Lesotho's Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................1 1. 1 Background........................................................................................................................................1

2 National circumstances ................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Geographical information .................................................................................................................2 2.2 National socio-economic characterisation .....................................................................................2 2.3 Climate and climate change ............................................................................................................3 2.4 lnstitutional framework for climate change policies .....................................................................4 2.5 Review of Lesotho's first NDC ........................................................................................................5 2.6 Challenges for the implementation of NDCs.................................................................................6

3 Updated Nationally Determined Contributions ........................................................................... 8 3. 1 Adaptation ......................................................................................................................................... ·8 3.1.1 Baseline ·········································································································································8 3.1.2 Adaptation goal ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.3 Adaptation Measures ................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Mitigation .......................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Baseline ....................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions projections .......................... 36 3.2.3 Mitigation targets ........................................................................................................................ 40 3.2.4 Mitigation Measures ................................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Cross-cutting issues ....................................................................................................................... 41

4 Means of implementation .............................................................................................................. 41

5 Transparency................................................................................................................................... 72 5. 1 Adaptation ........................................................................................................................................ 72 5.2 Mitigation .......................................................................................................................................... 72

6 Annex 1 - Long lists prior to consolidation ............................................................................... 79 6.1 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Water .............................................................. 79 6.2 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Human Settlements ..................................... 82 6.3 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Economy ....................................................... 87 6.4 Long /ist of possible measures for adaptation -AFOLU. .......................................................... 91 6.5 Long /ist of possible measures for mitigation - IPPU ................................................................. 98 6. 6 Long /ist of possible measures for mitigation - AFOLU ............................................................ 99 6. 7 Long /ist of possible measures for mitigation - WASTE .......................................................... 101 6.8 Long list of possible cross-cutting measures............................................................................ 102 List of figures Figure 1 - Observed Temperature for the Lowlands and Highlands of Lesotho, 1967- 2020 (Source: Lesotho Meteorological Services, 2022) ......................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2: lnstitutional framework for climate change coordination. (Source: National Climate Change Policy lmplementation Strategy, 2017) ........................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3: Trajectory of Lesotho's conditional and unconditional contribution for the period 2015-203 (using GACMO mode/), based on GHG inventory data from the year 2000 as presented in Lesotho's First NDC ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 4: Projection of BAU GHG emissions for the 2011-2030 period). ................................................ 38 Figure 5 Conditional and unconditional emissions reductions targets for Lesotho. ............................... 41 List of tables Table 1: Number and sector attribution of adaptation measures. ............................................................. 12 Table 2: Adaptation measures for the water sector, large/y focusing on water management and availability of water for society, the economy, and the environment. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 14 Table 3: Adaptation measures for to human settlements........................................................................... 20 Table 4: Adaptation measures related to the Local Economy ................................................................... 25 Table 5: Adaptation measures related to AFOLU and food production. .................................................. 30 Table 6: Projection Factors for BAU GHG emissions path estimation from 2011 to 2030. ................... 38 Table 7 Proposed mitigation measures in the residential energy subsector. .......................................... 45 Table 8 - Active vehic/e fleet in Lesotho. (source: Department of Traffic and Transport) .................... 49 Table 9 Proposed mitigation measures in the transport energy subsector. ............................................ 51 Table 10 Proposed mitigation measures in the waste sector in a conditional scenario . ....................... 55 Table 11 :Proposed mitigation measures in the IPPU sector. .................................................................... 57 Table 12: Proposed mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector. ............................................................... 59 Table 13: Proposed mitigation measures in the waste sector. .................................................................. 63 Table 14: Crosscutting measures. ................................................................................................................. 66 Table 16: Quantifiable information on the reference point, Dec 4/CMA.1, Annex / ................................ 73 AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use BAU Business As Usual BTR Biennial Transparency Reports BUR Biennial Update Reports CA Conservation Agriculture CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources Management CE Circular Economy COP Conference of Parties ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EWS Early Warning System GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GOL Government of Lesotho IPCC lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU lndustrial Processes and Product Use JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency LMS Lesotho Meteorological Services LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land use, land use change and Forestry MEAS Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEM Ministry of Energy and Meteorology MIT Mitigation MPG Modalities, Procedures, Guidelines MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Process NC National Communication NCCC National Climate Change Committee NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-governmental Organisation PA Paris Agreement SDG Sustainable Development Goals UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1.1 Background Pursuant to Article 4, Paragraph 2 ofthe Paris Agreement, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to prepare, communicate, and maintain successive Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that they intend to achieve. NDCs include efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. According to the NDC cycle, as set under the Paris Agreement, cou nt ries shal I update their N DCs every five yea rs. ln 2017, Lesotho submitted its first Nationally Determined Contributions {NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change {UNFCCC) Secretariat. ln this initial document, the focus is firmly on adaptation actions as they tend to have strong developmental benefits such as poverty reduction that are a priority for developing countries. At the same time, the only objectives with quantitative targets included in the NDC were on mitigation, namely a 10% unconditional GHG emissions reduction with a further 15% target conditional on international support. As one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, Lesotho is committed to reducing its contribution to climate change (mitigation) and combating the effects of climate change that the country is already experiencing, such as rising temperatures, droughts/floods, and risingfood insecurity due to stress on agricultural production, on which the Lesotho population is heavily reliant. The problem is expected to worsen in the future as global temperatures rise. By 2030, the country's population is expected to grow by roughly 9%, resulting in increased demand for power, water, fossil fuels, land use change, and industrial products (BOS, 2019). Since the 2017 NDC, Lesotho's government has been working on developing frameworks and implementing climate action in response to the increased need for climate change action, both to reduce its climate change impact (mitigation) and to increase the country's resilience to the changing climate (adaptation). ln its pursuit to address climate change challenges, the Government of Lesotho established the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), which is a multi-sectoral committee that includes representatives from government departments, local and international NGOs, academia, and technical experts to facilitate specific activities of climate change. The committee forms a platform for interacting and exchanging information, views and ideas and connecting efforts to address climate change issues in Lesotho. As part of efforts to curb climate change impacts, Lesotho has developed policies and strategies such as the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and its implementation strategy (NCCPIS), Lesotho's Climate-Smart Agricultural lnvestment Plan and Lesotho Energy Policy. 2.1 Geographical information Lesotho is a mountainous, land locked country located between latitudes 28°S and 31 °Sand longitudes 27° E and 30° Ein the interior of Southern Africa. lt is an enclave surrounded bythe Republic of South Africa. lt has a total land area of about 30,355 square kilometres dominated by rugged terrain of the Maluti and Drakensberg ranges. The country is situated at the highest part of the Drakensberg escarpment with elevation ranging from 1,400m to 3,482m above sea level (Chakela, 1997). Based on latitude the climate of Lesotho is classified as temperate, however due to the high elevation, the mean temperature is noticeable lowerthan would be expected based on latitude. The country is divided into four agro-ecological zones, the Lowlands, Foothills, Mountains, and Senqu River Valley. The lowlands make up 17% of the total area of the country and are located in the western part of the country. The Lowlands have a north-south extension of about 200km and a width of 25km (Hyden and Sekoli, 2000). They have an approximate elevation of 1,800m above sea level. To the east of the Lowlands are the Foothills which make up 15% of the total area and lie between 1,800m and 2,000m above sea level. The Mountains cover 59% of the total country area and lie between 2,000m and 3,482m above sea level. The Senqu River Valley forms a narrow strip of land along the banks of the Senqu (Orange) River and penetrates the Drakensberg Mountain ranges. The Senqu River Valley only makes up 9% of the total country area. The valley is 1,400m to 2,000m above sea level. 2.2 National Socio-economic Characterisation Lesotho is classified as a lower-middle income countrywith a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of about M20.649 billion (USDl.25 billion) {2020) and a national gross income per capita of about Mll,036 (USD670) (BOS, 2021). However, this was a 6.5 % decline from the previous year's GDP (CBL, 2021). The decline was mainly attributed to the impacts of the Covid 19 pandemic. The key contributors to the country's GDP (2020) include the primary sector comprising of agriculture, mining and quarrying contributing 18.9 %, the secondary sector at 20.9 % and the tertiary sector contributing 49. 7 % (BOS, 2021). Lesotho's Hu man Development Index (HDI) value for 2021 was 0.514, which puts the country in the low development category (UNDP, 2022). The agricultural activities play a more significant raie than the estimated contribution to GDP suggests as a large proportion of the population rely on subsistence agriculture activities to feed themselves (World Bank, 7 According to the national census, Lesotho's population was 2,007,201 in 2016 with an estimated growth rate of 0.68% perannum {BOS, 2019). An estimated 28 percent of the population resides in

1 Chakela, Q. K. (1997) State of the Environ ment in Lesotho. National Environment Secretariat

2 Hyden, L. and T. Sekoli (2000). Possibilities to forecast early summer rainfall in Lesotho lowlands from the El-Nino/ Southern Oscillation. Water SA, 26: 83-90

3 Bureau of Statistics (2021) An nuai National Accounts of Lesotho 2011-2020. National Statistical System of Lesotho Statistical Reports. No 38 of 2021. Kingdom of Lesotho

4 Central Bank of Lesotho {2021). 2021 Annual Report. Lesotho

5 Bureau of Statistics {2021) Annual National Accounts of Lesotho 2011-2020. National Statistical System of Lesotho Statistical Reports No 38 of 2021. Kingdom of Lesotho

6 United Nations Development Programme (2022). Human Development Report 2021/2022: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. New York, USA

7 World Bank {2019) Lesotho - Second Smallholder Agriculture Development Project (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Available at: http ://documents. world ban k.org/cu rated/en/513221559527246365/Lesotho-Second-Smallholder-Agricu ltu re- Development-Project

8 Bureau of Statistics (2019). Census 2016: Vol VIIIA Population Dynamics. Kingdom of Lesotho urban areas, which is expected to increase to 34 percent by 2030. The total population has been projected to increase to 2,192,356 by 2030 (BOS, 2019). Lesotho's peak demand for electricity stands at 196 MW with locally generated hydropower accounting for 72 MW (Muela plant), Semonkong, 0.18 MW and 2 MW from mini hydro-power plant situated along the Mants'onyane River, and solar power of 30 MW (Ramarothole Solar Plant). To meet its electricity demand, the country imports additional electricity from Mozambique and South Africa. Most of the population still relies on traditional biomass resources and liquid fuels to meet its energy needs which is closely associated with environ mental degradation due to deforestation and soil erosion. However, there are plans to establish 80 MW hydropower plant at Oxbow Area, 1 MW Minihydro at Katse Dam, Government. Agricultural activities and deforestation are causing significant environmental damage and land degradation that threaten the country's ability to feed its population. Forestry currently covers around 1.5 % of the land area but efforts to protect and grow forests have been ineffective and strong initiatives are needed. Furthermore, the land caver suitable for agriculture has declined to 9 percent due to encroachment on the most productive and potentially high-yielding land over the past decades, soil erosion, and other forms of environ mental degradation and climate change. The encroachment is due, in part, to the lack of law enforcement and neglect by administrative authorities (Gol 2018). 2.3 Climate and climate change Lesotho's location and topography expose it to the influences of both the lndian and Atlantic Oceans, with wide temperature differences. ln Lesotho, temperatures are highlyvariable on diurnal, monthly and annual timescales, and are generally lower than those of other inland regions of similar latitudes in larger land masses of bath the northern and southern hemispheres. However, an overall trend of temperature increase has been observed as depicted in Figure 1, with the highlands warmingfasterthan the lowlands. A graduai increase in the mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures is projected for the near future until the end of the 21 st century under all emission scenarios {LMS, 2021). The projected increase in temperatures becomes more significant during the mid and far future periods, especially under the high emission scenario. Nevertheless, slightly lower temperature increases are expected to occur in the mountain zones. lncreased incidences of extreme heat and higher rates of evapotranspiration are also expected. These will have negative impacts on various aspects of local economic development and agricultural productivity.

9 Burea u of Statistics (2019). Lesotho Population Projections 2016-2036 Report, Vol VI: Population Projections. Kingdom of Lesotho.

10 Gal. 2028. National strategic development plan Il - 2018/19 ta 2022/23.

11 LMS (2021) The Kingdom of Lesotho's Third National Commu nication on Climate Change. Lesotho Figure 1 - Observed Temperature for the Lowlands and Highlands of Lesotho, 1967- 2020 (Source: Lesotho Meteorological Services, 2022) LESOTHO ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE 1967 -2020 colour - Highlands - Lowlands 17.0- 16.0- 14.5- p I!! ~ 13.0- il_ E ~ 11.5- slope=0.554 10.0- p value=2.22e=16 8.5- Precipitation is highly variable both spatially and temporally and according to Lesotho Third National Communication, most of the precipitation is received during the seven-month "rain" season from October to April. The peak rainfall period is from December to February when most of the country record over 100 mm per month. Trend analyses indicate a high degree of interannual precipitation variability over Southern Africa with a general decrease in annual precipitation for Lesotho. The country is expected to experience below-normal precipitation throughout the century with a high degree of variability. The changes in precipitation patterns for Lesotho are also expected to experience an increase in extreme precipitation events and a potential for prolonged dry periods in between events 12 . 2.4 lnstitutional framework for climate change policies The Ministry of Environment and Forestry through the Lesotho Meteorological Services (LMS) department is charged with the responsibility of monitoring and reporting on weather, climate, and climate change issues. ln addition, LMS ensures that the country fulfils Lesotho's obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. Other major responsibilities of the MEM include implementation of the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer; and provision of support to other Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). A National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was formally established in 2013 to effectively coordinate climate change related matters in the country and actas a link between LMS and the various social and economic sectors. To effectively achieve the objective of the National Climate Change Policy, members that serve in the NCCC have to be familiar with projected climate change episodes and events in the short and long term and must be appraised of the likely impacts of climate change. Institutions, as a result, should have in place, adequate response measures to climate change. Educational institutions and ail tiers of government including central government, local government as well as NGOs have a raie to institutionalize climate change. A culture of networking and building on synergies at all levels and amongst the institutions is key to achieving the objective of the NCCC. lt is against this background 12Lesotho Meteorological Services. (2021). The Kingdom of Lesotho's Third National Communication on Climate Change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. that the following institutional framework (Figure 2) and set up that will be effective in enabling coordination of climate change in the country was proposed. Figure 2: lnstitutional framework for climate change coordination. (Source: National Climate Change Policy lmplementation Strategy, 2017) - . National Climate - - . Change Coordinating Committee . .. . •••• Climate Change Technical Committee - Line Ministries D1strict/Local Local Climate lmplementation Climate Change Munic1palit1es Change level Coordinator Climate Change Coordinating Coordinator Committee 2.5 Review of Lesotho's first NDC The 2017 Lesotho NDCs identified the management and availability of water as the key priority as it is essential for critical subsistence activities (food production) as well as human wellbeing, sanitation and more. The NDCs also identified key initiatives to support the long-term management of water resources including: a) Rehabilitation of degraded wetlands as a form to reduce runoff, and soil erosion, and increase groundwater infiltration. b) Development of clear, environmentally sustainable policies to improve and maintain vegetation cover, through actions including improved pasture and grazing management. c) Encouragement of fodder production and reduce open grazing as a form to secure watershed protection and conservation. d) Decentralization of economic and political activity to relieve pressure from urban centres, reducing pressure on water resources. e) Expanding the construction of dams to enhance water storage capacity. f) Development of improved and efficient use of water in agriculture, infrastructure, and energy sectors. Several of these activities overlap with objectives also identified in other sectors such as agriculture, food security, and human settlements, and many of the specific initiatives in this sector will include many of the same stakeholders across the sectors. Additional actions include programs to expand rainwater harvesting, water storage and conservation techniques, water reuse, water use, and irrigation efficiency. Commentary on the background information and data sets that may have been used to support the development of these objectives and to further assess change. ln terms of mitigation, the NDC focuses largely on energy emission reductions. However, these other sectors are specifically mentioned as potential areas for action. The key mitigation targets for mitigation include a 10% GHG emission reduction from an assessed BAU, with an additional 25% reduction based on the international support for mitigation actions (Figure 3). The key sectors/actions targeted for mitigation include: • Energy - lmproved government direction and policy certainty for markets through the development of policy and strategy documents; increased access to renewable electricity, particularly through the installation of solar home systems and improvement of hydro supply from the Highlands water projects; reduction of reliance on biomass for cooking and heating; and increased awareness of the market through the provision of information and awareness campaigns. • IPPU - Reduction of emissions of high GWP refrigerants from refrigeration and air conditioning activities; reduction of emissions from industry. • Waste - lmproved methane capture from landfill and implementation of waste incineration with waste recovery; improved wastewater treatment to reduce methane emissions. • Agriculture - lmprove agricultural practices to reduce gastroenteric fermentation emissions; promote biodigesters for agricultural waste processing. • Forestry - lncrease forestation and afforestation activities as well as increasing/improving protected forest reserves. lt is of note that aside from the headline targets, there are no targets indicated for mitigation actions outside of the energy sector. Figure 3: Trajectory of Lesotho's conditional and unconditional contribution for the period 2015-203 (using GACMO mode/), based on GHG inventory data from the year 2000 as presented in Lesotho's First NDC GHG Emissions reduction trajectory 6000 5000 - Conditional scenario 2000 1000 2000 2020 2025 2030 2.6 Challenges for the implementation of NDCs- - ----- As part of the consultation process for this=NE>E:::update, discussions on the barriers for the implementation of NDC actions. Sorne ot-thelœy-barriers are discussed in this chapter as these barriers generated measure recommendàt4entio overcome them in the implementation of future NDCs. ~ The detailed analysis of the individual mitigation measures revealed that baselines and projections are not transparently described and yet several measures were overly optimistic in terms of the speed of implementation. Similarly, it has not been possible to obtain the baseline data that was used for the development of the existing GHG inventories. The process of gathering data on progress achieved on the current set of NDC measures posed a challenge. This is largely because monitoring needs have often not been defined by stakeholders or have not been a priority resulting in little data collected and a lack of coordination to manage the available information. lt was, therefore, difficult to assess the state of implementation of the several measures, bath related to adaptation and mitigation, and to quantify the achieved emission reduction of the latter. Feedback received du ring the consultation process leads to the conclusion that some departments may not have been part of the formulation process of NDC measures or implementation plans and were not aware that a certain measure was a) part of the NDC and b) their responsibility for monitoring. Other identified issues include a perceived low priority for climate action, changes in government officiais in charge, and weak coordination structures. This, understandably, would result in low support and ownership for the respective measure. As a developing country aiming to develop, it was also noticed that many of the adaptation measures being pursued in Lesotho are not explicit responses to the threats of climate change. lnstead, they are usually part of general development strategies (such as the provision of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)), or because the country's existing climate extremes necessitate such measures. The implementation of such initiatives would result in stronger adaptation capacity as people (and the country) would be better able to adapt to a changing climate. Nevertheless, it is important to link ongoing initiatives so that they can be brought under the climate change adaptation umbrella and receive coordinated support and attention. At the same time, it is clear that a major constraint to implementation of both adaptation and mitigation measures- as noted across all sectors - is a lack of human and institutional capacity and resources. The issue of sufficient resources and appropriate capacity is a major factor in determiningwhat is achievable as NDC measures and formulated as a need for support. Complex procurement procedures limit the efficiency of project implementation. Liaison with the sector of finances to review the procurement procedures for climate change adaptation projects is needed. lncreased efficiency in climate change adaptation project implementation increases the effectiveness of the project and the reach of the objectives. Specific measures in the relevant sections have been recommended to address these challenges as they pose systemic barriers to: • ldentify gaps and suitable measures in bath climate change adaptation and mitigation. • Develop suitable responses and get the financial support required to fund them. • Manage the progress of projects and change them when needed. • Track progress in the achieve of objectives. • Develop policy and strategies. Much ofthe cross-cutting section aims to generate an environ ment where these barriers as addressed, and the climate change action is more seamless and achieving its intended results. 3. UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 3.1 Adaptation 3.1.1 Baseline The Lesotho National Climate Change Policy (2017-2027) sets the basis for addressing one of its core pillars, "adaptation and climate risk reduction", noting that adaptation to climate change is of utmost importance to ensure socio-economic and environmental systems function and development, and to avoid loss and damage. lt points out that adaptation in sectors such as water, agriculture and food systems, early warning, energy, land use, health, and biodiversity, among others, are key to paving the way to a climate resilient pathway. On reviewing the existing NDCs, it can be noted that several adaptation measures are already being pursued country wide. This is because many of the activities assessed as potential 'climate change adaptation measures' are already taking place under socio-economic development agendas. An important international trend taking place that recognizes the merging of adaptation and development activities is the mainstreaming of climate change needs into government's policy development processes. This effectively makes climate change adaptation a key element of how countries develop. While this process is not taking place in Lesotho in an official capacity, but the development activities that are successful strongly advance climate adaptation due to its needs. A formai mainstreaming and strength ening of the climate change responses would increase the coverage and strength with which adaptation measures are pursued. Water, Local Economy, AFOLU and food security, and Human Settlements are identified as key sectors to address adaptation measures in the implementation of the NDC. 3.1.1.1 Water sector Lesotho is renowned for its abundant supply of pristine water resources, which is harnessed and exported to South Africa, capturing around 50% of the total catchment run-off and representing an important source of foreign income for Lesotho. Surface water is mainly used for water supply for bath households and industrial consumption, hydropower generation and irrigation while groundwater is used for rural water supply. Climate change effects on Lesotho are expected to have a far-reaching regional impact on bath the national and regional freshwater resources as the country forms major source of fresh water and drainage areas extending into the Atlantic Ocean basin through South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana. According to LMS (2021), near-term (2011-2040) projections indicate that Lesotho is expected to experience increased frequency and intensity of droughts and heavy rains and increased temperature (LMS,2021). The report further indicates that natural stream flows in rivers are expected to decrease spatially, seas~ lly, and annually. This loss impacts the water resources by changing the quantity and qualit~ --w~ o~ ing in rivers and streams, wetlands, underground (aquifers), as well as water sto?ed~ changing moisture ontent in the soil 13 • ~ For Lesotho, reduced precipitation in winter and summer wi I r-educe streamflow, tti -Cl__ ~ of which will be hydrological drought. Changes in wate2q uality and availability are expected to1,ê~-L ~ dominant challenges for Lesotho. lnfrastructure_~ ments intended to safeguard water supplies have increased the geographical imbalance of:=.wate.~ ources, as many dams have been built to store water du ring unpredictable and ofte -1füïg=dry-peri@ds. The low surface flow of water and river run-off cou Id also affect the 30-year multi~-hiJ i on wa er rnj ect, the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, ~

13 Lesotho Meteorological Services. {2021). The Kingdom of Lesotho's Third National Communication on Climate Change. United Nations :: Framework Convention on Climate Change .. and an elaborate water transfer system to South Africa 14 . Water availability is also expected to affect other economic and social development sectors, with emphasis to agriculture (crop production and livestock), industry, drinking water and sanitation, and health. 3.1.1.2 Human settlements Human settlements and their development are essential to wellbeing and resilience and climate change will have a severe impact on them. Temperature increases will increase the incidence of heat related and waterborne diseases, water availability changes are likely to limit the ability provide sanitation and other services, and increased frequency of extreme events increases stress on infrastructure. Extreme weather events such as torrential rains and strong winds are features of Lesotho's climate that pose a major threat to human settlements. These events cause extensive damage to basic infrastructure, damage housing that displaces population (especially the poor), and they cause soil run-off that affects the productivity of the land further causing displacement. Displacement often turns into migration to cities and towns placing further stress on urban infrastructure. The vulnerability is further compounded by other factors, including high levels of poverty, particularly in rural areas. The scattered nature of rural settlements can make the provision of and access to social services difficult and modern infrastructure. For example, only 44% of the total population has access to modern sanitation solutions (46% and 43% coverage in urban and rural areas, respectively). About 30 % of households do not have access to any toi let facilities and therefore practice open defecation exacerbating health conditions ofthe population. As one of the countries with high level of prevalence of HIV/AIDS, women and child-headed households are among the most vulnerable groups. Gender equity and social issues including HIV/AIDS prevention shall be considered and fully considered in the capacity building activities as well as the development and management of facilities. lt is not possible to understand in detail what the changes in precipitation, increasing temperature, strong winds, snow etc. will have on human settlements, but the prevalence of precarious housing made of local material (mud, sticks and thatch grass), infrastructure that is not climate proofed and not available to all, and wide poverty, makes the human settlements of Lesotho very vulnerable, indicating a strong need for adaptation actions to support resilience. 3.1.1.3 Local Economy The national economy is highly interconnected and directly or indirectly all sectors will be impacted by climate cha~ge.' _Impacts will vary ~~ sector and ~i!I be felt througt ~~ mpact of ~limate cha~ge on water ava1lab1hty, land productiv1ty or useab1hty, people's -ab~ ~ work in a changmg environment, or the impact in key infrastructure such as transpo~ ~ ~ ~lexity, it is not relevant to delve into each sector in-depth, but rather, to focus or-i..J:~ke.y::J~tN nd suggest actions that can increase the economy's resilience. lt is also important to ncrtêt~~~~~uman Settlements, and AFOLU sectors are strongly linked ~ the economy and its reco~ ~ ~ d outputs will also support an improved economy. - - ~ --==::::::__ Local economy is key for promotion of inclusive=dev.elopment and reduction of vulnerability. W try"7Business Development and Tourism with the Lesotho established the Ministry of Trade,::l!! mandate for the development and imp le-m.ent tiÔnof policies that promote and facilitate establishment, operation, and growth-~ small, ai:ici medium enterprises (MSMEs) and co- operatives, with a view to contributing to emplayment-creation, econ amie growth, and poverty ::-

14 World Bank Lesotho country profile (2021) reduction. lt is in this line, and in articulation with the Second National Strategic Development Plan that Local Economy is presented, in recognition of the high potential of the proposed measures to reduce community and ecosystem vulnerability and increase adaptation capacity. The local economy of Lesotho is highly vulnerable to climate change as it is closely related to natural resource use, including weather dependent processes such as agriculture. One of the main economic activities are rainfed subsistence farming and animal husbandry, as well as small -scale industries that include clothing, footwear, textiles, food processing and construction. The small manufacturing base depends largely on farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries. ln this context, climate change is likely to impact deeply the economy of Lesotho, particularly in relation to frequency and severity of extreme events and country's ability to respond and adapt to the changes. Droughts alone are estimated to reduce total GDP between 1% and 4% each time and soil erosion has been estimated to reduce agricultural GDP by 2%-3% (around 1% oftotal GDP). Even normal variability has a negative economic impact due to the sensitivity of agricultural output to climate. 15 Unemployment and underemployment remain a significant problem in Lesotho, relegating a large proportion of the population to live under the poverty line. The unemployment rate remains at 23 % (using the strict definition) and 38 % (using expanded definition that includes discouraged job seekers) in 2019. The poverty rate is expected to improve at a slow pace as increases in food and energy prices as well as a fragile economic environment constrain budgets and livelihoods of lower incarne households. The World Bank has projected the $2.15/person/day (in 2017 Purchase Parity Power terms) poverty rate to improve and reach 34% by 2024. 16 3.1.1.4 AFOLU and food security As previously mentioned, the climate-sensitive rain-fed agriculture industry is the mainstay of Lesotho's economy, accounting for between 7% and 10% of national GDP (down from 25% in the 1980s). Furthermore, up to 70% of Lesotho's rural population engage in some form of agriculture related activity of subsistence incarne highlighting the dependence on rainas other sources of water are scarce that infrastructure is not available for alternative irrigation (The World Bank, 2019). This vulnerability is highlighted as the country recorded poor harvests for three years in a row, 2017 -2020, due to erratic rains experienced during main cropping seasons. Poor farming practices and overgrazing compounded by climate change and variability have led to a loss of nearly 800 km 2 of arable land during the past decades and that has left about 9.6 percent of the total land arable 17 . This has resulted in the increased competition for the limited arable land remaining. That being the case, human settlements tend to develop in àn~ nned manner without adequate provision of safe basic infrastructure and services. ~ Floods and droughts have resulted in severe yield lasses in agr~ ~ ~ ~k resulting in food insecurity implications. lt was estimated that about 40 %----Of ::-esâ:tl'l --S----.:Ropulation 15 = -- --=::::::::::.. =:::::::.. Lesotho Meteorological Services. 2017. Lesotho's Nifti©l'lally~~ rmined Contribution Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Minist.r:v.- of Energy an -Meteorology, Lesotho

16 World Bank. (2024,April 9). The W~ e-sotho. Overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lesotliolm@'vœw-

11 Ministry of Local Government and Chieftainship (2018). Lesotho National Housing Policy. Kingdom of Lesotho. experienced acute food insecurity between October 2020 and March 2021 18 and resulting varying degrees of malnutrition widespread across the country. Lesotho's potential for economic and social development is grossly hindered by the lack of progress in addressing the malnutrition issues that plague the poorer segments of society. Added to this, the rangelands that are already threatened by socio-economic factors such as overgrazing and fuel collection affecting the productivity of pasture, the availability of biomass, and impacting biodiversity, they are further threatened by climate change. The changes in rainfall and frequency of extreme events will further stress the rangelands causing significant soil lasses and droughts that impact the viability of living ecosystems. Lesotho only has 34,520 ha of forests (1.14% of the country surface) which are continuously threatened by mismanagement of sensitive ecological systems, and over harvesting of medicinal plants, pales, and fuelwood. 3.1.2 Adaptation goal The national adaptation goal of Lesotho is expressed in key documents focusing on sustainable development and improving the wellbeing of Basotho. These include: • The OPEN National Adaptation Plan (OPEN- NAP) - process has a vision of a "we/1-adapted Lesotho that achieves its medium to long-term sustainable development objectives in the context of a changing climate". • National Climate Change Policy - "build climate change resilience through mainstreaming and implementing concrete measures for adaptation and climate risk reduction aiming at sustainable development, with active participation of all stakeholders in the social, environmental and economic sectors". • National Climate Change Policy lmplementation Strategy (NCCPIS} - "to increase climate change resilience and improve the wellbeing of Basotho through mainstreaming and implementing concrete measures for adaptation and climate risk reduction, focusing on the most vulnerable, aiming at sustainable development, with active participation of all stakeholders in the social, environ mental and economic sectors". Gathering these existing definitions as overarching developmental objectives, the following adaptation goals add detail and sectoral dimensions in this revised NDC to enhance their reach and better enable the country to develop sustainably by: • Reducing the risk and vulnerability to climate change, while increasing resilience, well-being, and the ability to anticipate, and respond to changing climate appropriately. • Adjusting institutional and community processes, practices, and structures to enable faster and more effective responses to the changing climate to moderate the damage and benefit from arising opportunities where possible. • Better shaping society and the economy to thrive in the c~ ng climate by supporting cohesive, gender and socially inclusive, and well supporte. Ïâttio ~ • daptation Measures The adaptation measures proposed in the revised NDC are P.re~ re~tt!P· ed on a sectoral approach in accordance with the identified-and the expressed priorities on existi~ ~ ~ and guiding documents as well as consultations ca~ out at the beginning of this process. As p of this process a "long list" of measures was de\1el@pe_g by assessing existing measures, gathering information from stakeholders, reviewing- b== st pra1::tiœ, and looking at options that have been practiced in other countries with similar eè0"11:1.. ic and ecological conditions as presented in ANNEX- 18 ~ Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. (2020, August). Lesotho: IPC Acute Food lnsecurity Analysis July 2020 - March 2021. ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/lesotho/lesotho-ipc-acute-food-insecurity-analysis-july-2020- march2021-issued-august-2020 1. Next, the measures were cross-checked against Lesotho governance structures and socio- economic institutions, so that they could focus on areas with a strong prospect of implementation, and where an intervention may have wide and long-lasting effects. This process resulted in the identification of 78 possible actions, distributed across the sectors as follows as shown Table 1. These measures in Annex 1 were then submitted for consultation with key stakeholders and the key beneficiaries for discussion. During this time, stakeholders were given an opportunity to comment and provide feedback on a range of issues including: the validity of the proposed measures and suggested revisions, responsible government department for each measure; identify key partner organisations for each measure; and finally- revisit and adjust each measure in terms of goals and target potential. Table 1: Number and sector attribution of adaptation measures. Sector Measures in Long List Measures in this document Water 12 9 Human Settlements 17 8 Local Economy 17 7 AFOLU and Food Security 32 13 The 'long list' was consolidated to select the measures that have a higher likelihood of implementation and resulting in long lasting adaptation benefits. The analysis also includes considerations for the financing ability arising from the operational requirements of international development funds to support adaptation activities in the country. Several of the activities selected are already underway and the NDC action refers to the continuation and strengthening of them. These activities are considered unconditional, but the expansion of the programmes will be conditional on international support. The consolidation process results in a set of 38 actions across the four key sector. -- ----- ::- 3.1.3.1 Water sector Adaptation measures in the water sector focus on supporting Lesotho on its effort to adapt to the possible impacts of climate change by reducing its exposure to the perceived main risk of water availability (Table 2). This generally focuses on maximizing the availability of water for essential activities to all sectors as climate change shifts hydrological cycles. This is particularly important during extreme weather events that are becoming ever more common, and to which, Lesotho is so very vulnerable. For Lesotho, the key priority is to support water availability for agricultural purposes (irrigation, and livestock survival}, but as the country looks to develop this also include water availability for extending sanitation services. The ultimate vision is to see Lesotho supporting the development of its population through improved access to water for agriculture and sanitation while developing the necessary infrastructure and management practices to prevent socio-economic and environmental disruptions. There are many options possible to support this progress including infrastructure projects such as reservoirs construction, conservation practices such as choice of crops and irrigation methods, and economic options that maximize the flexibility of the responses available. Sorne issues to consider in the implementation of the proposed measures in this chapter include: 1. Identification of the technological capacity needs for climate change adaptation in the water sector. Technological needs assessment (TNA) to support the adaptation with the appropriate and locally adjusted technologies. A list of priority needs assessment will guide the local adaptation strategies. 2. lmprovement of organizational capacity for coordination and project implementation. Capacity building in project management, intersectoral coordination, data collection storage, and sharing, and report writing. The main outcome of this intervention will be and improved project implementation, monitoring, and reporting. 3. lncreasing the density of hydrometric network which will improve quality of data to support decision ma king and part of the early warning system. == -- --==::::::__ -==::::.. Table 2: Adaptation measures for the water sectar, large/y focusing on water management and availability of water for society, the economy, and the environment. NDC MEASURE INDICATOR BASELINE TARGET SPONSIBLE OTHER KEY MITIGATION ALIGNMENT TIMELINE DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING CO- WITHSDGs BENEFITS ENTITIES 2020- 2025- 2025 2030 Pilot risk maps being v v B 1• 5t rength en Status of Risk maps Disaster National Not integrated early implemented. Management University of applicable warning system A national monitoring Authority Lesotho Pilot Early Warning (EWS}, lncluding system that generates ■ System being Lesotho Local . infrastructure, data for land and implemented. authorities human resource water related annual Meteorological capacity, and national reports is set 45 technicians being Service Il Department of disaster up and operational trained in the pilot Department of Gender preparedness through cooperative EWS at LMS and DRM. m Water Affairs approachesthatare EU, GIZ plans. 5 Agro- i nstitutiona lized. ReNOKA meteorologists, 4 NGOs Number of staff Forecasting Officers, trained to operate and 20 Senior Technical maintain the hydro- Officers and 10 GIS/IT meteorological operators/Technicians infrastructure. and 6 IT Maintenance & Repair Technicians 19 to be trained under the pilot project EWS at LMS. United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Project lmplementation Report (PIR) for Lesotho: Reducing vulnerability from climate change in the Foothills, Lowlands and the Lower Senqu River Basin. Global 19 Environment Facility. 18 out of74 Department of Department of 2. lmplement the Integrated Number of climate resilient and gender 6outof74 catchments plans. catchments plans Water Affairs Decentralisation Reduced emissions V V Catch ment sensitive catchment implemented by and from herd 37 individuals from Department of Management plans, local council 2030. Chieftainship size action plans and the 6 pilot Range reduction or •• (ICM) program. catchments trained 200 individuals Management GIZ, EU, World measures of different increased on the concepts of trained in climate Vision Il categories for Department of regeneration climate change risk resilience in context ecosystem services Soil and Water BUSARA of and resilience in of ICM by 2025. m designed, approved Conservation lnstitute of rangelands context of ICM. and under Behavioural and forest Department of implementation, Change cover. Rural Water based on national Supply Local Il guidelines. authorities Number of Department of individuals trained on Gender climate resilience in the context of ICM. 3.Expand rainwater Percentage of households and rural No available information was Additional 15% of the households and Department of Water Affairs Lerotholi Polytechnic Not applicable. V V harvesting. institutions using found on percentage 100% of rural Department of NGOs Enhance water water harvesting of households and institutions (schools, Soil and Water storage and infrastructure. institutions using hospitals) fitted LHDA Conservation water conservation with rainwater conservation Lesotho techniques, water re-use, techniques, but harvested rainwater harvesting infrastructure by Local Government Housing and Land ' -• m used for gardening. 2030. water-use, and Building Design Development The diamond mines, irrigation Services textile industry, and LMS efficiency. the SAB Miller Department of Ministry of brewery in Maseru Rural Water Supply Education and also recycle water Training Local authorities within their processes Ministry of 20 Tourism, Sports, Arts and Culture 4. Support an Number of small dams Number of small 35 small dams Department of Ministry of Not expanded and reservoirs dams and reservoirs established and Sail and Water Local applicable programme of established. not available, but ope rational. Conservation Government, constructing there are 4 large Home Affairs & Department of multipurpose dams (Mohale, Chieftainship, Water Affairs dams to Raleting, Tsa-llitlama, and Police enhance water and Katse dams). Department of Local storage. Usage Rural Water authorities plans for Supply utilization to be detailed as part of the project. S. Revise water related Status of the update of regulation on water Lesotho Water and Sanitation Reviewed and Updated Water Act, Water Commission National University of Not applicable v v legislation, and sanitation Policy 2007. Long Term Water, Lesotho, Department of li policies, and strategy. and sanitation Water Affairs Lerotholi strategies to strategy. Polytechnic m include climate LMS change issues. NGOs Department of Gender, MCC, ICU, GIZ

20 United Nations Development Programme. (2015}. Reducing vulnerability from climate change in the Foothills, Lowlands and the Lower Senqu River Basin: Project document. Global Environment Facility. 6. Strengthen Number of established ICM coordinating and 18 out of 74 sub- Department of Department of Reduced and Support a coordinating and planning institutions catchments under Water Affairs Decentralisation emissions national planning institutions have been established ReNOKA have from herd Department of Il integrated at the sub-catchment at national and community size Gender catch ment area level. catch ment structures in place reduction or management management area and implementing increased ■ framework. lt levels. measures. forest cover. should m incorporate Number of district and 1 catchment under Six out of 74 sub- catchments under community- Integrated Watershed catchment integrated catchment based management resource Management for catch ment development plans management. management. lmproved agro- pastoral livelihoods in the Sepabala Sub- catchment. completed by 2030. 1 Il 7. Protect and Number of 14 wetlands (part of 30 pilot wetland Department of Decentralisation Reduced rehabilitate the rehabilitated wetland the palustrine system areas rehabilitated Water Affairs emissions Local wetlands areas. areas. in Lesotho) by 2030. from Department of Authorities Il rehabilitated by a possible Range Small Grant Project GIZ, EU increased Management Khubelu sponge. vegetation Department of Department of cover. Environ ment Gender Soil and Water Conservation 8. lncrease Percentage of ln 2020 21 , only 29% of 88% population Department of Department of Not climate resilient population covered the population had with access to clean Rural Water Decentralisation applicable rural water water supply network. access to clean water. water by 2030. Supply Department of supply network. ln 2016, 79.8 percent Gender Supporting of rural households projects to had access to

21 Macrotrends. (n.d.). Lesotho clean water access 2000-2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/LSO/lesotho/clean-water-access-statistics improve water Number of women improved water access in rural and girls having access sources 22 • areas. to portable water. 9. Reduce loss Percentage of treated 30- 50% treated Reduce treated Department of Decentralisation Reduced of both treated water loss. water loss 23 in Maseru water loss to 5% Rural Water emissions Local water and Supply from the Amou nt of Conventional 20% of municipal Authorities wastewater. wastewater wastewater reused or activated sludge (CAS) wastewater treated lndustry (ex. lncrease the GIZ, EU and sewage treated. 24 treatment plant by 2030. textile amount of with a capacity of industry) WASCO water that is 80m 3/day in the recycled, and Department of Diamond mine and water use Gender Ratjomose efficiency. Wastewater lncreased Treatment Plant 25 m wastewater and with a capacity of sewage 15,000 m3/day. treatment.

22 Bureau of Statistics (2019) Census 2016: Analytical Report Volume IIIB Socio-Economic Characteristics. Kingdom of Lesotho

23 Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility. (2017). Lesotho: Maseru water supply and demand assessment. Africa Portal.

24 Crown Publications. (2022, July 4). New sewage treatment plant for Lesotho diamond mine. Crown. https://www.crown.co.za/africa-updates/21383-new-sewage-treatment-plant-for-lesotho-diamond-mine-2 25Government of Lesotho. (2012). National Strategic Development Plan 2012/13-2016/17: Growth and Development Strategic Framework. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Available: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/13783/download?token=mQPiXfwX 3.1.3.2 Human sett/ements For human settlements, the key focus for adaptation is minimizing the disruptions from extreme weather, particularly on basic infrastructure that supports emergency responses, social activities, and economic activities such as roads and bridges (Table 3). At the same time, the country's development work and aspirations mean an increasing focus on human health and sanitation measures that are needed to support adaptation. lncreasing adaptation capacity for human settlements also looks to reduce the vulnerability to climate change impacts including measures that that improve and climate proof housing, strengthen the access to sanitation services, and improves the availability of health services. One of the areas of previous focus has been improving disaster preparedness through improved meteorological services and warning systems. This theme is picked up and expanded in this NDC as climate change is expected increase the frequency of extreme events. This chapter proposes measures that build upon existing initiatives to deliver an increasing developmental impetus to the country including: • Basic infrastructure and services that are climate resilient. Climate-proof all public infrastructure to minimize disruption in events of extreme climate events, with focus on housing, health, education, water and sanitation, energy, and communication infrastructure. lmproving building codes for these infrastructures to withstand extreme climate events is key. This action will reduce the risk of disruption of service provision, accessibility to the basic social services and humanitarian aid in event of disaster. • Human settlement development decisions that are informed by intreated risks assessment, risk maps, and GIS databases. ldeally, these tools are integrated into coordinated land use planning and that can identify climate risk zones to be avoided or adjust the settlement to be resilient to the extreme climate events. • Strengthening Climate Services in Lesotho for Climate Resilient Development and Adaptation to Climate Change (EWS Il} aiming at expanding the coverage area and reach more communities. Use the lessons learned from the previous project in this area, and improve coordination with the other sectors (e.g., agriculture, water, tourism) and beneficiaries (farmers, extension service officers) by providing information in appropriate language. The outcomes should include increased number of sectors and communities that have access to appropriate and timely early warning information, appropriate and timely information of the EWS provided to different stakeholders, and reduced vulnerabilities and improved preparedness and response to climate hazards. • Provisions of safety nets for disaster recovery. This includes the establishment of a national insurance mechanism to support disaster management and preparedness. • Housing improvement with suitable sanitation and improved of construction codes. The potential occurrence of malaria will mean the need to introduce mosquito nets in the buildings, while increased temperature will also mean more ventilated buildings and other facilities. Housing development planning should be consistent with local community's culture but avoid areas with risk of flooding and land si ide and soil erosion. Table 3: Adaptation measures for to human settlements. NDC MEASURE INDICATOR BASELINE TARGET RESPONSIBLE OTHER KEY MITIGATION ALIGNMENT TIMELINE 1 1 1 1 DEPARTMENT 1 ~M:~~l~l~:TIN I CO-BENEFITS I WITH SDGs • • 1. Strengthen standards No specific guidelines to climate proof roads Number of climate proofed established for 10 climate proof codes revised by Roads Di recto rate Department of Roads Reduced emissions V V and critical public infrastructure codes climate proof 2025. resulting from Department of infrastructure. including: infrastructure. Building reduced travel Gender • Standard Guidelines for the Design time on the ~ specifications for integration of climate Services Local major roads change in national, Authorities and energy Il roads and bridges -Volume 1 sectoral, and local Department savings from ' LMS policies, strategies, of Public buildings. • Design guidelines and development Works for low volume plans. roads-Volume 2 • Design Standards and Guidelines for Pavement Materials Design - Volume 3 • Design Standards and Guideline for Pavement Rehabilitation - Volume 826 2. lmprove Flood risk maps Guidelines for the Flood risk maps Building District Emissions V V infrastructure for flood contrais and minimize flooding impacts on development status. Options of flood integration of climate change in national, sectoral, and local established and implemented country wide. Design Services Government Organizations reductions from rebuilding I! Il contrai measures and Department Local communities. policies, strategies, effort demand flood recovery plan. implementation of of Public Community reduction. flood contrai Works

26 World Bank, 2023. National climate risk and vulnerability assessment for roads in Lesotho (P172476). World Bank Grou p. and development measures and LMS Department of plans. flood recovery Gender Disaster plans in place Management Local including: Authority Authorities m Design standards and explanatory notes for bridges, ' culverts, and low- level structures. 3. lmprove integrated risk (multi-hazard) Status of climate risk and vulnerability No integrated multi- hazard climate Assessment reports of integrated risk Disaster Management Department of Land Not applicable v assessment and evaluation reports, vulnerability in and vulnerability Authority Management ■ vulnerability mapping including risk and existence. But there and maps prepared UN WFP FAO Lesotho for response planning. vulnerability maps. are annual by 2025 and Meteorologica Red Cross vulnerability updated every 1Services assessments on food three years. Department of and nutrition Gender security. ~ Local Authorities 4. Establish a national insurance fund for Status of the feasibility of Lesotho is signatory of the African Risk Status of the feasibility of Disaster Management Department of Land Not applicable v v disaster management assessment for the Capacity, but no assessment for the Authority Management and preparedness. establishment of a national instrument establishment of a Ministry of UNWFP lncluding relocation national climate for climate insu rance national climate Finance and programmes to facilitate insu rance has been scoped and insu rance Department of Development relocation of instrument. assessed in detail. instrument Gender Planning communities from completed by Local disaster prone to safer 2025. Authorities climate areas. S. Set up GIS- based climate database management systems to support policy Status of an integrated GIS-based information repository system to National land caver database and other thematic maps developed, but no GIS-based climate change support data base: Integrated National Disaster Management Authority National University of Lesotho Not applicable m ✓ ✓ Il Lesotho UN FAO, WFP, development, planning, support climate integrated database database with ail ' Meteorologica UNDP etc. This includes land change related to support climate layers needed to 1Service caver data, risk data, etc. decision making. change decision support climate Department of data base. change related Gender decision making Department of established by Land 2030. Management Sail and Water Conservation 6. Strengthening Multi-sector EWS Early Warning Provision of Disaster World Vision Not applicable 1~ ' '' 1 ✓ ✓ Climate Services in established. Systems Il project appropriate, Management Red Cross Lesotho for Climate Number of under accurate and Authority ... : :::::: m Resilient Development implementation timely early Local beneficiaries Lesotho and Adaptation to aiming at the warning Government (sectors, institutions, Meteorologica Climate Change (EWS Il) establishment of information to communities) of the 1Service National aiming at expanding the multisector EWS. different EWS. University of Il coverage area and reach stakeholders. Lesotho more communities. Ali economic and Application of the Department of social development lessons learned from the Gender sectors and previous system in this Communities area and improve benefit from coordination with other information of the sectors and beneficiaries EWS. by providing information in appropriate language. 7. Promote construction Percentage of About 30% of the 100% of the Department Department of Not applicable of resilient households living in households live in households living in of Public Gender m infrastructure and climate resilient with roofs made of climate resilient Works Local sanitation facilities to housing. thatch/straw. houses, with access Disaster Authorities reduce losses and to toilets and Percentage of 44% of the total Management damage to housing sanitation services. LMS households with population has Authority infrastructure and Il access to modern access to modern reduce incidence of sanitation and toilet sanitation solutions climate related facilities. {46% and 43% diseases. ■ coverage in urban and rural areas, ' respectively). About 30 % of households do not have access to any toi let facilities. 3.1.3.3 Local Economy The national economy is highly interconnected and directly or indirectly all sectors will be impacted by climate change (Table 4). Impacts will vary by sector and will be felt through the impact of climate change on water availability, land productivity or useability, people's ability to work in a changing environment, or the impact in key infrastructure such as transport. Given this complexity, it is not relevant to delve into each sector in-depth, but rather, to focus on the key impacts and suggest actions that can increase the economy's resilience. lt is also important to note that the Water, Hu man Settlements, and AFOLU sectors are strongly linked to the economy and its recommendations and outputs will also support an improved economy. For example, the National Strategic Development Plan Il identifies manufacturing and technology alongside tourism and agriculture as four key pillars for the development of the Lesotho economy27 • ln this NDC the tourism and agriculture sectors are addressed through multiple measures as they are dependent on natural resources and provide ready options. On the other hand, technology and manufacturing are less directly impacted and present less options. Related to water and AFOLU, adapting the economy to minimize the impact of climate change is currently centres on reducing the impact to the agriculture sector and food production. However, other efforts to support a thriving economy that is resilient to climate change involve diversification into other industries to reduce reliance on agriculture as well as creating new sources of incarne for people and the country. Potential options for diversification include ecotourism and forestry. Diversification with appropriate support for the creation of the needed skills will also create a wider base of educated professionals and related infrastructure that can spur further growth around these new industries and even branching out into new industries. Similarly, the proposed industries present significant synergies with climate change actions in terms of providing direct economic, conservation, and mitigation co-benefits to Lesotho arising from adaptation efforts. Supporting the adaptation journey for the Lesotho's economy will be linked to the achievement of objectives in other sectors, but sector exclusive measures include: • lncreasing the capacities of local people to engage in activities in the sectors of Tourism industry and agriculture (referred as the areas with high potential for job creation for low skilled people). Initiatives such as Man and Biosphere (MAB), Smallholder Agriculture Development Project (SADP), Wool and Mohair Promotion Project (WAMPP) projects would provide good lessons that could be expanded to other regions of the country. At least one community in each district engaged in sustainable eco-based business. Ensure inclusive climate change adaptation planning and implementation processes. • Capacity building is required at all levels, including high level decision-makers, technicians, and community in general. Capacities are needed to understand the impacts of climate change and the advantages of adapting now to reduce the risk and the cost in the future. Inter sectoral coordination, project implementation, data collection and systematization, and report writing capacities are also crucial.

27 Government of Lesotho. (2021). National Strategic Development Plan Il 2018/19 ta 2022/23. https://www.gov.ls/wp- content/ up Ioa ds/2021/06/Nationa I-Strategic-Deve la pm ent -PI an-II-2018-19-2022-23. pdf Table 4: Adaptation measures related to the Economy - NDC MEASURE INDICATOR BASELINE TARGET RESPONSIBLE OTHER KEY MITIGATION ALIGNMEN TIMELINE DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING 1 CO-BENEFITS TWITH 1 I ENTITIES 1 SDGs 1 1 1 1. Strengthening and Number of 12 rural villages of 20 communities Department of Limkokwing Reduced V V stabilizing ecotourism based rural livelihoods. This includes climate communities engaged in eco- tourism. Sehlabathebe National Park with partial and limited participating in eco- tourism business related initiatives. Tourism Lesotho University Lesotho emissions from greening Il change adaptation research and capacity Research and capacity building participation. There is a nucleus Countrywide implementation of Tourism Development Corporation UNESCO, UNDP Department of tourism industry. li Il building in the tourism- Environ ment ' program on of researchers in research and recreation sector. National tourism- community and capacity building Department of University of recreation in place. eco-tourism in Lesotho that needs program in the tourism-recreation Lesotho Culture •• '~~ , !Ill~, Department of m to be strengthened sector. Gender {e.g., 2a, 29). Local Authorities 2. ldentify and assess Status of No specific Report of Department of UNESCO Reduced V V tourist sites vulnerable to Climate Change and provide appropriate assessment of the tourism areas vulnerable to vulnerability assessment has been conducted to assessment of the tourism areas vulnerable to Tourism Lesotho UNDP UN WFP, FAO emissions from greening Il policies and adaptation climate change. the tourism sector climate change Tourism Disaster tourism Il ' m strategies including: in Lesotho. completed by 2030. Development industry. Number of Management • Assessment of eco- tourism operators No specific Guidelines for a Corporation Authority tourism risks and implementing guidelines for climate resilient opportunities in Department of extreme weather climate change tourism sector and Lesotho. Gender preparedness. resilience in the extreme weather preparedness 1 1

28 Limpho Lekaota, 2016. Rural communities' participation in the planning and management of tourism developments: a case study from Lesotho African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Vol. 5 (4): http://www.ajhtl.com/u ploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_lS _vol_S _ 4_.pdf

29 Makwindi, N. & Ndlovu, J. {2021). Prospects and Challenges of Community-Based Tourism as a Livelihood Diversification Strategy at Sehlabathebe National Park in Lesotho. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1):333-348. DOi: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-104 • lmproved Number of sector of tourism implemented by Local Authorities preparedness to tourism operators Lesotho. 2025. extreme events. with a "green 60 tourism • Greening tourism label". operators that industry. complywith extreme weather preparedness and "green label" by 2030. 3. lnclude resource efficiency criteria in the Status of Green Label for tourism No national green label for tourism Green Label for tourism industry Department of Tourism Limkokwing University Reduced emissions v v grading of tourist industry established in standards Lesotho from Lesotho Il facilities. standards. Lesotho. established by greening Tourism Department of 2025. tourism Number of tourist Gender Development industry. m facilities granted 60 tourist facilities Corporation Local Authorities the 'green' label. granted 'green' labels by 2030. v v Il 4. Support and Number of No statistics on the 600 people Department of Ministry of Reduced loss implement programmes people involved number of people involved in Environ ment Finance and of forest for alternative in alternative involved in alternative Development caver. sustainable livelihoods. This includes eco- tourism, recycling sustainable industries. Number of sustainable local business. However, there are scattered sustainable industries by 2030. 60 companies or Planning Lesotho Revenue Authority Reduced emissions from Il ' industries, locally produced goods and services, cultural, heritage, AC technicians, companies or cooperatives established in initiatives in agriculture, tourism, and SME providing cooperatives established in sustainable Ministry of Trade, lndustry & Small Business greening of related industries. 1 m sustainable industries by 2030. forestry, biodiversity sustainable local industries. Department of management, waste produce and Cooperatives and management, etc. content. Marketing S. Develop a program to Number of pilot There are no 2 Pilot programs Department of Tertiary Reduced loss ✓ ✓ engage rural communities specifically on alternative programs that engage rural communities. statistics on the number of community training that engage rural communities in alternative Labour Ministry of Institutions of forest cover. Il li Education and Reduced sustainable industries programs, but sustainable Number of Training emissions with a strong capacity there are ongoing industries capacity building from building component. initiatives across developed and programmes implemented. the country in sectors such as implemented by 2025. greening of related Il m industries. agriculture and

10 Capacity food security. building programs in alternative sustainable industries implemented by 2030. ■ 6. Support the Number of Contents on 2 programmes Council on Tertiary Reduced loss ✓ ✓ development of programs offered climate change developed and Higher Institutions of forest technical courses to to meet Lesotho have been offered at Education cover. Ministry of Il train technicians to climate change introduced in intermediate and Ministry of Education & Reduced support sustainable related specific different subjects in higher education to Education and Training emissions industries. needs. the teaching meet Lesotho Training from Number of trained curricula, but no specific degree or climate change related specific Local Government greening of related Il ' m specialization is needs by 2025. technicians. industries. offered yet on 100 trained climate change. technicians at intermediate and higher education level by 2030. 7. Capacity development and awareness on climate % of public and private orga n izations No specific data on climate change awareness or 50 % of public and private organizations National Climate Change Various m ✓ ✓ Il change at local level and aware of climate district and council aware of climate Committee national level including change impacts in plans. change impacts in LMS private sector and civil Lesotho. Lesotho by 2025, Il society. increasing to 100% Local by 2030. government 3.1.3.4 AFOLU and food security As previously mentioned, the AFOLU sector in Lesotho is closely linked with the other key priority sectors, especially the local economy and the water sectors as they are intrinsically linked (Table 5). As such, many of the measures identified provide benefits for several of the sectors, and with the current focus on food security the existing measures tend ta be grouped on AFOLU. The proposed measures for the AFOLU sector aim to support the mission of a strongly adapted sector that is resilient to climate variability. An adapted AFOLU sector is able ta continue the productivity of the land despite climate variability, maintain biodiversity and habitats in a changing environment, and conserves or improves the quality/support capacity of the land over time. The measures proposed aim ta support these outcomes over time including: • The application of integrated land-use planning in the development of new measures to increase resilience to climate change. These systems need ta integrate land use planning, improved production systems for increased productivity, processing, and storage for added value, and market systems. Further, integrated production systems should consider the creation of local capacities, consider women and marginalized groups, and include the most vulnerable. • Integrated land use planning is a basis for inter sectoral coordination to reduce vulnerability in land-based sectors such as agriculture, human settlements and urban planning, infrastructure, among others. While there are actions being carried out in land use planning, it seems that they are focused within each sector and do not integrate different land use needs and capacities. • The implementation of conservation agriculture practices to support increased productivity while limiting the impact on the soil quality and secure the long-term viability of agricultural activity. Similarly access ta climate resilient seeds and climate smart practices and technologies can support improved productive and reduce the food insecurity issues. • Many people in Lesotho are still food insecure, and the situation is aggravated by climate change. As such, strategies ta address food insecurity need ta have climate change as one of the core components and consider the variations on productivity caused by climate change (i.e., drought, extreme events, etc.). • lncrease the forest cover in Lesotho, which is currently very low and located mainly within conservation areas. Support increased forest caver will support the recovery of degraded land, reduce erosion, increase habitat, and provide co-benefits by sequestering carbon. Forest expansion requires increased plantation efforts of non-invasive and native species, combined with much stronger protection for planted and existing forest. Table 5: Adaptation measures related to AFOLU and food production. 1 NDC MEASURE 1 INDICATOR 1 BASELINE 1 TARGET RESPONSIBLE

1 DEPARTMENT OTHER KEY l IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS I MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS I ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE LAND USE PLANNING 1. Land use management - Number of district councils Ongoing preparation of 10 district councils that Local Government Local Authorities lncrease in soil carbon v v Department of Land Develop an integrated adopting Integrated adopted an storage Management Department of land use and integrated land Catch ment integrated land capacity and Gender management plan management Development use plan by 2030. Department of reduced plans. Plans by ReNOKA Crops GIZ, EU, UN emissions focusing on 64 community at national level FAO, WFP from the use conservation Number of councils with Department of and catchment of agriculture and community integrated land Forestry NGOs management conservation forestry practices and councils adopting management area level 30 . Department of Soil agriculture related concepts. integrated land plans by 2030. and Water (avoided use management 11 urban councils Conservation of chemical plans. with integrated fertilizers) Number of urban land councils adopting management integrated land plans by 2030. management plans. v v Il 2. Land degradation Number of Over 60% of the Rehabilitate Department of Land Grazing Emission slow/stop. lmplement hectares country is 600,000 hectares Management Associations reduction m plans for the protected. classified as of degraded land associated Local Government Local management and degraded to functionality with reduced Number of Authorities reclamation of rangelands. by 2030. Department of soil erosion hectares of degraded land (in line Range Resources Ministry of and land rehabilitated Convert 135,600 with the Lesotho's Management Agriculture, degradation Il rangelands. ha of bush land Food Security back to rangeland and Nutrition by 2030.

30 ReNOKA (2022). The integrated programme for integrated catch ment management in Lesotho. Operational Plan 2022. https://renoka.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ReNOKA_Operational-Plan-2022.pdf Land Degradation Hait the Neutrality31 targets). conversion of forests and rangelands to other land cover. 3. Land use planning legislation. lmplement land use planning law and national land-use Status of integrated land use legislation. Number of Outdated land use plan in use. ReNOKA project has potential to Integrated land use legislation enacted by 2025. 10 districts that Local Government Land Administration Authority (LAA) UN FAO, WFP National University of Emissions reduction from improved m 1 v v Il Lesotho policy integrating provide inputs for Soil and Water land use districts have adopted the climate change revised land use Conservation Local implementing integrated land adaptation. policy. Authorities land use use plans and Department of management management by Livestock Services ReNOKA plans. 2030. 4. Land Conservation. lncrease land under Proportion of national land Protected areas account for 0.5% 12% of national land under Department of Soil and Water Local Authorities Emission reduction v v conservation and under of the country's conservation Conservation associated Grazing protection (in line with conservation total area. 33 areas by 2030. with soil Department of Associations the NBSAP and IUCN conservation areas categories 32 ). areas. Percentage of highland areas under conservation. 49% of Lesotho Highlands under some form of conservation management by Environ ment Department of Water Local Government Department of Land Use Planning erosion and land degradation l1 2030.

31 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. (2019). Land degradation neutrality target setting in the Kingdom of Lesotho: Summary report. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn targets/2019- 03/Lesotho%20LDN%20TSP%20Country%20Report.pdf

32 International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2020). State of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and Southern Africa: Country Profile - Lesotho. BIOPAMA Programme. http://s3.amazonaws.com/biopama- rris.rcmrd.org/s3fs-public/2021-02/IUCN2020%20ESA%20SoPACA%20Country%20Profile%20-%20Lesotho.pdf

33 World Bank. (n.d.). Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) - Lesotho. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?locations=LS AGRICULTURE S. Livestock. Promote Percentage of No specific data Livestock under Department of NGOs Reduction of ✓ ✓ the diversification of livestock and livestock management livestock under improved management available on the percentage of livestock under improved management to 60% by 2030. Livestock Services Department of Range Resources Lesotho Agricultural College methane emission from livestock I! practices, including livestock species (zero grazing and rotational grazing, improved grazing, but there are lncrease women, youth, and Management Farmers, Farmer Emission reductions Il ' m resilient to climate etc.). pilot projects Department of Associations vulnerable groups from restored change. promoting Agricu ltu ra 1 Disaggregated engagedin Local pastures different Research data on the livestock Authorities alternative percentage of diversification to Faculty of grazing practices Grazing Il most vulnerable 35% by 2030. Agriculture, around the Associations groups (women, National University country. youth)engagedin of Lesotho Herders Il improved Local livestock ' Authorities management. Department of Gender I! ✓ ✓ 6. Conservation Percentage of No data available 50% of land Department of UN FAO, WFP lncrease in ' agriculture. Reinforce land under on land under under Crops soil carbon Department for conservation conservation conservation conservation storage Department of Water Affairs Il agriculture practices agriculture. agriculture, but agriculture capacity and Engineering and ' (low water irrigation, an ongoing practices by 2030. Farmers reduced Number of Irrigation (Ministry m soil conservation, herd project 34 can emissions hectares under Number of of Agriculture, Food Farmers size limiting, etc) generate this from the irrigation. hectarage under Security and Associations through economic, information. avoided use irrigation to Nutrition) technical, and Percentage of Local of chemical lrrigated land 1250038 ha by awareness support. 1 total agricultural area was 3000 hectares in 2020 35 2030. 1 Authorities 1 fertilizers. Il

34 World Bank (n.d). Smallholder agriculture development project - Il (2019-2026). https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/Pl65228?1ang=en

35 Knoema. (n.d.). Lesotho-Total area equipped for irrigation. World Data Atlas. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://knoema.com/atlas/Lesotho/topics/Land-Use/Area/Total-area-equipped-for-irrigation 38According ta FAO, this is the maximum land area with potential for irrigation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {2005). AQUASTAT Country Profile - Lesotho. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i9750en/l9750EN.pdf land under Less than 1% of lncrease the irrigation systems the arable land is proportion of under irrigation 36, irrigated land to 37 4% by 2030 7. Crops. Promote and Percentage of Farmer saved lncrease the Department of FAO CO2 removal v v support the access to climate change resilient crops farmers with access to quality seed. seed and seed from social networks for percentage of farmers having access to quality Crops Department of Agricu ltu ra 1 Lesotho Agricultural College from crop biomass I! Il (drought and pest maize, sorghum, seed to 20% by Disaggregated Research ' resistant). This and wheat 2030. National data on the includes a component accounts for 80%, University of proportion of lncrease m of capacity building on the remainder Lesotho farmers adopting proportion of farming these crops cornes from the new climate farmers especially Farmers optimally. market and seed smart crop women, youth, aid. Local technologies. vulnerable groups Authorities Il Localseed adopting new production is at climate smart Department of infancy and there crop technologies Gender are currently 67 to 20% by 2030. Farmers individual seed Association growers who produce maize and bean seeds. 39

36 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (2022). Draft National Irrigation Policy of 2021. Kingdom of Lesotho.

37 World Bank. (n.d.). Agricultural land area equipped for irrigation (% of total agricultural land) - Lesotho. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https:ljdata.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS?locations=LS

39 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). Seed security assessment - Lesotho 2016: Response to the drought effects related to El Nino. https://www.fao.org/3/i6086e/i6086e.pdf 8. Food and Nutrition Status of food Lesotho Food and Climate change Department of UN FAO, WFP Not ✓ ✓ security. lmproving food and nutrition security by security policies and strategies with regards to Nutrition Policy 2016-2025 40 in place but climate mainstreamed into the Lesotho Food and Crops Department of Ministry of Agriculture, applicable Il I! Agricu ltu ra 1 Food Security , implementing an climate change. change is nota Nutrition Policy Research and Nutrition updated food security core issue. by 2025 m % of the policy/strategy that Other population that is 508,125 people Zero hunger by mainstreams climate Development food insecure. are food 2030 (in line with change impacts and Partners insecure41 SDG 2) Il adaptation needs. FORESTRY Il ✓ ✓ 9. Forestry expansion. Number of 17,100 ha of 61,325 ha of Department of Local lncreased Expand afforestation hectares of planted forests 42 planted forests by Forestry Authorities capacity for m programmes with planted forests 2030 43 . Carbon Department of Land Local climate considerations sequestration Management Government such as promoting drought tolerant, fast- Sail and Water growing species. 10. Forestry. Area of protected Protected areas lncreased legally conservation Department of Local lncreased Il ✓ ✓ Strengthening legal forest. account for 0.5% protected forests Forestry Authorities capacity for protection for of the country's to 5% of the Carbon Department of Department of plantations, total area. 44 country's total sequestration endangered tree species, and critical habitats. land area. Environ ment Culture Il '

40 Food and Agriculture Organization (n.d.). Lesotho: National policy on irrigation. Retrieved September S, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC209966/

41 World Food Programme. (n.d.). Lesotho. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.wfp.org/countries/lesotho

42 Food and Agriculture Organization (2014). Global forest resources assessment 2015: Country report - Lesotho. https://www.fao.org/3/az258e/az258e.pdf

43 Government of Lesotho. (2021). Lesotho'sfirst biennial update report (BUR 1). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAI BURl.pdf

44 World Bank. (n.d.). Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) - Lesotho. Retrieved September 5, 2024, fro m https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.LND.PTLD.ZS?locations=LS m 11. Forestry. Promote Number of No information 4 research and Department of National Not Il research, education, research and was found on education Agricu ltu ra 1 Curriculum applicable and local consultation education forestry research integrated Research Development as key needs to integrated and education programmes in Centre Lesotho Agricultural develop strategies programmes in programme. agriculture, College National from lessons learnt agriculture, forestry, and land University of derived from forestry, and land use by 2030. Lesotho College of Lesotho experience. use. Education 12. Capacity building Percentage of No data available lncrease capacity Ministry of FAO, WFP Not applicable v v on climate change. Capacity building is technicians, and community staff and community and awareness on climate smart Agriculture, Food Security and I! ' m needed at all levels. members with members trained agriculture to Nutrition Capacity building awareness to on climate smart 50% of the climate smart agriculture, but technicians Local Government includes extension agriculture an ongoing {government and workers, farmers, and Il project45 has civil society) and Department of Land local leaders in Climate ' potential to the community. Management Smart Agriculture generate this Practices information

45 World Bank (n.d). Smallholder agriculture development project - Il (2019-2026). https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P165228?1ang=en 3.2 Mitigation 3.2.1 Baseline The focus of mitigation is on actions that aim to reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sinks on various emitting sectors (energy, IPPU, Waste, AFOLU). The mitigation objectives in the 2017 NDC are very generalised with a countrywide unconditional target of a 10% GHG emission reduction by 2030 from the assessed BAU emissions level, and an additional 25% reduction dependent on the international support for mitigation actions. The key sectors and/or actions that were mentioned in the 2017 NDC for mitigation are: • Energy - lmproved government direction and policy certainty for markets through the development of policy and strategy documents; increased access to low carbon technologies including: o Substitution of lower quality (higher emissions) energy technologies and reduction of traditional household fuels, especially firewood, coal, dung and illuminating paraffin for the areas that cannot be effectively electrified. This can also reduce deforestation, reduce health impacts of smoke inhalation and accidentai household fires. o lmproving energy efficiency to lower energy intensities across key economic sectors such as Transport, lndustry, Buildings (Residential, Commercial, lnstitutional, and lndustrial), Public lighting and Agriculture. o Decarbonizing Transportation through improved vehicle efficiency, improved system-wide efficiency, and mode switching (e.g., from passenger vehicles to mass transit). • IPPU - Reduction of emissions of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants from refrigeration and air conditioning activities; reduction of emissions from industry. • Waste - lmproved methane capture from landfill and implementation of waste incineration with waste recovery; improved wastewater treatment to reduce methane emissions. • Agriculture- lmprove agricultural practices to reduce gastroenteric fermentation emissions; promote biodigesters for agricultural waste processing. • Forestry - lncrease forestation and afforestation activities as well as increasing/improving protected forest reserves. lt is of note that aside from the headline targets, the 2017 NDC does not provide targets for the indicated areas of mitigation action outside of the energy sector. One of the key gaps observed in the

2017 NDC was a lack of sectoral targets for IPPU, Waste, and AFOLU to spur specific activities in each of the indicated sectors. The targeted mitigation contributions targeted in this updated NDC are expressed in terms of the reductions compared to an estimated "business-as-usual" (BAU)emissions path. The estimation of the BAU path is based on a number of assumptions related to economic growth, population, and planned policies and strategies. Therefore, the updated NDC presents an increased ambition for GHG reduction (compared to the 2017 NDC) generated largely through improved target setting in the different emitting sectors listed above. Mitigation actions with high GHG abatement potential and closely aligned with the sustainable development objectives ofthe country have been prioritised for implementation over the period 2022 to 2030. The development of this NDC included the review and assessment of existing policies, strategies, and national documentation at a national or sectoral level including the National Strategic Development Plan Il (2018/19 - 2022/23), Lesotho Climate Change Policy and lmplementation Strategy (2017), Lesotho Energy Policy 2015 - 2025, Lesotho's 3rd National Communication (2021), Lesotho's ist Bien niai Update Report (2021), Lesotho's 4th National Green ho use Gas lnventory Report

2019 (LMS, 2019) and Lesotho's 1st Biennial Update Report 2020 (LMS, 2021). Relevant data were collected from pertinent sources and subsectors. ln general, low-carbon and energy-efficient practices and circular economy concepts are supported through the above policy directions. The process to review and update this NDC included a series of steps designed to increase robustness of the data produced, and agreement/ownership of the results and proposed measures from the key stakeholders in Lesotho that will need to implement these measures in the coming years. This included an extensive document review, data collection, model development and validation, stakeholder consultation, and validation workshops where results were discussed with wider audiences to support buy-in. The technical analysis of the mitigation comprises five concisely defined methodological steps: 1) Preparing an updated BAU Scenario 2) Preparing updated GHG abatement policy scenarios for 2030 3) Setting 2025 interim and 2030 final NDC targets 4) Prioritising mitigation interventions and indicator selection S) Determining conditional and unconditional policy action 3.2.1.1 BAU GHG emissions projection until 2030 ln the BAU projection carried out for the revised NDC, emissions rise from 5.6 MtCO2-eq in 2011 to 7.2 MtCO2-eq in 2030, this is an increase of 28% over this period (Figure 4). The growth from 2020 is limited to 18% over the period. This projection differs significantly from the projections generated for the 2017 NDC as there have been a major redevelopment of the inventories that changed the baseline data. As such, the emission reductions estimated in this report are based on the inventory data reported in the First BUR {2021). The BAU emissions path estimated for the 2017 NDC can be observed in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4, energy is, and will continue to be, the largest emitting sector with its total contribution increasing from 46% of the total in 2011 to 54% by 2030. This is largely, due to the reliance on fossil fuels for transport, industry, and many household end-uses. This means that while the other sectors continue to increase in ove ra li emissions, the proportion of their contributions and profile will decrease over time. However, it is essential to understand that all sectors have an equal imperative to achieve emissions reductions as it is important to find the most cost-effective and easiest savings regardless of the sector. Figure 4: Projection of BAU GHG emissions for the 2011-2030 period). 3.2.2 Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions projections The 2017 Lesotho National Greenhouse Gas lnventory Report constitutes the basis for the projection of GHG emissions in the BAU scenario. Activity data was extracted from the report, where possible, as a basis for the projection. Where activity level data was not available, the BAU emissions were projected directly using the annual population growth of 0.72% up to 2030 and a projected GDP growth of 2.6 % annually. The projection was carried out on a reporting category level, using bath or only GDP growth projections, as appropriate. An overview on applied drivers of change for the projects is provided in Table 6. For the energy sector, the GACMO model was used to generate projections and estimates savings. The starting point for the projection, 2017, CO2 emissions from the fuel combustion sectors were estimated using the energy balance data for Lesotho from the UN Statistics Division. For the remaining emissions from the energy sector, the Lesotho 2017 GHG Emissions lnventory was used. Growth rates for the BAU scenario were based on the historical GHG emissions trends from the GHG emissions inventory BURl {2011-2017). Table 6: Projection Factors for BAU GHG emissions path estimation from 2011 to 2030. GHG reporting category Applied projection factors lAla Energy emissions related to: Fuel Combustion Activities BAU emissions were estimated using 1A2 - Energy Industries - Main Activity Electricity and Heat the GACMO model. 1A3 Production - Electricity Generation - Transport - Road Assumed annual growth rate for BAU 1A4a Transport - Cars - Residential. scenario were based on the historical 1A4b lAS .. growth rate from BURl {2011-2017): lndustry 2.3% .. Transport 4.1% Households 1.5% . Services 1.6% Agriculture 1.5% 2A4a lndustrial Processes and Product Use - Minerai lndustry Average clay consumption per capita - Other Process Uses of Carbonates -Ceramics (2011-2017) as starting point, projection using GDP growth and population increase. 2Fla lndustrial Processes and Product Use - Product Uses as HFC consumption trends resulting Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances - from Montreal Protocol obligations Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - Refrigeration and (implementation of HCFC phase-out Stationary Air Conditioning and HFC phase-down). 2H2 lndustrial Processes and Product Use - Other - Food and Average beer production per capita Beverage lndustry (2011-2017) as starting point, projection using GDP growth and population increase. 3A1 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Livestock - Average head per capita (2011-2017) Enteric fermentation as starting point, projection using population growth (separate time 1 series for each livestock category). 3A2 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Livestock - Average head per capita (2011-2017) Manure management as starting point, projection using population growth (separate time series for each livestock category). 3B1a Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Land Constant 3Cla Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Accounted as disturbance under sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - 3B1a. Emission from Biomass Burning - Biomass burning in Forest Lands 3Clc Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Constant sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - Emission from Biomass Burning - Biomass burning in 1 Grasslands 3C3 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Per capita emission projection based sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - Urea on average urea application per Application capita (2011-2017} as starting point, projection using population growth. 3C4 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Per capita emission projection based sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - Direct on average emissions per capita N2O emissions from managed soils (2011-2017) as starting point, projection using population growth.

3CS Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Per capita emission projection based sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - on average emissions per capita Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils (2011-2017) as starting point, projection using population growth. 3C6 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - Aggregate Per capita emission projection based sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land - on average emissions per capita Indirect N2O emissions from manure management (2011-2017) as starting point, projection using population growth.

4A Waste - Solid Waste Disposai Per capita emission projection based on GDP growth, multiplied with projected population. 4C1 Waste - lncineration and Open Burning of Waste - Historie per capita emission Waste lncineration multiplied with projected population. 4C2 Waste - lncineration and Open Burning of Waste - Open Per capita emission projection based Burning of Waste on historie CAGR (2011-2017), multiplied with projected population.

4D Waste - Wastewater Treatment and Discharge Per capita emission projection based on historie CAGR (2011-2017), 1 multiplied with projected population. 3.2.3 Mitigation targets For this NDC, the government of the Kingdom of Lesotho is committed to an unconditional reduction of GHG emissions of 6 % (419 ktCO2eq) from the BAU by the year 2030. Further, the government of the Kingdom of Lesotho commits to an additional conditional reduction of GHG emissions of 18 % (1,270 ktCO2eq) from the 2021 baseline by the year 2030, provided that commensurate international support is received in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building to cover the full cost of implementing proposed additional mitigation actions, bringing the total emission reduction to 24 % or 1,689 ktCO2eq below BAU emission levels in 2030 to achieve these emissions reductions. 3.2.3.1 Sectoral targets One of the proposed upgrades for this NDC, is presentation of sectoral targets to support specific action within each of the sectors. The proposed targets were generated based on the availability of policy and technical options to reduce emissions in each of the sectors as well as activities that are already being carried out in sectors to reduce emissions such as in forestry and IPPU. The sectoral targets are also aimed to be challenging, yet achievable through the implementation of concerted action. Lesotho commits to the following sectoral targets in support of the overall target: 1. Energy - Lesotho commits to unconditionally reduce its GHG emissions in the energy sector by 4.2% (166 ktCO2eq) by 2030. Additionally, Lesotho commits to a further reduction 25.8% (1,017 ktCO2eq) by 2030 conditional to timely and adequate international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building to cover the full cost of implementing the proposed additional mitigation actions. This brings the total emission reduction to 30.1% (1,183 ktCO2eq) below BAU by 2030. 2. lndustrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) - Lesotho commits to unconditionally reduce emissions from the IPPU sector by 25% by 2030 (24 ktCO2eq) compared to the BAU, mainly through the implementation of Kigali Protocol in the cooling sector. A further 25% (24 ktCO2eq) reduction commitment is conditional to the necessary international support to accelerate a reduction on the reliance of HFCs. 3. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) - Lesotho commits to unconditionally reduce emissions from the AFOLU sector by 6% (164 ktCO2eq) by 2030 compared to the BAU through the implementation of forestry cover and sustainable farming practices measures. Another 6% (164 ktCO2eq) reduction commitment is conditional on international support provided to increase reforestation efforts and sustainable agriculture advancement. 4. Waste - Lesotho commits to unconditionally reduce emissions from the waste sector by 15% by 2030 (65 ktCO2eq) compared to the BAU through the implementation of recycling and waste separation initiatives. A conditional commitment to further reduce waste emissions if sufficient support is received to improve access to formai waste management and expand sustainable waste management practices can increase emissions reductions by another 15% (65 ktCO2eq) in the period. lt is important to note that aside from the emissions reductions from direct mitigation actions, the Government of Lesotho expects emissions reduction co-benefits from the effective implementation of adaptation actions. This is especially sa lient in the AFOLU sector as actions in this sector focus on sustainable agriculture and would require some reductions in herd sizes, soil improvement (which can increase carbon sequestration in the soil), improved forest cover, and more. The total expected co-benefits cannot be estimated at the moment due to lack of data, and the fact that they are dependent on the form that adaptation actions take, but they could significantly increase total reductions. Figure 5 Conditional and unconditional emissions reductions targets for Lesotho. 3.2.4 Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures aim to reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sinks in the country to minimize its contribution to climate change. Within the NDC, mitigation measures are usually divided into: • Unconditional/Unilateral measures, which the country commits to implement from its own resource pool although they may request technical support, • Conditional/Supported measures, which can only be implemented with the aid from the international community. International aid may include technology transfers, technical assistance, and financial support or any combination of the three. The overall aim of this NDC update is to increase the ambition of the mitigation commitment to the highest feasible extent for Lesotho and spell out the support that is required to achieve the implementation. To this end, periodic, long-term planning cycles need to be established as a recurring iterative process. A long-term planning process can include regular short-term planning cycles, informed by long-term objectives. For example, regular NDC or national climate action planning cycles cou Id provide an opportunity to regularly reassess current policy pathways, and new developments which may affect the range of possible ambition. As part of the NDC action development process, a long list of possible actions was developed to cast wide net of realistic, actionable, emissions reduction option within each of the sectors. From this long lista shorter and more focused list would be developed containing only the most significant and realizable options. This section proposes as total of 26 mitigation measures, with 14 of them aimed at the energy sector as it has the largest emissions and presents the most opportunities to reduce emissions. The individual measures are presented on sectoral basis in the sub-chapters below. 3.2.4.1 Energy The energy sector has a huge mitigation potential available to explore for this update of Lesotho's NDC to achieve deep emissions reductions. Mitigation initiatives in this sector needed to consider that the electricity generated nationally is 100% renewable. Therefore, several mitigation options based on renewable energy power generation projects have been excluded from this analysis as they would not results in net emissions reductions of emissions from Lesotho. As such reducing carbon emissions from the energy sector in Lesotho looks to address three primary objectives: • Substitution of lower quality (higher emissions) energy technologies and reduction of traditional household fuels, especially firewood, coal, dung and illuminating paraffin for the areas that cannot be effectively electrified: This objective can be addressed through accelerating the delivery of cleaner sources of energy to remote villages and rural populations. This objective also serves other important goals of reducing deforestation and eliminating negative health effects of smoke inhalation and accidentai household tires. • lmproving Energy Efficiency to lower energy intensities across key economic sectors such as Transport, lndustry, Buildings (Residential, Commercial, lnstitutional, and lndustrial), Public lighting and Agriculture. Efficiency opportunities are widespread across the economy, ranging from newer lighting to appliance technologies. • Decarbonizing Transportation: Reducing emissions from transport will be essential in the race against climate change. Potential decarbonisation pathways in the transportation sector include the use of improved vehicle efficiency, improved system-wide efficiency, and mode switching (e.g., from passenger vehicles to mass transit). lt is of note that additional mitigation options in the energy sector could be explored in future iterations of NDC updates but have not been included due to low information availability in the country and difficulty of implementation in the short term. Sorne of these interventions include passenger transport mode shift to public transport, reducing traffic congestion, and efficient operation of public transportation. The key subsectors/actions targeted for mitigation include: • Residential Energy Use: lmproved government direction and policy certainty for markets through the development of policy and strategy documents; increased access to renewable electricity, particularly through the installation of solar home systems reduction of reliance on biomass for cooking and heating; and increased awareness of the market through the provision of information and awareness campaigns. • Waste to Energy: lmproved methane capture from landfill and implementation of waste incineration with waste recovery; improved wastewater treatment to reduce methane emissions. ~~ • Road Transportation: Reducing emissions from transporr ~-~ ~ ~ the race against ~ climate change. Potential decarbonisation pathways i ~n~~ •ctor include the use of improved vehicle efficiency, improved system-wide efficiencv;àn: s ¾ switching (e.g., from passenger vehicles to mass transit) The estimated savings for each of the measures in included in the description tables below e eh section. Residential subsector ln 2017, the residential sector was the largest contributor to Lesotho's energy sector emissions accounting for 1,901 ktCO2e, or over 66% of all energy emissions. Part of the reason for this high number is the high reliance on fossil fuels and traditional fuels for basing home end-uses such as cooking, lighting, and water heating, but also for the generation of electricity in areas that are not connected to the grid to run basic electric equipment. Mitigation in the Residential Energy Use Sector aims to: • Substitution of lower quality (higher emissions) energy technologies and reduction of traditional household fuels, especially firewood, plants residues, animal dung, dung and illuminating paraffin for the areas that cannot be effectively electrified: This objective can be addressed through accelerating the delivery of cleaner sources of energy to remote villages and rural populations. This objective also serves other important goals of reducing deforestation and eliminating negative health effects of smoke inhalation and accidentai household fires. • lmproving Energy Efficiency to dramatically lower energy intensities across key sectors such as Buildings (Residential, Commercial, lnstitutional, and lndustrial) and public lighting and Agriculture. Efficiency opportunities are widespread across the economy, ranging from newer lighting to appliance technologies. The key focus of the mitigation options in the residential sector are as follows: 1. lmplementation of efficient wood stoves to replace inefficient traditional cooking stoves that require much more wood and charcoal than necessary. ln addition to threatening forest resources, their use leads to avoidable greenhouse gas emissions. The rapid adoption of energy-efficient cook stoves will reduce the demand for biomass fuels alleviating environment impacts including deforestation. This measure would entail an increase in current government initiatives by putting adequate policies in place to promote this mitigation option. The projected number of efficient stoves is 1,250 in 2025 and 9,030 in 2030 under the unconditional scenario. 2. lmplementation of biogas plants that make use of organic waste streams to generate biogas reducing the demand for kerosene, charcoal, and traditional biomass for domestic use. This measure would involve direct support for the purchase of the equipment but also capacity building in the form of skills and technology transfer. 3. Deployment of solar LED lamps. Aimed at rural households that are largely excluded from the electricity grid. This measure would improve the quality of the service provided by kerosene and biomass lighting and would reduce emission significantly. 4. Replacing wood stoves with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves as it is considered to be a cleaner energy source although it is not renewable. Government support is needed to provide to improve access to the technology. lt is also imperative that information on the safety in use and handling of LPG stoves is provided to the intended beneficiaries in order to avoid any accidents that may be caused by improper handling of technology. This measure will reduce the strain placed on biomass resources in the residential subsector for cooking and water heating. S. Solar Cockers implementation to address energy poverty in rural areas. Although the technology is proven to be reliable, its penetration level is very low in the country. One of the major factors contributing to this is the lack of information to the users and reliable supply of the technology. Scaling up access and adoRtion of solar cooking technology will reduce quantities of biomass and kerosene lJ?ed for cooRir:ig. 6. Supporting and promoting the deploymeftt-of solar home systems (SHS) to enable access to clean high quality energy services. ' f ~wable source of energy improves the socio- economic status of rural areas, bu~ n-etr-ation has been limited to date. lt has faced financing and business model èlîaller-igesthafl1as limited access from end users. Sorne options for this sector include the provision of capacity building to the finance sector to better understand opportunities, capacity building to private enterprises to develop innovative business models such as energy-as-a-service programmes, monetary incentives, ::- and more. This is largely aimed at lighting in rural areas that are not connected to the grid to reduce kerosene and candies used for lighting. 7. lmplementation of residential solar water heaters to reduce dependence on kerosene used for water heating and improve the access to this service. This option can be adopted for both urban and rural households. This technology can also provide demand-side management for urban grid-connected households, enhancing the efficiency of the electricity grid. Specific actions that need to be ta ken with this measure will include capacity building of technicians in the proper installation of the systems and putting in place basic standards for areas where there is no running water. 8. Extension of the electricity grid to rural areas to increase the electrification of end-uses in households to reduce GHG emissions produced by the excessive reliance in kerosene, charcoal, and traditional biomass. As part of government initiatives to promote this, the government has developed a 20-year plan (2018 - 2038) to increase access to electricity across the country. The GHG reductions for each of the measures in this sub sector is presented below. Table 7: Proposed mitigation measures in the residential energy subsector. NDC Measure lndicator (s) Baseline 2030Target Responsible Other Key Adaptation and Alignment With Timeline (2023) Department lmplementing Resilience Co- SDGs Entities Benefits . . . . .... . . . 11· 2030 ■ Percentage of No available Unconditional: De artment of District 1 Woodstoves: households information 9030 stoves by Energy Forestry traditional biomass, Introduction of and rural was found 2030-GHG Offices which helps to reduce Department of high efficiency institutions on reduction 24 kt pressure on forestry ■m Forestry District stoves, resulting using Efficient percentage CO2eq/year in resources with Councils in carbon sink Woodstoves. of 2030. associated reduced preservation households NGOs impacts from extreme Conditional through reduced and rainfall events. 30,800 stoves by Area and demandof institutions

2030 GHG Village traditional Development reduction 83kt biomass fuel. CO2eq/year in Committees 2030. 11 11 2. Biogas Plants Percentage of No available Unconditional: Department of District Reduced dependence households information 6300 stoves by Energy Councils on traditional and rural was found 2030-GHG biomass. Department of Private Sector 11 m institutions on reduction 9 kt Environment Reduced pressure on using Biogas percentage CO2eq/year in CSOs forests and forest Plants of 2030. NGOs biodiversity. households Conditional: and lncreased off-farm 12,600 stoves by institutions business for rural

2030 GHG communities. reduction 18 kt CO2eq/year in Access to energy also 2030. improves adaptive capacity. 11 11 3. Solar LED Percentage of No Unconditional: Department of District Lamps households information 32,025LED Energy Councils and rural was found lamps by 2030 - Private Sector 11 m institutions on GHG reduction 8 using Solar percentage kt CO2eq/year CSOs LED Lamps of in 2030. NGOs households Conditional: and 64,050 stoves by institutions

2030 GHG reduction 16 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. ""• 4. LPG Stoves Percentage of No available Unconditional: Department of District Reduced dependence 5 EQUALIIY GEIIIER Replacing Wood Stoves: households and rural information was found 8,820 stoves by 2030-GHG Energy, Ministry of Councils Private Sector on traditional biomass. 1 :~m Mt+i w Deployment of institutions on reduction 14 kt 7 AFFlllllABLEMD 13l'k": Local Reduced pressure on ""'""" efficient LPG using LPG percentage CO2eq/year in Government CSOs forests and forest ~G)~ ',, ,.. G cook stoves to Stoves to of 2030. Chieftainship, NGOs biodiversity. urban and rural replacing households Conditional: Home affairs & households, ., Wood Stoves: and lncreased off-farm 31,500 stoves by Police thereby reducing institutions business for rural

2030 GHG demand for fuel communities. reduction 50 kt wood. CO2eq/year in Access to energy 2030. increases adaptive capacity. ■ Il S. Solar Cooking Percentage of No available Unconditional: Department of District Reduced dependence households information 8,400 solar Energy, Councils on traditional and rural was found cockers by 2030 Ministry of biomass. Private Sector ■m institutions on - GHG reduction Local Reduced pressure on using Solar percentage 12 kt Government, CSOs forests and forest Cockers of CO2eq/year in Chieftainship, NGOs biodiversity. households 2030. and Conditional: Home-Affairs lncreased off-farm institutions 9,450 stoves by & Police business for rural

2030 GHG community. reduction 13 kt Access to energy CO2eq/year in increases adaptive 2030. capacity. 6. Solar Home Percentage of Unconditional: Department of Reduced dependence District V V Systems (SHS) households and rural 10,500 SHS installed by Energy Councils on paraffin Il Il Il m Local Private Sector institutions 2030-GHG Government using Solar reduction 2 kt CSOs ~ Home CO2eq/year in ' Systems 2030. Conditional: NGOs 28,000 stoves by

2030 GHG reduction 7 kt CO2eq/year in ,, 2030. 7. 1ncreased Electrification Access Number of Additional Households Unconditional: 44,330 households Department of Energy Local IPPs Private Sector Reduced dependence on fossil fuels, the supply and ■ m V V Il (lncreasing Connected to connected by Department of distribution of which Government numberof the Grid 2030-GHG Lands are vulnerable to households reduction 62 kt Department of climate impacts both LEC connected to the CO2eq/year in Energy globally and grid for lighting, 2030. regionally. cooking and Conditional: - space heating 134,332 stoves - by 2030 GHG reduction 188 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. 8. Solar Water Heater Numberof additional Unconditional: N/A Department of Energy Private Sector V V District (Residential) households Conditional: Local Councils withSWH 11,200 stoves by Government NGOs

2030 GHG reduction 25 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. Road transport The transport sector is one of the major emission-intensive sectors in Lesotho increasing consistently from 391 ktCO2eq in 2011 to 467 ktCO2eq in 2017, with road Transport accounting for over 99% of all the transport emissions. At a national level transport accounted for just over 15 % and 16% of all energy emissions, in the same reference years. The on-road transportation, which includes passenger cars, light-duty trucks (e.g., vans and SUVs), medium- and heavy-duty trucks, buses, and motorcycles, accounts for a significant contribution to the GDP (6.9%) and to Lesotho's economy in general; and also accounts for nearly 10% of the employment in the country. Petroleum supplies more than 99% of the sector's energy, and essentially all its GHG emissions corne from the combustion of petrol and diesel. Thus, managing emissions in this sector remains crucial for tackling climate change. Based on the prevailing conditions in the Lesotho road transport sector, reducing GHG and pollutant emissions from passenger transport means (per passenger-kilometre) has become a must, which implies reducing the dependence on fossil fuels. Reviewing the existing conditions in the passenger transport sector requires the consideration of several factors need to be considered for mitigation: (1) reduce the number of passenger cars, (2) introduce mass transit means, (3) improve vehicle efficiency, (4) increase urban average traffic speed, and more. With this in mind, Lesotho will focus on the following. 1. lmprove the fuel efficiency of road vehicles: energy demand (and emissions) in road transport has been increasing continuously in the past decade (Table 8) sparking the need to take action. Sorne of the key actions for the sector are to improve the maintenance of cars on the road, information dissemination on the importance of fuel-efficient cars in terms of transport costs and reducing the climate impact. There is also a need to capacitate ministries that have arole to play in energy and transport on data collection and disaggregation of such data by fuel type This mitigation option will be realised through legislative framework and smart incentives to promote the uptake of efficient gasoline cars. Table 8-Active vehic/e f/eet in Lesotho. (source: Department of Traffic and Transport) 2. Regulate the importation of used vehicles to ensure that poor performing cars are not allowed in the country. Like many developing countries, Lesotho does not have a car manufacturing industry relying on imports to supply the market. However, most of these imports are used vehicles, and their condition and emissions are not controlled. A legislative framework to restrict the import of used, high emitting and fuel-inefficient cars/vehicles is needed together with capacity and (human and technical) to implement it. 3. lmproving the efficiency of the public transport through the use of larger buses to replace the dominating mini-buses and the sedans. Larger buses are estimated to replace 4 times the number of mini-buses and 18 times the number of sedans reducing traffic congestion, reducing overall emissions, and improving the liveability of the city. This can be achieved through financial support to encourage the transport operators to move from smaller vehicles to buses. lt will also require legislation regulating the operations of minibuses. The measure requires capacity building, information dissemination and financing for public transport operators. 4. Shifting passengers from private cars to public transportation: The key cause for congestion of roads is abundance of private vehicles causing significant emissions, noise, pollution, etc. This measure focuses on reducing emissions in this sector by shifting some of the passenger activity from persona! vehicles to public transport. This will require, in turn, an improvement on the efficacy and reduced cost of the public transport to attract passengers. Other possible actions include taxing private vehicles more effectively and higher prices on fuel for private use. S. Replace gasoline motorcycles with electric options to reduce emissions. Currently, there is limited data, so it is difficult to assess the GHG reduction potential of this particular option, but with cars remaining out of reach of many, some opt for motorcycles and motor scooters. The increased use by the public adds to motorcycle use by the Police, Defence, and Health to access remote clinics as well as the increasing use by food and retail delivery services. As such, electrifying this end use provides a good opportunity for emissions reduction. 6. New Bicycle Lanes: The existing infrastructure does not promote the safe use of bicycles for short to medium distance commuting, having to share the road and/or sidewalks with vehicles and pedestrians increasing the risk of crash or slowing down journeys. lt is proposed that the government undertakes strong public information campaigns to promote bicycles and develop bicycle only lanes to increase convenience and safety. This mitigation measure has an indirect effect on demand and consumption of petroleum fuels as it reduces the number of passengers using motorised transport. Emission reduction t argets for transport are unlikely to be met without a significant shift from motoris-e_d travel. Technological fixes such as electrification of the vehicle fleet will not be sufficient and will not happen fast enough to achieve the magnitude of difference needed. lnvestment in urban protected bicycle lanes can significantly reduce greenhouse g s. (GHG) emissions, lower transport costs, and prevent road fatalities. The GHG reductions for each of the measures in this sub sector is prese nted below. Table 9 Proposed mitigation measures in the transport energy subsector. NDC Measure lndicator(s) Baseline 2030 Target Responsible Other Key Adaptation and Alignment With Timeline (2022) 1 1 Department l lm~l~menting I Resilience Co-Benefits I SDGs 1 1 Ent1t1es ■ Il 1.lmprove Number of No specific Gasoline vehicles Ministry of Private sector Decreased dependence the fuel Efficient guidelines Public Works on fossil fuel products. Unconditional: efficiency of Gasoline established & Transport 21,838 efficient lmproved health and ■m road vehicles Cars vehicles by 2030 - Ministry of reduction of harmful GHG reduction 9 Energy local air pollutants, kt CO2eq/year in enhancing the resilience 2030. of the population to disease and adverse Conditional: climate impact. 43,677 efficient vehicles by 2030 GHG reduction 18 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. Diesel vehicles Unconditional: 4,368 efficient vehicles by 2030 - GHG reduction 1 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. Conditional: 8,735 efficient vehicles by 2030 GHG reduction 2 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. ■ Regulation of No specific Unconditional: Ministry of Private sector Decreased dependence ' .,,,,., ' 1 ✓ imported guidelines 15,287 efficient Public Works on imported fossil fuel ô 1 m used cars. established vehicles by 2030 - & Transport energy products. 1r

1 GHG reduction 14 Regulations Ministry of lmproved health and kt CO2eq/year in to reduce the Energy reduction of harmful 2030. number of local air pollutants, poor Conditional: N/A enhancing the resilience performing of the population to 1 ve hicles disease and adverse enteri ng the climate impact country. New bicycle lanes: Create secure and attractive urban cyc/jng ...... !', Number of Kilometres of urban cycling ro utes No specific guidelines established Unconditional: 15 km by 2030 - GHG redu cti on 10 kt CO2eq/yea r in 2030. Ministry of Public Works & Transport Minist ry of Local Private Sector NGOs m ✓ ✓ Conditional: 30 km Government, by 2030 GHG Chieftainship, ~ reduction 21 kt Home-Affairs CO2eq/year in & Police 2030. Electrification of motorcycles. Number of electric motorcycles No electric two-wheele r registered to date. Unconditional: N/A Conditional: 910 electric two wheelers by 2030 Ministry of Public Works & Transport Private Sector m ✓ GHG reduction 0.2 kt CO2eq/year in 2030. 1 Modal Shift: Percentage lncreasing the Ministry of Passenger lncreased resilience of V V Private to Passenger of passengers share of passenger transport from Public Works and Transport Associations transport infrastructure. ■ Il m Bus Operators lmproved health and shift to around 10% at ■ Transport: Associations reduction of harmful public present to 30% in local air pollutants, transport 2030-GHG City Councils enhancing the resilience reduction not of the population to quantified. disease and adverse climate impacts. Waste-to-energy The waste sector is responsible for 370 ktCO2e or around 6.5% of all GHG emissions in Lesotho's, this represents an over 6-fold increase since 1994, while the energy sector increased by around 2.5 times. Most of these emissions are in the form of methane (CH4) generated through the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills along with CO2 and other gases. Besides the emissions, landfills also produce several environmental impacts such as unpleasant odour, and contaminated leachate, among others. The waste disposai method practiced in Lesotho is open dumping. There is a complete absence of engineered landfills. lnstead, there are many dumpsites available in proximity to major communities posing a threat to human health and water resources. There is potential for methane gas capture in municipal landfills in Maseru and other towns in the country that depending on the quality {% of methane content) needs to be flared or can be used for electricity generation. A fully-emissions mitigated sector will aim to: 1. Generate of up to 20 MWh of electrical power from landfill gas extraction, collection and utilization applied to sanitary landfills, resulting in reduced CH4 emitted to the atmosphere from landfill sites and avoided CO2 from the displacement of fossil-based electricity use. 2. lnstead of escaping into the air, LFG can be captured, converted, and used as a renewable energy resource. Using LFG helps to reduce odou rs and other hazards associated with LFG emissions and prevents methane from migrating int o the atmosphere and contributing to local smog and global climate change. The GHG reductions for each of the measures in this sub sector is presented below. Table 10 Proposed mitigation measures in the waste sector in a conditional scenario. NDC Measure lndicator(s) 2030 Target Responsible Other Key Adaptation and Alignment With Timeline Department lmplementing Resilience Co- SDGs 2023- 2025- Entities Benefits 2025 2030 lntroducing Landfill and wastewater Gas Recovery in existing and new solid waste disposai and wastewater sites Unconditional: N/A Conditional: 1 plant processing 1,171 tons of Department of Environment Department of Energy City and District Councils Department of Energy lmproved quality of water, soil, and local atmosphere. lncreasing human and environmental m, 11 11., ô " v v Lesotho Electricity ■ 1 .. 11, Gas recovery for electricity waste per day by resilience. and Water generation from solid 2030- GHG Authority lncreased access to :::::: waste disposai sites and reduction 728 kt electricity and wastewater treatment CO2eq/year in reduced extraction, collection and 2030. 1 dependency on utilization applied to traditional biomass sanitary landfills, resulting energy. in reduced CH4 from landfill sites and avoided Creation of revenue CO2 from the displacement generation of fossil-based electricity use. L ___ -~- ---- opportunities. l_ J_ __ 3.2.4.2 lndustria/ Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Mitigation in the IPPU sector looks to minimize fugitive em1ss1ons of GHG through the improvement of the industrial systems, reducing the reliance on high GWP substances in the products and appliances that are used in many daily activities such as refrigeration and air conditioning, and increasing the efficiency of systems and products such that future demands are reduced compared to BAU. ln Lesotho, IPPU emissions are very low considering its small industrial base and relatively low cooling demand. However, the cooling sector is projected to increase significantly in the next decade due to increasing development, urbanization, the influence of warmer temperatures. For this, the key focus of the proposed mitigation actions in this NDC is to adopt measures that will primarily limit the growth of emissions in the cooling sector and make the measures more targeted and specific. As indicated, industrial emissions are small, but they should still be considered. As such, industrial emitters should be supported by implementing a mechanism that supports emissions reductions through process optimization. However, considering that the key tools for this process centre on system audits and process improvements, these are often focused on, and result in energy demand reductions as they are a much higher operational cost than IPPU. As such, it is proposed that these are better addressed in the energy sector. The resulting key areas of focus in the IPPU sector are described below and detailed in Table 11. They include: 1. Support the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Amendment to reduce the reliance on high GWP substances. This is relevant for the cooling sector in Lesotho as it is expected to increase in the coming years and is currently reliant on HFC based refrigerants which have very large GWP values. For this, it is essential that Lesotho support the introduction of low GWP refrigerant-based cooling technologies and ban (or restrict) the use of HCFCs and HFCs. Import and consumption reductions of HFCs in line with the obligations of the Kigali Amendment should be treated as Business as Usual, as the HFC phase-down is internationally agreed and funded. Additional mitigation can be achieved by moving to alternative, preferably natural refrigerants ahead of the HFC reduction schedule and thus limit HFC growth as early as possible. The set-up of a national cooling action plan can inform this process and ensure that ail relevant national stakeholders are involved. 2. Develop strong measures to improve the thermal performance of buildings to reduce the demand for cooling equipment and appliances. While this is more related to the energy sector in its implementation, the outcomes are also relevant for the IPPU sector. The estimated GHG reductions from this sector is 25 ktCO2eq by 2030 compared to the baseline. this is equivalent to 25% of the sectors emissions, or 6% of the ove~ nconditional target for this NDC. Should the national implementation be supported with inter- ati - al support the overall emissi ns could increase significantly. == -- --==::::::_ -===--- Table 11: Proposed mitigation measures in the IPPU sector. NDC MEASURE BASELINE INDICATORS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OTHER KEY ADAPTATION ALIGNMENT TIMELINE DEPARTMENT I IMPLEMENTING 1 /RESILIENCE I WITH SDGs • • 1 1 1 1 ENTITIES CO-BENEFITS li ✓ ✓ 1. Reduce refrigerant No specific Total GHG 25% GHG Lesotho Lesotho Reduced (HFC) emissions: measures for emissions from emissions Meteorological Revenue incidence of implement HFC phase- curtailing the use of HFC refrigerants. reduction from Services Authority PFAS. down ahead of Kigali HFC refrigerants HFC refrigerants {Ozone Unit) , .. , Proportion of Association of ,, Amendment to avoid have been by 2030 refrigerants that refrigeration ô identified. compared to Iock-in of HFC. are low GWP and air BAU. Set up a National Cooling National Cooling refrigerant in conditioning Action Plan including Action Plan not refrigeration and National Tertiary ma king operators of developed. cooling. Cooling Plan institutions Il ~ equipment responsible for developed in Status of low GWP Status of National ' system tightness and implementation refrigerants Cooling Action Plan m by 2025. recovery, work performed unknown. by certified technicians, ban high GWP equipment, and promote natural refrigerants. 2. Energy efficiency No reference to energy performance Status of building Minimum Energy Not quantified Department of Energy Lesotho National lmproved housing ✓ ✓ improvement in Building MEPS buildings. in existing building Performance Development quality. completed, or lmprove the performance codes. Standards {MEPS). Corporation building code of buildings to reduce the Current building Proportion of updated with Lesotho demand for cooling and codes are outdated. residences and relevant energy Electricity related refrigerants. buildings with high performance Company Poor enforcement This is an energy energy requirements. of existing building efficiency measure that performance codes. will not be estimated standard. here, but relevant as it can result in HFC demand decreases. 3.2.4.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU Much of the 2017 NDC effort supported outcomes in the AFOLU sector, although from an adaptation perspective rather than mitigation. However, one of the key attractions of interventions in the AFOLU sector is that they can often provide bath mitigation and adaptation benefits. When this is added to the fact that AFOLU is the second largest emitting sector in Lesotho, it makes it very attractive as a sector for action. The emissions reductions opportunities vary by subsector, but they centre on reducing enteric fermentation emissions from livestock or sequestering emissions in forests. The enhanced NDC will continue with this approach but adding more specific and ambitious targets along with more specific implementation options. • Agriculture - Reducing emissions from the enteric fermentation of livestock is difficult as it is natural digestive process of ruminant animais. The key options to reduce emissions include reducing herd sizes (destocking), improving feed quality, and feeding practices focusing on domestically available species. Similarly, it is important to match the animal species to the available environment and feeding as well as looking after the health of the animais to maintain production. However, these interventions are difficult for traditional farmers due to low awareness and a lack of human and financial resources. Efforts, bath in terms of promoting additional feed and data collection should begin with commercial farmers as they have greater resources. Similarly, capacity building efforts to raise awareness and education of farmers and communities on conservation agriculture practices need to be stepped up to protect the soil and reducing herd sizes resulting in emissions reductions. • Forestry - lncreasing the efforts to plant new forests along with the needed awareness raising and protection to ensure their longevity are proposed to reduce emissions. Similarly, the selection of appropriate trees for this activity is important in terms resilience to drought, survivability, and carbon sequestration. • Other Land Use - Because of Lesotho's semi-arid conditions, much of the land use, in terms of area, is associated with agricultural activities and poor practices which can lead to poorer productivity and carbon sequestration. lncrease in land-use change to forestry, especially in key threatened areas could support emissions reductions and provide big adaptation wins for the sector. • Degraded land restoration including the restoration of wetlands that have a large capacity to sequester carbon. Wetlands also provide a range of ecosystem services, including water regulation, flood contrai, and biodiversity conservation providing significant adaptation benefits. Finally, the restoration of wetlands can also provide opportunities for sustainable livelihoods, particularly in rural areas where wetlands can be s~ ably used for agriculture and grazing. 46 ~ The ~ timated GHG reductions from this sector is 164 ktC02eqb ~ ~ ~the baseline, this is equivalent to 6% of the sectors emissions, or 38% of the overatt--u~dit~ i:, et for this NDC. Should the national implementation be supported~w_!!h international- su~ ~ rall emissions cou Id increase significantly. ----==-- ~ ---==--- ==-- =--- -=-=------- ~ ~ 46Government of Lesotho. (2021). Lesotho's first biennial update report (BUR 1). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAI BURl.pdf. Table 12: Proposed mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector. NDC MEASURE 1 BASELINE 1 INDICATORS 1 TARGET RESPONSIBLE OTHER KEY

1 DEPARTMENT l 1MPLEMENTING ENTITIES ADAPTATION/ I RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS I ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE LAND USE PLANNING v v ■ 1. Land use planning Land use planning Status of the Not quantified Department Grazing Greater food receives significant National Land of Land Associations security Strengthening planning Emissions attention from use Plan. Management and political and legal reductions not UN FAO, WFP lmproved government, but it B support for land use, Number of land quantified. Ministry of rangelands faces significant Various especially in terms of use initiatives Agriculture, condition. opposition from National Land use grazing in the implemented. farmers and land Plan published by Food Security Reduced rangelands, forestry li users. 2025. and Nutrition degradation of plantations, and water soils. catchments. National Land Use 3 Initiatives in the Ministry of Plan not National Land Use Local Reduced m This would result in less developed. Plan under Government, erosion risks. trees eut down, smaller implementation Chieftainship, herds to fit carrying by 2030. capacity of the land, and Home-Affairs sufficient water for & Police smart irrigation where possible. AGRICULTURE 2. Livestock diet change Currently the great majority of cattle is Proportion of livestock that GHG reductions not quantified. Department of Livestock Department of Agricultural reliance and v v lncrease the number of fed through received Services Research pressure on ruminants provided with Feasibility study traditional grazing improved feed. grazelands. supplementary high- completed by Department of I! putting pressure on quality feeds or Feasibility study 2025. Range ' grassland systems nutritional supplements status Management and generating Three that reduce GHG m significant recommendations Lesotho National emissions as they reduce emissions. from feasibility Farmers Union digestion needs (e.g., study (LENAFU) lablab, corn silage, The feasibility of soybean meal, etc. alternative feed -- -- A feasibility study options has not implemented by Lesotho National should be performed to been studied or 2030. Diary Board assess the alternative established. (LNDB} feed options available, assess costs, and generate recommendations. v v B 3. Reduce synthetic No contrais on the Proportion of Not quantified Department Restored soil fertilizers reliance. use of fertilizer in organic and of Crops structure, Assessment of place. compostable reduced soil lncrease the proportion fertilizer options Department m fertilizers in erosion of organic and Synthetic fertilizer to promote of Agricultural total mix. lncreased soil compostable fertilizers freely available and organic fertilizers Research fertility. in the total mix used in low-cost option. Assessment of completed by the country. fertilizer options 2025. No data available to promote of organic fertilizer 20% fertilizer organic in total fertilizer reduced by year fertilizers status. mix. 2030. 4. lncreased use of conservation agriculture Sorne capacity building provided, Proportion of land (crop) or Not quantified Department of Crops Local Authorities Reduced soil degradation. ,., v v 20% of productive practices. and projects aimed livestock under 1 land under Department Reduced m at conservation conservation lncrease the number of conservation of Agricultural erosion risks. practices. agriculture. farmers (or proportion agriculture Research of the land} practicing No data available Proportion of practices by 2030. LENAFU conservation agriculture, on the number of farmers including minimum farmers (or practising tillage, micro fertilising, proportion of land} conservation etc. under conservation Agriculture agriculture. FORESTRY - High reliance in Proportion of Department Ministry of Reduced soil ✓ ✓ li S. Reduce fuelwood use Not quantified to avoid deforestation. some sectors of population using of Energy Information, degradation Population using society due to traditional Communication, pressure. lncrease awareness of traditional Department poverty or ease of biomass for Science, the general population biomass for of Forestry Reduced m procurement. residential uses. Technology and and make it a socially residential uses erosion risks. Innovation undesirable activity. reduced to under 5% by 2030. Ministry of Environ ment and Forestry Local Authorities li ✓ ✓ 6. Expand Forest cover, 17,100 ha of Number of Not quantified Department Local Authorities Reduced Land turn AFOLU into net planted forests 47 hectares of of Forestry degradation. lncrease by sink. planted forests. Under 1% of total 61,325 ha of Department lncreased Expand and strengthen land is covered by Total proportion planted forests by of Land social forest planting activities forests 48 . of land covered 2030 compared to Management awareness. to increase forest cover. by forests. 2015 49 . Significant planting lncreased m This includes increasing efforts take place; lncrease forest habitat for number of trees planted, however, tree land cover to a ecotourism. improve social survivability is very total of 5% of the awareness of the need low due to total land. for healthy forest cover, vandalism, and improve political and legal protection for the activity. fuelwood harvest, farmer opposition. Il

47 Food and Agriculture Organization (2014). Global forest resources assessment 2015: Country report - Lesotho. https://www.fao.org/3/az258e/az258e.pdf

48 Food and Agriculture Organization (2014). Global forest resources assessment 2015: Country report - Lesotho. https://www.fao.org/3/az258e/az258e.pdf

49 Government of Lesotho. (2021). Lesotho's first biennial update report (BUR 1). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAI BURl.pdf. 3.2.4.4 Waste The waste sector accounts for around 7% of emissions and it is expected to continue to grow as the country's population grows and the economy develops. As such this sector presents an opportunity to significantly reduce the growth of GHG emissions into the future. Further, as the formai waste management sector looks to increase the reach of its services to a greater proportion of the population (currently limited to around 45%), the opportunity to reduce emissions increases as a greater proportion of waste can be managed more efficiently. A fully emissions mitigated sector will aim to have NO waste reaching landfills, rather, a significant waste segregation effort will take place to maximize recycling (plastics, glass, e-waste, etc) and separate the maximum amount of organic waste in the waste stream and use if for composting or biodigesters. Finally, the remaining will be incinerated with heat recovery to supply industry or district heating. While this solution is not feasible in the short or medium term for Lesotho, some actions can be taken to assess the feasibility and requirements of this transition and begin the process limiting emissions increases from the sector in the future. Sorne of the actions include: 1. Methane capture research. Determine the feasibility of implementing methane capture from the existing landfills in Maseru. Also, if/when developing a new landfill, en sure that methane capture is included from the inception phase. 2. Waste segregation innovation opportunities. lncrease the attractiveness of recycling by supporting recycling initiatives and industries and promoting a change in attitude from government, industry, and the public. Attitude towards waste management. Awareness raising and capacity building development at all levels of the sectorfrom the community level to increase awareness about appropriate waste disposai and segregation to policy makers to increase the political support for the development of a robust system. 3. Waste incineration with heat recovery. lmplement an assessment of the feasibility of implementing a waste incineration with heat recovery and begin implementation of the key recommendations. 4. Wastewater capacity and treatment options. lncrease the capacity wastewater treatment and ensure that the industry considers GHG emissions as core component of performance. The estimated GHG reductions from this sector is 65 ktCO2eq or 15% of the sectors emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline. This is also equivalent to 15% of the unconditional emissions in this NDC. Should the national implementation be supported with international support the overall emissions could increase significantly. == -- ---==::::::__ -==::::.. ::- Table 13 Proposed mitigation measures in the waste sector. 1. Capture and Feasibility of Feasibility of Feasibility studies for Department of Community None utilization of methane methane capture methane capture methane capture at Environ ment Councils from landfills. from landfills not status. existing landfills Perform feasibility for established. completed. Local Maseru City Methane capture Il methane capture on Government Council No requirement for recommendations existing landfills and At least one methane capture in status. .. include the recommendation from Urban Councils legislation. requirement for feasibility studies Status of methane capture on implemented. methane capture future landfills in the from landfills in legislation. Methane capture from applicable legislation. new landfills made mandatory in llilll applicable legislation 2. Waste separation Limited waste Waste audit Waste audit Department of Community Creation of and recycling. segregation status. performed with Environ ment Councils skills and Perform waste audit to performed largely opportunities for ancillary Number of Waste understand the nature by private sector on waste segregation and Local Urban Councils industries. segregation Il of waste streams a piecemeal basis. treatment identified. Government initiatives started. available and design Maseru City lmproved possible waste Proportion of At least two waste Council sanitation. m separation and waste separated segregation initiatives utilization schemes and used. implemented. where possible such as composting, biodigesters, etc -=-======----===---== ~ ------= 3. Waste incineration with energy recovery. No waste incineration with Feasibility of waste Feasibility assessment completed with Department of Environ ment Maseru City Council lndustry solutions ✓ ✓ Perform feasibility energy recovery incineration with opportunities for development. Il study to increase the performed. energy recovery waste incineration Department of Community proportion of waste status. implementation steps Energy Councils lmproved m that is incinerated and Feasibility of waste identified. sanitation Proportion of implement heat incineration with Ministry of Urban Councils outcomes. waste incinerated recovery. energy recovery in Health w/heat recovery. not established. 4. Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater Water and lmproved ✓ ✓ implementation with methane capture. treatment limited to a proportion of assessment status. assessment completed with opportunities Sewerage Authority sanitation. ' -• Assess performance to Maseru's water identified to increase Wastewater increase the reach of use. its reach, reduce GHG Department of regulations status the formai wastewater No methane emissions, and Environ ment m sector. (emissions, or lndustrial determine feasibility of lncrease wastewater capture) wastewater methane capture. Ministry of treatment considered in the regulations Local requirements for design and status. Wastewater Government, industry and operations of the policy/regulations Chieftainship, agriculture wastewater updated for new Home-Affairs emphasising water treatment plant. municipal wastewater and Police quality and GHG treatment plants to emissions. No regulatory minimize operational requirements GHG emissions and related to GHG implement methane emissions or capture where methane capture of feasible. domestic or industrial Wastewater wastewater. regulations for industry updated to mandate methane capture where feasible. 3.3 Cross-cutting issues The section discusses a wide range of possible interventions that aim to generate a political, institutional, social, and economic environment that is more able to identify, plan, and implement climate change interventions, whether mitigation or adaptation. Creating such an environment requires: • Awareness and social inclusion - Strong awareness of climate change issues at all levels (general public, business, government, etc) and their impact on social issues such as social inclusion and gender equality. This essential to participate in the policymaking process, support the implementation of actions, and guide responses to achieve positive goals for ail groups in society. Awareness can begin at school with general education covering ail of these issues. • Capacity needs - Adequate technical, policy, and financial capacity in key sectors to enable actors the identify the need for action, assess possible responses, and develop implementation plants that adequately address the problems identified. The achievement of results requires the participation of different sectors and as such, capacity building is needed across ail actors of climate action. • lnstitutional arrangements - Strong responsible institutions with clear mandates, responsibilities, and communication channels that have climate change as a central responsibility or are required to consider climate change actions as part of their development activities. These institutions also have strong coordination processes to optimize the use of resources, avoid gaps in actions, and ensure clear understanding. • Sustainable finance - the presence of dedicated sustainable finance mechanisms to support climate action is also essential. This can include the monetisation of emissions to encourage the private benefits from emissions reductions. • Monitoring, reporting, and verification - The availability of transparent and robust detailed information is essential to identify actions, develop responses, and assess progress against objective. Further, clear information is becoming more important to enable access to international climate finance. As such having a strong MRV systems with safe and accessible repositories of information should be implemented. • Early warning system - an early warning system was included as a cross cutting measuring considering the that it benefits ail sectors to implement adaptation measures in a timely manner, minimizing costs and impacts. Embedding climate-proofing into the day-to-day policy development and planning is perhaps the most essential. This process looks to mainstream climate change actions and bringing them to the top of the agenda of government officiais and policymakers in alksèet rs to ensure that climate actions more likely to be identified and prioritized for implement at'o . == -- ---=::::::::::: =:::::::.. Table 14: Crosscutting measures Table 14: Crosscutting measures. NDC MEASURE BASELINE INDICATOR TARGET RESPONSIBLE OTHER KEY ADAPTATION/ ALIGNMENT TIMELINE 1 1 1 1 DEPARTMENT I IMPLEMENTING I MITIGATION I WITH SDGs - ENTITIES CO-BENEFITS 1. Mainstream Climate change Number of At least 5 sectoral, Department of National Climate Accelerator of v v climate change mitigation and adaptation is sparsely considered outside of strategies adopted that include climate change national, and regional strategies and policies with Planning Ministry of Change Committee climate action Il I! Finance and Department of language and climate specific aligned measures. climate change as a Development Gender. measures across policies and core consideration Planning all sectoral and projects. by 2025. Parliament ■ Il Il 2. Strengthen the Responsibilities Status of Directives for Lesotho National Climate Accelerator of m v v ■ role and activities and activities responsibilities set coordination roles Meteorological Change climate action of the NCCC. are unclear with for cross across government Services Committee m a broad government on climate change Department of participation coordination. are set Planning group but no unambiguously in Inclusion of women records, law by 2025. in leadership/ mandates, etc. Il decision making At least 30% of position climate change leadership positions are held bywomen. ■ 3. lmplement Climate change Proportion of 50% of Schools National Lesotho Accelerator of education education is schools have climate Curriculum Meteorological climate action programmes on limited and successfully change courses as Development Services sectoral climate usually not adopting part of standard Centre El National risks and inclusive of its curriculum that teaching practices. University of vulnerabilities in social and wide- includes climate Lesotho schools' curricula ranging risks and ■ implications for vulnerabilities. Lesotho College everyday life. of Education Lesotho agricu ltu ra 1 college Il Limkokwing University of m 4. lmplement a Piece meal Number of capacity At least 10 climate Public Service capacity building approach to building change capacity National Climate m programme on capacity building programmes on building Lesotho Change climate change for limited to climate change programmes on Meteorological community Committee the public and specific sectors implemented. climate change Services resilience and actions. implemented. private sectors and Il LNDC the civil society. ~--==---=== ~ 5. Communication Poor Number of 5 Climate Lesotho National Climate lncreased ✓ ✓ ■ and awareness communication programmes to communication Meteorological Change adaptive ' raising campaigns across agencies raise awareness program being Services Committee capacity and on climate change and with the and education on implemented by community Local Authorities for the public and public on climate change in 2030 targeting Ministry of resilience actions, data, different sectors. different sectors. Education and private sectors and prospects, etc. Training civil society. Law level of awareness across sectors of climate change action, impacts, etc. Women and at- risk groups are Number of women youth and 30% of minimum average Department of Gender National Climate Change Accelerator of climate action ✓ ✓ engagement and u nderrepresent vulnerable groups participation in Committee participation of ed in the engaged in policy consultation, Lesotho Local Authorities women, consultation, ma king and development, and Meteorological development, implementation execution of Services vulnerable groups, and execution of process. climate change m and youths in climate change projects and policy making Number of women projects and policies. processes and in senior positions policies. programme in climate change 30% of senior implementation. related agencies, positions in climate project teams, and change related decision-making agencies, project bodies. teams, and decision-making bodies occupied by women. 7. Conduct a Vulnerability Number of gender One national Department of National Climate Builds adaptive ■ gender-sensitive assessments sensitive gender sensitive Gender Change capacity of vulnerability and other policy vulnerability vulnerability Committee population and assessment on development assessments assessment report LMS enhancing m Social impacts of climate tools do not conducted. published resilience Development change. consider gender and other social BOS impacts. 8. lmprove the lrregular and Status of Annual inventory Department of National Climate Accelerator of v v ,■ availability and incomplete data publication of published annually Planning Change Council climate action accuracy of sets available annual GHG including relevant LMS m information to with little inventory. methodological support robust information and data. Status of M&E monitoring and no coordination Framework for M&E Framework evaluation (M&E} on status, 1 adaptation for adaptation or monitoring, ownership, etc. ■ published. reporting, and Status of MRV verification (MRV} framework to MRV framework to systems to support monitor mitigation monitor mitigation 1 climate actions. actions. action. 9. Develop a financial plan to No existing GHG emissions Status Feasibility assessment on Feasibility study performed by 2025 Department of Planning v v begin the monetisation or implementation of including the monetisation of feasibility GHG monetization Identification of GHG emissions to assessment plan. viable mechanism provide reduction performed. and generation--o-f incentives as well suitable pla l'ï-e• as fund raising for impleme.ntatLQ . climate adaptation action ::::,,...._ implementation. - Il 10. Strengthen Poor allocation Proportion of NDC Ali NDC Lesotho Accelerator of institutions to of objective and objectives responsibilities Meteorological climate action support climate specific allocated to assigned to specific Services action including assigning raies and responsibilities and climate targets to achievement of responsibilities. institutions with periodic review mandate. institutions and roles by 2025. lnstitutional m Il Number of women assessment to government offices ' in leadership and increase climate or raies. decision-making actions efficiency positions. and effectiveness. 1 11. Develop national climate change adaptation No formai adaptation monitoring Number of indicators of climate change National statistics and national accounts include Lesotho Meteorological Services Department of Planning Not applicable m Il indicators. To indicators adaptation and climate change and Bureau of Department of ' include gender framework in gender included in gender specific Statistics Gender aspects, and their place. national statistics. indicators. inclusion in national statistics. 12. Early Warning lmproved EWS EWS in place but Operational Disaster System (EWS) (institutional limited in focus. multisector and Managemer:it Strengthening. and human multi-hazard EWS. Authority, Department of Establish and capacity). Enhanced Lesotho Land capacitate institutional Management institutional capacity mechanisms for (institut i o na l:an,""==-+-- coordination and h u man )-t0-ma nage implementation of EWS~· -:::::::::::::=---t=== integrated EWS in Lesotho. ::...... ~ 4. Means of lmplementation

4 Means of implementation Considering the low availability of financial and technical resources, NOT all the measures identified in this NDC will be able to be implemented with the country's resources. For this, Lesotho would need financial support, capacity development, and technology transfer to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this NDC. Lesotho will implement the identified NDC measures using bath conditional and unconditional scenarios based on the finance, capacity building and technology development and transfer it receives. The estimated total cost of implementing the revised NDC is US$1 billion for mitigation and US$ 1.5 billion for adaptation. A full cost estimation will be provided in the revised NDC implementation and investment plans, which is under development. Lesotho also needs technical capacities, technology transfer and skills development for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures. There is a need to raise awareness across sectors nation-wide and with all stakeholders to implement the NDC and track its progress. Depending on the nature of the measure, Lesotho is committed to ensure that marginalized groups of the population and gender are considered in the implementation. == -- ---=::::::::::: =:::::::.. ~ ~ 5. Transparency

5 Transparency 5.1 Adaptation A high-level framework of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) indicators for use in tracking and reporting on implementation of the adaptation component of the NDC is planned as one of the key measures. The framework should reflect the requirements of global and national level requirements for tracking progress of medium to long-term interventions through alignment of indicators with the SDGs and the proposed set of adaptation measures. Suitable indicators are selected for each adaptation measure and listed in thematic tables, containing: • Head li ne indicators: These include carefully selected adaptation indicators linked to the SDGs relevant to the thematic area. • Supporting indicators: The headline indicators are underpinned by a set of more detailed indicators which track progress in implementing the adaptation measures required for impact in the sectors defined by the thematic area. The tables are introduced for seven thematic areas namely: meteorological services, water, livestock and crop production, forestry and land use, biodiversity and ecosystems, health, and cross-cutting and local interventions. Limited, albeit increasing, monitoring capacity demands prioritization of indicators. However, it is envisaged to continuously expand on the number of indicators being tracked and promote disaggregation. This system is to be integrated in the National Monitoring and Evaluation System (NMES), as indicated in the NAP framework and is focused on the measures proposed and still needs to be linked with the adaptation national and international goal and may be interconnected with the M&E of the SDGs. 5.2 Mitigation The overall indicator for the implementation of the NDC is the total annual GHG emission, expressed in t COi-eq, covering all IPCC sectors and all gases that are reported in the most recent GHG lnventory Report (2017): CO2, CH4, N2O and HFCs. Lesotho GHG lnventory Report (2017) uses the 100-year horizon Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC's Second Assessment Report. The Paris Agreement calls for using the values of the Fifth Assessment Report. ln 2017, 62.4% of Lesotho's reported emi~ ns are from CO2, 24.4% from CH4.The difference between applying the GWP as listed in the Fi-~ ~nt Report is 4%. The quantifiable information on the reference point to tra~ scr:!!>1 the target is ~ontaine~ in Table 15,_ listing all items as Dec 4/CMA.1, Annex l~ ô·s:-it~ ~o~er all information requested in Dec 18/CMA.l Annex, Part 111/B on the Description ~ ar-tY:--~ ly determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris ~ eement, including updates. ~ --==::::::_ == -===--- Table 15: Quantifiable information on the reference point, Dec 4/CMA. 1, Annex I Item Information describing Lesotho NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): la. Reference year(s), base year(s), Reference year: 2000 with baseline scenario to reference period(s) or other starting point(s); 2030 lb. Quantifiable information on the lndicator: GHG emission in 2030 reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as BAU scenario 2030: applicable, in the target year; pt NDC: 5,713 kt CO2eq Updated NDC: 7,192 kt C02eq The pt NDC target was based on the most recent inventory data set available then, i.e. 2000. After compiling inventory data up to 2017, it became apparent that the data set for 2000 is not representative of the current situation in Lesotho. This update takes this into account and applies a more disaggregate projection method. le. For strategies, plans and actions N/A referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph l(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; ld. Target relative to the reference Unconditional emissions reduction target indicator, expressed numerically, for example Emission reduction target 2030: 166 ktCOi-eq. in percentage or amount of reduction; Conditional emissions reduction target Emissions reduction target: 1,436 ktCOi-eq. le. Information on sources of data used in Lesotho~ ~u~ lnventory of 2017 quantifying the reference point(s); constitute t ~~~, rnjection of GHG emissions in the BAU-scenar~ BAU emissions were p~ , istoric activit'{. data and top-down growth proJè ,ions --=--==+---SUch as annual population growth of 0.7% and a ~==-----=±-n. rojected GDP growth of 2.6% annually. ~==--...j..._J~-e projection was carried out on a reporting category level. lf. Information on the circumstances lmproved MRV capacities could enable a under which the Party may update the values projection based on activity data per category. of the reference indicators. Especially in the energy sector, efforts to enhance the MRV system are undertaken. Large changes of the projected population and/or GDP growth will lead to a reassessment of the BAU scenario. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: 2a. Time frame and/or period for until 2030 implementation 2b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- Single-year target: 2030 year target, as applicable. 3. Scope and coverage: 3a. General description of the target; Economy wide, reduction target relative to a BAU scenario estimate until 2030. Sectoral targets have been also identified for the Energy, IPPU, AFOLU, and Waste sectors. 3b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools Total annual GHG emission, expressed in t COi- covered eq, covering all IPCC sectors and all gases that are reported in the most recent GHG lnventory Report (2017): CO2, CH4, N2O and HFCs. 3c. How the Party has taken into Described in the GHG inventory 2017. consideration paragraph 31(c) (include all categories of anthropogenic emissions) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 (explanation for category exclusion of anthropogenic emissions); 3d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Several adaptation measure, especially in the Parties' adaptation actions and/or economic AFOLU and Hu man Settlement sectors targeting diversification plans, including description of increased forest caver, improved grazing specific projects, measures and initiatives of practices and conservation agriculture resulting Parties' adaptation actions and/or economic in increased forest caver that enhances carbon --- diversification plans. sequestration. Reduced soil degradation, on the other hand, enhances soil's ability to store carbon and improves its fertility, further supporting carbon sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from degraded land. These actions also help in maintaining the ecological balance, supporting water retention and reducing the risk of natural disasters like floods and landslides, which are exacerbated by deforestation and soil erosion. Overall, these adaptation measures effectively contribute to climate change mitigation by enhancing natural carbon sinks and maintaining ecological integrity. Other co-benefits for mitigation result from a more conscientious use of resources in the country resulting from the implementation of water, agriculture, waste, and more would results in reduced consumption of fossil fuels, and greater adaptive capability. 4. Planning processes: 4a. Information on the planning processes The National Climate Change Committee that the Party undertook to prepare its (NCCC) has been setup as a coordination body. nationally determined contribution and, if The NDC update was led by to the Lesotho available, on the Party's implementation Meteorological Services, and invited ail plans, including, as appropriate: stakeholders from inception, du ring consultations at national and district levels as well as during validation, including an evaluation of the implementation of NDC measures published in 2017, the formulation of new measures, and strategy development for financing and improving the MRV system. 4ai. Domestic institutional arrangements, Gender based analysis was considered in the public participation and engagement with local development of the NDC. communities and indigenous peoples, in a Regional presentations were also carried out. gender-responsive manner; 4aii. Contextual matters, including, inter Contained in Third National Communication. alia, as appropriate: High political support is required to mainstream 4aii1. National circumstances, such as climate aspects into ail new sectoral geography, climate, economy, sustainable development plans. development, and poverty eradication. High levels of poverty are prevalent, especiaily 4aii2. Best practices and experience related in a rural context. to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution. 4aii3. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; 4b. Specific information applicable to N/A Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, -- in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16- ---=t--==::::::__--==:-- 18, of the Paris Agreement; 4c. How the Party's preparation of its No stocktake has taken place so far nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; 4d. Each Party with a nationally No quantification of co-benefits of adaptation determined contribution under Article 4 of the measures, but forest caver initiatives are Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation assumed to have large sequestration potential. action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 4di. How the economic and social No analysis carried out so far consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; 4dii. Specific projects, measures and The NDC contains over 30 adaptation measures activities to be implemented to contribute to targeting the sectors: mitigation co-benefits, including information Water - to increase supply and reduce the on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation impact of rainfall variability. co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, Hu man settlements -to decrease the impact of resources, water resources, coastal resources, climate change through better provision of human settlements and urban planning, services such as sanitation. agriculture and forestry; and economic Economy-to support a resilient economy in the diversification actions, which may cover, but face of changing rainfall affective productive are not limited to, sectors such as systems. manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, AFOLU and food security - looking to maintain construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture livestock and crops productivity and increase and fisheries. forest caver to reduce land degradation. S. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: Sa. Assumptions and methodological The current approach is in accordance with approaches used for accounting for methodologies and common metrics assessed anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and by the IPCC. removals corresponding to the Party's nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision l/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Sb. Assumptions and methodological Not applicable. The NDC target refers to an approaches used for accounting for the absolute, economy-wide reduction in implementation of policies and measures or greenhouse gas emissions. strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Sc. If applicable, information on how::::the- =5~5 (d), below. Party will take into account existin~ !o - and guidance under the Convention-"1:oaC.ÇQunt for anthropogenic emissions and ~ v a-1s-,_- _in- + - - - accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Sd. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for Methodologies: IPCC Guidelines 2006. estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas Metrics: Global Warming Potential on a 100 emissions and removals; timescale in accordance with IPCC's 4th Assessment Report Se. Sector-, category-or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Sel. Approach to addressing emissions and Disturbances due to fire were included in the subsequent removals from natural GHG inventory under category 3B1. disturbances on managed lands; Se2. Approach used to account for emissions Harvested wood is for fuel wood only and this is and removals from harvested wood products; accounted for in category 3B1. Se3. Approach used to address the effects of Not accounted for. age-class structure in forests; Sf. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: Sfl. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) These elements of the GHG accounting and/or reference level(s), including, where approach have been developed in accordance applicable, sector-, category-or activity- with IPCC 2006 guidelines for GHG inventories; specific reference levels, are constructed, consistent with decision 18/CMA.1 including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Sf2. For Parties with nationally determined Not applicable. The target refers to an absolute, contributions that contain non-greenhouse- economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas gas components, information on assumptions emissions. and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Sf3. For climate forcers included in nationally Not applicable. The NDC includes only forcers determined contributions not covered by IPCC covered by IPCC guidelines. guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; - r5f . Further technical information, as Notappliêab ~ necessary; Sg. The intention to use voluntary cooperation Lesotho is committed to contributing towards under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if developing market and non-market applicable. mechanisms via international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Wh ile at present, there is no clarity on Article 6, Lesotho does not exclude the possibility of utilizing international market and non-market mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets ' ~ -- 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: Ga. How the Party considers that its nationally Given the minor share of Lesotho's GHG determined contribution is fair and ambitious emissions compared ta global emissions, and its in the light of its national circumstances; negligible contribution ta climate change, Lesotho's efforts are highly ambitious and strive for a decoupling of economic and societal development from GHG emissions. Gb. Fairness considerations, including NDC measures consider equal access of all reflecting on equity; population groups. Ge. How the Party has addressed Article 4, With this update, the overall level of ambition paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; has not increased from the previous NDC as the BAU path has been revised upwards significantly. Gd. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Lesotho complies with this provision by having paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement an economy-wide absolute target Ge. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Lesotho's development plan accounts for its paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. special circumstances. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: 7a. How the nationally determined Lesotho considers its NDC being in line with eh contribution contributes towards achieving objective of the UNFCCC and long-term goal of the objective of the Convention as set out in its the Paris Agreement Article 2; 7b. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph l(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. The monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system of mitigation measures in Lesotho is not developed and presents large gaps. The challenge is a) ta set targets and baselines and b) transparently track the progress of implementation and the emission mitigation of each measure and transfer the information ta a central place ta draw conclusions on th overall progress of emission mitigation. ---- ---==::::::::_ --=::::::::::.. ==

6 Annex 1 - Long lists prior to consolidation This section presents an unedited version of the long list of actions that were considered before their consolidation into the final tables of proposed actions presented in the preceding chapters. lt should be noted that considering their unedited state, a number of actions have moved to different sectors as needed, new indicators and baselined have been developed, and more detailed explanations have been included into each action to support better understanding. lt should also be noted that this long list has not been formatted for official use, therefore it have uneven formatting. Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Water Water 1 lmplement the Percentage of Local Councils in No Local Councils in supported RENOKA: 80% of Local Councils in Sustainab/e sub-catchments Integrated Catchment sub-catchments (inc/uding in sub-catchments with developed supported sub-catchments (6/74) management. Management (ICM) other /CM related projects and /CM Plans. implemented more thon 75% of program. programmes) adoption and their /CM Plans. implementation of the /CM framework.

2 Expanded rainwater Number of Communities and BoS reports, Hydro/ogica/ Additional 15% of the househo/ds Supply of water increased. harvesting to enhance institutions benefiting from reports from DWA. and 100% of rural institutions water storage and water harvesting. (schoo/s, hospita/s). conservation techniques; water re-use; water-use and irrigation efficiency.

3 Support an expanded Number of dams built. Katse, Moha/e and Mue/a, 35 sma/1 dams. Supply of water increased. programme of Meto/ong, sma/1 dams. constructing multipurpose dams to enhance water storage. -- ~.:_-:::-:: -....::::--- -- --==-- ::.:: - --=--=--

4 Support the revision of Number of reviewed and Outdated strategy (L TS} does Reviewed and Updated Water Act, A c/imate resilient water water related legislation, updated water related po/icies, not include climate issues and Long Term Water and sanitation sector. policies, and strategies to Legislation and strategies Water Act overlapping with strategy. include climate change (Water Act, Water and Long- other related legislations. issues e.g., LHDA. Term Water and Sanitation Strategy), inc/uding c/imate change issues.

5 Establish a national Number of local CMJCs, CPUs 6 out of 74 sub-catchments under Sustainable sub-catchment integrated catchment capacitated and implementing ReNOKA. management at community resource management catchment planning guidelines. level. \ 1 Catchment (Sebapala) under :.\-1,. ,\ framework that ~ "\ ROLL (MFRSC-UNDP). incorporates district and ' community-based 2 Catchment Management Areas catchment management. under ReNOKA.

6 Protect and rehabilitate Number of ha of wetlands Area of degraded wetland, (take 30 pilot areas implemented. lmproved wetlands and their the wetlands areas. rehabilitated and protected. from sustainable land associated functions such as management toolkit). improved water quality, erosion contrai, habitat enhancement, water supply and aesthetic appeal. 7 lncreasing rural water Number of Community Councils Access to water is 80% BoS of 88% population reached. lmproved water security in supply network. with improved water supply as which 65% has an operating rural areas. indicated by water points. system.

8 Promote gender Number of women National Gender policy requiring To ensure gender equity and mainstreaming in policies participating in projects. 30% representation. inc/usiveness in development programmes and programmes. Number of women in decision projects. making positions. Number of projects /programmes inc/ude gender components.

9 Support capacity building Number of women trained. To ensure an inclusive programmes for process of c/imate change Number of incentives/actions vulnerable groups. adaptation process. implemented to encourage skilling of women.

10 Capacity building and Number of policy makers 80% of the key decision-makers Climate conscious p/anners technical support to trained in c/imate change aware of c/imate change issues and and decision makers. provide the necessary vulnerabi/ity and adaptation. the rote of climate change Mainstreaming of climate ski lis including abilities adaptation actions in vulnerabi/ity change in policies. for technical policy reduction. dialogs to facilitate implementation of existing projects and disseminate existing information.

11 Training local technicians Number of national agencies None accredited At least one accredited national lncreased c/imate change to prepare meaningful accredited to submit proposais agency certified to propose and adaptation interventions. climate change to UNFCCC c/imate funds. submit c/imate change adaptation lncrease access to c/imate adaptation proposais and proposais to UNFCCC c/imate funds. financial resources. mobilize climate adaptation funds either from the UNFCCC climate funds (GCF, GEF, LDCF, AF, etc.) or from bilateral funding mechanisms.lli

12 Development of national Climate change and gender National statistics and national To ensure adequately (gender climate change indicators in national statistics accounts inc/ude c/imate change and c/imate change) adaptation indicators, and national accounts. and gender specific indicators. disaggregated indicatars ta including gender aspects, infarm evidence-based and their inclusion in pragramming. national statistics. ill Although this measure was brought out in the Water sector, it is valid for ail sectors. ------ 6.2 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Human Settlements Adaptation measures Key indicator Baseline Value of the Key Target Value of the key indicator Projected benefit . lndicator Comm,tments under 1st NDC and in NCCPIS Transport/Infrastructure

1 Strengthen standards to Standards reviewed and Outdated standards Updated standards Climate proofed ensure that roads and updated: infrastructure Lesotho Roads National Risk critical public infrastructure are • Standard specifications for Assessment final draft report roads and bridges - Volume climate proofed. (National climate risk and 1 vulnerability assessment (CRVA) • Design guidelines for low for Lesotho roads.) volume roads - Volume 2 • Design Standards and Guidelines for Pavement Materials Design - Volume 3 • Design Standards and Guideline for Pavement Rehabilitation - Volume 850

2 Construct infrastructure Number of infrastructure Lesotho Roads National Risk lncluded possible change in design Reduce the risk off/ooding. for flood contrai, projects for flood contrai. Assessment final draft report. rainfa/1 into ca/cu/ating runoff and Reduce cost of damage to transport, etc. design flood estimates for eu/verts Design standards and National climate risk and infrastructure caused by and bridges. explanatory notes for bridges, vulnerability assessment (CRVA) flooding. eu/verts and low-level for Lesotho roads. structures. Development of RIO Mainstreaming Framework Disaster prevention and management

50 World Bank. (2023). Lesotho Roads National Risk Assessment (P172476). World Bank Grou p.

3 Conduct risk Identification of hotspots for No information available. Conduct risk assessments and To ensure more targeted assessments and disaster prone areas. vulnerability mapping. interventions and reduced vulnerability mapping. exposure to extreme climate risks . ., \ \ ~ 4 Strengthening of an integrated early warning system, and disaster Timely issuance of early warning messages. Pilot stage. Functional EWS. Reduced cost and damage due to disasters. response plans.

5 Establish international Level of insu rance. ARC MOU. Established and functional Reduced cost and damage insu rance fund for insurance scheme. due to disasters. disaster management and preparedness such as relocation programmes/ schemes to facilitate relocation from disaster prone to safer climate areas.

6 Establish and Comprehensive and operational 1 PUMA synergy 2015. Hydro-meteorological Early detection of disasters. operationalize necessary early warning infrastructure. infrastructure is installed.

120 Meteorological Observer: lmproved disaster infrastructure to provide staff 10% trained 15 automatic Staff capacity increased. preparedness. ail climate information weather stations 22 c/imate necessary for future Level of capacity. More targeted interventions stations 52 rainfa/1 stations. monitoring, climate and disaster response trend detection, 10 District disaster measures. management of climate Management Team. variability, early warning and disaster management and human capacity to enable functional national Early Warning System (EWS) - ---~------- --

7 Strengthen and Coordination Mechanism for DMA Early warning Enhanced institutional capacity. Early detection of disasters. capacitate institutional early warning in place. Preparedness coordination unit. lmproved disaster mechanisms for preparedness. coordination and implementation of Early More targeted interventions Warning System in and disaster response Lesotho and for use of measures. climate information for policy making and sector planning. '"

8 Pilot testing of EWS Real time, reliable, consistent Update Report on the existing Delivery of timely high quality National/y/Local/y adapted system and response early warning messages. early warning systems. c/imate information. EWS system in place. strategies and sustainability plan.

9 Set up remote sensing Remote-sensing and G/5-based Climsoft Climate Change Database. Availability of database to and GIS- based climate climate Change Database support climate change database management Management System. decision making processes. systems. (LMS expertise)

10 Strengthening Climate Number of sectors and Appropriate and timely Reduced vulnerabilities and Services in Lesotho for communities that have access information of the EWS is provided improved preparedness and Climate Resilient to appropriate and timely early to different stakeholders. response to climate hazards. Development and warning information. Adaptation to Climate Change (EWS Il) aiming at expanding the lnclude gender disaggregated coverage area and reach data. more communities. Use the lessons learned from the previous project in this area, and improve coordination with the other sectors (e.g., agriculture, water, tourism) and -----:::..-_-::..-_ "' --- beneficiaries (farmers, extension service officers) by providing information in appropriate language. Human Health

11 Build capacity to Early detection and diagnose, prevent and prevention of climate control climate-sensitive sensitive diseases. \ "\i~ \ ' diseases such as To protect human health ' ~~ diarrheal diseases and ~: against climate induced malnutrition. diseases. Support expanded programme for preventing and controlling climate sensitive diseases.

12 Enhance public Early detection and awareness about water, prevention of water borne sanitation, and hygiene diseases outbreaks. practices; and enhance To protect human health health surveillance. against water related diseases.

13 Construct more health lmproved access to health centres to improve services. access to health facilities Facilitates early action of within a walking health conditions. distance of 8 km.

14 Support the Early detection of climate- establishment of centre sensitive diseases. of excellence for ~~~--=--- ,,.,__ --=--- ~ ,,,._~-=-=- :0--- -- research and disease control targeting di mate-sensitive \ diseases. 15 lmplement the National Funds disbursed Not yet started National plan implemented. Enhanced capacity to Plan for Libreville address environmental ' ~\~ .n· _~. 'i declaration 2013; problems that affect human lmprove national health . ~ resilience to CC and CC governance in health. Housing

16 Develop and implement Climate related building National Climate Change Policy Climate building codes and Climate proofing the built climate related building codes/standards. 2017-2027. standards Established climate- environ ment. codes/standards. responsive building standards. Planning and Building Lesotho Housing Profile Revise existing building standards. report 51 . Established integrated Land standards in line with Information System platform. climate change.

17 Develop climate Vulnerability maps. Outdated Town and Regional Countrywide climate vulnerability Reduced vulnerability to vulnerability maps for Planning Act not considering maps. impacts of climate change. human settlements to vulnerability. National Land-Use Policy. guide urban and rural development plans, including sustainable land use planning and management. 18. -~"~ --- :::--..~-::::--- ~~-----..;::::: ~:.:::-_ ~-:----=--=--=--=-

51 United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2015). Lesotho urban housing profile. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-05/lesotho urban housing profile 1.pdf -- -~=~- - - .3 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - Economy Adaptation measures Key indicator Baseline Value of the Key Target Value of the key indicator Projected benefit lndicator Commitments under 1st NDC •· and in NCCPIS Strengthening and Number of communities Sustainab/e and equitab/e stabilizing ecotourism participating in ecotourism. The use of ecosystem services. based rural livelihoods. department of tourism wi/1 provide the data. 2 ldentify and assess Assessment Report of the No information on climate Climate change vulnerability to Build a climate resilient tourist sites that are tourism areas vulnerable ta change vulnerability to tourism. tourism assessed. tourism sector. vulnerable to Climate climate change. Change and provide support to planners and policy makers in selecting appropriate policies and adaptation strategies that meet climate adaptation, developmental and environmental goals.

3 Climate change Research and capacity building Science-based information to adaptation research and program implemented. support decision-making in capacity building in the the tourism sector. tourism-recreation sector. 4 lncrease the Number of tourism operators lncrease EWS information preparedness of tourism that camp/y with extreme and preparedness ta the and recreation operation weather conditions tourism industry to extreme to extreme weather preparedness. climate events. conditions. ~~-=:::::-_- .... :::::-_ - - ~:---~=::_-=-~

5 Develop methodology to Number of climate proofed Tourism audits needed. At least 15% of infrastructure Enhance climate resilience climate proof current infrastructure. protected. of tourism investments. and future tourism investments. 7 lnclude resource number of green labels issued inadequate consideration of 10% of the sector to shift to Mainstreaming climate efficiency criteria in the resource efficiency in current resource efficiency. changeintothetourism grading of tourist grading system. sector. facilities. Job creation ,,,,~ 8 Support and implement programmes for Number of households implementing sustainable Promotion of sustainable natural resources use. alternative livelihoods in management of biodiversity to order to reduce generate income. unsustainable resource '~ usethatcontributesto loss of biodiversity

9 Encourage alternative Number of SM Es and /LO study on informai economic xx number of SMEs and Diversification of income livelihoods to reduce cooperatives established. activities. cooperatives established. sources. pressure on land and rangeland resources through SME and cooperative development. 10 lncrease the capacities Number of communities At least one community in each Ensure inclusive climate of local people to engage engaged in sustainable eco- district engaged in sustainable eco- change adaptation planning in activities in the based businesses. based business. and implementation sectors of Tourism processes. industry and agriculture {referred as the areas with high potential for job creation for low skilled people). Initiatives such as MAB, SADP, WAMPP projects would provide good lessons that cou Id be expanded to other regions of the country. Capacity Development

11 Capacity building of local 5 district councils capacitated Law level of awareness lncreased level of awareness within Ensure inclusive climate government and 4 district councils. change adaptation planning chieftainship on climate and implementation change issues. processes.

12 Strengthen institutions NAP draftNAP NAP ready {2020). Ensure inclusive climate in formulating the change adaptation planning National Adaptation and implementation Plan. processes.

13 Develop capacity across Specialized units established. Limited capacity. Established and staffed LMS (5 Ensure inclusive climate ail sectors to specialized units). change adaptation planning mainstream Climate and implementation Change and to mobilize processes. resources to support climate projects. 14 lmprove the capacity of Focal points capacitated. Limited capacity. Sectoral focal point on climate Ensure inclusive climate each planning unit at change within the planning units. change adaptation planning ministry level to manage and implementation climate change issues in processes. coordination with LMS and NCCC.

15 Develop and implement Level of climate awareness of Ta be established. Inclusive program designed and Ensure inclusive climate gender and social women, youth, and vulnerable implemented. change adaptation planning inclusion program in groups. and implementation climate change processes. programmes. c-

16 Deliver trainings and Number of PS accessing climate No Private Sector accessing xx number of PS accessing finance. Ensure inclusive climate capacity building finance. climate finance. change adaptation planning programme for private and implementation sector on climate related processes. issues, including climate finance, proposai formulation, threats, and opportunities.

17 Given the predominance Ensure inclusive climate of rural population and change adaptation planning limited skills of local and implementation communities, processes. ecotourism, climate smart agriculture, and ecosystem valuation seem to be the easy options to promote job creation, engage rural households in income generation activities, and establish markets for ecosystem-based services. ~ === ~-=-~== ---- -~ ::_- ..:::---- - ~......___....::.::-::: ~~?S- ~ ' , ~~.:- ~- ~ --~ -....;:__--. ------ -...:::::~~-- 6.4 Long list of possible measures for adaptation - AFOLU Adaptation measures Key indicator Baseline Value of the Key Target Value of the key indicator Projected benefit . lndicator Comm,tments under 1st NDC and in NCCPIS Agriculture and livestock

1 Diversify livestock and -Number of livestock improved Consult the (Department of lncrease the number of livestock Reduce climate risk on livestock management. Livestock/ BOS} for further under the improved management livestock. -Number of women, Youth and information. by 60% by 2030. vulnerable groups farmers lmprove livestock value. engaged under livestock SADP has a product that aimed -/ncrease the number of HH management. at supporting women aged 18- implementing improved livestock 35. management practices. -/ncrease number of women, youth and vulnerable groups engaged in livestock diversification and management by 40% by 2030. 2 lmprove range Number of hectares under lncrease number of hectarage lmprove range health and management. improved range management. under improved range quality. management. Number of women, youth and Sustainab/e range/and vulnerab/e groups participating in lncrease women, youth, and management. range management activities. vulnerab/e groups in participating in range management activities. 3 lncrease access to Number offarmers in targeted lmproved technologies on maize lncrease number offarmers having Reduce the impacts of drought resistant, areas have access ta improved. and beans in place. access ta quality seed of drought climate change. disease resistant, early resistant, pests and disease quality seeds. Ensure sustainable crop maturing and bio resistant, early maturing and bio production. fortified crops. Number of technologies fortified crops by 20% in 2030. deve/oped and adopted. lncrease the number of improved Number offarmers especially technologies on crops by 80% by women adopting newly released 2030. technologies of crops. lncrease number offarmers especially women, youth, vulnerable groups adopting newly released technologies of crops

4 Provide early warning/ Number of Publications on Consult LMS, lncrease the number of publication Enhance measures ta meteorological weather re/eased. frequencies, increase the number of manage and reduce c/imate forecasts and related weathers forecast p/atforms. risks. Number and frequency of information feeds. information release on weather forecast. Number of platforms used ta share weather information. Number offarmers with access ta early warning agrometeoro/ogica/ information. 5 lmplement Number of mechanization plants lnsufficient mechanized lncrease number of mechanized Reduce exposure and conservation procured. equipment. equipment. sensitivity to climate change. agriculture and The numberoffarmers the is lncrease number offarmers Ensure sustainable agroforestry practices. capacitated on soif management implementing and adopting better agricultural production. And adopt better soil practices. soif management practices. management practices Number offarmers implementing (conservation conservation agriculture and agriculture (CA), crop agroforestry. rotation, intercropping systems, cover cropping, residue and man ure application, agroforestry systems, organic farming). 6 lncrease use of Number of hectares under Drafted irrigation policy in place lncrease number of irrigation Ensure sustainable irrigation systems that irrigation system with low amount systems. agricultural production. use low amounts of of water. during drought and dry water; increase spel/s. rainwater and lncrease number of hectarage sustainable under irrigation. groundwater harvesting for use in agriculture. 7 lntensify crop and Number of hectares restored with Ensure food security. livestock production. native vegetation.

8 Build adaptation Number of farmers (female, male Consult SADP lncrease number offarmers in Enhance knowledge and capacity in climate and youth) trained (using) in c/imate resilient practices. information about climate resilient agronomie climate resilient agronomie change adaptation in lncrease number ofwomen and practices for practices. agricultural production. youth engaged in climate smart smallholder farmers. agriculture practices. Promotion of climate- smart agriculture (Agrometeorology).

9 Support and expanded Number of multipurpose dams Consult Ministry of Forestry, lncrease number of multipurpose Reduce vulnerability program of constructed. Department of Livestock and dams for aquaculture. (exposure and sensitivity) of constructing LHDA. agricultural production ta lncrease number of women multipurpose dams for c/imate change. engaged aquaculture and irrigated irrigation and farming using. aquaculture.

10 Promote innovations Capacity (tones or cubic meters) limited and dec/ining food Capacity offunctioning food Enhance measures ta in post-harvest storage of innovative food storage (cold processing, national food storage and processing unit. manage and reduce impacts and food processing. and grain). processing sector cannot of c/imate change on food compete with SA security.

11 Promote the growing Number of hectares (or number of DAR is already promoting lncrease hectarage under Reduce vulnerability of drought-tolerant farmers) using drought tolerant drought tolerant crops. production of drought and heat (exposure and sensitivity) of and heat tolerant crop crop varieties. tolerant crops. agricultural production ta c/imate change. varieties and hardy Number offemale and youth live stock. farmers engaged in production of drought and heat tolerant crop varieties. Land Use

12 Integrated approach to Number of districts adopting Town and Country Planning Act 10 districts that have adopted the Mainstreaming c/imate Sustainable Land Use integrated land use plans and 1980. integrated land use plans and change into spatial planning. ,,,\~ Planning and management. Land Act 2010. management. Management. Local Government Act 1997 (as amended. ·~ Housing Policy 2018. Land Use and Settlement Planning Manual 2009. Maseru Urban Planning and Transport Study 2010.

13 Develop a new spatial Climate change planning law which will mainstreaming into spatial incorporate climate planning. change issues.

14 Establish National Cfimate change Land Use Policy to mainstreaming into spatial determine layout of planning. every piece of land and incorporate climate change.

15 Promote sustainable Number of districts that promote Cfimate resilient land use and climate- sustainable and climate- practices. responsive land use responsive land use practices. Sustainable land use practices. practices. ~~-- --

16 Develop Climate smart Number of sectors that have 2017-2027 NCCP lmplementation of c/imate land use plans. c/imate smart land use plans resilient land use practices. Policy statements SDG13

17 Management and Number of hectares reclaimed Sustainable Land Management Integrated sustainable Reclamation of and restored land. (SLM) too/ kit. catchment management. Degraded and Eroded Proportion of land that is Land in the Flood degraded over total land area. Prone Areas.

18 Conservation and Number of hectares of Range Policy lmprove wetlands and their Rehabilitation of conserved/protected and associated functions such as Range/and Degraded Wetlands in rehabilitated wetlands in the improved water quality, the Mountain Areas. mountain areas. Resources Policy erosion contrai, habitat enhancement, water supply ORASECOM Plan and aesthetic appeal.

19 Promote conservation Proportion of national land under Environment Act 2008 Sustainable integrated and regeneration of conservation areas. catchment management. Local Government Act 1997 biodiversity. Fauna and Flora Act Food Security 20 lmprovement of Proportion of "the most Consult Food Management Unit lncrease number vulnerable people Enhance measures to Community Food vulnerable people" with access to (FMU} and DMA. with access to nutritious food. manage and reduce c/imate Security Through the nutritious food. risk on food security. Promotion of Food Processing and Preservation Technologies.

21 Promote science and Number of appropriate Agricultural Productivity 5 technologies adapted. Enhance measures to technology to enhance technologies tested. Program for Southern Africa manage and reduce c/imate food security, (APPSA) project in place. risk on food security. productivity and resilience. - -

22 Update sector policy Updated Agriculture policy. Consultants engaged in Climate mainstreamed sector lmprove public and and food security updating sector policy. policy and food security strategy. investment planning. strategy to mainstream climate smart agricultural approaches. Forestry

23 Expand afforestation Ha offorests p/anted. NSDP report 13550 ha in 2012 NSDP 20,000 ha by 2020, 22,500 by Enhance measures to \ ' '' ~\.•• ~\\ \. .\ and forest regeneration 2023 manage and reduce climate risks. programmes.

24 Promote growing of Number of drought tolerant tree BoS report 30% increase Reduce exposure and drought tolerant and species planted. sensitivity offorests to "'"'-.:: fast-growing tree climate change. species.

25 Strengthen the Number of communities engaged Building adaptive capacity to implementation of the in implementation of CBFRM. climate change. national Community- Based Forest Resources Management Programme.

26 Develop and maintain Land Use and cover Maps Lack offorestry inventory National Forest lnventory lmproving resilience of a frequent forest forests against climate inventory system to change. facilitate monitoring of Forest caver change map National Plant Protection Policy forest status; and for Lesotho 2019. initiate a research programme on a range Percentage of natural forest cover of climate change change. related tapies. Preserve natural forest caver to maintain --....:: .......-- --- -- ~ ~- ,-... ~ ~~::~- ~ -~- --------- biodiversity and ecosystems.

27 Enhance regulatory Revised policy plans and Policy, Act Climate change mainstreamed into Reduce exposure and protections for species regulatory frameworks. environmental management sensitivity offorests ta potentially at risk due systems. climate change. to climate changes.

29 Support review and reviewed policy including climate Outdated policy Updated climate smart policy. lmprove public and \ •\ \\ .. ~ implementation of issues Forestry Policy 2008 investment planning. ~ policies to ensure climate change is a central pillar for the ' development.

30 Promote gender MDP project format. lnadequate MDP project Gender, youth, vulnerable groups, Ensure inclusive climate mainstreaming in format. and CC incorporated in project change adaptation planning policies, programmes format (2019). and implementation and projects processes. 31 31 Support capacity Number of women/vulnerable Lesotho Inclusive Education lncreased climate training of Ensure inclusive climate building programmes groups trained. Policy. women, youth, and vulnerable change adaptation planning for vulnerable groups. groups. and implementation SDG4 and 10 processes.

32 Promote research and Number of research and Promote measures ta education as key for education programs in enhance knowledge and success as local agriculture and land use. information about climate knowledge required for change adaptation in adoption needs to be different sectors. derived from lessons learned in novelty of 1 the agriculture and land use practices such as climate smart agriculture and integrated land use management. 6.5 Long list of possible measures for mitigation - IPPU Set up a National Cooling Action Plan including a Not estimated Refrigerant HFC import, HFC import, Tier National Ozone regulation to make operators of equipment yet. emissions minimum Tier 1 2 GHG inventory Unit, possibly responsible for system tightness and recovery, reduction - top- GHG inventory, data (e.g., mass Ministry of Energy, work performed by certified technicians down estimation better Tier 2. balance if combined with EE and ban of HCFC/ high GWP equipment where based on approach). measures. possible, promote the safe use of natural refrigerants. 2. Energy lmprove the performance of buildings to reduce Not estimated Combined with Ministry of Energy. efficiency the demand for the cooling appliances and yet. indirect improvement in related refrigerants. emissions, buildings. savings can be This is an EE measure that will not be estimated 20% or more here, but relevant to be mentioned for depending on completeness as it can result in HFC demand stringency. decreases. ===== -====-- 6.6 Long list of possible measures for mitigation - AFOLU Measure Proposed action to achieve reduction Potential Potential reduction Required Required data Stakeholders reduction in in 2030 baseline data for monitoring to discuss

2030 Comments measure [Gg CO2-eq] Agriculture, forest, and other land use 1. Land use Strengthening planning and political and legal not quantified based on IPCC, Area of land Annual increase Dept Town and support for land use, especially in terms of biomass is assumed to cleared for in aa of land Regional grazing in the rangelands, forestry plantations, be lost when land is settlement. cleared for Planning. and water catchments. converted to settlement. settlements, resulting This would result in less tress eut down, smaller herds to fit carrying capacity of the land, and sufficient water for smart irrigation where emissions. possible. 2. Livestock lncrease the number of cattle being given not quantified Estimates to be based No. of cattle Annual no. of Dept of Livestock diet supplementary (low GHG) feeds such as lablab. on stable cattle being given cattle being improvement population, 20% supplementary given reduction per cattle feed. supplementary head, 30% of feed. traditional, 70% of commercial cattle being given lablab. 3. Fertilizers lncrease the mix of organic and compostable ,= '"""'~ë:::::---+- estimate based on 10 No. of farmers No. of tons of Dept of Crops fertilizer in the total mix used in the country. Gg N, missing: using organic fertilizer applied -=; ::::::=====::i ~quantity of fertilizer fertilizers in their annually. - -sed (Emission factor mix. ~ = - - - -....W RGC: 0.01 kg N2O/kg Proportion of N. organic fertilizer in them mix. ... --- ---- --.:.:- - --------=- -......::~------- - 4.Reduce lncrease awareness of the general population not quantified No data available. Tree survival Annual change in Dept of Forestry firewood use and make it a socially undesirable activity. rates. reliance on to avoid fuelwood. Reliance on deforestation fuelwood. 5. lncreased lncrease the number of farmers (or proportion of not quantified not estimated, No. of ha under Annual change in Dept of Crops use of the land) practicing conservation agriculture, method to be defined. conservation no. of ha under including minimum tillage, micro fertilising, etc. agriculture. conservation agriculture. Expanding and strengthening forest planting not quantified not estimated, % Of total area Annual change in Dept of Forestry Forest cover, activities to increase forest caver. method to be defined of the country forest caver. turn AFOLU under forest This includes increasing number of trees planted, Annual tree into net sink caver. improve social awareness of the need for healthy plantation, forest caver, and improve political and legal Annual change in number of trees protection for the activity. the above. and hectares. --- ---- ==----- ---=----------- ===----===--- ~--e==---==== ======-- ..::. ~ 6.7 Long list of possible measures for mitigation - WASTE Waste 1. Waste New measure: include existing project plan in not quantified, methodology to waste collected Energy Department of incineration with NDC. depends on be defined (with from selected production data, Energy, energy recovery amounts of waste attention to sites (Waste to amount of waste Department of and energy sector Energy treated. Waste produced. attribution and Feasibility Management precaution study). and Pollution against double Contrai. counting) ~ 2. Capture and Perform feasibility for methane capture on not quantified, Feasibility test Methane leak utilization of existing landfills and include the requirement for depends on results. testing methane from methane capture on future landfill amounts of waste landfills. developments in the relevant legislation. and energy produced. 3. Waste Perform waste audit to understand the nature of not quantified, Could be large if separation and waste streams available and design possible depends.lîn organic waste is composition and recycling. waste separation and utilization schemes where amou ntsof-waste successfully quantification. methods. possible such as composting, biodigesters, etc. segregated. l r 4. Wastewater lncrease the reach of the formai wastewater not quantified, implementation sector (piped drainage included) ensuring GHG depends on with methane minimization from the onset. amounts of waste capture. and energy lncrease wastewater treatment requirements produced. for industry and agriculture emphasising water quality and GHG emissions. 6.8 Long list of possible cross-cutting measures Proposed measure Target lndicators Projected benefits 1. Mainstream climate mitigation and Next iteration of sectoral and Number of sectors with climate Ensuring the consideration of climate change in the adaptation language and measures national development plans proofing, mitigation and adaptation development activities of the country, increased across all sectoral and national includes climate proofing, actions. awareness of climate change impacts and improved development strategies. mitigation, and adaptation. responses for adaptation and mitigation. 2. Strengthen the role and activities of 1 clear set of directives and A stringer NCCC or a NCCU in place To ensure that measures are prioritised and the NCCC or support the formation of a coordination raies across implemented as well as better coordination of National Climate Change Unit (NCCU} in a government on climate change efforts national and engagement internationally. relevant senior government department. under one body. 3. lmplement an education programme Climate education program being Proportion of the student population To increase understanding of and support for on sectoral climate risks and implemented across the education that undergoes climate change climate change measures. vulnerabilities in schools' curricula. sector. studies. lmprove effectiveness of climate change actions. Programme to include gender issues awareness and solutions. 4. lmpleme 1 Capacity building program being understanding of and support for climate programme on ri imate change for the implemented for each of the sex, age, and vulnerable g 01:1p. , res. public and private sectors and the civil relevant sectors. , •. d vulnerable groups' outcomes society. Programme to include gender in climate issues awareness and solutions. ...__ S. lmplement a communication/ 1 Climate communication program Number of beneficiaries, per year, To ensure understanding of and support for climate awareness raising campaign on climate being implemented. sex, age, and vulnerable group. change measures. change for the public and private sectors and the civil society. 6. Ensure meaningful engagement and 2 existing grants fo_-___wc;::::::::c,:.:_::_: -umoer of women, youths who To ensure an inclusive process of climate adaptation participation of women and youth in youth incorporaH - i eGe-ss::gra nts action design and implementation hence eliminating policy making processes and programme climate adaptatio - = - - -+ 1N~1w1mrrl :lhLeeQ c.,.women and youth gender inequality. implementation on climate adaptation. stakeholder consultation held. 7. Conduct a gender-discerning 1 national gender vulnerability Extent of coverage, per year, sex, To provide useful data and enable better and vulnerability assessment on impacts of assessment undertaken. age, and vulnerable group. targeted policymaking and action on gender- climate change on women, girls and sensitive climate adaptation. young people that considers risks and protective measures. 8. lnclude gender analysis in every Sectorial gender analysis in relation Number of gender analyses done on To provide information on how gender can be climate adaptation measure and actions to climate impacts on health, climate adaptation. integrated in every climate adaptation measure of in Lesotho including social assistance protection and SRHR. Lesotho. programmes for people who lost their lmprove the relief for women and families affected livelihoods in climate change-related by climate change and reduce harmful practices disasters and propose gender sensitive including gender-based violence. \ solutions. 9. lmprove the availability and accuracy 1 M&E program being NDC M&E program in place. To ensure that measures are prioritised and of information tools to support robust implemented. implemented. monitoring and evaluation {M&E) or To generate important data for monitoring, analysis, monitoring, reporting, and verification and support decision making in future iteration of {MRV) systems to support climate NDC updates. actions. 10. Develop a fiilancial plan to begin the Identification of viable mechanisms Programme identified andtl'fe-i~ --~êè~nl:!s~ ns as lower emitting options are monetization of GHG emissions to and generation of suitable plan of development. --ad. an~ ecf,'g . e. ation of funds for climate actions. ~ provide incentives and disincentives for implementation. producers and consumers as well as fund raising for climate adaptation action implementation. -- -~ ~ 11. Strengthen institutions to support NDC Responsibilities assigned to lnstitutional rearrangements Stronger institutions are able to lend more weight to climate action including assigning raies institutions and officiais. identified and scheduled. actions. and responsibilities and allocating lnstitutional assessment performed Institutions targeted for specific Ensures that high level officiais push objectives in responsibility for climate targets to with a view to increase climate responsibility of NDC achievements. their agendas. government offices or raies. This would actions efficiency and support an increase of political will for effectiveness. climate actions. Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF) P.O. Box 10993, Maseru 100 TEL: +266 22320534