National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 2019-2023

Government of Malawi ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN (NIP) FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) 2019 – 2023 Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining Private Bag 394 City Center Lilongwe 3. Tel: +265 1 771 111 Fax: +265 1 773 379 i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... iii LIST OF ANNEXES .......................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ iv FOREWORD ................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE S UMMARY ................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................14 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................14 1.1. Country Profile .....................................................................................14 1.1.1. Geo-demography and Socio-economy .......................................................14 1.1.2. Relevance of the 2019 NIP to National and International Development Agenda .........14 1.2. Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework .......................................................15 1.2.1. Major Institutions ............................................................................15 1.2.2. Policies, Acts and Regulations and Enforcement Mechanisms .............................17 Strategy 1: Updating, Review and Harmonization of existing policies and legislation on POPs ....18 Strategy 2: Development of POP Specific Regulations ................................................20 Strategy 3: Strengthened Monitoring and Enforcement Mechanisms ................................21 1.3. Methodology for Developing the 2018 NIP .......................................................24 CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................26 PROGRESS OF THE 2005 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ...................................26 2.1. Overview of Planned Outcomes ...................................................................26 2.2. Major Achievements from the 2005 NIP ..........................................................26 2.2. Challenges Encountered ...........................................................................27 2.3. Lessons Learnt .....................................................................................27 CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................28 SITUATION ANALYS IS .....................................................................................28 3.1. Current status of POPs ............................................................................28 3.1.1. Current Status of POPs-Pesticides...........................................................28 a) Characteristics of POPs Pesticides ................................................................28 3.1.2. Current Status of POPs-PBDEs .............................................................31 a) Characteristics of POPs-PBDEs ...................................................................31 i i b) Production of POPs-PBDEs .......................................................................31 c) Current Stock and Usage of POPs-PBDEs........................................................32 d) Future Outlook of POPs-PBDEs ..................................................................33 3.1.3. Current status of PFOS .........................................................................33 a) Characteristics of PFOS ...........................................................................33 b) Production of PFOS ................................................................................34 c) Current Stocks and Us age of POPs-PBDEs.......................................................34 d) Future Outlook of PFOS ...........................................................................34 3.1.4. Current Status of Annex C Ch em icals (PCCD/PCDF, HCB and PCBs)........................35 a) Characteristics of Annex C Chemicals: Dioxins and Furans ....................................35 b) Production/release of Annex C Chemicals ........................................................35 c) Future Outlook .....................................................................................37 3.2 Other POPs Management Related Issues .........................................................38 3.3 Achievements of the 2005 NIP .....................................................................41 3.3 Gap Analysis for the 2019 NIP ....................................................................47 CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................60 THE 2019-2023 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN................................................60 4.1. Policy Statement ....................................................................................60 4.2. Key Strategies Underpinning the NIP .............................................................60 4.3. Implementation Outline............................................................................62 4.3.1. Strategic Objectives, Outcomes and Outcome Targets .....................................62 4.3.2. Outputs and Output Targets .................................................................65 4.3.3. The National Implementation Framework ..................................................96 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................. 109 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ..................................................................... 109 5.1. Monitoring ........................................................................................ 109 5.2. Evaluation ........................................................................................ 109 CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................. 122 REVIEW OF THE S TRATEGIC PLAN .................................................................. 122 CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................. 123 CONCLUS ION .............................................................................................. 123 i i i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Summary of dioxin and furans releases ..............................................................36 Figure 2: Trends of annual releases of dioxins and furans ......................................................37 LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX 1: TASK FORCE TEAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRATEGY ................... 124 ANNEX 2: REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ................................................................... 126 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of institutions that play a role in various activities related to chemicals ........................... 4 Table 2: Status of POPs pesticides in Malawi as at December 2016 ...........................................17 Table 3: Sites where POPs pesticides were found in Malawi...................................................18 Table 4: Summary of dioxin and furans releases ...............................................................24 Table 5: Implementation status of 2005 NIP ...................................................................30 Table 6: Gaps and deficiencies in the management of POPs ...................................................36 Table 7: Strategic objectives, outcomes and outcome targets ..................................................55 Table 8: Output target for harmonization of institutional and regulatory measures ............................59 Table 9: Output targets for the elimination of releases from intentional production and use of POPs ..........62 Table 10: Status of production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs in the country 64 Table 11: Output targets for ensuring prohibition of the production, import, export and use of stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticides .................................................................................................73 Table 12: Output targets for ensuring registration of exemptions and continued exemptions ..................75 Table 13: Output targets for reducing unintentional production of PCDDs/HCBs and PCBs ..................77 Table 14: Output targets for the reduction of releases from stockpiles and wastes .............................79 Table 15: Output targets for improving the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles.................77 Table 16: Output targets for reducing environmental contamination from POPs ...............................79 Table 17: Output targets for improving informat ion exchange and stakeholder involvement ..................81 Table 18: Output targets for increasing public awareness, information dissemination and education ..........83 Table 19: Output targets for the improvement of monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs .........85 Table 20: Output targets for the improvement of national capacity for reporting on POPs.....................87 Table 21: Output targets for the enhancement of research, development and monitoring ......................89 Table 22: Output targets for the strengthening of technical and financial capacity .............................91 Table 23: Detailed implementation matrix .....................................................................93 Table 24: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework ............................................................ 110 v FOREWORD vi vii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFFF Aqueous Film Foaming Foam ASR Automotive Shredder Residues EAD Environmental Affairs Department BAT Best Available Technologies BEP Best Environmental Practices CARG Compound Annual Growth Rate COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CoP Conference of Parties CRTs Cathode Ray Tube DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane DHRMD Department of Human Resource Management and Development DNA Designated National Authority EEE Electric and Electronic Equipment ELVs Emission Limit Values EMA Environment Management Act ENRM Environment and Natural Resource Management EoL End of Life ESCOM Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ITU International Telecommunications Union MCCCI Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry MACRA Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority MDA Ministry, Department, Agency MBS Malawi Bureau of Standards MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEPA Malawi Environment Protection Agency MoAIWD Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development MoFEPD Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Development MoH Ministry of Health MoNREM Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining MRA Malawi Revenue Authority NCC National Coordination Committee NCHE National Council for Higher Education NCST National Commission for Science and Technology NIP National Implementation Plan NSO National Statistics Office OPC Office of the President and Cabinet PBDE Pentabromodiphenyl Ether viii PCB Pesticides Control Board PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCDDs Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins PCDFs Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans PFC Perfluorinated Compounds PFOS Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid PIESA Power Institute of East and Southern Africa PMT Pole Mounted Transformer POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants SADC Southern Africa Development Community SAPP Southern Africa Power Pool UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UPOPs Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants WEEE Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2005 National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Malawi has been reviewed and updated in compliance with Article 7 of the Stockholm Convention taking into consideration the amendments to the Convention or its annexes, including the addition of chemicals to Annexes A, B or C. The NIP has been prepared based on the inventories, priorities and objectives determined for the management of POPs. POPs inventories established the state and extent of POPs problems in the country. Thereafter strategies were identified for effective management of POPs in Malawi to protect human health and the environment from their deleterious effects. Assessment of POPs in country The assessment of POPs pesticides was conducted through a national survey undertaken between August and December 2016. The survey determined the presence and uses of POPs pesticides in Malawi. About 90 sites including chemical companies, estates, supermarkets and produce markets were assessed. Although a few pesticides are manufactured or formulated in the country, most of the pesticides are imported from various countries worldwide. However, Malawi does not manufacture POPs pesticides. The national inventory survey carried out in 2016 established that the country used POPs pesticides mainly between the 1960s to the 1980s. However, it was noted that chlordane was still in use for termite control mainly in the construction industry although the product was banned in 2016 on a phase-out approach. About 656 litres of chlordane were discovered during the survey. DDT was historically used as a pesticide in Malawi since the 1960s largely on cotton to control major insect pests (MOAIFS, 1976). DDT was later used extensively in malaria vector control. DDT has been banned since 1984 and as such DDT was not found during the survey. The survey identified 280.1 metric tonnes of obsolete pesticides countrywide most of which are safeguarded at Smallholder Farmers Fertilizer Revolving Fund of Malawi (SFFRFM) warehouses in Lilongwe and Blantyre under Pesticide Risk Reduction Project awaiting final disposal. Such pesticides include organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. The use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Malawi is mainly in the power generation industry. Equipment owned by the power supply company, Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM), was identified as being most likely to contain PCBs. PCBs exist as components of insulating oils in transformers, capacitors and circuit breakers owned by the company. Currently, there x is no specific legislation dealing with handling and management of PCBs. However, general environmental management legislation dealing with management of chemicals and hazardous substances is applied to regulate management of PCBs. PCBs are listed in the chemicals and hazardous substances regulations as a class of chemicals that must be controlled but there are no specific requirements for their management. ESCOM as a member of Power Institute for East and Southern Africa (PIESA), Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) utilizes guidelines developed by these institutions to manage PCBs. The guidelines for SAPP require member countries to phase out use of equipment containing PCBs by 2025 and ESCOM is implementing this requirement. ESCOM has put in place a policy for discontinuing importation and use of equipment containing PCBs. During the NIP update inventory exercise, it was established that the existing equipment that is suspected to contain PCBs is generally very old and was installed before 1980; however, it is still functional. These include transformers, capacitors and circuit breakers. Furthermore, oils from old transformers had already been recycled and reused when repairing transformers in operation and are still part of the ESCOM system grid. This means that oils containing PCBs are potentially within equipment that is still functional as part of the electricity supply grid. Therefore, transformers produced after 1990s might be contaminated by PCBs due to maintenance. The labels placed on transformers suspected to contain PCBs in the 2004 survey could not be found on most of the transformers. Most of the waste oils removed from old equipment that is no longer within the power supply grid cannot be traced as it was common practice previously to sell used oil and non-functioning equipment to private buyers. Most of the circuit breakers currently within the power grid are gas-filled, with the old equipment having been removed and sold to private buyers. ESCOM still has stockpiles of obsolete transformers and used oils removed from transformers during maintenance and these need to be tested for PCB content. The NIP update inventory exercise also determined that the sites potentially contaminated with PCBs are ESCOM transformer workshops in Blantyre, Lilongwe and Mzuzu. These sites are in open spaces without adequate drainage such that they pose risks to human health and the environment as they are exposed to the elements with runoff rainwater carrying spilled oils to surface water bodies and other open spaces. This has the potential to cause harm and serious risks to human health and the environment as the surrounding environment including rivers and agricultural lands are utilized by people and contain a wide range of flora and fauna. At Mzuzu Switchyard and Transformer station, over 250 obsolete transformers are stored at the premises awaiting auctioning to private buyers and scrap metal dealers which is the policy implemented by ESCOM to dispose of old equipment. Procedures need to be developed to ensure that the equipment does not contain PCBs as it would be difficult to ensure environmentally sound management and disposal of the equipment once purchased xi by private buyers. On the premises at Karonga Old Power Station, over 200 obsolete transformers are stored where they are marked as scrap awaiting auctioning to private buyers. In total, over 500 obsolete transformers have been taken out of the system and are kept in open spaces at Mzuzu, Rumphi, Karonga, Lilongwe and Blantyre Power Stations and at the transformer storage yard along Chikwawa road. The obsolete transformers have the potential to pollute the environment if they contain PCB contaminated oil as rainwater can transport any PCBs that may be contained in such equipment making the sites where these transformers are stored to be contaminated sites. Rainwater may also transport any residues in the transformer oils to nearby surface water bodies thereby presenting potential risk of exposure to PCBs for the general public. Bwengu Transmission Substation had 29 drums (20l each) containing oil drained from transformers during repairs. Some of the drained oil was collected from very old transformers and therefore may potentially contain PCBs. Malawi, together with eleven other countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, is currently implementing a project to eliminate use of PCBs containing equipment entitled “Disposal of PCB oils contained in transformers and disposal of capacitors containing PCBs in Southern Africa”. Under this project, ESCOM will test all transformers and stockpiles of used oil to verify the presence of PCBs. The equipment and oils found to contain PCBs will be assessed to determine the concentration of PCBs and a program will be implemented for environmentally sound management and disposal of such equipment. The NIP update inventory did not cover open applications such as sealants or paints and coatings that may contain PCBs. Information needs to be collected from sealants, paints and coatings, and manufacturers and importers to determine if their products are likely to contain PCBs. This would need to be followed by an analysis of samples to verify concentrations of PCBs in any of the materials and substances that may contain PCBs. The mining sector was assessed, and it is considered that there is no specific use of hydraulic equipment in the open pit mining. The surveys established that the procedure for management of spillages and leakages during maintenance and repair of transformers on site is mainly by washing with degreaser or detergent and allowing the excess water to evaporate. The main concerns identified with spillages and leakages were at the transformer workshops and yards as spillages which resulted in contamination of soils with runoff water also carried the spillages onto surface water bodies. An inventory of releases from unintentional production of Annex C chemicals was also undertaken for the years 2010 – 2017. The following were identified as the economic activities that were considered as significant sources of Unintentional POPs (UPOPs) emissions in Malawi: xii • Waste Incineration: hazardous waste incineration, medical waste incineration and animal carcasses burning; • Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production: foundries; • Heat and power generation: fossil fuel power plants, biomass power plants, household heating and cooking using biomass; • Production of mineral products: bricks, ceramics, and asphalt mixing; • Transport: 4-stroke engines, 2-stroke engines and diesel engines; • Open burning processes: biomass burning, waste burning and accidental fires; • Production and use of chemicals and consumer goods: textile plants (per tonne textile) and leather plants; • Miscellaneous processes: drying of biomass, crematoria, smoke houses, dry cleaning and tobacco smoking; • Disposal: sewage and sewage treatment, open water dumping, composting and waste oil disposal; and. • Contaminated sites and hotspots: use of PCB; and dumps of wastes/residues. In general, releases are increasing with time mainly due to the increase in the rate of activities which increases with the rising population of the country. The total annual releases of dioxins and furans increased from 40.834g TEQ/a, in 2005 to 88.934g TEQ/a, in 2010 and 101.592g TEQ/a in 2017. The media which experienced the major releases was air ranging from 39.165g TEQ/a in 2005, 78.704g TEQ/a in 2010 and 89.026g TEQ/a in 2017. The media which experienced the least releases was water ranging from 0.000g TEQ/a in 2005, 0.039g TEQ/a, in 2010 and 0.074g TEQ/a in 2017. The main areas (hotspots) for release of dioxins and furans were identified as Solid Waste Disposal Sites for Municipal Solid Waste for the cities of Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba and other urban areas; water bodies in urban areas which are polluted by industrial effluent; garages and transformers where oil leaks and waste oil disposal result in dioxins and furans releases; and timber processing and electricity poles production sites. Findings of the inventory show that UPOPs releases in Malawi are increasing every year with major contributors being waste disposal processes, incineration of medical waste, open burning processes, heat and power generation and the production of mineral products. Most of the releases are into air, products and residues. Surveys were also conducted for new POPs including PFOS and POP-PBDEs. For PFOS, it was established that the country has a very small manufacturing industry that could use PFOS or its related substances in its manufacturing processes and identified the following as relevant stakeholders in the assessment exercise: carpets, chemical industries and products suppliers; retailers of commercial products; synthetic leather manufacturers, importers and retailers; textile manufacturers, importers and retailers; fire-fighting foams suppliers and users (aviation industry), fire-fighting training grounds and dump sites. The major gaps identified in the inventory of PFOS included lack of detailed data on xii i imports, poor inter-agency collaboration as well as ability to verify presence of PFOS in suspected products, thereby impacting results of inventory. The inventory of POP-PBDEs in electric and electronic equipment (EEE) determined that Malawi does not manufacture any EEE. However new and second hand EEE is imported by private importers and large-scale importers mainly from Asian countries such as China, Japan, Hong Kong, India and Korea and from the Middle East (mainly from the United Arab Emirates), the USA and Europe and within Africa mainly from South Africa. Products containing POP-PBDE in current use and stock in Malawi, are mostly found in older appliances especially Cable Ray Tube (CRTs) computers and televisions. Most EEEs will probably be found at offices, in the households of private consumers and at educational institutions which tend to keep appliances for a long period of time. EEEs are also kept at repair shops for extended periods of time. In terms of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), it is estimated that in the period 2018 and 2022, between 8.69 and 11.66 million devices (mobile phones, computers and TV sets) will become e-waste in Malawi. Most devices will be mobile phones due to the high mobile penetration and the exponential growth it has had in the last decade, compared to computers and TV sets, as such, mobile phones will represent above 95% of total e-waste devices during this period, i.e., between 8.41 and 11.24 million devices. E-waste in terms of EEE devices that have reached their end-of-life (EoL) will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.3%, between 2018 and 2022. The inventory of PBDEs was very challenging due to several reasons including the lack of national data and statistics on PBDEs and poor communication infrastructure among stakeholders, which made it difficult to obtain data that would have assisted in establishing the baseline for POPs-PBDEs. The action plans presented in the NIP are identified national priorities to ensure a safe environment and healthy nation. Implementation of the NIP is expected to commence in July 2019 up until 2023. The investment required is estimated at US$11, 472,000 for a five-year period. Key project areas, which Malawi has prioritized, include: • Creation of an enabling environment supportive of POPs management; • Public awareness and information exchange; • Health and environmental impact assessment of POPs; • Strengthening institutional capacity; • Management of POPs pesticides and obsolete stockpiles; • Management of POPs wastes and contaminated sites; • POPs alternatives and technology transfer; and • Local, regional and international networking. 14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1. Country Profile 1.1.1. Geo-demography and Socio-economy Malawi is in Southern Africa and is bordered by Tanzania in the north, Mozambique in the east, south and southeast, and Zambia in the west. The country’s total geographical area is 118,000 square kilometres of which 80% is land and the remainder is covered by water, mostly Lake Malawi, covering 28,750 square kilometres. The major water body in the country is Lake Malawi, which is to the southernmost of the African Rift Valley. The estimated population of Malawi in 2018 was 19.16 million. Approximately 80% of the population is based in the rural areas where the main economic activity is subsistence farming which uses a large amount of agro-chemicals. Most of Malawi’s population relies heavily on capital derived from natural resources, including forestry and fisheries. The economy of Malawi is agro-based, and it contributes 39% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and adds significantly to national and household food and nutrition security. More than 85% of rural households are engaged in the agricultural sector. Of the 85%, women provide 70% of the workforce and produce 80% of food for home consumption. The involvement of women in agriculture and other industrial activities may likely expose them to the hazards of chemicals and pollutants more than men. 1.1.2. Relevance of the 2019 NIP to National and International Development Agenda The management of Malawi’s environment and natural resources is critical to achieving poverty reduction, good health and sustainable economic growth as outlined in the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III and the Sustainable Development Goals. There has been a general increase in environmental degradation owing to poor farming practices and other unsustainable land use practices including excessive use of agro-chemicals. The 2019 National Implementation Plan (NIP) for Persistent Organic Pollutants has been aligned to key priority areas in the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III (MGDS III) after recognizing its huge potential to contribute to some of the goals. By contributing to the MGDS III, the 2019 NIP will also help in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 3, SDG 6, SDG 14, and SDG 15 SDG 3 requires nations to promote good health for their citizens. The 2019 NIP outlines measures for ensuring that production, importation and use of POPs in Malawi is minimized in order to reduce any health risks, which may emanate from them. The NIP also outlines measures for ensuring that releases from POPs and POPs contaminated materials are eliminated (refer to implementation tables). The successful implementation of the plan will significantly contribute to good health through minimization of health risks. 15 SDG 6 calls for provision of clean water and sanitation. Improper use and disposal of POPs and POPs contaminated materials has significantly contributed to water pollution and has compromised household and public sanitation. The NIP outlines measures which will ensure that pollution from POPs is minimized in the short term and eradicated in the long term. SDG 14 calls for nations to protect and sustainably use all forms of water and marine resources. It calls for protection and sustainable exploitation of life in water. In line with the NIP, protection of life in water implies ensuring that POPs and other chemicals do not impede any form of life in water. The 2019 NIP will significantly ensure that water bodies are safe from POPs contamination hence protecting biological processes in the water bodies. SDG 15 requires nations to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. The 2019 NIP outlines measures for preventing pollution which may cause ecosystem deterioration. It also outlines measures for environmental remediation and restoration from POPs contamination. 1.2. Institutional, Policy and Legal Framework There are various institutions which are mandated to manage chemicals in Malawi. These institutions are involved in chemicals management at various stages of the chemicals’ lifecycle ranging from production, importation, transportation, distribution, marketing, use/handling, storage as well as disposal. 1.2.1. Major Institutions 1.2.1.1 Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) The Environment Affairs Department is responsible for the protection and management of the environment and the conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. This includes regulation of chemicals, including POPs, to ensure that they do not have detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. The Department is the focal point for the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions, and Strategic Approach to Chemicals Management and will be focal point for the Minamata Convention which Malawi is in the process of ratifying. 1.2.1.2 Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development The mandate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development includes provision of advisory services in the use of fertilizers and pesticides with regard to efficient usage for farmers to maximize crop yields. In the case of pesticides, the Ministry, in conjunction with farmers, jointly conducts sprays for migratory pests such as locusts and army worms. The role and responsibility of the Ministry includes provision of advice and information to users and farmers on lifecycle management of chemicals and pesticides including disposal. 16 1.2.1.3 Pesticides Control Board The mandate of the Board is derived from the Pesticides Act. The Board is responsible for importation, exportation, manufacture, distribution, storage, disposal, sales, repackaging and use of all pesticides in Malawi. Other responsibilities include registering pesticides, maintaining a register of pesticides, and issuing of certificates and permits. The role of the Board includes provision of information on pesticides quantities, usage, incidents and case studies. Table 1 provides a list of all institutions that play a role in various activities related to chemicals. Table 1: List of institutions that play a role in various activities related to chemicals Name of Institution Role Environmental Affairs Department Adopting and promoting best available techniques/best environmental practices (BAT/BEP) Developing and enforcing emission limit values (ELVs) Monitoring and reporting of emissions Developing and enforcing limit values for releases to land and water Monitoring and maintaining inventories and reporting on releases Identifying, assessing and compiling an inventory of contaminated sites Monitoring and reporting Recommending remediation measures for sites Mobilizing resources from multilateral, regional, and bilateral partners Collecting and disseminating information on annual quantities of POPs and POPs compounds emitted, released, or disposed; and other information specified Reporting to the COP on progress in implementing Convention obligations Sharing information on the health and safety of humans and the environment as non-confidential Representing the Government of Malawi at the COP, including voting, if and when required Determining how future Convention annex amendments will be ratified Participating in dispute resolution processes specified if needed Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism Controlling of import and export Controlling of import and export of products with POPs containing products Licensing Monitoring trade in POPs containing products Regulating import, export, possession, distribution, use and disposal of chemicals Ministry of Home Affairs Enforcing action for smuggled products Ministry of Labour Enforcing Occupational Safety and Health standards Adopting BAT/BEP for promoting occupation safety and health at work 17 Name of Institution Role places Ministry of Information Dissemination of information Malawi Revenue Authority-Customs Department Enforcing import and export regulations Malawi Bureau of Standards Controlling quality of goods entering the country Adopting BAT/BEP in collaboration with relevant institutions Monitoring and implementation of standards on chemicals Monitoring equipment and manufacturing processes Developing standards on POPs Setting water quality standards in collaboration with relevant institutions Pesticides Control Board Phasing out of pesticides, biocides, and topical antiseptics containing POPs Ministry of Local Government Adopting and using best available techniques/best environmental practices (BAT/BEP) in the incineration of municipal waste Implementation of relevant initiatives Water Resources Department Identifying sources of POPs releases, maintain an inventory and reporting Water quality monitoring Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Corporation Facilitating ratification Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Facilitating ratification Vetting of proposed regulations Academia Assisting identification of contaminated sites Conducting research and publications Private Sector POPs storage CAMA Conducting awareness on consumer products containing POPs CSOs Conducting public awareness on POPs 1.2.2. Policies, Acts and Regulations and Enforcement Mechanisms The 2019 NIP also included an assessment of various legislation on or relating to chemicals in order to derive a general picture on the progress of improving the regulatory framework for chemicals in Malawi. The assessment revealed that Malawi is making strides in developing regulations on POPs. The assessment showed that Malawi has several pieces of sectoral legislation for specific areas of 18 chemicals management in the country. Specifically, the Environment Management Act has provisions for pollution control and regulation of wastes; the Pesticides Act and its regulations cover importation, exportation, manufacture, distribution, storage, disposal, sales, repackaging and use of all pesticides in Malawi; the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act provides for mandatory monitoring and control of pollution of various water bodies from toxic chemicals/substances including POPs and also provides for penalties for both pollution and failure to remove pollutants; the Industrial Licensing Act provides for licensing of industries involved in (i) the manufacture of fire arms, ammunition and chemical and biological weapons, (ii) the manufacture of explosives, (iii) the processing of hazardous waste and (iv) the manufacture of products which use radioactive material. The Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare Act has provisions for the safety and welfare of employees handling hazardous substances. The Malawi Bureau of Standards Act developed and implemented standards including standards on chemicals. In addition, there is other legislation in place which is relevant to chemicals, including: The Plant Protection Act and Seed Act for POPs pesticides; Public Health Act, for human health issues; and the Pharmacy, Medicines and Poisons Board Act. The 2005 NIP also revealed that the legislation on chemicals did not provide for monitoring and enforcement of POPs and no designated institutions were assigned responsibilities for monitoring and managing POPs. However, the 2019 NIP review found that responsibilities for monitoring and regulating POPs have been assigned to relevant agencies as shown in Table 1. The 2005 NIP had various strategies to be undertaken to address the issues mentioned above. The 2019 NIP review assessed the progress made in each strategy and adopted the same strategies in order to ensure continuity and sustain the gains made during implementation of the 2005 NIP. These strategies included: a) Update, review and harmonization of existing legislation and policies dealing with POPs; b) Develop new regulations specific to POPs; c) Strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms; Since the 2005 NIP, the Government has undertaken initiatives to achieve the strategies mentioned above. Strategy 1: Updating, Review and Harmonization of existing policies and legislation on POPs Under this strategy, the following legislation has been updated and reviewed since 2005; Water Resources Act No.2 of 2013 The purpose of the Water Resources Act, 2013 is to provide for the management, conservation, use and control of water resources for the acquisition and regulation of rights to use water. Sections 88 and 89 of the Act provide for the prevention and control of water pollution. The provisions of the Act do not specifically mention POPs. Section 89 does refer to “an activity or process that…has caused or is likely to cause pollution to water sources”. This could allow for the implementation of 19 Article 3 of the Stockholm Convention that aims to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use. The Act is also relevant to Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention on measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production of POPs and POPs compounds to water. Therefore, the Act, although it does not specifically mention POPs, can be used for the management of POPs. Environment Management Act No.19 of 2017 The Environment Management Act of 2017 repeals the Environment Management Act No.23 of 1996. The Act is the framework legislation for environmental management, and it provides for various environmental issues including waste management, hazardous substances and polluting activities. Section 59 of the Act requires the Malawi Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) in consultation with a relevant lead agency, to establish criteria for classification of toxic and hazardous substances in accordance with their toxicity and the hazards they present to human health and the environment. The Act also provides that the Authority in consultation with relevant lead agencies should issue guidelines and prescribe measures for the management of toxic and hazardous substances, which shall include guidelines and measures on: a) registration, labeling, packaging and advertising of chemicals and materials; b) control of imports and exports of toxic and hazardous chemicals and materials; c) distribution, storage, transportation and handling of chemicals and materials; d) monitoring the effects of chemicals and materials and their residue on human health and the environment; e) disposal of expired and surplus chemicals and materials; and f) restricting and banning of extremely toxic and hazardous chemicals and materials. In the Act, “hazardous substance” is defined as any chemical, waste, gas or gaseous matter, plant, animal or micro-organism which can cause harm to human health or the environment. Toxic substances are not defined in the Act. However, POPs can be defined as hazardous or toxic substances and therefore the provisions of section 59 can include POPs. Section 60 provides that a person shall not discharge any hazardous substance in any waters or any other segment of the environment except in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the Authority in consultation with a relevant lead agency. If a person discharges a hazardous substance in any waters or any other segment of the environment, such a person commits an offence. These provisions are also broad enough to include POPs. The Act also has an entire section dealing with pollution and generally prohibits the discharge of pollutants into the environment. “Pollution” is defined in the Act as ‘any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical or biological environment caused by the discharge, emission or 20 deposition of waste or a pollutant into the environment in such amounts and for such duration and under such conditions as to cause an actual or potential danger to the environment’. The definition is broad enough to include POPs discharged, emitted or deposited into the environment. Strategy 2: Development of POP Specific Regulations The 2005 NIP recommended development of new regulations specific to POPs. Government has developed regulations on waste management and sanitation and on chemicals and toxic substances. Environment Management (Waste Management and Sanitation) Regulations, 2008 The Regulations are based on the provisions of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal to which Malawi is a party. These Regulations provide for management of general or municipal solid and liquid waste, solid waste recycling and recycling facilities, management of hazardous wastes, transportation and storage of waste, waste disposal site or plant and transboundary movement of wastes. Management of hazardous waste is dealt with by Part IV of the Regulations. Hazardous wastes are defined as any waste which has been identified in the Seventh Schedule [of the Regulations] or any waste having the characteristics defined in the Eighth Schedule [of the Regulations]. The definition and the Eight Schedule are based on the Basel Convention. According to Regulation 32, the Director of Environmental Affairs is required, from time to time, to publish in the Government Gazette and in at least one (1) of the local newspapers of daily circulation, a list of wastes which fit in categories specified under the Seventh Schedule or which have characteristics specified in the Eighth Schedule which are hazardous and need to be controlled. Regulation 33 and 34 provide for requirements and leaflets for containers or packages of hazardous wastes. Regulation 35 requires every industry to develop a compliance code which shall outline the industry goals for (a) waste reduction and minimization; (b) waste treatment on site; and (c) disposal plans. Regulation 36 provides that no industry, business or medical facility can discharge any hazardous waste in any state into the environment unless such wastes have been treated in accordance with acceptable international methods that are approved by a competent local authority in consultation with the Director. For hazardous wastes to be disposed of in a disposal site or plant, such facility must be approved and licensed for that purpose. Regulations 57 to 59 deal with prior informed consent procedure. The provisions of these regulations do not refer to POPs wastes, but they do refer to hazardous wastes which can include POPs wastes. These regulations are currently being amended to ensure that they specifically address POPs. Environment Management (Chemicals and Toxic Substances) Regulations 2008 The Regulations apply to any person in Malawi whose undertaking involves or includes the manufacturing, repackaging, importation, exportation, transportation, distribution, sale or other mode of handling toxic substances and chemicals and in respect of any activity in relation to toxic 21 substances and chemicals which involves a risk of harm to human health or the environment. The Regulations define a “chemical” as a chemical substance in any form whether by itself or in a mixture or preparation whether manufactured or obtained from nature and includes such substances used as industrial chemicals, for consumer use but excludes pesticides and fertilizers, medicines and drugs and for the purposes of these Regulations includes toxic chemicals. “Chemical wastes” are defined as any unwanted or waste chemical or chemical formulation generated from any process which can cause danger to both human health and the environment. The Regulations require any person who intends to engage in the business of manufacturing, repackaging, importing, exporting, transporting, distributing, sale or other mode of handling chemicals and toxic substances to obtain a license from the Environmental Affairs Department. The Regulations contain procedures for restricting the use of a chemical product including an assessment of whether the chemical causes or is likely to cause adverse effects to human health, animals, plants or the environment. In addition to giving duties to the public and businesses, the Regulations also give duties to local authorities and medical facilities. Local authorities are required, by the Regulations, to make by laws for management of chemicals and toxic substances and chemical wastes in their respective area of jurisdiction. Such by-laws should ensure that the disposal method of chemical wastes is in an environmentally sound manner. Industries or medical facilities have a duty not to discharge any chemical wastes in any state into the environment unless such wastes have been treated in accordance with acceptable international methods that are approved by the Director of Environmental Affairs in consultation with the relevant local authority. A person who has a license to own or operate a chemical waste or plant must ensure that highly toxic or hazardous chemical wastes are disposed of or treated in accordance with conditions specified in the license or in accordance with any general guidelines issued by the Director in consultation with the Director responsible for local government. Every person who operates a toxic substance or chemical wastes disposal site or treatment plant is required to take all necessary measures to prevent pollution from sites or plants including the erection of necessary works and taking mitigation measures. The chemicals regulations do not specifically refer to POPs. However, these regulations contain the most comprehensive provisions on management of chemicals and toxic substances in Malawi. The provisions mentioned above can be applied to POPs management. These regulations are currently being amended to ensure that they specifically address POPs. Strategy 3: Strengthened Monitoring and Enforcement Mechanisms The 2005 NIP recommended that Malawi should adopt various tools for strengthening monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. These included the issuance of licenses and permits, conducting 22 inspections for compliance monitoring and taking enforcement actions in instances of non compliance. The Water Resources Act, Environment Management Act, and Chemicals and Wastes Regulations provide for various mechanisms to strengthen monitoring and enforcement. Enforcement Mechanisms a) Licenses and Permits The Chemicals Regulations of 2008 which deal with management of toxic substances and chemicals emphasize the licensing requirements to engage in the business of manufacturing, repackaging, importing, exporting, transporting, distributing, sale or other mode of handling chemicals and toxic substances. The Waste Management Regulations of 2008 also provide for licensing requirements to engage in certain activities involving waste such as storage, disposal and export. These provisions give effect to the recommendations of the 2005 NIP which amongst other things required licensing of industries involved in hazardous chemical waste processing. These licenses are currently being processed by the Environmental Affairs Department in the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining but will eventually be migrated to the Malawi Environment Protection Authority. b) Inspections The provisions of the Water Resources Act and Environment Management Act also call for inspections to be conducted to determine compliance with licenses issued and with the provisions of legislation. Inspections are done by institutions that issue specific licenses under the mandate of legislation that they use to issue the licenses. c) Enforcement Action Enforcement action takes many different forms. In Malawi, most legislation on environment and natural resources give an administrative agency (Ministry, Department or Agency) the regulatory powers on several issues, including enforcement, to achieve the legislative mandate. For example, an Act may specify that the relevant MDA may issue a warning letter when there has been a violation of law. Such administrative actions enable the MDA to respond to a violation of law in a quicker and less costly manner which is flexible, in proportion and appropriate to the violation. This is because administrative actions are taken at institutional level. Administrative actions in Malawi include: • requiring a person to take a particular action • formal advisory or warning letters requiring future compliance • varying, or imposing further conditions on permits, licenses or approvals • suspending, revoking or cancelling permits, licenses or approvals; • orders to correct a contravention (such as environmental protection orders); and • forfeiture 23 If there is non-compliance with an administrative action then a regulatory authority or other institution trying to enforce compliance may proceed to take a matter to court for civil or criminal remedies. Some ENRM and related legislations enable regulatory authorities to apply for civil court orders requiring a person to do something or to stop committing an offence, or to remedy or rectify the consequences of an offence. The most commonly referred to enforcement practice for violations of environment and natural resources legislation in Malawi is criminal enforcement. All ENRM and related legislation provides that a person found guilty of committing a criminal offence may receive a fine; and/or imprisonment. Criminal enforcement action is generally used when a person or a facility has knowingly or willfully committed a serious or major violation against the law. The Water Resources Act of 2013, Environment Management Act of 2016, and chemicals and wastes regulations provide for criminal enforcement action. For example, the Environment Management Act provides that it is an offence to discharge, emit or deposit polluting substances into the environment and the sanctions for the offence are provided for in the Act. Malawi has made significant progress in achieving the strategies relating to legislation that were mentioned in the 2005 NIP. The assessment has established that Malawi has sufficient legislation to effectively implement the obligations of the Stockholm Convention and amendment of the ongoing chemicals and wastes Regulations will further enable Malawi to monitor POPs effectively. International Instruments: The Stockholm Convention The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment. It deals with issues such as measures to reduce or eliminate releases of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), processes of adding more POPs and technical and financial assistance to manage POPs. POPs are a class of chemical compounds of anthropogenic origin that resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation. They concentrate in fatty tissues of living organisms through processes of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification. Concentrations are magnified up the food chain. For example, fish, predatory birds, mammals and humans, who are higher in the food chain absorb the greatest concentrations of POPs. POPs have been used as pesticides to protect plants from plague insects and control vector-borne diseases. They are also used as heat-resistant compounds in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are primarily used in electrical equipment such as transformers. POPs such as dioxins and furans are generated as by-products of incomplete combustion and chemical 24 processes. Initially the following twelve chemicals were proven to exhibit POPs characteristics: • Intentionally produced pesticides: (i.e. aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, endrin, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene and heptachlor). • industrial chemicals: which are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene • unintentionally produced emissions of certain industrial and combustion processes: hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), and PCBs Since 2009, the following sixteen new POPs have been added to the Convention: • Pesticides: alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, beta hexachlorocyclohexane, chlodecone, lindane, pentachlorobenzene, pentachlrophenol and its salts and esters, technical endosulfan and its related isomers • Industrial chemicals: decabromodiphenyl ether (commercial mixture, c-decaBDE), hexabromobiphenyl, hexabromocyclododecane, hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether), hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl floride, polychlorinated naphthalenes, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether) • Unintentional production: pentachlorobenzene and polychlorinated naphthalenes Malawi signed the Convention in May 2002 and ratified it in May 2009. One of the obligations of a Party to the Convention is to review and update, as appropriate, its implementation plan on a periodic basis and in a manner to be specified by a decision of the Conference of the Parties in accordance with Article 7(1) I. 1.3. Methodology for Developing the 2019 NIP Malawi developed her first National Implementation Plan in 2005, with financial assistance from the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and technical assistance from United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO). In 2014, funds were received from GEF and technical assistance from United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) to implement the project Review and Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Malawi. The objectives of the project were to comply with Article 7 of the Convention by updating the National Implementation Plans (NIPs) on Persistent Organic Pollutants and to build national capacity in updating NIPs. One of the major factors that has necessitated the update of the NIP are the changes in obligations arising from amendments to the Convention or its annexes, including the addition of chemicals to Annexes A, B or C. 25 Upon receiving the financial assistance, a Project Planning Management Unit for the review and update of the NIP was put in place which consisted of a National Coordinating Committee (NCC), Technical Advisor and Project Coordinator. The NCC provided policy oversight of the project whose membership comprised 11 members from the following institutions: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining, Pesticides Control Board, Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS), University of Malawi, Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi (ESCOM), Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (MCCCI), CropLife Malawi and Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA). A technical advisor was appointed to oversee the technical processes for updating the NIP. A Project Coordinator was responsible for the day to day running of the project, including liaising with UN Environment. National task teams were also formed to conduct inventory surveys in key hotspot areas across the country. 26 CHAPTER 2 PROGRESS OF THE 2005 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The 2005 NIP made some notable improvements in the management of POPs in Malawi. Being the first action plan in this regard, the 2005 NIP facilitated the rolling out of several legislative, institutional and technical measures to address gaps in the management of POPs in the country. However, the plan did not achieve all the intended milestones due to a various factors. Therefore, significant improvements are still required in certain key areas in order to meet the provisions of the Stockholm Convention Articles. At the same time there are several emerging issues that need to be addressed to ensure that biological and environmental risks from POPs are effectively managed. This chapter reviews the progress made in the implementation of the previous NIP and draws out some key lessons. 2.1. Overview of Planned Outcomes In 2005, the following strategic outcomes were set in line with the various articles of the Stockholm Convention: i. Development and implementation of measures for ensuring that management of POPs is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Stockholm Convention; ii. Enhanced institutional capacity for proper handling and management of POPs; iii. Enhanced awareness on POPs related risks and mitigation measures; and iv. Enhanced communication and knowledge management. 2.2. Major Achievements from the 2005 NIP Upon the development of the first NIP in 2005, some notable achievements have been realised following the implementation of the strategy. Below were the major highlights of achievements: i. Development of the Environment Management (Waste Management and Sanitation) Regulations, and Environment Management (Chemicals and Toxic Substances) Regulations; ii. Development of the Compliance and Monitoring Strategy; iii. Enhancement of the institutional and human capacity for sustainable management of POPs pesticides; iv. Enhancement of the human and institutional capacity for management of PCBs; v. Established a system for registering for specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions; vi. Promotion of research and development on use of alternative methods of household fuel for cooking and or energy saving technology e.g. clean cook stoves, energy saver electric bulbs; vii. Enhancement of capacity in monitoring, management and control unintentional releases of POPs and achieve effective PCDD/PCDF management; viii. Monitoring of storage and usage of chemicals at enterprise level; 27 ix. Strengthening of institutional capacity in handling POPs stockpile and wastes; x. Identification and quantification of POPs stockpiles, articles in use and wastes; xi. Management of stockpiles and handle articles in use in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner; xii. Development of safe handling and disposal procedures of articles in use; xiii. Development and implementation of a strategy for greater stakeholder participation in information exchange; xiv. Creation of awareness among the public, policy and decision makers including traditional authorities, women and children on risks associated with POPs and POPs contaminated materials; and xv. Enhancement of institutional capacity for public awareness, information and education. 2.2. Challenges Encountered Despite the achievements outlined above, the Ministry continued to face several challenges which the 2017 – 2022 Strategic Plan endeavors to address. The following are some of the key challenges that were encountered: ✓ Inadequate provisions and guidelines to enforce some measures in management of POPs pesticides, PCBs and other new POPs; ✓ Failure to control importation of POPs containing products at the borders due to lack of knowledge by the customs officers on pesticides importation requirements; ✓ Continued importation of POPs containing products by the importers due to lack of knowledge; ✓ Low public awareness on banned and approved pesticides and health and environmental risks associated with obsolete POPs Pesticides; ✓ Lack of continuity in capacity building to enhance skills in management of POPs pesticides; ✓ Increased cases of undeclared pesticides ingredients; ✓ Lack of specialized skills and appropriate analytical equipment; ✓ Weak enforcement on existing legislation; ✓ Poor disposal of wastes due to lack of designated waste disposal facilities; ✓ Poor storage and reuse of empty containers for domestic purposes; ✓ Limited mechanisms for information exchange; and ✓ Low access to available information resources. 2.3. Lessons Learnt The following lessons can be drawn from the 2005 NIP: i. Institutional and sectoral coordination is crucial in ensuring proper management of POPs; ii. Sharing of data amongst institutions is key iii. Proper documentation of products is vital iv. Ability to verify POPs in products is also crucial 28 CHAPTER 3 SITUATION ANALYSIS 3.1. Current status of POPs 3.1.1. Current Status of POPs Pesticides a) Characteristics of POPs Pesticides In Malawi, management of POPs pesticides falls under different institutions. The Pesticides Act under the Ministry of Agriculture leads the monitoring of imports and use of agricultural pesticides. The Environment Management Act provides for the general and enforcement framework for chemical pollution in Malawi. Important supportive legislation includes Malawi Bureau of Standards Act; Pharmacy, Medicines and Poisons Board Act; Plant Protection Act; Seeds Act; and Occupational, Safety, Health and Welfare Act. b) Production of POPs Pesticides The survey revealed that Malawi still does not manufacture pesticides including POPs. Thus, all pesticides marketed and/or used in the country are imported either from the neighboring countries or from overseas. There is however, a high demand for pesticides, and as a result there is high illegal trade of pesticides. The national inventory survey carried out in 2016 established that the country had been using POPs pesticides mainly from 1960s to 1980s. However, it was noted that chlordane is still in use for termite control mainly in the construction industry although the product was banned in 2016 on a phase-out approach. About 656 litres of chlordane were discovered during the survey. c) Current stocks and usage of POPs pesticides The inventory showed that POPs pesticides are no longer being used in the country apart from the construction industry which has continued to use chlordane for the control of termites. Currently, some estates and organizations are testing various alternatives such as aldicarst, carbosulfan, and dursban to replace chlordane. Government is still committed to gradually phase out the use of all POPs pesticides. The survey further identified 280.1 metric tons of obsolete pesticides countrywide most of which are safeguarded at Smallholder Farmers Fertilizer Revolving Fund of Malawi (SFFRFM) warehouses in Lilongwe and Blantyre under Pesticide Risk Reduction Project awaiting final disposal. Such pesticides include organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. DDT was historically used as a pesticide in Malawi since the 1960s largely on cotton to control major insect pests (MOAIFS, 1976). DDT was later used extensively in malaria vector control. DDT has been banned since 1984 and therefore DDT was not found during the assessment. Table 2 presents a summary of current status of POPs pesticides in Malawi. 29 Table 2: Status of POPs pesticides in Malawi as at December 2016 Name of Chemical Current status/control action Details e.g. reason for control action, remaining allowed uses, etc. Aldrin Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Chlordane Banned since 2016 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Was under restricted use from 1985 to 2016. Dieldrin Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. DDT Banned since 1984 Chemical is persistent. Other effective and safer alternatives such for public health and agriculture are preferred. Heptaclor Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Hexachloro-benzene Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Mirex Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Lindane Banned since 1972 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane Not registered Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Beta hexachlorocyclohexane Not registered Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Endosulfan Banned since 2016 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Pentachlorobenzene Not registered Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Chlordecone Not registered in Malawi Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. PFOS pesticide Not registered in Malawi Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Toxaphene Banned since 1985 Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Not registered in Malawi Chemical is persistent. Safer alternatives preferred. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/ctl/Edit/mid/2624/Default.aspx#LiveContent[alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane] http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/ctl/Edit/mid/2624/Default.aspx#LiveContent[alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane] http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs#LiveContent[PCP] http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs#LiveContent[PCP] 30 Although the use of some POPs pesticides was banned in the country, illegal use and trading of POPs is continuing. Some unlicensed dealers and vendors sell POPs pesticides on open markets. This practice has facilitated the entry of POPs into the country. During the survey, however, the quantities and distribution of these pesticides were not established. The assessment of POPs pesticides was conducted through a national survey undertaken between August and December 2016. The survey determined the presence and uses of POPs pesticides in Malawi. About 90 sites including chemical companies, estates, supermarkets and produce markets were visited. Sites where POPs pesticides were found in Malawi are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Sites where POPs pesticides were found in Malawi Site Sites Chlordane Q uant i t y(litres) Fajo Investments 5 Farmers Organization Limited 14 Limbe Agriculture Trading Company 14 Sana Hardware 10 MS Trading 4 Variety General Dealers 20 D&D General Suppliers 30 Plusten General Suppliers 21 Randera Company 50 HH Wholesalers 1 Hardware Basics 9 Genuine Hardware 2 Kumilonde Modern Agriculture 12 Ask Enterprises 14 R&G Agriculture 5 EDFA Agro dealer Zomba 3 Farmers World Limited Mponela 9 Madisi 19 Salima 97 Mqocha 9 Bulala 8 Chingangawa 6 Edingeni 3 Bolero 8 Muzalangwe 4 Mphelembe 6 Euthini 3 Mzimba 7 Nkhata Bay 40 Mzuzu 1 1 Chintheche 38 Mthyolo 25 Dwambazi 5 Enukweni 2 31 Present major achievements in dealing with POPs include replacement of chlordane for the control of termites and other soil pests in the construction industry with safer alternatives such as Soil Guard. 3.1.2. Current Status of POP PBDEs a) Characteristics of POP PBDEs Malawi conducted an inventory of PBDEs listed in 2009 in the Stockholm Convention (POP PBDEs) to establish the country baseline and take stock of the country situation in relation to POP PBDEs and the volume of materials impacted by POP PBDEs. The focus of the inventory was on articles that can contain POP PBDEs especially waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The inventory also considered electric and electronic equipment (EEE), transport sector and furniture and insulation materials for buildings , to a limited extent. b) Production of POP PBDEs The inventory of POP PBDEs in EEE determined that Malawi does not manufacture EEE. However new and second hand EEE is imported by private importers and large-scale importers mainly from Asian countries such as China, Japan, Hong Kong, India and Korea and from the Middle East (mainly from the United Arab Emirates), the USA and Europe and within Africa mainly from South Africa. In terms of products containing POP PBDE in current use and stock, in Malawi POP PBDEs in EEE are mostly found in older appliances especially Cable Ray Tubes (CRTs) computers and televisions. Most EEEs will probably be found at offices, in the households of private consumers and at educational institutions which tend to keep appliances for a long period of time. EEEs are also kept at repair shops for extended periods of time. Phwezi 8 Uliwa 9 Karonga 1 14 Karonga 2 19 Nyungwe 9 Chitipa 34 Kapoka 2 Wirilo 5 Area 4 121 Area 23 17 Area 2B 8 Area 25 91 TOTAL 837 32 The inventory of PBDEs was challenging due to several reasons including lack of national data and statistics on PBDEs and poor communication infrastructure among stakeholders, which made it difficult to obtain data that would have assisted in establishing the baseline for POP PBDEs. c) Current Stock and Usage of POP PBDEs In terms of statistics on EEE in stock or currently used, the inventory focused on computers, TVs and mobile phones. A Malawian Survey on Access and Usage of ICT Services in Malawi conducted in 2014 estimated that 3.0% of households had computers while the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) estimated 5.2%. ITU statistics also provide that the proportion of households with a TV set increased from 3.0% in 2002 to 8.7% in 2011. Since 2011, the only information source available on this data was the 2014 Survey which provided that the proportion of households that owned a working TV set was 10.9% in 2014. There were more TVs in urban areas (46 percent) than in rural areas (6 percent). Mobile phones have become the main ICT device within Malawian households to access ICT services. Forty-five percent of households have access to mobile phones, compared to 10.9% for TV sets, and 1.4% and 2.6% for desktops and laptops, respectively. Following the Tier I Initial Assessment (Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention 2015), the estimated range of c-OctaBDEs amount in-use/stored EEE was 13t – 37t. Considering that c OctaBDE contain 54% of POP-PBDEs (Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention 2015), the total POP-PBDE can be estimated to 6.9 t to 20.2 t. These POP PBDEs are contained in approx. 14712t of CRT casings polymeric fraction. The estimated amount range of c-OctaBDEs in the WEEE generated in 2016 was 0.43t – 7.2t. Considering that c-OctaBDE contain 54% of POP PBDEs (hexaBDE and heptaBDE) the POP PBDE content in WEEE plastic can be estimated to 0.23t to 3.9t. These are contained in 2850t of polymeric fraction (largely polyurethane foam in seats, head/arm rest and ceilings) The POP PBDE Guidelines provide that cars and other vehicles such as trucks and buses are the major portion of the transport sector containing the largest volume of PO PBDEs. Therefore, the focus for the inventory was on vehicles which were produced and used in the period from approximately 1975 to 2004. The findings of the inventory of POP PBDEs in the transport sector determined that Malawi does not manufacture vehicles but imports second hand ones mainly from Asian countries, especially Japan. Statistics on the number of vehicles imported into Malawi from Asian countries in the period from approximately 1975 to 2004 were unavailable. However, it is likely that some of these vehicles are still in use in Malawi. In 2007 Malawi had 8 vehicles per 1000 people. The total amount of POP PBDEs in registered vehicles in 2014 is estimated to 0.26t contained in 520t of PUR foam. Some parts of the EEEs are recycled and the non-recycled parts as well as products that have reached end of life are disposed in uncontrolled dumpsites which are periodically burned thereby 33 releasing toxic substances. d) Future Outlook of POP PBDEs In terms of WEEE, it is estimated that between 2018 and 2022, between 8.69 and 11.66 devices (mobile phones, computers and TV sets) will become e-waste in Malawi. Most devices will be mobile phones due to the high mobile penetration and the exponential growth it has had in the last decade, compared to computers and TV sets, as such, mobile phones will represent above 95% of total e-waste devices during this period, i.e., between 8.41 and 11.24 million devices. E-waste in terms of EEE devices that have reached their end-of-life (EoL) will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.3%, between 2018 and 2022. In most countries the wastes from end of life vehicles (ELV) containing the POP PBDEs fraction (the Automotive Shredder Residues (ASR) or the seats and other polymer parts) have been and are mainly disposed to landfills or dump sites or incinerated. Malawi does not have formal landfills or dumpsites and incinerators, and it does not have formal car dismantlers or recyclers and therefore there was no information on vehicles disposed to landfills/dumps or treated by incineration and other thermal processes. When most vehicles reach their end of life they are stripped down in garages for reusable parts and metal recycling. The non-metallic and unsold parts are usually found lying on the ground within the garage premises, others burnt in open air and thrown away in informal disposal sites. These provide various pathways of associated POP PBDEs into the environment. The locations of these garages differ as some are in business areas while some are informal because they are in private homes. This practice results in pollution at and around the sites. In Malawi, when vehicles reach their end of life (normally after being used for several years) they are stripped down in garages for reusable parts and metal recycling. The non-metallic and unsold parts including seats are usually found lying on the ground within the garage premises, others burnt in open air and thrown away in informal disposal sites. These provide various pathways of associated POP PBDEs into the environment. No information was available on the recycling of PBDE containing polyurethane from end of life vehicles. 3.1.3. Current status of PFOS a) Characteristics of PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid is a fully fluorinated anion, which is commonly used as a salt in some applications or incorporated into larger polymers. PFOS, its salts and PFOSF belong to the group of chemicals called perfluorinated compounds (PFC). Their unique physical properties, being both fat and water repelling, have made them popular in several products. PFOS is very persistent and has substantial bioaccumulations and biomagnifying properties, although it does not follow the classic pattern of other POPs by partitioning into fatty tissues; instead it binds to proteins in the blood and liver. It has a capacity to undergo long-range transport and also fulfils the toxicity criteria of the Stockholm Convention. PFOS and PFOS-related substances can be released to the 34 environment from manufacturing processes and during their use in industrial and consumer applications, as well as from disposal of the chemicals or products and articles. b) Production of PFOS In general, Malawi is a net importer of almost all products and goods as well as chemicals found in the country and has a very small manufacturing industry that could use PFOS or its related substances. In this respect, the following were identified as relevant stakeholders in the assessment of PFOS: carpets, chemical industries and products suppliers; retailers of commercial products; synthetic leather manufacturers, importers and retailers; textile manufacturers, importers and retailers; fire-fighting foams suppliers and users (aviation industry), fire-fighting training grounds and dump sites. c) Current Stocks and Usage of POP PBDEs The inventory was unable to determine quantities of products that could potentially contain PFOS due to poor data capturing and management at the Malawi Revenue Authority and National Statistics Offices. The inventory established that the major brand of fire-fighting foams used in Malawi is the Aqueous Film Foaming Foam (AFFF) which comes in concentrations of 3% or 6%; imported mainly from India and South Africa. At the time of the inventory, there were 3, 154 litres of AFFF in stock at the Civil Aviation Department and just 75 litres at the Lilongwe City Assembly. It was also established that any foam that was nearing its expiry dates was used in fire-fighting training and such training used up to 40 litres of AFFF. Other methods of disposal for AFFF nearing expiry dates included the cleaning of hose pipes. Fire-fighting services were interviewed about past use of AFFF foams in fire events. A few major fire incidents were recalled as having used great amounts of foam including those at the Central Medical Stores and Rainbow Paints. However, specific data on quantities used historically and currently were not available. d) Future Outlook of PFOS Malawi does not have waste treatment facility sites, and therefore the potentially contaminated sites are the dumping sites situated in most places in the country. Disposal of waste remains and will continue to be a major challenge as there is a lack of proper and adequate disposal sites. The sites for waste disposal are located at 5 miles in Zomba City, Area 38 in Lilongwe City, Mzedi in Blantyre City, Nsilo in Mzuzu City and Katili in Karonga among others and these are potentially contaminated with PFOS. Investigations and observations at the landfills and compost areas indicate that 85% of the total waste collected is organic matter and only 15% includes the rest of wastes. Other potentially contaminated sites would be the Civil Aviation Fire Fighting Training ground at 35 Kamuzu and Chileka International Airports as well as the Lilongwe City Assembly Fire Department Yard, the Blantrye City Assembly Fire Department Yard. The major gaps identified in this inventory included lack of detailed data on imports, poor inter agency collaboration as well as ability to verify presence of PFOS in suspected products, thereby impacting results of inventory. 3.1.4. Current Status of Annex C Chem icals (PCCD/PCDF, HCB and PCBs) a) Characteristics of Annex C Chemicals: Dioxins and Furans Malawi also undertook an inventory of releases from unintentional production of Annex C chemicals. The inventory for Unintentional POPs (UPOPs) for the years 2010 – 2017 was carried out using the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) “Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs under Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention (January 2013)” (UNEP, 2013). The toolkit was used for identifying the sources of dioxins and furans in Malawi. The 2005 data was used as baseline. The following were identified as the economic activities that were considered as significant sources of UPOPs emissions in Malawi. 1. Waste Incineration: hazardous waste incineration, medical waste incineration and animal carcasses burning. 2. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production: foundries. 3. Heat and power generation: fossil fuel power plants, biomass power plants, household heating and cooking using biomass. 4. Production of mineral products: bricks, ceramics, and asphalt mixing. 5. Transport: 4-stroke engines, 2-stroke engines and diesel engines. 6. Open burning processes: biomass burning, waste burning and accidental fires. 7. Production and use of chemicals and consumer goods: textile plants (per tonne textile) and leather plants. 8. Miscellaneous processes: drying of biomass, crematoria, smoke houses, dry cleaning and tobacco smoking. 9. Disposal: sewage and sewage treatment, open water dumping, composting and waste oil disposal. 10. Contaminated sites and hotspots: use of PCB; and dumps of wastes/residues. b) Production/release of Annex C Chemicals The total releases to all media for the years 2010 – 2017 and with 2005 as baseline are summarised in Table 4 and Figure 1. 36 Table 4: Summary of dioxin and furans releases Year Annual Releases (g TEQ/a) Air Water Land Product Residue Total 2005 39.165 0.000 0.591 0.652 0.427 40.834 2010 78.704 0.039 0.915 0.382 8.904 88.943 2011 74.020 0.060 1.036 0.403 10.013 85.532 2012 83.290 0.062 1.1164 0.425 9.067 93.960 2013 86.817 0.064 1.239 0.448 10.356 98.924 2014 89.542 0.066 1.127 0.523 12.038 103.296 2015 90.687 0.068 1.175 0.489 11.474 103.892 2016 88.107 0.072 1.102 0.523 11.582 101.386 2017 89.026 0.075 1.127 0.550 10.815 101.592 Figure 1: Summary of dioxin and furans releases The highest release of dioxins and furans was in 2015 with a value of 103.892g TEQ/a, closely followed by releases in 2014 at 103.292g TEQ/a, whereas the lowest releases were in 2005 at 40.834g TEQ/a. In terms of the media which experienced the highest release of UPOPs was air in 37 2015 at 90.687g TEQ/a while the lowest release was to water at 0.000g TEQ/a in 2005. The reduction in total releases from 103.892g TEQ/a in 2015 to 101.592g TEQ/a in 2017 was mainly due to reduction of releases to air from 90.687g TEQ/a in 2015 to 89.026g TEQ/a in 2017. This was attributed to the reduction in the total number of patients that were treated in the health facilities which reduced by almost 30 percent during the period. In general, releases were increasing with time mainly due to increased economic activities which increased with the rising population of the country. It is seen that throughout the years the greatest burden of dioxins and furans releases is to air and in residues whereas the least are to water followed by releases in product. The main contributing factors for the high releases to air, products and residues were waste disposal activities, miscellaneous activities, open burning activities, heat and power generation, production of mineral products and waste incineration. Between 2005 and 2010, annual release of dioxins and furans increased steadily as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Trends of annual releases of dioxins and furans c) Future Outlook It is seen that the trend of the total annual releases of dioxins and furans is increasing every year except for 2016 and 2017 where the releases are down as compared to the previous years 2014 and 2015. This is not surprising considering that one of the most important factors affecting the activity rates for most of the activities is population. Therefore, as the population continues to grow, the emissions will keep on increasing unless measures are put in place to change processes, materials 38 and practices aimed at minimising the releases of dioxins and furans into the environment. Uncontrolled domestic waste burning accounts for 34.7% (183.3g TEQ) releases into the air and 99.78% (366.5g TEQ per annum) through residue. Landfill fires are contributing 49.5% (261.8g TEQ per annum) into the air. Thus, uncontrolled domestic waste burning is the major source of contamination of dioxins and furans through residues, which is presently not controlled. Incineration of animal carcasses, which is presently not controlled, is responsible for 11.4% (60.0g TEQ per annum) releases into the air. In Malawi, medical waste which is indiscriminately burnt, contributes 0.7% (3.5g TEQ per annum) into the air. Within the disposal/landfill category, crude composting contributes 100% through this media. The most important uncontrolled combustion activities that contribute to emissions are landfill fires and wanton domestic waste burning. Although local authorities have designated waste disposal sites, the proximity of such sites exacerbates exposure to scavengers, which include children. The sites are often set on fire releasing dioxins and furans. Further, composting of waste in landfill sites generates dioxins and furans through chemical processes. The tendency to scavenge various products back to homesteads further enhances releases and exposure. The poor management of domestic refuse in shallow dug pits and their frequent burning releases furans and dioxins into residential areas. People and the environment are thus at great risk. Medical waste incineration within the health facility compounds exacerbates exposure among the health workers, patients and guardians to these toxic substances. Malawi continues to use old and dilapidated incinerators whose efficiencies are very poor and thus contribute great releases of dioxins and furans. Wanton bush fires are common in Malawi and are more prevalent during the dry season between April – October every year. This burning releases furans and dioxins into the environment where animals feed on vegetation, and when humans feed on these animals they accumulate the dioxins and furans in their tissues. Furthermore, rainwater washes ash into water bodies, which are sources of drinking water, further contaminating the environment. The releases of dioxin and furans were not quantified due the lack of measuring equipment. 3.2 Other POPs Management Related Issues 3.2.1 Future production, use, and releases of POPs – requirements for exemptions Malawi presently does not manufacture any POPs chemicals. Future production, use, and releases of POPs are not anticipated for Annex A and Annex B chemicals. However, exemptions for DDT may be considered in future for malaria vector control. 3.2.2 Existing programmes for monitoring releases and environmental and human health impacts, including findings In Malawi, very limited information exists on human health impacts directly linked to POPs. The assessment established that health impacts of POPs are not well established and 39 documented. Data pertaining to POPs health and environmental impacts does not exist although POPs have been used in the country for some time. Due to frequent exposure, the Malawi population is exposed to POPs from unintentional releases. In the past, the farming communities were exposed to POPs pesticides including DDT, aldrin and dieldrin due to their use in farming activities, forestry plantations and construction industry. With frequent contact with PCB containing oils and equipment in the electricity industry in the country, the workers were also exposed. Malawi has undertaken several studies to determine the presence of some of the POPs in the environment. In Malawi, Kamperewera et al (2000) established relatively high levels of aldrin, lindane, heptachlor and some DDT isomers in Mtemankhokwe stream in Mangochi District. Aldrin was detected along the stream and was the most distributed compound. Its concentrations were greater than WHO values for drinking water values for drinking water (0.03glL-1). All the organochlorine residues were prevalent between December and January when rainfall and soil loading rates were highest. This has been attributed to application of these chemicals to improve agricultural production. Due to their resistance, downward leaching results in greater accumulation in the soil profile. In Lake Malawi, the values were relatively low (Karlsson et al, 2000) due to dilution. A study by Banda (2004) showed that organochlorine residues exist in both water and sediments of the Lunyangwa Basin but not clearly defined patterns of seasonal or spatial variation. 3.2.3 Current level of information, awareness, and education among target groups; existing systems to communicate such information to the various groups The updated NIP assessment revealed that there is still limited public information, awareness and education on POPs and other toxic substances in the country. Due to limited awareness on proper use and risks associated with POPs and poor environmental management of the chemicals, the quality of human health and the environment has been affected. Although Government and its partners have formulated relevant policies, legislation and guidelines to ensure public awareness and involvement in environmental protection issues, most of these do not specifically address POPs. The inventory further showed that (i) information exchange on POPs and toxic substances among stakeholders was still very limited, (ii) no strategy exists to increase information exchange, (iii), policies and legislation are not implemented aggressively to enhance information exchange and (iv) the various stakeholders including NGOs and the media reporters are not fully involved and capacitated to facilitate information exchange. 3.2.4 Mechanism to report under Article 15 on measures taken to implement the provisions of the Convention and for information exchange with other Parties to the Convention Mechanisms have been developed for Malawi to report under Article 15 of measures taken to implement the provisions of the Convention and for information exchange with other Parties to the Convention. Information exchange with other parties is mainly done at international or regional 40 workshops as well as meetings such as the Conference of Parties. 3.2.5 Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders NGOs have emerged as major partners in development and conservation activities particularly through enhancing education and awareness-raising among the public. NGOs are helping in the designing and implementation of policies, programmes and action plans, and setting out specifications for Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) including advocacy roles through their environmental campaigns. The inventory revealed that several NGOs exist which advocate and facilitate information transfer, education and awareness in environmental issues. However, there is very limited NGO participation in chemicals and POPs issues. 3.2.6 Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, measurement, analysis, alternatives and prevention measures, management, research and development – linkage to international programmes and projects Malawi has built a strong and vibrant scientific and technology infrastructure to support research and development endeavours on POPs assessment, measurements, analysis, alternatives and prevention measures. Some expertise to support national efforts to manage POPs chemicals within and outside Government exists. The experts are drawn from public institutions. The country has the capacity and capability for data collection, analytical testing of chemicals, risk assessment, risk reduction, policy analysis, training and education, research into alternatives, monitoring and enforcement. Universities, colleges, public and private foundation research institutes, implement research and development activities in science and technology. These institutions have developed both local and international networks to achieve greater relevance and impact and thus contribute to socioeconomic development. However, there is no noticeable linkage to international programs and projects related to POPs. There is currently no infrastructure for handling POPs stockpiles and waste in the country. To date, no obsolete POPs or stockpiles have been disposed of in Malawi as there are no facilities for POPs or other hazardous waste disposal. The country has limited capacity to undertake remediation of contaminated sites. The University of Malawi programmes on environmental sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate levels need to incorporate this component. The recruitment of personnel with such knowledge by local authorities will enhance the Authorities capacity in this area. 3.2.7 Identification of impacted populations or environments, estimated scale and magnitude of threats to public health and environmental quality, and social implications for workers and local communities In Malawi, the urban, semi-urban and rural communities are exposed to POPs through occupational and non-occupational exposure. Exposure to these toxic substances/chemicals is due to accidents, negligence at workplace or home, non-compliance to occupational safety guidelines and using POPs products. Vulnerable groups include wholesalers and retailers of pesticides, users, industrial, 41 domestic and farm workers, adults and children at home and the general public. The survey on the presence, extent and use of POPs in the country revealed that human beings could be exposed to POPs through diet, occupational accidents and the environment. Exposure to POPs, either acutely or chronically, can be associated with a wide range of health effects ranging from illness to death. Since women provide 70 percent of the agricultural workforce and produce 80 percent of food, they are more likely to be exposed to POPs pesticides. 3.2.8 Systems for the assessment and listing of new chemicals The country has put in place structures for the assessment and listing of new chemicals. The EAD has a national chemicals committee responsible for industrial chemicals while the PCB is responsible for agricultural pesticides. In the event that a chemical is of concern to the country, the two institutions, through the national and official contact points, transmit the information to the Secretariat after national consultation. 3.2.9 System for the assessment and regulation of chemicals already in the market The EAD and PCB are responsible for the management and regulation of chemicals and pesticides in the country. Systems have been in put place in terms of which users are provided a platform for presenting concerns about chemicals or pesticides which trigger investigations. The investigations include collection of samples and testing at certified laboratories and then appropriate action follows include withdrawal of products from the market. 3.3 Achievements of the 2005 NIP The inventory also took stock of the progress of the 2005 NIP by assessing the implementation of the strategies and objectives that were put in place. Although the progress cannot be quantified statistically, it is vital to provide a qualitative feedback of each strategy and objectives. Details of the implementation status are provided in Table 5. 42 Table 5: Implementation status of 2005 NIP Strategies and Objectives Implementation Status 1.0 Strengthen And Harmonize Institutional And Regulatory Measures 1.1 Update review and harmonize existing legislation and policies dealing with POPs The Environment Management Act, Pesticides Act and the Water Resources Act have been updated to incorporate issues related to POPs 1.2 Develop new regulations specific to POPs Environment Management (Waste Management and Sanitation) Regulations and Environment Management (Chemicals and Toxic Substances) Regulations were developed in 2008 and are currently being reviewed to incorporate issues of POPs 1.3 Strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms Compliance and monitoring strategy developed 1.4 Designate relevant role and responsibilities on POPs EAD and PCB designated as focal points for industrial chemicals and pesticides respectively 2.0 Eliminate Releases From Intentional Production And Use Of Pops 2.1 Preparing and applying guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment in use Not yet implemented 2.2 Supporting voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB- containing equipment Not yet implemented 2.3 Raising public awareness of these new products is of paramount importance. Ongoing 2.4 Improve chemical handling and use Ongoing 3.0 Production, import and export, use stockpiles and wastes of Annex A, POPs pesticide 3.1 To establish an effective M&E systems for use, import of Annex A pesticides Not yet implemented 3.2 To enhance the institutional and human capacity for sustainable management of POPs pesticides Partially implemented 3.3 To undertake research and development into alternatives to POPs pesticides Not yet implemented 43 Strategies and Objectives Implementation Status 4.0 Production, import and export, use, identification, labelling, removal, storage and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs 4.1 Develop and implement a pro-active strategy for management of PCBs Partially implemented 4.2 Develop and implement R&D programmes on PCBs Not yet implemented 4.3 Enhance human and institutional capacity for management of PCBs Ongoing through short and long term trainings 5.0 Production, Import And Export, Use, Stockpiles 5.1 Develop and implement R&D into alternatives of DDT Not done because there is no DDT use in Malawi 5.2 Develop and implement an effective M&E system on usage and accumulation of DDT Not done because there is no DDT use in Malawi 5.3 Strengthen human and institution capacity Not done because there is no DDT use in Malawi 5.4 Raise Awareness on stockpiles and waste of DDT Not done because there is no DDT use in Malawi 5.5 Review and update inventory of contaminated sites and management of stockpiles Not done because there is no DDT use in Malawi 6.0 Register for specific exemptions and the continuing need for exemptions. 6.1. Establish a system for registering for specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions Implemented 7.0 Releases From Unintentional Production Of PCDDS/ PCDFs, HCB And PCBs 7.1 Promote research and development on use of alternative methods of household fuel for cooking and or energy saving technology Ongoing development and promotion of fuel efficient technologies e.g. clean cook stoves, energy saver electric bulbs 7.2 Build capacity to monitor, manage and control unintentional releases of POPs and achieve effective PCDD/PCDF management. Ongoing 7.3 Install appropriate technology to reduce releases from dioxins and furans in target processes Not yet implemented 44 Strategies and Objectives Implementation Status 8.0 Measures To Reduce Releases From Stockpiles 8.1 Establish and implement clean up and remediation schemes Not yet implemented 8.2 Strengthening institutional capacity to handle POPs stockpile and wastes Ongoing 8.3 Monitor storage and usage of chemical at enterprise level Ongoing 9.0 Identification of relevant stockpiles, articles in use and wastes 9.1 Identify and quantify POPs stockpiles, articles in use and wastes Partially implemented 9.2 Develop systems for effective identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes. Not yet implemented 10.0 Manage Stockpiles And Appropriate Measures For Handling And Disposal Of Articles In Use 10.1 Manage stockpiles and handle articles in use in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Partially implemented 10.2 Develop safe handling and disposal procedures of articles in use Partially implemented 11.0 Identification Of Contaminated Sites (Annex A, B And C Chemicals) And Remediation In An Environmentally Sound Manner 11.1 Develop site specific containment and/or remediation plans for high priority POPs contaminated sites, inclusive of detailed assessment and selection of public acceptable technology Not yet implemented 11.2 Increase capacity and skills for better identification of contaminated sites and application of remedial measures Not yet implemented 12.0 Facilitating Or Undertaking Information Exchange And Stakeholder Involvement 12.1 Develop and implement a strategy for greater stakeholder participation in information exchange Strategy developed but not fully implemented 45 Strategies and Objectives Implementation Status 12.2 Strengthen national capacity for effective exchange of information. Ongoing 13.0 Public Awareness, Information And Education 13.1 Create awareness among the public, policy and decision makers including traditional authorities, women and children Ongoing 13.2 Enhance the institutional capacity for public awareness, information and education Ongoing 14.0 Effectiveness Evaluation 14.1 Strengthen technical capacity for evaluation Not yet implemented 14.2 Conduct ad hoc surveys for impact evaluation Not yet implemented 14.3 Formulate and implement standard annual report formats for PCBs and other POPs Not yet implemented 15.0 Reporting 15.1 Develop and implement comprehensive POPs reporting systems and programmes Not yet implemented 15.2 Strengthen institutional capacity for reporting POPs Partially implemented 15.3 Submit relevant reports timely Partially implemented 16.0 Research, development and monitoring 16.1Develop a national strategy for research, development and monitoring of POPs Not yet implemented 16.2 Build individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring Partially implemented 16.3 Promote research on feasible and alternative technologies for replacing and disposal of POPs Partially implemented 46 Strategies and Objectives Implementation Status 16.4 Investigate impact of POPs on human health and the environment Partially implemented 16.5 Promote the transfer and dissemination of Research, development and monitoring. Partially done 17.0 Technical and Financial Assistance (article 12 and 13) 17.1 Develop and implement human resource and technology development strategy Partially done 47 3.3 Gap Analysis for the 2019 NIP The inventory identified gaps and deficiencies that exist and pose a challenge to the effective management of POPs in Malawi. Some of the gaps and deficiencies are weaknesses of the current institutional, policy and legal systems while others are external threats that impede the effective operations of institutions and effective implementation of policies and legislation. Most of the gaps and deficiencies contributed significantly to the implementation failure of some of the objectives of the 2005 NIP in line with the provisions of the Articles. Details of the gaps observed are presented in Table 6. 48 Table 6: Gaps and deficiencies in the management of POPs New POPs Convention requirements Inventory findings Gaps and deficiencies Recommendations to address Gaps and deficiencies Article 6: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes • No monitoring, control and management schemes • No monitoring, control and management schemes • Strengthening technical and infrastructural capacity • Unavailability of environmentally sound disposal methods/facilities • Unavailability of environmentally sound disposal methods/facilities Article 9: Information exchange • Poor information exchange • Lack of understanding on new POPs related products • Strengthening technical understanding and capacity of new POPs • Reluctance of institutions to share relevant information • Lack of information on new POPs 49 Article 10: Public information, awareness and education • Low public awareness • Inadequate awareness raising programmes for the general public • Development and implementation of communication strategy and communication messages • Poor information dissemination • Inadequate information • Poor communication infrastructure • Inadequate financial resources allocated to support awareness raising programmes for the public • Development and implementation of resource mobilization strategy Article 11: Research development and monitoring • No local research programmes on new POPs • Lack of monitoring schemes • Inadequate technical and financial resources to allow research • Put in place monitoring schemes • Development and implementation of resource mobilization strategy POPs Pesticides 50 Article 3: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use The survey identified chlordane as the only POPs pesticide that is still in use. However, there is a substantial decrease in the amount of chlordane being imported and used compared to the amount identified by the previous inventory • Low awareness among importers and customs officers on pesticides importation requirements • Conduct periodic training for importers and customs officers • Low public awareness on banned and approved pesticides • Conduct regular public awareness campaigns on banned and approved pesticides and alternatives Malawi has, effective 2016, banned importation of POPs pesticides • Lack of awareness and promotion of alternatives • Develop and implement guidelines on donations • Inadequate provisions and guidelines to control donations especially during emergencies. • Tighten border controls • Ineffective border control systems Production and use of all new POPs pesticides has been banned • Lack of continued education to update skills to evaluate technical data submitted during registration • Conduct continuous training to update skills to evaluate technical data submitted during registration 51 • Inability to identify and verify pesticides and their contents or formulations • Lack of specialized skills and appropriate analytical equipment for analysis • Develop and enhance specialized skills and appropriate analytical equipment for analysis • Uncoordinated monitoring of pesticides • Inadequate skills and lack of appropriate tools and equipment for monitoring • Enhance monitoring skills • Weak enforcement on existing legislation • Inadequate training on pesticides inspectorate services • Procure appropriate tools and equipment for monitoring • Limited reporting of obsolete stocks • Lack of collaboration among relevant institutions (joint monitoring) • Conduct joint monitoring • Inadequate assessment of currently used pesticides • Existing legislation lack specific provisions on POPs • Update existing legislation • Inadequate monitoring tools and equipment • Inadequate monitoring tools and equipment • Conduct regular training on pesticides inspectorate services 52 Inadequate guidelines on importation, registration, labelling and certification/licensing • Lack of guidelines on risk minimization procedures on handling, transportation, storage and disposal of obsolete stocks • Develop guidelines on risk minimization procedures on handling, transportation, storage and disposal of obsolete stocks • Lack of national standards or guidelines for Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) to assess exposure to POPs • Develop national standards or guidelines for Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) to assess exposure to POPs • Inadequate awareness on the existing standards and guidelines • Promote awareness on existing standards and guidelines Article 6: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes • Poor storage facilities • Lack of designated waste storage facilities. • Construct designated waste storage facilities • Reuse of empty pesticide containers for domestic purposes • Weak enforcement mechanisms • Enhance enforcement mechanisms • Lack of temporary storage facilities at traders/distributors • Require traders and distributors to establish temporary storage facilities in accordance with guidelines • Lack of guidelines on safe storage establishment • Develop guidelines on safe storage establishment No exact types and quantities of POPs pesticides were identified • Lack of appropriate skills for identification of stockpiles • Conduct regular training on identification of stockpiles 53 • Improper handling and storage including record keeping • Develop guidelines and procedures for proper handling and storage • Lack of guidelines and SOPs for identification and measurements • Develop guidelines and procedures for identification and measurement • Poor procurement practices • Lack of special procurement systems for pesticides • Develop special procurement systems (regulations, procedures, etc) for pesticides • There is no monitoring system for importation and use • Lack of monitoring system for importation and use • Establish monitoring systems for pesticide importation and use A few sites were suspected to be contaminated • Lack of guidelines on assessment and remediation of contaminated sites • Develop guidelines for assessment and remediation • Lack of capacity to undertake remediation of contaminated sites • Enhance capacity for undertaking remediation of contaminated sites Article 9: Information exchange • Limited research on POPs pesticides • Lack of information on POPs pesticides • Promote research on POPs pesticides • Limited mechanisms for information exchange • Inadequate collaboration and coordination amongst relevant organizations leading to poor information exchange and data keeping • Establish collaboration and coordination mechanisms for effective information exchange and data keeping 54 • Lack of information and knowledge management systems • Develop information and knowledge management systems Limited research and promotion of integrated pest management (IPM) & Integrated vector management (IVM) • Lack of capacity to ascertain suitability of alternatives and assess their risks to human health and the environment • Build capacity to ascertain suitability of alternatives and assess their risks to human health and the environment • Lack of awareness on the alternatives including their risks and benefits • Raise awareness on alternatives including their risks and benefits • Promote IPM and IVM Article 10: Public information, awareness and education • Untrained custom officers, inspectors, pesticides dealers • Inadequate capacity to raise awareness on POPs • Develop and implement a communication strategy • Limited awareness and education programs on POPs • Lack of specific education and training programs on POPs • Develop and implement an education and training program on POPs • Basic training is provided to pesticides sellers and pest control operators through seminars, pest management courses 55 Article 11: Research, development and monitoring There is limited post registration surveillance • Inadequate human capacity i.e. number and specialised skills, equipment and financial resources to monitor registered pesticides • Develop adequate human capacity in relevant institutions • Weak information flow to relevant stakeholders about POPs pesticides use and their effects • Lack of collaboration among regulatory institutions • Develop new and strengthen existing information exchange mechanisms • Enhance collaboration among regulatory institutions • No data on the residue levels of pesticides including POPs in water, air, soil, breast milk and animal fat • Inadequate specialized skills, and financial resources to carry out monitoring • Enhance specialised skills for monitoring • No monitoring of effects of POPs pesticides in humans and environment • Lack of programs and specific procedures for monitoring of POPs pesticides releases and their effects on human health and environment. • Mobilise financial resources for adequate monitoring • Lack of laboratory and appreciate analytical equipment • Develop and implement programs and specific procedures for monitoring of POPs pesticides releases and their effects on human health and environment 56 • Establish specialised laboratory with appropriate analytical equipment No data on transport, fate and transformation of POPs • Lack of research on environment transport, fate and transformation of POPs • Lack of research, dissemination and awareness on presence of alternatives to end users • Promote research on environment transport, fate and transformation of POPs • Promote research, dissemination and awareness on presence of alternatives to end users • Alternatives of POPs pesticides could be accepted if available and affordable • Lack of mechanisms for documenting and sharing indigenous knowledge and practices • Establish mechanisms for documenting and sharing indigenous knowledge and practices • Illegal trade of POPs pesticides exists because they are considered to be relatively cheap and believed to be the most effective • Lack of comparative cost studies on alternatives • Conduct comparative cost studies on alternatives • Lack of socio-economic and cultural studies on the acceptability on alternatives • Conduct socio-cultural studies on alternatives PCB Oils and Equipment 57 Article 3: Requires Parties to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use • Oils and equipment suspected to contain PCBs had previously been imported with some still operational • Schemes for monitoring potential releases of PCBs not present • Develop schemes for monitoring PCBs for sites with related equipment • ESCOM not effectively implementing measures for managing equipment and oil stockpiles suspected to contain PCBs • Lack of environmentally sound storage and disposal facilities for disused equipment and oils • Establish appropriate storage facilities for disused PCB contaminated equipment & oils • Guidelines available from SAPP and PIESA for the effective management and disposal of oils and equipment containing PCBs • Inadequate technical capacity for management of PCBs • Implement training program on PCB management • Malawi (EAD and ESCOM) currently participating in a Southern Africa regional project for the elimination and environmentally sound disposal of PCBs and PCB containing equipment • Inadequate financial resources to allow use of alternatives to PCBs • Develop long term phase-out plans for PCBs and for use of alternatives 58 Article 6: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes. • No monitoring, control and management schemes • Lack of environmentally sound storage and disposal facilities for disused equipment and oils • Establish appropriate storage facilities for disused PCB contaminated equipment & oils • Leaking equipment • Inadequate technical capacity for management of PCBs • Implement training program on PCB management • Improperly managed wastes • Inadequate financial resources to allow use of alternatives to PCBs • Develop long-term phase out plans for PCBs and for use of alternatives • Unavailability of environmentally sound disposal methods/facilities for oils and equipment suspected to be contaminated with PCBs • Some potentially PCB contaminated sites are close to surface water bodies Article 9: Information exchange • Inadequate dissemination of information on PCBs • Inadequate information generation and exchange • Create platform for information exchange and awareness 59 • SAPP website provides access to guidelines for management of PCBs • Poor access to available information resources • Improve access to available information resources Article 10: Public information, awareness and education. • Inadequate awareness raising programmes for the general public • Low public awareness • Implement awareness campaigns • Limited access to the communication infrastructure • Poor information dissemination • Inadequate information access • Develop materials and platforms for information dissemination • Inadequate financial resources allocated to support awareness raising programmes for the public Article 11: Research development and monitoring. No local research programmes on alternatives to use of PCBs • Lack of PCBs health related monitoring schemes • Inadequate financial resources to allow research on alternatives to PCBs • Establish PCB health related schemes with relevant institutions • Identify innovative ways for seeking assistance in research for alternatives 60 CHAPTER 4 THE 2019 - 2023 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 4.1. Policy Statement Malawi is committed to the effective implementation of the provisions and obligations of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The overall objective of the sound management of POPs in Malawi is to strengthen the national capacity and capability to deliver a comprehensive assessment and intervention measures that will ameliorate the threats posed by exposure of POPs to humans and the environment. The revised NIP will build on existing work and assessments and form an integral part of the national integrated chemicals management programme. It will take due account of the aims of national and international sustainable development goals. 4.2. Key Strategies Underpinning the NIP 4.2.1. National Inter-Sectoral Coordination The implementation of this plan will continue to be spearheaded by the National Chemicals Committee (NCC). The NCC will hold r e gula r me e t ings to ensure that the NIP is being implemented effectively and in accordance with its principles. The sectoral institutions implementing various activities under the revised NIP will be required to submit annual reports to the NCC. 4.2.2. Data Management and Information Sharing Data management and information sharing is a critical implementation step of the NIP. Data on environmental issues is grossly disjointed and in different formats and in most cases not available. It is only in recent years that the district state of environment report has attempted to harness data on a crude basis from various sectors. Scientific and accurate data in an appropriate format needs to be collected, collated, analysed, interpreted, shared, stored and linked to development (water, agriculture, education, transport, industry) and health databases. A central database is required to provide baseline, trends and evidence-based information on implementation of the NIP and other related environmental programs and projects. The database will form the basis for ascertaining attainment of key milestone for the NIP and its review. It is also necessary to identify and build capacity of information and technology experts who will maintain the database and process information for decision-making. Deliberate efforts will be made to involve the private business sector with a bearing on POPs-related industry and MRA for export and import as well as tariffs on relevant raw materials which generate POPs when processed directly or indirectly. 4.2.3. Strengthening and Harmonization of Institutional and Regulatory Frameworks Key to the effective implementation of the NIP is a sound legal and institutional framework. It is 61 anticipated that priority will be given to address this area. Clear roles and responsibilities based on sound regulatory mechanisms will be defined for partners and stakeholders to operate in harmony. It is noted that regulatory frameworks in themselves are not enough. Efforts will be made to link or form ad hoc and or joint inspectorate teams with different but relevant expertise to conduct mandatory inspection on chemical management and monitoring the application of existing minimum BEP and use of BAT as may be stipulated by existing policies and regulations whenever necessary. The lead agency will be EAD in facilitating the formulation of regulations through the guidance of Ministry of Justice. EAD will liaise with relevant stakeholders such as health, agriculture and commerce to ensure that legal provisions are in line and provide mutual support to chemical management. 4.2.4. Capacity Building For the NIP to be accorded all the support from implementing partners and stakeholders, appropriate infrastructure, robust equipment and adequate numbers of short and long-term courses spread in all sectors shall play a pivotal role in sustaining initiated activities under the NIP. It is recommended that Malawi universities and colleges develop courses a n d c u r r i c u l u m to develop relevant skills in the country. Long-term measures would include certain aspects of BEPs and BATs of chemical management in generic or basic training and postgraduate courses with emphasis on developing competencies. 4.2.5. Monitoring, Reporting and Reviewing of NIP Reporting will form the core functions of all implementers. Annual reports will be submitted to the Focal Point by all involved in any activity covered in the NIP. It will be the responsibility of the implementers to ensure that adequate coverage of the activities in their projects or programs are well disseminated to other implementers and stakeholders at country level. The focal point will consolidate the various reports noting key areas and relating to key milestones and will transmit them to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat. 4.2.6. Research and Development Research or adaptation of Best Environmental Practices and Best Available Technology is a prerequisite to maintain appropriate environmentally sound and acceptable methods for poor economies. Universities and research institution will liaise with various sectors to identify research areas on technology and alternatives to POPs including raw materials, which emit POPs when processed, or as a reaction or by-products. Further research will be required on best methods of mitigating already existing negative impacts of POPs where applicable such as cleaning up. Implementers will seek technical advice from time to time on issues related to use of BEPs and BATs. Industry and civil society will be encouraged to disseminate new and innovative approaches, which have been proved in Malawi. 62 4.2.7. Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation is an integral part of the NIP implementation process. Individual implementers will carry out monitoring a nd e va lua t ion of the various activities, but independent monitoring and evaluation shall be carried out from time to time. A team of experts will be constituted to carry out the independent monitoring and evaluation. The effective implementation of the Stockholm Convention on POPs in Malawi will be guided by the following key principles: a) Integrated approach based on synergies between waste management and chemicals conventions and integration in national plans; b) Involvement of the community and stakeholders, and transparency in the decision making process in POPs management; c) Sustainable management of POPs aiming at prevention and mitigation of the risks to human health and the environment; d) Comprehensive application of ВAT and ВEP, wherever technically feasible and affordable; and e) Application of the polluter pays principle for damages caused and of extended producer and importer responsibility for articles containing POPs. 4.3. Implementation Outline 4.3.1. Strategic Objectives, Outcomes and Outcome Targets In line with Malawi’s national planning system, the 2019 - 2023 NIP has been designed to reflect the tangible outcomes that will be realized at the end of implementation period. The plan has identified strategic objectives which will drive the strategic direction of the national implementation plan towards the achievement of the Stockholm Convention requirements and contribution to national environmental and public health management goals. In line with the objectives, the plan has further determined outcomes and outputs to be achieved during the implementation period as outlined in Table 7. 63 Table 7: Strategic objectives, outcomes and outcome targets NO. STRATIGIC OBJECTIVE(S) STRATEGIC OUTCOME(S) OUTCOME TARGET(S) 1 To ensure that all institutional and regulatory measures relevant to POPs management are harmonized All relevant institutional and regulatory measures harmonised 80% of institutional and regulatory measures harmonized by 2023 2 To reduce/eliminate releases from intentional production and use of POPs Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced/eliminated Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced by 90% by 2023 3 To eliminate the production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs Production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs eliminated 100% elimination of production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs by 2023 4 To prohibit and eventually eliminate the production, importation, export and use of stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticides Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide prohibited Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide reduced by 60% by 2023 5 To ensure that all exemptions and continued exemptions are registered Measures enforced for Register for specific exemptions and continued exemptions 100% registration of specific and continued exemptions by 2023 6 To reduce unintentional production of PCDDs/PCDF, HCBs and PCBs Unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs reduced 60% reduction in unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs by 2023 7 To reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Releases from stockpiles and wastes reduced 90% reduction of releases from stockpiles and wastes by 2023 8 To improve the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles Improved management, handling and disposal of stockpiles Management, handling and disposal of stockpiles improved by 80% by 2023 9 To reduce environmental contamination arising from POPs Environmental contamination due to POPs reduced 40% of POPs contaminated sites remediated in an environmentally sound manner by 2023 10 To improve information exchange and stakeholder involvement Improved Information exchange and stakeholder involvement Information exchange and stakeholder involvement improved by 90% by 2023 11 To raise awareness among policy and decision makers, stakeholders, interested groups and the general public Public awareness, information dissemination and education improved 90% of key stakeholders, interested groups and members of the public have their awareness and skills for POPs management 64 NO. STRATIGIC OBJECTIVE(S) STRATEGIC OUTCOME(S) OUTCOME TARGET(S) increased by 2023 12 To strengthen and enhance the monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs improved Institutional capacity for monitoring and evaluation of presence of POPs improved by 75% by 2023. Increased level of public investments to at least 30% of total annual budget by 2023 13 To develop/improve national capacity for reporting POPs management programs National Capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved National capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved by 90% by 2023 14 To promote research, development and monitoring on POPs Research, development and monitoring promoted Research, development and monitoring enhanced by 2023 15 To improve technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs strengthened Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs increased by 90% by 2023 65 4.3.2. Outputs and Output Targets An outline of outputs and outputs target for each outcome of the Stockholm convention are illustrated below. The outputs show the expected progression of the implementation of the NIP. Table 8 presents an annual uutput target for harmonization of institutional and regulatory measures. 66 Strategic Objective 1: To ensure that all institutional and regulatory measures relevant to POPs management are harmonized Table 8: Output target for harmonization of institutional and regulatory measures Strategic Outcome All relevant Institutional and regulatory measures harmonised Total budget per output (USSD) Outcome Target 80% of Institutional and regulatory measures harmonized by 2023 Output Description Output Targets (Milestones Per Financial Year) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Legislation dealing with POPs reviewed and harmonized Legislation dealing with POPs reviewed and harmonised Legislation dealing with POPs updated Legislation dealing with POPs in use Legislation dealing with POPs in use Legislation dealing with POPs reviewed 95,000 Output 2 New regulations on POPs developed New regulations on POPs developed New regulations on POPs developed New regulations on POPs implemented New regulations on POPs implemented New regulations on POPs reviewed 40,000 Output 3 Monitoring & enforcement mechanism strengthened Monitoring & enforcement mechanism in place Monitoring & enforcement mechanism in place Monitoring & enforcement mechanism in place Monitoring & enforcement mechanism in place Monitoring & enforcement mechanism in place 32,000 Output 4 Relevant role and responsibilities on POPs designated Designate relevant role and responsibilities on POPs Relevant role and responsibilities on POPs in use Relevant role and responsibilities on POPs in use Relevant role and responsibilities on POPs in use Relevant role and responsibilities on POPs reviewed 10,000 67 Strategic Objective 2: To reduce/eliminate releases from intentional production and use of POPs. Article 3, Section 1 of the Convention requires that Parties prohibit or take legal and/or administrative measures necessary to eliminate production, use, import and export of POPs listed in Annex A of the Convention. It also requires Parties to take legal and administrative measures necessary to restrict production and use in accordance with the provisions of Annex B of the Convention. Table 9 presents output targets for the elimination of releases from intentional production and use of POPs. 68 Table 9: Output targets for the elimination of releases from intentional production and use of POPs STRATEGIC OUTCOME Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced/eliminated Total resources per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced by 90% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION Output Targets (Milestones Per Financial Year) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced 35% reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs 55% reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs 75% reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs 85% reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs 95% reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs 180,000 69 Strategic Objective 3: To eliminate the production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs. Under Article 3 subparagraph 1 and Annex A require parties to prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate: (i) production and use of the chemicals listed in Annex A subject to the provisions of that Annex; and (ii) Its import and export of the chemicals listed in Annex A in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2; Annex A part II further obligates parties to eliminate the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in equipment (e.g. transformers, capacitors or other receptacles containing liquid stocks) by 2025, subject to review by the Conference of the Parties taking action in accordance with the following priority. Parties are also required to make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing PCBs. During the NIP update inventory exercise, it was established that the existing equipment that is suspected to contain PCBs is generally very old and was installed before 1980; however, it is still functional. This includes transformers, capacitors and circuit breakers. Furthermore, oils from old transformers had already been recycled and reused in the repair of transformers in operation and still part of the ESCOM system grid. This means that PCB oils are potentially within equipment that is still functional as part of the electricity supply grid. Therefore, transformers produced after 1990s might be impacted by PCBs due to maintenance. Table 10 presents status of production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs in the country. 70 Table 10: Status of production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs in the country STRATEGIC OUTCOME Production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs eliminated Total resources per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 100% elimination of production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs by 2023. OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils developed Develop guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils developed 60% compliance in use of guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils 80% compliance in use of guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils 90% compliance in use of guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils 100% compliance in use of guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils 80,000 Output 2 Voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment strengthened 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing Equipment 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment 1,305,000 71 STRATEGIC OUTCOME Production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs eliminated Total resources per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 100% elimination of production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs by 2023. OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 3 Public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs increased Increase public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 10% Increase public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 10% Increase public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 10% Increase public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 10% Increase public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 10% 470,000 Output 4 Control of the import and export of PCBs containing equipment strengthened Importation of PCBs containing equipment improved reduced by 20% Importation of PCBs containing equipment improved reduced by 40% Importation of PCBs containing equipment improved reduced by 60% Importation of PCBs containing equipment improved reduced by 100% 50,000 72 Strategic Objective 4: To prohibit and eventually eliminate the production, importation, export and use of stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticides. Article 3 of the Stockholm Convention requires Parties to prohibit the production and use, import and export of chemicals in Annex A part 1 POPs pesticides. It request parties to take appropriate measures for environmentally sound disposal of the same including products and articles that may have been contaminated by pesticides. In view of the obligations under Article 3, Malawi conducted an assessment to identify the extent of use, stockpile and waste containing chemicals listed in Annex A & B. One of the key findings was that the country uses pesticides including POPs where alternatives in terms of affordability, acceptability and availability to local farmers and entrepreneurs are not available. The inventory assessment revealed that chlordane is still the most commonly used POPs pesticide in Malawi. However, importation of chlordane has been banned since 2016 and its use is being phased out while endosulfan has been banned for import and use. Table 11 outlines objectives, activities and target milestones for production, import and export, use stockpiles and wastes of Annex A, POPs pesticides. 73 Table 11: Output targets for ensuring prohibition of the production, import, export and use of stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticides STRATEGIC OUTCOME Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide prohibited Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide reduced by 60% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides established An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides established An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides in place An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides in place An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides in place An effective system for use, import and export of POPs pesticides evaluated and updated 110,000 74 Strategic Objective 5: To ensure that all exemptions and continued exemptions are registered. Article 4 of the Stockholm Convention on POPs requires the establishment of POPs register for the purpose of identifying parties that have specific exemptions listed in Annex A or B. All registrations of specific exemptions are subject to periodic review. The table below provides activities that will be undertaken to keep and update such records at the country level. Currently Malawi has not requested for exemption in any of the POPs chemicals. Table 12 presents output targets for ensuring registration of exemptions and continued exemptions. 75 Table 12: Output targets for ensuring registration of exemptions and continued exemptions STRATEGIC OUTCOME Measures enforced for Register for specific exemptions and continued exemptions Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 100% registration of specific exemptions measures by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions established Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions established Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions in use Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions in use Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions in use Systems for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions in use 80,000 76 Strategic Objective 6: To reduce unintentional production of PCDDs/PCDF, HCBs and PCBs. Article 5 of the Stockholm requires Malawi to develop an action plan within two years of the date of entry into force to address unintentional POPs. This is to control and regulate the production of unintentional releases through promotion of best available technology and best environmental practices. The findings of the inventory show that UPOPs releases in Malawi is increasing every year with the major contributors being waste disposal processes, incineration of medical waste, open burning processes, heat and power generation and the production of mineral products. Most of the releases are into air, products and residues. There is little knowledge and awareness by institutions, companies and organisations with regards to the importance and impacts of POPs and on the need for reporting their activity data. Table 13 presents output targets for reducing unintentional production of PCDDs/HCBs and PCBs. 77 Table 13: Output targets for reducing unintentional production of PCDDs/HCBs and PCBs STRATEGIC OUTCOME Unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs reduced Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 80% reduction in unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Uncontrolled burning prevented Uncontrolled burning prevented Uncontrolled burning prevented Uncontrolled burning prevented Uncontrolled burning prevented Uncontrolled burning prevention evaluated 620,000 78 Strategic Objective 7: To reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Article 6 of the Stockholm Convention requires Parties to develop measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes. Parties are therefore urged to develop appropriate strategies for identifying: • Stockpiles containing chemicals listed in Annex A or Annex B • Products and articles in use and wastes contaminated with a chemical listed in Annex A, B, or C. Presently, Article 5 deals with measures to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs from unintentional production and requires development of an Action Plan (AP) within two years of the Stockholm Convention coming into force. The Action Plan includes: • An evaluation of current and projected releases, including the development and maintenance of source inventories and release estimates, taking into consideration source categories identified in Annex C; • An evaluation of efficacy of laws and policies of the AP relating to the management of such releases. These are consistent with conventions such as the Basel Convention which control trans boundary movements of hazardous wastes, the Rotterdam Convention w hic h de a ls w ith the prior informed consent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade. Regionally, the Power Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa (PIESA) whose membership includes electricity supply companies of almost all the SADC countries and some East African countries, adopted guidelines to assist member countries to manage PCBs, PCB-containing equipment and contaminated sites and wastes. The Malawi inventory revealed (i) areas pos s ibly contaminated with pesticides were mainly agriculture fields especially of cotton and tea, pesticide stores of suppliers, (ii) sites contaminated with PCBs are ESCOM power stations where transformers are maintained and decommissioned, (iii) sites contaminated with dioxins and furans included all municipal landfills in the country, (iv) limited expertise and technologies to manage POPs contaminated sites and wastes, (v) weak institutional structures to support proper management of contaminated sites at international, regional and national levels, and (vi) absence of specific legislation to deal with POPs contaminated sites: pieces of legislation tackle different aspects of pollution control. Table 14 provides details of output targets for the reduction of releases from stockpiles and wastes. 79 Table 14: Output targets for the reduction of releases from stockpiles and wastes STRATEGIC OUTCOME Releases from stockpiles and wastes reduced Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 90% reduction of releases from stockpiles and wastes by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste developed Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste developed Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste in use Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste in use Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste in use Guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste reviewed 80,000 Output 2 Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased Awareness on the environmental and health impacts of stockpiles and waste increased 470,000 Output 3 Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved 50,000 80 Strategic Objective 8: To improve the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles. Article 6 paragraph 1 (c) of the Stockholm Convention provides for the management of stockpiles, as appropriate, in efficient and environmentally sound manner. Subparagraph (d) requires the taking of appropriate measures so that such wastes, including products and articles in use, upon becoming wastes, are: • handled, collected, transported and stored in environmental manner • disposed of in such a way that POPs content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed • not permitted to be subjected to disposal operations • not transported across international boundaries without considering relevant international rules standards and guidelines Malawi therefore needs to institute appropriate measures for safe handling and disposal of articles in use. This option is necessary to achieve the country’s obligations under the Stockholm Convention. Consistent with a clean environment under the EMA and the Pesticides Act, Malawi requires an effective management system to handle articles in use. Malawi has not developed systems for effective management of stockpiles. This is compounded by the availability of limited capacity. The objective of this activity plan is to establish mechanisms for the management of stockpiles and handling articles in use. Details of the output targets for improving the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles are provided in Table 15. 81 Table 15: Output targets for improving the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles STRATEGIC OUTCOME Improved management, handling and disposal of stockpiles. Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Management, handling and disposal of stockpiles improved by 80% by 2023. OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner Stockpiles managed in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner 1,180,000 82 Strategic Objective 9: To reduce environmental contamination arising from POPs. Article 6 (e) of the Stockholm Convention requires that Parties develop appropriate strategies for the identification of sites contaminated with chemicals listed in Annex A, B or C and remediation of such sites in an environmentally sound manner. The survey results revealed that Smallholder Farmers Fertilizer Revolving Fund of Malawi warehouses in Lilongwe and Blantyre and ADMARC depots are the main potentially POPs pesticides contaminated sites. In terms of PCBs, ESCOM transformer workshops in Blantyre, Lilongwe and Mzuzu are the main contaminated sites. The dumping sites at Msilo in Mzuzu, Mzedi in Blantyre, Area 38 in Lilongwe, Katiri in Karonga and Five miles in Zomba are potentially UPOPs and industrial chemicals contaminated sites. Table 16 outlines objectives, activities and milestones for identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B and C chemicals) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner. 83 Table 16: Output targets for reducing environmental contamination from POPs STRATEGIC OUTCOME Environmental Contamination due to POPs reduced. Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 40% of POPs contaminated sites remediated in an environmentally sound manner by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Selected contaminated sites remediated in an environmentally sound manner improved 100% of selected contaminated sites assessed and ready for remediation 30% of selected contaminated sites remediated and ready for re-use 60% of selected contaminated sites remediated and ready for re use 80% of selected contaminated sites remediated and ready for re use 90% of selected contaminated sites remediated and ready for re-use 2,180,000 84 Strategic Objective 10: To improve information exchange and stakeholder involvement. The Stockholm Convention under article 9 requires Parties to facilitate or undertake information exchange relevant to: • Reduction or elimination of production use and release of persistent organic pollutants; • Alternatives to POPs including information relating to their risks as well as social and economic costs; and • Information on health and safety of humans and the environment, which shall not be regarded as confidential. The inventory showed that (i) information exchange on POPs and toxic substances among stakeholders was very limited, (ii) no strategy exists to increase information exchange, (iii), policies and legislation are not implemented aggressively to enhance information exchange and the various stakeholders including NGOs and the media reporters are not fully involved and capacitated to facilitate information exchange. Table 17 provides details of output targets for improving information exchange and stakeholder involvement. 85 Table 17: Output targets for improving information exchange and stakeholder involvement STRATEGIC OUTCOME Improved Information exchange and stakeholder involvement Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Information exchange and stakeholder involvement improved by 90% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Information exchange and stakeholder involvement strengthened Information exchange and stakeholder engagement strategy developed Information exchange and stakeholder engagement strategy disseminated Information exchange and stakeholder engagement strategy implemented Information exchange and stakeholder engagement strategy implemented Information exchange and stakeholder engagement strategy implemented and reviewed 100,000 86 Strategic Objective 11: To raise awareness among policy and decision makers, stakeholders, interested groups and the general public. The study on POPs awareness, information and education indicated that (i) the general public is not f ully aware of POPs; the rural masses do not have a de qua te access to information on chemicals in general and POPs in particular. Lack of public awareness about POPs is also compounded by lack of trained staff dealing with persistent chemicals; (ii) there is inadequate training for the existing experienced staff. This makes it difficult for the staff especially extension staff to handle a new chemical for which they do not have enough information; (iii) chemical users and handlers have similar problems in information acquisition. An outline of output targets for increasing public awareness, information dissemination and education is provided in Table 18. 87 Table 18: Output targets for increasing public awareness, information dissemination and education STRATEGIC OUTCOME Public awareness, information dissemination and education improved Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET 90% of key stakeholders, interested groups and members of the public have their awareness and skills for POPs management increased by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased by 10% Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased by 15% Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased by 20% Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased by 30% Awareness among the public, policy and decision makers increased by 35% 850,000 Output 2 Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved Institutional capacity for public awareness information and education improved 100,000 88 Strategic Objective 12: To strengthen and enhance the monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs. Article 16 of the convention requires parties to establish mechanisms for providing comparable monitoring data on the presence of Annex A, B and C chemicals. This evaluation shall be conducted based on available scientific, environmental, technical and economic information including national reports. Details of the output targets for the improvement of monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs are provided in Table 19. 89 Table 19: Output targets for improvement of monitoring and evaluation of presence of POPs STRATEGIC OUTCOME Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs improved Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Institutional Capacity for Monitoring and Evaluation of the presence of POPs improved by 75% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased by 20% Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased by 40% Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased by 60% Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased by 80% Technical capacity for effectiveness evaluation increased by 75% 750,000 90 Strategic Objective 13: To develop/improve national capacity for reporting POPs management programs. The Stockholm Convention under Article 15 outlines the importance of reporting to the Conference of Parties (COP) on the measures taken to implement the provisions of the Convention and the effectiveness of the measures in meeting the objectives of the Convention. In order to meet reporting obligations to the COP, Malawi will also endeavour to enhance technical and institutional capacity to ensure that institutional and national reports are generated and consolidated in preparation for submission to the COP. Output targets for the improvement of national capacity for reporting on POPs are provided in Table 20. 91 Table 20: Output targets for improvement of national capacity for reporting on POPs STRATEGIC OUTCOME National Capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET National capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved by 90% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved Capacity for reporting of POPs management programmes improved 50,000 92 Strategic Objective 14: To promote research, development and monitoring on POPs The Stockholm Convention under Article 11 (research, development and monitoring) provides for Conference of Parties to undertake research, development and monitoring consistent with the objectives of the Convention. Specifically, the Conventions requires of each Party to: • Encourage and/or undertake appropriate research, development, monitoring and cooperation pertaining to persistent organic pollutants • Support and further develop, as appropriate, international programmes, networks and organizations aimed at defining, conducting, assessing and financing research, data collection and monitoring; • Strengthen national scientific and technical research capabilities; • Undertake research work geared towards alleviating the effects of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive health; • Develop research, development and monitoring strategy • Disseminate results of their research, development and monitoring activities to the public on a regular basis; • Cooperate with various partners on storage and maintenance information from research and development and monitoring • Establish the impact of POPs on human health and environment; and • Develop clean up and remediation technologies The inventory revealed that Malawi has undertaken limited research on POPs. It has a weak institutional and human capacity for research, development and monitoring of POPs. In addition, financial resources to support research, development and monitoring are limited. Little has been done in terms of research and development of alternative technologies. The inventory further revealed that there is no regulatory framework for research, development and monitoring on POPs. Table 21 provides output targets for the enhancement of research, development and monitoring. 93 Table 21: Output targets for enhancement of research, development and monitoring STRATEGIC OUTCOME Research, development and monitoring promoted Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Research, development and monitoring enhanced by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed 80,000 Output 2 Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring improved 325,000 94 Strategic Objective 15: To improve Technical and Financial Capacity for the management of POPs. Parties recognize that rendering of timely and appropriate technical assistance in response to requests from developing country parties and parties with economies in transition is essential for the successful implementation of this Convention as outlined in Article 12. Table 22 provides details of output targets for the strengthening of technical and financial capacity. 95 Table 22: Output targets for strengthening of technical and financial capacity STRATEGIC OUTCOME Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs strengthened Total budget per output (USSD) OUTCOME TARGET Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs increased by 90% by 2023 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION OUTPUT TARGETS (MILESTONES PER FINANCIAL YEAR) 2018/2019 2019/2020 2020/2021 2021/2022 2022/2023 Output 1 Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs strengthened 75% of technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs 85% of technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs 90% of technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs 95% of technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs 95% of technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs 1,040,000 Output 2 Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP developed Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP developed Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP in use Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP in use Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP in use Funding mobilisation plan for implementation of the NIP reviewed 105,000 96 4.3.3. The National Implementation Framework The NIP will be implemented with respect to specific articles of the Stockholm Convention that it intends to address. Each article will address specific objectives which will bring the outcome achieved through various outputs of the activities. The Frame of Actions presents a list of activities under each output. At the start of each implementation year an annual work plan will be developed to outline the specific activities that will be implemented in every quarter of the year. The annual work plan will also specify the target to be achieved for each activity. A detailed implementation matrix for NIP is provided in Table 23. 97 Table 23: Detailed implementation matrix Strategic Outcome 1: All relevant Institutional and regulatory measures harmonised Outcome Target: Harmonised Institutional and regulatory measures by 2023 Output 1.1.: All stand-alone Acts and Regulations on chemicals harmonized by June 2023 Output Target: 80% of stand-alone Acts and Regulations on chemicals harmonized by 2020 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 1.1.1. Review and harmonize various Policies and Acts EAD; Ministry of Agriculture, PCB; Ministry of Justice No. of Policies, and Acts reviewed All relevant Acts and Policies 2019 - 2020 1.1.2. Develop guidelines and SOPs on management of existing and new POPs including for e-waste EAD No. of guidelines and SOPs Depending on need 2019 - 2020 1.1.3. Enact the laws Parliament; OPC No. of Acts passed a nd ga ze t t e d Depending on No. of laws reviewed/developed 2019 - 2020 1.1.4. Develop Policy on E-waste EAD, MACRA Policy 1 2019 - 2020 Output 1.2.: Existing relevant regulations on POPs reviewed Output Target: 100% of existing relevant regulations on POPs reviewed by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 1.2.1. Carry out gap analysis on existing regulations EAD No. of regulations reviewed All relevant existing regulations 2019 - 2020 1.2.2. Develop regulations addressing the gaps EAD/Justice No. of new regulations developed Depending on need (based on gap analysis report) 2019 - 2020 Output 1.3.: Monitoring & enforcement t o o l s and mechanisms strengthened or put in place Output Target: All (100%) of Monitoring & enforcement t o o ls and mechanisms strengthened or put in place by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 3.1.1. Identify monitoring tools for POPs EAD No. of tools identified Depending on need 2019 - 2020 3.1.2. Develop monitoring plans EAD No. of plans 1 2019 - 2020 98 developed 3.1.3. Develop enforcement mechanisms EAD Enforcement systems in place Depending of need 2019 - 2020 Output 1.4.: Roles and responsibilities of institutions defined Output Target: 100% of key institutions have their roles and responsibilities clearly defined by 2020 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 1.4.1. Identify institutions with critical roles and responsibilities on POPs EAD No. of institutions identified 10 2019 1.4.2. Develop functional national and regional linkages EAD Linkages developed N/A 2019 1.4.3. Define roles and responsibilities on POPs EAD No. of institutions with roles on POPs defined 10 2019 Strategic Outcome 2: Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced/eliminated Outcome Target: Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced by 90% by 2023 Output 2.1.: Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced Output Target: 20% average annual reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 2.1.1. Develop and implement a harmonized regulatory system for regulating production and use of chemicals EAD; PCB; Ministry of Industry and Trade; Ministry of Labour; relevant stakeholders Availability of regulatory system 1 2019 - 2023 2.1.2. Conduct inspections and monitoring to check on level of releases EAD; PCB; Ministry of Industry and Trade; Ministry of Labour; Relevant stakeholders No. of Inspections 20 2019 - 2023 2.1.2. Conduct M&E of regulatory system EAD; PCB; Ministry of Industry and Trade; Ministry of Labour; No. of M&E’s 10 (semi-annually) 2019 - 2023 99 Relevant stakeholders Strategic Outcome 3: Production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs eliminated Outcome Target: 100% elimination of production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs by 2023 Output 3.1.: Guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils developed Output Target: Guidelines and Standards for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils developed by 2019 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 3.1.1. Develop standards for assessment/e va lua t ion of toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes EAD; MBS; ESCOM; Other relevant stakeholders Standards available Depending on need 2019 3.1.2. Prepare guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils EAD; MBS; ESCOM; Other relevant stakeholders Guidelines available Depending on need 2019 3.1.3. Conduct inspections and monitoring to enforce standards. EAD ESCOM Guidelines on PCBs 16 (Quarterly) 2020-2023 Output 3.2.: Voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing equipment supported Output Target: 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing Equipment by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 3.2.1. Phasing out equipment containing 10% PCBs in volume over 5 litres EAD; Ministry of Trade; ESCOM No. of equipment Ongoing 3.2.2. Procure laboratory equipment for analytical tests MBS; ESCOM No & type of equipment for monitoring PCBs Depending on need 2019 - 2021 3.2.3. Phase out equipment containing 0.05% 5% PCBs EAD; Ministry of Trade; ESCOM No. of equipment with 0.05% - 5% PCBs oils Ongoing 3.2.4. Facilitate signing of voluntary EAD; ESCOM; MCCCI No. of agreements Depending on need 2021 - 2023 100 agreements on phasing out of PCB containing equipment signed Output 3.3.: Public awareness on the environmental and health impacts of POPs increased Output Target: 85% of key stakeholders and interested groups are aware of the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 3.3.1. Develop radio and TV programmes for raising awareness on POPs EAD, MoH, Local Assemblies, Media Houses, Ministry of Information No. of programs/ frequency of broadcasts Depending on need Ongoing 3.3.2. Develop awareness messages for production of newsletters, brochures, leaflets and magazines EAD; Media & Civil society Availability of messages Depending on need Ongoing 3.3.3. Integrate POPs issues in the school curricula Ministry of Education, NCHE; Universities POPs issues integrated into School curricula 2 curricula (1 secondary and 1 tertiary) 2021 - 2023 Output 3.4.: Chemical handling and use at enterprise and user levels improved Output Target: 85% of traders and users aware of and able to adopt proper chemical handling practices by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 3.4.1. Develop user-friendly guidelines for handling and use of chemicals EAD, MBS, Industry, Labour, PCB Guidelines available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 Strategic Outcome 4: Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide prohibited Outcome Target: Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide reduced by 60% by 2023 Output 4.1.: An effective system for monitoring the use, importation and export of POPs pesticides established Output Target: 80% of POPs pesticides that are used, imported and exported are monitored by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 4.1.1. Develop mechanisms for registering all imports and exports of chemicals PCB EAD MRA-Customs Percentage of chemicals registered 80% 2020 - 2023 101 4.1.2. Develop and implement a harmonized system for tracking Annex A pesticides PCB; EAD; MRA-Customs Harmonized Tracking System available 1 2020 - 2023 4.1.3. Develop guidelines, protocols and procedures for disposal of chemicals including POPs contaminated products & articles EAD; MBS; PCB Guidelines, protocols and procedures available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 Strategic Outcome 5: Measures enforced for Register for specific exemptions and continued exemptions Outcome Target: 100% registration of specific and continued exemptions by 2023 Output 5.1.: System for registering specific exemptions and continuing need for exemptions established Output Target: 100% registration of specific and continued exemptions by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 5.1.1. Develop guidelines and procedures for identification and selection of candidate chemicals for exemptions EAD, MoH, PCB, MoAIWD, MBS Guidelines and procedures available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 5.1.2. Undertake periodic review to assess need for continued exemptions or otherwise EAD, MoH, PCB, MoAIWD, MBS No. of reviews 16 (quarterly) 2020 - 2023 Strategic Outcome 6: Unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs reduced Outcome Target: 80% reduction in unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs by 2023 Output 6.1.: Uncontrolled burning reduced Output Target: Incidences of uncontrolled burning reduced by 80% by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 6.1.1. Develop legislation, standards and procedures to control burning. (Legislation to cover: waste management, need to install emissions monitoring device in industries, EAD, PCB, MBS, Local Authorities, Ministry for Justice, Ministry of Health Legislation, standards and procedures available Depending on need 2020 - 2021 102 e.t.c.) 6.1.2. Develop and implement a harmonized monitoring program for UPOPs emissions EAD, PCB, MBS, Local Authorities, Ministry of Health Harmonized Monitoring program available 1 2021 - 2022 6.1.3. Conduct inspections to check compliance to UPOPs emission limits. EAD, PCB, MBS, Local Authorities, Ministry of Health No. of inspections/no. of facilities or sites inspected 12 (quarterly) 2021 - 2023 6.1.4. Develop projects for the use of clean fuels and energy saving technologies for cooking EAD, Universities Research I nstitutions, MBS, Local Authorities, Private sector No. of projects Depending on need 2020 - ongoing Strategic Outcome 7: Releases from stockpiles and waste reduced Outcome Target: 90% reduction of releases from stockpiles and waste by 2023 Output 7.1.: Stockpiles and waste identified and assessed Output Target: 90% of stockpiles and waste identified and assessed by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 7.1.1. Develop and implement standards for evaluation of releases from stockpiles and waste EAD, MBS, MoAIWD, ESCOM, EAD Standards available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 7.1.2. Develop and implement standards and guidelines for proper conditioning and disposal of stockpiles and wastes. EAD, MBS, MoAIWD, ESCOM, EAD guidelines a nd s t a nda r ds available 7.1.2. Prepare guidelines for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste EAD, MBS, MoAIWD, ESCOM, EAD guideline available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 Strategic Outcome 8: Improved management, handling and disposal of stockpiles 103 Outcome Target: Management, handling and disposal of stockpiles improved by 80% by 2023 Output 8.1.: Reduced volume of stockpiles and wastes Output Target: Volume of stockpiles and wastes reduced by 80% by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 8.1.1. Develop guidelines and procedures for identification and assessment of stockpiles and waste EAD, Ministry of Trade, PCB, Academia, MBS, MoAIWD, Research Institutions Guidelines and procedures available Depending on need 2020 - 2023 8.1.2. Carry out identification (including digital mapping), assessment and prioritization of stockpiles and wastes EAD, Ministry of Trade, PCB, Academia, MBS, MoAIWD, Research Institutions Volume of stockpiles and waste identified and assessed To be determined 2020 - 2021 8.1.3. Develop a tracking system for stockpiles and wastes EAD, Local authorities, PCB, MRA-Customs Tracking system available 1 2021 - 2023 8.1.4. Develop best options for final disposal of stockpiles and wastes EAD PCB MoAIWD Industry and other relevant stakeholders Best Disposal Options available 2019 - 2021 Strategic Outcome 9: Environmental Contamination due to POPs reduced Outcome Target: 40% of POPs contaminated sites remediated in an environmentally sound manner by 2023 Output 9.1.: Remediation of contaminated sites in an environmentally sound manner increased Output Target: 10% annual increase in remediation of contaminated sites between 2020 and 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 9.1.1. Develop guidelines and procedures for identification and assessment of POPs contaminated sites EAD, Ministry of Trade, PCB, Academia, MBS, MoAIWD, Research institutions Guidelines and procedures available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 104 9.1.2. Carry out identification (including digital mapping), assessment and prioritization of POPs contaminate sites EAD, Ministry of Trade, PCB, Academia, MBS, MoAIWD, Research institutions POPs contaminated sites identified and assessed No. of sites identified and assessed 2020 - 2021 9.1.3. Coordinate development and implementation of site-specific remediation plans EAD, MoAIWD, PCB, ESCOM, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Local Authorities No. of remediation plans developed To be determined 2022 - 2023 9.1.4. Pilot remediation of high risk abandoned contaminated sites EAD, MoAIWD, PCB, ESCOM, Local Authorities, Industry No. of site remediated To be determined 2021 - 2023 Strategic Outcome 10: Improved Information exchange and stakeholder involvement Outcome Target: Information exchange and stakeholder involvement improved by 90% by 2023 Output 10.1.: Exchange of information and stakeholder involvement increased Output Target: Annually, 90% of key institutions and stakeholders reached with information and involved in implementation of POPs Management Programs by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 10.1.1. Carry out institutional and stakeholder mapping EAD No. of institutions and stakeholders identified 2019 10.1.2. Establish a national website and network of chemicals information exchange EAD, Stakeholders Information Exchange System available 1 2020 - 2021 10.1.3. P e r iodic a lly update existing website to incorporate information on chemicals and POPs EAD, Stakeholders No. of website updates 16 (quarterly) 2020 - 2023 10.1.4. Develop procedures and protocols for information management EAD, Stakeholders Procedures and protocols available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 Strategic Outcome 11: Public awareness, information dissemination and education improved Outcome Target: 90% of key stakeholders, interest groups and members of the public have their awareness and skills for POPs 105 management increased by 2023 Output 11.1.: Awareness and skills among the public, policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interest groups incre as e Output Target: Annually, 90% of the public, policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interest groups have the ir knowle dge and s kills for POPs handling, manage me nt and dis pos al incre as e d by 60% by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 11.1.1. Design and implement a targeted awareness program for all stakeholders EAD, MoAIWD, PCB, ESCOM, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Local Authorities Awareness Program available 1 2021 - 2023 11.1.2. Develop training and IEC materials and translate into user-friendly languages EAD, MoAIWD, PCB, ESCOM, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Local Authorities Availability of training Materials on POPs in user-friendly languages Depending on need 2019 - 2022 11.1.3. Carry out training of institutions, stakeholders, interest groups, traders and members of the general public. EAD, MoAIWD, PCB, ESCOM, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Local Authorities No. of training sessions; No. of institutions and individuals trained. To be determined 2019 - 2023 Strategic Outcome 12: Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs improved Outcome Target: Institutional Capacity for Monitoring and Evaluation of the presence of POPs improved by 75% by 2023 Output 12.1.: Technical capacity for evaluation of presence of POPs increased Output Target: 90% of relevant institutions have their technical capacity for monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs increased by 75% by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 12.1.1. Develop and administer a technical capacity needs assessment tool EAD, PCB, Research Institutions MoH, MoAIWD, ESCOM, Local Authorities, Academia Needs Assessment Tool available 1 2019 - 2020 12.1.2. Develop and implement a training EAD, PCB, Research Training program 1 2019 - 2020 106 program on monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs Institutions MoH, MoAIWD, ESCOM, Local Authorities, Academia available 12.1.3. Develop and implement a program for monitoring and evaluation of POPs presence in the environment including bio-monitoring EAD, PCB, Research Institutions MoH, MoAIWD, ESCOM, Local Authorities, Academia Monitoring and evaluation program available 1 2019 - 2020 12.1.4. Conduct regular M & E of the Training Program and POPs Monitoring and Evaluation Program EAD, Independent Consultant M & E Reports 12 (Quarterly) 2020 - 2023 Strategic Outcome 13: National Capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved Outcome Target: National capacity for reporting of POPs management programs by 90% by 2023 Output 13.1.: Institutional capacity for reporting of POPs management programs increased Output Target: 90% of relevant institutions are able to collect data and generate reports on POPs by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 13.1.1. Develop/review data collection tools EAD, PCB, MoH, MoAIWD, MRA-Customs, MBS, Local Authorities, Relevant stakeholders Data collection tools available Depending on need 2019 - 2020 13.1.2. Procure and provide data collection equip to institutions No. of institution with equipment To be determined 2019 - 2020 13.1.3. Identify and train data collectors No. of data collectors identified and trained 20 2019 - 2020 13.1.4. Develop and implement a regular reporting program Reporting program available 1 2019 - 2020 Strategic Outcome 14: Research, development and monitoring promoted Outcome Target: Research, development and monitoring enhanced by 2023 Output 14.1: Harmonized National program for research, development and monitoring of POPs developed and implemented Output Target: 1 Harmonized National Program for Research, Development and Monitoring of POPs developed and implemented by 2023 107 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 14.1.1. Conduct consultative meetings on research, development and monitoring EAD; NCST; Ministry of Industry and Trade; MBS; Academia; MoH; MoAIWD; PCB. No. of meetings 5 2019 - 2021 14.1.2. Develop and implement a harmonized Program for Research, Development and Monitoring of POPs Program available 1 2019 - 2020 14.1.3. Integrate the research, development and monitoring program elements in sectoral and institutional plans Sectoral plans contain POPs research, development and monitoring N/A 2021 - 2023 Output 14.2: Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring increased Output Target: Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring increased by 60% by 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 14.2.1. Undertake needs assessment EAD; NCST; DHRMD; Ministry of Industry and Trade; Needs Assessment Report available 1 202 1 - 2022 14.2.2. Conduct consultative workshops to prioritise capacity building needs Capacity needs prioritised N/A 2021 - 2022 14.2.4. Facilitate research and dissemination grants in the following areas: Impact of POPs on human health impacts of POPs on the environment EAD Academia GEF-SGP Relevant institutions No. of research projects Depending on needs 2021 - 2023 Strategic Outcome 15: Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs strengthened and maintained Outcome Target: Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs increased by 90% by 2023 Output 15.1: Technical capacity for the management of POPs increased Output Target: Technical capacity for the management of POPs increased by 30% annually from 2021 to 2023 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 15.1.1. Carry out national consultation to identity critical capacity gaps and needs EAD, DHRMD, MoFEPD Academia, research No. of institutions and individuals To be determined 2019 - 2020 108 institutions consulted 15.1.2. Formulate and implement a national Capacity Development Plan Plan available 1 2019 - 2028 15.1.3. Develop a National Procurement Plan and Procedure EAD, PCB, MBS, MoH, MoAIWD Academia MoFEPD Development Partners Procurement Plan and Procedure available 1 2019 - 2020 15.1.4. Identify and Procure necessary equipment for management of POPs EAD, PCB, MBS, MoH, MoAIWD, Academia, MoFEPD Development Partners Equipment available - 2019 - 200 Output 15.2.: Resource Mobilisation Plan fo r imple me nt at io n o f t he NIP developed Output Target: One (1) Harmonized Resource Mobilisation Plan fo r imple me nt at io n o f t he NIP developed and implemented by 2020 Activity(s) Responsibility Indicator Target Time Frame 15.2.1. Recruit consultant to develop plan EAD, MoFEPD, Development Partners, PCB Consultant available 1 2019 15.2.2 Develop a resource mobilization plan EAD, Consultant Plan available 1 2019 - 2020 109 CHAPTER 5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring and Evaluation will ensure that the objectives of the NIP are on track. It will enhance the achievement of the strategic outcomes hence contributing to the adherence to Stockholm Convention Articles. The M&E Framework presented in Table 24 has been developed following the strategic outcomes and outputs. It is important to ensure that Monitoring and Evaluation is carried out at quarterly and annual intervals. 5.1. Monitoring Implementation of the NIP will be through annual work plans and budgets. A National Coordination Unit will facilitate the development of annual work plans and budgets. Each entity which will be assigned tasks will ensure that the objects of the task are met and the outputs are realized. The activities outlined in section 4.3.3 will form the basis for preparing annual work plans and budgets. The National Coordination Unit will ensure that there are proper mechanisms for ensuring that there is adequate monitoring of the activities during implementation. Monitoring will check if all the planned activities are implemented as desired. Feedback from monitoring is vital hence Monitoring Reports will have to be generated and properly recorded. 5.2. Evaluation Performance evaluation is very important as it entails comparing actual against expected results and the resultant impact. Evaluation will entail comparing the expected results to the actual results at activity, output and outcome levels. It will also help in checking the effectiveness of the methods used. The results of evaluation will also be used for reviewing the NIP. Table 24 provides a Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the NIP. 110 Table 24: Monitoring and evaluation framework Objective 1: To ensure that all institutional and regulatory measures relevant to POPs management are harmonized Strategic Outcome 1.0. All relevant Institutional and regulatory measures harmonised Outcome Target 80% of Institutional and regulatory measures harmonized by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data Collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 1.1. 80% of stand alone Acts and Regulations on chemicals harmonized by 2023 Percentage of stand-alone acts and regulation harmonized into one legislation The difference, in percentage terms, of total number existing pieces of legislation and number of legislation harmonized 20% 20% 20% 20% Reports Annually Questionnaire EAD 1.2. 100% of existing relevant regulations on POPs reviewed by 2023 Percentage of relevant regulations reviewed The difference, in percentage terms, of total number existing pieces of legislation and number of legislation reviewed 25% 25% 25% 25% Reports Annually Questionnaire EAD 1.3. All (100%) of Monitoring & enforcement t o o ls a n d mechanisms strengthened or put in place by 2023 Number of enforcement tools/mechanis ms developed The number of tools/mechanisms developed for strengthening enforcement of legislation 4 2 2 0 0 0 Reports Quarterly Reports EAD 111 1.4. 100% of key institutions have their roles and responsibilities clearly defined by 2020 Percentage of institutions with full understanding of their roles and responsibilities The difference, in percentage, of total number of key relevant institutions and Number of Institutions with full understanding of their roles in POPs management 5 5 5 - - - Reports Annually Report EAD Objective 2 To reduce/eliminate releases from intentional production and use of POPs Strategic Outcome 2.0. Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced/eliminated Outcome Target Releases from intentional production and use of POPs reduced by 90% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 2.1. 20% average annual reduction of releases from intentional production and use of POPs by 2023 % average annual reduction of releases The difference, in percentage terms, between initial level and current level of release 101. 592 g TEQ/a 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Reports Ongoing Reports EAD Objective 3 To eliminate the production, exportation and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs Strategic Outcome 3.0. Production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs eliminated Outcome Target 100% elimination of production, importation, exportation, and use of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs by 2023 112 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Baseline 2017/18 Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 3.1. Guidelines for identification and labelling of equipment using PCB oils developed Availability of guidelines Availability of printed copies or accessible soft copies for easy identification and labelling 0 1 0 0 0 0 Annual report Annually Progress reports EAD 3.2. 100% support for voluntary agreements with enterprises or industry groups on phasing out PCB containing Equipment by 2023 Percentage of agreements supported The difference, in percentage terms, between the to tal number of agreements proposed and the number supported 0 0 5 5 5 0 Reports Annually Annual progress reports EAD 3.3. 85% of key stakeholders and interested groups are aware of the environmental and health impacts of POPs by 2023 Percentage of stakeholders and interested groups with adequate awareness The difference, in percentage terms, between total number of key stakeholders and interest groups identified and the number of stakeholders and interested groups with awareness 30% 45% 50% 65% 75% 85% Annual report Annually Questionnaire EAD 3.4. 85% of traders and users aware of and able to adopt proper Percentage of traders and users adopting proper chemical A sampled difference, in percentage terms, between total 30% 45% 55% 65% 75% 85% Survey report Annually Questionnaire EAD 113 chemical handling practices by 2023 handling practices number of traders and users sampled and total number of adopters Objective 4 To prohibit and eventually eliminate the production, importation, export and use of stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticides Strategic Outcome 4.0. Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide prohibited Outcome Target Production, import, export, and use stockpiles and wastes of POPs pesticide reduced by 60% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 4.1. 80% of POPs pesticides that are used, imported and exported are monitored by 2023 % of POPs and POPs contaminated materials under surveillance and regulatory control The difference, in percentage terms, between total volume of POPs and POPs contaminated materials produced/importe d and the volume under surveillance 20% 30% 50% 70% 80% Reports Annually Reports EAD % decline in volume of POPs produced or imported The difference, in percentage terms, between initial (previous year) volume produced/importe d and current year volume 20% 40% 60% 80% Industr y records ; Import/ export records Annually Questionnaire EAD 114 Objective 5 To ensure that all exemptions and continued exemptions are registered Strategic Outcome 5.0. Measures enforced for Register for specific exemptions and continued exemptions Outcome Target 100% registration of specific and continued exemptions by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 100% registration of specific and continued exemptions annually by 2023 Percentage of exemptions and continued exemptions registered The difference, in percentages, between total number of exemptions and number of registered exemptions 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Reports Annually Annual progress reports EAD Objective 6 To reduce the unintentional production of PCDDs/HCBs and PCBs Strategic Outcome 6.0. Unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs reduced Outcome Target 80% reduction in unintentional production of PCDDs/ PCDFs, HCB and PCBs by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 6.1. Incidences of uncontrolled burning reduced by 80% by 2023 Percentage decline in incidences of uncontrolled burning The difference, in percentage, between number of incidences in previous year and 25% % 55% 25% 25% Report Annually Questionnaire EAD 115 number of incidences in current year Objective 7 To reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Strategic Outcome 7.0 Releases from stockpiles and waste reduced Outcome Target 90% reduction of releases from stockpiles and waste by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 7.1. 90% of stockpiles and waste identified and assessed by 2023 Percentage of stockpiles and wastes identified and assessed The difference, in percentage, between total volume of stockpiles and wastes identified and volume of stockpiles and wastes assessed 25% % 30% 20% % 15% Reports Annually Progress Reports EAD, PCB Objective 8 To improve the management, handling and disposal of stockpiles Strategic Outcome 8.0. Improved management, handling and disposal of stockpiles Outcome Target Management, handling and disposal of stockpiles improved by 80% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 8.1. Volume of stockpiles and % reduction in stockpiles and The difference, in percentages, 20% 20% 20% 20% Reports Annually Annual progress EAD 116 wastes reduced by 80% by 2023 wastes between volume of stockpiles and wastes in previous year and the volume in current year reports Objective 9 To reduce environmental contamination arising from POPs Strategic Outcome 9.0. Environmental Contamination due to POPs reduced Outcome Target 40% of POPs contaminated sites remediated in an environmentally sound manner by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 9.1. 60% of POPs contaminated sites remediated by 2023 % of contaminated sites that are reconditioned and rehabilitated The difference, in percentage terms, between the to tal number of contaminated sites in the initial year and the number of sites remediated in the current year 0% - - 20% 20% 20% Reports Annually Annual progress reports EAD Objective 10 To improve information exchange and stakeholder involvement Strategic Outcome 10.0. Improved Information exchange and stakeholder involvement Outcome Target Information exchange and stakeholder involvement improved by 90% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection 117 Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 10.1. Annually, 90% of key institutions and stakeholders reached with information and involved in implementation of POPs management programs by 2023 Percentage of key institutions and stakeholders reached with information and involved The difference, in percentage, between total number of key institutions and stakeholder identified and the number reached and involved 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% Reports Quarterly Progress reports EAD Objective 11 To raise awareness among policy and decision makers, stakeholders, interested groups and the general public Strategic Outcome 11.0. Public awareness, information dissemination and education improved Outcome Target 90% of key stakeholders, interested groups and members of the public have their awareness and skills for POPs management increased by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 11.1. Annually, 90% of the public, policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interested groups have Percentage of the public, policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interested groups whose The difference, in percentage terms, between total number of policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interested groups 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% Reports Quarterly Questionnaire EAD 118 their knowledge and skills for POPs handling, management and disposal increased by 60% by 2023 knowledge and skills has been raised targeted and the number whose knowledge and skills has increased Percentage of the public, policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interested groups whose knowledge and skills has been raised by 60% The difference, in percentage terms, between total number of policy and decision makers, stakeholders and interested groups targeted and the number whose knowledge and skills has increased 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% Reports Quarterly Questionnaire EAD Objective 12 To strengthen and enhance the monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs Strategic Outcome 12.0. Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs improved Outcome Target Institutional Capacity for Monitoring and Evaluation of the presence of POPs improved by 75% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 12.1. 90% of relevant institutions have their technical capacity for % of relevant institutions for which technical capacity has been increased The difference, in percentage, between Total number of relevant 15% 35% 35% 15% Reports Annually Questionnaire EAD 119 monitoring and evaluation of the presence of POPs increased by 75% by 2023 institutions and number of institutions for which technical capacity has increased % increase in technical capacity in relevant institutions The difference, in percentage, between level of capacity at initial year and level of capacity at current year - 25% 25% 25% Reports Annually Questionnaire EAD Objective 13 To develop/improve national capacity for reporting POPs management programs Strategic Outcome 13.0. National Capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved Outcome Target National capacity for reporting of POPs management programs improved by 90% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 90% of relevant institutions are able to collect data and generate reports on POPs by 2023 % of institutions that are able to collect data and generate reports at national level The difference, in percentage terms, between total number of institutions expected to report and the actual number of institutions reporting 100 % 100% 100% 100% 100% Reports Quarterly, Annually Reports, Questionnaires EAD 120 Objective 14 To promote research, development and monitoring on POPs Strategic Outcome 14.0. Research, development and monitoring promoted Outcome Target Research, development and monitoring enhanced by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 14.1. One (1) Harmonized National Program for Research, Development and Monitoring of POPs developed and 75% of it implemented by 2023 % completion the document The difference, in percentage terms, between expected level and the actual level of completion of the document 0% 40% 60% 100% - - Reports Annually Reports EAD % progress of implementation of the program The difference, in percentage terms, between expected level and the actual level of implementation of the program 0% - - 25% 25% 25% Reports Annually Progress reports EAD 14.2. Individual and institutional capacity for effective research, development and monitoring increased by 60% by 2023 % of individuals and institutions whose research and monitoring capacity has increased The difference, in percentage, between the total expected number of individuals and institutions and the actual number of individuals and institutions 0% - 15% 15% 15% 15% Reports Annually Reports NSO Objective 15 To improve Technical and Financial Capacity for the management of POPs Strategic Outcome Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs strengthened 121 15.0. Outcome Target Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs increased by 90% by 2023 Output(s) and Overall Target(s) Performance Indicators Definition of indicator Annual Targets Data source Frequency Data collection instrument Responsibility for data collection Baseline 2017/18 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 15.1. Technical and financial capacity for the management of POPs increased by 90% annually from 2021 to 2023 % increase/availab ility of financial resources The difference, in percentage terms, between amount of budgeting funds and amount available 90% 90% 90% 90% Reports Quarterly, Annually Reports; Questionnaires EAD % increase/availab ility of skilled personnel and equipment The difference, in percentages, between expected number of skilled personnel and equipment and the numbers available 90% 90% 90% 90% Reports Annually Reports; Questionnaires EAD 15.2. One (1) Harmonized Resource Mobilisation Plan f o r imp le me n t a t io n o f t h e NIP developed and implemented by 2020 % of progress of Resource Mobilization Plan development The difference, in percentages, between the progress target and the actual progress achieved. 0% 60% 100% - - - Reports Quarterly, Annually Reports EAD % of resources mobilized The difference, in percentages, between total target to be mobilized and the actual amount mobilized 0% - - 30% 30% 40% Reports Quarterly, Annually Reports EAD 122 CHAPTER 6 REVIEW OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN Implementation of the NIP is multi-sectoral in approach and will therefore require well coordinated mechanisms. The National Focal Point shall engage relevant stakeholders in the review of the NIP. This review shall be based on evident outcomes or shortcomings, new scientific information on POPs, technological innovations on BATs and BEPs or changes of obligation of the Convention as may be reviewed by the Conference of Parties. During the initial phase of implementation of the NIP major reviews may be effected within a period of 5 years. However, the NIP will be subject to progress reviews annually in order to check its effectiveness. In order to facilitate proper and consistent reviews, national consultants shall be engaged in order to build their capacity in NIP reviews and updates. The implementation plan which has been developed based on annual output targets will be reviewed at the end of each financial year prior to the budget development for the impending fiscal year. A full review of the plan will be conducted at the end of the implementation period in 2023 when the plan expires. However, the plan may be reviewed at any time to incorporate new developments and emerging issues requiring immediate attention since it is a flexible document. 123 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION The National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs for 2019 – 2023 constitutes a comprehensive, strategic policy document whose objective is to develop and improve the optimal and most effective POPs management system while protecting human health and environmental protection. Malawi will thus meet its obligations under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (the Stockholm Convention) signed 22 May 2001. The elaborated NIP for the period 2019 – 2023 will be updated regularly consistent with the special NIP revision and amendment procedure. The Malawi Government and all its key partners are committed to translating the NIP into tangible actions from July, 2019 in order to prevent environmental degradation and associated impacts of POPs on human life and the environment. It is envisaged that GEF and key cooperating partners will support financially and technically the implementation of NIP. This contribution will complement local funding regimes provided by Parliament and the private sector. 124 ANNEX 1: TASK FORCE TEAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIP ANNEX 1 below outlines the list of officers from various departments and divisions who were part of the task team in the development of the NIP. A. COORDINATING TEAM ID NAME OF OFFICER POSITION DEPARTMENT/DIVISION 1 Mrs. T. G. Mbale-Luka Director EAD 2. Ms. V. Kachimera Deputy Director EAD 3. Mrs. S. Najira Deputy Director EAD 4 Mr. M. Makonombera Deputy Director EAD 5 Mr. B. B. Yassin Deputy Director EAD 6 Mr. L. Kampira Chief Scientific Officer NCST 7 Ms. C. Theka Project Coordinator EAD B. TASK FORCE TEAM 1 Mr. W. Msiska Environmental Inspector EAD 2 Mr. E. Mvula Environmental Inspector EAD 3 Mr. G. Nangwale Environmental Inspector EAD 4 Mr. C. Chinyama Senior Legal Officer EAD 5 Mr. P. Nyirenda Environmental Officer EAD 6 Mr. C. Gamulani Environmental Officer EAD 7 Mr. M. Simoni Environmental Officer EAD 8 Mr. C. Manda Environmental Officer EAD 9 Mr. F. Munthali Scientific Officer NCST 10 Mr. P. Khonje consultant Croplife 11 Mr. E. Mkomwa Environmental Inspector EAD 12 Dr. J. Mwatseteza Lecturer Chancellor College 13 Dr. T. Biswick Lecturer MUST 14 Mr. R. Ndawala Chief Inspector PCB 15 Dr. C. Zalengera Lecturer Mzuzu University 16 Mr. I. Chirwa Director MBS 17 Mr. T. Mkaka Officer Lilongwe City Council 18 Ms. G. Malulu Environmental Officer ESCOM 19 Mr. C. Kaferapanjira CEO MCCCI 20 Ms. M. Njolomole Officer MRA 21 Mr. S. Kuyeli Director MBS 22 Mr. M. Soko Ag. Registrar PCB 23 Mr. H. Gowero DOSH Ministry of Labour 125 24 Mr. H. Mgodie Director Ministry of Health 25 Mr. Y. Kadzakumanja Principal Officer Ministry of Trade 26 Mr. C. Chalimba officer 27 Mr. F. Mfundi officer 28 Mr. V. Mulula Director of Health & Social Services Lilongwe City Council 29 Mrs. J. Chitedze-Kumatso Lecturer MUST 30 Mr. B. Munthali Chiona Chief Preventive Health Officer Zomba City Council 31 Ms. F. Kawaye Lecturer The Polytechnic 32 Mr. K. Gondwe Lecturer MZUNI 33 Mrs. C. Mainjeni Researcher ARET 34 Mr. M. Sankhulani Intern - EIED NCST 35 Mr. M. Tembo Research Officer NCST 36 Ms. N. Chawawa EDO LL District Council 37 Mr. W. Nyasulu Economist Treasury 38 Mr. M. Mbulaje EDO Blantyre District Council 39 Mr. G. Nyirongo Statistician Ministry of Industry Trade & Tourism 126 ANNEX 2: REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ANNEX 2 below provides a list of documents that were used for reference in the update of the NIP. No. Reference Documents 1 Chinyama M.P.M. and Madhlopa A (1999), An assessment of municipal solid waste management in the city of Mzuzu, Malawi, Malawi J. Sci. Technol. 5 40 – 49. 2 Environmental Affairs Department, Inventory Report on Furans and Dioxins, 2017 3 Environmental Affairs Department, Inventory Report on PCBs Malawi, 2017 4 Environmental Affairs Department, Inventory Report on PFOs and Related Chemicals in Malawi, 2017 5 Environmental Affairs Department, Inventory Report on POPs Pesticides in Malawi, 2017 6 Environmental Affairs Department, Desk Study Report on Assessment of the National Legislation, Infrastructure and Capacity for the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Malawi, 2017 7 Environmental Affairs Department, Inventory Report of listed Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (POP-PBDE), Hexabrominated Biphenyl (HBB) and Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Malawi, 2017 8 Government of Malawi, Environment Management Act No.23 of 2017 , Government Printer. Zomba 9 Government of Malawi, Environment Management (Chemicals and Toxic Substances) Regulations 2008, Government Printer. Zomba 10 Government of Malawi, Environment Management (Waste Management and Sanitation) Regulations 2008, Government Printer. Zomba 11 Government of Malawi, Water Resources Act No.2 of 2013, Government Printer. Zomba 12 Government of Malawi (1968) Laws of Malawi: Local Government Act Chapter 22:01. Government Printer. Zomba 13 Government of Malawi (1968) Laws of Malawi: Malawi Bureau of Standards Act. Government Printer. Zomba 14 Government of Malawi (1968) Laws of Malawi: Public Health Act. Government Printer, Zomba 15 IPCS, Key Elements of a National Programme for Chemicals Management and Safety, pp 27-72 Constitution of Malawi, Chapter 1.01 16 Kamperewera et al, Prevalence of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Blantyre – Malawi. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 3, 61-66, 127 DOI:10.12691/env-4-3-1. 17 Luxon Consulting Group llc, Report on Developing an E-waste National Policy and Regulatory Framework for Malawi, 2017, pg14-15 18 Makaya Eugine, Tanyanyiwa Vincent (2016) Prevalence of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Blantyre – Malawi. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 3, 61-66, DOI:10.12691/env-4-3-1 19 Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development, Malawi Growth and Development III, 2017. 20 Ministry of Health and Population, Health Care Waste Management Policy, 2003, Government Printers, Zomba, Malawi. 21 Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training , Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare Act, 1997 22 Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining, National Profile on the Capacity and Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals in Malawi, 2010 23 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs, 2002, National Environmental Policy, 2nd Edition, 2004, Venus Printers, Lilongwe, Malawi. 24 National Statistics Office, Malawi Population and Housing Census Report, 2018. Zomba, Malawi. 25 Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security, Pesticides Act, 2000 26 UNEP, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Text and annexes, Geneva, Switzerland. Revised 2017 27 United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals, 2016 28 UNEP, Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases, 2003 29 UNEP, Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs under Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention, 2013, 30 UNEP, Guidance for Developing a National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Revised 2017 31 UNEP Chemicals, Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs, 1999. 32 UNEP, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances. 33 World Health Organisation, Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Human Health Aspects, 128 Geneva, 2003.