National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) 2021-2025

2021-2025 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 2021-2025 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES BK 209/03.21/1000 ISBN 978-983-047-274-4 Cetakan Pertama 2021 Edisi Pertama © Hak cipta Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia, Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Makanan Hak cipta terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana-mana bahagian, artikel, ilustrasi dan isi kandungan buku ini dalam apa jua bentuk dan dengan apa jua cara pun sama ada secara elektronik, fotokopi, mekanik, rakaman atau cara lain sebelum mendapat izin bertulis daripada Ketua Pengarah Pertanian, Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. Manuskrip terbitan ini disediakan oleh Bahagian Biosekuriti Tumbuhan Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 2021-2025 / JABATAN PERTANIAN. ISBN 978-983-047-274-4 (hardback) 1. Invasive plants. 2. Alien plants. 3. Agriculture and state--Malaysia. 4. Introduced organisms. 5. Biological invasions. 6. Biodiversity conservation. 7. Government publications--Malaysia. I. Malaysia. Jabatan Pertanian. II. Title. 581.62 Diterbitkan oleh: Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia Aras 7-17, Wisma Tani, No.30 Persiaran Perdana,Presint 4, 62624 Putrajaya Tel : 603 - 8870 3042 Faks : 603 - 8888 5069 Laman Web : http://www.doa.gov.my NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025i DATUK MOHD NASIR BIN WARRIS Director General Department of Agriculture (Chairman of the National Committee on Invasive Alien Species) The three main goals of the NAP IAS establishment are to improve the understanding and public awareness of IAS; conduct a risk assessment on all introduced exotic species before their release into the environment, and strengthen quarantine inspection and enforcement at entry points and international borders. “ “ NAP IAS 2021-2025 iiNAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025 The adoption of the National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species (NAP IAS) in 2014-2018 and its subsequent renewal in 2020 for adoption in 2021-2025 are significant milestones for the IAS management in Malaysia. This action plan with its comprehensive goals and targets map out activities that provide a valuable framework for policymakers, government agencies, and related private institutions involved in IAS management nationwide. This NAP IAS will also play a critical role in mobilising available resources including experts in various fields to work cohesively to address the IAS issues in Malaysia. This NAP IAS has been prepared under Target 11 in the National Policy on Biological Diversity (NPBD) 2016-2025 which reads “By 2025, Invasive Alien Species and pathways are identified, priority species controlled, and measures are in place to prevent their introduction and establishment”. Target 11 of the NPBD aims to control the establishment and spread of IAS through an integrated approach of research, education, and awareness, as well as to strengthen inspection and control at entry points and international borders. The three main goals of the NAP IAS establishment are to improve the understanding and public awareness of IAS; conduct a risk assessment on all introduced exotic species before their release into the environment, and strengthen quarantine inspection and enforcement at entry points and international borders. A book on a key of Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia has been published in 2018. Some of PREFACE the important IAS that have been established in Malaysia are Peacock Bass (Cichla spp.), Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella), Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella), Apple Snail (Pomacea spp.), Parthenium Weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta), Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), Snowflake Coral (Carijoa riisei), and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). The identified IAS have caused significant damages to the agriculture sectors affecting crop production, livestock, fisheries, and ultimately human health as well as biodiversity. A series of workshops have been organised between year 2017 and 2020 by the National IAS Committee for the IAS experts from 26 different organisations to meet, discuss and prepare this NAP IAS. This document includes a five-year IAS Management Plan for prevention, eradication, containment, and control of IAS in Malaysia. I wish to congratulate the National IAS Working Group for bringing their expertise and experience around the table and engaging in such fruitful, constructive and open exchanges throughout the discussion in preparing this NAP IAS document. I hope that with the support from all stakeholders, this NAP IAS will be effectively implemented to ensure our beloved country is safeguarded from any IAS invasion for the well-being of our present and future generations. NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025iii CONTENTS PREFACE ii CONTENTS iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 COUNTRY OVERVIEW 2 NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 4 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 2021-2025 i. Introduction 7 ii. Threat of Invasive Alien Species 9 iii. Goals, Targets and Activities 11 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES OF CONCERN i. Criteria For Risk Assessment 31 ii. Agriculture and Forestry 32 iii. Animal and Animal-Borne Disease 40 iv. Fisheries and Marine 48 THE WAY FORWARD 56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 58 ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS 61 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 64 APPENDICES Appendix I : Relevant Laws, Agreements, and International Organisations 67 Appendix II : Organisations Involved in Implemention of NAP IAS 2021-2025 69 Appendix III : List of Workshops Participants 70 Appendix IV : Recommended Readings 74 NAP IAS 2021-2025 1NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are species that are introduced accidentally or intentionally outside of their natural geographical range. IAS have devastating impacts, causing the decline or extinction of native species, alter and degrade the environment as well as degrading the ecosystems. IAS are introduced as a result of globalisation of economies through the movement of people and goods via shipment of consignment carrying insects and diseases or transportation of agriculture based-products to new areas. To combat the threat of Invasive Alien Species, Malaysia needs to have a legislative framework to manage and mitigate the impacts; and improve public awareness of IAS. To address the IAS impacts on the economy and biodiversity, and formulate national strategies in combating IAS the government of Malaysia had set up a National Working Group comprising of representatives of various government ministries, departments, agencies, universities and non-government organisations. The involvement of different organisations and agencies helps in the legislation implementation, enforcement, monitoring and research related to IAS. Previous National Action Plan for Invasive Alien Species 2014-2018 was focused on strengthening the legal framework in prevention, detection, eradication, containment and control related to IAS issues, intensify the capacity building for implementation of action plan and enhance research and development of IAS among agencies in Malaysia. Efforts and strategies to conserve and to manage the biodiversity from IAS threats escalate through Malaysia National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species 2021-2025 (NAP IAS 2021-2025). The NAP IAS 2021-2025 is aligned with Target 11 of National Policy on Biological Diversity (NPBD) 2016-2025 and Target 9 of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which focuses on identification, prioritisation, and prevention of the introduction and establishment of IAS. This NAP IAS 2021-2025 will be implemented by various target groups and responsible agencies. It contains 11 targets, 27 activities and 69 sub-activities under 3 goals as follows: Goal 1: Improve the understanding and public awareness of IAS; intensifying capacity building for the implementation of the action plan; as well enhancing research and development of IAS. Goal 2: Establish a formal and transparent mechanism for risk assessment of alien species and initiate response plans and the capacity to contain and eradicate potential IAS before their release into Malaysia. Goal 3: Strengthen quarantine enforcement and inspection at Malaysia’s entry points and international borders in controlling and preventing the entry and spread of IAS into Malaysia. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NAP IAS 2021-20252 Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia between 0⁰51’N and 7⁰33’N, and 98⁰01’E and 119⁰30’E. Malaysia is divided into two major geographical regions; Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, consisting of thirteen (13) states and three (3) Federal Territories. There are eleven (11) states and two (2) Federal Territories situated in Peninsular Malaysia while the other two (2) states and one (1) Federal Territory are in East Malaysia. The total land area of Malaysia covers approximately 330,345 km2 (33.0345 million ha). Peninsular Malaysia makes up nearly 40% of the country’s land area, while Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia cover the remaining 60% of land areas. There are several mountain ranges in Malaysia. With an average height of 1,800 m, the highest mountain in Malaysia is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095 m while in Peninsular Malaysia, Titiwangsa Range divides the landscape into the Eastern and Western strips. The highest point of the range is Mount Tahan at 2,187 m. Mountain ranges are also the source of Malaysia’s 150 major rivers and an estimated 1,800 minor rivers and tributaries. The extensive river systems, associated riparian, floodplain and catchment forests support an immense diversity of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Malaysia is one of the 12 mega-biodiverse countries in the world with an estimated 15,000 species of vascular plants, 307 species of mammals, 785 species of birds, 242 species of amphibians, 567 species of reptiles, over 449 species of freshwater fish, over 1,619 species of marine fish and more than 150,000 species of invertebrates. Malaysia’s climate could be characterised by three main components namely wind pattern, rainfall and temperature. Malaysia experiences humid weather throughout the year. The average daily temperature across Malaysia is between 21 °C and 32 °C. Typically, the Malaysian climate is influenced by the winds blowing from the Indian Ocean (Southwest Monsoon - May to September) and the South China Sea (Northeast Monsoon - November to March). Its annual rainfall is between 2,000 mm to 2,500 mm. In addition, the presence of El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) periodic cycle and Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) affect the nation’s rainfall distribution. Since its formation in 1963, Malaysia has successfully diversified its economy from agriculture and commodity-based to manufacturing and service industries. With RM64.86 billion in value, exports of agriculture goods ranked third and accounted for 6.6% of Malaysia’s total exports in 2019, behind electrical and electronic appliances, parts and components (37.8%), and mining goods (8.1%). The soaring international trade activities and tourism industry has escalated the risks of IAS introduction through the importation of goods and people movement into Malaysia. Every state in Malaysia has multiple international entry points either by sea, air or land. These entry points are manned by personnel from various government agencies to screen inbound visitors and imported goods. In total, Malaysia has 112 entry points as shown in Map 1. COUNTRY OVERVIEW PERLIS KEDAH P. PINANG PERAK SELANGOR N. SEMBILAN JOHOR PAHANG KELANTAN TERENGGANU SARAWAK SABAH MELAKA Entr y po int by sea Entr y po int by a i r Entr y po int by land LEGEND: ♦ Woodlands Tra in Checkpoint (S ingapore) ♦ 1 Kuala Linggi Port 2 Sungai Rambai Port 3 Melaka Airport 4 Tanjung Beruas Port 5 Melaka Port 1 Sultan Mahmud Airport, Kuala Terengganu 2 Kemaman Port 1 Bukit Bunga 2 Rantau Panjang 3 Pengkalan Kubor 4 Sultan Ismail Petra Airport 1 Kuantan Port 2 Sultan Ahmad Shah Airport, Kuantan 1 Sultan Iskandar Building CIQ Complex, Johor Bahru 2 Muar Jetty 3 Batu Pahat Jetty 4 Senai International Airport 5 Sultan Abu Bakar CIQ Complex, Iskandar Puteri 6 Port of Tanjung Pelepas 7 Kukup Jetty 8 Stulang Laut Jetty 9 Pasir Gudang Port 10 Tanjung Belungkor Jetty 11 Tanjung Pengelih Jetty MELAKA KELANTAN TERENGGANU PAHANG JOHOR 1 Labuan Airport 2 Port of Labuan 3 Labuan Vehicle Ferry Terminal 4 Labuan Passanger Ferry Terminal F.T. LABUAN 1 ICQS Biawak 2 ICQS Tebedu 3 Tebedu Inland Port 4 ICQS Lubuk Antu 5 ICQS Sungai Tujoh 6 ICQS Tedungan 7 ICQS Pandaruan 8 ICQS Mengkalap 9 ICQS Merapok 10 Sim Kheng Hong Port 11 Senari Port 12 Rejang, Sibu Port 13 Tanjung Manis, Mukah 14 Bintulu Port 15 Samalaju Port 16 Miri Port 17 Kuching International Airport 18 Sibu Airport 19 Miri Airport 20 Bintulu Airport 21 Limbang Airport 22 Mukah Airport 23 Air Cargo Kuching 24 Air Cargo Sibu 25 Air Cargo Miri 26 Air Cargo Bintulu SARAWAK 1 KKIA 2 KKIA Cargo 3 Kota Kinabalu Post Office 4 Kota Kinabalu Ferry Terminal 5 Kota Kinabalu Port 6 Sepanggar Bay Container Port 7 Menumbok - Labuan Ferry Terminal CIQS 8 Sipitang Jetty 9 SFI Jetty 10 Sipitang - Labuan Jetty 11 Sindumin - Merapok CIQS 12 Kudat Port 13 Kudat Ferry Terminal CIQS 14 Banggi Ferry Terminal CIQS 15 Sandakan International Airport 16 MAS Cargo Sandakan 17 Sandakan Port 18 Sandakan Ferry Terminal CIQS 19 Sandakan Barter Trade Jetty 20 Lahad Datu Port 21 POIC Port 22 FELDA Port 23 Lahad Datu Post Office 24 Kunak Private Jetty 25 Semporna Ferry Jetty 26 Tawau International Airport 27 MAS Cargo Tawau 28 Tawau Ferry Terminal CIQS 29 Tawau Port 30 Tawau Barter Trade Jetty SABAH 1 Padang Besar 2 Kuala Perlis 3 Wang Kelian 1 Bukit Kayu Hitam 2 Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Setar 3 Kuah Jetty 4 Langkawi International Airport 5 Tg. Lembung Port 6 Durian Burung 1 Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, Ipoh 2 Pengkalan Hulu 3 Lumut Port 4 Ipoh Cargo Terminal 5 Hutan Melintang 1 Klang Northport 2 Klang Westport 3 Klang Southport 4 Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang 5 KLIA 6 KLIA 2 7 KLIA Cargo 1 Port Dickson 2 Nilai Inland Port 1 NBCT 2 Dermaga Ayer Dalam 3 Penang International Airport 4 Port Weld Quay SELANGOR NEGERI SEMBILAN PERAK PULAU PINANG KEDAH PERLIS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 3 Map 1: Entry Points into Malaysia PERLIS KEDAH P. PINANG PERAK SELANGOR N. SEMBILAN JOHOR PAHANG KELANTAN TERENGGANU SARAWAK SABAH MELAKA Entr y po int by sea Entr y po int by a i r Entr y po int by land LEGEND: ♦ Woodlands Tra in Checkpoint (S ingapore) ♦ 1 Kuala Linggi Port 2 Sungai Rambai Port 3 Melaka Airport 4 Tanjung Beruas Port 5 Melaka Port 1 Sultan Mahmud Airport, Kuala Terengganu 2 Kemaman Port 1 Bukit Bunga 2 Rantau Panjang 3 Pengkalan Kubor 4 Sultan Ismail Petra Airport 1 Kuantan Port 2 Sultan Ahmad Shah Airport, Kuantan 1 Sultan Iskandar Building CIQ Complex, Johor Bahru 2 Muar Jetty 3 Batu Pahat Jetty 4 Senai International Airport 5 Sultan Abu Bakar CIQ Complex, Iskandar Puteri 6 Port of Tanjung Pelepas 7 Kukup Jetty 8 Stulang Laut Jetty 9 Pasir Gudang Port 10 Tanjung Belungkor Jetty 11 Tanjung Pengelih Jetty MELAKA KELANTAN TERENGGANU PAHANG JOHOR 1 Labuan Airport 2 Port of Labuan 3 Labuan Vehicle Ferry Terminal 4 Labuan Passanger Ferry Terminal F.T. LABUAN 1 ICQS Biawak 2 ICQS Tebedu 3 Tebedu Inland Port 4 ICQS Lubuk Antu 5 ICQS Sungai Tujoh 6 ICQS Tedungan 7 ICQS Pandaruan 8 ICQS Mengkalap 9 ICQS Merapok 10 Sim Kheng Hong Port 11 Senari Port 12 Rejang, Sibu Port 13 Tanjung Manis, Mukah 14 Bintulu Port 15 Samalaju Port 16 Miri Port 17 Kuching International Airport 18 Sibu Airport 19 Miri Airport 20 Bintulu Airport 21 Limbang Airport 22 Mukah Airport 23 Air Cargo Kuching 24 Air Cargo Sibu 25 Air Cargo Miri 26 Air Cargo Bintulu SARAWAK 1 KKIA 2 KKIA Cargo 3 Kota Kinabalu Post Office 4 Kota Kinabalu Ferry Terminal 5 Kota Kinabalu Port 6 Sepanggar Bay Container Port 7 Menumbok - Labuan Ferry Terminal CIQS 8 Sipitang Jetty 9 SFI Jetty 10 Sipitang - Labuan Jetty 11 Sindumin - Merapok CIQS 12 Kudat Port 13 Kudat Ferry Terminal CIQS 14 Banggi Ferry Terminal CIQS 15 Sandakan International Airport 16 MAS Cargo Sandakan 17 Sandakan Port 18 Sandakan Ferry Terminal CIQS 19 Sandakan Barter Trade Jetty 20 Lahad Datu Port 21 POIC Port 22 FELDA Port 23 Lahad Datu Post Office 24 Kunak Private Jetty 25 Semporna Ferry Jetty 26 Tawau International Airport 27 MAS Cargo Tawau 28 Tawau Ferry Terminal CIQS 29 Tawau Port 30 Tawau Barter Trade Jetty SABAH 1 Padang Besar 2 Kuala Perlis 3 Wang Kelian 1 Bukit Kayu Hitam 2 Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Setar 3 Kuah Jetty 4 Langkawi International Airport 5 Tg. Lembung Port 6 Durian Burung 1 Sultan Azlan Shah Airport, Ipoh 2 Pengkalan Hulu 3 Lumut Port 4 Ipoh Cargo Terminal 5 Hutan Melintang 1 Klang Northport 2 Klang Westport 3 Klang Southport 4 Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang 5 KLIA 6 KLIA 2 7 KLIA Cargo 1 Port Dickson 2 Nilai Inland Port 1 NBCT 2 Dermaga Ayer Dalam 3 Penang International Airport 4 Port Weld Quay SELANGOR NEGERI SEMBILAN PERAK PULAU PINANG KEDAH PERLIS NAP IAS 2021-20254 Just over a decade ago, there was no comprehensive and coordinated programme for monitoring and cataloging of IAS in Malaysia. There was not much research carried out on IAS, nor were there any cooperation between government and non-governmental organisations and universities to mitigate the problems caused by IAS. There are no official statistics available on the species and the total number of IAS in Malaysia. Article 8(h) of the CBD states that ‘Each contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species ’. The CBD Articles are legally binding thus Parties are expected to translate Article 8(h) into national legislation to prevent the introduction of, control or eradication of alien species, either directly or indirectly, depending on circumstances. Paragraph 8 Decision VIII/27 adopted by The Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD at its eighth meeting in Curitiba, Brazil in 2006 encourages parties to ensure close inter-agency collaboration at the national and regional levels among the various sectors and interest-holders relevant to the introduction, control and management of IAS, for example through the establishment of national coordination committees. As one of the signatories of the CBD, the National Working Group (NWG) IAS was formed in 2007 with 17 members from 11 government ministries and agencies. The main objective of the formation of this working group was to fulfill obligations of Article 8(h) and adhere to Decision VIII/27 during the 8th COP meeting. The name (NWG IAS) was later changed to National Committee on IAS in 2016 and as of 2020, the committee members comprised of representatives from 29 government ministries and agencies as well as universities and research institutions. NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON IAS The National Committee on IAS membership involves various cross-functional agencies that are responsible to perform research, registration, enforcement, monitoring and instill public awareness on IAS. The committee normally meets twice a year but additional meeting(s) could be called upon if the need arises. The committee meeting is chaired by the Director - General of Department of Agriculture (DOA) Malaysia and the Plant Biosecurity Division of DOA serves as the Secretariat of this committee. Appendix II could be referred to for details of the committee members. MEMBERSHIP NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 5 FUNCTIONS The overall functions of the National Committee on IAS are: To develop and review National Action Plan on IAS; To coordinate all activities related to IAS such as enforcement, detection, prevention, monitoring, eradication, containment and effective control of any potential and established IAS in the country; To provide guidance to various departments and agencies on early detection and rapid response to the incursion of IAS under their purview; To coordinate awareness and information dissemination programme (in appropriate languages) of policies, practices and procedures to stakeholders to empower them on detection, prevention, monitoring, eradication, containment and control of IAS; To strengthen capacity building on enforcement, detection, prevention, monitoring, eradication, containment and control of IAS. As a focal point for any issues related to IAS in COP or any Bilateral / Multilateral Agreements such as CBD, APEC, IPPC, OIE, IMO and others; To prepare / assist in securing funding to finance IAS activities implemented by the government agencies and universities; To serve as a central advisory body on any issues related to IAS; To monitor control strategies and evaluate whether the measures are cost effective; and 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 NAP IAS 2021-20256 GOAL 1 Improve understanding and public awareness about IAS GOAL 2 Conduct risk assessment on all introduced exotic species before their release GOAL 3 Strengthen quarantine inspection and enforcement at entry points and international borders 2021-2025 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 7 Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens, and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health. In particular, they impact biodiversity adversely, including decline or elimination of native species - through competition, predation, or transmission of pathogens and the disruption of local ecosystems and ecosystem functions. According to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), alien species refers to a species, subspecies, or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution. Alien species include gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. Invasive alien species means an alien species whose introduction and spread threaten biological diversity. They produce rapidly, out-compete native species for food, water, and space, and are among the leading causes of global biodiversity loss. Species are often introduced deliberately, through, for example, fish farming, pet trade, horticulture, biocontrol, or unintentionally, through such means as land and water transportation, travel, and scientific research. A globalised economy has resulted in increased transportation of goods, services and people which in turn facilitates the movement of live specimens over large distances, beyond national boundaries. While only a small percentage of transported organisms become invasive, those which do have a tremendous impact on the health of native biodiversity. IAS may also threaten human lives, affect local food security and ecosystem health. The presence of IAS have negatively impacted the economy of many countries anually, through loss in agricultural production and environmental remedial measures. The adoption of the National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species (NAP IAS) in 2014-2018 and its subsequent renewal in 2020 for adoption in 2021-2025 are significant milestones for the IAS management in Malaysia. This NAP is developed as a guideline for implementation and coordination in managing issues related to IAS. The NAP consists of three goals with comprehensive targets and strategies for prevention, eradication, containment, and IAS control. The NAP IAS 2021-2025 framework is aligned with Target 11 of National Policy on Biological Diversity (NPBD) 2016 – 2025 and Target 9 of Aichi Biodiversity Targets; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on identification, prioritization, and prevention of the introduction and establishment of IAS. The NAP IAS lays out three main goals which are aligned with key indicator of Target 11 NPBD. Activities of the three goals in NAP IAS are formulated to address public awareness on IAS (Goal 1); risk assessment on IAS (Goal 2); and strengthen quarantine inspection and enforcement (Goal 3). Overall, this NAP IAS 2021-2025 contains 11 targets, 27 activities, and 69 sub-activities to be implemented by various target groups and responsible agencies. INTRODUCTION Global trade and transportation activities are the main factors of introduction and spread of Invasive Alien Species. Travellers By Land By Sea By Air Pets Wildlife Migration NAP IAS 2021-20258 National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016 – 2025 TARGET 11 By 2025, invasive alien species and pathways are identified, priority species controlled and measures are in place to prevent their introduction and establishment. “ “ Aichi Biodiversity Targets 2011 – 2020 TARGET 9 By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. “ “ NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 9 Global trade and transportation activities have increased IAS opportunities to cross geographic boundaries and establish in new areas. The Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, based on a thorough analysis of available data, identified IAS was one of the five main drivers of biodiversity loss. These invasive species are either plants, animals or microorganisms might disturb the natural ecosystem and native species in Malaysia. Common characteristics of IAS are rapid growth, large reproduction capacity, high dispersal ability, broad environmental tolerance and great survival ability. In urban environments, IAS may threaten public health, reduce recreational quality and affect property value. For example, Salvinia molesta has been widely introduced as an ornamental plant. However S. molesta grows rapidly and forms dense vegetation mats that reduce water-flow, clog irrigation and drainage canals. It prevents the passage of boats, disturbs fishing and water recreational activities, aquatic industries and provides breeding places for mosquitoes (vector for malaria and dengue fever). S. molesta has been included in the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD 2010). The other invasive weed is Parthenium hysterophorus, which can cause allergic reactions like dermatitis, asthma and hay fever in humans. This allelopathy potential weed aggressively colonises and outcompetes native species, leading to degradation of natural ecosystems in the invaded area. The presence of IAS in the agriculture sector (crops, livestock and fisheries) may cause yield reduction and increase production costs. In Malaysia, this sector has contributes 7.3% (RM 99.5 billion) to the Gross Domestic Product in 2019. The potential risk of invasive exotic pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (Vascular Wilt Disease) to oil palm and Pseudocercospora ulei (South American Leaf Blight) to rubber may affect estimated total revenue for export by RM 65 billion and RM 25 billion, respectively. The Malaysian Government has spent hundreds of millions of ringgit for prevention, eradication, containment and control of IAS such as Papaya ringspot virus, Erwinia papayae (Papaya Dieback), Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red palm weevil), Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider), Avian influenza viruses (HPAI), Vibrio parahemolyticus virus and others. Increased interest in exotic animals may also lead to smuggling and subsequent introduction of IAS into the natural environment. Hence, risk of invasiveness must be conducted for all exotic species to be imported into Malaysia. An integrated management system involving new technologies, suitable combinations of control methods, and enhanced cooperation among government agencies, research bodies, and stakeholders is important in managing IAS effectively. THREAT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Image Source: https://www.iberdrola.com/ Tips for preventing the introduction of invasive alien species GET ALL THE FACTS Don’t buy animals without finding out where they are from, what sort of care they will need and how much they will grow. DON’T ABANDON ANIMALS Don’t release animals into natural spaces: they could cause problems for other species. BEWARE OF MOSQUITOS Don’t leave large water containers open, to avoid the spread of this type of insect. DON’T BUY FOREIGN SPECIES If you go abroad, don’t bring back animals, insects, seeds or plants as a souvenir. DON’T MOVE SOIL Be careful about moving soil from one place to another, because you could be spreading seeds, insects or microbes. DON’T TOSS AWAY FISH INTO WATER SYSTEMS Don’t get rid of aquatic pets by throwing them into lakes, ponds or rivers — or down the loo —. Source: UNDP. INVASIVE SPECIES [More articles about Sustainability] NAP IAS 2021-202510 INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA IPBES estimates that IAS caused USD 33.5 billion of loses every year in South East Asia, effecting environment, human health and agricultural productions. USD 28.7 billion : Agriculture sector USD 2.1 billion : Environment USD 1.85 billion : Human health WORLD SOUTH EAST ASIA MALAYSIA Approximately 17,000 800 153 Species have been identified as IAS of concern. IAS recorded and established worldwide. IAS recorded whether introduced or native. 11 IAS in Malaysia were listed in 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species. Source: IUCN, GISD, CABI, & National Committee on IAS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 11 GOAL 1: Improve understanding and public awareness about IAS 1 TARGET 1 4 TARGET 4 Increase research in all aspects of IAS management including understanding their pathways and ecological impacts and develop technologies to contain and control IAS. 1 Activity Intensify extension services to stakeholders so that prevention, control, eradication and mitigation efforts on IAS can be effectively implemented. 2 Activities 2 TARGET 2 5 TARGET 5 Educate the public at large on the threats of IAS and the problems posed by smuggling of wild animals and plants, accidental imports, escapes from legitimate enterprises, and the pet trade. 1 Activity Develop and implement a programme of work to control and manage the risk of IAS from ship ballast water and sediments. 2 Activities 3 TARGET 3 Strengthen information sharing among relevant stakeholders. 1 Activity GOALS, TARGETS AND ACTIVITIES NAP IAS 2021-202512 GOAL 2: Conduct risk assessment on all introduced exotic species before their release GOAL 3: Strengthen quarantine inspection and enforcement at entry points and international borders 8 TARGET 8 10 TARGET 10 Enhance the enforcement of legislation on importing, trading and keeping wild animals, fishes and plants. 3 Activities Enhance quarantine facilities and improve the skills and capabilities of quarantine, customs and other border officials. 3 Activities 9 TARGET 9 11 TARGET 11 Implement provisions of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention to safeguard against marine invasive species. 2 Activities Strengthen and monitor the implementation of the National Action Plan for the Prevention, Eradication, Containment and Control of IAS. 2 Activities 6 TARGET 6 7 TARGET 7 Establish a formal and transparent mechanism to ensure that all alien species are subject to a rigorous risk assessment. 5 Activities Establish response plans and the capacity to contain and eradicate potential invasive species. 5 Activities NAP IAS 2021-2025 IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Improve the understanding and public awareness of IAS through strengthening of the legal framework in relation to IAS prevention, detection, monitoring, eradication, containment and control; intensifying capacity building for the implementation of the action plan; and enhancing research and development on IAS. GOAL 1 NAP IAS 2021-202514 TARGET 1: 1 INCREASE RESEARCH IN ALL ASPECTS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES MANAGEMENT INCLUDING UNDERSTANDING THEIR PATHWAYS AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND DEVELOP TECHNOLOGIES TO CONTAIN AND CONTROL INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ACTIVITY 1: Compile and centralize data / scientific reference for IAS on the National Clearing House mechanism. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 1.1 Create team (circulation of IAS research and data) Research Institution/ Universities Database (MyBIS IAS module) √ √ √ √ √ DOA, USM, UPM, UKM, MOH, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, FRIM 1.2 Create survey / google form (to get information from researchers) Research Institution/ Universities √ √ DOA, USM, UPM, UKM, MOH, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, FRIM 1.3 Compilation on papers / research / data related to IAS in Malaysia Research Institution/ Universities √ √ DOA, USM, UPM, UKM, MOH, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, FRIM 1.4 Networking with universities (Research Management Office) - Identify researchers conducting studies related to IAS. Research Institution/ Universities √ √ MOH, FRIM, UPM, UMT, USM 1.5 Engagement with other industries – to promote information on IAS and database Agencies, industries, institutions and public √ √ √ √ √ IAS Secretariat / Bulletin Editorial Board (researchers and experts) 1.6 Secure and allocate funding from related agencies to conduct research related to IAS Agencies, Research Institution/ Universities √ √ MAFI, MOHE, MOSTI, KeTSA 1.7 IAS website database Agencies and stakeholder Establish IAS section in MyBIS website/ database √ √ √ √ √ IAS secretariat, KeTSA, All research agencies / universities 1.8 Smartphone application Agencies and stakeholder New Malaysian IAS apps in PlayStore √ √ √ IAS secretariat, KeTSA, All research agencies / universities NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 15 TARGET 2: 2 EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AT LARGE ON THE THREATS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THE PROBLEMS POSED BY SMUGGLING OF WILD ANIMALS AND PLANTS, ACCIDENTAL IMPORTS, ESCAPES FROM LEGITIMATE ENTERPRISES AND THE PET TRADE ACTIVITY 2: Conduct Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) programmes. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2.1 IAS awareness programme (Webinar - Conference on IAS) Agencies, industries, institutions and public 1 seminar every 2 years √ √ √ √ Agencies (DOA, DOF, MOH, FRIM, MARDI), Institution, Industry, Community1 webinar every 3 months (1 hour/session) √ √ √ √ IAS Awareness Week √ √ √ √ 2.2 Module development (interactive programme) School 1 module √ √ Agencies (DOA, DOF, MOH, FRIM, MARDI, MOHE, MOSTI etc.), Institution 1 school competition √ √ 2.3 Official announcement on IAS Public Social media pop-ups (Twitter, FB, Instagram post) √ √ √ √ √ Agencies (DOA, DOF, MOH, FRIM, MARDI etc.), Institution Physical announcement √ √ √ √ √ 1 Montage √ √ √ √ √ NAP IAS 2021-202516 TARGET 3: 3 STRENGTHEN INFORMATION SHARING AMONG RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS ACTIVITY 3: Set up network to share IAS information between institutions and convey it to the stakeholders. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 3.1 Upskill extension services on IAS through development of Subject Matter Expert (SME) and Capacity Building Agencies, institutions 3 workshops √ √ √ Agencies (DOA, DOF, MOH, FRIM, MARDI etc.), Institution 3.2 Intensify extension services to farmers - prevention, control, eradication and mitigation efforts on IAS can be effectively implemented Farmers, Stakeholders 1 Modules for farmers / stakeholders (e.g. Farmer Field School) √ √ √ √ √ Agencies (DOA, DOF, MOH, FRIM, MARDI etc.) 5 Trainings/ Workshops √ √ NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 17 TARGET 4: 4 INTENSIFY EXTENSION SERVICES TO STAKEHOLDERS SO THAT PREVENTION, CONTROL, ERADICATION AND MITIGATION EFFORTS ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES CAN BE EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENTED ACTIVITY 4: Strengthen multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research related to IAS (i.e. impact study, biology and ecology, IAS management and monitoring). No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 4.1 Initiate strategic partnership to develop database established on IoT All agencies 3 species of IAS (using existing sector) - Hotspot map of selected IAS species √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies (DOA, DOF, DVS, MOH, FRIM, MARDI etc.), Institution, Industry 4.2 Surveillance programme on current situation of IAS by sector to get baseline data (specific on IAS target), eg. plants, animals, fisheries All agencies and institutions Pest control and management for 5 targeted IAS √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies (DOA, DOF, DVS, MOH, FRIM, MARDI etc.), Institution, Industry2 inter-agency collaborations √ √ √ √ √ Peer-reviewed publication √ √ √ √ √ 2 Innovations – new technology (improved varieties, biocontrol, test kits) √ √ √ √ √ ACTIVITY 5: Strengthen existing IAS working groups (updating current status of IAS). No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 5.1 IAS Technical Working Group Technical experts from all agencies Addition new experts / agencies √ √ √ √ √ IAS Secretariat NAP IAS 2021-202518 TARGET 5: 5 DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A PROGRAMME OF WORK TO CONTROL AND MANAGE THE RISK OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES FROM SHIP BALLAST WATER AND SEDIMENTS ACTIVITY 6: Include IAS as priority in ballast water management programmes. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 6.1 Develop SOPs on ballast water Agencies (e.g. DOF, MARDEP, MOH), universities Numbers of SOPs and guidelines √ √ Agencies (e.g. DOF, MARDEP), Institution, Industry 6.2 Develop SOPs on shipping assisted bio-organisms Agencies (e.g. DOF, MARDEP, MOH), universities Numbers of SOPs and guidelines √ √ Agencies (e.g. DOF, MARDEP), Institution, Industry ACTIVITY 7: Conduct follow-up monitoring on IAS in ballast water. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 7.1 Monitoring programme Agencies (e.g. DOF) and universities Numbers of scheduled reports √ √ √ √ √ Agencies (e.g. DOF, MARDEP, MOH, Institution, Industry) NAP IAS 2021-2025 CONDUCT RISK ASSESSMENT ON ALL INTRODUCED EXOTIC SPECIES BEFORE THEIR RELEASE Establish a formal and transparent mechanism for risk assessment of alien species and initiate response plans and the capacity to contain and eradicate potential IAS before their release into Malaysia. Risk analyses conducted by the responsible authorities are consistent with Malaysia’s international biosecurity obligations including those under WTO, IPPC, OIE and WHO. GOAL 2 NAP IAS 2021-202520 TARGET 6: 6 ESTABLISH A FORMAL AND TRANSPARENT MECHANISM TO ENSURE THAT ALL ALIEN SPECIES ARE SUBJECT TO A RIGOROUS RISK ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 8: Form a committee to review current mechanism of assessment for introduced exotic species. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 8.1 Meeting for the endorsement of technical committees MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP, Universities Establishment of 2 technical committee (national and sector level) √ Sectoral coordinator All related agencies Annual national meeting √ √ √ √ √ DOA (IAS Secretariat) Biannual sectoral meeting √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator ACTIVITY 9: Strengthen criteria and methods of evaluation and assessment for introduced exotic species before and after their release. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 9.1 Conference on IAS Risk Assessment MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP, Universities Number of conferences √ √ All related agencies 9.2 Training Workshop on strengthening IAS Risk Assessment criteria by sector Related agencies Number of workshops √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator 9.3 Workshop on Risk Assessment for each sector Related agencies Number of workshops √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator Documentation of improved risk assessment for every sector (SOP for risk assessment, technical paper, screening method) √ √ √ √ √ NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 21 9.4 Research on effective control measures All related agencies Technical paper/ report/ academic papers √ √ √ √ √ Related research agencies and institutions 9.5 Assessment by authorised body to verify and validate available methods/testing Related agencies Assessment report √ √ √ √ √ ACTIVITY 10: Revision of SOP for the importation of alien species. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 10.1 Workshop on SOP for the importation of alien species MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP, Universities Importation SOP for: i. Plant and Forestry ii. Animal and Wildlife iii. Fisheries and Marine √ √ Sectoral coordinator/ MARDEP, All related agencies 10.2 Import risk assessment MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP, Universities √ √ Sectoral coordinator/ MARDEP, All related agencies 10.3 Publication of updated guideline for the importation of alien species into Malaysia MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP, Universities Documentation √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator/ MARDEP, All related agencies ACTIVITY 11: Enhancement of inspection, sampling and screening method for transboundary alien species. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 11.1 Hands-on training for personnel Related agencies Number of training/ personnel √ √ √ √ √ MAQIS, DVS, DOA, DOF, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, All related agencies 11.2 Procurement of effective screening tools MAQIS, DVS, DOA, DOF MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, Number of intercept species recorded √ √ MAQIS, DVS, DOA, DOF, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, All related agencies 11.3 Targeted inspection and sampling for alien species MAQIS, DVS, DOA, DOF MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, Number of inspection and samples √ √ √ √ √ MAQIS, DVS, DOA, DOF, MARDEP, SAQ, DOA Sarawak, All related agencies NAP IAS 2021-202522 ACTIVITY 12: Research and development by agencies on risk assessment of alien species. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 12.1 Establish technical working group committee for research Related agencies Form technical working group √ All research agencies / universities 12.2 Proposal for national, international and industry funding Researcher from various agencies and institutions Numbers of proposal √ √ √ √ All research agencies / universities 12.3 Research networking with Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) Researcher from various agencies and institutions Number of publication/ technical paper √ √ √ √ √ All research agencies / universities 12.4 Formal invitation to potential grant funders MAFI, MOHE, MOSTI, KeTSA Amount of allocated research funding √ IAS secretariat, MAFI and KeTSA NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 23 TARGET 7: 7 ESTABLISH RESPONSE PLANS AND THE CAPACITY TO CONTAIN AND ERADICATE POTENTIAL INVASIVE SPECIES ACTIVITY 13: Development of early detection/intercept method/tools for potential invasive species. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 13.1 Development method / identification tool / Pre-screening method MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDI, MARDEP Number of detection / intercept method/ tools √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 13.2 Development of Identification kits/ rapid test / protocol / optimization MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of detection/ intercept species recorded √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 13.3 Join the ISSG, Early Detection and Rapid Response Programme Sectoral agencies Number of participations √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies ACTIVITY 14: Improvement of containment, eradication and control method and procedure. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 14.1 Procurement of effective containment equipment Related agencies Number of improve methods and equipment √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 14.2 Procurement of effective eradication chemical / equipment Related agencies Number of workshops organised √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 14.3 Prospecting for potential of biological control agent Researcher from various agencies and institutions Number of new biological control agent prospect √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 14.4 Identification and adopt suitable product and technologies Related agencies Number of products adopted √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies NAP IAS 2021-202524 ACTIVITY 15: Capacity building on detection, containment, eradication and control of IAS. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 15.1 Simulation exercise MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of trainings / participants √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 15.2 Training on sampling method MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Technical transfer from oversea √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies Expert consultation / training √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 15.3 Trained personnel for alien species detection and quarantine MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of trained personnel √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 15.4 Attachment programme MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of trained personnel √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies ACTIVITY 16: Upgrade post entry quarantine facilities. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 16.1 Sourcing of equipment and space for post entry quarantine facilities Agencies and relevant industries (e.g. Aquaculture, shipping, port authority) By 2025, all major entry point equipped with complete quarantine facilities. √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies ACTIVITY 17: Establishment of emergency response team and SOP to contain and eradicate IAS. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 17.1 Formation of Emergency response team at sectoral agencies MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of team (according to region) √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies 17.2 Regular IAS emergency response drill / exercise MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Number of cases responded √ √ √ √ √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies NAP IAS 2021-2025 STRENGTHEN QUARANTINE INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT AT ENTRY POINTS AND INTERNATIONAL BORDERS Strengthen quarantine enforcement and inspection at Malaysia’s entry points and international borders by amplifying enforcement and improve the facilities and capabilities of the border officials in controlling and preventing the entry and spread of noxious plants, plant pests, animals, carcasses, fish, agricultural produce, soils, microorganisms and food which are imported into and exported out of Malaysia as well as ensuring discharge of ballast water from ships coming from other countries are safe and free from any risk of IAS. GOAL 3 NAP IAS 2021-202526 TARGET 8: 8 ENHANCE THE ENFORCEMENT OF LEGISLATION ON IMPORTING, TRADING AND KEEPING WILD ANIMALS, FISHES AND PLANTS ACTIVITY 18: Harmonising the list of IAS and enforcement between Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 18.1 Sectoral Meeting DOA/ DVS (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak), DOF (Federal include Sarawak)/ DOF Sabah/ MPOB) Sectoral meeting to harmonise IAS list/ enforcement is being established minimum once a year √ √ √ √ √ DOA (plant and forestry)/ DVS (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak), DOF (Federal include Sarawak)/ DOF Sabah/ MPOB Updating list of IAS in Malaysia √ √ √ √ √ Updating of the enforcement guidelines for IAS √ √ √ √ √ 18.2 Streamlining the management, prevention and enforcement efforts between agencies DOA/ DVS (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak), DOF (Federal include Sarawak)/ DOF Sabah/ MPOB/ MAQIS 1 Meeting/ year/ agencies √ √ √ √ √ DOA (plant and forestry)/ DVS (Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak), DOF (Federal include Sarawak)/ DOF Sabah/ MPOBReport √ √ √ √ √ ACTIVITY 19: Improving information exchange and harmonisation of IAS issues. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 19.1 Notification to IUCN on updated IAS list All related agencies Once in 2 years √ √ Secretariat IAS, All related agencies 19.2 Networking with regional and international IAS experts All related agencies Minimum 3 joint activities with Regional and International bodies √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies 19.3 Networking with border control agencies of other countries All related agencies All related agencies are being established minimum once a year √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 27 ACTIVITY 20: To review and possibly include specific IAS (based on risk assessment) in the national legislation. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20.1 Review the IAS list based on risk assessment DOA, DVS, DOF (include Sarawak / Sabah) At least two revision activities in 5 years √ √ MAFI, DWNP, DOA (Plant and Forestry), DOF (Fisheries and Marine), DVS (Animal and Wildlife) TARGET 9: 9 IMPLEMENT PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT CONVENTION TO SAFEGUARD AGAINST MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES ACTIVITY 21: Develop regulations and act in ballast water management. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 21.1 Drafting National Regulation MOT, MIMA, MARDEP, Port Authorities, DOE, NSWMD 1 regulation on ballast water management √ √ √ √ √ MIMA, MARDEP ACTIVITY 22: Develop reception facilities for ballast water treatment. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 22.1 Coordinating within all related agencies MOT, MIMA, MARDEP, Port Authorities, DOE, NSWMD 1 reception facilities at major ports √ MOT, MIMA, MARDEP NAP IAS 2021-202528 TARGET 10: 10 ENHANCE QUARANTINE FACILITIES AND IMPROVE THE SKILLS AND CAPABILITIES OF QUARANTINE, CUSTOMS AND OTHER BORDER OFFICIALS ACTIVITY 23: Upgrade quarantine facilities consist of basic quarantine inspection facilities and mini laboratories. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 23.1 Facilities for inspection, detection and interception centre for potential IAS Border officers: MAQIS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ, Port Authorities, Relevant Industries Establishment of Three Further Inspection Centre (FIC) √ √ √ MAQIS, CUSTOMS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ, All related agencies Two (2) One-stop Inspection Centre at major entry points √ √ √ √ √ 23.2 Sourcing of equipment and space for quarantine MOH, DWNP, DOA, DOF, DVS, MARDEP Inventory of new equipment and acquired space √ Sectoral coordinator, All related agencies ACTIVITY 24: Improve knowledge, skill and capabilities of enforcement officials through capacity building. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 24.1 Hands-on trainings Border officers: MAQIS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ 7 Hands-on trainings / year √ √ √ √ √ MAQIS, CUSTOMS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ, All related agencies 24.2 Competency training Border officers: MAQIS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ 1 Competency training / year √ √ √ √ √ MAQIS, CUSTOMS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ, All related agencies 24.3 Written guidelines and procedures Border officers: MAQIS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ 3 manuals / guidelines / SOP √ √ √ √ √ DOA (Plant and Forestry) DOF (Fisheries and Marine) DVS (Animal and Wildlife) MAQIS, CUSTOMS, MFDA, DOA Sarawak, SAQ NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 29 ACTIVITY 25: Establish emergency response exercise / Immediate actions upon identification and detection of IAS. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 25.1 Establish IAS emergency response manual All related agencies 1 IAS emergency response manual developed √ √ √ √ √ DOA (Plant and Forestry) DOF (Fisheries and Marine) DVS (Animal and Wildlife) 25.2 Pre-council Meeting All related agencies Reports on emergency preparedness and response plan √ √ √ √ DOA (Plant and Forestry) DOF (Fisheries and Marine) DVS (Animal and Wildlife) TARGET 11: 11 STRENGTHEN AND MONITOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE PREVENTION, ERADICATION, CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ACTIVITY 26: Presentation of NAP progress report to National IAS steering committee. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 26.1 Sectoral Meeting IAS Committee 2 times/year √ √ √ √ IAS Secretariat, All related agencies ACTIVITY 27: Strengthen the implementation of the enforcement. No. Sub-activities Target Group Key Performance Indicator Implementation Implementing Sector / Agency2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 27.1 Training to improve personnel competency, In-house training All related agencies 5 In-house trainings/ year √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies 27.2 Guidelines / SOP All related agencies 1 SOP updated for all relevant activities / year. √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies 27.3 Upgrade the existing laboratories, equipment and facilities for each sector All related agencies 1 Upgraded biosecurity laboratory √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies 27.4 Streamlining enforcement activities between agencies All related agencies 1 Meeting/ year/ agencies, Report √ √ √ √ √ All related agencies 30 NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025 ANIMALS 7 16 1 2 ANIMAL-BORNE DISEASES 26 IAS Fisheries Fishery Diseases Marine IAS OF CONCERN 6 7 4 23 2 1 1 1 45 IAS 7 1 1 PLANT PESTSPLANTS 9 IAS 5 42 IAS Birds 7 13 17 10 11 10 31 IAS AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Terrestrial Semi-aqua�c Aqua�c Rep�les Amphibians Fungi Bacteria Virus Insects Oomycetes Protozoa Mollusc Nematode Mammals Virus Bacteria Prion Fungi ANIMAL AND ANIMAL-BORNE DISEASE FISHERIES AND MARINE NAP IAS 2021-2025 31NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025 CRITERIA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT Listed in Invasive Species Database Species distributions Interaction with native species Economic impacts Potential of introduction, establishment and spread Detectability and availability of control measures Survival temperature range and climatic tolerance NAP IAS 2021-202532 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PLANT PESTS No. Common Name Scientific Name / Pathogen Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 African Rhinoceros Beetle Oryctes monoceros Not Present Not Present Not Present 2 American Palm Cixiid / Planthopper (Lethal Yellowing Vector) Myndus crudus Not Present Not Present Not Present 3 American Palm Weevil (Red Ring Disease Vector) Rhynchophorus palmarum Not Present Not Present Not Present 4 Bacterial Panicle Blight Burkholderia glumae & Burkholderia gladioli Present Not Present Not Present 5 Moko Disease of Banana Ralstonia solanacearum species complex Phylotype II Present Present Not Present 6 Black Pod Disease Phytophthora megakarya Not Present Not Present Not Present 7 Blood Disease of Banana Ralstonia solanacearum species complex Phylotype IV Present Present Not Present 8 Boas Rhinoceros Beetle Oryctes boas Not Present Not Present Not Present 9 Bogia Coconut Syndrome Candidatus phytoplasma noviguineense (16srIV) Not Present Not Present Not Present 10 Bud Rot Disease of Oil Palm Phytophthora palmivora (South American Strain) Not Present Not Present Not Present 11 Cadang Cadang Disease Coconut Cadang-Cadang Viroid (CCCVd) Not Present Not Present Not Present 12 Ceratocystis Wilt Disease of Acacia Ceratocystis fimbriata Present Present Present 13 Cercospora Leaf Spot Cercospora elaiedis Not Present Not Present Not Present 14 Chlorotic Ring Disease Potyvirus SCMV strain Present Not Present Not Present 15 Chrysomelid Beetle Hispoleptis elaieidis Not Present Not Present Not Present 16 Cocoa Mirid Distantiella theobroma Not Present Not Present Not Present 17 Cocoa Mirid Sahlbergella singularis Not Present Not Present Not Present 18 Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) Not Present Not Present Not Present 19 Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle - Guam Biotype Oryctes rhinoceros Not Present Not Present Not Present 20 Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Present Present Present 21 Frosty Pod Rot of Cocoa Moniliophthora roreri Not Present Not Present Not Present 22 Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata Present Present Present 23 Guava Fruitfly Bactrocera correcta Present Not Present Not Present 24 Khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium Not Present Not Present Not Present NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 33 No. Common Name Scientific Name / Pathogen Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 25 Lace Bug Leptopharsa gibbicarina Not Present Not Present Not Present 26 Leaf Miner Hispoleptis subfasciata Not Present Not Present Not Present 27 Lethal Wilt Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris Present Not Present Not Present 28 Lethal Yellowing Disease of Coconut Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae (16Sr-IV) Not Present Not Present Not Present 29 Nettle Caterpillar Darna catenatus Not Present Not Present Not Present 30 Nettle Caterpillar Darna metaleuca Not Present Not Present Not Present 31 Oil Palm Slug Caterpillar Darna furva Not Present Not Present Not Present 32 Papaya Dieback Erwinia papayae & Erwinia mallotivora Present Present Not Present 33 Papaya Ringspot Virus Papaya ringspot virus Present Present Not Present 34 Pentatomid (Vector of P. staheli) Lincus lobuliger Not Present Not Present Not Present 35 Pentatomid (Vector of P. staheli) Lincus lethifer Not Present Not Present Not Present 36 Pentatomid (Vector of P. staheli) Lincus spurcus Not Present Not Present Not Present 37 Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Present Not Present Not Present 38 Red Ring Disease of Palm Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus Not Present Not Present Not Present 39 South American Leaf Blight (SALB) Pseudocercospora ulei Not Present Not Present Not Present 40 South American Palm Weevil Dynamis borassi Not Present Not Present Not Present 41 Sudden Wilt Disease of Oil Palm / Marchitez sorpresiva Phytomonas staheli Not Present Not Present Not Present 42 Vascular Wilt Disease of Oil Palm Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis Not Present Not Present Not Present 43 Weevil (Red Ring Disease Vector) Limnobaris calandriformis Not Present Not Present Not Present 44 West Indian Cane Weevil (Red Ring Disease Vector) Metamasius hemipterus Not Present Not Present Not Present 45 Witches’s Broom Disease Moniliophthora perniciosa Not Present Not Present Not Present PLANT PESTS NAP IAS 2021-202534 Bacterial Panicle Blight / Bacterial Grain Rot Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli The stem below the infected panicle remains green. Small clusters of panicle do not develop properly during panicle fill and the panicles remain upright rather than bending down with the weight of the grains. The infected grains develop light to medium brown discoloration (dual-tone symptom) of the lower third to half of the hulls. Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli are the causative agents of bacterial panicle blight (BPB) or grain rot, the worst seed borne disease of paddy in the world. Burkholderia glumae is more virulent and is commonly detected in BPB diseased paddy plants. Unlike Burkholderia glumae which is only seed borne, Burkholderia gladioli is both seed and soil borne. Outbreaks of BPB are influenced by high temperatures (35°C to 40°C) and high relative humidity (≥95%). Severely infected panicles remain upright with grains unfilled. Serious outbreaks of this disease can cause an estimated up to 80% loss in yield. First detected in Japan in 1956, bacterial blight disease has now been reported in North, South and Central America (Gulf of Mexico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Panama, Colombia, Nicaragua and Costa Rica), Africa (states in the south and Tanzania) and Asia (Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and China). Currently, there is no effective control of this disease. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: D O A Photo source: D O A Author(s): Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Hana Hussain (UiTM) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 35 Fusarium Wilt Disease of Oil Palm Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis Fusarium wilt disease is one of the most destructive diseases of oil palm. Yield losses of up to 50% have been recorded in several countries. The disease was first described in Zaire and has subsequently been diagnosed in several countries in Central and Western Africa. Currently, it has been spread in South American countries such as Brazil and Colombia. This disease has yet to be detected in Malaysia, however, it has been listed as a quarantine pest. With nearly 6 million hectares of oil palm plantation, prevention of this disease is a priority in Malaysia. Disease symptoms on immature palms are leaves in the middle of the crown become yellow or brown. The discolouration spreads to the lower leaves and the palm eventually desiccates and dies. Integrated disease control and planting resistant cultivars are the effective method of control for this disease and have successfully reduced losses in some affected areas from 20-30% to less than 3%. Discoloration at plant base is the symptom of Fusarium Wilt Disease. Young oil palm tree died after serious F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis infestation. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: D r. Babs. Ritchi, C ABI Photo source: w w w .plantvillage.psu.edu Young tree showing symptoms of Fusarium Wilt of Oil Palm (wilting and drying leaves). Photo source: w w w .plantvillage.psu.edu Author: Dr. Khairulmazmi Ahmad (UPM) NAP IAS 2021-202536 South American Leaf Blight of Rubber Pseudocercospora ulei (Syn: Microcyclus ulei) The invasive potential of South American Leaf Blight (SALB) has been illustrated by the devastating impact on attempts to develop rubber production in South America. It has become a great threat to rubber growing countries especially in the Asia and the Pacific region as most of the cultivated natural rubber tree genotypes in this region are susceptible to the disease. The causal pathogen Pseudocercospora ulei is known to only infect species within the genus Hevea. The main reasons that this disease threatens plantations include the rapid dissemination of spores, the high capacity for destruction and the difficulty in controlling the fungus. Premature leaf falls caused by P. ulei leads to dieback of trees and economic losses. There are neither chemical nor biological control measures proven can effectively eradicate the disease. Even though the distribution is still restricted to its continent of origin, potential is high for it to spread around the world via trade and human movement. A quarantine law has been established for inbound international air travellers from SALB countries to reduce the possibility of the spread of P. ulei from South American countries to Malaysia. Pseudocercospora ulei infects young aerial parts of rubber plants such as leaf petioles, inflorescence and stems. Infection of the young stems causes shoot dieback. Severe infection shows stunting of trees, possess few leaves and dead branches and stems. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: D O A Symptoms observed on the undersurface of the leaf. Lesions appear as dark olive green and covered with conidia on young leaves. Pycnidia formed at the edges of the lesions on the upper mature leaf surface. Shot holes developed as leaf tissues at the center of disease lesions die and drop-off. Photo source: D O A Photo source: D O A Author(s): Mrs. Patahayah Mansor (FRIM) & Dr. Rozeita Laboh (MARDI) 66534 NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 37 Bud Rot Disease of Oil Palm Phytophthora palmivora (South American Strain) Bud rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is one of the major diseases of oil palm in Latin America. The disease affect the yield of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and the quality of the crude palm oil extract. In Colombia, the disease has destroyed more than 70 000 ha of oil palm in the western and central growing region. The pathogen has a cosmopolitan presence that includes Southeast Asia, but to date, bud rot has not been reported in this region. Pathogenicity tests Malaysian P. palmivora isolates were not pathogenic to oil palms and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) analysis shows a clear clade separation between Malaysian and Colombian isolates. P. palmivora can be controlled through cultural and sanitary methods such as adequate drainage and balanced soil fertility. P. palmivora is a soil-borne pathogen, therefore importation of potting material/soil from high risk countries need to be enquired with the Department of Agriculture. Oil palm produces more than 36 percent of world’s vegetable oil while only planted on 5.1% of the 251 million hectares planted with vegetable oil crops worldwide. Malaysia’s oil palm products were exported to more than 150 countries with total value exceeding 40 billion Malaysian Ringgit annually. Therefore, Malaysia will put the best effort to protect the industries from this disease. Matured trees showing symptoms of Bud Rot Disease of Oil Palm. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Thousands of oil palms dying in Colombia from infection by Phytophthora palmivora. Photo Source: Jam eel M . Al-Khayri, via w w w .researchgate.net Photo Source: D avid G uest, via w w w .researchgate.net Author(s): Dr. Mohd Hefni Rusli (MPOB) 66533 NAP IAS 2021-202538 PLANTS No. Common Name Scientific Name Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 Acacia Acacia mangium Present Present Present 2 Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides Not Present Not Present Not Present 3 Bitter vine Mikania micrantha Present Present Present 4 Crofton weed / Mexican devil Ageratina adenophora Not Present Present Not Present 5 Giant sensitive tree Mimosa pigra Present Present Present 6 Itchy grass Rottboellia cochinchinensis Present Present Present 7 Kariba weed Salvinia molesta Present Present Present 8 Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus Present Present Not Present 9 River tamarind Leucaena leucocephala Present Present Present Bitter vine (Mikania micrantha) Acacia (Acacia mangium) Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) Source: D O A Source:© H unter Regional W eeds 2018 Source: D O A Source: Tree-N ation NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 39 Kariba Weed Salvinia molesta Salvinia molesta is one of the most destructive invasive weeds, threatening natural ecosystems and agroecosystems worldwide. Salvinia can form thick floating mats, cause habitat alteration and loss or degradation of native biodiversity (animals and plants). This invasive weed can be found in many types of waterbodies such as slow-moving rivers, ponds, water catchment and irrigated rice fields. In Malaysia, one of the most notable infestations can be found in naturally occurring oxbow lakes in Kinabatangan, Sabah. Mechanical and physical control have been used to eradicate this weed, but most of these approaches are ineffective and uneconomical. The Cyrtobagous salviniae weevil was introduced to Malaysia in the 1980s as the biological control for S. molesta. The host specific C. salviniae is highly effective in peninsular Malaysia and has recently been distributed to establish its population in other S. molesta infested areas in Sabah. Paddy field infested with S. molesta in Kota Belud, Sabah. Bird’s eye view of Lake Tungog, Kinabatangan, Sabah infested with S. molesta. Salvinia molesta. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: Koperasi Pelancongan M ukim Batu Puteh Kinabatangan Berhad (KO PEL Bhd.) Photo source: D O A Sabah Author(s): Mr. Salahaudin Maili Mohd Rasli (DOA Sabah) 29674 NAP IAS 2021-202540 ANIMAL AND ANIMAL-BORNE DISEASE ANIMALS No. Common Name Scientific Name Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus Present (escaped from farming) Not present Not present 2 Black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis Not present Not present Not present 3 Blue viper Trimeresurus insularis Not present Not present Not present 4 Brown rat Rattus norvegicus Present Present Present 5 Brown tree snake Boiga irregularis Not present Not present Not present 6 Brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula Not present Not present Not present 7 Bufo toad Rhinella marina Present Present Present 8 Caribbean tree frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Not present Not present Not present 9 Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis Present Present Present 10 Common myna Acridotheres tristis Present Present Present 11 European starling Sturnus vulgaris Present Present Present 12 Golden fronted leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons Present Present Present 13 Greater bandicoot rat Bandicota indica Present Not present Not present 14 Green anaconda Eunectes murinus Not present Not present Not present 15 Green iguana Iguana iguana Present Present Present 16 Grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Not present Not present Not present 17 House mouse Mus musculus Present Present Present 18 Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Present but not in the wild (escaped from farming) Present but not in the wild (escaped from farming) Not present 19 Javan spitting cobra Naja sputatrix Not present Not present Not present 20 Large-billed crow Corvus macrorhynchos Present Present Present 21 Large-eyed pit viper Trimeresurus macrops Not present Not present Not present 22 Lesser bandicoot rat Bandicota bengalensis Present Not present Not present 23 Malaysian house rat Rattus rattus diardii Present Present Present 24 Nutria Myocastor coypus Not present Not present Not present 25 Oriental water dragon Physignathus cocincinus Present Present Present 26 Peach-faced lovebird Agapornis roseicollis Not present Not present Not present NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 41 No. Common Name Scientific Name Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 27 Philippine cobra Naja philippinensis Not present Not present Not present 28 Philippine pit viper Trimeresurus flavomaculatus Not present Not present Not present 29 Red deer Cervus elaphus Not present Not present Not present 30 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Not present Not present Not present 31 Red-eared slider Trachemys scripta Present Present Present 32 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Present Not present Not present 33 Rock pigeon Columba livia Present Present Present 34 Ryukyu mouse Mus caroli Present Not present Not present 35 Samar cobra Naja samarensis Not present Not present Not present 36 Serval cat Leptailurus serval Present Present Present 37 South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus Not present Not present Not present 38 Stoat Mustela erminea Not present Not present Not present 39 Taiwanese bullfrog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Not present Present Not present 40 Timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus Not present Not present Not present 41 Western diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus atrox Not present Not present Not present 42 White-lipped pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris Not present Not present Not present ANIMALS NAP IAS 2021-202542 Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Native to central Asia, the brown rat now enjoys a worldwide distribution. The brown rat is a true omnivore and will consume almost anything. Rattus norvegicus has brown fur on the back with pale grey fur on its belly. The adults normally weigh 150 - 300g, and may reach up to 500g, and are up to 390mm long. They have relatively small ears, which usually do not cover the eyes when pulled forward. R. norvegicus is globally widespread and costs the primary industry hundreds of millions of dollars per year. It has caused or contributed to the extinction or range reduction of native mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates through predation and competition. It restricts the regeneration of many plant species by eating seeds and seedlings, eats food crops and spoils human food stores by urinating and defecating in them. Infestation by rodents also affect human health as they are known to be the vector of various diseases such as plague (through rat flea), leptospirosis, salmonella, tapeworm (via urine and droppings), rat-bite fever, rat mite dermatitis and many more. Photo Source: © Josef hlasek via http://w w w .hlasek.com / Photo Source: © Josef hlasek via http://w w w .hlasek.com / Author(s): Mrs. Shuerni Mohamad Razi (DOA), Ms. Tan Poai Ean (PERHILITAN) & Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli (DOA) 20383 NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 43 Author(s): Mrs. Shuerni Mohamad Razi (DOA), Ms. Tan Poai Ean (PERHILITAN) & Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli (DOA) Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans Thousands of smuggled red-eared slider hatchlings seized by Malaysia Customs. Red-eared sliders compete with native turtle species for food, habitat, and other resources. Photo source: Thom as C . Brennan. Photo Source: The Star The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) has been the most popular turtle in the pet trade with more than 52 million individuals exported from the United States to foreign markets between 1989 and 1997. Their aggressiveness, omnivorous diet and ability to adapt to various habitats, gives them great potential for impacting indigenous species and ecosystems. Red-eared sliders probably compete directly for space and food with native freshwater turtles. Indeed, both native and invasive freshwater turtles are predators of amphibian tadpoles. Continuous releasing of exotic pet turtles in natural ecosystems increases the risk of parasite transmission to native species. Native turtles have no immunity to parasites and diseases carried by red-eared sliders. All reptiles, including red-eared slider also shed Salmonella. Salmonella bacteria and the salmonellosis diseases that it causes are not harmless. Indeed, it can be deadly to humans. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo Source: Bernam a 09958 Author(s): Ms. Tan Poai Ean (PERHILITAN) & Mrs. Shuerni Mohamad Razi (DOA) NAP IAS 2021-202544 Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis Brown tree snakes have contributed to the loss of many native forest species in Guam. Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), also called brown catsnake is a slender, mildly venomous, primarily arboreal snake of the family Colubridae that is considered to be one of the most aggressive invasive species in the world. They generally are a light brown in colour with distinctively large heads with opisthoglyphous (rearward) fangs and big bulbous eyes characteristic of the genus Boiga (and in keeping with nocturnal habits). This 1 to 3m long snake is native to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the northern and eastern coasts of Australia. The Brown Tree Snake was brought accidentally to several islands in the Pacific shortly after World War II where it successfully established local populations due to obviously unoccupied niches and plentiful native prey. The most devastating consequences of its introduction are known from Guam, where it led to decimation of vertebrate species including flying foxes, several small terrestrial mammals, and lizards as well as the extinction of eight of the 11 endemic bird species in the 1980s. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: © D ickinson C ollege Photo source: U.S. G eological Survey A Brown Treesnake (BTS) eating a white tern on northern Guam. BTS are capable of consuming very large prey items, and the snake successfully swallowed the tern. 56859 Author(s): Ms. Tan Poai Ean (PERHILITAN) & Mrs. Shuerni Mohamad Razi (DOA) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 45 Author(s): Ms. Tan Poai Ean (PERHILITAN) & Mrs. Shuerni Mohamad Razi (DOA) No. Disease Name Scientific Name / Pathogen Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 African horse sickness Orbivirus Present Not present Not present 2 African Swine Fever African Swine Fever Virus Not present Not present Not present 3 Anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Not present Not present Not present 4 Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Not present Not present Not present 5 Blastomycosis Blastomyces Not present Not present Not present 6 Botulism Clostridium botulinum Not present Not present Not present 7 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus Not present Not present Not present 8 Ebola Disease Filoviridae Not present Not present Not present 9 Equine coital exanthema Equine alphaherpesvirus type 3 Not present Not present Not present 10 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Picornavirus Present Not present Not present 11 Glanders Burkholderia mallei Not present Not present Not present 12 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Avian influenza viruses Not present Not present Not present 13 Mad Cow Disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Not present Not present Not present 14 Marburg disease Marburg marburg virus Not present Not present Not present 15 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Not present Not present Not present 16 Nairobi sheep disease Orthonairovirus Not present Not present Not present 17 Peste des petits ruminants Mobilivirus Not present Not present Not present 18 Rabies Lyssavirus Present Not present Present 19 Rickettsia Rickettsia spp. Not present Not present Not present 20 Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Not present Not present Not present 21 Scrapie Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) Not present Not present Not present 22 Transmissible gastroenteritis Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Not present Not present Not present 23 Tularaemia Francisella tularensis Not present Not present Not present 24 Venzuelan equine encephalomyelitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Not present Not present Not present 25 West Nile Fever Flavivirus Not present Not present Not present 26 Yersiniosis genus Yersinia Not present Not present Not present ANIMAL-BORNE DISEASES NAP IAS 2021-202546 Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Lesion on left cheek and periorbital edema. A skin lesion caused by anthrax. Cow infected with Anthrax. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is primarily a disease of high mortality rate among herbivorous animals, although all mammals, including humans, and some avian species can contract it. The disease has worldwide distribution and is a zoonosis. Transmission route is usually through ingestion or breathing in of spores, with presentation as cutaneous, gastro intestinal, pulmonary or severe meningitis. Bacillus anthracis is also one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack, as the spores are extremely resistant to natural conditions and can survive for several decades in the environment. Suspected cases of Anthrax in Malaysia were reported in 1948 and 1968, which were later confirmed as other Bacillus species. Malaysia has remained Anthrax free. Photo source: N Engl J M ed 2009; 361:178 Photo Source: Jam es H . Steele (C D C ) Photo source: N orth D akota D epartm ent of Agriculture Author(s): Dr. Roseliza Roslee (DVS), Dr. Mariani Hashim (DVS), Dr Asrol Sany Arshad (DVS) & Dr. Florence C.H. Lee (IMR) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 47 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Avian influenza viruses Hemorrhagic skin visible on the feet of a chicken with avian influenza. Hemorrhagic skin visible on the unfeathered head regions of a chicken with avian influenza. Asian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds, highly contagious among them and especially deadly for poultry. The virus was first detected in 1996 in geese in China. Asian H5N1 was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong and has since been detected in poultry and wild birds in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The first event of HPAI in Peninsular Malaysia was reported in a flock of free-range chickens in the village of Pasir Pekan, Kelantan on 19 August 2004. The subsequence HPAI event occurred in the states of Penang, Perak and Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur in 2006, whereas the third event occurred in the state of Selangor in 2007. The fourth event occurred in the state of Kelantan in 2017. On 4 August 2018, HPAI was confirmed in Sabah by the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI). The outbreak had spread to 7 villages in Tuaran district of Sabah state. The HPAI event in Sabah was the first case in East Malaysia and the authorities managed to control and eradicate the outbreaks within 43 days. The Delegate of Malaysia to the OIE declares that Malaysia is free from infection with HPAI viruses in poultry, as of 15 December 2018. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo source: D r. D avid E. Sw ayne (APH IS, USD A) Photo source: Bernam a Cloacal swab is taken from poultry for detection of HPAI. Photo source: D r. D avid E. Sw ayne (APH IS, USD A) Author(s): Dr. Roseliza Roslee (DVS), Dr. Mariani Hashim (DVS), Dr Asrol Sany Arshad (DVS) & Dr. Florence C.H. Lee (IMR) NAP IAS 2021-202548 No. Common Name Scientific Name Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Present Present Present 2 Amazon Redtail Catfish Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Present Present Not Present 3 Asian Redtail Catfish Hemibagrus wyckioides Present Present Not Present 4 Black Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis niloticus Present Present Present 5 Earth-eater Geophagus surinamensis Present Not Present Not Present 6 Midas Cichlid Ampilophus citrinellus Present Not Present Present 7 Peacock Bass Cichla spp. Present Not Present Not Present 8 Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Present Present Not Present 9 Australian Red Claw Crayfish / Freshwater Lobster Cherax quadricarinatus Present Present Present 10 Zebra Tilapia Heterotilapia buttikoferi Present Not Present Not Present FISHERIES AND MARINE FISHERIES Peacock Bass (Cichla spp.) Source: FRI G lam i Lem i, D O F Asian Redtail Catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides) Earth-eater (Geophagus surinamensis) Source: FRI G lam i Lem i, D O F Source: D O F NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 49 Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. The Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is native to the coastal plain of the Gulf from the Florida panhandle to Mexico, widely introduced all over the world, due to its importance in aquaculture and aquarium trade. It is reported to be the world’s most successfully translocated freshwater species. The species has remarkable ability to successfully colonise a wide range of habitats, due to its extraordinary ecological plasticity; resistant gene pool to changes in population; biological and life cycle adaptation to environmental changes; good tolerance to a wide range of salinity, oxygen and temperature; fast growth rate and flexible feeding strategy. The burrowing behaviour cause damage to rice fields, and river banks erosion will increase turbidity, may induce cyanobacterial bloom. P. clarkii is also the carrier for many pathogens, parasites and diseases that may affect human. Once established, this species may quickly cause serious ecological, economic damage and also may affect human health. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Photo Source: FRI G lam i Lem i Author(s): Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin (DOF), Dr. Kua Beng Chu (DOF) & Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid (USM) NAP IAS 2021-202550 Australian Red Claw Crayfish / Freshwater Lobster Cherax quadricarinatus The Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus is a freshwater crustacean native to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is physically robust, tolerant of a broad range of environmental conditions, simple reproductive cycles, quick growth rates combined with large size and edibility, making it the ideal candidate for aquaculture and aquarium industries. These characteristics, together with diverse feeding conditions and ecosystems, have made them an effective invasive species, thus developed feral communities in many parts of the world, likely through escapees. Red Claw can affect aquatic environments through changes in natural habitats, direct predation, competition with native species, and the introduction of diseases. Like other crayfishes, C. quadricarinatus served as the intermediate host to several pathogens that can infect humans; the digenean lung flukes, Paragonimus species, rickettsia-like parasites, and enteric bacteria Vibrio cholera, V. mimmicus, enterococcids and Escherichia coli. A new bacterium Coxiella cheraxi is confirmed to be a close relative to C. burnetti, an agent to the Q-fever disease. Cultured Red Claw is also prone to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Yellow Head Virus (YHV) that can be transmitted to native shrimp species. Another new crustacean virus, the Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1), has also been detected in farmed red claw crayfish, posing a new threat to the shrimp farming industry. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details The Red claw crayfish from Machap Reservoir, Kluang, Johor. The potential invasion and established population of Red Claw in Perai River, Penang. Photo Source: FRI G lam i Lem i, D epartm ent of Fisheries M alaysia Photo Source: FRI G lam i Lem i, D epartm ent of Fisheries M alaysia 55920 Author(s): Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin (DOF), Dr. Kua Beng Chu (DOF) & Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid (USM) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 51 No. Disease Name Scientific Name / Pathogen Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease Vibrio parahemolyticus (V p AHPND) Present Present Present 2 Edwardsieliosis Edwardsiella tarda Present Not present Not present 3 Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Present Present Present 4 Infection with Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) Megalocytivirus Present Not present Not present 5 Infection with Perkinsus olseni Perkinsus olseni Not Present (unconfirmed) Not Present (unconfirmed) Not present 6 Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIV) Red sea bream iridovirus Not present Present Not present 7 Taura syndrome Taura syndrome virus Not present Not present Not present 8 Viral covert mortality disease (VCMD) of shrimps Covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) Not present Not present Not present 9 Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) Betanodavirus Present Present Not present 10 White tail disease Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) Present Not present Not present 11 Yellow head virus genotype 1 disease (YHV1) Yellow head virus genotype 1 Not present Not present Not present FISHERY DISEASES NAP IAS 2021-202552 Yellow head virus genotype 1 disease (YHV1) Yellow head virus genotype 1 disease Yellow head virus genotype 1 (YHV1) is one of the genotypes in the YHV and known as a viral infection of marine shrimps. Moribund shrimp exhibit a soft and yellowish cephalothorax in comparison to the brown hepatopancreas of a healthy shrimp. The YHV1 targets tissues are lymphoid organ, haemocytes, haematopoietic tissue, gill lamellae, spongy connective tissue of the subcutis, gut, antennal gland, gonads, nerve tracts and ganglia. Mortality could occur within a few days of the first appearance of shrimp showing gross signs of congregation at the edges of the pond and yellowish discoloration at hepatopancreas. YHV1 is highly fatal, contagious and can trigger up to 100% mortality in juvenile to sub-adult shrimp. YHV1 is on the list of diseases notified to the World Organization for Animal Health. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) Red sea bream iridovirus Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Red sea bream iridovirus is a Megalocytivirus virus and has caused Red Sea Bream Iridoviral Disease (RSIVD). RSIVD is a leading cause of mortality in farmed red sea bream (Pagrus major) and more than 30 other marine fish species, primarily belonging to Perciformes and Pleuronectiformes orders. Globally, the RSIVD had caused significant mortality in high value cultured marine fish such as grouper, perch, sea bream, and sea bass. Juvenile to adult fish are susceptible to the disease, and often the susceptibility of juveniles usually is higher than adults. The RSIV infected fish appear to exhibit changes in skin colour and have severe anaemic, petechiae of the gills, and enlargement of the spleen. RSIVD is on the list of diseases notified to the World Organization for Animal Health. Photo source: D V Lightner Yellow head disease in giant black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon); note yellowheads of infected prawns on the left. Prawns on the right are normal Photo source: via https://w w w .fis.com / RSIVD infected fish with severe anaemic of the gills Author(s): Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin (DOF), Dr. Kua Beng Chu (DOF) & Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid (USM) Author(s): Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin (DOF), Dr. Kua Beng Chu (DOF) & Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid (USM) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 53 No. Common Name Scientific Name Distribution Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 1 Black striped mussel Mytilopsis sallei Present Not present Not present 2 Bushy bryozoan Amathia distans Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) 3 Charru mussel Mytella strigata formerly known as Mytella charruana Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) 4 Dinoflagelates (Harmful Algal Bloom, HAB) Alexandrium minutum Present Not present Not present Alexandrium tamarense Present Not present Not present Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Present Not present Present Cochlodinium polykrikoides Present Present Present Gymnodinium catenatum Present Present Present Karlodinium australe Present Not present Not present Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum Present Present Not present 5 Elkhorn sea moss Kappaphycus alvarezi Present Present Not present 6 Freshwater hydroids Cordylophora caspia Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) 7 Hair algae Bryopsis pennata Present Not present Not present 8 Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Present Present Present 9 Sea anemone Diadumene lineata Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) Present (unconfirmed) 10 Snowflake coral Carijoa rissei Present Not present Not present MARINE NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-202554 Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech 1995 Alexandrium minutum Halim 1960 Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech 1994 Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Böhm) Steidinger, Tester & F.J.R.Taylor Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef 1961 Gymnodinium catenatum H.W.Graham 1943 Karlodinium australe Salas, Bolch & Hallegraeff 2005 Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Penang algae bloomed in June 2007. This photo was taken on the northeast of Pulau Jerejak, Penang. Photo source : Azm an Abdul Rahim (UKM ) Dinoflagellate is a group of phytoplankton comprising unicellular algae with a distinctive morphological flagella feature. Dinoflagellates are highly survival organisms due to its asexual reproduction as well as its ability to germinate dormant cysts that could withstand extreme conditions including translocation via shipping ballast water exchange. Many species can form algal blooms across many coastal regions around the world. Some members of dinoflagellates are toxic therefore their blooms are known as harmful algal blooms (HAB) much able to intoxicate marine animals that feed on them as well as humans via tertiary consumption. Episodes of HAB in Malaysia are a fairly regular occurrence involving the six species in the IAS list which resulted in loss of human life as well as significant loss in aquaculture revenue. Author(s): Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abdul Rahim (UKM) & Dr. Shahriman Mohd Ghazali (UKM) NAP IAS 2021-2025 55NAP IAS 2021-2025NAP IAS 2021-2025 Photo source: M ohd Fahm y Yusof (UKM ) Photo source: M ohd Fahm y Yusof (UKM ) Snowflake Coral Carijoa riisei Suspected Carijoa riisei detected from the waters of Kuantan, Pahang. The snowflake coral (Carijoa riisei) originated from the tropical western Atlantic ocean but has invaded tropical coral reefs all around the world via ballast water exchanges. This species is considered hardy and can survive in less than ideal waters and thrives really well in coral reef ecosystems. Its ability to rapidly reproduce and colonise marine substrates outpaces the growth and smothers slow growing hard coral species leading to lower biodiversity and productivity of coral reef habitats. The snowflake coral has been detected at waters of Pulau Payar Marine Park in Kedah and also suspected to be present at the east coast of Pahang. Snowflake coral invasion is a major ecological concern which not only reduces coral reef asthethics but also the respective tourism industry. Action had been taken to eradicate C. riisei by organizing ‘Snowflake Clean-up Program’ involving multiple government agencies and stakeholders. Impact on: Environment Economy Human Health Refer glossary for details Continuous reef health monitoring have the potential to address the complex interactions between reefs and possible key threats such as the favouring algae and faster-growing invertebrates over hard corals. 66532 Author(s): Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abdul Rahim (UKM) & Dr. Shahriman Mohd Ghazali (UKM) NAP IAS 2021-202556 THE WAY FORWARD Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has recognised that there is an urgent need to minimise the spread and impact of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). As stated in Article 8(h) of the Convention: ‘Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate, prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species’. Malaysia became a Party to the CBD on 22 September 1994 by ratification and by doing so, this country is obligated to implement COP decisions to the best of its ability. The Malaysian government has taken immediate action to address IAS that was reiterated under Target 9 of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets associated with the CBD’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Target 9 reads: ‘By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritised, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment’. Decision VI/23 under the CBD reaffirmed the importance of this National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species (NAP IAS) as a means of developing a comprehensive approach to fulfill the obligations under Article 8(h). By using Decision VI/23 as a guideline and other countries’ action plan as references, the National IAS Committee had defined the necessary goals and processes in establishing the NAP IAS. NAP IAS provides a comprehensive approach to minimise the spread and impact of IAS. In order to be effective, each goal in the National Action Plan has been developed in a manner that is relevant and achievable within the target period. Some of the issues that had been overlooked before had been addressed including the update and harmonisation of the IAS’s list with the input from participants representing various government agencies and research institutions during the brainstorming and preparation of the NAP IAS. Relevant parties will now plan their upcoming IAS management activities according to the NAP IAS 2021-2025, including enforcement, detection, prevention, monitoring, eradication, containment and effective control of any potential and established IAS in the country. Effective development of NAP IAS necessitates the identification and building of cooperative programmes of work among government agencies, as well as the creation of constructive dialogue between the government and relevant stakeholders. Bringing key people to the table and facilitating discussions on IAS will raise awareness of the issue; its potential impacts to agriculture sectors affecting crop production, livestock, fisheries and ultimately human health as well as biodiversity; and the required resources and funding. In order to prevent the introduction and be able to manage IAS efficiently, sufficient understanding of the biology and interaction between alien species with the local ecosystem is important. Currently, study related to IAS is not considered as a priority and usually not allocated with sufficient funding. Increased awareness of the challenges posed by IAS could result in far greater attention being given to the issue in policy and budget allocation. Networking among IAS experts in the country will be improved and research on IAS will be allocated with adequate funding. The survey by FRIM in 2018 revealed that 87.6% out of 3,260 respondents interviewed have a low understanding of IAS. The survey also found that 35% of respondents have never heard of the term IAS. In order to improve public understanding of IAS: Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) action plan on biodiversity 2020-2025 has been developed to fulfill Indicator 11.1 in National Policy on Biological Diversity (NPBD): ‘By 2025 public awareness on IAS will double compared to 2016’. NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 57 Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) Database of biodiversity and IAS should frequently be updated and made readily accessible to the public. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) is a one-stop repository and national biodiversity database, which provides and facilitates access to information on biodiversity studies and management in Malaysia. Created in accordance with Article 18(3), it has evolved into a global network of websites with the CBD website (www.cbd.int) as its central node, and MyBIS as national nodes of the network. Our Mission 1. To collate information related to Malaysia's biodiversity from a variety of sources. 2. To provide easy access to and make available for public circulation, provided by various stakeholders. 3. To create public awareness on biodiversity and environmental issues. 4. To provide updated statistical and analysis on biodiversity data. The database can be accessed via www.mybis.gov.my through desktop, tablet or mobile. With these interfaces, users can easily search for information about Malaysian biodiversity. MyBIS User Guide 1. QR CODE By scanning MyBIS QR Code, users are enabled to find more information related to the species of interest via MyBIS website. The QR code reader apps can be downloaded from Google Play Store (for Android users) or Apple App Store (for iOS or iPhone users). 2. SPECIES SERIAL NUMBER (SSN) Each species in MyBIS has its own unique identifying number. This species serial number enables users to search for a particular species quickly in MyBIS website without scanning the QR code. • To search on Web: Go to the internet browser i.e. Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, etc. and insert the following URL: www.mybis.gov.my/sp/xxxxx (replace xxxxx with the SSN) • Using Telegram apps: 1. Open Telegram app 2. Search contact ‘mybisgovmy’ 3. Start search using SSN NAP IAS 2021-202558 CONTRIBUTORS MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRIES Mrs. Yusliza Jamalut MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Dr. Khairul Naim Adham Mr. Nor Azmi Ahmad Mr. Quek Yew Aun Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin MINISTRY OF HEALTH Dr. Vickneshwaran Muthu DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES MALAYSIA Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin Dr. Kua Beng Chu Mr. Mohd Ghazali A. Manap Mr. Kamarul Anwar Mohamed Zabri Mr. Albert Apollo Chan Mr. Mohd Mukriz Mohd Kasim Mr. Muhamad Sufiyan Salmi Mr. Ramley Abu Bakar Mrs. Azizul Fariha Ghazali Mrs. Khazlita Adzim Abdol Aziz Ms. Masazurah A. Rahim YM Raja Yana Meleessa Raja Haroon Arashid Mr. Azaharie Anuar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Committee on Invasive Alien Species sincerely appreciates strong commitment and support by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry and Director General of Department of Agriculture Malaysia. We would like to place on record our special appreciation to the Secretary of the IAS Committee and Director of Plant Biosecurity Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia in preparing and completing the Book of National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia 2021-2025. We also would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all agencies, departments, universities, and institutions as well as individuals who have contributed directly or indirectly to the successful completion of this book. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MALAYSIA Datin Jatil Aliah Timin Mr. Arizal Arshad ◊ Mrs. Sabariah Kamis ◊ Ms. Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin ◊ Mrs. Azean Ahmad Mrs. Nur Azarina Abu Bakar Mr. Azizi Hashim Mr. Christopher John Biai Ms. Wan Nur Aimi Shabuddin ◊ Mrs. Nurhazarull Nadia Baset ◊ Mrs. Mona Lizah Dolah Mrs. Lucyana Anak Dominic Ritay Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli ◊ Mr. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim ◊ Mrs. Shuerni Mohd Razi ◊ Ms. Maliza Hazin @ Ab. Rahman ◊ Mr. Mohd Irwan Zahrul Mohd Yusoff Mrs. ‘Izzah Syazana Za’bi ◊ Ms. Norhayati Madiha ◊ Mrs. Azian Harun Mrs. Siti Nurkhairun Nisa Yusman Mrs. Canthi Mathi S. Rajoo ◊ Mrs. Faridah Md Nor ◊ Mr. Mohd Nazri Joha ◊ ◊ Secretariat of the National Committee on IAS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 59 DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES Dr. Asrol Sany Arshad Dr. Maria Jamli Dr. Mariani Hashim Dr. Rohaiza Yahaya Dr. Roseliza Roslee Dr. Rozanah Asmah Abdul Samad Dr. Sabariah Ismail MALAYSIAN QUARANTINE & INSPECTION SERVICES (MAQIS) Mr. Abdul Muhyi Mohamad Hatta Mr. Mohd Noor Hashim Mr. Syed Fuad Syed Putra DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SARAWAK Mr. Wee Poh Leong Mr. Yazid Bostamam Mrs. Asmah Salowi DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SABAH Mr. Salahaudin Maili Mohd Rasli Mr. Teo Su Sin SABAH BIODIVERSITY CENTRE Mrs. Alessandra Markos DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES SABAH Dr. Connie Joyce Tann SABAH WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT Mr. Peter Malim MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE Dr. Rosliza Jajuli Dr. Rozeita Laboh Dr. Razean Haireen Mohd Razali Mrs. Siti Noor Aishikin Abdul Hamid DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT Mr. Suresh Sundramurthy MARINE DEPARTMENT MALAYSIA Dr. Julyus Melvin Mobilik Dr. Yasmin Mohd Hasni Mr. Mohamad Amir Fikri Yahya DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND NATIONAL PARK PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Mr. Faizal I’zham Pikri Mr. Mohd Suhaimi Sulaiman Mr. Muhamad Bokhari Fadzin Mrs. Rahmah Ilias Ms. Tan Poai Ean FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Mr. Helmy Tariq Othman Mr. Mohd Reydzuan Yong FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA Dr. Mohd Farid Ahmad Mrs. Patahayah Mansor Ms. Ong Su Ping INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH Dr. Florence Lee Chi Hiong Dr. Mariana Hj Ahamad MARITIME INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA Ms. Cheryl Rita Kaur Ms. Nurul Ashikin Zakaria MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD Dr. Maizatul Suriza Mohamed Dr. Mohd Hefni Rusli MALAYSIAN RUBBER BOARD Dr. Adam Malik Ahmad Zambri Dr. Murnita Mohmad Mahyudin MALAYSIAN COCOA BOARD Mr. Navies Maisin Ms. Saripah Bakar CONTRIBUTORS NAP IAS 2021-202560 UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairulmazmi Ahmad Dr. Mohd Zafri Hassan UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Dr. Farah Alia Nordin Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU Prof. Dr. Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nadirah Musa Dr. Lokman Nor Hakim Norazmi UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Hana Hussain Dr. Shamsiah Abdullah UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abd Rahim Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salmah Yaakop Dr. Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsuddin Dr. Shahriman Mohd Gazali UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN Dr. Norhafizah Md Zain Mr. Mohd Mahmud @ Mansor CONTRIBUTORS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 61 AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service BPB Bacterial Panicle Blight BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BWMC Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments CAAM Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia CABI Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International CBD Convention of Biological Diversity CCCVd Coconut Cadang-Cadang Viroid CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEPA Communication, Education and Public Awareness CHM Clearing House Mechanism CIQ Customs, Immigration And Quarantine CIQS Customs, Immigration, Quarantine and Security CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMNV Covert mortality nodavirus COP Conference of the Parties CPB Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety CPM The Commission on Phytosanitary Measures CSSV Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage DIV1 Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 DOA Department of Agriculture DOA Sabah Department of Agriculture Sabah DOA Sarawak Department of Agriculture Sarawak DoE Department of Environment DOF Department of Fisheries DOF Sabah Department of Fisheries Sabah DVS Department of Veterinary Services DVS Sabah Department of Veterinary Services Sabah DVS Sarawak Department of Veterinary Services Sarawak DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Park Peninsular Malaysia EEE Eastern equine encephalomyelitis ENSO El-Nino Southern Oscillation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDPM Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia FDS Forest Department Sarawak FELDA Federal Land Development Authority FFB Fresh Fruit Bunches FIC Further Inspection Centre FMD Foot and Mouth Disease FRI Fisheries Research Institute FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia GISD Global Invasive Species Database HAB Harmful Algal Bloom HPAI Asian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza HPM Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis IAS Invasive Alien Species ICPM Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS NAP IAS 2021-202562 ICQS Immigration, Customs, Quarantine and Security IMO International Maritime Organization IMR Institute for Medical Research IOD Indian Ocean Dipole IoT Internet of Thing IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services IPPC International Plant Protection Convention ISKNV Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KASA Ministry of Environment and Water KePKAS Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment, Sabah KeTSA Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources KKIA Kota Kinabalu International Airport KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLIA2 Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 KOPEL Bhd. Koperasi Pelancongan Mukim Batu Puteh, Kinabatangan Berhad MAFI Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries MAFI Sabah Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry Sabah MANRED Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture, Native Land and Regional Development Sarawak MAQIS Malaysian Quarantine & Inspection Services MARDEP Marine Department MARDI Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute MCB Malaysian Cocoa Board MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MFDA Malaysian Fisheries Development Authority MIMA Maritime Institute of Malaysia MJO Madden Julian Oscillation MMEA Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency MOA Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs MOHE Ministry of Higher Education MOSTI Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation MOT Ministry of Transport MPIB Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board MPIC Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MRB Malaysian Rubber Board MrNV Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus MyBIS Malaysia Biodiversity Information System NAP National Action Plan NBCT North Butterworth Container Terminal NPBD National Policy on Biological Diversity NSWMD National Solid Waste Management Department ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 63 NWG National Working Group OIE World Organisation for Animal Health POIC Palm Oil Industrial Cluster RMCD Royal Malaysian Customs Department RSIVD Red Sea Bream Iridoviral Disease SALB South American Leaf Blight SAQ Sabah Agricultural Quarantine SCMV Sugarcane Mosaic Virus SFD Sabah Forestry Department SFI Sabah Forest Industries Sdn. Bhd. SOP Standard Operating Procedure SWD Sabah Wildlife Department TSEs Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies UiTM Universiti Teknologi MARA UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UM Universiti Malaya UMK Universiti Malaysia Kelantan UMS Universiti Malaysia Sabah UMT Universiti Malaysia Terengganu UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia USDA United States Department of Agriculture USM Universiti Sains Malaysia VCMD Viral covert mortality disease VNN Viral nervous necrosis WAHIS World Animal Health Information System WEE Western equine encephalomyelitis WHC World Heritage Convention WHO World Health Organization WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus WTO World Trade Organization YHV Yellow Head Virus YHV1 Yellowhead virus genotype 1 ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS NAP IAS 2021-202564 Term Definition Agroecosystems Natural ecosystems that have been modified for the production of food or fiber. Aichi Biodiversity Targets A set of 20 global targets under the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 which are grouped under 5 strategic goals. Algal Blooms Rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Alien species A species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. Allelopathy Direct or indirect interaction, whereby allelochemicals released by one organism influence the physiological processes of other neighbouring organism. Arboreal Live in or around tree. Ballast Water Fresh or saltwater held in the ballast tanks and cargo holds of ships. It is used to provide stability and manoeuvrability during a voyage when ships are not carrying cargo, not carrying heavy enough cargo, or when more stability is required due to rough seas. Bilateral Agreements Agreement between two countries in which each side agrees to fulfil their commitment which can range from legal obligations to non-binding agreements of principle. Multilateral Agreements Agreement between three or more countries in which each side agrees to fulfil their commitment which can range from legal obligations to non-binding agreements of principle. Biocontrol Pest control strategy making use of living natural enemies, antagonists or competitors and other self replicating biotic entities. Biological control Refer ‘Biocontrol’. Clearing House Mechanism Information exchange platform of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Conference of the Parties Governing body of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and advances implementation of the Convention through the decisions it takes at its periodic meetings. Containment Application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent spread of a pest. Convention on Biological Diversity Signed by 150 government leaders at the Rio Earth Summit, this convention is dedicated to promoting sustainable development through 3 main objectives, i- The conservation of biological diversity; ii- The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity; and, iii- The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Ecological Plasticity The ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment. The response may involve a change in morphology, physiological state, or behaviour, or some combination of these. Ecosystem A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. El-Nino Southern Oscillation Recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Endemic Disease that occurs in a certain place or group of people. Entry Points A passage for international entry or exit of travellers, baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods and postal parcels. Eradication Application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area. Establishment The process of an alien species in a new habitat successfully producing viable offspring with the likelihood of continued survival. Exotic Species An organism that exists in the free state in an area but is not native to that area. Also refers to animals from outside the country in which they are held in captive or free-ranging populations. GLOSSARY OF TERMS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 65 Term Definition Feral Exotic animals which have established themselves in the wild. Food Security All people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Gross Domestic Product The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year. Hard Coral Species Species of coral which create skeletons out of calcium carbonate (also known as limestone), a hard substance that eventually becomes rock. High Risk Countries Countries in African continent which are endemic to Bud Rot Disease of Oil Palm. Host Specific Capable of living solely on or in one species of host. Indian Ocean Dipole Sustained changes in the difference between sea surface temperatures of the tropical western and eastern Indian Ocean. Internet of Thing Network of physical objects -“things”- that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. Introduction The movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past and present). This movement can be either within a country or between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction. Invasive Alien Species An alien species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity. Madden Julian Oscillation Eastward moving disturbance of clouds, rainfall, winds, and pressure that traverses the planet in the tropics and returns to its initial starting point in 30 to 60 days, on average. Marine Substrates Earthy material that exists in the bottom of a marine habitat, like dirt, rocks, sand, or gravel. Native Species Plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that occur naturally in a given area or region. Non-Native Species A species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution. Noxious Plants Any plant designated by government as injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife or property. Pathogenic Capable of causing disease. Pathogens Organism that causes disease. Pathways Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest. Propagules A vegetative structure that can become detached from a plant and give rise to a new plant. Quarantine Official confinement of regulated articles for observation and research or for further inspection, testing or treatment. Quarantine Pest A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. Risk The likelihood and magnitude of an event. Risk Assessment The assessment of the consequences of the introduction and of the likelihood of establishment of an alien species using science-based information. SALB Countries Countries endemic to South American Leaf Blight disease (SALB) caused by Pseudocercospora ulei fungus on hevea. Stakeholders Individual, group, or party that has an interest in an organization and the outcomes of its actions. Subject Matter Expert Professionals who have specialized knowledge in a pertinent field that to the extent it makes them uniquely qualified to provide guidance and strategy regarding the specialization. GLOSSARY OF TERMS NAP IAS 2021-202566 Term Definition Turbidity Optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity. Vector Any living or non-living carrier that transports living organisms intentionally or unintentionally. Webinar An event held virtually which is attended exclusively by an online audience. Zoonosis Infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals). IMPACT SCORING 0 (none/negligible) 1 (low) 2 (moderate) 3 (high) Environment Economy Human Health GLOSSARY OF TERMS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 67 LAWS Acts: i. Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act 2017 ii. Animal Act 1953 (Revised 2006) iii. Animal Feed Act 2009 iv. Biosafety Act 2007 v. Custom Act 1967 vi. Destruction of Disease-bearing Insects Acts 1975 (Amendment 2002) vii. Environmental Quality Act 1974 viii. Fisheries Act 1985 ix. Food Act 1983 x. Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act 1953 xi. International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008 xii. Irrigation Areas Act 1953 (Revised 1989) xiii. Malaysia Quarantine And Inspection Services Act 2011 xiv. Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Act 2004 xv. National Parks Act 1980 xvi. National Forestry Act 1984 xvii. Pesticides Act 1974 xviii. Plant Quarantine Act 1976 xix. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 xx. Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 Ordinances: i. Animal Ordinance 1953 ii. Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 (Amendment 2007) iii. Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 Subsidiary Laws: i. Animal Importation Order 1962 ii. Animal Rules 1962 iii. Federal Animal Quarantine Station (Management and Maintenance) by-laws 1984 iv. Fisheries (Fish Disease Control Compliance for Exports and Import) Regulations 2012 v. Fisheries (Maritime) Regulations 1967 vi. Fisheries (Prohibition of Import, etc., of Fish) Regulation 1990 (Amendment 2011) vii. Plant Quarantine Regulations 1981 viii. Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Fees and Charges) 2013 ix. Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Issuance of Permit, License and Certification) 2013 x. Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Quarantine and Inspection) 2013 xi. Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Quarantine Procedures) 2013 xii. Regulation of Quarantine and Inspection Services Malaysia (Registration of Importer, Exporter and Agent) 2013 xiii. Regulations Fisheries (Marine Culture System) 1990 xiv. The Fisheries Regulations (Control Of The Endangered Fish Species) 1999 (Amendment 2008, Amendment 2019) APPENDIX I : RELEVANT LAWS, AGREEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS NAP IAS 2021-202568 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS i. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) ii. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) iii. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) iv. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) v. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) vi. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) vii. Kyoto Protocol viii. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ix. World Heritage Convention (WHC) x. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) xi. International Marine Organization (IMO) xii. International Union for Convention of Nature (IUCN) xiii. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) xiv. World Trade Organization (WTO) NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 69 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries (MAFI)* ♦ Policy and Strategic Planning Division ♦ Legal Division Crop, Livestock & Fishery Industries Division Agricultural Skills Training Division (BLKP) ♦ Department of Agriculture (DOA) ♦ Department of Fisheries (DOF) ♦ Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) ♦ Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI) ♦ Malaysian Quarantine & Inspection Services (MAQIS) ♦ Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board (MPIB) Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (KeTSA) ♦ Biodiversity Management Division Forestry Management Division ♦ Department of Wildlife and National Park Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP) ♦ Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM) ♦ Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Ministry of Health (MOH) ♦ Disease Control Division State Health Departments ♦ Institute for Medical Research (IMR) Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) Ministry of Environment and Water (KASA) ♦ Department of Environment (DOE) Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Department of Biosafety Ministry of Finance (MOF) ♦ Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD) Ministry of Transport (MOT) ♦ Marine Department Malaysia (MARDEP) ♦ Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA) Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) ♦ Universiti Malaya (UM) ♦ Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) ♦ Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) ♦ Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) ♦ Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) ♦ Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) ♦ Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities (MPIC) ♦ Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) ♦ Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB) ♦ Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI Sabah) Department of Veterinary Services (DVS Sabah) Department of Fisheries Sabah (DOF Sabah) ♦ Department of Agriculture Sabah (DOA Sabah) Chief Minister’s Department of Sabah Sabah Forestry Department (SFD) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment, Sabah (KePKAS) Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) Ministry of Modernisation Of Agriculture, Native Land And Regional Development Sarawak (MANRED) ♦ Department of Agriculture Sarawak (DOA Sarawak) Department of Veterinary Services Sarawak (DVS Sarawak) Ministry of Urban Development & Natural Resources Forest Department Sarawak (FDS) Natural Resources and Environment Board Sarawak Sarawak Forestry Corporation Note: ♦ Members of the National Committee on IAS * Formerly known as Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry (MOA) APPENDIX II : ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTION OF NAP IAS NAP IAS 2021-202570 No. Name Agency 1. Dr. Vickneshwaran Muthu MOH 2. Datin Jatil Aliah Timin DOA 3. Ms. Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin DOA 4. Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli DOA 5. Mr. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim DOA 6. Mrs. Shuerni Mohd Razi DOA 7. Ms. Norhayati Madiha DOA 8. Mrs. Faridah Md Nor DOA 9. Mr. Misman Marisino DOA 10. Mr. Mohd Ghazali A. Manap DOF 11. Mr. Mohd Mukriz Mohd Kasim DOF 12. Mr. Muhamad Sufiyan Salmi DOF 13. Mr. Ramley Abu Bakar DOF 14. Dr. Sabariah Ismail DVS 15. Dr. Mariani Hashim DVS 16. Dr. Rozanah Asmah Abdul Samad DVS 17. Mrs. Asmah Salowi DOA SARAWAK 18. Mr. Yazid Bostamam DOA SARAWAK 19. Mr. Teo Su Sin DOA SABAH 20. Mr. Helmy Tariq Othman FDPM Four workshops were held between 2017 and 2020 in order to develop the list of IAS of concern and prepare the five years plan (2021-2025) for IAS management in Malaysia. These series of workshops were attended by experts from various government agencies and research institutions involved in management and research of IAS. The National Committee on IAS would like to thank all of them for their efforts and contributions in preparing this document. List of the workshops and its participants are as follows; 1. WORKSHOP ON ESTABLISHMENT OF ‘TOP IAS IN MALAYSIA’ 2017 - 2018, 8th – 11th OCTOBER 2017, NEGERI SEMBILAN. No. Name Agency 21. Mr. Muhamad Bokhari Fadzin DWNP 22. Mrs. Rahmah Ilias DWNP 23. Dr. Yasmin Mohd Hasni MARDEP 24. Dr. Rosliza Jajuli MARDI 25. Dr. Razean Haireen Mohd Razali MARDI 26. Dr. Mohd Farid Ahmad FRIM 27. Mrs. Patahayah Mansor FRIM 28. Ms. Ong Su Ping FRIM 29. Prof. Dr. Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong UMT 30. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nadirah Musa UMT 31. Dr. Lokman Nor Hakim Norazmi UMT 32. Dr. Mohd Zafri Hassan UPM 33. Mr. Mohd Mahmud @ Mansor UMK 34. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abd Rahim UKM 35. Dr. Shahriman Mohd Ghazali UKM 36. Dr. Mariana Hj. Ahmad IMR 37. Mr. Navies Maisin LKM 38. Dr. Maizatul Suriza Mohamed MPOB 39. Dr. Adam Malik Ahmad Zambri MRB 40. Mr. Mohd Khairol Izam Azman MPIB APPENDIX III : LIST OF WORKSHOPS PARTICIPANTS NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 71 No. Name Agency 1. Dr. Vickneshwaran Muthu MOH 2. Datin Jatil Aliah Timin DOA 3. Mrs. Sabariah Kamis DOA 4. Mr. Chong Seng Kiet DOA 5. Mrs. Juliana Megat DOA 6. Ms. Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin DOA 7. Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli DOA 8. Mr. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim DOA 9. Ms. Maliza Hazin @ Ab. Rahman DOA 10. Mrs. ‘Izzah Syazana Za’bi DOA 11. Mrs. Shuerni Mohd Razi DOA 12. Ms. Norhayati Madiha DOA 13. Ms. Farah Nadiah Nor Hassan DOA 14. Mr. Muhammad Nur Hakiki Miskam DOA 15. Mr. Misman Marisino DOA 16. Mr. Mohd Ghazali A. Manap DOF 17. Mr. Azaharie Anuar DOF 18. Mr. Kamarul Anwar Mohamed Zabri DOF 19. Dr. Kua Beng Chu DOF 20. Mr. Muhamad Sufiyan Salmi DOF 21. Ms. Masazurah A. Rahim DOF 22. Dr. Rohaiza Yahaya DVS No. Name Agency 23. Mrs. Roseliza Roslee DVS 24. Mr. Yazid Bostamam DOA SARAWAK 25. Mr. Teo Su Sin DOA SABAH 26. Mr. Helmy Tariq Othman FDPM 27. Mr. Muhamad Bokhari Fadzin DWNP 28. Ms. Tan Poai Ean DWNP 29. Dr. Rozeita Laboh MARDI 30. Mrs. Siti Noor Aishikin Abdul Hamid MARDI 31. Dr. Mohd Farid Ahmad FRIM 32. Mrs. Patahayah Mansor FRIM 33. Prof. Dr. Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong UMT 34. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nadirah Musa UMT 35. Dr. Mohd Zafri Hassan UPM 36. Mr. Mohd Mahmud @ Mansor UMK 37. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abd Rahim UKM 38. Dr. Shahriman Mohd Gazali UKM 39. Dr. Mariana Hj Ahamad IMR 40. Ms. Saripah Bakar LKM 41. Mrs. Maizatul Suriza Mohamed MPOB 42. Dr. Adam Malik Ahmad Zambri MRB 43. Dr. Murnita Mohmad Mahyudin MRB 44. Mr. Mohd Ikram A. Hamid MPIB 45. Mr. Abdul Razak Muhiddin MPIB 2. WORKSHOP ON FINALIZING MALAYSIA INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES LIST, 1st - 4th JULY 2019, PENANG. NAP IAS 2021-202572 No. Name Agency 1. Mr. Nor Azmi Ahmad KeTSA 2. Dr. Vickneshwaran Muthu MOH 3. Datin Jatil Aliah Timin DOA 4. Mr. Azizi Hashim DOA 5. Mrs. Sabariah Kamis DOA 6. Mr. Mohd Irwan Zahrul Mohd Yusoff DOA 7. Mrs. Azian Harun DOA 8. Ms. Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin DOA 9. Mrs. Mona Lizah Dolah DOA 10. Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli DOA 11. Mr. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim DOA 12. Ms. Maliza Hazin @ Ab. Rahman DOA 13. Mrs. Shuerni Mohd Razi DOA 14. Ms. Norhayati Madiha DOA 15. Mrs. Siti Nurkhairun Nisa Yusman DOA 16. Mrs. Faridah Md Nor DOA 17. Ms. Farah Nadiah Nor Hassan DOA 18. Mr. Misman Marisino DOA 19. Mr. Mohd Ghazali A. Manap DOF 20. Mr. Albert Apollo Chan DOF 21. Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin DOF 22. Dr. Maria Jamli DVS 23. Mr. Wee Poh Leong DOA SARAWAK 24. Mr. Salahaudin Maili Mohd Rasli DOA SABAH No. Name Agency 25. Mr. Abdul Muhyi Mohamad Hatta MAQIS 26. Mr. Suresh Sundramurthy DOE 27. Mr. Faizal I’zham Pikri DWNP 28. Ms. Tan Poai Ean DWNP 29. Dr. Julyus Melvin Mobilik MARDEP 30. Dr. Rozeita Laboh MARDI 31. Mrs. Siti Noor Aishikin Abdul Hamid MARDI 32. Dr. Mohd Farid Ahmad FRIM 33. Ms. Ong Su Ping FRIM 34. Prof. Dr. Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong UMT 35. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairulmazmi Ahmad UPM 36. Dr. Mohd Zafri Hassan UPM 37. Dr. Norhafizah Md Zain UMK 38. Mr. Helmy Tariq Othman FDPM 39. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salmah Yaakop UKM 40. Dr. Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsuddin UKM 41. Dr. Shamsiah Abdullah UiTM 42. Dr. Farah Alia Nordin USM 43. Dr. Florence Lee Chi Hiong IMR 44. Dr. Maizatul Suriza Mohamed MPOB 45. Dr. Adam Malik Ahmad Zambri MRB 46. Dr. Murnita Mohmad Mahyudin MRB 47. Ms. Nurul Asyikin Zakaria MIMA 3. WORKSHOP ON REASSESSMENT OF NAP ON IAS, 23th – 26th SEPTEMBER 2019, NEGERI SEMBILAN. NAP IAS 2021-2025 NAP IAS 2021-2025 73 No. Name Agency 1. Mrs. Yusliza Jamalut MAFI 2. Dr. Khairul Naim Adham KeTSA 3. Mr. Quek Yew Aun KeTSA 4. Dr. Vickneshwaran Muthu MOH 5. Mr. Arizal Arshad DOA 6. Mrs. Sabariah Kamis DOA 7. Ms. Lailatul Jumaiyah Saleh Huddin DOA 8. Mr. Christopher John Biai DOA 9. Mrs. Azean Ahmad DOA 10. Mrs. Nur Azarina Abu Bakar DOA 11. Ms. Wan Nur Aimi Shabuddin DOA 12. Mrs. Azian Harun DOA 13. Mrs. Lucyana Anak Dominic Ritay DOA 14. Mr. Ikhwan Harris Ramli DOA 15. Mr. Mohd Sanusi Mohd Kassim DOA 16. Ms. Maliza Hazin @ Ab. Rahman DOA 17. Mrs. ‘Izzah Syazana Za’bi DOA 18. Mrs. Shuerni Mohd Razi DOA 19. Ms. Norhayati Madiha DOA 20. Mrs. Faridah Md Nor DOA 21. Mr. Muhammad Nur Hakiki Miskam DOA 22. Mr. Misman Marisino DOA 23. Mrs. Khazlita Adzim Abdol Aziz DOF 24. Mrs. Azizul Fariha Ghazali DOF 25. Mr. Albert Apollo Chan DOF 26. YM Raja Yana Meleessa Raja Haroon Arashid DOF 27. Dr. Haslawati Baharuddin DOF 28. Dr. Mariani Hashim DVS No. Name Agency 29. Dr. Asrol Sany Arshad DVS 30. Dr. Roseliza Roslee DVS 31. Mr. Salahaudin Maili Mohd Rasli DOA SABAH 32. Mr. Mohd Reydzuan Yong FDPM 33. Mr. Abdul Muhyi Mohamad Hatta MAQIS 34. Mr. Mohd Noor Hashim MAQIS 35. Mr. Syed Fuad Syed Putra MAQIS 36. Mr. Mohd Suhaimi Sulaiman DWNP 37. Mr. Mohamad Amir Fikri Yahya MARDEP 38. Dr. Rozeita Laboh MARDI 39. Dr. Mohd Farid Ahmad FRIM 40. Mrs. Patahayah Mansor FRIM 41. Ms. Ong Su Ping FRIM 42. Prof. Dr. Abol Munafi Ambok Bolong UMT 43. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairulmazmi Ahmad UPM 44. Dr. Mohd Zafri Hassan UPM 45. Mr. Mohd Mahmud @ Mansor UMK 46. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azman Abdul Rahim UKM 47. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Salmah Yaakop UKM 48. Dr. Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsudin UKM 49. Dr. Shahriman Mohd Ghazali UKM 50. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Hana Hussain UiTM 51. Dr. Noor Khalidah Abdul Hamid USM 52. Dr. Florence Lee Chi Hiong IMR 53. Dr. Mohd Hefni Rusli MPOB 54. Dr. Adam Malik Ahmad Zambri MRB 55. Ms. Nurul Ashikin Zakaria MIMA 4. WORKSHOP ON FINAL DRAFT REVIEW OF NAP IAS 2021-2025, 21st – 24th SEPTEMBER 2020, SELANGOR. NAP IAS 2021-202574 APPENDIX IV : RECOMMENDED READINGS 1. Decision Adopted By The Conference Of The Parties To The Convention On Biological Diversity At Its Eighth Meeting VIII/27 Alien Species That Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats Or Species (Article 8 (H)): Further Consideration Of Gaps And Inconsistencies In The International Regulatory Framework. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=11041 2. Decision Adopted by The Conference Of The Parties To The Convention On Biological Diversity At Its Tenth Meeting X/2. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 And The Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/decision/ cop/?id=12268 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). Guidelines For The Export, Shipment, Import And Release Of Biological Control Agents And Other Beneficial Organisms (ISPM3). 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.(2016). Guidelines for pest eradication programmes (ISPM 9) 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.(2016).Phytosanitary certification system (ISPM 7) 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.(2019). Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests (ISPM 11) 7. Frits H., Wendy G., Peter P. V.K., Tommy G., & Jinie D. (2006). A Toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP Coordinators. Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) 8. Global Invasive Species Database. (2021). 100 of The World ‘s Worst Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved from http://www. iucngisd.org/gisd/100 worst.php 9. Guidelines and Guidance Documents Related to The Implementation of The International Convention for The Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. Related International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs). (2004). Retrieved from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Compilation%20of%20 relevant%20Guidelines%20and%20guidance%20documents%20-%20May%202018.pdf 10. Invasive Alien Species in Malaysia, 2018. National Committee on Invasive Alien Species Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 113 11. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. (2016) National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016-2025. Putrajaya, Malaysia 12. Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Hiebert, and S. Lu. 2004. An Invasive Species Assessment Protocol: Evaluating Non Native Plants for Their Impact on Biodiversity. Version 1. Nature Serve, Arlington, Virginia. 13. Plant Biosecurity Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia (2014) National Action Plan For Prevention, Eradication, Containment and Control of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Malaysia, Malaysia. 14. Self-Declaration On The Recovery Of Freedom From Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)- Malaysia.(2018). Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal Health in the World/docs/pdf/Self-declarations/2019 01 Malaysia HPAI. pdf 15. Wittenberg, R., Cock, M.J.W. (eds.) 2001. Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, xvii - 228. 16. World Organisation Human Health. (2012). Guidelines for Assessing The Risk Of Non-Native Animals Becoming Invasive. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our scientific expertise/docs/pdf/OIEGuidelines NonNativeAnimals 2012.pdf ISBN 978-983-047-274-4 9 7 8 9 8 3 0 4 7 2 7 4 4