National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention

KINGDOM OF LESOTHO Enabling Activities to Facilitate Early Action on the Implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN MAY 2005 http://www.geocities.com/david charles curran/safety/poisonous.gif� Report Summary Sheet ourism, Environmen 10993 0 Lesotho o Lesemane oordinator [POPs] Department of Environment. Client: Ministry of T t and Client Contact Person(s): Mr. Michael Lehlohonol Culture oxP. O. B Maseru, 10 National Project C Mr. S. M. Damane - Director Title of Report: NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Summary: This is a compilation of national objectives and action plans aimed at capacitating towards implementation and meeting the obligations of the Stockholm Lesotho Convention. Keywords: Pe Pla rs nic P ven l Implementation n istent Orga ollutants, Stockholm Con tion, Nationa Work Carried out By ergy H ) L: Syn oldings (Pty td Rev No Issue Date Issue ed By Reason for Compiled By Review 3 September, 2005 Client Request, per contract L. Molapo Dr. K. Khalema Mr. M. Thekiso Mr. T. Tšasanyane Mr. L. Ramatekoa UNIDO & National Workshop Mr. i Foreword The National Implementation Plan (NIP) on Persistent Organic Pollutants the Kingdom of Lesotho has been developed and produced to become owned working document. It was developed within the project entitled (POPs) for a nationally , “Enabling Stockholm all relevant e country to encourage dialogue and multi-sectoral collaboration ent Organic t pose toxic given in the lementation bstances. It are specific e to time as eld of health encing, and ople are in ise on, in a anagement s related to anagement, nvironment oordinating rtaken over ply with the problems of utants. The a signal to embracing the support given by international Stockholm iency of any mprove our country’s competitiveness in the global village, we must therefore ensure effective institutionalisation of sound environmental protection ely reached only if every citizen has the right attitude and take full responsibility to practise proper behaviour towards maintaining an environment free of Persistent Organic Pollutants. It follows that rigorous efforts are needed to create awareness and impart with efficacy, the necessary knowledge to the community at large. Honourable Ms Lebohang Ntsinyi Minister of Tourism, Environment and Culture Activities to Facilitate Early Action on the Implementation of the Convention” on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The document has been developed through an interactive process by stakeholders in th among the technocrats and decision-makers on issues related to Persist Pollutants in Lesotho. Persistent Organic Pollutants are synthetic chemical substances tha properties to humans, animals and environment. Their descriptions are subsequent sections, but briefly and concisely in the executive summary. The purpose of the document is to set the groundwork for policy and imp of initiatives towards sound management of Toxic and Hazardous su should not be viewed as a definitive document or definitive statement by the authors or its producers on matters related to Persistent Organic Pollutants that to Lesotho, but rather as a living document that will be reviewed from tim more information becomes available. A broad spectrum of officers, mostly having a sound background in the fi and environmental sciences have played a key role in writing, comm shaping the contents of this document. The largest proportion of these pe fact members of established committees whose responsibilities are to adv nutshell the regulation and use of all chemical substances (Chemical M Committee, CheMaC), and the other that is responsible for all issue pollution control and waste management (Committee on Waste M COWMAN. The Department of Environment, formerly the National E Secretariat of the ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture is the c department/body for Persistent Organic Pollutant activities. It should be borne in mind that all the activities that have been unde months of extensive exercise through good planning procedures to com obligations of the Convention are meant to help Lesotho to resolve the detrimental effects that are caused by Persistent Organic Poll Government has, as partners/organisations committed itself to becoming a party to the Convention and will therefore work hard to comply with its provisions. A safe and healthy environment is central and directly linked to the effic nation. In striving to i and management systems. The goal will be efficiently and effectiv ii iii Abbreviations and Acronyms AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ntal Data Management : Chlorofluorocarbons : : Center for Scientific and Industrial Research Environment and ne ply sessment acility ing Practices uct : Intergovernmental Forum on Chemicals Safety mentation ndustries Governmental r Organisation : ty : Lesotho : Goals nment and Culture ustry, Cooperatives and Marketing NDSC : National Desertification Steering Committee NDSO : National Drugs Service Organization NEP : National Environment Policy NES- National Environment Secretariat NIP- National Implementation Plan NMR : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance BATs : Best Available Techniques l Practices BEPs : Best Environmenta A : CEDAM Committee on Environme CFCs CheMaC : Chemical Management Committee COWMAN Committee on Waste Management CSIR DANCED : Danish Cooperation for Development DDT : Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroetha DRWS : Department of Rural Water Sup DWA : Department of Water Affairs EIA : Environmental Impact As FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisation uct GDP : Gross Domestic Prod GEF : Global Environment F GHGs : Green House Gases GMPs : Good Manufactur GNP : Gross National Prod GOL Government of Lesotho : HCB : Hexa Chloro Benzene HCW : Health Care Waste : HIV Human Immuno Virus ICCS : International Conference on Chemical Safety IFCS IMF : International Monetary Fund JPOI : Johannesburg Plan of Imple LCCI : Lesotho Chamber of Commerce and I LCN : Lesotho Council of Non Organisations LCO : Lesotho Consume LDC : Least Developed Country LEC : Lesotho Electricity Corporation LHDA Lesotho Highlands Development Authori LNDC National Development Corporation LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MCC : Maseru City Council MDG : Millennium Development MSDS : Material Safety Data Sheet MTEC : Ministry of Tourism, Enviro MTICM : Ministry of Trade and Ind iv NUL : National University of Lesotho bstances nd Use Management nts tegy : : : Southern African Customs Union Strategic Approach to International Chemicals C : lopment Technical ittee : : opment Programme ent Programme UNIDO : United Nations Industrial Organisation USEPA : United States Environment Protection Agency WASA : Water and Sewerage Authority WHO : World Health Organisations ODS : Ozone Depleting Su ONAN : Oil Natural Air Natural PCBs : Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls : PCDD Poly Chlorinated Dibenzo Dioxin nzo Furan PCDF : Poly Chlorinated Dibe PELUM : Participatory Ecological La PIC : Prior Informed Consent POPs : Persistent Organic Polluta PRS : Poverty Reduction Stra PTS Persistent Toxic Substances RSA Republic of South Africa SACU SADC : Southern African Development Community SAICM : Management SuD e Sustainable DeveT Comm TEQ Toxic Equivalent UNDP United Nations Devel UNEP : United Nations Environm v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi Executive summary s that pose ms through e points of d migratory ngth of time. ion. s, and thus erse effects ainst plants or-borne diseases. Some are used as heat resistant dielectrics in urans are a bustion and , their strict ternational rtance and need of sound management nvironment. nd regional the pertinent ntions include: , In addition holm Convention, she is also party to Basel Convention nvention. ation of its s within two te on which this Convention enters into force for it; and the Parties. started by collecting baseline data which ntories are roject, was ve districts. Some of the POPs pesticides have been used in the country before the 90s although there is no clear record of their discontinued use. The main stakeholders in the use of POPs pesticides were identified as two main groups; farmers and suppliers. Each group consisted of a number of different stakeholders for example farmers included commercial and subsistence farmers, group of farmers (e.g. cooperatives and associations), missions, schools and institutions. Suppliers included individuals such as street vendors, retail stores, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are synthetic chemical substance toxic properties to humans and animals, are bio-accumulative in organis the food chains, and get transported over long-range distances from th their release through various environmental media such as air, water an species. Their occurrence in the environment lasts for a considerable le They last because they resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradat Persistent Organic Pollutants concentrate in fatty tissue of living organism their contents increase in a process of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification. These classes of compounds are highly toxic and cause an array of adv such as cancer and birth defects to both humans and animals. Many of the POPs have found wide use as pesticides to protect plants ag diseases and vect electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors. Dioxins and F category of POPs that are produced as by-products of incomplete com chemical processes. Because of the toxicity, persistence and distributive capacity of POPs management towards total elimination is desirable. To this end, an in cooperation and intervention is a prerogative of all nations. Countries of the world have realized the impo of chemicals in general, with the aim of protecting human health and e The management has taken the form of various international a d codes of ethics. Some ofinstruments, principles, guidelines an , initiatives and conveinternational fora Lesotho became a party to the Stockholm Convention in January, 2002 to her membership to Stock and Montreal Protocol and is in the process to acceding to Rotterdam co Article 7 of the Stockholm Convention states: “1. Each Party shall: (a) Develop and endeavour to implement a plan for the implement obligations under this Convention; (b) Transmit its implementation plan to the Conference of the Partie years of the da (c) Review and update, as appropriate, its implementation plan on a periodic basis and in a manner to be specified by a decision of the Conference of In response to this article, the country shows the status of POPs in the country. The findings of the inve discussed below: ANNEX A Part I and Annex B Chemicals The survey of POPs pesticides during the inventory, phase of the p carried out throughout the whole country to cover all ten administrati vii agrochemical shops, Non-Governmental Organizations, the Ministry of Agriculture ethroid and rcentage of alone was ossible that now names t. However, h they were he other ieved to be tial negative ociated with areness of n particular. s insufficient handling) other levels ification and that needs ot only will portation of at issues of g the main ry. as used for it was used It was also s use or available from the livestock staff it was admittedly e has been onymous -). ion store of t exceeding estigations. the work covered both pole mounted and ground transformers. identifying m assumed suspect. In addition to this, all transformers which, did not have name plates or had insufficient information were also treated as suspects. Another group of transformers that was treated as suspects were those which have been donated to LEC by the development partners. A total of about 1175 transformers were inventoried. Those which manufactured during the period 1960s-1989 were about 379, four hundred and sixty four (464) transformers were produced in 1990-1999, and 272 transformers were manufactured and other line ministries (e.g. Health and Finance). According to the study, frequently used pesticides fall under the Pyr Organophosphate groups. Organochlorines constituted a very small pe pesticides employed in the country although thiodan (endosulfan) employed by majority of respondents. According to their responses it is p farmers are not using POPs pesticides although many farmers did not k of the pesticides they were using thus complicating the assessmen majority were not even familiar with POPs pesticides except DDT, whic generally clear that they stopped using in the 70’s. Other than DDT t persistent toxic pesticide recorded was obsolete 2,4,5 T which is bel contaminated with Dioxins. In addition to lack of knowledge about POPs pesticides and their poten effects farmers and suppliers were not fully aware of the dangers ass pesticides. Thus a lot of training is needed country-wide to raise aw stakeholders about pesticides as a whole and on POPs pesticides i Although the extension service is present, the study shows that there i effort about Plant Protection services (including pesticide use and especially in the rural areas. National capacity building is also needed at (such as institutions of higher learning, research, etc.) for the POPs ident analysis. Lack of regulatory framework in the country is the main problem immediate attention, as there is no control at all on pesticides. N enactment of the law pertaining to chemicals be useful for controlling im POPs pesticide but it will also help monitoring of pesticides such th accumulation of obsolete pesticides are avoided as well as addressin problem of pesticide disposal, which is still a major challenge in the count DDT was used as a broad spectrum pesticide in the country. It w agricultural purposes as well as a pesticide in public health. In agriculture on almost all crops for control of any pest in the country (FAO 1974). used on livestock for control of ectoparasites especially on cattle. Although it records of its existence were not used for that purpose in as far back as the ‘70’s. For crop protection its us documented in some old agricultural pamphlets and guidelines (An Records indicating its use in the past were available at the Plant Protect Agricultural Research and it was last recorded in 1984 with amounts no 50kg. ANNEX A Part II Chemicals The PCB Task Team covered all the districts of the country in their inv In all of the districts The year of manufacture was used as the main criterion when transformers that are likely to contain PCBs. In this regard, the Task Tea that any transformer that was manufactured in 1960s to 1989 was a viii between 2000 and 2003. The region which had the highest num transformers (1960s-1969) is Maseru with 12 transformers that were m within that period. Sixty (60) transformers did not have either dates of m nor name plates, with some of them being very old. As for ow transformers, the highest number of transformers in the country belo Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC). Other role players are the Leso Development Corporation (LNDC), the Lesotho Highlands Developm ber of old anufactured anufacture nership of ngs to the tho National ent Authority the type of ” (ONAN). ales Hoek, 884kg and ( 634 tons). Town and regard, the ivities in the a sensitive n the vicinity looked into ese include waste, etc. the high risk transformers us threat to by unstable ntification of are relevant istent in the was further the process ll hospitals f which are se producer only as far as data from , hence the unts, as per e traffic departments, and through compiled statistical data on total imports of hydrocarbon fuels. Activities in the Production of Mineral Products are quiet low, considering that it only applies to Brick production and Asphalt mixing. Regarding uncontrolled combustion processes, there is a serious problem of quantification as it was not possible to determine the frequency of burning. This deals with biomass burning as well as burning of waste, both of which are evidently common in Lesotho. The best option seemed to be a statistical estimation based on probabilistic aspects. (LHDA) and a limited number of individuals. The Team also noted that cooling for almost all transformers in the country is “Oil Natural Air Natural On the basis of the collected data, the weights of suspects from Moh Mountain, Maseru, Leribe regions are 35,348kg, 34,049kg, 319, 245,169kg respectively, thus making a total weight of about 634,450kg However, when estimates for Mohales Hoek region and Thaba-Tseka neighbouring villages are included, it becomes 723,450kg. Risk assessment of contaminated sites was also carried out. In this issues that were considered to be of utmost importance were human act immediate environment of the transformer, distance of a transformer from medium e.g. water course, wetland, etc. Since the location or activities i of a transformer also have a bearing on the risk, the Task Team also other aspects which are potential threats to some of the transformers. Th fire hazards, stability of the area, dumping of will be targeted for removal during implementation phase of the NIP. According to the results, leakage from transformers is the most serio human health and environment. The situation can further be aggravated platforms which may in turn collapse and release oil. ANNEX C Chemicals On the basis of the “Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Qua Dioxins and Furan Releases”, the main categories were identified, which to Lesotho. Out of the 10 categories, 9 categories were deemed ex country; these excluded Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production. It realized that the burning of waste in many areas is regarded as incineration, which in real technical terms it is not. However, due to lack of another category, of burning, particularly medical waste has been treated as incineration. A in the country were found to have medium technology incinerators, all o either out of order or not functioning in a normal way. This has lead to the burning of medical waste in an incomplete combustion process which is even a wor of Dioxins and Furans. The category of Power Generation and Heating was considered household heating and cooking is concerned, and here statistical demographic analyses were used to quantify amounts of fuel consumed emission rates of dioxins and furans. Transport category was dealt with in two ways, namely, motor vehicle co the registers of th ix Production of chemicals is non-existent in the country. However, chemicals is applicable. This category is therefore considered only in s use of chemicals and consumer goods is concerned. The subcategory the use of o far as the deals with his regard, ered under eration, but nd a lot of tobacco smoking. Emission from biomass has from the cities were ean activity. dumpsites, ter dumping composting. Sewage treatment activity calculations were based on the e Authority total water , as well as such areas to dumps of EQ/a in air, s residues, ligible, and r hand, the ste at illegal e into the water. The ure thermal g on or into a number of achate and ost affected xplained by ent system minants are from waste nd receives lease of dioxins and furans, by main category, is dominated by waste disposal or landfilling, which is followed by uncontrolled combustion. The rest produce insignificant releases. From this analysis, it is a requisite that this document, the National Implementation Plan for Management of POPs, should address dumpsites and landfills at the highest priority. It is therefore conclusive that dumpsites, landfills and Although the inventories have not covered HCB, it is a well known fact that there are no industrial activities/ processes in the country which use HCB. textile production since Petroleum industry is covered in transport. In t customs records for a full year export of textile were used as the basis. There are of course other diverse activities, which are consid miscellaneous. Regarding this category, the crematorium is not yet in op there are dry cleaners a also been considered, and the drying of biomass was extrapolated household-heating category. Under the category of Disposal, landfills and waste dumps, capa estimated on daily basis over a period of a month in order to establish m As part of the study, it was noted that there exists a number of illegal some of which may have been missed, and this encompasses open wa as well as estimates of generated sewage as adopted by Water and Sewag (WASA). The estimated amount of sewage generated is based on the consumption. In all areas visited where activities existed, the extent of contamination the capacity to manage the activity was used as the basis of proclaiming as hotspots. In as far as by-products are concerned; this was restricted wastes/residue from all categories mentioned above. The total by-products emissions for Lesotho are estimated at 292.3 g-T 149.1 g-TEQ in waters, 2.1 g-TEQ/a on products and 1264.6 g-TEQ a while emissions on land are negligible. Release from products is far neg represents about 0.12% of the total inventories sources. On the othe bigger portion is contributed by residues that are left after burning wa and uncontrolled dumping sites. The dioxins and furans formed through various processes escap environment through different pathways/media namely: air, land and escape into the air is brought about by combustion and high temperat process, whereas on land it occurs by adsorption, absorption and leachin the soil. The introduction of dioxins and furans to water could happen in ways. This includes discharge of effluent or contamination with le chemicals containing dioxins and furans. Of the three media, air is the m by these releases followed by water and then land. This can be e indicating that a lot of waste is burnt due to poor waste managem resulting in gaseous emissions. With water in the second spot, the conta introduced through effluent from sewage treatment works, leachate disposal sites all of which are operated in an inefficient manner. The la little pollution partly because Lesotho does not practice massive organic farming whereby sludge is used to condition the soil. From the inventories, it was evident that unintentional re x The standard toolkit does not include estimates for PCBs and as inventories have not included unintentional production of PCBs. H actions that w such the owever, the ill be taken to address dioxins and furans will at the same time reduce a legislation ides POPs lly touch on ls. The laws that exist are fragmented f pesticides available or problem as Incinerators oblems was d as a living ountry. The e health of erefore the o providing appropriate d wastes of ce unintentional releases of POPs in the environment. agement of substances. dangerous capacitated in terms of financial requirements to meet the some of the consultative c PCB emissions. Legislation According to the report by chemical legislation, Lesotho does not have dealing specifically with the management of chemicals and pestic included, There are however, a few pieces of legislation, which genera dangerous substances and hazardous chemica and not specific to chemicals. These laws which are administered by different Government Ministries and Departments are as follows: Public Awareness The survey results show that most people are aware of the dangers o even though they do not use protective clothing, maybe because it is un expensive. the disposal of containers on the other hand was seen to be a most farmers dumped in rivers thus polluting water downstream or buried thus polluting underground water resources. The public also acknowledged and transformers as problematic though the level of understanding of pr low. In her endeavours to undertake early actions, this document is develope document that will guide all sectors towards elimination of POPs in the c overall goal of NIP is to provide the road map in order to protect th Basotho and environment from harmful effects of POPs and PTSs. Th Government of Lesotho through its competent authority commits itself t active leadership and support in the development and maintenance of procedures and measures to prevent or eliminate use, stockpiles, an POPs and to redu Lesotho does not have a specific legislation dealing with the man chemicals and pesticides, specifically persistent organic pollutants There are however, a few pieces of legislation, which generally touch on substances and hazardous substances. The laws that exist are fragmented and not specific to chemicals. The country is further in infrastructural developments and human resource base to undertake requirements of the convention. The following Priority areas were identified and validated through a workshop of all stakeholders as part of the NIP development. 1. Integrate management of POPs and chemicals in national socio-economi development programmes. 2. Increase awareness and education of Basotho communities on the effects of POPs on health and environment. 3. Develop policy framework and legal instruments for effective m of POPs and PTS. anagement 4. Develop and implement effective waste disposal and management systems at local and national level. 5. Improve scientific knowledge base and skills in POPs management, particularly from lower educational levels. 6. Develop and implement sustainable resources mobilization strategies for effective programme implementation and infrastructure development. 7. Develop and implement monitoring and evaluation tools and indicators for xi xii g POPs impacts on health environment and socio-economic assessin activities. 8. Establish information systems and database of POPs generation, use and contaminated sites. These are the encompassing objectives set in order to enable the country to address ted towards bsection on lined in the t Organic Part I and Chemicals onal POPs outlines all noted that entation of ever, each licies and Legislation, Public ess and ed ell a s of overall implementa e frame (imple icates all those overlaps. im elow m ( ote Fund POPs issues in a very sustainable way. All action plans are direc achievement of these goals. In this document there is a section on action plans and strategies. The su Activities and action plans covers seventeen intervention areas as out guidance document. There are three major categories of Persisten Pollutants identified for purposes of this document, namely, Annex A Annex B Chemicals (pesticides and DDT), Annex A Part II (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) and Annex C Chemicals/ unintenti (Hexaclorobenzene, PCBs, Dioxins and Furans). This section therefore relevant intervention areas under each of these categories. It should be there are several cross cutting issues among all these categories, implem which becomes blanket, in terms of addressing POPs issues. How category has been dealt with independently so as to cover all pertinent issues thereof. Such cross cutting issues include Po awaren ucation, Information excha tion, the tim nge as w mentation sche s reporting. In term dule) ind The total cost of Category Resource plementing the NIP is as Require stipulated b ent in P : ntial Alternate Source of Maluti M) Source of ing Funding Baseline Incremental Annex A Chemicals GOL , UNITAR, 1,492,167.00 1,938,490.00 , GEF UNEP UNDP Annex A Part B 3,567,150.00 106,771,300. GOL, LEC, UNEP, UNITAR, NDP Chemicals 00 GEF U Annex C Chemicals 14,400,900.0 0 325,292,950. 00 GOL, GEF, WB, UNEP, UNITAR, UNDP Totals 19,460,217.0 0 434,022,720. 00 Other dev. partners The required funds will go towards among others: development of relevant legislative frameworks, establishment of appropriate infrastructure, capacity building, replacement of contaminated equipment and cleaning up of contaminated sites. The time required to implement the NIP ranges from a few months to about 18 years with the phase out of PCB containing equipment being one of the activities that will take longest period. 1. Introduction Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are synthetic chemical substance toxic properties to humans and animals, are bio-accumulative in organis the food chains, and get transported over long-range distances from th their release through various environmental media such as air, water an s that pose ms through e points of d migratory ngth of time. ion. s, and thus ulation and bio-magnification. erse effects ainst plants or-borne diseases. Some are used as heat resistant dielectrics in urans are a bustion and , their strict ternational rtance and need of sound management nvironment. d regional e pertinent d in Agenda evelopment entrenched pectively. olm in 1994 r the sound oning from ing from the s involving als at work, work place, l effects of provisions ntion on the Control of Transboudary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is aimed at; reducing transboudary movement of hazardous wastes to a minimum consistent with environmentally sound and efficient management; minimizing the amount and toxicity of hazardous wastes generated and ensuring their environmentally sound management as close as possible to the source; assisting developing countries in environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes they generate. Chemicals form a greater part of such wastes under this convention. species. Their occurrence in the environment lasts for a considerable le They last because they resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradat Persistent Organic Pollutants concentrate in fatty tissue of living organism their contents increase in a process of bioaccum These classes of compounds are highly toxic and cause an array of adv such as cancer and birth defects to both humans and animals. Many of the POPs have found wide use as pesticides to protect plants ag diseases and vect electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors. Dioxins and F category of POPs that are produced as by-products of incomplete com chemical processes. Because of the toxicity, persistence and distributive capacity of POPs management towards total elimination is desirable. To this end, an in cooperation and intervention is a prerogative of all nations. Countries of the world have realized the impo of chemicals in general, with the aim of protecting human health and e The management has taken the form of various international an instruments, principles, guidelines and codes of ethics. Some of th international fora, initiatives and conventions include: The Rio conference on environment and development, which culminate 21 and Rio principles which have become instrumental in promoting d and strengthening of institutions for environmental protection and principles of sustainable development at national and international level. Chapters 19 and 20 deal with management of hazardous chemicals and wastes res The International Conference on Chemical Safety (ICCS) held in Stockh established the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemicals Safety (IFCS), through which countries can regularly discuss their activities and priorities fo management of chemicals. The Benzene Convention concerning protection against hazards of pois benzene, this convention aimed at protecting workers from hazards aris production, handling and use of benzene. It applies to all activitie exposure of workers to this toxic chemical. The C170 Chemicals Convention concerning safety in the use of chemic whose objective is the regulation of the management of chemicals in the protection of the environment, the public and workers from harmfu chemicals. This convention requires that state parties make appropriate for classification of chemicals including their labeling and markings. The Basel Conve 1 The Bamako Convention on the ban of the importation into Africa and th transboundary movement and management of hazardous wastes in Afric creating a framework of obligations to strictly regulate the incoming e control of a, aimed at hazardous ansboudary e relates to jective is to posed by chemicals and pesticides, by s informing is aimed at , Stockholm sistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has as its main toxic, long s. These can be achlor, mirex, toxaphene roduct) production, and use of e chemicals mentally sound manner and to develop an action the Best should also ensure that PCBs are ally sound manner and to remove from use those found Stockholm Convention, Basel Convention, Montreal mong other ) tation of its s within two Review and update, as appropriate, its implementation plan on a periodic basis and in a manner to be specified by a decision of the Conference of the Parties. 2. The Parties shall, where appropriate, cooperate directly or through global, regional and subregional organizations, and consult their national stakeholders, including women’s groups and groups involved in the health of children, in order to facilitate the development, implementation and updating of their implementation plans. wastes into Africa, through monitoring, reporting and action on tr movement of such wastes. The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedur certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade. The ob reduce the environmental and health hazards facilitating information exchange about their characteristics and thu national decision-making process in import and export. Strategic Approach to International Management of Chemicals (SAICM) clustering among others three chemical related conventions ( Rotterdam and Basel) Stockholm Convention on Per objective, the protection of human health and environment against the lasting chemicals. It applies to twelve chemicals referred to as POP classified in three categories namely; Pesticides – aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, hept and hexachlorobenzene (which is also an industrial and unintended by-p Industrial chemicals – PCBs (also unintended by-product) and Unintentionally produced POPs – dioxins and furans, PCBs and HCB. State parties to the Convention are obliged among others, to prohibit the use import and export of chemicals in annex A, to restrict production annex B chemicals, develop strategies for identifying stockpiles of thes and manage them in an environ plan of implementing the Convention which take into consideration Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environment Practices (BEP). olm Convention The parties to the Stockh nvironmentmanaged in an e above certain threshold values by 2025. Lesotho is a party to The Protocol and is in the process to acceding to Rotterdam convention, a international initiatives in environmental management. Article 7 of the Convention states: “1. Each Party shall: (a Develop and endeavour to implement a plan for the implemen obligations under this Convention; (b) Transmit its implementation plan to the Conference of the Partie years of the date on which this Convention enters into force for it; and (c) 2 3. The Parties shall endeavour to utilize and, where necessary, e means to integrate national implementation plans f stablish the or persistent organic pollutants in ), the lead nvironment ltations and e inception ed by the ent Organic ole country, as well as ports, which roach was cross-cutting issues in capacity status towards proper management and areas were hop of all io-economic programmes. their sustainable development strategies where appropriate.” Towards the development of this National Implementation Plan (NIP agency, the Department of Environment formerly called National E Secretariat, of Lesotho engaged several task groups to undertake consu collect data in the second and third phases of the project. Following th workshop, individuals who constituted the task groups were train implementing agency, UNIDO, first in inventory taking of the Persist Pollutants. The inventory process was carried out throughout the wh engaging officials of all relevant government Ministries and parastatals Non-governmental organizations. It culminated in eight assessment re indicated the status and extent of POPs issues in the country. The third phase came up with priority areas in a holistic fashion. The app to take the regulation of POPs and Persistent Toxic Substances (PTSs). Priority identified as follows and validated through a consultative works stakeholders: 1. Integrate management of POPs and chemicals in national soc development 2. Increase awareness and education of Basotho communities on the effects of POPs on health and environment. 3. Develop policy framework and legal instruments for effective management of POPs and PTS. 4. Develop and implement effective waste disposal and management systems at local and national level. 5. Improve scientific knowledge base and skills in POPs management, from lower educational levels. particularly 6. Develop and implement sustainable resources mobilization strategies for effective programme implementation and infrastructure development. 7. Develop and implement monitoring and evaluation tools and indicators for ivities. assessing POPs impacts on health environment and socio-economic act 8. Establish information systems and database of POPs generation contaminated sites. , use and All subsections of this document were developed with these priority areas as encompassing objectives. The National Implementation Plan for early implementation of Stockholm Convention follows closely the NIP Development Guidance document developed by UNEP. Chapter three of this document starts by highlighting the general issues divided in three categories namely, Pesticides and DDT, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins and Furans. The subchapter of 3.3 is dealt with as intervention areas and all relevant sections of the sub-chapter discussed under the three categories. 3 4 2. Country baseline and 29o20’ surface of lowest point at 3,482m wlands; the one ranges t 12%. The d area. The 65% of the d by cool to 600mm in d western lowlands to 1,600mm in the northeastern highlands where onths. The 16o C in the tricts, these ment structures are headed by District Secretaries. The evelopment elationship with traditional system of administration; re ship is still embraced by most Basotho and is cherished as the ass ernment. only municipality, despite the fact that most District centers are gazetted as urban areas. bout 80% of rural. The g a center, s, Foothills, hy, altitude, quarters of try is mountains, the other three zones share the remaining one-quarter. The lowlands have gained a good share of population while the mountains; foothills and Senqu valley effectively lost a share of theirs. The population density as per 2001 demography survey has been indicated as 71 persons per square meter. Notably though is the fact that, this includes the mountain areas which of course are not populated, meaning that this is in effect much higher than this. The density on arable land is estimated at 531, which is a better indicator of the population distribution. The Kingdom of Lesotho lies between 28o35’ and 30o40’ south and 27o00 east. It is a small land-locked, mountainous country, which has a land 30,350 km2. The country has distinct variation in elevations, with the being at 1,300m and the highest point being Mount Thabana Ntlenyana above sea level. The country has four ecological zones namely: the Lo Foothills; the Mountains and the Orange River valley. The first z between 1300 to 1800m above sea level (masl) and cover area of abou foothills are at between 1800 and 2100 masl and cover 15% of lan mountains occupy central and eastern parts of the country and constitute country’s area. The country’s climate is largely dependant on altitude and is characterize cold dry winters and hot wet summers. Mean annual rainfall ranges from the southern an frost, heavy snowfall and hailstorms are common during the winter m mean annual temperature ranges from 5,7o C at the higher elevations, to southern lowlands. The country is divided into ten (10) administration regions named, dis within the local govern districts are subdivided into wards, with district coordinating and d councils having a very close r he ditary chieftain gr roots local gov Maseru the capital city is the 2.1 Country profile 2.1.1 Geography and population Lesotho is a small country with a population of just above 2 million. A the country is mountainous or foothills and 80% of the population is country is demarcated into ten administrative districts, each thus havin which is becoming urbanized at a high rate. Lesotho is further divided into four ecological zones, namely, Lowland Mountains and the Senqu valley. These zones differ in terms of topograp climate and number of people and population concentration. When three the coun 5 Political and economic profile s is because case at the tres on the f life for all of Basotho population. ss to basic ch of gainful a significant impact on unemployment figures, approximately 40 000 new jobs will need to be created annually for a sustained period. Development strategies implemented by the government and involving either five or three-year rolling plans have previously articulated policy direction for socioeconomic development. Such multipronged policies pursued in the past have not been able to achieve the primary objective of improving the livelihoods of the people of Lesotho. With a pronounced slump recorded in the past decade, economic growth has been 2.1.2 Lesotho falls within the category of ‘least developed countries (LDC), thi she is currently faced with deeper development problems than was the time of independence. The basic challenge facing the country cen fundamental need to provide a substantial basis for a better quality o Basotho. Despite the intensified focus on poverty reduction, the proportion households living below the poverty line is estimated at 58 percent of the The majority of this population thus does not possess adequate acce human needs, with about 40 percent of the labour force currently in sear employment. Preliminary estimates have indicated that, in order to make 6 erratic and performance has been marked by highly unsustainable short-term sulted from venues. favourable 1998 saw ious factors. job creation, nts, winding ment of full n with ever nced in the resulting in recession, real gross to be slow; and growth started in the 2001/2002 sectors that ly identified, , as well as future, and activity and to offset adverse development in the South e domestic subsistence that include small but support the canning, footwear and jute industries. eginning to is progress. old’ by the nds Water Project and establishment of major hydropower facilities are seeing the sale of water to South Africa, generating royalties that are an important source of income for Lesotho. Along with other developing countries, Lesotho faces a number of risks and threats to its political and socioeconomic development. Through a new national vision, such weakness and issues are being isolated and an effort made to turn them into national capacity. This is done through the development objectives of an successes: In first plan period of 1970/1 – 1974/5, GDP average growth of 8 %, attributable to sound performance in agricultural sector In second plan period of 1975/6 – 1979/80, GDP average growth of 7% re external assistance, migrant workerincreased diamond mining, large volumes of remittances, and increase in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) re In period of 1980 – 1990, low GDP growth rate of 3.9% In period of 1990 – 1999, slight rise in GDP growth to 4.2%, with early performance attributable to construction of Lesotho Highlands Water Project as well as rapid expansion of manufacturing sector; political disturbances in negative GDP growth Negative impacts of the economy during these periods resulted from var These included erratic agricultural performance with low levels of declining migrant labour remittances due to progressive retrenchme down of activities concerning the Lesotho Highlands Water project, attain production capacity in manufacturing, and a steady increase in populatio growing numbers of job seekers. Operational difficulties were also experie country’s utility sectors, further discouraging foreign investors and the huge backlogs of unserviced customers. Since 1998, when civil and political unrest contributed to an economic Lesotho’s economy has contracted by 11.5 percent, as measured by national product. The recovery to the level prior to this event is expected the projected growth rate for 2001/02 was 1.7 percent. The direction to implementing the government’s poverty reduction strategy, which is supported by most development partners, budget proposal. Structural adjustment is focusing investment in those would have a positive impact on poverty reduction. With priorities careful resources have been allocated to programmes directed at such reduction the provision of general public services, building up to reserves for the short to medium-term investments. Lesotho’s national income is derived from both domestic economic migrant labour remittances. In order African mining industry, more investments need to be made in th economy. The country’s economy has traditionally been based on agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as small-scale industries clothing, footwear, textiles, food processing and construction. The expanding manufacturing base depends largely on farm products to milling, Economic sectors such as manufacturing and telecommunications are b show good signs of growth, but much needs to be done to build on th Lesotho’s major natural resource is water, often referred to as ‘white g Basotho people. Completion of construction phases in the Lesotho Highla 7 environment of macroeconomic and political stability, characterized by a sound and the Lesotho response to f initiatives imbalances and lay the foundation for enterprises at least one proximately that about 70 people die each day he Government of Lesotho has responded to this aling up the g sector in ion-making, and private anufacturing ed bases in river behind ully serviced building as full-secured capital (Thetsane and maseru West industrial sites) and at d Mafeteng f about 160 ea of about ansion and g, Textiles, truction and arry a sufficiently undertaken. Known deposits of diamond are exploited by fledging mining industry, with concentration on diamonds. The Lets’eng-La-Terae diamond mine is now fully operational. Further diamond digging areas exist nearby Liqhobong where work is done on a co-operative basis. Mineral reserves are estimated at 1,913, 600 tones at a grade of 69 carats per hundred tones. Other exploration (geochemical survey) work on minerals has revealed the existence of some base metals however; viability of mining them is still being investigated. coherent policy framework. Based on free market principles and private ownership of property, economy presents a relatively open business climate. The government’s the negative economic developments lies in the formulation of a series o to correct the growing macroeconomic renewed economic growth: Accelerated divestiture of state-owned Improvement in the domestic financial intervention Increased diversification of the revenue base Containing of government expenditure through public sector reforms The scourge of HIV and AIDS has taken its toll in the country. Currently in three Basotho adults are infected with HIV and AIDS, which is ap 350,000 people now living with it. It is estimated of AIDS related illnesses. T challenge through a number of initiatives including the “Strategies for Sc National Response to the HIV/AIDS Pandemic in Lesotho”. 2.1.3 Profiles of economic sectors The mission for the performance measurement of the manufacturin Lesotho is to provide accurate, relevant and timely information for decis policy and programme formulation planning and research by both public sectors. Lesotho makes a good choice as a location for export oriented m industries and numerous foreign companies have successfully establish this country. The Lesotho National Development Corporation (LNDC) is the major d attracting new manufacturing investments in the country. It administers f industrial plots, providing both general purpose and customized factory well as developing commercial property for leasing. LNDC administers sites in Maseru, the Maputsoe (inclusive of Ha Nyenye). Industrial sites at Mohales’ Hoek an are steadily being occupied. All these estates currently cover an area o hectares. There is a new industrial area in Maseru, Ha-Tikoe that will cover an ar 80 hectares, which is being opened to meet a growing demand of exp further potential projects. Types of industries already established at these sites include Clothin Footwear, Agro-business and health care. Some Engineering, cons building materials as well as commercial services and distribution c considerable portion of overall industrial strength. Exploration of the mineral wealth of Lesotho has not yet been 8 Coal and bituminous shale deposits have been indicated in several ar they are of poor quality and quantity for commercial viability. Clay is vastly mine eas, though d elements in e sky”, this m industry. ld play in the economy of the gh several art of their d aracterized , wheat and d ports most ent in food ountry. No o Exportation. Petroleum products gest value of imports followed by fertilizers and utical pro pected to be higher for 2005 he g n y, which stimated at about 2.6 % in 2002 and 3.4 in 200 n a tu h y 2 al 1 Value of Imports by Commodity in Maloti (1999) – USD1 ≈ .0 and used mainly in brick production. Lesotho imports all of its oil and gas, yet this industry is one of the key the economy of Lesotho. There are no known oil or gas reserves. Popularly known as the “Mountain Kingdom” and “The Kingdom in th rugged country has tremendous potential for development in the touris The recognition of the significant role that the sector cou country has led to promotional programmes to be put in places, throu strategies directed at developing and harnessing this opportunity. The vast majority of rural households in Lesotho gain significant p livelihood from subsistence farming, i.e. more than 85% of the population is engage in subsistence agriculture and informal activities. Livestock farming is ch by medium holdings of cattle, sheep and goats, while maize, sorghum Beans/Peas dominate the crop family, in that order of significance. Agricultural goods, exported primarily to South Africa include mohair, wool an hides. While efforts are being made to improve on this sector, Lesotho im of the products that are used in the country since it is not self suffici production. Table 1, below, indicates the imported value of chemicals into the c production/manufacturing of chemicals, hence n constituted by far the lar pharmace ducts. These values were compiled in 1999 and are ex to tdue 3 with a rowing eco c al growt om of 4.5 b is e 004. Table 1: Chemic Imports in 999 M 6 0 Description st rt 2nd Quarter 3rd 4th Total 1 Qua er Quarter Quarter Petroleum Products 57030613 79434 3 28705454 9 311 8 849363 66750262 Inorganic compounds radioac 1580046 1469833 1591160 1675536 6316575 and tive elements Organic Che ticides mic 417 04 21 10622712 9 als 13 and Pes 481 24 3584 573956 47192108 Pharmaceutical 5281764 3450977 257737 Products 28 258058 15768177 Fertilizers 4795488 5060345 3386452 11291261 24533546 Cosmetic Products 2960225 913847 1763852 3025130 8663054 Miscellaneous 657561 1132883 1354783 125899 Chemical Products 7 4404224 Explosives 499716 659145 691670 1103863 2954440 Source: Foreign Trade Statistics, 1999 by Bureau of Statistics Maseru According to foreign trade statistics, of 1999, Lesotho imported mostly commodities belonging to SITC categories, 0, 6, 7 and 8, corresponding to food and live animals, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment and miscellaneous manufactured 9 articles; mineral fuels, lubricants and related material (SITC3) and chemicals and ollectively. 1989-1999 about 90% on the average. However, all SACU of Lesotho. terminant of part of an in Lesotho vere water direct river ads to seasonal . Groundwater sources are generally smaller if explored in perched water e of these upply degraded xtinction of to human population urces and essitated a the loss of erty exerts a huge pressure on natural resources since poor ily on the environment for sustenance of their livelihoods, for s placed a currence of cant decline ble for more een House he country. tation cover e Depleting em emanate from refrigeration services sector. But emission of these has decreased with time in the country and the intention is to ange, with bility places critical constraints on crop production. In recent years, the country has experienced droughts associated will El Nino conditions, and studies show that the frequency of these droughts is increasing with time. Land use and planning Eighty percent (80 %) of the population in Lesotho derives its livelihood from agricultural activities but the total arable land is estimated at 9 % of the country’s related products (SITC 5) contributed 16.3% of the total value of imports c Almost all imports are consigned from RSA. Throughout the period imports from RSA amounted to countries are trade partners 2.1.4 Environmental overview Water resources Water is the most valuable Lesotho’s natural resource. It is a key de economic growth and a resource that must be carefully managed as environmentally sustainable development. Overall, total water resources are abundant in relation to the demand. Nevertheless, there are se shortage problems. For surface water sources, which are mostly abstractions, variability of flows and lack of regulation facilities le shortages tables, and a lack of sufficient capacity to drill deeper means that som boreholes are often overused leading to local depletion and a shortfall in s Biodiversity The current data shows that aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are being at an alarming rate, mostly by human-induced factors. Loss of habitats, e species and reduction in genetic variability can directly be linked behaviour. The increases in population density coupled with livestock pressure have serious implications on the country’s natural reso consequently environmental degradation. Population growth has nec need for increased productivity, which has further contributed, to biological diversity. Pov people tend to rely heav example, dependency on biomass as the main source of energy ha tremendous pressure on indigenous trees and shrubs. Pollution, oc invasive alien species and overexploitation have contributed to a signifi in biodiversity in the country. Climate and the Atmosphere Studies carried out in the country show that residential sector is responsi than 90% of energy consumption (including fossil fuel that emits Gr Gases (GHG’s)) for household activities. Transport, industry, government and other institutions are some of the major sectors that consume fossil fuel in t Though the country’s contribution of GHG’s is minor, its insufficient vege to absorb these gases makes it a net emitter of GHG’s. As for Ozon Substances (ODS’s), most of th eliminate them by the year 2008. Due to its geographical location, Lesotho is vulnerable to climate ch rainfall and temperature varying in all time scales. This climatic varia 10 land base creating conditions for extreme poverty and tremendous pres natural resource base. The Government of Lesotho together with inte affected stakeholders have embarked on adopting an integrated appro use and resource management strategies in order to minimize pressures ivities. The initial steps in implemen sure on the rested and ach in land imposed on ting the land and 1994. but also of me. Affluent societies produce more waste than the less so, o about 802 place in all mestic solid enerally not d intensive s currently disposed of ther with domestic wastes at dump sites. inical waste cinerated in of at dump , and only if ntly no legislation enforcing or promoting arket driven. Recyclable materials are mainly collected by the public and a few organisations. These materials are then es place at agement of pecifically persistent organic pollutants substances. dangerous ted and not nvironment Act No 15 of 2001, which is administered the by Ministry of Safety) Regulations 2003 which are administered by the Ministry of Employment and Labour; Public Health Order 1970 which is administered by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; Customs and Excise Act 1982 which is administered by the Lesotho Revenue Authority a statutory body under the Ministry of Finance; Draft Pesticides Control Bill 1986 which will be administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security; and land by natural and man made act management strategy were to undertake a land resources studies in 1989 Waste Management and Pollution Control In Lesotho, waste generation is not only a function of population alone economic growth or inco but the overall total waste generated by the country annually amounts t 400 tonnes ( Mvuma, 2002). Insufficient solid waste handling and disposal at casual dump sites take towns of Lesotho. Industrial solid waste is disposed of together with do waste or burned at the industries in open fire places. Solid waste is g incinerated, but due to the insufficient collection system, random an burning of waste takes place. This burning of wastes (including industrial wastes) causes considerable air pollution. Furthermore, no system or guideline exist for handling of hazardous wastes, therefore, these are often toge Some activities concerning hospital waste have been identified. Cl generated at the main hospitals is to some extend sorted out and in poorly managed incinerators. The remaining solid waste is disposed sites. Recycling of solid waste is performed by one or two private contractors this is financially attractive. There is curre recycling. As such, recycling efforts are m collected by or delivered to private contractors. Informal recycling tak dump sites through scavenging. 2.2 Institutional, policy and regulatory framework Lesotho does not have a specific legislation dealing with the man chemicals and pesticides, s There are however, a few pieces of legislation, which generally touch on substances and hazardous substances. The laws that exist are fragmen specific to chemicals. These laws which are administered by different Government Ministries and Departments are as follows: The E Tourism, Environment and Culture; The Labour Code Order No. 24 of 1992 which is administered by the Ministry of Employment, and Labour; The Labour Code (Chemical 11 Import and Export Act 1984, which is administered by the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Cooperatives and Marketing. ce a lot of sistent and to address tal issues such as hazardous waste management, agricultural cific law on such as the vention on esotho is in Procedure e. She has to diverse as: lack of vironmental ed laws as e laws are outdated, lack of enforcement of existing laws inadequate as tion among Lesotho is Stockholm h came into ntion is the ealth and the environment. The Stockholm Convention applies rganic pollutants. Some of these are agricultural pesticides while others are industrial n. cides have nd general a in late 80s 1989, This d proposes d out in addressing them. It also proposes a coordination Country’s “Lesotho shall adopt policies designed to protect & enhance the natural and cultural environment of Lesotho for the benefit of both present and future generations and shall endeavour to assure all citizens a sound and safe environment adequate for their health and well-being” The aforementioned statement acted as a driving force for the development of pro sustainable development policies, action plans and programmes and facilitated Lesotho’s membership to multilateral environmental agreements. Lack of coordination between the Ministries makes it difficult to enfor national laws. Several of these laws overlap while others are incon contradict each other. There are also gaps and inadequate provisions current environmen and industrial chemicals. There is therefore a need to develop a spe chemical management. Lesotho is a party to a number of multilateral environmental agreements, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Basel Con Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal. L the process of acceding to the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trad however not fully translated her political will into concrete actions due implementation constraints. The main constraints have been indicated financial resources, limited institutional capacity and inadequate en awareness. There is also lack of effective comprehensive chemical relat most of th they may be, on management of chemicals and lack of coordina institutions dealing with environmental issues. Despite the foregoing, obliged to enact effective national legislation to implement the Convention. Lesotho ratified the Stockholm Convention on 23rd January 2002, whic force on the 15th May 2004. The objective of the Stockholm Conve protection of human h to twelve chemicals referred to as persistent o persistent organic pollutants chemicals and unwanted by-products of industrial processes or combustio The following capacity gaps in the management of chemicals and pesti been identified in Lesotho. Lack of /inadequate capacity (Enforcement infrastructure); Shortage of Human Resources; and Lack of financial resources. 2.2.1 Environmental policy, sustainable development policy a legislative framework Environmental issues in Lesotho became visible in Government’s agend when the country prepared a National Environment Action Plan, documents highlights environmental problems facing the country an measures to be carrie mechanism for effective implementation of the suggested solutions. The early 90s saw the incorporation of sustainability issues into the constitution, 1993. Article 36 states that 12 Lesotho is a party to a number of Multi-lateral Environmental Agreem and declarations and to implement them she has effected appropriate legal framework as well as effective institutional arrangements. As a ents(MEAs) policy and response to e guidance the Cabinet of sectoral . Apart from division of ery level of necessary ds over the pacity of the Government to manage the vironmental inadequate. ive plan that tives for the next three years linked to prehensive 2020, and government evelopment ate, its EIA reports and tation of projects. Regrettably, some developers did s prepared Sewerage Draft Water Quality Standards, NES D ft Ma ual a Department of Rural as been drawn from diverse overnmental agencies, have g its mandate of coordination and environmental Management. These are as follows: CheMaC - Chemical Management Committee COWMAN - Committee on Waste Management NDSC - National Desertification Steering Committee CEDAMA - Committee on Environmental Data Management SuDTeC -Sustainable Development Technical Committee implement Agenda 21, it formulated National Action Plan, 1994 under th of NES. The National Environment Policy (NEP) was finalized and approved by in 1996 and was further reviewed in 1998. The NEP reinforces powers ministries and focuses on areas of high environmental priority in Lesotho that the country has established Environmental Units within the planning each line ministry. This is to ensure that the role and efforts of NES are effective and to ensure that environmental considerations are incorporated at ev decision-making in all line ministries. For NES and line ministries to execute their responsibilities efficiently, it is that their capacity in environmental management be enhanced, and tren past years show an increase in ca environment and increase in financial resources allocated to en management although human resources and financial resources are still So far, the country has achieved the following: Development and adoption of Vision 2020, which is a long term perspect will guide the development process in Lesotho; Adoption of National Goals and Objec Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); Formulation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS), which is a com plan for realising equity-based growth and operationalising Vision localising Johannesburg Plan of Implementation; In preparation for the implementation of Environmental Act 2001, the with assistance of Danish Cooperation for Environment and D (DANCED) offered 16 short courses to enhance capacity of NES, Environment Units, within all sectors, the Ministry of Planning as well as some parastatals; Despite inadequacy of staffing within NES and absence of legal mand and Pollution Control Division has successfully reviewed numerous EIA project briefs before implemen not follow recommendations made by NES; In order to improve the environmental quality, the country ha environmental standards and guidelines. These include Water and Authority’s (WASA) Effluent Standards, NES EIA Sectoral Environmental Checklists, EIA ra n nd Water Supply’s (DRWS) EIA Manual. A number of committees whose membership h backgrounds i.e., Government, private sector and non g also been established to work with NES in implementin 13 As a way forward in addressing the problem, the current legislation and enforcement 2 to include anned; This g the authority or authorities responsible for implementing the law, identify among the lice, customs officers, lawyers) and technical ers, occupational safety and health officers, ncial resources. overnmental s and non in relation chemical management. It has also identified ent issues could be incorporated into section has agencies in the ministry related to nvironmental blishment of nitoring and g, NES, the committees as stated earlier. ood security ( fertilizers, a central role in agriculture and also that the Ministry eterinary, as of storage health and acilities are The Ministry is concerned with the health impacts of chemicals on the general public. Hence their Environmental Health Section was established to deal with risk factors and respond to incidences. Another response was the establishment of Occupational Health & Safety Programme within the section and its role is to monitor and ensure proper management of industrial chemicals/industrial solvents in the workplaces. In addition, the Section is also responsible for pest control. In pursuant to the latter mandate, the Section acquires stores and uses pesticides. They have measures could be strengthened by: Developing a specific law on chemical management; Amending the Environment Act 2001 or the Customs and Excise Act 198 a list of hazardous substances the importation of which should be b process is already underway. Identifyin the relationship with other existing laws, and define jurisdiction authorities; Training of law enforcement officers (po personnel such as agricultural field offic health inspectors, environment officers; Sourcing for equipment and fina 2.2.2 Roles and responsibilities of ministries, agencies, other g institutions and Technical Committees This section of the NIP discusses the mandates of various ministrie Governmental Organizations areas where chemical and waste managem existing regulatory or administrative systems. Table 2 at the end of this summarized the extent of involvement of each of the departments or chemical and waste management. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture (MTEC) Formerly called the Ministry of Environment, Gender and Youth Affairs, is charged with an overall mandate to oversee all policy matters environmental protection. MTEC is not a direct implementer of e programmes, they are responsibilities of sectoral ministries. With the enactment of the Environment Bill 2001, which calls for the esta a semi-autonomous Lesotho Environment Authority (LEA), stronger mo enforcement measures could be possible. Through its environment win Ministry has set up a number of technical and advisory Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security is more concerned with f and agricultural diversification. It is important to note that chemicals herbicides and pesticides) play is a major importer of agro-chemicals which are used for pest control, v well as fertilizers and herbicides for improvement of crop yields. It is worth mentioning that the Ministry is currently faced with a problem and disposal of obsolete chemicals which are posing a threat to human environment particularly in the catchment areas within which storage f located. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare 14 currently, reported a stockpile of obsolete Icon (fipronil) pesticide which needs to be s not much the country m and other distributing agencies that are partially ealth issues with regard to orkplaces, among others. The conducive ment for various industrial activities inclusive of production of chemicals and try is charged with the responsibility of regulating censes and ad. Thus in d chemicals, of natural f petroleum s/resources se. ls Supply Unit procures and stores large quantities of one of the toxicological bury some ordinated through Lesotho vironmental s , which y doe av the constitution of the country, through ss a stewar ship. LCO s strongly supported by MTICM. CN a LCO a represe ed in ome of the technical/advisory committees r. In a dition, th y are a so members of Environmental Units. Res nsibilitie of Gove ment inistries, A encies an other nstitutions Ministry Concerned Importatio n Productio n Storag e Transportati on Distribution and/or Marketing Use/ handli ng Dispos al disposed of. At present there is no Drug Regulatory Authority and as such there i control on pharmaceutical products which are coming in and out of however NDSO and TriPhar controlled by the ministry. Ministry of Employment and Labour The ministry is concerned with occupational safety and h the use, storage and handling of chemicals at w Ministry also administers Labour Code and associated regulations. Ministry of Trade and Industry, Cooperatives and Marketing This Ministry is responsible for among others establishment of a environ their products. The same Minis imports and exports of chemical substances. It also issues trade li permits. Public Works Ministry of Transport and The Department of Traffic and Transport carry out inspections on the ro the regulation of transportation and transfer of hazardous substances an a good management can be effected from this standpoint. Ministry of Natural Resources Charged among others with protection and overall management resources; the department of Energy is responsible for controlling trade o fuels. The Department Water Affairs mandated to protect all water bodie – wetlands, springs, to large dams against any kind of pollution, and misu Ministry of Education The Ministry, through Schoo ‘learning, teaching’ chemicals to be distributed to most high schools. N high schools have any specific disposal or treatment for any chemical of importance. The University, on the other hand, attempts to scrub and heavy metallic compound wastes. Non-Governmental Organisations Outside government, there are a number of NGO’s co Council of Non-Governmental Organisations (LCN), and there is an En coordinating office/desk. The currentl Lesotho m an n s i t Consu s not h er Org e strong programs on the ground. T izatio (LCO) is till in its heir major mandate is to nfan tages protect consumer rights as stipulated in reneawa nd d i Both L nd re nt s mentioned e rlie 2: a d e l Table po s rn M g d i Environment X X X Health X X X X Agriculture X X X X X Labour and employment Transport x X X X X 15 Local government X X Customs X Finance Maseru C uncil X X ity Co X NGO’s X X X X X X LCO X X X = involvement Source Chemical Management Profile, 1999 Committee vital roles relating to will advise nsure compliance with Stockholm als which display POPs lating to waste including waste d obligations ments. The used are: rties, resist d migratory ir place of Lesotho is the harmful to institute inate releases from both intentional and unintentional astes of the nt organic chemicals, listed in the annexes A, B and C of the Dioxins and incineration t of Hazardous Wastes ealth care athological infectious waste, hazardous chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste. Annex I of the Basel Convention includes the following waste categories that specifically refer to health care waste: Clinical wastes from medical care in hospitals, medical centers, and clinics. Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products. Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs, and medicines, and Waste from the production, formulation and use of biocides and phytopharmaceuticals. Technical Committees Of all the technical committees mentioned earlier, Chemical Management (CheMaC) and Committee on Waste Management (COWMAN) will play in the implementation of NIP. CheMaC advises government of all matters chemical management, and in the context of NIP, the Committee government on measures to be taken to e Convention and strategy for identifying chemic characteristics. COWMAN deals with issues re containing POPs or having a potential of releasing POPs. 2.2.3 Relevant international commitments an Lesotho is a party to a number of multilateral environmental agree agreements in which Lesotho participates which are relevant to chemicals Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Recognizing that persistent organic pollutants possess toxic prope degradation, bioaccumulate and are transported, through air, water an species, across international boundaries and deposited far from the release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, also determined to protect human health and the environment from impacts of persistent organic pollutants, The parties have agreed measures to reduce or elim production and use, as well as reducing releases from stockpiles and w twelve persiste convention. Among the major sources of one group of these pollutants, Furans (includes PCBs) are thermal processes, of which medical waste is one of the contributors. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movemen and their Disposal The Basel Convention makes specific reference to control of special h waste: sharps, p 16 Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. micals and teristics by port and by ve been banned or severely have been h chemicals ural resource management, which is one entional production of POPs: r by taking precautionary ayer, mainly lemented in tainable use of Biological diversity components and encourage equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. One of the threats to biological diversity is wild or intentional burning of nd Furans as such, the two conventions are supplementary. s l chemicals, micals, waste chemicals, or radioactive materials other than the L Code O h prohibited and toxic substances in the work environment. The sixth schedule of the same law co stance ng y is aware of these limitations and is E A b a (including POPs). Title Part/ Se ion/ clause, etc. Description Relevance to ockholm onvention Identified gaps The purpose of this convention is to reduce hazards posed by che pesticides by facilitating information exchange about their charac providing for a national decision-making process on their import and ex disseminating these decisions to parties. The convention covers pesticides and chemicals that ha restricted for health or environmental reasons by parties and which notified by parties for inclusion in the Prior Informed Procedures. There are other international conventions which are not directly linked wit management, however are impingent on nat of the major measures in minimizing releases from unint These include: Montreal Protocol on the substances that deplete the ozone layer. l is to protect the ozone layeThe objective of the protoco measures to control global emissions of substances that deplete the l Chloro- Fluoro-Carbons (CFCs). This agreement has been well imp Lesotho in as far as substitution of CFCs in refrigerants is concerned. Convention on Biological Diversity Its objective is to promote the sus fires. These fires do produce considerable amounts of Dioxins a 2.2.4 Description of existing legislation and regulations addressing POP Lesotho has no legislation or policy on pesticides, fertilizers, industria consumer che abour rder of 1992 Part VII Section 105 which deals wit vers dangero nvironment us sub t 2001 is s, includi in the process of addressing them. To this effect, the eing amende pesticides. Howe d to include ver, the countr list of banned substances c ct St C Labour Co Order 1992 section 105 Schedule six ib and toxic substances Dangerous rohibition of toxic substances. Handling of dangerous substances including pesticides Legislation is not POPs specific de PartVII Proh ited P 17 su (inc bstances luding Pesticides) Environment Act 2001 Amendments List e substances ion of import and use of POPs of d Prohibit bann Lesotho currently uses very few regulatory and control approach chemicals, let alone non-regulatory mechanisms such as voluntary an to control d incentive and CFCs. s, industrial l. partment of uid Petroleum Gas (LPG) ical Services (LMS). All are registered and in the case of dealers in ring mechanism is in place. not effective due to; Insufficient human and financial resources Inadequate skilled personnel ectoral collaboratio ed or Severely Restricted Chemicals: Lesotho Situation of Chemical ils of Restriction i.e. Reason n schemes. However, strict control applies to Liquefied Petroleum Gas There is no legislation or policy whatsoever on pesticides, fertilizer chemicals, consumer chemical, waste chemicals and radioactive materia As mentioned earlier the Ministries of Trade and Natural Resources (De Energy) are responsible for the control and regulation of Liq of Lesotho Meteorologwhile CFCs are the responsibility efrigerants dealers in LPG and r refrigerants, a very tight monito However the enforcement of all the legislations is Lack of infrastructure and equipment Inadequate multi-s n and co-ordination Table 3: Bann Name Deta for control actio Methyl Parathion Highly toxic Ethyl parathion Highly toxic Aldicarb Very highly toxic Captafol Carcinogenic Mercury compounds ubstances Persistent toxic s *Aldrin Persistent toxic substances *Dieldrin Persistent toxic substances *DDT Persistent toxic substances HCH Mixer Isomers Persistent toxic substances Chlordane Persistent toxic substances *Heptachlor Persistent toxic substances *PCBs, PBBs Persistent toxic substances Tris (2,3) dibromopropyl phosphate Persistent toxic substances Table 3 above shows a list of internationally banned/severely restricted chemicals. Lesotho is not yet a signatory to these conventions but it is acting voluntarily to restrict some of these chemicals e.g. mercury and mercuric compounds. In some instance Lesotho is forced to act upon the use of these chemicals by its trade partners like South Africa. 18 most of these chemicals are controlled or restricted internationally, thr conventions of which Lesotho may not have signed yet, however ve voluntary restriction efforts do exist. These are planned to be ough some ry effective included in the rocess key approaches and procedures for POPs chemical and pesticide management hence, the wever, the e Order of ls (including d Industry, f regulating conducive f chemicals enable the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning (MFDP) through its Customs ers, and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) through its Port lth Off en d OPs) into the country. : clause, etc. Ministry Amen (if any ance to tockholm Convention restrictions provided for in the Environment Act amendment which is in p including enforcement and monitoring requirements There is no specific legislation for management of POPs in Lesotho, mandate of various institutions discussed under 2.2.2 is vague. Ho Ministry of Employment and Labour (MOEL), through the Labour Cod 1992 is mandated to regulate the use, storage, and handling of chemica pesticides) at workplaces. Furthermore, the Ministry of Trade an Cooperatives and Marketing (MTICM) is charged with the responsibility o imports and exports of chemical substances, as well as establishing a environment for various industrial activities inclusive of the production o and their products. Lastly, the amended Environment Act 2001 will Offic Hea icers, to prohibit any try of banne substances (including P Table Title Part/section Issuing dment ) Description Relev S Labour Code Order 1992 Part VII section 105 Schedule six MOEL ro nd a s stances luding ticides) Prohibition of toxic substances. ndling of dangerous substances including pesticides P a substances hibited toxic D sub (inc Pes ngerou Ha Environmen MTEC Schedule to Bans all Annex A chemicals Banning of t Act 2001 the amendment bill, 2005 importation and use of POPs Part I and II and Annex B At present there is no legislation on fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, consumer chemicals, waste chemicals, etc. the only comprehensive legislations are that which control and regulate LPGs and CFCs. There is no legislation on chemical wastes in Lesotho; normally there is no import/export of chemical waste. A chemical waste treatment plant is however being 19 planned for the SADC member states of which Lesotho is a party. Even is likely to be based in South Africa, due to its proximity, Lesotho will most. However small amounts of chemical w though this benefit the otho mainly idelines set n the South The Dental ues dealing ment is the bout to be been set up anyone can gistering air ting such a nized by the e registering. The law is very specific because it lists all the chemicals ring of such of customs gislation for ively is the ction as well n, duties of , exporters, work. The cidents and ition of toxic oval of dust and fumes is also dealt with in the code. Protective ely to cause r deals with ell as their h regard to adiation are rtainly need vention and o. However, e laws has occurred since there are no local laws that deal specifically with items being regulated under those conventions. In the case of the Ministry of Agriculture the only guidelines are the South African laws from which most fertilizers and pesticides come. The chemical environment is tightly controlled by wide ranging laws, which also have punitive capabilities. Another good example is National Drug Supply Organization and Lesotho Pharmaceutical Corporation, the only drug manufacturing organization in the country, which follows guidelines set by Food and Drug Authority aste are produced in Les because of it weak industrial and manufacturing base. Pesticides are regulated by international protocols, declarations and gu by organizations like WHO and FAO. Lesotho does not have regulations and/or guidelines of its own. In many instances any pesticide that is allowed i Africa is also given a green light in Lesotho by default. The lack of robust guidelines for pharmaceutical products is a concern. and Pharmacy order of 1970 is indeed not only weak but also non-specific. It can however be improved and supported with more specific regulations. Iss with sale of drugs in stores and by street vendors need attention. One of the few really tight and robust guidelines in chemical manage Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Regulations 2000 which is a published. An authority that deals with ozone depleting substances has and its role includes the screening and processing of applications. Not import or export such substances. The authority is charged also with re conditioning and refrigeration servicing businesses. A person opera business would have to undergo training in an institution which is recog authority befor which it regulates e.g. CFC-12(R-12) and CFC-11(R-11). The manufactu chemicals are also forbidden. Labeling requirements as well as duties officials are also clearly set. On the overall, this should serve as model le the other sectors. Perhaps one of the legislation that deal with chemicals quite extens Labour Code Order of 1992 under health, safety and welfare at work se as the sixth schedule of the same law. It covers areas such as applicatio the employer, employees, designers, manufacturers, and importers keeping of documents, safety and health officers and committees at provisions of the code give clear guidelines on notification of industrial ac dangerous occurrences, fire prevention and fire fighting as well as prohib substances. Rem equipment and clothing is to be supplied where any substance used is lik a person bodily injury, or impairment of health. The six schedule furthe labeling and marking of toxic, corrosive or flammable substances as w storage. Guidelines stipulating precautionary measures to be taken wit explosive or flammable dust, gas, vapour, ionizing and non-ionising r also contained here. International laws and conventions, which bind Lesotho, are many but ce to be incorporated in the national legislation. As an example POPs Con Basel conventions have been ratified and are as such binding to Lesoth it is almost impossible to prosecute in cases where a breach of thes 20 (United States of America), and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). These deal ollution and ot covered controlled. forms. However, even though chemical waste is not yet a big problem it is not Historical, current and projected future production, use, import and export; existing ing data ( roject, was districts. As s, highlands have been ord of their s two main of different ce farmers, chools and tail stores, f Agriculture ethroid and rcentage of alone was f respondents. According to their responses it is possible that now names t. However, h they were T the other eved to be tial negative areness of particular. Although the extension service is present, the study shows that there is insufficient effort about Plant Protection services (including pesticide use and handling) especially in the rural areas. National capacity building is also needed at other levels (such as institutions of higher learning, research, etc.) for the POPs identification and analysis. Lack of regulatory framework in the country is the main problem that needs immediate attention, as there is no control at all on pesticides. Not only will with all aspects of chemicals including disposal and analysis. Many areas related to the environment are not addressed at all e.g. air p hazardous waste management. Pesticide control in all its totality is also n – in fact all agricultural chemicals including fertilizers are not Pharmaceutical products on the other hand are not regulated in all their different addressed in any way by the present laws. 2.3 Assessment of the POPs issues in the country 2.3.1 Assessment with respect to Annex A, part I chemicals (POPs pesticides) : policy and regulatory framework; summary of available monitor environment, food , humans) and health impacts. The survey of POPs pesticides during the inventory, phase of the p carried out throughout the whole country to cover all ten administrative such all the four distinct agro-ecological zones namely lowlands, foothill and Senqu River valley were surveyed. Some of the POPs pesticides used in the country before the 90s although there is no clear rec discontinued use. The main stakeholders in the use of POPs pesticides were identified a groups; farmers and suppliers. Each group consisted of a number stakeholders for example farmers included commercial and subsisten group of farmers (e.g. cooperatives and associations), missions, s institutions. Suppliers included individuals such as street vendors, re agrochemical shops, Non-Governmental Organizations, the Ministry o and other line ministries (e.g. Health and Finance). According to the study, frequently used pesticides fall under the Pyr Organophosphate groups. Organochlorines constituted a very small pe pesticides employed in the country although thiodan (endosulfan) employed by majority o farmers are not using POPs pesticides although many farmers did not k of the pesticides they were using thus complicating the assessmen majority were not even familiar with POPs pesticides except DDT, whic generally clear that they stopped using in the 70’s. Other than DD persistent toxic pesticide recorded was obsolete 2,4,5 T which is beli contaminated with Dioxins. In addition to lack of knowledge about POPs pesticides and their poten effects farmers and suppliers were not fully aware of the dangers associated with pesticides. Thus a lot of training is needed country-wide to raise aw stakeholders about pesticides as a whole and on POPs pesticides in 21 enactment of the law pertaining to chemicals be useful for controlling im POPs pesticide but it will also help monitoring of pesticides such tha accumulation of obsolete pesticides are avoided as well as ad portation of t issues of ng the main ry. s on human re is no no oversee pesticides issues in the country, the Ministry of Agriculture through Crop protection Division and Agric Research are PCBs) ansformers. eam covered all the district of the country viz Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Hoek and and ground to contain transformer that was manufactured in ich, did not suspects. which have h fall within four (464) anufactured ber of old anufactured anufacture nership of number of o National nt Authority Team also noted that the type of l” (ONAN). hales Hoek, ,884kg and ( 634 tons). Town and . regard, the tivities in the tance of a transformer from a sensitive medium e.g. water course, wetland, etc. Since the location or activities in the vicinity of a transformer also have a bearing on the risk, the Task Team also looked into other aspects which are potential threats to some of the transformers. These include fire hazards, stability of the area, dumping of waste, etc. According to the results, leakage from transformers is the most serious threat to human health and environment. The situation can further be aggravated by unstable platforms which may in turn collapse and release oil. dressi problem of pesticide disposal, which is still a major challenge in the count There is general lack of data relating to the impacts of POPs pesticide health and environment as mentioned in the inventory. Although the institution which is legally mandated to currently coordinating pesticide management. 2.3.2 Assessment with respect to Annex A, part II chemicals ( In carrying out this work, the PCBs Task Team focused exclusively on tr The Task T Mokhotlong, Thaba-Tseka, Berea, Maseru, Qacha’s Nek, Mohale’s Quthing. In all of the districts the work covered both pole mounted transformers. For the purposes of determining which of the transformers are likely PCBs, the Task Team assumed that any 1960s to 1989 was a suspect. In addition to this, all transformers wh have name plates or had insufficient information were also treated as Another group of transformers that was treated as suspects were those been donated to LEC by the development partners. The task team inventoried about 1175 transformers in total. Those whic the period 1960s-1989 were about 379, four hundred and sixty transformers were produced in 1990-1999, and 272 transformers were m between 2000 and 2003. The region which has the highest num transformers (1960s-1969) is Maseru with 12 transformers that were m within that period. Sixty (60) transformers did not have either dates of m nor name plates, with some of them being very old. As for ow transformers, the Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC) owns the highest transformers in the country. Other role players are the Lesoth Development Corporation (LNDC), the Lesotho Highlands Developme (LHDA) and a limited number of individuals. The cooling for almost all transformers in the country is “Oil Natural Air Natura On the basis of the collected data, the weights of suspects from Mo Mountain, Maseru, Leribe regions are 35,348kg, 34,049kg, 319 245,169kg respectively, thus making a total weight of about 634,450kg However, when estimates for Mohales Hoek region and Thaba-Tseka neighbouring villages are included, it becomes 723,450kg Risk assessment of contaminated sites was also carried out. In this issues that were considered to be of utmost importance were human ac immediate environment of the transformer, dis 22 The report recommends the following issues to be considered when developing nt including atabase for ss effective mporary storage facility of reasonable size in Maseru and ll have concrete slabs ent for relevant take Awa l health aspects of PCBs; CB containing equipment e.g. rrently DDT used as a agricultural d on almost lso used on e or records dly used for e has been ultural pamphlets and guidelines (Anonymous -). tion store of t exceeding C chemicals tification of are relevant istent in the n, which in the process of burning, particularly medical waste has been treated as incineration. All hospitals in the country were found to have medium technology incinerators, all of which are either out of order or not functioning in a normal way. This has lead to the burning of medical waste in an incomplete combustion process which is even a worse producer of Dioxins and Furans. The category of Power Generation and Heating was considered only as far as household heating and cooking is concerned, and here statistical data from National Implementation Plan: a) Environmentally sound management of PCB containing equipme among others: development of a tracking system, establishment of a d all transformers, labeling of all PCB containing equipment, etc; b) A clear phase out programme that targets oldest and le transformers c) Construction of a te small satellite storage facilities in the districts. They should a and retaining walls around them; ) d Risk management or mitigation measures should be put in place; e) Establishment of closer cooperation with South Africa in the area of chemical and waste management; f) Capacity building on various aspects of PCB managem s holders; g) reness raising campaign at all levels; h) Training of relevant LEC staff on occupationa i) Development of a regulatory system for P banning importation of PCB containing equipment. 2.3.3 Assessment with respect to Annex B chemicals (DDT) By virtue of her cool and dry climate, Lesotho is malaria free as such cu iis not used n vector control or any other sector. However, DDT was broad spectrum pesticide in the country during early 70s. It was used for purposes as well as a pesticide in public health. In agriculture it was use all crops for control of any pest in the country (FAO 1974). It was a livestock for control of ectoparasites especially on cattle. Although its us of its existence were not available from the livestock staff it was admitte that purpose in as far back as the ‘70’s. For crop protection its us documented in some old agric Records indicating its use in the past were available at the Plant Protec Agricultural Research and it was last recorded in 1984 with amounts no 50kg. 2.3.4 Assessment of releases from unintentional production of Annex (PCDD/PCDF, HCB and PCBs) On the basis of the “Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quan Dioxins and Furan Releases”, the main categories were identified, which to Lesotho. Out of the 10 categories, 9 categories were deemed ex country; these excluded Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production. It was further realized that the burning of waste in many areas is regarded as incineratio real technical terms it is not. However, due to lack of another category, 23 demographic analyses were used to quantify amounts of fuel consumed, hence the unts, as per ata on total roducts are mixing. problem of rning. This s burning as well as burning of waste, both of which are evidently n based on as hotspots. In as far as by-products are concerned; this was restricted to dumps of wastes/residue from all categories mentioned above. The total by-products emissions for Lesotho are estimated at 292.3 g-TEQ/a in air, 149.1 g-TEQ in waters, 2.1 g-TEQ/a on products and 1264.6 g-TEQ as residues, emission rates of dioxins and furans. Transport category was dealt with in two ways, namely, motor vehicle co the registers of the traffic departments, and through compiled statistical d imports of hydrocarbon fuels. Activities in the Production of Mineral P quiet low, considering that it only applies to Brick production and Asphalt Regarding uncontrolled combustion processes, there is a serious quantification as it was not possible to determine the frequency of bu deals with biomas common in Lesotho. The best option seemed to be a statistical estimatio probabilistic aspects. Production of chemicals is non-existent in the country. However, chemicals is applicable. This category is therefore consider the use of ed only in so far as the deals with this regard, red under eration, but iomass has d from the cities were an activity. l dumpsites, ter dumping ased on the e Authority , as well as the capacity to manage the activity was used as the basis of proclaiming such areas use of chemicals and consumer goods is concerned. The subcategory textile production since Petroleum industry is covered in transport. In customs records for a full year export of textile were used as the basis. There are of course other diverse activities, which are conside miscellaneous. Regarding this category, the crematorium is not yet in op there are dry cleaners and a lot of tobacco smoking. Emission from b also been considered, and the drying of biomass was extrapolate household-heating category. Under the category of Disposal, landfills and waste dumps, capa estimated on daily basis over a period of a month in order to establish me As part of the study, it was noted that there exists a number of illega some of which may have been missed, and this encompasses open wa as well as composting. Sewage treatment activity calculations were b estimates of generated sewage as adopted by Water and Sewag (WASA). The estimated amount of sewage generated is based on the total water consumption. In all areas visited where activities existed, the extent of contamination Annual Releases (g TEQ/a) 24 Air 17% Land 0% Residue 74% Products 0% Water 9% while emissions on land are negligible. Release from products is far ne represents about 0.12% of the total inventories sources. On the othe bigger portion is contribute gligible, and r hand, the e into the he mal o of nd ed by m are ng by his for e g industrial waste. d by residues that are left after burning waste at illegal and uncontrolled dumping sites. The dioxins and furans formed through various processes escap environment through different pathways/media namely: air, land and escape into the air is brought about by combustion and high tempera process, whereas on land it occurs by adsorption, absorption and leachin the soil. The introduction of dioxins and furans to water could happen in ways. This includes discharge of effluent or contamination with le chemicals containing dioxins and furans. Of the three media, air is the m by these releases followed by water and then land. This can be e indicating that a lot of waste is burnt due to poor waste managem resulting in gaseous emissions. With water in the second spot, the conta introduced through effluent from se water. T ture ther g on or int a number achate a ost affect xplained ent syste minants wage treatment works, leachate from waste nd receives nic farmi followed From t ion Plan of POPs, should address dumpsites and landfills at the highest priority. It is therefore conclusive that dumpsites, landfills and uncontrolled combustion ar considered as hotspots. In terms of dumpsites, special attention needs to be given to Ha-Tšosane and Maputsoe dumpsites, which cater for all sorts of waste, includin disposal sites all of which are operated in an inefficient manner. The la little pollution partly because Lesotho does not practice massive orga whereby sludge is used to condition the soil. From the inventories, it was evident that unintentional release of dioxins and furans, by main category, is dominated by waste disposal or landfilling, which is uncontrolled combustion. The rest produce insignificant releases. analysis, it is a requisite that this document, the National Implementat Management Unintentional Releases by main category 51.9 2.525 126.07 0.1 347.91 2.131 0.01 1124 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 W as te In ci ne ra tio n Po w er g en er at io n an d he at in g Pr od uc tio n of m in er al p ro du ct s Tr an sp or ta tio n U nc on tro lle d co m bu st io n C on su m er G oo ds M is ce lla ne ou s D is po sa l/L an df ili ng Main categories g TE Q /a 25 2.3.5 Information on the state of knowledge on stockpiles, contaminate wastes, identification, likely numb d sites and ers, relevant regulations, guidance, remediation centrations: iate or long specified in ber of sites d with pesticides, transformer oil and dioxins and furans were sites were In the case of pesticides, dipping areas, pesticides stores and their immediate environments were identified as suspects. Fig 1 shows one of the dipping areas. measures and data on releases from sites A contaminated site is defined as a site at which substances occur at con (1) above background levels and pose or are likely to pose an immed term hazard to human health or the environment, or (2) exceeding levels policies and regulations. During the inventory phase of the project, a num that were contaminate identified. However, no samples were taken to confirm whether the contaminated with POPs. Fig1: A dipping area which is likely to be contaminated with pestic ides According to the PCB inventory, a transformer storage facility at the Head Office of the Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC) should be treated as priority for sampling and testing. Other sites include patches of contamination in the vicinity of leaking transformers. The latter sites have been subjected to risk assessment which determined those which need to be addressed in the short, medium and long term. Fig 2 shows transformer storage facility at LEC head Office in Maseru. 26 Fig 2 : Transformer storage facility contaminated with oil Dioxins and Furans, as indicated by the inventories, are mainly released from burning of wastes and sewage treatment. Fig 3 below shows open burning of waste from industries at Maputsoe. Such waste comprises papers, styrofoam, plastics, sponges, etc. ith POPs. nment Act, relating to prohibition of pollution and restoration order which will be used against institutions whose activities release POPs to the environment once the said Act becomes operational. In the case of dip tanks which have that are contaminated environment with pesticides, the Ministry of Agriculture would take a lead in ensuring the cleaning up of such areas. PCBs contaminated sites will be cleaned up by LEC and any other owner of transformer which is polluting the environment. Fig 3: Open burning of waste at Maputsoe As mentioned earlier, there are no laws dealing specifically w However, polluter pays principle has been enshrined in the Enviro 2001 and in addition to the principle, The Act has provisions 27 Dioxin and furan contaminated sites will decontaminated by industr dumping and burn ies that are ing waste and the local authorities within whose jurisdiction onment and cial mechanism are made available will 2.3.6 Summary of future production, use and releases of POPs – requirements for l production e Stockholm with regard produced in ime. Since no exemption for DDT is required. As for the use of other pesticides for the control of te ipronil ( p zole) with excellent su re tion sticides has been or is planned to be requested. MICALS IMPORT EXPORT PRODU REL USE those dumpsites fall. The overall responsibility of ensuring that polluters clean up the envir where possible required resources from finan be the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture exemptions In the light of the current situation, where there is absolutely no intentiona of POPs chemicals in the country, coupled with the implementation of th convention, Lesotho shall include within her legal framework, restrictions to POPs production and import. It therefore follows that no POPs will be the country while their use especially in transformers will decline overt Lesotho is a malaria free country, rmites, the Country has been using f . Therefohenyl rapy re lts no exemp fo OPs per P CHE CTION EASES ANNEX A 0 0 0 0 INSUFFICIENT DATA PARTI ANNEX A PART II 0 0 0 INSUFFICIENT DATA INSUFFICIENT DATA ANNEX B 0 0 0 0 0 ANNEX C N/A N/A UNITENTIONAL 2.3.7 Existing programmes for monitoring releases and environmenta health impacts, including findings The assessment of the health effects of persistent organic pollutants in L carried out in February to May 2004. Six districts representing 60% of th l and human esotho was e districts of essment of institutions; o have had ts and risk sidents dioxins and There is no monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the monitoring activities of all institutions involved in some form of environmental monitoring in Lesotho. The inclusion of these substances in the existing monitoring activities will require some training for staff and equipping laboratories for some of the institutions to be able to analyse POPs. Environmental monitoring policies, standards and guidelines do not exist. These tools need to be developed to direct envisaged POPs monitoring in Lesotho. Lesotho were sampled for the study. The study covered: the ass environmental monitoring activities in various government and parastatal review of health records in hospitals; interview of: farmers, women wh miscarriages, mothers of babies born with below normal birth weigh groups such as: incinerator operators, workers in waste disposal sites, and re close to potential release points for persistent organic pollutants like furans. The key findings of the study include the following: 28 Surveillance of environmentally related diseases is not adequately perfo Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Orientation of clinicians on diseas require follow up to establish exposure to certain environmental factors rmed by the es that may will facilitate rm focus for of food and Ps in food. result of the POPs produced unintentionally and settling on food following transportation by environmental medium such as air and illegal orn babies istent organic pollutants. Investigated women, mothers and children showed that some of the women went through successful subsequent iscarriages de: disease on, multiple placental mers. The respiratory, ive system. handling of and their trol methods lude dumpsites like the one site serves the city of Maseru. One of oke due to ected in a number of t may be associated with r to be more do Residents close to waste disposal or dumpsites. Personnel working in power utilities especially those close to storage sites for decommissioned transformers that may be containing oil with PCBs. Sectors of the community that may be abusing transformer oil. Urban population where population density is high. detection of root causes of the diseases which will, in turn, direct or info future monitoring areas. Persistent organic pollutant pesticides are not used in the production animal feed in Lesotho. This may, therefore, rule out the presence of PO If present, it may be as a importation and transportation. Miscarriages in women investigated and the low birth weights of newb may not be due to exposure to pers pregnancies following a previous miscarriage. Children born in the pregnancies were growing well and interact very well with other children. Other factors may account for women’s m and low birth weights in newborn babies. These factors may inclu conditions, unexpected psychological factors, intrauterine malnutriti pregnancies, pre-eclampsia and other conditions with inadequate nutritional supply. POPs associated conditions were not identified among risk groups like far five categories under investigation were: skin conditions, eye conditions, neurological/psychological conditions and conditions of the reproduct Albeit this observation, there is need to educate farmers in the safe pesticides, orientation on persistent organic pollutants pesticides environmental and health effects. To reduce reliance on chemical con in pest control, integrated pest management needs to be promoted. Waste disposal sites commonly used in Lesotho inc located at Tŝosane village (Fig 4). This dump the major characteristics of the dumpsite is the regular release of sm spontaneous fires. Populations residing around this site are aff ways that include high prevalence of health conditions tha vitiated air. Eye and respiratory conditions appea 29 Fig 4: Tšosane dumpsite serving the capital, Maseru. Since DDT is still in use in the Republic of South Africa, community educ to be embarked on to prevent its being purchased for use in agriculture farmers. This survey did not have control groups; hence, the findings ar ation needs by individual dicative and done. In that may be ns rget groups; change with tent organic users and hat there is vironmental government hods. Some ost popular f pesticides vailability or expensiveness of such equipment. The disposal of containers on the other hand was seen to be a problem as most farmers dumped them in rivers thus polluting water streams or are buried thus polluting underground water resources. The public also acknowledged Incinerators and transformers as problematic though the level of understanding of problems was very low. The recommendations therefore are that there is need to use multiple awareness raising methods to be effective and to reach as many sectors of the public as e only in suggest areas where further comprehensive assessments should be carrying out such assessments, it would be crucial to carry out the medical history and physical examination of some of the risk groups. Some of the areas targeted in such examinations could include skin, liver and kidney functio 2.3.8 Current level of information, awareness and education among ta existing systems of communication and mechanism for information ex other parties to the Convention The public awareness survey was undertaken to assess the adequacy of public awareness strategies and techniques in the country in addressing persis pollutants. Data were collected in all regions of the country from both people who should know about these pesticides. The findings show t presently no public information policy in Lesotho, there is however a draft media policy though it has not passed through parliament. There is also no En Education Policy. Various awareness raising techniques are employed by different ministries and institutions, ranging from individual methods to group met of these methods have proved to be very effective, while others are m though they have proved to be less effective. The survey results indicated that most people are aware of the dangers o even though they do not use protective clothing, perhaps because of una 30 possible. Certain methods should be improved upon so that they are attractive to the freedom of shes to gain sion subject information which shall be treated by the Authority as confidential. However, as expected there lease and transfer registers. itional role crease the t initiatives. f the use of the NGOs banning of since they pesticides. s a business community umbrella o and liaise er facilitates in friendlier s is an umbrella development institution representing GOs in their boration on nd training and training NGO. It is working for more just and humane society through community transformation and training for lopment oriented, dealing in as well as education. Some may . asurement, search and Current monitoring standards for POPs in the environment Environmental monitoring entails regular or routine collection or measurement of a set of selected parameters for purposes of determining change. Thus, in a monitoring programme, three outcomes are likely to be recognized, viz., improvement, deterioration or no change in a given situation. Agencies that are expected to be involved in environmental monitoring, which could include to some extent, the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants include, inter public as they can be very effective. Section 95 of the Environment Act, 2001 has provisions relating to access to environmental information. It stipulates that any person who wi access to information that is kept by an Authority would granted permis to payment of a fee. Such information would not include proprietary are no procedures for implementation of pollutant re 2.3.9 Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders There are several Non governmental Organizations in Lesotho. Their trad has been to watch over government programmes and seek to in government commitment and rate of implementation of developmen There is no NGO that is specifically, actively involved in the monitoring o hazardous chemicals inclusive of POPs in the country. None of mentioned below is affiliated to PAN which has been advocating for the hazardous pesticides in Africa. What come close to PAN is PELUM advocate for organic farming which by definition does not use Unfortunately the membership of this NGO is limited. Lesotho Chamber of Commerce and Industry i NGO, which is set out to promote private enterprise activities in Lesoth with GOL matters relating to business promotion and refutation. It furth cooperation among local business persons. This could facilitate trade non-POPs substances and facilitate the regulation of PTS. The Lesotho Council of NGO NGOs operating in Lesotho. It aims to stimulate, promote and support N development efforts. It serves as a focal point for coordination and colla the activities of all NGOs in line with national development objectives. Lesotho Teachers Trade Union stands for advocacy in education a including information dissemination. Transformation Resource Center is a development, education self analysis. Facilitating problem identification, problem solving and transformation are the major objectives of TRC. There are several other NGOs which are rural deve wider issues of self reliance, water and sanitation target selected groups of the society such as women and disabled people 2.3.10 Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, me analysis, alternatives and prevention measures, management, re development – linkage to international programmes and projects 31 alia, the following: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Ministry of Agr Food Security, Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture, Ministry Resources and the Ministry of Local Government. iculture and of Natural ocumented ameters. A of Natural t of Water Affairs where such documentation exists. None of the identified institutions perform the t by: ls including ing issues such pplication, dosages and time in easily accessible for staff working done for a ndards and boratories), he fact that the formal rkets where inspections are conducted need to be ent organic ilities in the l analysis, found in the c Research ories do not have equipment with electron-capture detection, Gas ayer liquid that are rin, Dieldrin, 989, WHO, s Poor waste management is one of biggest problems in the country. As mentioned earlier waste is being dumped at various localities in the country with some of the sites being within residential areas. As for POPs specific facilities, there are no POPs waste disposal facilities in the country. It is hoped that the POPs waste will be exported to neighbouring countries for environmentally safe disposal. Contaminated Site Remediation Environmental monitoring activities performed by these agencies are summarized in table 4. It is noted that, some of these agencies do not have well spelt out and d parameters that are monitored and the frequency of monitoring such par better situation is observed in the monitoring activities of the Ministry Resources -Water and Sewerage Authority and the Departmen monitoring of persistent organic pollutants. This situation is brought abou The fact that there is no legislation controlling the use of chemica pesticides in the country. Guidelines on the use of pesticides cover as: the types of pesticides to be used, methods of a terms of maturity of crops to be treated are not with farmers, farmers and other parties who may have an interest in this matter. Lack of skills in undertaking monitoring and analysis of POPs. Limitations in relevant laboratory equipment and supplies. Monitoring of residues of pesticides in the harvested products is not plethora of reasons that include: Unavailability of national policies, sta guidelines; unavailability or inadequately equipped infrastructure (la inadequately trained personnel within the expected monitoring agencies; t most of the products go directly to the consumers without going via controlled markets like shops and superma though not as regularly as ideally required. These shortfalls would considered with care during the development of chemical/persist pollutants monitoring in the future. The capacity of existing laboratory fac country is summarized in table 5. Available equipment performs organic and inorganic analysis, elementa molecular structure analysis or quantification. Most of the equipment is National University of Lesotho (NUL) laboratory followed by the Agri laboratories. It will be noted that most of the laborat such as Gas-liquid chromatography chromatography, packed column gas chromatography, thin l chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography recommended for the detection of a number of POPs (Heptachlor, Ald Endrin, Chlordane, Hexachlorobenzene, PCBs) (WHO 1988; WHO 1 1991; WHO, 1998; UNEP, 2002). Waste management facilitie 32 33 iation. Once again ill be sought from neighbouring countries and friends. have a monitoring programme aimed at assessing the health Technical Support Services Research and Development The country does not have capacity for contaminated site remed assistance in this area w Health Monitoring Capability The country does not impacts of POPs. Information Management capacity The capacity to manage information is adequate in terms of human resources and hardwares. However, there are certain aspects relating to the Convention and indeed strategic approach to chemicals which require special attention. Legislative framework being foundation for other tools should be given priority. encies A R U Table 4: Summary of monitoring activities by different ag CHEMIC O L ADEQ OM NITO ING ACY NDS F FU AGENCY OTHE RS R POP NEEDS R REMARKS SUMMARY OF MONITORING FUNCTIONS & FREQUENCY POP s OTHE S s STAFF TRAINING OTHE Ministry o Agriculture and Food Security (Researc Plant Protectio f Putting pesticides on trial for future use & evaluating effectiveness, application and safety. Training of staff in other sectio Storage of pestici for distribution an disposal. Monitoring chemi h – n Section) their ns. des d/or of cals and POPs in No No No l disposal of sa g POPs. NUL itution to do be used. esticides, a major Costs for using CSIR may be a limiting factor. the environment not done. No Procedures fo out sampling & of POPs environmenta r carrying analysis & ly sound There are no facilities for analyzin thought to be a probable inst analysis failing which CSIR would mples. Absence of laws controlling p problem. Ministry of Tourism, Environmen and Cu Coordinate, advice and regulate environmental management and advance application of environmentally sou technology concep Set guidelines & monitor adherence to EIA. Disseminate information on environmental issues & ensure t lture (National Environment Secretariat) nd t. standards, Lesotho’s adherence to treaties and environmental conventions. No Yes No Risk assess Estimating po at risk Determining measures r monitoring concern on ASA, Water d for analyzing could be s (Problem – uld be the next ognized weak Poor disease linking health tal exposure. The Environment Act #15 of 2001 forms the framework for further specific legislation in chemical management and other related issues. No Investigating contaminated sites – ns and including ment & pulations mitigation Though there is no regula programme, there is an observed storage of chemicals. Locally, W Affaires and NUL could be use chemicals. For POPs, NUL approached for dioxins & furan disposal of samples). CSIR wo option. Concern on the rec research base of the country. surveillance that does not facilitate conditions with environmen dioxins, fura pesticides sampling. management 1 CHEMICAL MONITORING ADEQUACY OF FUNDS AGENCY SUMMARY OF MONITORING FUNCTIONS & FREQUENCY OTHE RS POP s OTHE RS POP s STAFF TRAINING NEEDS OTHER REMARKS Ministry of Health and Social Welfa (Environ Inspecting reported and/or suspec nuisances. Inspecting pollution point disposal sites for liquid and solid wastes. Water quality surveillance (sanitary surveys and bacteriological analysis. Investigation and control of environ diseases an epidemics. re mental Health) ted s, mental related d No Yes health an treatment and of POPs to those ood and water Legislation in a difficult task. chemical/POPs f non-existing ns need to be ated health change and facilitate appropriate environmental investigations. Investigation chemical related poisoning incidents. of food No No Background on Effects of P POPs OPs on d the nalysis of ly sound disposal Chemical monitoring confined suspected to be contaminating f and done per public complaints. place makes POPs monitoring Community education on management essential in view o monitoring programmes. Clinicia given orientation on POPs rel conditions to enhance information ex environment Sampling & a POPs Environmental Ministry of Local Government (Maseru City Council Identify pollution sources. Cre awareness – Department of Health and Environment) ate on environmental issues. Initiate legal action on authors of nuisances. No No No of chemical parameters including persistent organic pollutants. clude three pieces of legislation: Urban Government Act of 1983; Public Health Order # 12 of 1970; Environment Act #15 of 2001 No Sampling and analysis Facilitating mechanisms in 2 3 CHEMICAL MONITORING ADEQUACY OF FUNDS AGENCY SUMMARY OF MONITORING FUNCTIONS & OTHE RS POP OTHE R POP STAFF TRAINING NEEDS OTHER REMARKS FREQUENCY s S s Ministry of Natural Resources ) Monitoring the qua of surface & grou water and indu wastewater. Monitoring activities a sometimes guided by observed or suspected pollution poi Monitoring i (Water Affaires nd strial re nts. s done on a monthly basis P a lot of practic he department ysis for some t done at the ortage of funds. assistance at a of the Orange sistance at a being guided of 1978, the supported by: nt Policy and Wastewater on of regular ate informed ter stakeholder monitoring and micals coming al composition cal analysis rtment. Better ld broaden the ment. lity YES NO NO NO Detailed trai POPs, backgr effects; samp analysis for ning in ound and ling and OPs plus al work. While monitoring is ongoing in t there are occasions where anal parameters especially those no DWA lab are not done due to sh WASA and NUL labs offer some cost. Outside Lesotho, University Free State and CSIR give as relatively higher cost. Other than by the Water Resources Act department’s operations are also the Water Resources Manageme Strategy 1999 and the Industrial Policy of 2002. Disseminati monitoring reports can facilit decision making and promote bet participation in environmental management. Declaration of che into Lesotho outlining the chemic of each chemical can ease chemi done or to be done by the depa equipment for the laboratory wou monitoring functions of the depart Ministry of Natural Resource Monitoring chemical/minerals in the natural environm excludi s (Water and Sewerage Authority) ent ng toxic chemicals (heavy metals, insecticides and pesticides Yes No No No Monitoring of organic polluta Environment e Water and Sewerage Authority Act of 1992. The agency has documentation on parameters monitored for drinking water plus relevant procedures for analysis. persistent nts Supporting pieces of legislation Act number 15 of 2001 and th Table 5: Capacity of available laboratories CAPACITY HUMAN RESOURCES EQUIPMENT LABORAT RY O Number Qualif tio COMMENTS ica ns Available National University of Lesotho 8 x PhD 1 x MSc uctivity 0 & 100, 2000 Dir raction standard and aterials (dioxins and furans), trapping fumes hood 7 HPRC, Gas Chromatography, GEMS NMR 400 MHz Bruiker, B.A.S-100, RE 1 fluoro photometer, LC 10 AT Liquid Ch (Shimatsu), Gas Chromatograph 3800 meter 4310, ICP – AES, AAS SpectrA MAGNA-IR 560 Spectrometer ESP, SP3 – 300 Infra 3800, FTIR, 501 Spectro romatograph , Cond Need: Ext equipment, reference m 22 red Spectrophotometer, , DR ect Reading Spectrophotometer, Department of Water Affairs 6 Bio 2 x Postgradu te x on th ng 200 spectrophotometer, Autoclave, Ce 5 cabinet needs to be ed to accommodate extra equipment and staff 2 x BSc logy & Spectrophotometer UV and visible, Hach Chemistry a 2 e job traini DR ntrifuge, BOD Structure expand Water & 6 2 x BSc Diploma OSC 2400, Analytical balance, Incubator, Autoclave, pH ter, Drying re too small to accommodate extra equipment and staff Sewerage Authority 1 x 3 x C Spectrophotometer UV and visible range, HACH DR Structu meter, Turbidity meter, Conductivity m ovens e PLANT PROTECTIO RATORY N LABO 3 Researchers 2 x MSc Sc ave, Fume 1 x B Microscope, Laminar flow, Steriliser, Auto Hood, Incubators cl SOILS LABORATORY Ministry Agriculture a of n Food Securi (Agric Researc 2 Lab Technicians er 4 Laboratory Analysts MSc & BSc 1 x Diploma ertificate rophotometer, Flame photometer, Ion selective electrodes, Digital H meters, Moisture machin nes, Distillers, Shakers, Kjeltromach d ty h) 1 Research Offic 3 x C Digital spectrophotometer, AA spect balances, p es, Dionized ines machi HAEMATOLOGY 7 1 x BSc 6 x Diploma Automated cell counter Coagulometer Very limited space to accommodate additional equipment and staff Ministry of cial Health & So Welfare (Central Laboratories) CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1 2 CAPACITY HUMAN RESOURCES EQUIPMENT LABORATO RY Number Qualifications A COMMENTS vailable 8 x MSc Sc loma 1 x Certificate gnostic) e ys) High Performance Liquid Chromatography space to e additional equipment and staff 1 2 x B 4 x Dip Autoanalyser (routine dia Ion selective electrod Autoanalyser – (immuno assa Very limited accommodat 2.3.11 Identification of impacted populations or environments, estimated magnitude of threats to public hea scale and lth and environmental quality and social : d Maputsoe ge sites for d transformers that may be containing oil with PCBs; it, applying to establish nt and magnitude of the impacts of POPs around these areas. ting of new to establish ry. Section t Act, 2001 has provisions relating to registration of hazardous Act is not irements of hazardous chemicals. ependence ved from the fact that, almost all economic resources come from Lesotho’s only neighbour. Users of chemicals e chemical. mes are still aintain such egulation of pesticides through the lation made administered by Ministry of nment. The , and any defines “hazardous chemical” as “any chemical which has been classified as hazardous in accordance with international instruments or for which relevant information exists to indicate the chemical is hazardous”. Employers are to take adequate measures for safety of workers, their health and welfare. The regulations require the manufacturer to prepare material safety data sheets which should contain information on chemical name, trade name, hazard, description, uses, explosive effects, chemical and physical properties, safe storage implications for workers and local communities Communities at risk of exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants include People living in the vicinity of dumpsites, such as Tšosane in Maseru an dumpsites and Ha-Nyenye; Personnel working in power utilities especially those close to stora decommissione Sector of the community that may be abusing transformer oil i.e., drinking it on livestock, etc. These groups of society have not been quantified yet and it is the plan the exte 2.3.12 Details of any relevant system for the assessment and lis chemicals Lack of legislation on pesticides management has made it impossible any registration system for all pesticides that are imported into the count 82 of the Environmen chemicals and substances. However, it is worth mentioning that the operational and that it is not comprehensive enough to cover requ Stockholm Convention hence a need for a separate law dealing with chemicals and pesticides. Currently there is no system for the assessment and listing of new Lesotho’s economic situation and geographical position has led to high d of South African systems. This may be deri depend largely on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provided with th This is why there are situations whereby some MSDS and chemical na in other languages and there is no national requirement as yet to m information in the official languages, English or Sesotho. 2.3.13 Details of any relevant system for the assessment and r chemicals already in the market There is neither a system of assessment nor regulation for chemicals and already in the markets, except those that are restricted in work places Labour Code (chemicals) regulations. Labour Code (Chemical Safety) Regulations 2003 are subsidiary legis under the Labour Code Order 1992. The regulations are Employment and Labour. The regulations apply to the work enviro regulations define a “chemical” as “chemical elements, compounds mixtures thereof, whether natural, synthetic, or biological and in whatever state” and 1 and handling, accidental release measures, clean-up and disposal considerations, processing, ule IV. The e to ensure compliance with the Convention hence the changes discussed in section 2.3.12. transport information. The regulations provide for a total ban on the manufacture, production, handling, use, storage and transportation of chemicals specified in Sched existing legal framework is not adequat 2 3.0 Strategy and action plan elements of the national implementation plan he health of erefore the to providing tenance of appropriate to prevent or eliminate use, stockpiles, and wastes of Ps and all anagement ll hazardous implementation of the Lesotho’s National Implementation Plan nda 21 and s guided by ulnerable to ntally sound poor and the country here. The ucial to the mentation of the country’s obligations under the Convention; and Basel) have been recognized at global level. Lesotho being part of the entation of lt in reduction of monitoring and reporting costs; d. When replacing POPs that are currently in use, decision-makers will be guided by the availability of cheaper effective alternatives; e. Government recognizes that partnership with private sector will greatly facilitate implementation of the country’s obligations under the Convention; 3.1 Policy statement The overall goal of NIP is to provide the road map in order to protect t Basotho and environment from harmful effects of POPs and PTSs. Th Government of Lesotho through its competent authority commits itself active leadership and support in the development and main procedures and measures POPs and to reduce unintentional releases of POPs in the environment. 3.2 Implementation strategy Vision By 2020, Lesotho will be free from all intentionally produced PO unintentional emissions of POPs will be significantly reduced. Mission The Government of Lesotho, in collaboration with stakeholders in the m of chemicals strives to rid Lesotho of persistent organic pollutants and a chemicals for which affordable alternatives are available. Guiding principles The formulation and (NIP) for Stockholm Convention is a response to a need for environmentally sound management of POPs as articulated in the Convention as well as Age Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPoI). At national level, the NIP i the following principles: a. The Government of Lesotho believes that poor people are highly v toxic effects of hazardous chemicals including POPs and that environme management of chemicals will protect human health particularly the environment; b. Government recognizes that none of the POPs are manufactured in and that most of those that are still in use are imported from elsew cooperation with SADC member states especially South Africa is cr successful imple c. The synergies between conventions relating to chemicals (Stockholm, Rotterdam international community is already pursuing measures to cluster implem these conventions. This strategic approach would resu 3 f. Public awareness and participation in environmentally sound man chemicals can be achieved through well packaged and group sp agement of ecific information on tally sound onsistent with the provisions of relevant Plan is a living document which will be monitored and reviewed regularly so n becomes edge base, skills and expertise relating to ana encompass: BAT and l legislative gionally and nationally with the purpose of protecting human health and the environment. human and lly released POPs material to causes and t. of Tourism, ion of NIP evant to the od Security, ey will form teering Committee for the implementation programme. The Steering Committee will give the project/ programme policy direction. The Chemical Management Committee (CheMaC) as the custodian of chemical management issues will also be represented in the Steering committee. he Committee on Waste Management will also have a representation in the Steering Committee. The two committees will be merged to form a new entity, Technical Committee which will be charged with responsibility of advising the Steering Committee on technical aspects of the project. chemical management and their impacts on human health and environment; g. Transboundary movement of POPs will be solely for environmen disposal and such transportation will be c national laws and Basel Convention; h. This as to maintain continuity and modify strategies as more informatio available. i. Continued improvement in the knowl m gement POPs is crucial. Implementation Strategies The implementation strategies shall i) Multi-stakeholder participation, a phase-out plan in such a way that it targets old and ineffective articles in use, and reduces emissions using environmentally sound disposal of waste. ii) Development and enforcement of all applicable Environmenta requirements and standards, which have been established nationally, re inter iii) Documentation and maintenance of information in relation to environmental impacts emanating from the use of POPs and unintentiona iv) Provision of adequate information, communication and education all sectors of the society, with the aim of creating awareness on the effects of unintentional releases of POPs on humans and the environmen Institutional Arrangements By virtue of being the Focal Point for Stockholm Convention, the Ministry Environment and Culture will be charged with the overall coordinat implementation. Since the issues being addressed in the NIP are rel mandates of three institutions, namely, Ministry of Agriculture and Fo Ministry of Local Government and the Lesotho Electricity Corporation, th part of a S 4 ntion areas ategories of nt, namely, d Annex C ize health outlines all noted that entation of ever, each nent issues education, ell as reporting. In terms of overall implementation, the time frame (implementation schedule) shall indicate all those overlaps. The costs of implementing or undertaking these activities have been reflected in totals as both baseline costs, to be provided by the Government of Lesotho as part of the normal operations of the public service. The incremental costs constitutes additional funds required for “new” ventures which the country may not readily be able to absorb, hence these shall be requested from Lesotho’s development partners and international organizations. 3.3 Activities, strategies and action plans The subsection on Activities and action plans covers seventeen interve as outlined in the guidance document. There are three major c Persistent Organic Pollutants identified for purposes of this docume Annex A Part 1 and Annex B POPs , Annex B Part II POPs (PCBs) an Unintentional POPs (UPOPs). The focuses on measures to minim impacts are inbuilt within these categories. This section therefore MTEC ( Coordinator) Steering Committee Technical Committee COWMAN CheMaC MoAFS (Pesticides) MoLG (UPOPs) LEC (PCBs) Coordinating Structure for NIP Implementation relevant intervention areas under each of these categories. It should be there are several cross cutting issues among all these categories, implem which becomes blanket, in terms of addressing POPs issues. How category has been dealt with independently so as to cover all perti thereof. Such cross cutting issues include Public awareness and Information exchange as w 5 This chapter starts with the overall description of the main focus of each This is fol subchapter. lowed by a table outlining objectives, strategies and activities, with the cost estimations. Annex A Part 1 and Annex B POPs 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures The main objective in this regard is to Develop and amend Relevant Legislation n adequate ng Relevant p adequate nvironment o Annex A Part 1 AFS), with reports for evaluation of progress. Budgetary allocations shall be done directly to MAFS. duction and ban or prohibit the production and use of POPs pesticides in , as there is n in the country. Activities shall involve Drafting of nex A POPs nd disposal stes and Prohibit and/or eliminate production, use, import and export egy to be adopted include Monitoring the use entation of and wastes es in a safe, mentally safe manner until they are deemed to be wastes is oducts and articles in use and wastes containing Annex A POPs pesticides Managing stockpiles in a safe, efficient and environmentally safe manner until they are deemed to be wastes 3.3.4 Production, import and export, use, identification, labelling, removal, storage and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs (Annex A, part II chemicals) The subchapter is dealt with under Annex A, part II chemicals towards proper management of Pesticides, including setting up a institutional capacity The activities in this sub-chapter are aimed at developing and amendi Legislation towards proper management of Pesticides, including setting u institutional capacity. The main strategy focuses on Strengthening the E Act 2001 and assigns responsibilities appropriately The major role player in implementation of measures related t chemicals shall lie with the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (M the Department of Environment monitoring and accepting quarterly 3.3.2 Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional pro use The objective to Lesotho is the focus measure. This is done for possible future production currently no chemicals productio regulations governing access and use of pesticides and Publicize pesticides management manual 3.3.3 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of An pesticides (Annex A, part 1 chemicals) The objective of NIP under his subchapter is to regulate the import, use a of pesticides wa of Annex A POPs pesticides. The strat of Annex A POPs pesticides in the country and Development and implem finer strategies to identify stockpiles, products and articles in use containing Annex A POPs pesticides. A further Management of stockpil efficient and environ deemed a requisite. The Strategy to be adopted include: Monitoring the use of Annex A POPs pesticides Developing and implementing strategies to identify stockpiles, pr 6 3.3.5 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of DDT (Annex B chemicals) if used in the country erience Malaria which is the major use of DDT as a result DDT 3.3.6 Register for specific exemptions and the continuing need for exemptions d in the future onal production (article 5) s (UPOPs), as there ) nate POPs ll obsolete jor focus of out audits and ugh Development of Hazardous eases from Stockpiles and x A POPs eversibly. 3.3.9 Identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes to develop and implement technical guidelines for the strategy s Management of stockpiles and Institution of appropriate measures for guidelines for handling and disposal of ational and andling and icals) and To identify and clean up contaminated sites in an environmentally sound manner through regularly updating of inventories of contaminated sites and stockpiles and Development and implementation of clean-up programmes based on updated inventories 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement Lesotho does not exp is not used in the country. (article 4) The country is not planning to register any exemption now an 3.3.7 Measures to reduce releases from unintenti The sub-chapter is dealt with under Annex C Unintentional POP are no unintentional production of POPs pesticides and DDT. 3.3.8 Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes (article 6 Strengthening Hazardous Waste Regulations to Reduce or Elimi Releases from Stockpiles and Wastes as well as to dispose of a pesticides, including POPs in an environmentally sound manner is the ma th measure and the Strategies to be adopted range from Carrying improving existing pesticides storage facilities, thro Waste Regulations to Reduce or Eliminate POPs Rel Wastes to Handling, collection, transportation and storage of Anne pesticide wastes in an environmentally safe manner and dispose them irr The objective of this measure is identification and classification of pesticides stockpiles and wastes using of Adapting international and regional guidelines and classification system 3.3.10 handling and disposal of articles in use. To develop and implement technical hazardous pesticides and their containers through Adoption of Intern manufacturers Material Safety Data (MSD) codes and guidelines for h disposal. 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B and C Chem remediation in an environmentally sound manner 7 To capacitate the National Focal Point in terms of Information and Com Techn munication ology by Establish a clearing House for POPs and PTSs within the NES the public, ctivities and ing implementation of the their own lives by Engaging all methods and The sub-chapter will be developed once the Convention provides information on the on measures taken to prevent s Inventory grated Pest mended by icides within ework of biosafety policy and biosafety protocol sectors and from POPs ial assistance (articles 12 and 13) technical and Financial assistance globally – multi and bilateral by Developing proposals aimed at addressing website 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education (article 10) To assure that Lesotho has appropriate institutional capacity to allow adequate awareness of the POPs pesticides issues and POPs-related a that it has sufficient opportunity to provide input regard convention and thus protection of means of mass communication in the dissemination of POPs issues 3.3.14 Effectiveness evaluation (article 16) requirements. 3.3.15 Reporting To report to the Secretariat and Government importation, use and disposal of listed pesticides through Continuou reviews and monitoring, with annual reports compiled 3.3.16 Research, development and monitoring (article 11) To carry out research on alternatives to POPs pesticides including Inte Management (IPM) and biopesticides Focussing on pesticides recom FAO for use in developing countries and Pursueing research on biopest the fram To further design and implement a monitoring plan to assess country’s compliance with relevant articles of the convention through Monitoring activities of all Evaluating the effectiveness of all actions taken to make the country free pesticides. 3.3.17 Technical and financ The country shall endevour to access all available weaknesses in the existing pesticides management infrastructure Annex B Part II POPs (PCBs) 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures Regarding PCBs, the main objective of regulatory strengthening is to provide relevant institutions with resources and skills required for effective implementation of the Plan. This goes towards building the capacity of institutions on PCBs management at different levels (law enforcers, technicians, managers and teachers). The strategy to be adopted involves Enhance the analytical capacity of the National University of Lesotho, as well as training trainers with respect to PCB issues in general. 8 To further put in place regulatory measures that will ensure environmen management of PCBs is a prerequisite to str tally sound engthening and ensuring effective s except in Developing agreements on transboundary movement of PCBs between South Africa and Lesotho within broad frameworks of Rotterdam and Basel Conventions duction and ning and can be from 20% of in-service shall: Replace leaking equipment that is no longer cost effective to maintain nex A POPs Annex A, part 1 chemicals. val, storage , part II chemicals) entration higher 0 ration higher than 0.05% percent and PCB volumes greater than 5litres no later than 2020 use equipment with PCB concentration higher se of liquids rent PCBs ith inefficient equipment which has the highest concentration of PCBs and Capitalising on existing projects to develop relevant waste management law e.g. Partnership for the Development of Environmental Law and Institutions in Africa (PADELIA) Including PCBs in the list of banned chemicals in the amendments to the Environment Act, 2001 and hazardous chemicals law Dispose of PCB waste within SADC region institutional participation. This shall be achieved through: Banning of Production, importation and use of PCBs in all application small volumes to be used as standards 3.3.2 Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional pro use The objectives are the same as those of institutional strengthe addressed through inclusion of PCBs in the list of banned chemicals. It is further desirable to reduce number of leakages transformers to 0% by 2007 as an objective. To achieve this the country Develop and implement a comprehensive monitoring and maintenance programme 3.3.3 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of An pesticides (Annex A, part 1 chemicals) The sub-chapter is dealt with under 3.3.4 Production, import and export, use, identification, labelling, remo and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs (Annex A The objectives can be outlined as follows” To identify, label and remove from use equipment with PCB conc than 10% percent and PCB volumes greater than 5litres no later than 202 To identify, label and remove from use equipment with PCB concent To identify, label and remove from than 0.005% percent and PCB volumes greater than 0.05litres no later than 2020 There should further be prohibition of importation of PCBs waste and reu containing more than 0.005% PCBs in the country by 2008 All these are expected to be done through: Identification/screening and labeling of equipment containing diffe concentrations Developing a phase out plan that start w 9 3.3.5 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of DDT (Annex B chemicals) if used in the country als 3.3.6 Register for specific exemptions and the continuing need for exemptions he future le 5) The objective is really to significantly reduce PCB releases from unintentional h the use of adoption of appropriate standards and guidelines. stic dwellings and iles and wastes (article 6) ases from by 2010. This is to be achieved though: mers. Developing a monitoring plan for storage facilities eighbouring The objective is to identify and label all PCB containing equipment by 2006, of PCBs in electrical equipment ment of stockpiles and appropriate measures for handling and The phasing out all PCB containing equipment by 2020 by new PCB free ones A, B and C Chemicals) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner Objective: To manage contaminated sites in an environmentally sound manner Strategy: Prioritise sites in terms of site and inherent risks Polluter pays principle be applied to sites contaminated after the environment Act, 2001 has come into operation The sub-chapter is dealt with under Annex A, part 1 and Annex B chemic (article 4) The country is not planning to register any exemption now and in t 3.3.7 Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production (artic production by 2020 by curbing production of unintentional PCBs throug appropriate technologies and It is further required to discourage open burning of waste at dome landfills through legislative control. 3.3.8 Measures to reduce releases from stockp The major objective to this end is to significantly reduce rele decommissioned transformers Centralizing the storage of decommissioned transfor Exporting PCB containing wastes for environmentally safe disposal in n countries that have capacity to do so 3.3.9 Identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes through determining the concentration especially transformers and updating PCB inventories. 3.3.10 Manage disposal of articles in use. Strategy: Replace old transformers 1960-early 70s Legislative reviews 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites (Annex 10 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvemen eminate information on status of PCBs in Lesotho nationally, nal, regional and multi-lateral institutions dealing with PCB issues To increase the level of awareness among Basotho from low( <1%) to medium e development and implementation of education gramme 16) ss made in the implementation of the Convention to and waste laws, which oblige ort on their sing them out. ozones and Strategy: Introduce transformers (as replacement for old ones) which use of high risk any personnel responsible for 3.3.17 Technical and financial assistance (articles 12 and 13) Objective: To develop proposals for the elimination of PCBs in the country by 2006 Strategy: Cooperate with all relevant stakeholders in the preparation of proposals for environmentally sound management of PCBs Annex C Unintentional POPs (UPOPs) 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures t : To dissObjective regionally and globally Strategy: Network with natio Publish information on PCB on internet/ Department’s website with links to Government’s website 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education (article 10) Objectives: (50%) by 2007 To include PCBs issues in schools curricula by 2008 Strategy: Cooperate with relevant sectors in th and training pro Strengthen the current LEC’s public awareness programmes Effectiveness evaluation (article3.3.14 3.3.15 Reporting Objective: To report the progre Government and Secretariat of the Convention Strategy: Include sections in the hazardous chemicals companies that are in possession of PCB containing equipment to rep progress towards pha Produce regular reports on progress made towards phasing out PCBs 3.3.16 Research, development and monitoring (article 11) Objective 1: To pilot the alternatives to PCBs under different conditions/ec monitor their performance alternatives to PCBs in the country or observe existing ones Objective 2: To monitor the impacts of PCBs particularly on the health groups Strategy: Target maintenance work force and cleaning transformer storage facilities 11 Objectives: To develop Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control policy and amend re framework ers, judges implementing legal instruments aimed at reducing dioxins and furans releases of lations and assign la duction and nex A POPs chemicals) val, storage s of DDT (Annex B ing need for exemptions duce releases from unintentional production (article 5) ied source Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes (article 6) t cleanup systems and proper waste management for s and Furans stockpiles Objective: To develop a system with guidelines for identification and classification of all source categories from which dioxins and furans are emitted. Strategy: Adopt international and regional guidelines on the harmonisation and classification systems Update the Lesotho dioxins and furans inventory in order to develop a system with guidelines to adequately identify all source categories of dioxins and furans levant legislation to ensure significant reduction in the releases of dioxins and furans To train law enforcement officers (environmental inspectors, police, lawy etc) in Strategy: To develop Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control policy framework and amend relevant legislation to ensure significant reduction in the dioxins and furans Strengthen Environment Act 2001 and other relevant legis responsibilities appropriately Col borate with other stakeholders in developing training programmes 3.3.2 Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional pro use 3.3.3 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of An pesticides (Annex A, part 1 3.3.4 Production, import and export, use, identification, labelling, remo and disposal of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs (Annex A, part II chemicals) 3.3.5 Production, import and export, use, stockpiles and waste chemicals) if used in the country 3.3.6 Register for specific exemptions and the continu (article 4) 3.3.7 Measures to re Objective: To implement measures and procedures for the identif categories that will significantly reduce releases of dioxins and furans y: Develop/formulate a legal framework for major activities (vehicle, factories) Strateg that emit dioxins and furans 3.3.8 Objective: To implemen stockpiles and waste of potential releasers of Dioxin Strategy: Develop guidelines and standards for reducing dioxins and furans from and waste Carry out regular inspections/audits of the stockpiles and waste to ensure compliance with set standards 3.3.9 Identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes 12 13 of stockpiles, and appropriate measures for handling and disposal of articles in use. s SOPs) and eduction of dioxins and furans 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites (Annex A, B and C Chemicals) and clean up sites contaminated with Dioxins and Furans in an Regular updating of inventories taminated stakeholder Objective: To coordinate and strengthen information exchange to reach every person and involve , education and communication to the public in order to increase awareness tion in the nd furans e: To report to the Secretariat of the Convention and Government on the contamination at identified sites Strategy: recognized O, UNEP UNITAR etc e of specialised community groups such as workers 3.3.17 Technical and financial assistance (articles 12 and 13) Objective: Access all available technical and financial assistance globally multilaterally and bilaterally Strategy: Develop proposals and send out 3.3.10 Management Objective: To implement cost-effective and sanitary waste disposal system Strategy: Adopt internationally set standard operating procedures ( manufacturer’s codes and guidelines for r remediation in an environmentally sound manner Objective: To identify and environmentally sound manner Strategy: Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to map and locate con sites 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and involvement Strategy: Develop information exchange systems and guidelines stakeholders or IAP to address dioxins and furans 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education (article 10) seminate informationObjective: To dis Strategy: Engage all methods and means of mass communica g on dioxins adissemination of POPs issue focusin 3.3.14 Effectiveness evaluation (article 16) 3.3.15 Reporting Objectiv achievements in addressing reduction of dioxins and furans Strategy: Periodic update of monitoring data 3.3.16 Research, development and monitoring (article 11) Objective: To monitor the levels of dioxins and furans Focus on dioxins and furans as recommended by any of internationally organisation or institutions, e.g. WH Strengthen the normal surveillanc als Annex A Part I Chemic Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Intervention Area: 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures Objectives Develop and amend Relevant Legislation towards proper management of Pesticides, including setting up adequate institutional capacity Strategy Strengthen Environment Act 2001 and as gn responsibilities appropri tely si a Activities Develop Pesticides Control Policy ument adopted by 1 yea : M Policy doc Government r GOL: M 44,500 Incremental 75,000 Amend and enact the Pesticides Control Control Act passed by Parliament 2 yea al : M 0 (PADELIA – ardous chemicals & Pesticides bill) Bill Pesticides rs Increment 75,00 haz Develop Pesticides registry and permit Registry and permit system d 6 mo l : M 25,000 system in use by Crops an Health division Public nths GOL : M 3,000 Incrementa Capacitate the Agricultural Extension divi and Environmental Health divisions in t sion erms Establishments increa 6 of personnel 4 yea : M 360,000 sed by rs GOL Train all Agriculture extension officers and Training programmes 4 years G Health inspectors conducted OL : M 30,000 Incremental : M 120,000 Intervention Area: 3.3.2 Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use 1 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Objectives To ban/prohibit the production and use of POPs pesticides in Lesotho Activities Draft regulations governing access and use of Regulation in place pesticides 2 mo 00) Incremental : M nths GOL : M 4,5 25,000 Publicise pesticides management manual distributed to stakeholders in ten districts 2 mo Incremental : M Manuals nths GOL : M 20,000 25,000.00 Intervention Area: 3.3.3 Production, mport and export, use, stockpiles and wastes of Annex A POPs i pesticides (Annex A Part 1 Chemicals) Objectives To regulate the import, use and disposal o pesticides wastes f Prohibit and/or eliminate production, use, import and export of Annex A POPs pesticides Strategy Monitor the use of Annex A POPs pesticides Develop and implement strategies to identify stockpiles, products and articles in use and wastes containing Annex A POPs pesticides Manage stockpiles in a safe, efficient and environmentally safe manne arer until they deemed to be wastes; Activities Develop pesticides stockpile manage guidelines ment Management guidelines in place 3 mo : M 3,000 Incremental : M nths GOL 25,000 Develop monitoring programmes Pesticides Monitoring programme in place 3 months GOL : M 25,000 for Train customs staff on identifying procedures pesticides Training programmes conducted 1 year To be combined with PCB training 2 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Dura Cost tion M 130,000.00 Develop means of communication betw the customs department and the regula een ting Communication proc authority. edures in place 2 months GOL : M 25,000 Register/ establish a database of all A registry of maininstitutions that import and sell pesticides tained by Health and 1 mo Incremental :M 25,000 outlets Agriculture nth GOL : M 3,000 Intervention Area: 3.3.8 Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Objectives Strengthening Hazardous Waste Regulations to Reduce or Eliminate POPs Releases from Stockpiles and Wastes To dispose of all obsolete pesticides, including POPs in an environme tally sound m nner n a Strategies Carry out audits and improve existing pesticides storage facilities Develop Hazardous Waste Regulations to Reduce or Eliminate POPs Releases from Stockpiles and Wastes Handle, collect, transport and store Anne A POPs pesticide wastes an environmentally safe manner and dispose x in them irreversibly Activities Review and update or develop legislatio es in 2 years : M 300,000 Incremental : M 108,240 n to and Legislation to registrainclude Registration of POPs stockpiles wastes, prohibition of recovery or reuse include POPs tion of stockpiles and wast place by 2007 GOL Design, licensing, operation, tracking and monitoring of storage facilities for, handlin and transportation of hazardous pestic wastes g of, ides operation, tracking place by 2006 Guidelines for lic etc in 6 Months GOL : M 95,502 ensing, Design, technology selection, licensing, operation and monitoring of waste disposal operations for hazardous wastes for technology selection, licensing, operation and monitoring in place by 2006 6 Months GO L: M 95,502 Guidelines 3 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Identification, registration, assessment remediation of sites contaminated and with Upgraded register of contaminated s hazardous pesticides site developed by 2006 1 year GOL: M 32,436 Develop clean up standards and guidelines Standards and gui for hazardous pesticides developed by 2007 6 Mo 00 Incremental : M 72,000 delines nths GOL: M 15,0 Intervention Area: 3.3.9 Identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes Objectives To develop and implement technical guidelines for identification and c ssification of pesticides stockpiles and wastes la Strategies Adapt international and regional guidelines and classification systems Activities Draft national guidelines for identification ailable 6 Mo GOL : M 95,502 and Guidelines for identification classification of pesticides and classification a by 2007 v nths Adopt and Implement Globally Harmonized Syste Adopted GHS of labeling for GOL : M m (GHS) of labeling for active pesticides active pesticides by 2007 2 Months 31,834 Intervention Area: 3.3.10 Manage stockpiles and appropriate measures for handling and disposal of articles in use Objectives To develop and implement technical guidelines for handling and disposal of hazardous pesticides and their containers Strategies Adopt International and manufacturers (MSDS) codes and guidelines for handling and disposal Activities Draft national guidelines for handling and disposal of pesticides Guidelines for identification and classification available by 2007 6 Months GOL : M 95,502 4 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Intervention area: 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites with POPs pesticides and remediation in an entally sound manner environm Objectives To identify and clean up contaminated site in an environmentally soun d manner Strategies Regularly update inventories of contaminated sites and stockpiles Develop and implement clean-up program es based on updated inve tories m n Activities ( remediation/waste disposal) Clear the store rooms of Agric Departme the obsolete stockpiles of pesticides and o nt of ther All stores upgraded and cleared 1 yea Incremental : M 1,000 000 materials that are not for immediate within one year) use( r GOL : M 9,072 Treat and dispose of the obsolete pesti and POPs pesticides c 6 moides All inventories o stock disposed bsolete nths Contract an expert to carry out the initial clean All cont 6 months Incremental : ,000 up cleaned M30 aminated sites Intervention Area : 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholder involvement Objectives To capacitate the National Focal Point in terms of Information and Communication Technology Strategies Establish a clearing House for POPs and PTSs within the NES website Activities Procure and install ICT equipment programmes and All major equipment i 1 yea L: M 7,500 Incremental : M 55,000 n place r GO Procure membership and full participation in CIEN and INFOCAB and others Membership confirmed 10 years GOL: M 75,000 Intervention Area : 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education 5 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Objectives To assure that Lesotho has appropriate institutional capacity to allow the public adequately awareness pesticides issues and POPs-related activities and has sufficient opportunity to provide input regardi nvention and thus protection of their own lives of the POPs ng implementation of the co Strategies Engage all methods and means of mass c mmunication in the dissemination of POPs issues o Activities Send periodic letters or arrange meetings NGO, Agric and Health sectors to inform th of progress made and en with em Letters and meetings held regularly 5 yea Incremental : M courage continued involvement and support. their rs GOL : M 2,000 2,000 Providing brief updates through rele publications (e.g. newsletters of professi vant onal Updates included associations, industry or wor organisations) kers’ publications in all issues of professional 5 yea article @ M1168 quarter page a page rs Cost of an and half @M2335 Making use of the news media (e.g. newspapers, radio, television) in order to Continuous media campaigns conducted 5 yea article @ M1168 quarter page and half a page reach out to the general public. rs Cost of an @M2335 Intervention Area: 3.3.15 Reporting Objectives To report to the Secretariat and Government on measures taken t s o revent importation, use and disposal of listed p pesticide Strategies Continuous Inventory reviews and monitoring, with annual reports compiled Activities Appoint a Steering committee to coordinate the Implementation phase of the project and to produce the annual reports Annual reports compiled 5 years GOL : M 955,020 6 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Succes Duration Cost s Adopt the guidelines that have been ag by the COP reed All reporting gui available and used delines 1 Mo 917 l : M 1,250 nth GOL : M 15, Incrementa Produce the report and submit it to the Annual reports comp Secretariat submitted i 1 month led and Intervention area: 3.3.16 Research, Development and monitoring Objectives To carry out research on alternatives to POPs pesticides including Integrated Pest Management(IPM) and des biopestici Strategies Focus on pesticides recommended by FA for use in developing countries O Pursue research on biopesticides within the framework of biosafety policy and biosafety protocol Activities Develop proposals of projects to be Proposals to solicit funds 6 Months GOL : M 95,502 undertaken in indigenous biopesti materials cidal developed by 2008 Conduct research on suitable IPM strate for Lesotho sts (insects, vectors, 3 yea Incremental : M 200, 000 gies IPM programmes for v pe arious weeds, rodents e Lesotho tc) in rs Promote the use IPM amongst the farme Lesotho rs in Training Progr conducted through country ammes ut theo 1 yea al : M 25, r Increment 000 Promote the use of Machobane Far System (Loca ming l Organic Farming Sys amongst the smallholder farmers in Lesotho Number of farmers e gaged m 3,000 to 30,000 2 yea cremental : M 50, 000 tem) in the system increas n ed fro rs In Solicit funds from potential donors for the research projects Proposals submitted by 2008 1 day GOL : M 408 7 Annex A Part I Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Objectives To design and implement a monitoring plan to assess country’s compliance with relevant articles of the convention Strategies Monitor activities of all sectors and Evaluate the effectiveness of all actions taken to make the country free of POPs pesticides Activities Develop and implement a monitoring plan onitoring plan developed 3 months GOL: M 3,002 with M clear indicators by 2006 Establish a network of institutions that will report on cases of violation of the regul framework and actions taken a Annual reports produced 1 month GOL: M 2,250 tory Form a task team made up of all stakeh to review the implementation plan ol 007 1 week GOL : M 370 ders Task team formed by 2 Develop a check list of milestones/indicators A list of indicators dev by 2007 1 day GOL : M 370 eloped Intervention Area: 3.3.17 Technical and financial assistance Objectives Access all available technical and Financial assistance globally – multi and bilateral Strategies Develop proposals aimed at addressing weaknesses in the existing pesticides management infrastructure Activities Consult the stakeholders to identify potential required Deficiency areas agreed on and sources of funding 3 years GOL : M 1,500 donors and type of expertise identified Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Intervention Area: 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measures Objectives 8 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Objective 1 To provide relevant institutions with resources/skills required for effective implementation of the Plan Strategies Strategy1: Build the capacity of institutions on PCBs management at different levels( law ans, managers and teach enforcers, ers) technici Activities Design a training programme for diff categories aining programme in place by 2006 2 mo LEC & GOL : M Incremental : M erent Tr nths 9,000 48,000 Train relevant institutions on various asp of PCBs manageme ects larly A total of 100 parti (technicians, law ennt particu identification and safe handling ipants orcers ment About 20 managers ained 15 days 3 days LEC & GOL : M Incremental : M 1,266,000 c f and teachers) train PCB manage ed on tr on PCB management 6,750 Strategy 2: Enhance the analytical capacity of the National University of Lesotho Acquire PCB standards for the National University’s laboratory to be used in the PCB All relevant PCBs standards purchased by 2006 60 da 4,800 remental : M 40,000 analyses Inc ys LEC & GOL : M Objective 2 To put in place regulatory measures that will ensure environmentally sound management of P CBs Strategies Strategy 1: Ban Production, importation and use of PCBs in all applications except in small volumes to be used as standards Activities 9 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Succes Dura Cost s tion Include PCBs in the schedule of chemica be banned ls to Amendments to Environment Act, the 2001 1 year GOL: M 12,000 published by 2006 Publish and distribute list of banned chemi to all potential importers, cals ment All boarder posts, p stations and p t importers have law enforce agencies and customs officials e ential f 006 List published on int 30days 1 day 2 days GOL : M 10,000 GOL : M 150 GOL : M 400 olic o list o banned chemicals by 2 ernet by 2006 Communicating the same information to PIC Secretariat through appropriate forms by 2006 Strategy 2: Develop agreement on tra within broad frameworks of Rotterdam nsboundary movement o and Basel Conventions f PCBs betw o een South Africa and Lesoth Prepare agreement on transboun movement of PCBs be dary tween South Africa and cooperation and Basel Conventions Agreement developed by 2006 3 months GOL : M 50,000 Lesotho within the context of joint bilateral Intervention Area: 3.3.2 Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use Objectives Objective 1: To ban production of PCBs ( bove) a Strategies Strategy 1 : Include PCBs in the list of banned chemicals (above) Activities Include PCBs in the list of chemicals whose production has been banned (above) Objective 2: To reduce number of leakages from 20% of in-service transformers to 0% by 2007 10 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Strategies Develop and implement a comprehensive monitoring and maintenance programme Replace leaking equipment that is no longer cost effective to maintain Activities Review and upgrade monitoring and An upgraded monito maintenance plan r 5 days LEC : M 1,500 ing and maintenance plan by 2006 Develop technical guidelines for safe han guidelines 1 mo 6,000 Incremental : M48,00 dling Technical of PCBs developed by 2006 nth LEC : M Identify irreparable equipm equipment labeled by 2006 2 mo LEC & GOL : M l : M ent Irreparable nths 6,750 Incrementa 21,600 Remove irreparable equipment from network uipment removed from the network 4 yea OL : M 18,000 l : M 309,600 the All damaged eq by 2010 rs LEC & G Incrementa Construct containment structures 100 containment structures for high risk transformers 3 yea GOL : M 22,500 l : M 400,000 constructed by 2008 Incrementa rs LEC & Intervention Area: 3.3.4 Production, import and export, use, identification, labeling, removal, st disposal of PCBs orage and Objectives ( articles in use) To identify, label and remove from use equipment with PCB concentration higher than 10% percent and PCB volumes greater than 5litres no later than 2020 To identify, label and remove from use equipment with PCB concentration higher than 0.05% percent and PCB volumes greater than 5litres no later than 2020 To identify, label and remove from use equipment with PCB concentration higher than 0.005% percent and PCB volumes greater than 0.05litres no later than 2020 11 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost Strategies Identify and label equipment containing different PCBs concentrations Develop a phase out plan that start with in fficient equipment which has the highest conce entration of PCBs Activities Sample oil from transformers and analyse it At least 200 sample for PCBs using test kits s by 2006 3 mo LEC & GOL : M Incremental : M tested nths 13,500 32,400 Send some samples for further analysis using Mass-spectroscopy At least 20 samples tested by 2006 3 LEC & GOL : M al : M months 4,800 Increment 6,000 Label tested transformers and those found to be containing PCBs appropriately PCB containing equipment labeled by 2006 1 mo OL : M 2,000 tal : M 10,000 nth LEC and G Incremen Use Global positioning systems(GPS) locate to them PCB containing equipment 3 month Be done concurrently PCB containing equipment and GIS map located by 2006 with sampling Develop a comprehensive phase out plan PCB Phase out plan 3 mo LEC & GOL : M Incremental = M developed by 2007 nths 13,500 48,000 Remove from use the most inefficient CB containing the network at the rate of 10 transformers/annum 10 ye LEC & GOL : M 54, Incremental : M 21,420,000 PCB Remove P containing transformers transformers from ars 000 Construct/upgrade at least one central storage facility for decommissioned Storage facility constructed by 2010 LEC & GOL : M 9,000 12 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Measures of Success Duration Cost transformers in Maseru and satellite ones in l : M 0,000 the districts Incrementa 5,90 Prepare and implement an agree between South Africa and Lesotho for export of PCB cont ment the for Agreement between Africa and Lesoth transboundary aining waste entally safe disposal o on movement of waste in place by 2006 3 months GOL : M 50,000 environm South Objective To prohibit importation of PCBs waste and reuse of liquids containing more than 0.005% PCBs in the country by 2008 Strategies Capitalise on existing projects to develop relevant waste management law e.g. Partnership for the Dev Environmental Law and Institutions in Africa (PADELIA) elopment of Include PCBs in the list of banned ls law chemicals in the amendments to the Environment Act, 2001 and hazardous chemica Dispose of PCB waste within SADC region Activities Produce Hazardous waste law by 2008 Hazardous law publi 2008 shed by 3 yea 60,000 rs GOL : M (PADELIA) Include PCBs containing waste in list of Schedule of banned wastes 1 day t of ent of Environment Act, 2001) and PADELIA banned wastes in the hazardous waste la 2008 w by published as part of by 2008 the law GOL (par endmam Distribute the list of banned waste 2008 st of banned wastes posts by 2008 10 days GOL : M 5,000 s to Li customs officers and law enforce agencies ment available at all stations and boarder police Adapt PIESA waste guidelines to Lesotho’s conditions PCB waste management guidelines developed by 2007 2 months LEC & GOL : M 13, 500 Incremental : M 13 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity M Dura Cost easures of Success tion 48,000 Intervention Area: 3.3.7 Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production Objective To significantly reduce PCB releases from unintentional production by 2020 Strategies Curb production of unintentional PCBs through the use of appropriate technologies (adoption of appropriate standards and guidelines) Discourage open burning of waste at dom stic dwellings and landfills rough legisla e control e th tiv Activities Make an inventory of unintentional sources of An inventory completed by 2006 3 mo l : M 84, PCBs nths GOL : M 30,000 Incrementa 000 Construct appropriate landfills for waste international standards starting in Maseru Dioxins and furans disposal with incinerators which meet 3.3.10 Phase out the use of leaded petrol by 20 onger 06 als ( by 1 yea GOL & petroleum companies : M 30,000 06 Leaded petrol no l used in country by 20 Leaded petrol included among banned chemic especially additives ) 2006 r Develop an integrated waste manage and pollution control policy ment An integrated management and pollution waste and Furans control policy Dioxins (3.3.1) Develop air quality standards which include a Air quality standards place Dioxins and Furans ( 3.3.7) standard for PCBs in Intervention Area: 3.3.8 Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Objective To significantly reduce releases from decommissioned transformers by 2010 14 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity M Duration Cost easures of Success Strategies Centralise the storage of decommissioned transformers with satellites in the districts/urban centres Develop monitoring plan for storage facilities Export PCB containing wastes for environ entally safe disposal in neighbouring countries with capacity to do so m Activities Identify possible sites and subject the Candidate sites screened by 2 we LEC & GOL : M 2, m to preliminary screening process by 2006 2006 eks 250 Carry out an EIA for Maseru site to deter its appropriateness by 2007 EIA study conducted by 2007 2 mo LEC & GOL : M 1, ntal : M mine nths 350 Increme 250,000 Construct the facilities in Maseru and in nd two 1 year Covered under 3.3.4 the One central facility a districts by 2015 satellite ones constru 2010 cted by Carry out tests to determine the PCB content containing PCBs by 2006 200 samples under 3.3.4 to 3 months Covered under 3.3.4 of decommissioned equipment suspected of include wastes Identify and label wastes containing PCB Wastes containing PCBs 3 months Covered under 3.3.4 s by 2006 identified and 2006 labeled by Design a licensing/clearance system for es to be responsible for transporting Include licensing forms hazardouscompani PCB containing wastes by 2007 man in waste agement law by 2007 3 Part of waste management regulations PADELIA months Intervention Area: 3.3.9 Identification o stockpiles, articles in use and wastes f Objective To identify and label all PCB containing equipment by 2006 Strategies Determine the concentration of PCBs in electrical equipment especially transformers Update PCB inventories 15 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity M Duration Cost easures of Success Activities Take samples for analysis 200 samples collected for preliminary testing of At least 20 sampl which es are 30 days Covered under 3.3.4 taken for laboratory analysis Label PCB containing equipment by 2006 PCB containing equipment by 2006 30 da GOL & LEC M Incremental : M 79, Label all ys 40,000 800 Establish and maintain a database y 10 da Incremental : M UNEP PCB of Database of PCB containing equipment containing PCBs by 2006 equipment establish 2006 ed b ys 13,000 ( Project) Develop a tracking system for PCB conta 2006 4 days LEC & GOL : M 1, ining A tracking system for equipment by 2006 transformers developed by 500 Intervention Area: 3.3.10 Manage stoc iles and appropriate measures for handling and disposal of articles kp in use Objective To phase out all PCB containing equipment by 2020 Strategies Replace old transformers 1960-early 70s by new PCB free ones Legislative reviews Activities Prepare or update list of old transformers and List of old transformers 4 mo GOL & LEC : M 22, Incremental : M 64, 800 identify inefficiencies by 2006 updated by 2006 nths 500 Implement phase out plan starting with the most inefficient equipment by 2008 At least 30 transformers replaced per year for 10 years GOL & LEC : M 2,500,000 16 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity Dura Cost Measures of Success tion 10years Incremental : M 75,000,000 Include regulations on handling, trans storage and disposal of PCB-contai equipment port, ning ment Issues relating to h transportation and d of PCBs included in the hazardous in hazardous waste manage law by 2008 isposal waste 3 mo GOL & LEC : M 13,500 Incremental : M andling, management law by 2008 nths 64,000 Prepare a voluntary agreement bet owners of transformers (LEC and individu and Government co ween als ) s to At least three voluntar agreements b ownemmitting the partie PCBs phase out by 2008 y etween e 2 yea LEC & GOL : M emental : M rs of transform government rs and rs 20,000 Incr 12,000 Develop guidelines on transportation of ion 1 mo tal : M PCB Guidelines on transportat containing equipment by 2007 of PCB containing equipment prepared by 2007 Incremen 70,000 nth GOL: M 40,000 Intervention area: 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites ( Annex A and C Chemicals) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner Objective To manage contaminated sites in an environmentally sound manner Strategies Prioritise sites in terms of site and inherent risks Polluter pays principle be applied to sites contaminated after the environment Act, 2001 has come into operation Activities Take soil samples from the sites for laboratory At least 10 samples taken 4 mo LEC & GOL : M ,500 Incremental : M analysis for laboratory analysis nths 4 30,000 Prepare a prioritized list of contaminated sites Prioritised list of contaminated sites 1 day LEC : M 300 Erect signage discouraging people from Erect at least 10 signage in 10 days GOL & LEC : M 17 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity ucces Dura Cost Measures of S s tion entering /walking through the contaminated sites/premises affected areas 4,500 Incremental : M 20,000 Embark on cleaning programme for the area Clean at least two s using existing international guidelines by 2007 i annum 1 yea GOL & LEC : M Incremental : M 000 tes per r 12,000 120, Intervention Area : 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information xchange and takeholder involvement e s Objective To disseminate information on status of PCBs in Lesotho nationally, r gioe nally and g bally lo Strategies Network with national, regional and multi-l teral institutions dealing with PCB issues a Publish information on PCB on internet/ D site with lin to Governmepartment’s web ks ent’s website Activities Hold regular meetings of CheMaC GOL : M 72, 000 Monthly minutes Connect strategic institutions to interne 2007 t by At least 10 institutions connected to internet 3 day ncremental : M s I 12,000 Establish a web based clearing house mechanism on POPs by 2006 Clearing house m in place by 2006 echanism 10 days GOL: M 600 Incremental : M 12,000 Intervention Area : 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education Objectives To increase the level of awareness among Basotho from low( <1%) to medium (50%) by 2007 To include PCBs issues in schools curricula by 2008 Strategies Cooperate with relevant sectors in the development and implementation of education e and training programm Strengthen the current LEC’s public awareness programmes Activities Train LEC workers in the management of Train twenty participants on 3 days Incremental : M 18 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity ucces Dura Cost Measures of S s tion PCBs especially occupational health issues safe handling of PCB by 2006 12,000 Hold at least ten workshops for teacher chemical management inclusive of PCBs s on Ten workshops held by 2008 issues by 2008 2 yea : M 427,000 rs Incremental Produce awareness raising material different target groups for and Awareness materia covering PCBs l for different groups ready by Thre Incremental : M 200,000 their alternatives by 2006 2006 e months Include PCB issues in environme chemistry from ntal PCB incl high schools to te institutions by 2008 r uded in high school Four Incremental : M 000 tiary and tertiary syllabi by 2010 years 120, Produce posters, factsheets and write art 3 months GOL : M 10,000 icles Produce at least 1,000 of on the effects of PCBs by 2006 each of the produ 2006 cts by Involve teachers in the evaluation of material before its publication by 2006 2006 10 da C & GOL : M 4, 500 the Teachers co received by mments ys LE Distribute material to all districts by 2007 Material distributed districts by 2007 to all 10 days GOL : M 5,000 Network with existing committees u various institutions by 2007 nder Contacts with at lea committees establish st four ed 5 days LEC & GOL : M 2,250 Access information from the te it to all stakeholders by 2006 internet Relevant information on PCBs downloaded from Continuous LEC : M 72,000 and dissemina internet from 2005 Intervention Area: 3.3.15 Reporting Objectives To report the progress made in the implementation of the Convention to Government and Secretariat of the Convention Strategies Include sections in the hazardous chemicals and waste laws, which oblige companies that are in possession of PCB 19 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity M ucces Duration Cost easures of S s containing equipment to report on their progress towards phasing them out. Produce regular reports on progress made towards phasing out PCBs Activities Collate statistical data from companies by Data from com 2007 panies 1 week LEC : M 30,000 received on annual basis Produce annual reports on progress ma the phase out of PCB containing equipme duced every year starting from 2 we LEC & GOL : M 90,000 de in nt Annual reports pro 2005 ek Prepare and submit regular progress re to the Secretariat of the Convention regular etariat e years 1 mo L : M Incremental : M 144,000 ports Reports submitted at interval to the Secr once every fiv nth LEC & GO 27,000 Intervention area: 3.3.16 Research, Development and monitoring Objectives Objective 1 To pilot the alternatives to PCBs under different conditions/ecozones and monitor their performance Strategies Introduce transformers ( as replacement or old ones) which use a ernatives to CBs in the country or observe f lt P existing ones Activities Collect data on performance of transfor that use alternatives PCB under diff ntified natives documented by 2008 3 years LEC : M 108,000 Incremental : M 0,000 mers erent Pilot transformers ide by end of 2005 ecozones ( highlands and lowlands) Data on performa various PCB alter nce of 12 Use the information to prepare area region specifications for transformers Region specific transformer specifications produced by 2009 1 month LEC: M 4,500 Objective 2 20 Annex A Part II Chemicals Objective/Strategy/Activity M ucces Duration Cost easures of S s To monitor the impacts of PCBs particularly on the health of high risk groups Strategies Target maintenance work force and any p rsonnel responsible for cleaning transformer storage facilities e Activities Identify high risk groups and decide on the Groups and ind number to be screened ividuals identified 2 we LEC & GOL : M eks 9,000 Engage a doctor to take blood samples and examine the identified groups on regular interval Medical reports I mon GOL & LEC : M Incremental : M th 15,000 300,000 Produce reports of the extent of ation and associated impacts if a y Reports basis annually contamin n produced on regular 2 months Part of PCB report Intervention Area: 3.3.17 Technical and financial assistance Objectives To develop proposals for the elimination of PCBs in the country by 2006 Strategies Cooperate with all relevant stakeholders the preparation of propo als for enviro mentally sound management of in s n PCBs Activities Identify bilateral, regional and multila sources of financial and technical teral ce List of potential s ready by 2006 assistan 2 day : M 900 ponsors s LEC & GOL Develop and submit proposals aimed at long term needs At four small to medium project proposals submitted 4 months GOL : M 30,000 Incremental : M 40,000 addressing short and by 2006 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Intervention Area 3.3.1 Institutional and regulatory strengthening measure Objectives 21 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost To develop Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control policy framework and amend relevant legislation to ensure significant reduction in the releases of dioxins and furans To train law enforcement officers (environmental inspectors, police, lawyers, judges etc) in implementing educing dioxins and fu legal instruments rans aimed at r Strategies To develop Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control policy framework and amend relevant legislation to ensure significant reduction in the releases of dioxins and furans Strengthen Environment Act 2001 and other relevant legislations and assign responsibilities appropriately Collaborate with other stakeholders in developing training programmes Activities Draft policy document on Integrated W Management and Pollution Control which co aste vers Policy document in place 1 year 00 remental : M 144,000 reduction of dioxins and furans releases major source categories. from GOL: M 6,0 Inc Organize nine regional workshops invo interested and affected parties, stakehol NGOs, go lving ders, vernment sectors, community leaders Workshop proceedings available 1 year 00 Incremental : M 374,000 to make input on formulation of policy on di and furans. oxins GOL: M 3,0 Develop regulations under the Environment 2001 to address reduction of the releas Act e of Regulations in place dioxins and furans. 2 year 500 : M100,000 s GOL : M 4, rementalInc Conduct crusher courses for law enforcement Reports on officers. proceedings 3 year 00 Incremental : M 280, 000 training s GOL : M 6,0 Institute statutes prohibiting smoking in public Statutes in place places 30 Anti-smoking billboards in place 2 years 6 months GOL: M 4,500 Incremental : M 100, 000 Intervention Area 3.3.7 Measures to reduce releases from unintentional production Objective 22 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost To implement measures and procedures for the identified source categories that will significantly reduce releases n of dioxins s and fura Strategy Develop/formulate a legal framework for major activities (vehicle, factories) that emit dioxins and furans Activities Update the inventories register by 2010 Updated register available 4 mon 3,500 ntal : M 38,000 ths GOL : M 1 Increme Review/amend existing legislation to incorporate Reviewed legislation in place 2 year Covered under 3.3.1 dioxins and furans s incremental Develop guidelines and standards (air pollution) for major activities (factories, vehicles) w Guidelines and standards 2 years Covered under 3.3.1 Incremental hich available emit dioxins and furans Review of the set bench marks Targets achieved Yearly Intervention 3.3.8 Measures to reduce releases from stockpiles and wastes Objective To implement cleanup systems and proper waste management for stockpiles and waste of potential releasers of Dioxins and Furans Strategies I. Develop guidelines and standards for reducing dioxins and furans from stockpiles and waste II. Carry out regular inspections/audits of the stockpiles and waste to ensure compliance with set standards Activities Develop guidelines for proper management of Management gu waste disposal sites idelines developed and availab 6 months GOL : M 13,500 emental : M 100,000 le Incr Set guidelines for remediation/rehabilitatio sites contam n of inated with dioxins and furans Rehabilitation guidelines set and available 1 mon , 000 th GOL : M 25 Conduct periodic audits of the source categories of dioxins and furans significant to Lesotho once every 2 years Audit reports available 1 year GOL: M 90,000 Incremental : M 130,000 23 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Durati Cost on Draw a maintenance programme for sewage Sewage ponds main ponds. programme in place tenance 3 mon 20,000 ths GOL & WASA: M Intervention Area 3.3.9 identification of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes. Objective To develop a system with guidelines for identification and classification of all source categories from which dioxins and furans d. are emitte Strategies Adopt international and regional guidelines on the harmonisation and classification systems Update the Lesotho dioxins and furans inventory in order to develop a system with guidelines to adequately identify all source categories of dioxins and furans Activities Check documents and statistical records on the Documents and s amounts of stockpiles, articles in use and wa that may lead to release of dioxins and furan stes s records retrieved and a verified tatistical mounts 1 month GOL : M 3,000 Solicit stakeholders involvement participation in mapping and quanti stockpiles and wastes stakeholders volved Maps produced of quantities compiled 1 year 1 year GOL : M 10,000 Incremental : M 100,000 and List of fying and participated in Records Draft guidelines for identification and classification of source categories of dioxins and Draft guidelines in place 6 months GOL: M 9,00 Incremental :M 50,000 furans significant to Lesotho 0 Intervention Area 3.3.10 Management of stockpiles and appropriate measures for handling and disposal of articles in use Objective To implement cost-effective and sanitary waste disposal systems Strategy Adopt internationally set standard operating procedures (SOPs) and manufacturer’s codes and guidelines for reduction of dioxins and furans releases 24 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Activities Introduce alternatives to chlorine contai plastic bags at chain stores/supermarkets ning Use of alternatives bags, bring your own (paper bag etc) 1 year r : M 50, 000 mostly practiced GOL & Private Secto Set structures and encourage segregation different types of waste at points o of all Waste separation s f generation (industries, households and institutions). place and effective 5 year 0,000,000 ( ies Incremental : M 90, ystem in s GOL: M 1 Local Authorit 000,000 Set up and promote recycling of plastic and for 5 year Incremental : M ,000 Poly Records on amounts o and PVC collecVinyl Chloride products f plastic ted recycling increasing s 12,000 Construct technologically cost-effective w incineration plants or equipment in design aste and Analytical reports reduced quantities of operation that will reduce emission of dio and fu xins and furans rans when treating medical waste. dioxins in emissi 3 years Incremental : M ,950 showing ons and residues. GOL : M 1,000,000 2,054 Adopt Polluter-Pays-Principle from Cradl Grave e to Principles enforced Register of polluters available 2 year 1 year : M 50,000 s GOL Institute penalty charges for those who litter practice illegal dumping. 10 yea 0 and Documented records o prosecuted f those rs GOL : M 500, 00 Construction of 2 regional sanitary landfills. 2 regional sanitary tion landfills or in under construc operation 2 year 00,000 Incremental : M 198,000,000 s GOL : M 2,0 Maintenance of sewage/oxidation ponds employing comp by etent personnel, conduct refresher courses for existing staff and keep records of any deviations from standard operating procedures 3 refresher courses conducted Competent staff recruited Records available 2 weeks GOL & WASA : M 32, 200 25 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Produce manuals/handbooks that should used as guidelines for equipment or activ which burn/incinerate waste with the inten be ities d to 200 manual/han available for boilers reduce dioxins and furans releases. dbooks and incinerators 1 year GOL : M 30,000 Intervention Area 3.3.11 Identification of contaminated sites (annex c) and remediation in an environmentally sound manner. Objective To identify and clean up sites contaminated with Dioxins and Furans in an environmentally sound manner Strategies Regular updating of inventories Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to map and locate contaminated sites Activities Plan and schedule field trips to assess the e ps taken gs documented 6 months GOL : M 43, 200 xtent Number of tri of contamination Assessment record findin s of Take samples for analysis for levels of dioxins Results of analysis and furans from contaminated sites documented year GOL : M 5,000 Incremental : M 100,000 6 months – 1 Compile reports for appropriate cause of action Reports with maps com to be taken piled 1 mon L : M 5,000 th GO Mobilize organizations/companies with technical Measures capacity to rehabilitate the contaminated site (-Engage remediation expert to assess the of cleaning up the contaminated sites d proced d decontamination and rehabilitation available 4 mon 2 weeks 1 year Incremental : M 1, 000,000 s cost the decontamination rehabilitation in place Contracts signed Engage an expert to carry out the clean up) Documented records of an ures fo an r ths GOL : M 3, 000 Intervention Area 3.3.12 Facilitating or undertaking information exchange and stakeholders involvement Objective 26 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost To coordinate and strengthen information exchange to reach every person Strategy Develop information exchange systems and guidelines and involve stakeholders or IAP to address dioxins and furans Activities Establish section, which deals exclusively with Dioxins and furans section set dioxins and furans in all major resources centres up 1 year GOL: M 50, 000 Intervention 3.3.13 Public awareness, information and education Objective To disseminate information, education and communication to the public in order to increase awareness Strategy Engage all methods and means of mass communication in the disseminati n of Po OPs issue focusing on dioxins and furans Activities Develop and introduce brochures, pamphlets, s for Brochures, pam joujournals, fact-sheets on dioxins and furan rnals, fact-sheets ailable 5 years Incremental : M 2, 000, 000 different population groups. phlets developed and a quarterly v Organize and hold public gatherings (Pitso’ disseminate information, communication education material on dioxins and furans. nised ies ticipants available 2 years GOL : M 64, 000 s) to and Number of Pitso’s or an ga d held in 80 constitu c Number and list of par en Reports of pro available ceeding Organize slots on national radio and TV addressing the nation on dioxins and furans. records of the number of slots kept Active public participation in phone-in programmes 6 months - 1 year GOL : M 25,000 for Documented 27 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Prepare articles on dioxins and furans for Records of articles p publishing on local newspapers. ublished in local newspapers av ilaa ble 1 year ,000 : M 312, 000 GOL : M 30 ementalIncr Produce posters and billboards at public pl warning the public about the consequenc burning plastics, paper, rubber, grass, trees, fires and aces es of Posters and bi produced and displa veld any material likely to generate dioxins strategic public places year 0,000 Incremental : M 60, 000 and furans. llboards yed at 4 months – 1 GOL : M 4 Consult with Department of Education and stakeholders in developing curriculum for l educational levels focusing on dioxins furans and include waste management other ower Number of cons meetings/semina and conducted and reco subject at lower educational level. rs etc e ble ltative 2 years GOL : M 100,000 as a rd List of participants avai Proceedings from consu ultative d la sessions documente available d and Train pupils at lower educational levels various aspects of dioxins and furans. on Number of pupils trai d 5 year mental : M 5, 000, 000 ned an knowledgeable s Incre Encourage schools to organise field trips/ mber of trips/tours taken s 1 year GOL : M 30,000. study Nu tours for pupils to waste disposal facilities. Reports of such tri available ps/tour Encourage schools to engage pupils in e curriculum activities such as clea campaigns. culum d and ed and t of pupils engaged in extra curriculum activities kept Documentation of proceedings available 1 year GOL : M 30, 000 xtra- Number of extra-cu ning activities organise carried out record rri available Lis 28 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Identify and maintain procedures for identi gaps in information and knowledge amo various groups concerning health effects d releases of dioxins and furans. fying Procedures documented and ngst ue to available Stakeholders co me documented for f m nts uture improvements 1 year GOL: M 7,500 Incremental : M 50,000 Intervention Area 3.3.15 Reporting Objective To report to the Secretariat of the Convention and Government on the achievements in addressing reduction of dioxins and furans Strategy Periodic update of monitoring data Activities Prepare a standardized reporting format at level local Reporting format in pla on : M 18, 000 ce 4 m ths GOL Compile a national report and submit to the Forwarding Secretariat of the Convention letter Every 2 years GOL : M 25,000 Intervention Area 3.3.16 Research, development and monitoring Objective To monitor the levels of dioxins and furans contamination at identified sites Strategies Focus on dioxins and furans as recommended by any of internationally recognized organisation or institutions, e.g. WHO, UNEP UNITAR etc Strengthen the normal surveillance of specialised community groups such as workers Activities Institute legislation to oblige organizations whose activities may release dioxins and furans to develop Environmental Management Systems. Legislation enacted and enforced 2 years PADELIA 29 30 Annex C Chemicals Objectives/Strategies/Activities Measures of success Duration Cost Set standards of exposure levels, expo limits or Threshold Limit Values of dioxins furans specific to activities taking plac sure and e in Documents on standa Threshold Limit V Lesotho. rds and alues available. 3 year ,000 Incremental : M 200,000 s GOL: M 15 Harmonize toxicological and epidemiolo methods in or gical nally Documentation/reports hader to have internatio rmonisation methods 3 year Incremental : M 1,000, 000 comparable results. available s Conduct epidemiological studies on the ef of dioxins and furans to communities of Ba where they are fects sotho Number of studies con known to be release potentially available. ( d ucted Reports of epidemiological 5 years Incremental : M 10, 000, 000 or studies available d Establish baseline data on the effects or in of dioxins and furans from various path take Format and procedu es f dways surveillance such as air, flora and fauna, water bodies, and residues. or eveloped, h 1 year Incremental : M 2, 000,000 land agreed upon and docu Baseline data establis r mented ed Manage data, keep records and document such furans accordingly. Well established section in the libraries for dioxins and furans Covered under 3.3.12 Covered under 3.3.12 information relating to releases of dioxins and Intervention Area 3.3.17 Technical and financial assistance Objective Access all available technical and financial assistance globally- multilaterally and bilaterally Strategy Develop proposals and send out Activities Make proposals to seek funding/grants from international organizations for capital and operational budgets for reduction of dioxins and furans. Proposals made and approved Number of projects funded and running 9 months GOL : M 50,000 Incremental : M 100, 000 3.4 Development and capacity-building proposals and priorities proposal shall be developed in r effective ntation of the Stockholm Convention f the government departments and other lation of POPs Developing mechanisms to promote proper management of stockpiles of POPs information on POPs for use as reference materials in itutions and ion infrastructure in key institutions OPs and their effects d equipment es and areas which pose threat of further contamination couraging adoption of best available techniques and best isms Develop monitoring systems on POPs Pesticides and DDT (PCBs), (Dioxins and Furans) and their impacts on human health and the environment Establish monitoring standards and procedures/guidelines for POPs releases and procedure for assessment of impacts to human health and the environment, and Establish schemes for monitoring, control and management of releases of POPs and contaminated sites Promotion of alternatives to POPs This section outlines all priority areas within which order to access assistance in the enhancement of these areas. They are grouped under four major groups as below: Legal and Institutional frameworks Review of pollution control related policies and legislation fo impleme Strengthening of institutional capacity o institutions Strengthening enforcement of relevant legis Developing regulations responsible for coordination and monitoring releases. Strengthening legislation enforcement mechanisms Pesticides and DDT, wastes and contaminated sites; and Establishing coordination mechanism pertaining to PCDD/PCDF Public Information, awareness and education Development of technical government departments and agencies, academic and research inst NGOs; Improving information disseminat Establishing database on P Developing programmes for raising awareness on POPs releases on human health and the environment Updating chemical management profile Infrastructure capacity for control Establishing facilities for disposal of POPs wastes and contaminate schemes of POPs contaminated sitEstablishing clean up and remediation Promoting and en environmental practices, BATs and BEPs respectively and Instituting mechanism for PCDD/PCDF release control. In the overall, setting appropriate pollution control structures and mechan Development of a detailed PCB phase out plan Monitoring and research 1 3.5 Timetable for plan implementation connectivity o meet the designed to s shall be oring and reporting and, perhaps updating and further refinement of strategies. Indicators to allow progress to be reviewed and monitored are Enter gant chart f measures included in the remental c subchapter 3.3 and potential sources of funding for both incremental costs and baseline costs are herein noted. In accordance with article 13 of the Convention, alternate sources of funding are es e v assis r m ( ote Fund ource of This subchapter summarizes the implementation schedule and thus the of all activities, whose completion would directly allow the country t obligations of the Convention as they are outlined in section 3.3. To ensure early action and time for follow ups, all activities have been be fulfilled within the initial five year period. Subsequent activitie dominated by monit identified in section 3.3. 3.6 Resource requirements This Subchapter would summarize the projected costs o NIP. Inc osts for measures are identified in considered, as L Category otho would b Resou seeking de elopment ent in P tance. ntial Alternate Sce Require Maluti M) Source of ing Funding Baseline Incremental Pesticides and DDT 1,492,167.00 1,938,490.00 GOL UNEP, UNITAR, , GEF UNDP Polychlorinated Biphenyls 3,567,150.00 106,771,300. 00 GOL, LEC, GEF UNEP, UNITAR, UNDP Dioxins and Furans 14,400,900.0 0 325,292,950. 00 GOL, GEF, WB, UNE UNDP P, UNITAR, Totals 19,460,217.0 0 434,022,720. 00 Other dev. partners It is worth noting that the programmes within this Plan are cross-cutting and encompassing to all activities designed to address both National Development and Poverty Reduction. It is estimated that with full implementation of this plan, more than a hundred new jobs would be created and the overall environment would improve a hundred fold from the current status. 2 References and Bibliography ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 2001. Polychlorinated Health and äkelä, P.H., Developing , Bergstöm, S., Mäkelä, P.H., Peltomaa, M. anufacturing 1): Lesotho Training Session y (2002): Consumption per Fuel Group. rica PCB recycling/disposal facility of Karstic Region (Krupa River, PCBs zambique, babwe with Respect to Natural Resources Management, SADC , Peltomaa, M., 1994: Health and rds. AGOA 4 abetes and Fifth Global bi, Kenya). evenue of Policy nagement Policy and Strategies Molapo L. and Tjela ‘M., 2001 Chemicals Legislation in Lesotho: A Paper presented at the POPS Chemicals in Accra, Ghana (unpublished Mörner, J., 1996: Alternatives to POP pesticides for the protection of plants and building constructions. In: Alternatives to persistent organic pollutants. Mvuma, G. G. K., (2001): Urban Poverty Reduction Through Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM): A case study of Maseru and Maputsoe in Lesotho biphenyls Bergstöm, S., 1994: Maternal Health: a priority in reproductive health – In Disease in Developing Countries Eds: Lankinen, K.S., Bergstöm, S., M Peltomaa, M. Bergstöm, S., 1994: Perinatal Health – In Health and Disease in Countries Eds: Lankinen, K.S. Bureau of Statistics, Lesotho (2004): Statistical Report No.21: 2003. M in Lesotho 1997 – 2003, 3rd quarter. Bureau of Statistics - Ministry of Finance and Development Planning (200 Demographic Survey Analytical Report. Volume 1 Carl Bro International, a/s 2000. Siting and EIA on Landfills regarding Solid Waste Management in Lesotho. Department of Energ Fuggle, R.F., Rabie, M.A., 1999: Environmental Management in South Af Envio, 2004. Chemical management in Germany: (workshop presentation) European Science Foundation, 2002. PCB pollution Slovenia) Government of Lesotho, 2001. Environment Act No 15 of 2001 Government of Lesotho, 1978. Water Resources Act 1978 Government of Lesotho, 1970. Public Health Order 12 of 1970 Heimlich, J.E., Ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact The invisible environment series: Kumar U., 1995, In Analysis of National Legislations of Lesotho, Mo Tanzania and Zim ELMS Coordination Unit, Maseru, Lesotho Lankinen, K.S., Bergstöm, S., Mäkelä, P.H. Disease in Developing Countries Eds Lesotho Revenue Authority (2003/2004): Individual Exporter’s Reco Statement Grouping. Lesotho Government, Environment Act NO. 15 of 2001 Lesotho Government, Import and Export Act 198 Lesotho Government, National Environment Policy 1996 Lesotho Government, 1989, National Environment Action Plan, GOL, Maseru Letsie M., Nkonyana J. (2001): Survey Report on Prevalence of Di Hypertension in Lesotho. Masa Nagai, Chemicals Legislation, 2001, A paper presented at the Environmental Policy and Law Training, Nairo Ministry of Industry, Trade, Trade and Marketing (2005): Lesotho R Commerce, Industry and Tourism. Ministry of Natural Resources, 2002: Industrial Wastewater Management Ministry of Natural Resources, 1999: Water Resources Ma 3 Nassiep, S., 2004. Proposal to Lesotho Electricity Corporation : The management raft). es’ Training each Hotel, anagement t Report in Lesotho, rt) port) rt) ns (phase II tory report) ventory report) II inventory on the control of protocol on eva agement of es for the identification of PCBs and materials citors from management to istent toxic , Geneva. Law and vity Centre. Centre for i, Kenya agement to nd Disposal – Text and WHO, 1989: International Programme on Chemical Safety – Health and Safety Guide No. 21 Aldrin and Dieldrin WHO, 1991: International Programme on Chemical Safety – Health and Safety Guide No. 13 Endrin WHO, 1992: International Programme on Chemical Safety – Health and Safety Guide No. 68 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) and Polychlorinated Terphenyls (PCTs) Health and Safety and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyl containing oils and equipment (d National Environment Management Authority, Report of the Magistrat Symposium on Environmental Law and Practice, Imperial Botanical B Entebbe, Uganda, 30 November – 3rd December 2003 National Environment Secretariat, 2001, National Profile of Chemical M Infrastructure National Environment Secretariat, 1999. State of Environmen 1997. NES, Maseru POPs Project, 2004. PCB Inventory Final Report (phase II inventory repo POPs Project, 2004. POPs Pesticides Final Report (phase II inventory re POPs Project, 2004. DDT Final Report (phase II inventory repo POPs Project, 2004. Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Fura inven POPs Project, 2004. Contaminated sites report (phase II in POPs Project, 2004.Public information and awareness survey (phase report) Power Institute for East and Southern Africa, 2004. PCB Guidelines Secretariat of the Basel Convention, 1992. Basel Convention transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal and liability and compensation. UNEP Switzerland. UNEP, Basel, 2003. Preparation of a national environmentally sound management plan for PCBs and PCB-contaminated equipment. Basel Secretariat, Gen UNEP-Chemicals, 2000. Proceedings of a sub-regional workshop on man PCBs and dioxins/furans, Arusha, Tanzania, 13-16 November, 2000.UNEP chemicals, Geneva. UNEP-Chemicals, 1999. Guidelin containing PCBs 1st issue. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva. UNEP-Chemicals, 2002. PCB transformers and capa reclassification and disposal. UNEP-Chemicals, Geneva. UNEP-Chemicals, GEF, 2003. Regionally based assessment of pers substances. UNEP-Chemicals UNEP, 1995, Legislating Chemicals: An Overview, Environmental Institutions Program Acti UNEP, Management of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Kenya UNEP, Management of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Tanzania UNEP 2001. The Making of a Framework Law in Kenya, African Technology Studies, Nairob UNEP, May 200. PCB Transformers and Capacitors – From Man Reclassification a UNEP, 2001: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants annexes 4 WHO, 1997: Vector Control – Methods used by communities and individu WHO, 1998: International als Programme on Chemical Safety – Health and Safety and Safety Health and mental Law, f Law, National University of Lesotho, Roma wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq water quality criteria for polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) www.abb.com Guide No. 13 Hexachlorobenzene WHO, 1988: International Programme on Chemical Safety – Health Guide No. 13 Chlordane WHO, Geneva, 1988: International Programme on Chemical Safety – Safety Guide No. 14 Heptachlor Witzsch G. and D. Ambrose, 1992, Lesotho Environment and Environ Environmental Law Project, Faculty o 2004. Health Effects of PCBs 5 Annexes Detailed Inventories 6 PCB Inventory ansformers information, pect transformers were nsformers in ose product anufactured 79 has the 0-89 period ), and the ining suspect transformers becomes 81,000kg. The total weight for Mohales Hoek region is therefore a timates have not been c both raphs a ha oek - Weight per facture t Tra mers Suspect Transformers As mentioned in elsewhere in the NIP, criteria for identifying suspect tr was established by the Task Team i.e., year of manufacture, missing donated equipment. On the basis of the criteria sus identified. The inventory report gives information relating to suspect tra each region i.e. manufacturer, year of manufacture, their total weight. In Mohale’s Hoek(Table 6 and Fig 4) ASEA is the only manufacturer wh falls within 1960-69 period. Bonar Long transformers which were m between 1970-79 have the highest total weight at 10,970 kg. 1970 highest total mass for all transformers at 20,427 kg. It is followed by 198 at 9,233kg. 1960-69 is the last at 3,665kg. When one takes into account the estimated number of suspects (81 estimated average weight of 1000kg, the weight of rema pproximately 116,348kg ( ± 116,000kg). However, the es aptured on g nd tables. Table 6 Mo le’s H Manu for Suspec nsfor Manufacture Total Weight (Kg TOTAL ) 1960-1969 1970 9 1980 - 1989 1990 1999 2000+ - 197 ABB Transform r 0 e ASEA 3665 1569 5234 Bonar Long 1097 10970 0 Desta 1157 1157 GEC Alsthom 2580 2580 Hawker Siddeley 1024 1024 SEYN 1020 4060 5080 South Wales 7280 7280 Transforman 2023 2023 TOTAL 3665 20427 9233 0 2023 35348 7 Fig4 Mohale's Hoek - suspect transformersweight per manufacture per year 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 gr os s w ei gh t i n K g ABB Transformer #REF! ASEA Bonar Long Desta GEC Alsthom Hawker Siddeley SEYN South Wales 0 1960-1969 1970- 1979 1980 - 1989 1990 - 1999 2000+ year of manufacture Transforman t have transformers whose year of manufacture fall within the period 1960-69. It does however, have very few which eig t of th latter group is 7,002 kg. The 1980-89 period has the highest total weight at 18,301kg. The ish d trans 0 +) are cond at 1,173kg e 7 Mountain Districts - Weigh man facture for Suspect Transf mers The Mountain region (Table 7 & Fig 5) does no were manufactured within the period 1970-79. The total w h e refurb e formers(20 0 se 1 . Tabl t per u or Manufacture Total Weigh ) In u Out of service TOTAL t (Kg se 1960-6 1970- 7 1980 - 89 1990 - 99 9 9 2000+ Alstom 5774 5 5774 ASEA 19 3 1983 8 Bonar Long 1426 1426 France Transformer 2260 2260 Fuchs 740 740 Hawker Siddeley 4575 5008 9583 Reef Lex 2427 2427 SEYN 1110 1110 Transforman 11173 11173 TOTAL 0 7002 18301 0 11173 0 5 36476 8 Fig5 Mountain Districts suspect transformers weight per manufacture per year 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 gr os s w ei gh t i n K g Alstom ASEA Bonar Long France Transformer Fuchs Hawker Siddeley Reef Lex SEYN 0 1960-1969 1970- 1979 1980 - 1989 1990 - 1999 2000+ year of manufacture Transforman ormer have kg, 1372 kg, 2577, 975kg and 3694 kg respectively. Their total weight is 11511kg. The period 18968, followed by 1970 79 period at 113,637kg (Table 8 and Fig 6). Those which did not have dates of ure add up to kg. hile tho e which are suspects by virtue of missing information ( 2000+) had a total weight of 1700kg. : Maseru Districts - Weight pe ufacture for Suspect T or In Maseru, ASEA, Bonar Long, Desta, ECC S.A. and Wooden transf products which fall within the period 1960-69 with total weights of 828 1980-89 has the highest total weight for all transformers at manufact 5068 W s Table 8 r man ransf mers Manufacturer Tota Weig (Kg) TOTAL l ht 1960-6 1970 9 1980 - 89 90 - 20 no date 9 - 7 19 99 00+ ASEA 828 0 25365 0 3276 29469 Aberdare 0 0 0 0 792 1792 1 BBT 0 0 7610 0 7610 0 Bonar Long 1372 3320 29340 0 34032 0 Desta 2597 0 292 0 0 5525 8 ECC- So 975 1837 0 0 0 2812 uth Afrca Fuchs 0 0 1808 0 0 1808 GEC Alsthom 0 2200 10118 0 0 12318 Hawker Siddeley 2045 72293 57297 0 0 131635 Lenelec 0 17030 0 0 0 17030 Lenning electric 0 7830 0 0 0 7830 Power Engineers 0 0 480 0 0 480 Reef Sema 0 6150 2361 0 0 8511 Reid Mitchell 0 0 1773 0 0 1773 9 Revive 0 0 108 0 108 0 SEYN 0 0 21665 0 0 21665 South Wales 0 225 0 0 0 225 Tranarmco 0 1432 453 0 0 5968 6 Transforman 0 1320 511 1700 0 8134 4 Tranform Manu er facture 0 0 2045 0 2045 0 Tranforme Physics r 0 0 0 10800 0 0 1080 Wooden Transformer 94 3694 36 0 0 0 0 No name 0 0 4620 0 0 4620 Total per year 11511 113637 187968 1700 5068 319884 Fig 6 Maseru-Suspect transformer per weight per year 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 G ro ss w ei gh t i n K g ASEA BBT Bonar Long Fuchs GEC Alsthom Hawker Siddeley Lenelec Lenning electric Reid Mitchell Revive Sema SEYN Tranarmco 0 10000 1960-1969 1970- 1979 1980 - 1989 1990 - 1999 2000+ Year of manufacture Wooden Transformer e ting t i hts of t nsformers in Leribe has been summarized in Table 9 and Fig 7. It where the total weight for 1960-69 transfor is es 119 kg. t n formers w re man factured within that period. This is followed by 980-89 3, g, 197 at 4 ,314 kg Le be Sus ransfo - Weight per manufac re per Data r la o total we g ra is only t at in Leribe ,375 mers the high This is due to the fact that some large substa ion tra s e u 1 at 7 336 k 0-79 0 and lastly 2000+ at 10,714 kg. Table 9: ri pect T rmers tu year Manufacture Total W (Kg) te TOTAL eight No da 1960 1969 1970- 1979 1980 1989 1990 1999 2000+ ABB Transformer 117000 117000 ASEA 2375 2515 7040 11930 Bonar Long 14563 5106 19669 Desta 1837 4428 6265 ECC 1964 1964 10 Fuchs 704 66 1367 3 GEC Alsthom 22157 22157 Hawker Siddeley 17565 23373 30 42368 14 Reid Mitche 1068 1068 ll Sema 61 610 0 SEYN 7890 7890 South Wale 450 285 735 s Tranarmco 16 716 1432 7 Transforman 10714 10714 TOTAL 119375 40314 73336 0 10714 1430 245169 Fig7 Leribe-Suspect transformers per weight per year of manufacture 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 G ro ss w ei gh t i n K g ABB Transformer ASEA Bonar Long Desta ECC Fuchs GEC Alsthom Hawker Siddeley Reid Mitchell Sema SEYN South Wales Tranarmco 20000 0 196 -1969 1970- 1979 198 - 1989 1990 - 1999 2000+0 0 Year of Manufacture Transforman pared in tables 10, 11 and figs 8 and 9. It is clear b at Maseru has the highest total weig pe t ransformers at 319884 kg. It is followed by Leribe at 245169 kg. Table 10: TOTAL WEIGHT OF SU The four regions have been com from the ta les th ht of sus c t SPECT TRANSFORMERS PER REGION Mohale’s H Mountain Regio Maseru Leribe oek n TOTALWEIGHT PER REGION 35348 34049 319 84 245169 8 TOTAL WEIGHT OF SUSPECT TRANSFORMERS PER YEAR OF MANUFACTURE PER REGION 1960-1969 1970 1979 1980 1989 1990 1999 2000+ No date Mohale’s Hoek 3665 20427 9233 0 2023 0 Mountain Region 0 7002 18301 0 11173 0 11 Maseru 511 1 796 1700 5068 11 13637 18 8 0 Leribe 9375 4 336 07 4 0 11 0314 73 0 1 1 TOTAL 134551 181380 288838 0 25610 5068 Fig8 Total weight of suspect transformers per year of manufacture per region 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000+ No date Year of manufacture To ta l w ei gh t ( kg ) Mohale's Hoek Mountain Region Maseru Leribe TOTAL 12 Fig9 Total weight of suspect transformers per region 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 Mohale's Hoek Mountain Region Maseru Leribe Region To ta l w ei gh t i n K g TOTALWEIGHT PER REGION Table11:Suspect transformers pe eight per manufa e per region r w ctur Weight in Kg per R egion Mohale’s Hoek Mountain Region Leribe Maseru Manufacture ABB 0 117000 0 0 Alstom 0 5774 0 0 ASEA 5234 1983 11930 29469 Aberdare 0 0 0 1792 BBT 0 0 0 7610 Bonar Long 0 1426 19669 1097 34032 Desta 1157 0 6265 5525 ECC 0 0 1964 2812 Fran transforme ce r 0 2260 0 0 Fuchs 0 740 1808 1367 GEC Alsthom 2580 0 12318 22157 Hawker Siddeley 1024 9583 131635 42368 Lenelec 0 0 17030 0 Lenning Electric 0 0 7830 0 Power Engineers 0 0 480 0 13 Reef Sema 0 0 610 8511 Reid Mitchell 0 0 1068 1773 Revive 0 0 0 108 SEYN 5080 1110 7890 21665 South Wales 0 735 7280 225 Tranarmco 0 0 5968 1432 Transforman 2023 11173 10714 8134 Transformer 0 0 0 Manu. 2045 Transformer s 0 0 0 0 Physic 1080 Wooden Transformer 0 0 3694 0 No Name 0 0 4620 0 TOTAL 35348 34049 319884 245169 634450 Present regulations pertaining to PCBs There are no regulations pertaining to PCBs, PCB-containing equipmen containing wastes. However, the Environment Act, 2001 does have p management of hazardous chemicals and wastes. Section 76, man t and PCB rovisions for agement of hazardous waste (a) (v) is on persistent waste which by definition includes PCBs and auses dealing with toxic and there are no s transformer oil is being misused on a number g the following: ; nd other undesirable plants around people’s houses liances as a ill still affect CBs will be nimals link lves, as they often do, they will ingest PCBs. The meat of such animals will high levels of PCBs. People who eat the meat will be exposed to ’s properties d LEC substation, people who walk on the treated area will pick up the pollutants and carry them into their houses or homes. Children who play in the area are likely to ingest the dirt directly or indirectly by putting contaminated hands in their mouths. Contaminated sites A number of contaminated sites have been identified. The sizes vary from few square centimeters to square meters with the biggest on being at LEC head office in Maseru District. other persistent pollutants. Sections 82-83 contains cl hazardous chemicals and substances. Apart from these implicit clauses laws regulating the use of PCBs and their disposal in the country. Cases of Abuse of Transformer Oil According to the results of inventorie of occasions includin Applied on cattle as a control for external parasites such as ticks and lice Used to control kikuyu grass a and LEC’s substations Applied on humans as a treatment for rash; Taken as an aphrodisiac Mixed with some traditional herbs and applied on people or some app “protection” against lightening strikes While cases (a) and (b) are not direct application on humans, PCBs w the health of humans. In the event where they are applied on cattle, P absorbed through skin/hides ending up in their tissues or when a themse definitely have PCBs. In the case of application in the control of kikuyu grass around people (houses), an 14 The contaminated site at LEC Headquarters should be given top priority serious threat to the health of employees and customers. Actions to be in the long and short terms include sampling of the site and testing of sa results are positive, a sign which shows the likely hazards associated wit should be erected, access through the facility be closed, an alterna since it is a undertaken mples, if the h the facility tive site for e facility be ion of LEC) ch they can change before This can be tes. Notices supporting ted. Water ndards should be amended to include a limit for PCBs. USEPA has set the limit of 0.0005 mg/l for PCBs( ATSDR, 2001). Lesotho may wish to set a much stringent standard since her waters may not be contaminated to the same level as those of US. storage of damaged transformers should be identified. An appropriat constructed (long term). People who are likely to be exposed to PCBs at work (Planning Divis should consider having spare clothes to wear at work whi leaving work. They should also shower so as to wash away PCBs. taken as a precautionary measure until tests have been carried out. In the case of small patches of contaminated sites that are close to residential areas, children should be discouraged from playing in the dirt on or near the si on the hazards associated with the sites should be put on the poles transformer platforms. Regulatory framework for all hazardous chemicals should be formula quality sta 15 Annex A tification of e relevant med existent in the presented in table 1, below. Table 1 Dioxins and furans On the basis of the “Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quan Dioxins and Furan Releases”, the main categories were identified, which ar to Lesotho. Out of the 10 categories, 9 categories were dee country; these are herein : Main categories, identifying categories re sotho. Categor Relevance to Lesotho levant to Le y Source Category 1 Yes Waste Incineration 2 d Non-Ferrous Metal Production No Ferrous an 3 g Yes Power Generation and Heatin 4 Yes Production of Mineral Products 5 Transportation Yes 6 Uncontrolled Combustion Processes Yes 7 Consumer Go Yes Production of Chemicals and ods 8 Miscellaneous Yes 9 Disposal/Land filling Yes 10 Identification of Potential Hot-Spots Yes It was further realized that the burning of waste in many areas is r incineration, which in real technical terms it is not. However, due to lack category, the process of burning, particularly medical waste, has been incineration. All hospitals in egarded as of another treated as the country were found to have medium technology mal way. y as far as l data from , hence the nts, as per data on total g that it only gaps in this problem of . This deals re evidently n based on Production of chemicals is non-existent in the country. However the use of chemicals is applicable. This category is therefore considered only in so far as the use of chemicals and consumer goods is concerned. The subcategory deals with textile production since Petroleum industry is covered in transport. In this regard, customs records for a full year export of textile were used as the basis. There are of course other diverse activities, which considered under miscellaneous. In this category, the crematorium is not yet in operation, but there are dry cleaners incinerators, all of which are either out of order or not functioning in a nor The category of Power Generation and Heating was considered onl household heating and cooking is concerned, and here statistica demographic analyses were used to quantify amounts of fuel consumed emission rates of dioxins and furans. Transport category was dealt with in two ways, namely, motor vehicle cou the registers of the traffic departments, and through compiled statistical imports of hydrocarbon fuels. Activities in the Production of Mineral Products are quiet low, considerin applies to Brick production and Asphalt mixing. There are various data area and this are discussed in detail in the report. Regarding uncontrolled combustion processes, there is a serious quantification as there is no ways of assessing the frequency of burning with biomass burning as well as burning of waste, both of which a common in Lesotho. The best option seemed to be a statistical estimatio probabilistic aspects. 16 and a lot of tobacco smoking. Emission from biomass has also been considered, category. re estimated y. As part of me of which as well as the estimates of ASA). The mption. , as well as such areas to dumps of EQ/a in air, waters, 2.1 g-TEQ/a on products and 1264.6 g-TEQ as residues, while emissions on land are negligible, as shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1 and the drying of biomass was extrapolated from the household-heating Under the category of Disposal, landfills and waste dumps capacities we on daily basis over a period of a month in order to establish mean activit the study, it was noted that there exists a number of illegal dumpsites, so may have been missed, and this encompasses open water dumping composting. Sewage treatment activity calculations were based on generated sewage as adopted by Water and Sewage Authority (W estimated amount of sewage generated is based on the total water consu In all areas visited where activities existed, the extent of contamination the capacity to manage the activity was used as the basis of proclaiming as hotspots. In as far as by-products are concerned, this was restricted wastes/residue from all categories mentioned above. The total by-products emissions for Lesotho are estimated at 292.3 g-T 149.1 g-TEQ in Annual Releases (g TEQ/a) Air 17% Land 0% Products 0% Water Residue 74% 9% : Graphical presentation of the overall annual releases of dioxins and furans for Lesotho. From figure 1 above, release from products is far negligible, and represents about 0.12%, hence why it appears as zero on the pie chart. On the other hand, the bigger portion is contributed by residues that are left after burning waste at illegal and controlled dumping sites. 17 The dioxins and furans formed through various processes escap environment through different pathways/media namely: air, land and escape into the air is brought about by combustion and high tempera process, whereas on land it occurs by adsorption, absorption and leachin the soil. The introduction of dioxins and furans to water could happen in ways. This includes discharge of effluent or contamination with le chemicals containing dioxins and furans. Of the three media, air is the m by these releases followed by water and then land. This can be e indicating that a lot of waste is burnt due to poor waste managem resulting in gaseous emissions. With water in the second spot, the conta introduced through effluent from sewage treatment works, leachate l site e into the water. The ture thermal g on or into a number of achate and ost affected xplained by ent system minants are from waste nd receives cause Lesotho does not practice massive organic farming disposa s all of which are operated in an inefficient manner. The la little pollution partly be whereby sludge is used to condition the soil. Figure 2: Graphical presentation of unintentional release of dioxins emissions by main category. From figure 2, unintentional release of dioxins and furans, by main and furans category, is dominated by waste disposal or landfilling, which is followed by uncontrolled combustion. The rest produce insignificant releases. From this analysis, it is obvious that when preparing the National Implementation Plan for Management of be afforded andfills and terms of dumpsites, special attention needs to be given to Ha-Tšosane and Maputsoe dumpsites, which cater for all sorts of waste, including industrial waste. In comparison with other countries (from the toolkit), Lesotho exceeds Uruguay and Jordan in all categories, but is far less than Philippines and Brunei Darussalam, in terms of dioxin and furan releases. A comparison that is understandable, considering the economic levels of these countries. This therefore indicates a direct correlation of emissions with economic level/activity of the country. Unintentional Releases by main category 51.9 2.525 126.07 0.1 347.91 2.131 0.01 1124 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 W as te In ci ne P ow er g en er an d he at P ro du ct i m in er al p r Tr an sp or U nc on t co m bu C on su m er G M is ce lla ne D is po sa l/L an dfra tio n at io n in g on o f od uc ts ta tio n ro lle d st io n oo ds ou s ili ng g TE Q /a POPs, with respect to dioxins and furans, dumpsites and landfills should the highest priority. It is therefore conclusive that dumpsites, l uncontrolled combustion are considered as hotspots. In Main categories 18 Annex A Pesticides and DDT Lesotho has ratified the Stockholm Convention whose objective is to e use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Because of this it has to ta fulfill its obligation under this convention. Taking an inventory of POPs was necessary to provide baseline information to be used in th implementation plan for controlled use/elimination of POPs. The surve pesticides was carried out throughout the whole country to cov administrative districts. As such all the four distinct agro-ecological zo lowlands, foothills, highlands and Senqu river valley were surveyed Organic Pollutants are 12 chemicals identified to be highly dangerous to liminate the ke steps to pesticides e national y of POPs er all ten nes namely . Persistent humans and ine of these the country s two main of different ce farmers, chools and etail stores, f Agriculture vailability or were visited f the site for ed because ethroid and rcentage of alone was ossible that now names t. However, h they were T the other T which is tial negative ppliers were not fully aware of the dangers associated with areness to s pesticides that there is e use and handling) especially in the rural areas. National capacity building is also needed at other levels (such as institutions of higher learning, research etc.) for the POPs identification and analysis. Lack of regulatory framework in the country is the main problem that needs immediate attention, as there is no control at all on pesticides. Not only will enactment of the law pertaining to chemicals be useful for controlling importation of POPs pesticide but it will also help monitoring of pesticides such that issues of the environment in general due to their persistency in the environment. N chemicals are pesticides. Some of these pesticides have been used in before the 90s although there is no clear record of their discontinued use. The main stakeholders in the use of POPs pesticides were identified a groups; farmers and suppliers. Each group consisted of a number stakeholders for example farmers included commercial and subsisten group of farmers (e.g. cooperatives and associations), missions, s institutions. Suppliers included individuals such as street vendors, r agrochemical shops, Non-governmental organizations, the ministry o and other line ministries (e.g. Health and Finance). Questionnaires were administered to get farmers’ responses on the a knowledge of existence of POPs pesticides. Various stores and shops to record pesticide stocks in these places. The visit included inspection o general storage conditions. Only one pesticide disposal site was visit other stores/suppliers did not mention having disposal sites According to the study, frequently used pesticides fall under the Pyr Organophosphate groups. Organochlorines constituted a very small pe pesticides employed in the country although thiodan (endosulfan) employed by majority of respondents. According to their responses it is p farmers are not using POPs pesticides although many farmers did not k of the pesticides they were using thus complicating the assessmen majority were not even familiar with POPs pesticides except DDT, whic generally clear that they stopped using in the 70’s. Other than DD persistent organic pollutant pesticide recorded was obsolete 2,4,5 believed to be contaminated with Dioxins. In addition to lack of knowledge about POPs pesticides and their poten effects farmers and su pesticides. Thus a lot of training is needed country-wide to raise aw different levels of stakeholders about pesticides as a whole and on POP in particular. Although the extension service is present the study shows insufficient effort about Plant Protection services (including pesticid 19 accumulation of obsolete pesticides are avoided as well as addressing the main ry. t the farmers purchased in his cattle. It t discovered t. The way in is allowed in sent situation sible to have out using the are not even ot even obsolete ones thus one can be hopeful that the voluntary efforts by the ministry of Agriculture to discourage its use have paid off (ARD 1986). Interviews with some of the suppliers also revealed that they actually sell pesticides that are recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. problem of pesticide disposal, which is still a major challenge in the count DDT was only found in one district, Quthing. The amount that was still a disposal was approximately 0.4 kg. According to the farmer this pesticides was Natal, South Africa in 2001 and has been used for control of lice and ticks on was only this incidence where DDT was encountered. Although it was no anywhere else its continued use especially as an acaricide can not be ruled ou which it has entered Lesotho indicates how easy POPs especially DDT which South Africa for control of Malaria can gain access into Lesotho. With the pre whereby there are no regulations governing pesticides in the country it is pos any pesticide into the country. Furthermore the geographical positon of Lesotho makes it easier for illegal trade because entry into South Africa is very easy even with official border posts. These border posts are also very many and most of them well manned. Store inspections however revealed no stocks of DDT, n 20 Annex B Stakeholder and Public consultation and POPs National Implementation Plan Review Workshop Convention Centre 19th – 20th April 2005 Workshop participants 21 PARTICIPANTS LIST TELEPHO E-MAIL NAME ORGANISATION NE 1 ut Prisons Phoka J. Sco 22317589/ 22312325 2 habela MCC Pelesa C 22317386 3 Mokhabuli DWA 22314569/ 318048 Nthabiseng 4 Mamoeti Damane WA D 22324569 4 Polo Leboela MTICM 22317454 5 Mokake Mojakisane DWA 22317516 6 Nthabiseng Majara MTEC – NES 22311767 @co.lspadeliales . 7 orebo C 2 Matebello M li LE 2 312236 8 Mphu 2 @lndc.org.ls Khaka LNDC 2 312012 mkhaka . 9 o M Kuena24@yahoo.co. Kwena Molap MTIC 22317454 uk 1 0 MTEC-NES 22311767 Matšeliso Moremoholo tseliza@yahoo.co.uk 1 1 Mosiuoa Bereng MTEC-NES 2 2 311767 1 2 2Christopher Kellner TED 6 000063 ckellner@ted biogas.org 1 3 bofa 62000063 mantopi@ted-Mantopi Le TED 22317795/ biogas.org 1 4 ha 2 580446550 pha@yahoo.cPitso Masup ARD 2 312395/ pynasu om 1 5 koa EC-NES lramatekoa@yahoo.cLeon Ramate MT 22311767 o.uk 1 6 reen 58926409 Teboho G NASCO/LCO 1 8 Malintle Kheleli Gem-St Joseph High School 58049714 malintle@magicmail. co.za 1 9 Mokitimi Thekiso MOHSW 22316605 2 0 Malefetsane Makotoko MOHSW 22316605 2 1 Q. Hoohlo MTEC-NES 22311767 lea@lea.or.ls 22 mailto:mkhaka@lndc.org.ls mailto:tseliza@yahoo.co.uk mailto:lramatekoa@yahoo.co.uk mailto:lramatekoa@yahoo.co.uk mailto:malintle@magicmail.co.za 23 NAME ORGANISATION TELEPHO E-MAIL NE 2 2 L. Tšoele MTEC-NES 22311767 2 3 TEC-NES R. Sethati M 22311767 2 4 a Makha 43 Mapasek ba WASA 223139 2 5 Dr. Khalema POPs 22312493 2 6 n Michael Lesema e POPs 22312493 2 7 Mahlompho Mohale POPs 22312493 2 8 T. Tšasanyane MTEC – NES 22311767 2 9 ela ES Makhiba Tj MTEC – N 22311767 3 0 koetje cal Governme Ntai Ma Lo nt 22321389 3 1 Shabe FS/ Livestoc Pauline MA k 22317284 3 2 M T. Mafatle MTIC 22317454 3 3 o 22316605 N.S. Thek MOHSW 3 4 Sempe Moshoeshoe MTEC-NES 22311767 3 5 ne Lekholoane Lekholoa MAFS/Crops 22324827 3 6 M. Nkuebe Mopheme Nkebe 22314331 3 7 K. Mophethe Mophethe Chambers 22314331 kmophethe@ilesotho .com 3 8 S. Damane MTEC-NES 22311767 ACTIVITY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 PESTICIDES and DDT 1.0 Strengthen Environment Act 2001 and assign responsibilities appropriately 1.1 Develop Pesticides Control Policy 1.2 Amend and enact the Pesticides Control Bill 1.3 Develop Pesticides registry and permit system 1.4 Capacitate the Agricultural Extension division and Environmental Health divisions in terms of personnel 1.5 Train all Agriculture extension officers and Health inspectors 2.0 To ban/prohibit the production and use of POPs pesticides in Lesotho 2.1 Draft regulations governing access and use of pesticides 1.2 Develop guidelines for handling and use of pesticides 3a Monitor the use of Annex A POPs pesticides 3b Develop and implement strategies to identify stockpiles, products and articles in use and wastes containing Annex A POPs pesticides 3c Manage stockpiles in a safe, efficient and environmentally safe manner until they are deemed to be wastes; 3.1 Develop pesticides stockpile management guidelines 3.2 Develop monitoring programmes for Pesticides 3.3 Train customs staff on identification procedures for pesticides 3.4 Develop means of communication between the customs department and the regulating authority. 3.5 Register all institutions that import and sell pesticides 4a Carry out audits and improve existing pesticides storage facilities 4b Develop Hazardous Waste Regulations to Reduce or Eliminate POPs Releases from Stockpiles and Wastes 4c Handle, collect, transport and store Annex A POPs pesticide wastes in an environmentally safe manner and dispose them irreversibly 4.1 Review and update or develop legislation to include Registration of POPs stockpiles and wastes, prohibition of recovery or reuse 4.2 Design, licensing, operation, tracking and monitoring of storage facilities for, handling of, and transportation of Pesticides wastes 4.3 Design, technology selection, licensing, operation and monitoring of waste disposal operations for POPs wastes 4.4 Identification, registration, assessment and remediation of sites contaminated with POPs pesticides 4.5 Develop clean up standards and guidelines for POPs pesticides 5.0 Adapt international and regional guidelines and classification systems 5.1 Draft national guidelines for identification and classification of pesticides 5.2 Adopt and Implement Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of labeling for active pesticides 6.0 Adopt International and manufacturers (MSDS) codes and guidelines for handling and disposal 6.1 Draft national guidelines for handling and disposal of pesticides YEAR FIVE IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD YEAR FOURYEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE 7a Regularly update inventories of contaminated sites and stockpiles 7b Develop and implement clean-up programmes based on updated inventories 7.1 Clear the store rooms of Agric Department of the stockpiles of pesticides and other materials that are not for immediate use( within one year) 7.2 Treat and dispose of the obsolete pesticides and POPs pesticides 7.3 Contract an expert to carry out the initial clean up 8.0 Establish a clearing House for POPs and PTSs within the NES website 8.1 Procure and install ICT equipment and programmes 8.2 Procure membership and full participation in CIEN and INFOCAB and others 9.0 Engage all methods and means of mass communication in the dissemination of POPs issues 9.1 Send periodic letters or arrange meetings with NGO, Agric and Health sectors to inform them of progress made and encourage their continued involvement and support. 9.2 Providing brief updates through relevant publications (e.g. newsletters of professional associations, industry or workers' organisations) 9.3 Making use of the news media (e.g. newspapers, radio, television) in order to reach out to the general public. 10.0 Continuous Inventory reviews and monitoring, with annual reports compiled 10.1 Engage a Steering committee to coordinate the Implementation phase of the project and to produce the annual reports 10.2 Adopt the guidelines that have been agreed by the COP 10.3 Produce the report and submit it to the Secretariat 11a Focus on pesticides recommended by FAO for use in developing countries (green pesticides) 11b Pursue research on biopesticides within the framework of bisafety policy and Biosafety Protocol 11.1 Develop project proposals for research and promotion of indigenous biopesticidal materials 11.2 Conduct research on suitable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies 11.3 Promote IPM amongst the farmers in the Country 11.4 Promote Machobane Farming system ( organic Farming system) 12.0 Monitor activities of all sectors and evaluate the effectiveness of all actions taken to make the country free from POPs pesticides 12.1 Develop and implement a monitoring plan with clear indicators 12.2 Establish a network of institutions that will report on cases of violation of the regulatory framework and actions taken 12.3 Form a task team made of all stakeholders to review implantation plan 12.4 Develop a check list of milestones/indicators 13.0 Develop proposals aimed at addressing weaknesses in the existing pesticides management infrastructure 13.1 Consult the stakeholders to identify potential donors and type of expertise required Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 1.a Build the capacity of institutions on PCBs management at different levels( law enforcers, technicians, managers and teachers) 1.1 Design a training programme for different categories 1.2 Train relevant institutions on various aspects of PCBs management particularly identification and safe handling 1.b Enhance the analytical capacity of the National University 1.3 Acquire PCB standards for the National University’s laboratory to be used in the PCB analyses 2.a Ban Production, importation and use of PCBs in all applications except in small volumes to be used as standards 2.1 Include PCBs in the schedule of chemicals to be banned 2.2 Publish and distribute list of banned chemicals to all potential importers, law enforcement agencies and customs officials 2.b Develop agreement on transboundary movement of PCBs between South Africa and Lesotho within broad frameworks of Rotterdam and Basel Conventions 2.3 Prepare agreement on transboundary movement of PCBs between South Africa and Lesotho within the context of joint bilateral cooperation and Basel Conventions 3 Include PCBs in the list of banned chemicals (above) 3.1 Include PCBs in the list of chemicals whose production has been banned ( Above) 4.a Develop and implement a comprehensive monitoring and maintenance programme 4.b Replace leaking equipment that is no longer cost effective to maintain 4.1 Review and upgrade monitoring and maintenance plan 4.2 Develop technical guidelines for safe handling of PCBs 4.3 Identify irreparable equipment 4.4 Remove irreparable equipment from the network 4.5 Construct containment structures 5.a Identify and label equipment containing different PCBs concentrations 5.b Develop a phase out plan that start with inefficient equipment which has the highest concentration of PCBs 5.1 Sample oil from transformers and analyse it for PCBs using test kits 5.2 Send some samples for further analysis using Mass-spectroscopy 5.3 Label tested transformers and those found to be containing PCBs appropriately 5.4 Remove from use the most inefficient PCB containing transformers 5.5 Construct at least one central storage facility for disused transformers in Maseru and satellite ones in the districts 5.6 Prepare and implement an agreement between South Africa and Lesotho for the export of PCB containing waste for environmentally safe disposal 6.a Capitalise on existing projects to develop relevant waste management law e.g. PADELIA 6.b Include PCBs in the list of banned chemicals in the amendments to the Environment Act, 2001 and hazardous chemicals law 6.1 Produce Hazardous waste law by 2008 6.2 Include PCBs containing waste in list of banned wastes in the hazardous waste law by 2008 6.3 Distribute the list of banned wastes to customs officers and law enforcement agencies 2008 IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE YEAR FOUR YEAR FIVE 7.a Curb production of unintentional PCBs through the use of appropriate technologies (adoption of appropriate standards and guidelines) 7.b Discourage open burning of waste at domestic dwellings and landfills through legislative control 7.1 Make an inventory of unintentional sources of PCBs 7.2 Construct appropriate landfills for waste disposal with incinerators which meet international standards starting in Maseru by 2007 7.3 Phase out the use of leaded petrol by 2006 7.4 Develop an integrated waste management and pollution control policy by 2007 7.5 Develop air quality standards which include a standard for PCBs by 2010 8.a Centralise the storage of disused transformers with satellites in the districts/urban centres 8.b Develop monitoring plan for storage facilities 8.c Export PCB containing wastes for environmentally safe disposal in neighbouring countries with capacity to do so 8.1 Identify possible sites and subject them to preliminary screening process by 2006 8.2 Carry out an EIA for Maseru site to determine its appropriateness by 2007 8.3 Construct the facilities in Maseru and in the districts by 2015 8.4 Carry out tests to determine the PCB content of out –of- service equipment suspected of containing PCBs by 2006 8.5 Identify and label wastes containing PCBs by 2006 8.6 Design a licensing/clearance system for companies to be responsible for transporting PCB containing wastes by 2007 9.a Determine the concentration of PCBs in electrical equipment especially transformers 9.b Update PCB inventories 9.1 Take samples for analysis 9.2 Label PCB containing equipment by 2006 9.3 Establish and maintain a database of equipment containing PCBs by 2006 9.4 Develop a tracking system for PCB containing equipment by 2006 10.a Replace old transformers 1960-early 70s by new PCB free ones? 10.b Legislative reviews 10.1 Prepare or update list of old transformers and identify inefficiencies by 2006 10.2 Implement phase out plan starting with the most inefficient equipment by 2008 10.3 Include regulations on handling, transport, storage and disposal of PCB-containing equipment in hazardous waste management law by 2008 10.4 Prepare a voluntary agreement between owners of transformers (LEC and individuals ) and Government committing the parties to PCBs phase out by 2008 10.5 Develop guidelines on transportation of PCB containing equipment by 2007 11.a Prioritise sites in terms of site and inherent risks 11.b Polluter pays principle be applied to sites contaminated after the environment Act, 2001 has come into operation 11.1 Take soil samples from the sites for laboratory analysis 11.2 Prepare a prioritized list of contaminated sites 11.3 Erect signage discouraging people from entering /walking through the contaminated sites/premises 11.4 Embark on cleaning programme for the area using existing international guidelines by 2007 12.a Network with national, regional and multi-lateral institutions dealing with PCB issues 12.b Publish information on PCB on internet/ Department’s website with links to Government’s website 12.1 Hold regular meetings of CheMaC 12.2 Connect strategic institutions to internet by 2007 12.3 Establish a web based on clearing house mechanisms on POPs by 2006 13 Cooperate with relevant sectors in the development and implementation of education and training programme 13.1 Train LEC workers in the management of PCBs especially occupational health issues by 2006 13.2 Hold at least ten workshops for teachers on chemical management inclusive of PCBs issues by 2008 13.3 Produce awareness raising material for different target groups covering PCBs and their alternatives by 2006 13.4 Include PCB issues in environmental chemistry from high schools to tertiary institutions by 2008 13.5 Produce posters, factsheets and write articles on effects of PCBs by 2006 13.6 Involve teachers in the evaluation of the material before its publication by 2006 13.7 Distribute material to all districts by 2007 13.8 Network with existing committees under various institutions by 2007 13.9 Access information from the internet and disseminate it to all stakeholders 14.a Include sections in the hazardous chemicals and waste laws, which oblige companies that are in possession of PCB containing equipment to report on their progress towards phasing them out. 14.b Produce regular reports on progress made towards phasing out PCBs 14.1 Collate statistical data from companies by 2007 14.2 Produce annual reports on progress made in the phase out of PCB containing equipment 14.3 Prepare and submit regular progress reports to the Secretariat of the Convention 15 Introduce transformers ( as replacement for old ones) which use alternatives to PCBs in the country or observe existing ones 15.1 Collect data on performance of transformers that use alternatives PCB under different ecozones ( highlands and lowlands) 15.2 Use the information to prepare area region specifications for transformers 16 Target maintenance work force and any personnel responsible for cleaning transformer storage facilities 16.1 Identify high risk groups and decide on the number to be screened 16.2 Engage a doctor to take blood samples and examine the identified groups on regular interval 16.3 Produce reports of the extent of contamination and associated impacts if any 17 Cooperate with all relevant stakeholders in the preparation of proposals for environmentally sound management of PCBs 17.1 Identify bilateral, regional and multilateral sources of financial and technical assistance 17.2 Submit proposals aimed at addressing short and long term needs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Dioxins and Furans 1.a To develop Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control policy framework and amend relevant legislation to ensure significant reduction in the releases of dioxins and furans 1.b Strengthen Environment Act 2001 and other relevant legislations and assign responsibilities appropriately 1.1 Draft policy document on Integrated Waste Management and Pollution Control which covers reduction of dioxins and furans releases from major source categories. 1.2 Organize nine regional workshops involving interested and affected parties, stakeholders, NGOs, government sectors, community leaders to make input on formulation of policy on dioxins and furans. 1.3 Develop regulations under the Environment Act 2001 to address reduction of the release of dioxins and furans. 1.4 Conduct crusher courses for law enforcement officers. 1.5 Institute statutes prohibiting smoking in public places 2 Develop/formulate a legal framework for major activities (vehicle, factories) that emit dioxins and furans 2.1 Update the inventories register by 2010 2.2 Review/amend existing legislation to incorporate dioxins and furans 2.3 Develop guidelines and standards (air pollution) for major activities (factories, vehicles) which emit dioxins and furans 2.4 Review of the set bench marks 3.a Develop guidelines and standards for reducing dioxins and furans from stockpiles and waste 3.b Carry out regular inspections/audits of the stockpiles and waste to ensure compliance with set standards 3.1 Develop guidelines for proper management of waste disposal sites 3.2 Set guidelines for remediation/rehabilitation of sites contaminated with dioxins and furans 3.3 Conduct periodic audits of the source categories of dioxins and furans significant to Lesotho once every 2 years 3.4 Draw a maintenance programme for sewage ponds. 4.a Adopt international and regional guidelines on the harmonisation and classification systems 4.b Update the Lesotho dioxins and furans inventory in order to develop a system with guidelines to adequately identify all source categories of dioxins and furans 4.1 Check documents and statistical records on the amounts of stockpiles, articles in use and wastes that may lead to release of dioxins and furans 4.2 Solicit stakeholders involvement and participation in mapping and quantifying stockpiles and wastes 4.3 Draft guidelines for identification and classification of source categories of dioxins and furans significant to Lesotho 5 Adopt internationally set standard operating procedures (SOPs) and manufacturer’s codes and guidelines for reduction of dioxins and furans 5.1 Introduce alternatives to the use of plastic bags at chain stores/supermarkets 5.2 Set structures and encourage segregation of all different types of waste at points of generation (industrially, domestically and institutionally). 5.3 Set up and promote recycling of plastic and Poly Vinyl Chloride products 5.4 Construct technologically cost-effective waste incineration plants or equipment in design and operation that will reduce emission of dioxins and furans when treating medical waste. 5.5 Adopt Polluter-Pays-Principle from Cradle to Grave 5.6 Institute penalty charges for those who litter and practice illegal dumping. 5.7 Construction of 2 regional sanitary landfills. 5.8 Maintenance of sewage/oxidation ponds by employing competent personnel, conduct refresher courses for existing staff and keep records of any deviations from standard operating procedures 5.9 Produce manuals/handbooks that should be used as guidelines for equipment or activities which burn/incinerate waste with the intend to reduce dioxins and furans IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD YEAR ONE YEAR TWO YEAR THREE YEAR FOUR YEAR FIVE 6.a Regular updating of inventories 6.b Use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to map and locate contaminated sites 6.1 Plan and schedule field trips to assess the extent of contamination 6.2 Take samples for analysis for levels of dioxins and furans from contaminated sites 6.3 Compile reports for appropriate cause of action to be taken 6.4 Mobilize organisations/companies with technical capacity to rehabilitate the contaminated sites 7 Develop information exchange systems and guidelines and involve stakeholders or IAP to address dioxins and furans 7.1 Establish a section which deals exclusively with dioxins and furans in all major resource centres 8 Engage all methods and means of mass communication in the dissemination of POPs issue focusing on dioxins and furans 8.1 Develop and introduce brochures, pamphlets, journals, fact-sheets on dioxins and furans for different population groups. 8.2 Organise and hold public gatherings (Pitso’s) to disseminate information, communication and education material on dioxins and furans. 8.3 Organise slots on national radio and TV for addressing the nation on dioxins and furans. 8.4 Prepare articles on dioxins and furans for publishing on local newspapers. 8.5 Produce posters and billboards at public places warning the public about the consequences of burning plastics, paper, rubber, grass, trees, veld fires and any material likely to generate dioxins and furans. 8.6 Consult with Department of Education and other stakeholders in developing curriculum for lower educational levels focusing on dioxins and furans and include waste management as a subject at lower educational level. 8.7 Train pupils at lower educational levels on various aspects of dioxins and furans. 8.8 Encourage schools to organise field trips/study tours for pupils to waste disposal facilities. 8.9 Encourage schools to engage pupils in extra-curriculum activities such as cleaning campaigns. 8.10. Identify and maintain procedures for identifying gaps in information and knowledge amongst various groups concerning health effects due to releases of dioxins and furans. 9 Periodic update of monitoring data 9.1 Prepare a standardized reporting format at local level 9.2 Compile a national report and submit to the Secretariat of the Convention 10.a Focus on dioxins and furans as recommended by any of internationally recognized organisation or institutions, e.g. WHO, UNEP UNITAR etc 10.b Strengthen the normal surveillance of specialised community groups such as workers 10.1 Institute legislation to oblige organisations whose activities may release dioxins and furans to develop Environmental Management Systems. 10.2 Set standards of exposure levels, exposure limits or Threshold Limit Values of dioxins and furans specific to activities taking place in Lesotho. 10.3 Harmonise toxicological and epidemiological methods in order to have internationally comparable results. 10.4 Conduct epidemiological studies on the effects of dioxins and furans to communities of Basotho where they are known to be released or potentially available. (Study groups) 10.5 Establish baseline data on the effects or intake of dioxins and furans from various pathways such as air, flora and fauna, water bodies, land and residues. 10.6 Manage data, keep records and document such information relating to releases of dioxins and furans accordingly. 11 Develop proposals and send out 11.1 Make proposals to seek funding/grants from international organizations for capital and operational budgets for reduction and elimination of dioxins and furans.