional and national the contraction of diseases related to poor environmental planning, budgeting, investment and development, priori- health and environmental degradation. ty 2 of the Sendai Framework DRR. These constraints cause local, regional and national de- In addition to that, this action will reduce the risk of velopment setbacks, as the national economy is negatively human damage, the collapse of social systems, the destruc- affected by the fact that local, national and foreign investors tion of infrastructure and agricultural systems and the re- are afraid to invest in these recurrently affected regions. duction of dependence on external aid and donations. When climate disasters occur, they affect physical, eco- nomic, social and environmental structures, so they must 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED be constantly evaluated and monitored. (BENEFICIARIESAND TARGET GROUP) Natural disasters are not selective, they affect all elements 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED of society; therefore, this action must integrate all elements OR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED of society from government entities, the private sector, civ- It is a fact that when climate disasters occur, they negative- il society, the community in general, cooperation partners ly affect the local and national economy, create setbacks in and the most and least affected sectors by climate disas- local, regional and national development, they also change ters. Although acknowledging the transversality of natu- the lifestyle of the affected people. Therefore, reinforcing ral disasters, this action must be prioritized for the most the capacity to prepare and respond to the risk of climate vulnerable groups as they are often more vulnerable and disasters is to reduce the vulnerability of communities to exposed to the risk of climate change and their response climate disasters; improve post-disaster community resil- capacity is weak and sometimes almost non-existent.

354 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 355 With the reinforcement of the capacity to prepare and re- (vi) Allowing the appreciation and integration of past spond to the risk of climate disasters, all elements shall negative experiences for the design of future actions benefit, as we will have more proactive societies, observing in order to build more resilient societies; continuous socioeconomic progress, with assured well-be- (vii) Ensuring that emergency response, preparedness ing, less disturbed and impacted by disasters, societies with and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities better preparedness, response and rapid disaster recovery. are child-sensitive (safe spaces for displaced children, DRR preparedness and activities involving children, 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS ensuring continuity of service critics for children; This action ensures the achievement of the following (viii) Resizing a resilient and green classroom model. objectives and results: (ix) Disaster risk reduction plans at school level, (i) Improved preparedness, response and rapid recovery (Emergency Basic School Plan -PEBE), not only in schools to climate disasters; but also through youth/children's clubs. (ii) Improved knowledge related to the reduction of natural disasters for everyone and thus mitigate 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE the negative impacts of these events; (REFERENCE TO ACTIONS BY THE GOVERNMENT, (iii) Ensuring that natural disasters do not create PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND LOCAL profound socio-economic setbacks and environmental COMMUNITIES, SDGS) damage; This action brings added value as it allows the man- (iv) Ensuring that planning, budgeting and particularly agement of the impacts of climate disasters in advance public investments take into account climate disasters. and hence the social, economic, environmental and de- (v) Allowing better coordination and articulation velopment damages are avoided when the disasters oc- of sectoral actions aimed at strengthening readiness, cur. Additionally, the action allows the country not to response and recovery to adverse weather events. be found in reverse by climatic events and to continue

356 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 357 to observe the progressive growth of its economy and involvement of information and communication media, have communities improving their social conditions and including community radios, in the dissemination well-being despite being a highly vulnerable country and of community warning and awareness information exposed to natural disasters. on matters of climate change and management This action also allows that, despite the forecast increase of disaster risk). in the frequency and intensity of climate events in the (iii) Reinforcement of Local Communities for the coming decades in Mozambique, the country is continu- Management of Climate Risks (CLGRC) role in the ously building a country that is less affected by the adverse reduction of climate risk at the local level (Preparation impacts of climate change in all areas of development. of CLGRC terms of reference, including actions for its It is to ensure the progressive achievement of the SDG, sustainability; Strengthening its capacity and involvement mainly SDG 1 related to eradicating poverty, SDG 3 on in the flow of alert information and awareness health and well-being, SDG 9 related to industry, inno- of communities on matters of climate change vation and infrastructure, SDG 11 on sustainable cities and disasters; Promotion of the exchange of experience and communities and SDG 13 on action against global between local communities on local knowledge climate change. of extreme event management, including actions taken to minimize their effects) 2. IMPLEMENTING ACTIVITIES AND INSTITUTIONS (iv) Strengthening the rescue capacity of people affected 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES by extreme weather events. The main activities of this action are: (v) Prepare natural disaster preparedness, response and (i) Reinforcement of the system for forecasting, collecting recovery plans that include the provision of basic services and analyzing climate and meteorological information in the immediate emergency response period during on weather events; the occurrence of natural disasters and prepare social, (ii) Improvement of the system for dissemination of early economic and infrastructure reconstruction plans for the warnings at the local level (strengthening the capacity and post-disaster period.

358 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 359 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTION AND PARTNERS 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT Risk management is a cross-cutting issue because disas- IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ters affect all sectors, so risk reduction and response ac- This action should focus on all districts and cities vulnera- tions to natural disasters must be incorporated during the ble to cyclones in coastal provinces. The Project implemen- planning, budgeting and financing of sectoral actions. In tation period shall be between 2023 and 2030. the country, there is the INGD that leads and coordinates the planning and implementation of risk reduction actions 16. MORE and better response to climatic events. The other priority RESILIENT FORESTS players who must implement this action are the ministries Sustainable Forestry Management, including processing of responsible for the sectors of Agriculture, Health, Public timber and non-timber forest products (NTFP), biodiversi- Works and Water Resources and Energy, as they are great- ty conservation areas, ecotourism. ly affected whenever climatic events occur. The following actors are relevant partners in the implementation of this PROJECT TITLE action: the UNDP, UNICEF, WORLD VISION, SAVE THE Forests as a low-carbon adaptation and development CHILDREN, WFP, RED CROSS, World Bank, Japanese Co- mechanism. operation and Higher Education Institutions. SUMMARY 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET Brief description of proposed actions The projected budget is based on the reference of Mo- Mozambique is a country that has a considerable amount zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at of forests, with about 31 million31 hectares of woodland. USD4,406,500. These forests are indispensable for the survival of main- ly rural communities as it is from the forests that wood products, wood fuel, medicinal plants, building materials

360 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 361 are extracted, as well as productive land for the practice of Implementing these practices helps to capitalize on the agriculture, among other benefits. This high dependence socio-economic (provision of goods and services) and en- on forest resources leads to accelerated deforestation and vironmental (harvesting of greenhouse gases and climate forest degradation, such that in the period from 2003 to change mitigation, conservation of soil and water resourc- 2013 alone, 2.932 million hectares were lost in the coun- es) benefits of forests. Additionally, they ensure the preser- try. In addition, climate change causes the occurrence of vation of forest ecosystems that are under high anthropic diseases and pests, droughts, as well as favoring the oc- and natural threat (climate changes). currence of fires due to delayed rainfall and high temper- atures. Both deforestation and forest degradation as well 1. RELEVANCE as climate change make forest ecosystems less resilient. 1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC In the context of reduced resilience of forests due to an- AND CONSTRAINTS FOR NATIONAL OR REGIONAL thropic actions and climatic phenomena, it is essential to DEVELOPMENT GOALS adapt forest management to promote more resilient eco- Anthropogenic activities and climate change are nega- systems in order to guarantee the preservation of forests. tively affecting forests, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Necessary practices to ensure the resilience of forests in- This reality creates consequences of lack of access to goods clude: Sustainable Forest Management, which embarks and services provided by forests, which are indispensable the processing of forest products and NTFPs, biodiversity for the survival of communities, especially those who are conservation areas, ecotourism, the adoption of forestry in rural areas or live in poverty. On the other hand, in Mo- practices, investment in agroforestry systems, promotion zambique the forestry sector contributes around 4%33 of of natural restoration of forests. Monitoring and reduc- the national GDP. ing deforestation and forest degradation, improving forest governance and using an integrated land use approach are other relevant practices for increasing forest resilience.

362 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 363 Therefore, investing in the resilience of forests is: 1.2 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED (i) ensuring that Mozambique's economy continues to be OR GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED based on renewable natural capital, Mozambique has seen its forests being lost at a much-ac- (ii) contributing to the reduction of rural poverty, because celerated rate, where 2677 thousand hectares were lost per forests are fundamental for local communities as it is the year, corresponding to a deforestation rate of 0.79%. In place where they take various means of subsistence such terms of emissions in the same period, 3834 million tCO2e as food, energy, medicine, shelter, source of income and were emitted annually. Climate change also negatively af- obtain fertile land for the practice of agriculture, fects forests. With the adoption of practices that guarantee (iii) to ensuring the sustainable management of the the resilience of the country's forests, the first step to be country's forests in a way that they are preserved to be achieved would be the reduction of deforestation and for- useful even for future generations; est degradation. It will also allow the achievement of the (iv) ensuring access to the environmental contribution following objectives: using forests to ensure the social re- of forests, particularly carbon sequestration and silience of communities in times of adversity (economic, consequently mitigation of climate change; political, pandemics, weather events) because they provide (v) reducing deforestation and forest degradation. a variety of products and services, including a source of in- Without resilient forests, rural poverty could get worse, the come; ensure environmental protection; promote ecosys- impact of climate events could be more aggravating in com- tem-based services; improvement of management, moni- munities, especially rural, poor and other more vulnerable toring, inventorying of forests; consider priority 3 of the groups and the country could not be using this renewable Sendai Framework DRR, which urges countries to make resource to mitigate climate change, the problems of deg- efforts to build resilience. radation of soils and the environment may worsen. These various problems have a negative impact on the country's economy and development and may affect the regional and global climate.

364 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 365 1.3 ACTORS INVOLVED fires, prevention of the introduction and spread (BENEFICIARIES AND TARGET GROUP) of invasive species; The Ministry of Land and Environment (MTA), through the (ii) Adoption of sustainable forest management practices, National Directorate of Forests (DINAF), and the National which will avoid the exploitation of forests and species Directorate for the Environment (DINAB) are the entities threatened by pests, diseases, climate change; with the mandate to define and update norms and proce- (iii) Promotion of diversity and variability species dures on the sustainable management of forest resources, genotypically resistant to climatic adversities; and ensure the licensing, inspection, management, pro- (iv) Implementation of projects aimed at promoting tection, conservation and monitoring of the use of forest services based on ecosystems; resources. This action involves and benefits other actors (v) Improvement of the national forest inventory that include the National Fund for Sustainable Develop- and information system; ment (FNDS), the National Agency for the Control of Envi- (vi) Adoption of forestry initiatives; ronmental Quality (AQUA), the Provincial Directorates for (vii) Development and implementation of management Land, Environment and Rural Development (DPTADR), the plans using new criteria defined by the Government; Provincial Directorates for Territorial Development and (viii) Adoption of technology for forest monitoring Environment (DPDTA), the District Services for Economic and available land use. Activities (SDAE), the Academies and forest operators. 1.5 ADDITIONAL PROPOSED VALUE 1.4 OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS (REFERENCE TO THE ACTIONS BY GOVERNMENT, The objectives and results expected PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND LOCAL from the implementation of this action are: COMMUNITIES, SDGS) (i) Reduction of forest threats, particularly the reduction Investing in the resilience of forests brings several so- of deforestation and forest degradation, uncontrolled cio-economic and environmental additions, specifically:

366 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 367 guaranteeing access to forest products and services in the that can be added to them, including the sustainable use long term; using forests for climate change mitigation, soil of wildlife (trophy hunting, agriculture), non-timber forest conservation and sustainability of the water cycle; improv- products and ecosystem services to maximize their value; ing revenues from forest holdings; using forests for com- (iv) To provide incentives and technical assistance to the munity development and economic growth in the country; private sector to adopt sustainable forest management reducing key threats to forests, particularly deforestation practices and add value to timber products; and forest degradation and negative impacts of climate (v) To build and invest in institutional capacity; improve change. planning in resource allocation, concession management Additionally, this action would aim to protect life on and the application of forest management regulations by earth (SDG 15) and ensure sustainable production and con- concessionaires and forest operators at all levels; sumption (SDG 12), considering the fact that forests are an (vi) To promote the restoration of degraded ecosystems essential element in guaranteeing the balance of the plan- and pastures; et due to their contribution to maintenance of the hydro- (vii) To support forestry initiatives; logical cycle, maintenance of biodiversity and guarantee of (viii) To promote projects based on ecosystem services; human livelihood. 2.2 IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS AND PARTNERS 2. ACTIVITIES AND IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS The implementation of this action shall be led by the Min- 2.1 MAIN ACTIVITIES istry of Land and Environment, through the National Di- The main activities of this action are as follows: rectorate of Forests (DINAF). The collaboration of the Na- (i) To strengthen forest governance through mechanisms tional Sustainable Development Fund (FNDS), National that ensure resilience; Agency for the Control of Environmental Quality (AQUA), (ii) To strengthen the political, technological framework National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation (DI- in order to promote resilience; NAS), Provincial Directorate for Land, Environment and (iii) To promote the multiple uses of forests and the values Rural Development (DPTADR), Provincial Directorate for

368 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 369 Territorial Development and Environment (DPDTA), Dis- trict Economic Activities Service (SDAE), and the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC) is equally essential for the success of this effort. Academies and co- operation partners such as the WWF and the World Bank also play an important role in ensuring the implementa- tion of this strategic action. 3. ESTIMATED BUDGET The projected budget is based on the reference of Mo- zambique's updated NDC activities and is estimated at USD76.049.051. 4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD Forests in the southern region of the country are more fragile, so this action should focus on these southern prov- inces of the country, namely Maputo (specifically in the Districts of Matutuíne, Magude and Namaacha), Gaza (Dis- tricts of Massingir, Mabalane, Mapai, Guijá, Chigubo and Chicualacuala) and Inhambane (Districts of Mabote, Fun- halouro, Vilanculos, Inhassoro, Panda and Govuro). This action shall be implemented for a period of 7 years, from 2023 to 2030.

370 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 371

1 Including the 7 urban districts of Maputo City 2 https: //www.desinventar.net/DesInventar/profiletab.jsp?countrycode=moz&continue=y

3 Fonte: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Mo%C3%A7ambique

4 This change may also be associated with cyclones but the response measures are the same 5 https://napglobalnetwork.ong/stories/how-covid-19-is-reinforcing-the-need-for-climate-adaptation-in-vulnerable- countries/

6 Disponível em https://germanwatch.org/en/19777

7 Disponível em https://gain-new.crc.nd.edu/country/mozambique

8 Disponível em https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10769

9 Disponível em https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/PDNA%20Mozambique%20Cyclone%20 Idai%20-%20Post-Disaster%20Needs%20Assessment_Executive%20Summary.pdf 10 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf 11 https://evidencias.co.mz/2022/05/13/mudancas-climaticas-expoem-mulheres-e-raparigas-a-violencia-e-unioes- prematuras/ 12 https://www.ingd.gov.mz/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Plano-Estrategico-de-Genero-INGC-2016-2020-1. pdf 13 https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2021-10/2018_USAID-ATLAS- Project_Climate-Risk-Profile-Mozambique_PT_updated_9.22.21%20%281%29.pdf 14 https://www.esi-africa.com/renewable-energy/mozambique-energy-transition-must- take-into-account-realities-of-a-country/ 15 https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/readiness- proposals-mozambique-fnds-nda-strengthening-and-country-programming. pdf 16 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_ WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf 17 https://mozambique.un.org/pt/sdgs 18 https://drmims.sadc.int/pt/sendai-framework/sendai- framework-for-drr FOOTNOTES 19 https://www.un.org/ldcportal/content/local-climate- adaptive-living-facility-local#:~:text=The%20Local%20Climate%20 Adaptive%20Living%20Facility%20helps%20local%20government%20 authorities,and%20adapt%20to%20climate%20change. 20 http://www.luccc.org/ 21 https://www.presidencia.gov.mz/por/Actualidade/PR-lanca-Estrategia-Nacional- de-Desenvolvimento-2015-2035 22 https://wribrasil.org.br/pt/blog/clima/o-que-sao-perdas-e-danos-das-mudancas- climaticas 23 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Learning%20from%20Cyclone%20 Idai%20and%20Cyclone%20Kenneth%20to%20Strengthen%20Early%20Warning%20Systems%20 in%20Mozambique%20%5BPT%5D.pdf 25 https://unhabitat.org/city-resilience-action-planning-tool-cityrap 27 https://www.opais.co.mz/nem-tudo-esta-a-desabar-diz-ane/

28 For example in 2021: Cabo Delgado e Nampula: registered 3000 cases 29 https://www.misau.gov.mz/index.php/454-ministro-da-saude-quer-accoes-mais-energicas-no-combate-a-malaria. 30 http://www.mimaip.gov.mz/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Brochura-das-Realiza%C3%A7%C3%B5es-do-Sector-das- Pescas.pdf

31 MITADER. (2018a). Inventário Florestal Nacional. MITADER. Maputo. 124p.

32 MITADER. (2018b). Desflorestamento em Moçambique (2003-2016). MITADER. Maputo. 42 p. 33 https://fnds.gov.mz/mrv/index.php/documentos/estudos/16-policy-brief-resultados-de-inventario-florestal- nacional-2018/file Life, Mozambique Island, 34 MITADER. (2018c). Mozambique's Forest Reference Emission Level for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in NAMPULA Natural Forests. MITADER. Maputo. 56 p.

372 MOZAMBIQUE’S National Adaptation Plan 373 Nightfall, Mozambique Island, NAMPULA

374 MOZAMBIQUE’S