Nationally Determined Contributions Implementation Plan (2021-2030)

1. Dedicated / Designated unit within each stakeholder organization for NDC implementation, monitoring and coordination

2. Assembly of a climate action group for each sector and firming up of a programme of action

3. Mainstreaming of NDCs in to sectoral annual / long term development plans of stakeholders and providing budget allocations

4. Aligning with activities / outputs of donor funded projects

5. Capacity building of stakeholders

6. Implement an effective communication strategy to improve awareness of all stakeholders

7. Build awareness & competencies on NDCs at all levels (strategic, tactical & operational)

8. Obtain top-management endorsement and commitment throughout the NDC cycle.

9. Rapid development of sector capacity to prepare project proposals to seek external support (Means of implementation)

10. Formulate and operationalize multi-agency engagement platform

11. Effective coordination mechanism of sectoral stakeholders

12. Effective system for data management

13. Establishment of a compliance, Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and data submission frameworks

14. Enforce regulations on meeting climate obligations to cover all sector entities

15. Incorporate progress reporting of NDCs as a mandatory section in Annual Reports 9 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Methodology Followed for the Preparation of NDC Implementation Plans Updated NDCs (2021) were developed by the Climate Change Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment following a a Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound (SMART) approach. Simultaneouslythe draft NDC implementation plans were prepared in consultation with relevant stakeholders. Thus, as depicted in Figure 2-1, the process of developing the NDC implementation plans commenced with reviewing the existing draft plans and identifying the gaps. Recommendations were made for gender inclusion in four prioritized sectors (power, water, fisheries, and livestock). The key activities of the process are listed in Table 2-1. Figure 2-1: Schematic diagram of the methodology 10 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Table 2-1 Activities followed Activity Key Activity Description No 1 Gap Assessment Existing gaps in the draft NDC Implementation Plans developed by CCS/MoE during the process of updating NDCs in 2021 were assessed. A strategic framework for the gap analysis was followed to ensure the entirety and transparency. 2 NDC Implementation The structure for the NDC Implementation Plans was Plans Structure finalized with the consent of CCS and UNDP Sri Lanka. 3 Gap Filling By conducting a series of sectoral working group meetings, the gaps in the draft NDC Implementation Plans (developed by CCS/MoE in 2021) were filled. 4 SDG Alignment This activity had been conducted during the Assessment preparation of updated NDCs with the use of SCAN- tool of UNDP. This SDG alignment assessment was reviewed and updated. 5 Key Stakeholder A series of stakeholder consultation meetings Meetings (Working groups, Planning & monitoring committees) was conducted to develop NDC implementation plans through inclusive and participatory approach. 6 Gender Responsiveness A rapid assessment was conducted to assess: (i) the and Social Inclusion gender and social inclusion in the draft NDC Assessment Implementation Plans, (ii) the available gender-related information such as national and sectoral policies, (iii) the existing mechanisms in the prioritized sectors (power, water, fisheries, and livestock) to mainstream gender in the NDC implementation plans, and (iv) gaps in institutional mechanism and staff capacity through a questionnaire survey. 7 Recommendation for Integrated gender-responsive and socially inclusive Gender & Social actions for NDC Implementation Plans in prioritized Inclusions mitigation and adaptation sectors (i.e., water, fisheries, livestock, power)8 were identified based on the outcomes of the assessments and examples/best practices drawn from other countries and those that can 8 In addition to these four sectors, a similar assessment has been done for Agriculture (adaptation) sector under another project. 11 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA be applied from Sri Lanka as well. 8 NDC Monitoring Outline a monitoring framework that is consistent and Mechanism mutually reinforcing. National level monitoring framework agreed by the stakeholders at the time of revising NDCs in 2021 was further endorsed. In consultation with relevant stakeholders, SMART KPIs and targets were set enabling the closer monitoring of implementation plans 9 NDC Implementation The NDC Implementation Plans in a publishable Plans format through the consent of CCS were developed. 10 Progress reporting Progress of NDCs was identified for the years 2021 and 2022, and GHG emission reduction estimates were calculated for mitigation sectors. 11 SDG Alignment Alignment of NDCs with SDGs was appraised in consideration of direct interlinkages of each NDC activity/sub-activity with relevant SDG target/s. 12 Validation Workshop Sectoral validation workshops were conducted to validate the developed implementation and monitoring plans. 13 National Steering NDC implementation plans were presented to the Committee (NSC) NSC for their endorsement. Meeting 2.2 Data Sources and/or Scenarios Relied Upon The development of NDC implementation plans followed in-depth stakeholder consultations. Thus, when developing the implementation plans, activities, and KPIs, sector-specific policies, pertinent national policies, sectoral data, and constraints were considered. The implementation plans were also validated to make sure that the KPIs and targets are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART). 12 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 3 NDC IMPLEMENTATION – MITIGATION 3.1 Overview Sri Lanka has historically pursued ‘low carbon’ socio-economic development and has one of the lowest per capita carbon emissions rates (1.0 CO2 per capita as at 2020 according to Workd Bank) (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=LK) for a lower middle-income country. This could be attributed to the economic model utilized by the country, where less reliance on energy-intensive industries and greater use of renewable energy (RE) resources such as biomass, hydro, solar, and wind are promoted. However, over the past decade, a variety of fundamental systemic issues, arisen particularly from the gaps in policies, institutions and structures, have undermined the low-carbon growth trajectory and lowered the environmental sustainability of the country, as evident in many sectors such as energy, industry, transport, waste, agriculture, and forestry, as well as natural resource management. This situation is further worsened with the multiple and complex socio-economic challenges that have emerged post COVID-19 pandemic. In order to address these issues, the GoSL has taken a number of initiatives and interventions in the political and policy spheres, supported by various development partners, seeking a momentum to drive the low-carbon and sustainable development agendas forward. In particular, the updated NDCs with prioritized mitigation measures for implementation during the period 2021 and 2030 for a more ambitious climate commitment with net-zero carbon targets by 2050 provide clear guidance for responsible agencies and other stakeholders/ key supportive institutions to align their programmes to climate action. These measures have a high potential to reduce GHG emissions and are closely connected with the nation's SDGs. Further, while updated NDCs are formulated in consideration of several national and sectoal policies, the emphasis on climate action is reflected more in the recent revisions and development of related policies, strategies and plans. Some examples include: Climate Prosperity Plan (2022), National Environment Policy (2022), National Climate Change Policy (Under review), National Policy for Sustainable Development (Draft), National Policy for Sustainable Consumption & Production (2019), National Energy Policy & Strategies (2019), National Environment Action Plan 2022-2030 (NEAP) (2022), National Industry Policy (Draft), National Agriculture Policy (Draft), National Transport Policy (Draft). The aforementioned policy directives generally favor low-carbon and resource-efficient activities, circular economy concepts, and the promotion of GHG sinks by increasing forest/tree cover. Further, Sri Lanka has taken various proactive measures in recent years to access and mobilize finance to support a low-carbon pathway. For instance, the power sector has facilitated private investment in RE using supportive legislative tools including feed-in tariffs, various roof-top solar power connecting schemes such as “net metering”, “net accounting” and “net plus”, etc. Energy efficiency (EE) is encouraged by high electricity consumer tariff rates that rationalize use, Time-of-Use (TOU) 13 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA billing, etc., and is backed by financial incentives to promote the shift from incandescent bulbs to CFL and then to LED lighting. The amount of managed waste in metropolitan areas has significantly increased because of investments in waste-to-energy and waste composting programs in major municipalities. Large-scale waste producers, like hotels and livestock farms, have been compelled by legal requirements and environmental concerns to make investments in on-site waste management. The MoE has developed the NEAP covering the period from 2022 to 2030 under the theme ‘pathway to sustainable development in Sri Lanka’ based on the National Environmental Policy (NEP). The Ministry of Industries is in the process of introducing a National Industry Policy (pending Cabinet approval) through which there is a commitment to transform existing industrial parks to “Eco Industrial Parks” and to build all new industrial parks under "green or eco" themes. The industry has adopted concepts like circular economy, energy efficiency, and cleaner production. For sustainability and marketing advantages, some major industrial production facilities and some industrial sectors such as tea industry are increasingly aiming for "carbon neutrality". With the middle-income development aspirations, the transport sector has seen a gradual modal shift from public to private transportation. In 2005, the contribution of public transport systems (buses and railways) to passenger transport was 70%, which has reduced by 50% in 2015 and 33% in 20219. In 2021, cars, motorcycles, and three-wheelers contributed to about 85.5% of the active fleet of 5.53 million vehicles10. In the meantime, large investments are planned to modernize passenger transportation systems, including the aging railway and expressway network, electrification of railways, and encourage more private users to purchase hybrid and (EVs. In particular, with the recent import restrictions imposed by the GoSL on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, there is a renewed interest in EVs, including local manufacture and value addition. With the assistance of development partners, a number of pilot projects have been initiated for promoting EVs, including including retrofit in ICE vehicles, and establishment of charging infrastructure. The policy and political level emphasis on low-carbon development is also reflected in the recent interventions of the GoSL, including Climate Prosperity Plan, Net-zero Carbon Roadmap, and the proposal to establish an International Climate Change University. Nevertheless, the implementation of these policies and programmes has been hindered by the limitations in financing, which is aggravated further by the present economic crisis. In order to overcome these challenges, the GoSL is exploring opportunities to access climate financing and other sources. Some notable initiatives related to financing include the Sri Lanka Green Finance Taxonomy published by Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) in 2022 and SDG Investor Map (2022) formulated with the guidance of Sri Lanka Sustainable Development Council (SLSDC) and Board of Investment (BOI), which intend to provide conducive environment to unlock investments for low-carbon and sustainable developments. The MoE has recently appointed an expert committee to identify the country's potential of carbon trading and develop 9 National Transport Commission (NTC), National Transport Statistics 2022. 10 CBSL, Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2022. 14 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Carbon Trading Strategy of Sri Lanka. 3.1.1 Unconditional and Conditional Policy Responses Although committed by the GoSL, the successful implementation of NDCs depends on several factors, particularly on the availability of resources such as data, finance, technology, skills and expertise. Accordingly, some of the NDCs identified are relatively easier to implement, while others require more efforts and international supports from other parties and development partners. Thus, in general, NDCs are categorized as conditional and unconditional. The implementation of conditional NDCs require additional resources beyond the capabilities of the country and, in some cases, more conducive governance and legislative environment. For example, several conditional NDCs are restricted due to the technology's infancy and lack of market readiness (commercial viability) locally. These steps are crucial for a long-term shift in direction toward low-carbon routes in major sectors such as power, transport, industry, waste, forestry, agriculture, and livestock. These conditional NDC actions account for additional 10.5%11 of GHG emissions reduction respective to the BAU scenario for the period 2021-2030, and account for the major component of the total amount of 14.5% reduction12. The unconditional NDCs are the actions that have been identified in national plans and programs, prioritised for national investments (public and private) which can be implemented with domestic capacity. These actions amount to 4.0%of GHG emissions reduction respective to the BAU scenario for the period 2021-2030. Table 3-1 includes the possible GHG emsission reduction (both unconditional and conditional) quantification of the mitigation sectors. It should be noted that the real potential of GHG emissions reduction would be much higher than the amounts mentioned above as a wide range of co-benefits including the GHG emissions reduction of both mitigation and adaptation measures implemented in the country have not been assessed due to the unavailability of required data and related MRV systems. Table 3-1Commitment of GHG emission reduction from mitigation sectors (adapted from Updated NDC, 2021) Sector Unconditional Amount Conditional Amount Total % (MTCO2 (MTCO2 (MTCO2 eq) eq) eq) Power 5% 9,819,000 20% 39,274,000 25% (49,093,000) Transport 1% 1,337,000 3% 4,011,000 4% (5,348,000) Industry 4% 2,088,000 3% 1,482,000 7% 11 For the six sectors covered in this revision (power, transport, industry, waste, agriculture & livestock, forestry). Analysis excluding the emissions & emissions reduction activities in certain sub sectors such as some land use categories. 12 Updated NDC Sri Lanka, 2021 15 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (3,570,000) Waste 8.5% 1,969,000 2.5% 580,000 11% (2,549,000) Forestry 2% 705,000 5% 1,652,000 7% (2,357,000) Agriculture 4% 2,477,400 3% 1,858,000 7% (including (4,335,400) livestock) TOTAL 4% 10.5% 14.5% (67,252,400) 16 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 3.2 Electricity (Power) Sector In Sri Lanka, there are three main ways to generate electricity: thermal power (which uses fossil fuels like coal and oil), large hydropower, and other new RE sources (small hydro, solar, wind, and biomass) which are also referred to as nonconventional renewable energy (NCRE) or new renewable energy (NRE) resources. The nation's electrification rate for all potential customers is almost 100%. According to CEB13, the total installed capacity by 2021 was 4,186 MW, a 1.9% (79 MW) decline from the year 2020 because certain power plants owned by independent power producers were shut down due to their retirement. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3-1, Figure 3-1 Share of generation source in 2020 and 2021 13 there has been a shift in the energy sources used to generate electricity that is more environmentally friendly (mainly NCRE sources such as solar and wind). Sri Lanka adopted a comprehensive approach while creating its National Energy Policy & Strategies (2019) to ensure the supply of energy is secure, equitable, and sustainable. The 10 pillars of this legislation direct the nation to maximise the development of domestic RE sources, diversify the generation mix, and reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports. With a target of reaching 70% electricity generation utilising RE sources by 2030, these initiatives are anticipated to advance RE-based power generation further. 13 CEB, Sales and Generation Handbook, 2021 17 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA According to the Sri Lanka Energy Balance (SLEB) published by SLSEA the demand for electricity was growing by around 5% annually during 2010 to 202014. However, it only slightly decreased in 2020 due to the reduced economic activity brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, it is expected that long-term growth trends will continue to be followed by future expansion plans for electricity generation, regardless of any reduction in demand that may have occurred in the recent past or in the present due to import restrictions brought on by the depletion of foreign reserves, prolonged power outages, and scarcity of petroleum products. Figure 3-2 shows how well Sri Lanka's economic activities and electricity demand coupled. As a result, it is reasonable to expect that electricity demand will rise along with the economic development. It has previously been predicted that, starting in 2026, the peak demand will move from the night to the day, reflecting greater industry activity15. Figure 3-2 GDP growth rate and sales of electricity15 With the emphasis given by the GoSL for RE, a significant progress has been seen in the capacity addition of renewable energy, particularly from wind, solar, hydro, and biomass. Among these, the most prominent development in the recent past is attributed to solar PV rooftop systems, reaching to a total capacity close to 700 MW at the end of the year 2022. There are about 47,000 rooftop systems in domestic, commercial and industrial establishments, with capacities ranging from a few kW to a few MW, supported by over 470 technology suppliers. The development of solar PV rooftop sector is largely governed by the national programme titled “Battle for Solar Energy”, with three different feed-in tariff schemes 14 SLSEA, Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2020 15 CEB, Long-Term Generation Expansion Plan 2022-2041 18 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA identified as net-metering, net-accounting and net-plus, allowing the electricity consumers to either bank the excess generation or sell the electricity to CEB. It is expected to add 1,000 MW of solar electricity to the national grid by 2025 and 1,500 MW by 2030 through this intervention16. Another area of intervention that attributed to further reduction of GHG emissions from the power sector is the ongoing Energy Efficiency Improvement & Conservation (EEI&C) programme. This area includes numerous Demand Side Management (DSM) initiatives as well as transmission and distribution loss reduction efforts. The key programmes implemented, particularly by SLSEA (and its predecessor Energy Conservation Fund), cover policies, regulations, codes, appliance labelling, guidelines, education/awareness and other promotional programmes. More recently, a major EEI&C effort has been initiated with the implementation of Operation DSM (ODSM) programme developed by Presidential Task Force on Energy Demand Side Management. It comprises of nine thrust areas: efficient lighting, efficient fans, efficient motors, efficient refrigerators, eliminating incandescent lamps, efficient air conditioning, smart homes, green buildings, and efficient pumps, targeting a total electricity demand of nearly 2,000 GWh during its implementation period of 2016 to 202017. Currently, the programme generated by the Presidential Task Force is being carried forward by the SLSEA. Further, the ‘no further additions of coal power plants’, conversion of current fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to natural gas (NG) and the construction of new NG power plants will aid in the endeavour to reduce emissions and support the NDCs. The five NDCs shown in Table 3-2 are anticipated to significantly reduce the GHG emissions between 2021-2030 period and ultimately direct the country to achieve the net-zero carbon target by 2050 in the power sector Table 3-2 NDCs of Electricity (Power) Sector NDC # NDC Actions 1 Enhance renewable energy contribution to the national electricity generation mix by increasing Solar PV, Wind, Hydro and Sustainable Biomass based electricity generations 2 Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) measures by promoting energy efficient equipment, technologies and system improvements in a national energy efficiency improvement and conservation (EEI&C) programme 3 Conversion of existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to Natural Gas (NG) and establishment of new NG plants as conditional measures (once the necessary infrastructure is available) 4 Transmission and distribution network efficiency improvements (Loss reduction of 0.5% compared with BAU by 2030) as unconditional measures (Target – Approximately 1,848 GWh energy savings between 2021-2030) 5 Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot scale projects for NCRE sources that 16 SLSEA, Soorya Bala Sangramaya (Battle for Solar Energy, https://www.energy.gov.lk/index.php/en/soorya- bala-sangramaya 17 SLSEA, Operation Demand Side Management, https://www.energy.gov.lk/ODSM/ 19 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA have not yet reached commercial maturity and develop other grid supporting infrastructures as conditional measures As shown in Figure 3-3, it is anticipated that the implementation of NDCs will reduce GHG emissions in the electricity (power) sector by 25% compared to the BAU scenario (5% unconditionally and 20% conditionally), which equates to an estimated mitigation level of 9,819,000 MT unconditionally and 39,274,000 MT conditionally (totaling 49,093,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent between 2021 and 2030. This estimation was done taking the Ceylon Electricity Board’s Long Term Generation Expansion Plan (LTGEP) of 2013 as the baseline. LTGEP of 2022 which was introduced after updating the NDCs has provisions to accommodate more RE renewable based generation in the energy mix. Figure 3-3 Power Sector GHG Emission Projection and Emission Reduction Targets 3.2.1 Gender Aspects in the Energy (Power) Sector The National Energy Policy & Strategies 2019,18 formulated in alignment with the current global trends in energy, Goal 7 of the SDGs ,19 and other future aspirations of Sri Lanka, have declared to ensure that convenient and affordable energy services are available for equitable development of Sri Lanka using clean, safe, sustainable, reliable and economically feasible energy supply. Under the clause ‘Providing Access to Energy Services’, the policy aims to introduce strategies for new productive uses for electricity in agriculture, rural and primary industries with emphasis on empowerment of women and youth; and outlines that a home productivity improvement programme, with energy efficiency and conservation as the central theme will be launched to empower women. Women play a major role in mitigation. They are promoters of renewable energy. Clean 18 Ministry of Power, Energy and Business Development (August 2019). National Energy Policy and Strategies of Sri Lanka. Gazette Extraordinary 2135/61. https://www.energy.gov.lk/images/resources/downloads/national- energy-policy-2019-en.pdf 19 SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 20 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA cooking stoves, sustainable fuelwood, domestic solar and biogas are often managed by women. Efficient energy systems will benefit women by providing time for entrepreneurship and quality time with their families while building a low carbon footprint. 3.2.2 Recommendations for Gender Responsive NDC Planning and Implementation in the Energy (Power) Sector In consideration of the above highlighted status of women with reference to the energy sector, it is important to facilitate, support and enhance the role of women from user, producer and entrepreneur perspectives through the NDC implementation, for more efficient and effective overall mitigation outcomes. The following recommendations are suggested for consideration: I Overall: i. NDC activity planning and implementation in the sector need to take into account the differential energy needs, and priorities of men and women, and gender-defined roles in energy production, distribution and utilisation at households, community and the market (through conducting a gender assessment and analysis for the Energy Sector, with specific attention to GHG mitigation aspects). . ii. Take into consideration the role women play as (i) energy suppliers and (ii) energy consumers (currently invisible due to lack of disaggregated data, policy gaps and stereotypes), aiming for greater engagement of women in mitigation activities. iii. Promote and facilitate women’s participation as technicians, professionals and managers in the energy sector: set targets to reach and maintain the share of women scientists, officials, technical officers at the national and local levels. iv. Include collection of sex disaggregated data, develop targets, indicators and KPIs to review gender responsive activities, mitigation outcomes, for the progress review and monitoring of the NDC plan. II. Engagement of women in production and supply of sustainable energy options identified in the NDCs: i. Proactively target and engage women in renewable energy production, supply and service provider programmes, as individual entreprenurs and as part of SME s, (such as solar PV, sustainable biomass production and services). ii. Include and target women in providing training on sustainable energy technologies, and in providing credit, subsidies, to enhance their position as sustainable energy production entrepreneurs and users. III. Enabling women to use clean energy sources for enterprices/livelihoods, for cooking and lighting: i. Proactively promote the use of affordable, accessible, cleaner fuels and energy efficient technologies as a mitigation measure: introduce and promote clean energy options to minimize the use of fossil fuels, biogas, and biomass for cooking, clean energy sourced technologies for entrepreneurship/livelihood support activities. In fact, biomass is the only affordable and accessible energy source for majority of the 21 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA rural communities and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The engagement of women is prominent in these sectors, throughout the entire value chain from generation of biomass to final usage. (Please see Table 3.2.3 for specific actions for gender and socially inclusive implementation) 22 3.2.3 Electricity (Power) Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Enhance renewable energy contribution to the national electricity generation mix by increasing Solar PV, Wind, Hydro and Sustainable Biomass based electricity generations (Target: Develop an additional capacity of 3,867 MW renewable energy over the RE capacity considered in Business-As-Usual scenario, out of which approximately 950 MW are on an unconditional basis and 2,917 MW on a conditional basis) Relevant Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) SDG Key Means & Target Performance Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Indicator Other Key Verification 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency (KPI) Agencies 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1 Establish wind, solar (rooftop, small-scale and large solar PV), - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - biomass12, large and small hydro power plants Addition of MoP&E, CEB 865 MW CEA, Private 1.1.1 - Establish wind power plants statistical (Uncondition SLSEA, CEB investors, MW installed 178 MW           7.2 digest & al 128 MW, Land SLEB Conditional custodians 737 MW) MoP&E, LECO, Solar Addition of 1.1.2 – Establish rooftop and ground- PV service CEB 2,263 MW mounted solar PV providers, MW installed statistical 425 MW (Uncondition SLSEA, CEB           7.2 Private digest & al 335 MW, investors, SLEB Conditional CEA, Land 1,928 MW) custodians CEB statistical MoP&E, Number of digest & Approxi LECO, Solar women in the SLEB with mately 1.1.2.1 Encourage and increase PV service 5.a, 5.b, rooftop solar data on 200 women in the rooftop solar PV providers, Increase from 5.c, 7.2, SLSEA PV women’s women          installation programme Private 2% to 5% 13.1, installation engagement out of investors, 13.2 programme and numbers 10,000 CEA, Land increased of women in (2%) custodians the programme 23 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Addition of 1.1.3 – Power generation through MoP&E, SLSEA CEB 65 MW sustainable biomass resources MoE, MoLR, MW installed statistical (Uncondition CEA, MASL, 50 MW           7.2 digest & al 10 MW, LAs, Land SLEB Conditional custodians 55 MW) CEB Baseline MoP&E, statistical 1.1,3.1. Encourage women in to be Target to be MoE, MoLR, No of women digest & supplying sustainable biomass for provided set by SLSEA CEA, MASL, suppliers SLEB with          7, 5 power plants by SLSEA in LAs, Land data on SLSEA 2023 custodians women in 2023 suppliers Institutional Sex mechanism disaggregated CEB for consistent 1.3.1.1 Establish an institutional data statistical collection of mechanism to enable the collection of SLSEA CEB, LECO 0  7, 5 collection digest & sex sex disaggregated data institutional SLEB disaggregate mechanism d data established Addition of Large Hydro: Unconditiona l 31 MW. MoP&E, CEB Mini Hydro: 1.1.4 - Establish large and small CEA, MASL, statistical Unconditiona hydro power plants SLSEA, CEB MW installed 410 MW           7.2 LAs, Land digest & l 20 MW, custodians SLEB Conditional 110 MW (Total Mini Hydro 130 MW) 480 km. Length of (Could be a 1.2 - Develop the required network CEB MoP&E, very transmission network infrastructure to CEB infrastructure statistical 3,160 km           7.b CEB elaborate enable integration of renewable energy developed/up digest target under graded REDMAP) 24 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 -Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) measures by promoting energy efficient equipment, technologies, and system improvements in a national energy efficiency improvement and conservation (EEI&C) programme Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2.1 – Realize energy saving of 2,603 CEB, GWh by phasing out incandescent SLSEA MoP&E, GWh saved SLEB 14 GWh 2,603 GWh      7.3 bulbs as an unconditional measure SLSI 5,189 GWh (2023-401) (2024-600) (2025-794) CEB, (2026- 2.2 – Realize energy saving of 5,189 MoP&E, 1,051) GWh by introducing efficient lighting, SLSI, EE (2027- SLSEA GWh saved SLEB 724 GWh         7.3 fans, refrigerators, and chillers as a service 1,549) conditional measure providers, (2028- Private sector 1,487) (2029- 1,737) (2030- 1,737) MoP&E, UDA, LAs, CIDA, SLSEA Institute of  2.3 - Implement energy efficiency Number of records of SLSEA Architects, None 1,073 GWh 7.3 building code on a mandatory basis installations building IESL, applications GBCSL, Construction 20 25 35 43 100 200 300 350 companies 25 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA HEM - CEB, 775 GWh MoP&E, VFD - MoI, EE 466 GWh 590 GWh service (2024-10) 2.4 – Promote High Efficiency Motors (Facilitat providers, SLEB / (2025-20) (HEM), Variable Frequency Drives ed by Chambers of SLSEA (2026-50) (VFD), tri-generation, and other SLSEA GWh saved Energy        7.3 Commerce statistical (2027-86) energy efficiency measures in the NAMA and Industry information (2028-100) industrial sectors Project) Associations (2029-100) (CC&IAs), Efficient (2030-100) Private Chillers - Investors 1,300 GWh Progress No of women reports, Baseline 2.5 Plan and implement specific and focused/target Numbers of to be targeted activities to engage women CEB, ed specific women establishe activities 100 women service providers and energy users in SLSEA MoP&E, service d through          5.8, 7, 5 conducted per year the promotion of measures for demand SLSI providers and an side management (DSM) No of women energy users industry befitted engaged/reac census hed NDC 3 – Conversion of existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to Natural Gas (NG) and establishment of new NG plants as conditional measures (once the necessary infrastructure is available). Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CEB 3.1 – Conversion of existing 600 MW MoP&E, MW CEB statistical 0 MW 600 MW       13.1 of fuel oil-based power plants to NG MoE, MoF converted digest 3.2 – Establishment of new combined MoP&E, cycle power plants in place of CEB MoE, MoF, MW anticipated coal power capacity CEB statistical 0 MW 830 MW       13.1 Private established additions in the BAU and gas turbines digest sectors (IPPs) with approximately 700 MW of 26 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA capacities to be operated from NG NDC 4 – Transmission and distribution network efficiency improvements (Loss reduction of 0.5% compared with BAU by 2030) as unconditional measures (Target – Approximately 1,848 GWh energy savings between 2021-2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4.1 – Carry out developments in the CEB transmission network, reconductoring MoP&E, CEB GWh saved statistical 302 GWh 1,848 GWh           7.b of existing transmission lines and MoF digest reactive power compensation activities GWh target 4.2 – Carry out the conversion from shall be bare conductors to bundled CEB As established conductors, line maintenance, load MoP&E, CEB GWh saved statistical reported through a           7.b balancing and reduction of line length MoF digest above loss by installation of transformers in the reduction distribution system study NDC 5 – Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot scale projects for NCRE sources that have not yet reached commercial maturity and develop other grid supporting infrastructures as conditional measures Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5.1 – Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot scale projects for new Number of renewable energy (NRE) sources CEB Initial 5 CEB, exotic (exotic technologies) like Geothermal statistical studies technologie SLSEA MoP&E, technologies           7.a Energy conversion, Ocean Thermal digest & are in s to be Academia researched Energy Conversion (OTEC), Ocean SLEB progress. piloted and piloted Energy (Wave), etc. which have not yet reached commercial scale maturity 27 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 600 MW 5.2 - Develop pumped storage hydro PSPP Initial power plants and pilot scale storage Number of installation, CEB studies is systems such as Behind the Meter MoP&E, installations / 100 MW statistical conducte (BtM) and Grid Scale Battery Energy CEB, SLSEA Academia, MW installed, BESS           7.a digest & d for Storage (BES) solutions, to support the Private sector MWh storage installation SLEB pump integration of intermittent renewable capacity (for grid storage. energy to the system support services) One Smart Mini-grid in 5.3 – Introduce ICT interventions such 4 new ICT CEB, operation as Smart Grids Technologies to Number of SLSEA interventio SLSEA MoP&E, (in           7.a support integration of intermittent interventions annual report ns Academia Galamud renewable energy to the system introduced una village (Knuckle s) Sector gender Main gender assessment issues in the document sector Gender with identified assessment recommendati 5.4 - Conduct a gender assessment and document 5.a, 5.b, ons for analysis for the Energy sector to Baseline for on the 5.c, 7.1, SLSEA, identifying identify main gender issues in the MoP&E introducing/pr 0 energy  7.2, 7.3, CEB, PUCSL and sector relevant for mitigation, and to omoting sector with 13.1, promoting set a baseline gender updated 13.2 gender responsive information responsive mitigation . mitigation measures activities identified available No of Awareness Gender All 5.a, 5.b, 5.4.1 - Build awareness and capacities and training awareness at Partial agencies of 5.c, 7.1, of the main planning and International programmes MoP&E the planning awarenes MoP&E        7.2, 7.3, implementation teams/agencies on agencies conducted on and decision- s created gender 13.1, gender issues in the energy sector gender issues, making level sensitized 13.2 on gender responsive 28 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA planning &implementa tion No of officials trained 29 3.3 Transport Sector Road vehicles dominate Sri Lanka's transportation sector, in both passenger and freight sectors, contributing more than 95% of passenger kilometers travelled and more than 99% of ton- kilometers. The demand for passenger transportation peaked in 2019 at roughly 231.5 billion passenger kilometres, but due to travel limitations brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand fell to 185.5 billion passenger kilometres in 2020. This reduction was also associated with moving passengers away from public transport. In 2021, this was recovered to 191.8 billion passenger-km, which is still less than the 2020 value. In 2019, the public transport modes (buses and railways) had a total modal share of 40.6%, while it was only 36.3% in 2020 and 33.0% in 2021. The corresponding modal share in 2019, 2020, 2021 of motorcycles: 8.0%, 9.1%, 9.1%, three-wheelers: 19.9%, 21.8%, 22.6% and motor cars 17.6%, 18.5%, 19.5%, respectively20. At the end of 2021, total vehicle registered was 8.33 million, while the active vehicle fleet (based on annual revenue license data) was around 5.53 million, of which 54.30% are motorcycles, 18.14% three-wheelers, 13.04% motor cars, and 0.94% buses21. In fact, a gradual deterioration of the public transport modes has seen over several year, for example about 70% modal share in 2005 and 50% modal share in 2015 in passenger transportation. Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, the share of public transportation will decline further. Despite investments and attempts to improve public transportation options, the quality and availability of public transportation are yet below expectation. This and rising per capita income have resulted in a gradual decrease in passengers using public transportation and an increase in private vehicles. Transport sector is the main consumer of the imported petroleum fuels. In 2021, the total crude oil imports was 1,182.000 metric tons (123.9 billion LKR) and the total refined products imports was 4,553,000 metric tons (564.7 billion LKR)22. Although Sri Lanka adopts Euro 4 emission standards and continues with the vehicle emission testing (VET) programme, the considerable share of inefficient vehicles in operation leads to higher GHG emissions. The increase in private vehicle use in urban areas has increased traffic congestion, road accidents, and air pollution, and in turn impacted the economy, environment, and society. High dependence on road transport, as against railways or water-based transport modes, tend to increase total energy consumption and air pollution. Though Sri Lanka Railway (SLR) played a dominant role in the past, its share of passenger and freight transportation has shrunk over time (4.3% in 2015 to 1.1% in 2021). SLR has identified the potential to improve its services as a low-cost mass transportation mode for passengers and goods, and thereby reduce urban and suburban traffic congestion to a great extent. On the other hand, non-motorized transport share is very low in urban areas and is reducing in rural areas. Three-wheelers, school, and 20 NTC, National Transport Statistics 2022, National Transport Commission (NTC), [Online]. Available: https://www.ntc.gov.lk/corporate/pdf/2022/statistics_Report/stat_2022_EN.pdf 21 CBSL, Chapter 2: Economic and Social Infrastructure, Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2021, Volume XLIII, Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL), July 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/publications/ess_2021_economic_and_social_inf rastructure_e.pdf 22 CBSL, Chapter 1: National Output, Expenditure and Income, Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2022, Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) 30 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA office vans are providing substantial services to communities that do not have direct access to buses or trains. Recent infrastructure developments in the sector such as expressways, park & ride facilities, multimodal transport hubs, etc. are expected to reduce the emission footprint while positively contributing to the environment and economy. The present economic crisis too is having profound effects on the transport sector, with restricted importation and controlled issuance of petroleum fuel, and t banning of importation of ICE vehicles. Import relaxation and other promotional programmes of EVs, including retrofitting of electric drivetrains in existing ICE vehicles, are expected to have a significant shift towards electric mobility, with renewable energy integration for charging. There are about 60 fast charging stations in Sri Lanka, mostly located in Colombo and in a few in other major cities. Around 7 of these are operated by the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), and others are operated by private sector organizations. However, there are no plans from the private sector to expand the network due to the lack of new EVs and the unviability of the existing fleet. Many previously functioning charging stations have either shut down or are functioning at a loss. Nevertheless, some local developers of charging stations have started exporting their products to neighbouring countries, having markets with more commercial potential. Meanwhile, SLSEA has developed a proposal to establish solar PV assisted EV charging stations, one in each district. However, this proposal is yet to be implemented due to lack of finance. In the above context, the updated NDCs in the transport sector has been formulated under the overarching Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I) conceptual framework, in a hierarchical order, with due consideration of local circumstances and policy priorities. Here, the Avoid element refers to organizing the land use, social and economic activities in such a way that the need for transport and the use of fossil fuels is reduced, Shift implies the use of environment-friendly modes like public transport and non-motorized transport (NMT) to reduce energy consumption per trip and Improve reflects the consumption of as little energy as possible per vehicle-km by using advanced technologies & cleaner fuels and by optimizing vehicle operation23. Accordingly, the updated NDCs are expected to enhance the transport sector system performance, trip performance and vehicle performance in an integrated manner, that will re- invigorate public transportation including railways, buses, and improve intermodal connectivity between rail, road, and water-based transportation, while improving energy efficiency/fuel economy to save foreign exchange contributing to the economy, local and global air pollution, apart from its contribution to GHG emissions reduction. Table 3-3 lists the key actions proposed to support transport sector emissions reduction, and the related GHG emission reduction projections are presented in Figure 3-4. Table 3-3 NDCs of Transport Sector NDC # NDC 1 Transport sector system improvement 23 GIZ, “Sustainable Urban Transport: Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I)”, Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative (TUMI), German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH (GIZ), March 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/ASI_TUMI_SUTP_iNUA_No-9_April-2019.pdf 31 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2 Promote public passenger transport 3 Shift freight to efficient modes 4 Rapid transit for passenger transport 5 Promote non-motorized transport modes 6 Introduce taxes and other instruments to promote public transport 7 Introduce inland water transport modes 8 Modernizing & upgrading of suburban railway 9 Promote electric mobility & hybrid vehicles 10 Improve vehicle fleet efficiency 11 Road infrastructure development 12 Reduce GHG emission from the marine sector 13 Supportive policy framework and activities It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 4.0% in the transport sector (1.0% unconditionally and 3.0% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1,337,000 MT unconditionally and 4,011,000 MT conditionally (total of 5,348,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-2030 (see Figure 3-4). It should be noted that there are additional emission reductions from various initiatives, which are difficult to be accounted for as no systematic reporting/accounting arrangement is yet in place. Figure 3-4 Transport Sector GHG Emission Projection and Emission Reduction Targets The appraisal of the transport sector NDCs indicates the presence of constraints and limitations that have resulted in lack of progress and non-implementation of several activities and sub- activates. For example, the project on Light Rail Transport in Colombo city under NDC4 Rapid transit for passenger transport has been cancelled. Though there are more recent discussions to re-initiate it, still there is no commitment for implementation. Some private sector 32 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA organizations have initiated programmes to transport goods in more efficient railway system. One case example is diversion of transportation of wheat flour from road to railway by Prima Ceylon Ltd (under NDC3). Though this was done during few years, there are issues for continuation due to fee structure disagreement between the parties with the recent price hike of petroleum fuels. Thus, in order to achieve the above targets in GHG mitigation, strategic interventions are required to be identified and implemented in an urgent basis. 33 3.3.1 Transport Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Transport Sector System Improvement Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1: Avoid the need to travel (through remote meetings, Information and communications technology (ICT) applications, Enterprise resource - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - planning (ERP) systems, process automation, flexible time, work-from- home, etc.) MoF, STC, CAASL, Percentage CIAs, Lanka number of 1.1.1: Promote e-shopping facilities Data sources: Baseline Sathosa, Business Covering Lanka Sathosa retail outlets, CBSL, to be Target to be 3.6, 3.9, MoTrad ICTA, ICT Entities           Cooperative shops and supermarket Financing establishe established 8.4, 11.6 Service having e- chain, STC, Online platforms Institutions d Providers, shopping Private sector facilities agencies

1. Number of organizations having WFH Respective MoL, options ministries; Baselines 1.1.2: Make arrangements for flexible Ministry in Targets to CCC to be 3.6, 3.9, work time, work-from-home (WFH), MoPA charge of be - - - - -     

2. Percentage (representing establishe 8.4, 11.6 etc. Productivity, established number of the Private d EFC employees sector) engaged in WFH All relevant 1. Number 1.1.3: Introduce ICT applications for Baselines public sector and Targets to public sector institutions to promote to be 3.6, 3.9, ICTA institutions, percentage of ICTA records be           (i) virtual meetings establishe 8.4, 11.6 Academia, public sector established (ii) remote service delivery d Private IT institutions 34 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA service adopting ICT providers, applications TRC

2. Percentage number of meetings conducted online;

3. Number of services provided through remote mode 1.2: Reducing commuting distances - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - and travel time Number of 1.2.1: Introduce urban rental MoUD&H, Records of urban rental Target to be residential facilities through relevant UDA LAs, Private MoUD&H, None           11.a facilities established policy changes developers UDA, LAs, available 1.3: Improve traffic and Traffic light - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - management

1. Number of 1.3.1: Introduce demand responsive MoT, SLP, installations Records of signals such as sensor controlled Target to be 3.6, 3.9, RDA SLR, RDA, None           adjustable traffic lights to avoid established 11.6 SD&CC, LAs 2. Number of Academia unnecessary waiting cities covered

1. Number of installations; Records of MoT, SLP, Target to be 3.6, 3.9, 1.3.2: Introduce signal synchronization RDA RDA, None           SD&CC, LAs established 11.7

2. Number of Academia cities covered Number of area wide Records of 1.3.3: Introduce area wide traffic MoT, RDA, Target to be 3.6, 3.9, UDA traffic MoT, RDA, None           controls SLP, LAs established 11.7 controls LAs introduced 1.4: Improve Parking management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.4.1: Introduce “Park & Ride” RDA, UDA, 1. Number of Records of 1. 7 by 3.6, 3.9, MoT None      concept with the use of multi-transport SLTrB, SLR, "Park & MoT, RDA, 2025 11.7 35 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA hubs and low-floor busses NTC, LAs, Ride" LAs Private sector facilities 2. Target Public introduced for parking Transport capacity in Operators 2. Parking each capacity in facility to each facility be established 3. Number of users in each 3. Target facility for number of users in each facility to be established 1. 3 multipurpos e transport centers by 1. Number of 2025 multipurpose transport

2. The RDA, UDA, centers target for SLTrB, SLR, established the capacity 1.4.2: Construct multipurpose NTC, LAs, Records of in each 3.6, 3.9, transport centers in main cities MoT Private sector 2. The MoT, RDA, None      center to be 11.7 (Kottawa, Kadawatha, Anuradhapura) Public Capacity in LAs established Transport each center Operators

3. The

3. Number of target for users in each the number center of users in each center to be established Capacity of off-street Baseline MoT, RDA, parking (in Records of to be Target to be 3.6, 3.9, 1.4.3: Provide off-street parking UDA SLP,           terms of UDA, LAs establishe established 11.7 LAs space and/or d number of 36 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA vehicles provided) introduced Number of Baseline km having Records of 1.4.4: Discourage road side parking MoT, UDA, to be Target to be 3.6, 3.9, RDA roadside RDA, UDA,           through regulations, pricing SLP, LAs establishe established 11.7 parking LAs d restrictions. 1.5: Introduce Intelligent transport - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - management systems 1,400 (in 2020) This Records of covers all 3,200 NTC, SLTrB, MoT, NTC, Luxury private PRPTAs, Number of SLTrB, and buses and 1.5.1: Introduce systems to track bus Private sector busses fitted MoT Private sector Super 4,000      9.1, 11.2 movements (such as GPS) Public with tracking Public Luxury SLTrB Transport systems Transport buses and busses by Operators Operators 60 % 2025 Semi- Luxury buses Records of ICTA, Number of ICTA, SLTrB, SLR, bus stands SLTrB, SLR, 18 major 1.5.2: Provide seat reservation NTC, Private MoT having seat Private sector None bus stands      9.1, 11.2 facilities including online systems sector Public reservation Public by 2025 Transport facilities Transport Operators Operators ICTA, SLTrB, SLR, Number of Records of Whole 1.5.3: Introduce integrated timetables NTC, Private routes using MoT NTC, SLTrB, None country by           9.1, 11.2 for public & private transport sector Public integrated SLR 2030 Transport time tables Operators ICTA, 1. Percentage Records of 1. 100% SLTrB, SLR, coverage of SLTrB, SLR, bus fleet 1.5.4: Introduce transit cards MoT NTC, Private bus fleet by Private sector None by 2025      9.1, 11.2 sector Public transit card Public Transport facility Transport 2. 100% 37 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Operators Operators, railway

2. Percentage Card issuers fleet by coverage of 2025 railway fleet by transit card facility 1.6: Improve Road architecture (road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - signs, signaling, signage, etc.)

1. Number of 1. All cities covered major cities by 2030 Records of 3.6, 3.9, 1.6.1: Develop road infrastructure for MoT, UDA, 2. Length of RDA RDA, UDA, None           9.1, 11.2, bus priority lanes LAs bus priority 2. Target LAs 11.6 lanes in km for the length to be established Number of new Baseline to 3.6, 3.9, MoT, SLP, Records of Target to be 1.6.2: Allocate space for bus bays RDA bus bases be           9.1, 11.2, PRPTAs, LAs RDA, LAs established established established 11.6 NDC 2 - Promote Public Passenger Transport Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

1. No

1. Number of moderniz 1. 1,000 by modernized Records of NTC, SLTrB, ed buses 2025 buses MoT, NTC, PRPTAs, 2.1: Improve public road transport for introduced Public, Private sector 2. 19.8% of 2. Target 3.6, 3.9, reliability, affordability, accessibility, MoT Transport           Public passenger for the 9.1, 11.2 availability, comfort and safety 2. Model Operators and Transport transport (of model share of buses academic Operators 158.6 billion share to be in passenger publications Passenger- established transport (%) km) 38 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 0.9% of Records of Passenger passenger 2.2: Improve railway transport for SLR, MoT, model share transport (of Target to be 3.6, 3.9, reliability, affordability, accessibility, MoT SLR, NTC NTC, and           of rail 185.5 billion established 9.1, 11.2 availability, comfort and safety academic transport (%) Passenger- publications km) ICTA, NTC, Number of SLTrB, SLR, integrations Records of UDA, Private in major Target to be 3.6, 3.9, 2.3: Transport mode integration MoT MoT, NTC, 10           sector Public locations established 9.1, 11.2 SLTrB, SLR Transport (Rail and bus Operators stations) NTC, SLTrB, SLR, UDA, LAs, Private Number of sector Public locations Transport Records of Informal having Target to be 2.4: Improve last mile connectivity MoT Operators, MoT, NTC, arrangem      9.1, 11.2 organized last established Taxi SLTrB, SLR ents mile Operators, connectivity Three Wheelers Associations, NDC 3 - Shift Freight to Efficient Modes Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1: Switch back to rail from road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - transport

1. Number of 1. 1. Target to tons handled Baseline be 3.1.1: Divert transport of wheat flour MoT, Prima by railway Records of to be established 3.6, 3.9, from road to railway (Prima Ceylon SLR      - - - - - Ceylon Ltd SLR establishe 9.1, 11.6 Ltd.)

2. Number of d 2. Prime prime movers movers: 26 39 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA replaced 2. Prime (up & movers down)

3. Number of replaced: during lorries 26 (up & every two replaced down) weeks by during 2025; the year;

3. Lorries: 3. 1,144 from Lorries: Trinco to None Seeduwa in 2020, 200 from Trinco to Jaffna in 2022, 100 from Trinco to Colombo for export in 2025, 260 from Trinco to Galle in 2024

1. Liters of petroleum products transported by railway 1. Records of 872,651 Targets to 3.1.2: Petroleum product transport by MoT, CPC, 2. % volume SLR and 3.6, 3.9, SLR kilo liters be           railway CPSTL of petroleum CPC; Reports 9.1, 11.6 established products of CPSTL 2. 58.8% transported by railways 40 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Weight or volume of other Product Baseline 3.1.3: Other materials (cement, sand, materials Records of Target to be 3.6, 3.9, SLR manufacturers to           etc.) (cement, SLR established 9.1, 11.6 and suppliers estimated sand, etc.) transported per year 3.2: Promote transporting petroleum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - products by pipeline Number of 3.2.1: Jet fuel transport by pipe from Records of Target to be 3.6, 3.9, CPC CAASL bowsers None    Muthurajawela to BIA for aircrafts CPC, CAASL established 9.1, 11.6 avoided

1. Number of 20' and 40' containers Private sector Targets to 3.3: Introduce rail-based transport Records of 3.6, 3.9, SLR logistic None be           system with inland container depots 2. Volume or SLR 9.1, 11.6 partners established weight handled per year NDC 4 - Rapid Transport for Passenger Transport Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4.1: Introduce Light Rail Transport in - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Colombo city 4.1.1: PPP-based Western Region MoF SLR, UDA, 1. Distance Records of The 1. Distance           3.6, 3.9, 41 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Megapolis LRT system (Three lines: LAs covered by MoT project covered by 9.1, 11.2, Red, Green, Blue) LRT was at LRT: 11.6 the Green line

2. Passengers feasibilit = 28.6 km; served by y study Red line = functioning stage 32.4 km; LRT Blue line = 21.5 km

2. Targets for the passenger served to be established NDC 5 - Promote non-Motorized Transport Modes Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5.1: Promote the use of bicycles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1. Distance Bicycle covered (km) lanes are by new introduce 1. Target to bicycle lanes d in some be Records of localities established 3.9, 9.1, MoPC&LG, 2. Number of UDA, RDA, but the for 5.1.1: Introduce new bicycle lanes UDA           11.2, RDA, LAs City PCs, LAs, specific distance; 11.6 Development PRDAs figures Pans with for the 2. 45 Cities integrated baselines by 2030 bicycle lanes to be implemented estimated 42 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA

1. Target to be established for the number of

1. Number of parking cycle parking locations facility and total locations Records of capacity established 3.9, 9.1, Respective MoPC&LG, UDA, RDA, 5.1.2: Promote cycle renting facilities None           11.2, LAs UDA, RDA PCs, LAs, 2. Target to

2. Total 11.6 PRDAs be capacity established for the total 3. Number of capacity cities covered

3. All major cities covered by 2030 Bicycles are used by school

1. Number of communi Records of MoT, schools ty on MoT, Northern covered Jaffna Targets to 3.9, 9.1, 5.1.3: Replace school transports by Northern MC Jaffna Provincial MC, but be    11.2, bicycles in Jaffna MC Provincial Council & 2. % Number specific established 11.6 Council and LA of students amount MC Jaffna using bicycles for the baselines to be estimated

1. Number of Improve 1. Target to locations the be having facilities established Records of RDA, improved for for the 3.6, 3.9, 5.2: Improve the facilities for UDA, PCs, UDA PRDAs, PCs, facilities for pedestria number of           9.1, 11.2, pedestrian walkways MCs, LAs, MCs and LAs pedestrian n locations 11.6 PRDAs walkways walkway s are 2. Target to

2. Total introduce be 43 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA length d in some established covered by localities for the total improved but the length; pedestrian specific walkways figures 3. 45 Cities for the by 2030

3. Number of baselines cities covered to be estimated NDC 6 - Introduce taxes and other instruments to promote public transport Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 6.1: Change the existing vehicle Vehicle emission charging system from the Upgraded type, fuel MoF, MoT, present vehicle based to vehicle type, vehicle Vehicle used and 3.6, 3.9, MoE, CEA, Records of fuel used and emission-based system DMT emission based emission-        9.1, 11.2, SLVET DMT plus the total km travel (Introduce testing system based 11.6 Operators emission tax based on vehicle emission scheme system by performance and distance travelled) 2023 6.2: Restrict the entry of individual modes of transport to sensitive areas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - and congested areas of major cities during peak hours through a levy Percentage of reduction of 6.2.1: Introduce Corden based pricing vehicles Records of 3.6, 3.9, mechanism to discourage poor MoF, UDA, entering into Not Target to be MoT MoT, UDA,    9.1, 11.2, performing vehicles entering to city LAs identified estimated established LAs 11.6 limits cities during restricted times 44 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 1. Number of

1. Number Park & Ride of Park & infrastructure Ride facilities infrastructu developed re facilities 6.3: Develop Park & Ride MoF, RDA, that are Records of Yet to be 3.6, 3.9, 5 by 2025 infrastructure developments combined MoT NTC, SLTrB, combined MoT, NTC, develope      9.1, 11.2, with Corden based pricing mechanism SLR, LAs with Corden UDA, LAs, d 11.6 2. Target based pricing for the total mechanism; capacity to be

2. Total established capacity NDC 7 - Introduce Inland Water Transport Modes Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Number of km in canal transport 7.1: Introduce canal-based water

2. Number of Records of Not Targets to transport using diesel or grid SLN, UDA, 3.6, 3.9, SLLDC boats in SLN, UDA & commenc be           electricity-powered boat service for NTC 11.6 service SLLDC ed established selected canal routes 3. Number of passenger-km /year

1. Number of km covered in SLN, MASL, Inland water Records of Not Targets to 7.2: Introduce water transport system 3.6, 3.9, ID Private bodies ID, MASL commenc be           in Inland water bodies 11.6 Operators and SLN ed established

2. Number of boats in 45 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA service

3. Number of passenger-km /year NDC 8 - Modernizing & Upgrading of Suburban Railway Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Five (05) – Colombo to Padukka; Colombo to Panadura; Colombo to MoT, MoF, Not Number of Veyangoda; 3.6, 3.9, 8.1: Electrification of railway lines SLR MoP&E, SLR records commenc           railway lines Colombo to 9.1, 11.2 CEB, ed Veyangoda; Puttalam line; Kandy suburban line By 2030 8.2: Develop new railway lines and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - expansion of existing railway network

1. Two (02) by 2025

1. Number of (Kurunegala to new railway Habarana Not lines and 3.6, 3.9, 8.2.1: Develop new railway lines SLR MoT, MoF SLR records commenc      introduced Matara to 9.1, 11.2 ed Beliatta) 2. Total km 2. Total length = 46 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 105 km 1. One (01) by 2025

1. Number of (Polgahawe railway la to double lines 3.6, 3.9, 8.2.2: Introduce railway double lines SLR MoT, MoF SLR records None Kurunegal);      introduced 9.1, 11.2

2. Total

2. Total km length = 20 km

1. One (01)

1. Number of by 2025 railway lines Not (Hambantota 3.6, 3.9, 8.2.3 Extend railway lines SLR MoT, MoF extended SLR records commenc to Kataragama)      9.1, 11.2 ed

2. Total km 2. Total length = 40 km NDC 9 - Promote Electric Mobility & Hybrid Vehicles Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

1. Tax 1. No tax concessions concession for electric & hybrid 2. EVs: vehicles Gazette 0.17% all Targets to 9.1: Increase tax concessions for 3.9, 7.3, MoF MoT, SLC Records from vehicles be    electric & hybrid vehicles 7.a, 11.6 2. % of new MoF, SLC categories; established registration of 0.37% of EVs cars; 0.17% 2Ws, 0% 3. % of new 3Ws 47 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA registration of hybrid 3. Hybrids: vehicles 0.82% all vehicles categories; 7.85% of cars; 0% 2Ws, 0% 3Ws

1. CEB – Additional 1. 10 by 2023 Changing and SLSEA stations:

1. Number of - 90 solar CEB – 7 MoF, MoE, charging PV assisted and 9.2: Facilitate supportive infrastructure MoP&E, stations charging Private developments. Suh as charging CEB, Records of stations by 3.9, 7.3, MoT sector –    stations, battery swapping & SLSEA, 2. Number of MoT 2024 7.a, 11.6 52 replacements CEA, UDA, battery LAs swapping 2. Target

2. Battery stations for battery swapping swapping stations: stations is None to established 9.3: Tax & Duty concessions for Number of HS Code 4,000 batteries used for electric and hybrid MoT, MoE, batteries Records from was not Electric car 3.9, 7.3, MoF    vehicles after introducing a specific SLC import using MoF, SLC establishe batteries by 7.a, 11.6 HS code new HS code d) 2023 NDC 10 - Improve Vehicle Fleet Efficiency Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 10.1: Improve efficiencies of existing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vehicle fleet (e.g three-wheelers, 48 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA passenger cars, buses) 1. % No of MoT, SMoT, vehicles SLTrB, disqualified at 1. Academia the pre- 1. Target to Baseline and testing stage Records of be to be Vocational on SLVET DMT, established 10.1.1: Inspection & Maintenance DMT establishe      7.3, 7.a Training SLVET d Institutions, 2. % No of project office 2. 10% by Private vehicles 2025 2. 17% Service failed at the Providers first test of SLVET

1. Upgraded 1. vehicle Introductio emission n of a new testing 1. emissions scheme Conventi testing onal no- methodolog MoF, MoT, Records of 10.1.2: Vehicle Emission Testing 2. Percentage load test y (VET MoE, CEA, DMT, 3.9, 7.3, (improvement to be suggested with DMT of vehicles 2.0) by      SLVET SLVET 7.a, 11.6 further random on-road testing) out of total 2. 0.06% 2025 Operators project office vehicle fleet annual inspected random 2. 1 % annually road tests annual through random random road road tests tests annually by 2025 No of vehicle classes MoT, IRCSL, Records of Only covered under All vehicle 10.1.3: Introduction of road worthiness AAC, SLP, DMT, commerc 3.9, 7.3, DMT mandatory classes by           test Insurance Insurance ial 7.a, 11.6 road 2030 Agencies Records. vehicles worthiness test CEA, Percentage of 25% accredited No Academia Accredited Data sources: garages Island 10.1.4: Introduction of garage accreditation 7.3, 7.a, DMT and garages out of CEA, LAs for wide under      improvement programme programme 8.3 Vocational registered EPL garage of garages Training garages accreditation 49 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Institutions programme by 2025 Number of 10.1.5: Introduction of criteria for MoF, MoT, vehicle Records of disposal of inefficient (unworthy) MoE, CEA, No All vehicle classes DMT, 3.9, 7.3, vehicles (Vehicle scrappage DMT IRCSL, program classes by           covered under SLVET 7.a, 11.6 programme) Insurance me 2030 the scrappage project office Agencies programme 10.2: Promote the import of fuel- efficient vehicles (e.g. light duty vehicles) MoF, MoT, DoI&EC, Updates in Emission SLC, DMT, MoF gazettes, Already every 5- 10.2.1: Introduce emission standards standards for 3.9, 7.3, MoE CEA, Records of gazetted years (next           for vehicle importation vehicle 7.a, 11.6 SLSEA, CPC, DMT (in 2018) update in importation SLSI, 2023) Academia A baseline study has been initiated Number of Six by 2025 MoT, MoE, by 10.2.2: Introduce fuel economy fuel economy Records of (LDVs, 3.9, 7.3, SLSEA SLSI, DMT, CleanAir      labelling programme labels SLSEA, SLSI HDVs, and 7.a, 11.6 CEA, SL with introduced. EVs) the assistanc e of UNEP and GFEI Number of Conventi MoT, MoE, vehicle onal tax DoI&EC, classes structure SLC, IRD, MoF gazettes; All vehicle 10.2.3: Introduction of tax concessions covered under based on 3.9, 7.3, MoF DMT, Records of classes by      for fuel efficient vehicle imports tax engine 7.a, 11.6 SLSEA, CPC, SLC 2025 concession capacity SLSI, scheme based (CC) and Academia on fuel vehicle 50 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA economy. class but not based on fuel economy. However differenti al tax system in favour of EVs and hybrid vehicle in place 10.3: Introduce programmes to change - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - driver behaviours

1. Improved driving licensing 1. mechanism/te Improved st driving incorporating licensing evaluation mechanism 1. to be criteria by 2023 10.3.1: Improve driving licensing Records of initiated 3.6, 7.3, DMT MoT, SLP related to eco-      mechanism DMT 8.3 driving 2. All the

2. None districts

2. No of having districts simulators/ where tracks by simulators/ 2025 tracks are installed

1. Effective 1. Effective demerit demerit programme programme /penalty No /penalty Records of 10.3.2: Implement demerit programme scheme for program scheme by DMT MoT, SLP DMT, SLP,   3.6, 7.3 for driving license driving me/sche 2024 Court records. license me

2. Target

2. Number of for the cases reported number of 51 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA annually cases to be established

1. No. of 1, Some awareness awarenes and training s programmes 1. 20 program MoT, Driving for drivers programme mes were license and general per year from conducte schools, SLP, public 2024; d, but not 10.3.3: Introduce training on eco- Academia conducted per Records of DMT under a           3.6, 7.3 driving and year DMT 2. Module structure Vocational on eco- d plan Training 2. Module on driving Institutions eco-driving introduced

2. No introduced to by 2024 module driver introduce training d institutions NDC 11 - Road infrastructure development Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11.1: Development of provincial and rural road infrastructure for improved - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mobility iRoad – Rural Road - Ministry in- Length of 6430km and Charge of provincial Records of 100,000 km RDA, Min in- and rural road 3.9, 7.3, 11.1.1: Resurface and modernize RDA, developments RDA Charge of network None      9.1, 11.2, provincial and rural road network PDRAs, PCs, by 2025; Rural Roads, resurfaced 11.6 LAs 7,411 km UDA, PCs, and Road LAs, PDRAs, modernized Lengths to be 52 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA overlayed and 2,550 km of Road lengths to be widened & improved by 2030 and Inclusive connectivit y and Developme nt project (ICDP) 1200km 272 km (Four expressways : Kottawa- Mattala 529.5 (E01); (additional Colombo- 257.5 km Katunayaka through (E03); Central Outer Expressway; MoT, RDA, Circular Ruwanpura; Private Length of Records of Highway Expressway Investors/Devel 3.9, 7.3, 11.2: Expansion of expressway Min in-charge expressway Min in-charge (E02) and Extension opers,           9.1, 11.2, network of highways roads of highways, Kottawa- of Stakeholders of 11.6 developed RDA Kelawarapiti Colombo- PPP ya; Katunayake Arrangements Andarawewa Expressway up – to Hambanthot Kochchikade – a). to be commenced in 2025) Port Access Expressway (New kalani Bridge to 53 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA church at port – 5.7km Elevated Expressway from New Kalani Bridge to Athurugiriya -16.4km Marine Drive Expressway from Port Access Expressway to Kollupitiya – 3.2km NDC 12 - Reduce GHG Emission from the Marine Sector Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Annex I to V of MARPO

Annex VI of Records of L 12.1: Ratification of Annex VI of MARPOL Min in-charge Ministries in- Conventi MARPOL convention and convention of MEPA, charge of on have Annex VI 3.9, 7.3, promulgation of necessary legislation MEPA ratified and      MoPorts, Ports and been ratified 11.6 to enforce provisions of Annex VI in regulations MSS, SLPA Shipping, ratified, Sri Lanka are MEPA but implemented Annex VI is not yet 54 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (discussi on in progress) None (No study or program me MoE, started, 12.2: Study the impact of shipping on Impact of Records of GHG MoPorts, Min lack of GHG emission (coastal traffic and shipping on Min in-charge Emission in-charge of access to 3.9, 7.3, ports) depending on evidence-based GHG of Ports and estimates MEPA MEPA, data and      11.6, information and introduce measures to emission Shipping, are SLPA, MSS, limited 12.4 address the issues studied/publis MEPA & published CEA, collabora hed MoE by 2025 Academia tions with other stakehold ers are barriers) 12.3: Promote sea transportation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. Number of containers (20 or 40ft) MoT, Min in- transported charge of per year, 12.3.1: Introduce and promote coastal Baselines MEPA, MoD, Records of Targets to be 3.9, 7.3, shipping for freight and passenger MoPorts to be           SLPA, MSS, 2. Tonnage SLPA established 11.6 transport established CSC, MEPA transported SLN, SLCG 3. Number of passengers transported 12.4: Introduction of energy efficiency measures and fuel quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - improvement programmes to coastal shipping and fishing boats & vessels 55 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA MoP&E, MoEn, MoPorts, Number of MoFish, Records of awareness 12.4.1: Energy efficiency CPC, MEPA, SLSEA, 12 per year and training 3.9, 7.3, improvement programmes for Vessels SLSEA SLPA, DoF, SLPA, None during - -         programmes 7.a, 11.6 & Boats SLN, MoFish, DoF, 2023-2030 conducted per CC&CRMD, MSS year CSC, MSS, CEB, Academia MoP&E, MoE, MoFish, Number of Records of MoPorts, awareness 12.4.2: Energy efficiency SLSEA, 12 per year CPC, MEPA, and training 3.9, 7.3, improvement programmes for ports/ SLSEA SLPA, None during         SLPA,CSC, programmes 7.a, 11.6 port operations MoFish, DoF, 2023-2030 DoF, SLN, conducted per MSS CC&CRMD, year MSS, CEB, Academia NDC 13 - Supportive Policy Framework and Activities Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MoE, MoP&E, CPC, SLSEA, 13.1: Introduce new national policy or CEB, RDA, National Approved make amendments to relevant existing UDA, SLP, Draft 3.9, 7.3, MoT Transport Gazette policy by    policies to promote electric mobility NTC, DMT, Policy 7.a, 11.6 policy 2023 and hybrid vehicles SLTrB, SLR, LAs, Private sector Transport 56 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Operators Fuel-based MoT, MoE, Fuel-based carbon tax 3.9, 7.3, 13.2: Introduce fuel-based carbon tax MoF CPC, SLSEA, MoF gazettes None - - - - -      carbon tax introduced 11.6 NTC, DMT from 2025 Climate MoE, MoD, change Baseline 13.3: Include climate change measures SLPA, Ministry of measures to be Target to be (adaptation & mitigation) in maritime MoPorts MEPA, SLN, Ports &    11.6 incorporated establishe established policy making CEA, MSC, Shipping in maritime d SLCG policy 57 3.4 Industry Sector Industries play a pivotal role in economic growth, export drive, income generation, job creation, and poverty reduction. The industrial survey conducted in 2016 by the Department of Census and Statistics reported that there are 20,737 industrial establishments24 in Sri Lanka, where manufacturing is the largest segment with 17,719 units. According to the Central Bank Annual Report 2019, industrial production is the second largest contributor to the GDP (26.4%) after the service sector (57.4%); it employs 27.6% of the country’s workforce. Textile, apparel, and tea manufacturing are the most significant export-oriented sub-sectors. As per the Energy Balance 2019 of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, the energy required for the industry sector came from three key sources viz biomass (74.4%), fossil fuel - petroleum oil and coal (10.4%), and electricity (15.2%). Biomass is used in tea and rubber factories, bakeries, tile and brick industries, and other micro and small-scale industries. The primary use of fossil fuels is for operating boilers, ovens, and furnaces. The key industries contributing to GHG emissions include cement manufacturing, lime production (for the construction industry), and the industries using limestone and soda ash. However, compared to emissions from industrial energy consumption, industrial processes generate relatively low levels of GHG emissions. As serious initiatives are underway by major economies to decarbonize their economies, integrating climate change and environmental considerations will be critical for Sri Lanka’s industrial development strategy to be relevant and competitive in a rapidly changing global economy. The GoSL is focusing on creating a globally competitive, high-value-added, innovative, technology- and knowledge-based industry with a minimal adverse impact on the environment that could boost investor confidence, ensure higher export revenues, and achieve sustainable development. Reflecting on this new direction, the Ministry of Industries is now formulating a National Policy for Industrial Development (NaPID) and a five-year Strategic Implementation Plan to operationalize the NaPID. Alongside this, the Ministry of Industries is exploring the possibility of implementing the following industry sector NDCs (see Table 3-4) through the design and implementation of policy, as well as regulatory, technical & financial mechanisms, and tools to accelerate the deployment of RE, energy & resource-efficient technologies, and best practices. These NDCs will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing and incorporating resource efficiency, circular economy, and other internationally acclaimed concepts. It is noted that these NDCs are directly or indirectly addressing energy-consumption-based emissions as there are limited avenues and reliable data sources to account for Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU) related actions. Table 3-4 NDCs of Industry Sector NDC # NDC 24 Annual Survey of Industries (2018),Department of Census and Statistics. 58 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 1 Continue fuel-switching to sustainable biomass energy and improve user efficiency 2 Enhance the application of “Resource Efficient Cleaner Production” (RECP) practices 3 Establish Eco-industrial parks 4 Introduce “Circular Economy” concept 5 Introduce “Tri-generation” facilities 6 Incentivize GHG reduction of clinker production in the cement industry 7 Introduce generic enabling activities It is expected that these NDCs for 2021 to 2030 will reduce GHG emissions against the BAU scenario by 7% in the industry sector (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2,088,000 MT unconditionally and 1,482,000 MT conditionally (total of 3,570,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 3-5). It should be noted that there are additional emission reductions from various initiatives which are difficult to be accounted for as no systematic reporting/accounting arrangement is yet in place. Figure 3-5 Industry Sector GHG Emission Projection and Emission Reduction Targets 59 3.4.1 Industry Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Continue fuel switching to sustainable biomass energy & improve user efficiency in selected industrial subsectors such as tea, rubber, apparel, hotel & tourism, rice processing, etc. Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Through NEEA 1.1: Conversion of industry furnaces to MoI MoP&E, Number of applications, steam boilers and hot-water systems, SLTB, TRI, industrial SLSEA ESCO & 500 90           7.2 and continued use of sustainable SLTDA, boiler boiler biomass energy in the industry CIAs conversions supplier records Through NEEA MoI, MoP, Number of 1.2: Biomass user efficiency applications, SLTB, TRI, improvements improvement in industry (SMIs and SLSEA ESCO & 500 300           7.2 & 7.3 SLTDA, , Feed quality Large) – Across industry sub sectors boiler CIAs, SLSI Standard supplier records 1.2.1: Improve biomass feedstock Contributions of sub activities 1.2.1 to 1.2.3 are reflected in the main activity 1.2 and hence the details of sub activities are not provided in this quality (type, size, dryness, storage, implementation plan. However, stakeholder agency (in this case SLSEA) responsible for the implementation of these subactivities is expected to develop etc.) through standardization its own comprehensive action plans for the same in line with its institutional framework.- 1.2.2: Energy efficiency improvement by O&M and system design improvements (Including flue gas recirculation, Air preheaters) Number of 1.3: Introduce biomass co-generation MoI, SLTDA, SLSEA SLSEA systems 4 25           7.2 & 7.3 (heating & cooling) in industries CIAs records installed 1.4: Switching fossil fuel fired thermal energy generators to biomass energy in Number of government institutions for thermal MoH, MoD, hot water SLSEA SLSEA 25 192           7.2 energy requirements – Biomass fired MoEd systems records hot water heaters in hospitals, prisons, installed arm forces, hostels, universities, etc. 60 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Enhance the application of Resource Efficient Cleaner Production (RECP) practices in selected industrial sub sectors Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 300 (Out of NCPC, Percentage 3,000 to 25% SLSEA, and number 2.1: Conduct RECP and energy audits 5,000 relevant SLEMA, of industries Records of and develop baselines based on MoI industries industries      9.4 BOI, Service CP & energy MoI industry classifications & importance , Source - (Around providers of audits NCPC 500) SCP & EE conducted and CEA) Number of industries 6.2, 6.3, MoPC&LG, adopting 6.4, 7.2, NCPC, IDB, RECP 400 out of 7.3, 8.4, 2.2: Adopt RECP practices including CDA, RRI, Records of MoI practices and 250 500 above           8.8, 9.4, low carbon technologies and processes ITI, Service MoI acquiring low targets 12.2, providers of carbon 12.4 & WM, CIAs technologies 12.5 and processes 50% relevant industries (such as Agro based MoPC&LG, industries: Percentage of NCPC, Food & 2.3: Improve water use efficiency in relevant Records of MoI SLSEA, IDB, 100 Beverages,           6.4 selected industrial subsectors industries MoI CDA, RRI, dairy, fish engaged CIAs processing, Dessicated Coconut, textile finishing, etc.) 2.4: Promote energy efficient - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA appliances & technologies for selected industrial sub-sectors: Energy saving from 18 GWh 2.4.1: High-Efficient Motors (HEM) High- Records of per year for water sector (focusing National NWSDB SLSEA 775 GWh           7.3 Efficient NWSDB (2.25% Water Supply and Drainage Board) Motors reduction) (HEM) 590 GWh Energy ESCO records (Facilitat 2.4.2: Variable Frequency Drives saving from through ed by (VFD) for appropriate industries SLSEA SLTB, TRI Variable 2,900 GWh           7.4 SLSEA & Energy (focusing tea industry) Frequency MoI NAMA Drives (VFD) Project) MoI, MoP&E, Energy BOI, RISC, 2.4.3: Efficient chillers & refrigeration saving from ESCO records IDB, ISB, technologies (replacement) for efficient through 1,300 SLSEA LINDEL, 170 GWh           7.5 supermarkets, textile and apparel, chillers & SLSEA & GWh UDA, NCPC, hotel, dairy sectors refrigeration MoI NERDC, technologies GBCSL, CIAs 2.5: Waste minimization, waste management, resource recovery & residual (sludge & sewage) processing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - while enhancing resource efficiency in selected industrial subsectors (such as coconut, food industry) MoPC&LG,, NCPC, IDB, 2.5.1: Promote wastewater treatment CDA, RRI, Percentage of Industrial 50% with optimum water reuse possibilities ITI, Service relevant MoI database of 1,500 relevant           9.4 for Food & Beverage, dairy, rice, and providers of industries CEA industries other water-based industries WM, engaged Relevant CIAs 2.5.2: Promote sewage treatment (with MoPC&LG Treatmen Percentage of optimum water reuse possibilities) NCPC, IDB, Industrial t plants 50% relevant facilities for hotel, apartment complex, MoI CDA, RRI, database of including relevant           9.4 industries garment and apparel and other ITI, Service CEA sewage industries engaged potential industries (on-site and providers of 62 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA centralized) WM, Garment Relevant & CIAs Apparel – 715, Food & Beverage – 3,952, Hotels & Apartme nt complexe s – 2,171 (From CEA EPL database) Accordin g to CEA, as at May 2019, 119 composti ng MoPC&LG, projects NCPC, IDB, were in CDA, RRI, operation ITI, Percentage of out of 2.5.3: Encourage biodegradable waste 60% NSWMSC, relevant EPL database 137 treatments (composting and biogas) MoI relevant           7.2 & 9.4 Service industries of CEA composti where applicable industries providers of engaged ng WM, projects Relevant assisted CIAs by the Pilisaru program me in Local Authoriti es No data 63 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA available in the industry sector and hence baseline to be establishe d 70% of BOI NCPC, IDB, industries CDA, RRI, have Percentage of ITI, Service already 70% 2.5.4: Minimizing packaging, raw relevant BOI, CEA, MoI providers of minimize relevant           9.4 material & rejections, etc. industries SLIP records WM, d industries engaged Relevant packagin CIAs, SLIP g to the extent possible NCPC, IDB, CDA, RRI, Percentage of ITI, Service 25% of 70% relevant CEA, BOI 2.5.5: Minimizing chemical use MoI providers of BOI relevant           12.4 industries records WM, industries industries engaged Relevant CIAs Technology Percentage of Baseline 2.5.6: Adopt low carbon technologies 70% providers, relevant To be to be and processes for improved resource MoI relevant           9.4 Relevant industries identified establishe efficiency industries CIAs engaged d No data available in the 2.5.7: Promote VOC emission Percentage of industry BOI, MoI, 30% controlling system for painting relevant CEA EPL sector CEA IDB, ISB, relevant           12.4 industry, tire factories & printing industries database and RISC, NCPC industries industries. engaged hence baseline to be establishe 64 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA d Baseline Targets to to be be establishe MoI, Service established d after 2.5.8: Introduce waste heat recovery providers of Number of after SLSEA carrying systems for rice milling & textile SLSEA Energy, systems carrying           7.3 records out a finishing, ceramics Relevant installed out a potential CIAs potential identifica identificati tion on survey survey NDC 3 - Establish eco-industrial parks and eco-industrial villages Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 04 (BOI to upgrade existing Number of infrastructu existing BOI re of waste EPZs water RISC, IDB, transformed treatment 3.1: Transform existing IPs, ISB, to eco IPs, Records of IP plants in incorporating maximum possible BOI, MoI 0           9.4 LINDEL, Percentage of operators Seethawaka green industrial concepts UDA existing non- , Horana, BOI IPs Koggala & transformed Mawathaga to eco IPs ma EPZs), 50% Non- BOI IPs 3.1.1: Conduct a survey of all existing - IPs to assess the present level of - - - - - - - - - - - - resource efficiency and the adoption of Contributions of sub activities 3.1.1 to 3.1.10 are reflected in the main activity 3.1 and hence SCP best practices the details of sub activities are not provided in this implementation plan. However, stakeholder 3.1.2: Establish criteria for eco- agencies responsible for the implementation of these subactivities is expected to develop its - - - - - - - - - - - 65 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA industrial park establishment own comprehensive action plans for the same in line with its institutional framework.-- 3.1.3: Review and improve the existing - designs and optimize guidelines for - - - - - - - - - - - - IPs, including environmental, - economic, and social standards - 3.1.4: Search & adapt innovative - concepts of other countries (D4S, eco - innovation, LCA, circular economy, - - - - - - - - - - - - eco-certification system and digital - economy, etc.) - 3.1.5: Design & implement improved - energy, water and material efficiency, - - - - - - - - - - - - - and circular economy measures for IPs which would engage SMIs - 3.1.6: Introduce holistic waste - management (Solid, liquid and - - - - - - - - - - - - - gaseous) approach including minimization of waste generation - 3.1.7: Retrofit existing infrastructures - of SMIs & redesigning processes - - - - - - - - - - - - aligned with SCP and Green Concepts - 3.1.8: Prepare SMIs for digital - economy (networking between key - - - - - - - - - - - - - stakeholders & SMIs through data sharing, self-certificate & monitoring) - 3.1.9: Assist the development of site- - specific designing and planning based - on experience of other countries for 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - or 2 Eco-IP sites earmarked by the - government - - - - - - 3.1.10: Establish pilot Eco-IP at - suitable locations under the Ministry in - - - - - - - - - - - - charge of Industries, - - - - - 66 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.2: Introduce policy and regulatory regime, including guidelines to ensure all new IPs will be set up as Eco-IPs. MoE, CEA, BOI, RISC, Policy 3.2.1: Develop standards and Policy IDB, ISB, Records of package for guidelines based on best international MoI package for 0     9.4 UDA, MoI Eco-IPs practices for setting up future Eco-IPS Eco-IPs LINDEL, introduced CIAs NDC 4 - Introduce Circular Economy concept to selected industrial subsectors or selected industrial zones Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 67 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA BOI, RISC, IDB, NEDA, Number of ISB, industries & 4.1: Conduct a survey to identify and LINDEL, sub sectors Records of No data All relevant 9.4, 12.4 determine the potential subsectors to MoI   UDA, Service identified for MoI available industries & 12.5 implement circular economy concept providers of circular SCP & WM, economy CIAs Percentage of 15 sub sectors & industries NCPC, Records of (Conduct 4.2: introduce the life cycle approach engaged in Service MoI, (NCPC, ed by for selected subsectors for greening the MoI greening the 100           12.4 providers of UoM, UoP, NCPC, supply chain supply chain, SCP, CIAs UoJP) UoM, Pilot UoP, demonstration UoJP) project BOI, RISC, IDB, NEDA, Number of 4.3: Practice Industrial symbiosis ISB, UDA, sub sectors & All sub concept in selected industrial parks or LINDEL, new IPs Records of Less than MoI sectors &           9.4 industrial subsectors (Agro-based, Service adopted MoI 10 new IPs Apparel, Metal, etc.) provider of industrial SCP & WM, symbiosis Academia BOI, RISC, IDB, NEDA, A few 4.4: Establish a pilot project on the ISB, Number of from 10 zero-waste concept in selected LINDEL, zero waste Records of 9.4, 12.4 MoI apparel industrial      industrial parks or industrial UDA, SCP & pilots in sub MoI & 12.5 and hotel subsectors subsectors WM service sectors industries providers, Academia MoI, BOI, RISC, IDB, NEDA, ISB, Percentage of 70% 4.5: Adopt ISO standards for circular LINDEL, industries 9.4, 12.4 SLSI SLSI records None relevant           economy concept (ISO/TC 323) UDA, Service adopted & 12.5 industries providers of ISO/ITC 323 SCP & WM, CIAs 4.6: Build industry capacity to adopt MoI NCPC, SCP Percentage of Records of 10% of 70%           9.4, 12.4 68 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA circular economy concept & Service industries MoI industries relevant & 12.7 providers of adopted industries WM, CIAs, circular Academia economy concept NDC 5 - Introduce Tri-generation facilities to selected industrial parks Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Number of 5.1: Carry out a rapid assessment of tri- BOI, MoI, rapid Records of generation potential in 10 industrial SLSEA 1 9     7.2 & 7.3 Academia assessments SLSEA parks completed 5.2: Carry out a detailed assessment in Detailed one of the BoI industrial parks for Detailed Records of SLSEA BOI None assessment   7.2 & 7.4 piloting at Biyagama export assessment SLSEA completed processing zone - EPZ 3 Business Business models and 5.3: Develop business models and models and BOI MoI, SLSEA BOI records None funding   7.2 & 7.5 funding options funding options options completed 1 Pilot tri- generation Pilot tri- 5.4: Implement one tri-generation facility BOI SLSEA generation BOI records None     7.2 & 7.6 facility as a pilot project established facility at Biyagama 5.5: Depending on the success of the Number of Records of pilot project, expand it into BoI and MoI, SLSEA, tri- generation BOI MoI, SLSEA, None 5    7.2 & 7.7 other industrial parks and other CIAs facilities CIAs prospective applications established 5.6: Make provisions through policy Policy Policy Records of instruments to have tri-generation for MoI SLSEA, CIAs None package    7.2 & 7.8 package MoI new industrial zones introduced 69 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 6 - GHG reduction of clinker production in the Cement industry Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Two relevant standards already introduced 6.1: Make necessary amendments to but the SLSI standards for cement production awareness Relevant Introduction Records of enabling the increase of ash and other of cement of relevant SLSI, Existing 9.4, 12.2, similar materials as substitutes for prospective SLSI industry, standards, Relevant SLSI  12.4 & clinker in line with industry standards users needs MoI, MoE, GHG cement standard 12.5 / trends worldwide (GHG reduction to be CEA reduction industry through the avoided production of created. clinker) Percentage and absolute amount of GHG reduction NDC 7- Introduce NDC Support Policy Tools and Instruments (Enabling generic activities) Key Implementation Responsibility Means & Time Frame (2021-2030) Relevant Performance Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 SLSI, BOI, RISC, IDB, 7.1: Facilitate industries in selected NEDA, ISB, sub sectors to adopt relevant ISO Percentage of 7.3, UDA, 25% systems having a focus on GHG industries 8.8, 9.4, LINDEL, NCPC relevant emission reduction such as ISO 50001 MoI adopting 100           12.2, NCPC, records industries & ISO 14064-1 (updated) (Subsectors: various ISO 12.4 & Service Tea, Garment and Apparel, Food systems 12.5 providers of processing, etc.) EE, SCP & WM, CIAs 7.2: Introduce and promote suitable Baseline Financial and 50% tax incentives such as double to be 8.3 & MoI MoF non-financial MoI records relevant     deduction to promote the acquiring of establish 9.3 incentives industries sustainable technologies ed Number & percentage of Target to environment be related ISO established 7.3: Facilitating the entry of MoE (Env certified after environment related ISO certified Planning & industries MoE & MoF introducing companies to enter the Sustainable MoI, MoF None           12.7 Economics entering into records the (Green) Public Procurement system of Division) Sustainable Sustainable Sri Lanka (Green) Public Public Procureme Procurement nt System system SMILE SMILE III III Loan Loan scheme – scheme – 2,997 Rs 1.5 Number & projects billion per 7.4: Facilitating transformational percentage of and Rs year investment, favourable loans through industries 13,522.8 MoI MoF MoI records           9.3 financing institutions linking with benefitting 0 million E-Friends green financing from green from II Loan financing 2013 to scheme – 2020 Rs 600 E- million per Friends year 71 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA II Loan scheme – 96 projects and Rs 935.75 million from 2018 to 2020 7.5: Introduce a national policy to MoE, CEA, address siting of industrial parks and Policy Relevant Policy 8.3 & stand-alone industries, new concepts MoI MoI records None package     CIAs, package 9.4 like circular economy, industry strengthen Academia ecology, RECPs, digitalization, etc. 7.6 Ensure the availability of sustainable biomass for industry use Baseline to be 7.6.1: Ensure the availability of establish sustainable biomass for industry use Percentage of ed after through necessary facilitation and Industries 100% FD , MoP&E, SLSEA introduci coordination with relevant policy SLSEA having access relevant           7.2 MASL records ng a making and regulatory authorities by to sustainable industries mandator adopting policy tools such as SLSI biomass y 1551 reporting system Approxi mately 178 MoI, CEA, 20% annual registere SLSEA, BOI, increase of Number of d to date 7.7: Promote National Green MoE (Env RISC, IDB, registration Green out of Reporting System (NGRS) as an Planning & NEDA, ISB, s and 50% Reporters MoE records which           12.6 encouragement for industries to Economics LINDEL, annual registered and less than embrace low carbon initiatives Division) UDA, NCPC, report reported 10 CCC, submission annual ITI, CIAs s report submissi ons 72 3.5 Waste Sector People who live in urban areas are more directly and aggressively impacted by the waste sector's multifaceted impacts on human life. The efficiency of waste management directly impacts the environment, biodiversity, public health, society, and the economy. The waste sector plays an important role in several SDGs, including SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 12. (Responsible Consumption and Production). Waste has long been a global problem, and by 2025, the amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) produced daily per person is expected to reach 1.42 kg. Therefore, 2.2 billion tonnes of MSW will be produced annually by the 4.3 billion people who live in metropolitan areas25. It has estimated that Sri Lanka generates around 8,000 to 9,000 MT of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) per day (equivalent to about 0.41 kg/capita/day) with the Western Province accounting for 3,500 MT (43%) of mass. Waste collection by local authorities is about 60% in the Western Province and 30% in other provinces26. With population growth, fast development of infrastructure, rapid urbanization, industrial growth, increase of per capita income, rise in living standards, changing lifestyle, and economic conditions, the generation of municipal solid waste is expected to increase in the decade from 2021 to 2030. However, due to the present downward global economic condition and temporary shrinking of the country's economy, significant changes in the waste generation and collection have been noted, which will reflect on the progress of the GHG mitigations estimated during 2021 and 2022. This situation may prevail during 2023 too. The limited coverage of proper waste collection mechanisms, inadequate infrastructure facility for waste collection, treatment, and final disposal, inadequate public awareness and commitment to waste management, and practical difficulties in the application of 3R principles are some of the underlying issues of the current waste management practices. Technologies and methods used for waste management are well accepted, however innovative technologies and strategies are yet to be introduced to streamline and modernize existing waste management practices. At the national level, Sri Lanka has an institutional and regulatory framework with environment-related policies, strategies, and guidelines on waste management. Referring to the future outlook & GHG emissions reduction potential in the waste sector, the prioritized objectives of the recently approved National Policy on Waste Management (2019) are waste avoidance and reduction. The next level of management recommends the adoption of waste recycling and other forms of environmentally-sound disposal; re-use of unavoidable waste to the most acceptable extent possible; maintaining hazardous substances in waste at the lowest possible level and guaranteeing an environmentally sound residual waste treatment and disposal underlining the gradual shift from a waste generating socio-cultural regime to a new paradigm in which waste disposal is minimized in favor of reuse and reduced consumption. The National Action Plan for Plastic Waste Management 2021-2030 has identified the facilitation of collection of segregated plastic waste and recycling of plastic waste as a 25 Bhada-Tata, P.H.; Daniel, A. What a Waste? A global review of solid waste management (English). In Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers; No. 15; World Bank Group: Washington, DC, USA, 2012. 26 National Environment Action Plan 2022-2030 (NEAP) 73 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA profitable business to produce quality raw material for the plastic industry as a key activity of the plan.27 The gazettes of 2006, 201728 and 202129 have highlighted the need to prohibit the use of polythene products less than 20microns, single-use-plastics, open-burning of polythene etc. Further, along with other measures, awareness through education and attitude change among the public is required to realize a sustainable waste management system. A long-term solution that addresses the issue of open dumping and creates economic/fiscal disincentives for waste generation is needed. The Waste Management Authority of Western Province (WMA-WP) with the technical support of the JICA (Japan International Co-operation Agency) and with the consultation of other stakeholder institutes, the twenty-years (2022 to 2042) Master Plan for MSW management has been developed. In the MasterPlan, further reduction of waste generation by continually promoting the circular economy principles in waste management has been highlighted. Moreover, the targets have been fixed to optimize resource recovery by adopting technological options such as composting, recycling, and waste-to-energy. Hence, open burning and open dumping will be eliminated with the full implementation of the said master plan in the province.The guidelines for safe closure and rehabilitation of Municipal solid waste dumpsites in Sri Lanka (2021) further supports this effort30. In the Western Province, two private developers were granted permission for waste-to-energy generation projects with capacities of 700 and 500 MT/day. The first plant has been established at Kerawalapitity and it is in commercial operation at present, while the other project has been cancelled. Due to the operation of the first plant, 45% of collected burnable waste is used for energy recovery. However, there have been operational issues related to the quantity of waste available and electricity feed-in tariff that is not tagged to USD. Further, there are concerns on the impact of waste segregation and recycling, as the plant accept mixed waste. In addition to three large-scale compost facilities which are operated by the WMA-WP, there are 27 composting facilities in operation and their total design capacity is 300 MT/day. Presently, about 12% of collected waste is composted through the above facilities, and out of the total waste collection, the percentage recycled by the Local Authorities (formal sector) is around 2%. Further, the amount recycled by the informal sector is four or five-fold higher than that of the formal sector. However, still, 40% of collected waste is openly dumped at 21 open dumpsites in the province. In other provinces, recycling and composting are the main technologies adopted for material recovery in the daily waste stream. Among the composting facilities, there are nine (09) KAWASHIMA composting facilities with a capacity of 50 MT/day in each which are established by the Ministry of Local government. The country faces challenges to management of several other major waste streams such as 27 https://ccet.jp/sites/default/files/2021-08/srilanka_report_web_fin_pw.pdf 28 Gazette No.2034/34 to 38 -2017.09.01 29 Gazette No.2211/51 of 2021.01.21 30 https://ccet.jp/publications/guidelines-safe-closure-and-rehabilitation-municipal-solid-waste-dumpsites-sri- lanka 74 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA electrical and electronic waste (e-waste), healthcare waste, construction and demolished waste, chemical and other hazardous waste due to lack of proper storage, treatment and disposal facilities. In case of e-waste, CEA maintains a list of licensed E-waste collectors. Yet the processing capabilities to ensure complete management and safe disposal of E-waste is limited. INSEE Ecocycle Lanka (Private) Limited (formally M/s Holcim Geocycle), possesses the only facility in the country capable for safe management of hazardous waste, through cement kiln co-processing. However, it cannot meet the country’s total demand for hazardous waste disposal. The facility has been used for the disposal of part of the obsolete POPs accumulated over the last few decades, pesticides and contaminated products, and PCBs containing oil. Further, many local authorities send their segregated burnable waste to INSEE for co- processing. In case of healthcare waste, considerable efforts have been taken in the sector in promoting holistic waste management concepts. Though considerable progress is achieved in segregation of waste in majority of healthcare facilities, and introduction of treatment technologies (such as incineration and hybrid autoclave), there are issues related to proper operation of treatment facilities and disposal of residues/treated waste. Ministry of Health, with the assistance of international development partners, has initiated healthcare waste management programmes to address these issues. The NDCs of the waste sector (given in Table 3-5) will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing circular economy concepts spelled out in the national policies for Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP). Table 3-5 NDCs of Waste Sector NDC # NDC 1 Improve “Circular Economy” practices in all MSW generation sources 2 Manage biodegradable waste components through treatments 3 Introduce energy recovery using non-compostable non-recyclable waste which cannot be managed by other means 4 Use of sanitary landfill for the disposal of residues (non-compostable, non- recyclable, non-recoverable, and residues from waste to energy plants) will be increased from the current level of 5% to 100% on weight basis 5 Generic enabling activities It is expected that the implementation of NDCs during the period of 2021 to 2030 will result in GHG emission reduction against the BAU scenario by 11% reduction in the waste sector (8.5% unconditionally and 2.5% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated GHG emissions reduction of 2,549,000 MT (1,969,000 MT unconditionally and 580,000 MT conditionally) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (see Figure 3-6). 75 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Figure 3-6 Waste Sector GHG Emission Projection and Reduction Targets 76 3.5.1 Waste Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1: Improve “Circular economy’’ practices in all MSW generation sources Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1: Prevent, avoid or reduce MSW generation by reducing the growth rate by 10% and also total coverage for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - treatment and disposal of industry solid waste and effluents 2% (The estimated MSW Derived from generatio annual waste n rate is Reduction of LAs, WP- auditing - around 1.6, 3.9, Ministry in waste 1.1.1: Reduce MSW generation WMA, WP-WMA 7000MT/ 8.4, 12.2, Charge of generation 1.8%           growth rate by 10 % NSWMSC, for WP, day and 12.3, PCs, and LAs growth rate MoE, PCs NSWMSC for the 12.5 other estimated provinces annual generatio n growth rate is 2%) BOI 100% The Solid coverage of MoE, BOI, 1.1.2: Total coverage for treatment and percentage Data waste Solid waste IDB, RISC, disposal of industrial solid waste & covered of Collection generatio and 3.9, 8.4, UDA, ISB, effluent (Major industries; BOI Zones, industrial from CEA, industrial 9.4, 11.6, MoI LINDEL, n rate           non-BOI Industrial Parks, BOI solid waste & BOI and other in BOI effluent 12.2, CCC, CEA, approved standalone industries, other effluent industry zone zones are generated. 12.3,12.5 LAs, standalone industries and other SMEs) treatment and operator around NWPEA disposal 269 MT/day 77 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA and effluent generatio n is around 48,110 M3 /day Others Baseline to be identified 1.2: Improve the segregation of MSW at source and increase number of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - segregation categories In the By 2025, Data source WP = WP=75% 11.6, 1.2.1: Increase the level of waste NSWMSC, Percentage of for WP - WP- 60% 12.3, segregation (perishable, non- MoPC&LG LAs, PCs, waste WMA, Other Other Other      12.5 perishables) WP-WMA segregation Provinces Provinces - Provinces NSWMSC 60% = 30% (average) (average) In the WP = 30 Number of number LAs those Data source of LAs in 1.2.2: Increase number of waste who have for WP - WP- NSWMSC, 2020 11.6, segregation categories from 2 to 3 increased WMA All LAs by MoPC&LG WP-WMA, In other        12.4, (perishable, potential recyclable, their waste Other 2027 LAs, Provinces 12.6 residual) at source segregation Provinces - categories = 60 NSWMSC from 2 to 3 number of LAs in 2020 1.3: Improve MSW collection & WP = Percentage of WP – 60% transportation systems WP = 75% NSWMSC, Population WP-WMA (MC = (With appropriate infrastructure 9.a, LAs, PCs, covered by 65%, UC Other facilities through investments in: MoPC&LG Other 11.6, WP-WMA, the waste = 72%, Vehicles, Transfer stations, Collection provinces - Provinces =           12.5 UDA collection PS = 60% centers, Technology: Route-planning, NSWMSC services 32%) GPS monitoring, 78 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Capacity Building) Other provinces = 30% 1.4: Improve waste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - recycling of LAs on collection basis Percentage Formal of formal Recyclin waste g % =2% Formal recycled by (32 1.4.1: Increase current recycling Recycling NSWMSC, LAs (on Data bases of MT/day) percentage in Western Province (Trash % = 7% Private Sector collection WP-WMA (LAs on- 3.9, 8.4, reverse vending machines, New tech (116 MoPC&LG recyclers and basis) and and CEA, collection           12.2,12.5 separators, etc. Streamline collections. MT/day) collectors, the amount of CCC basis) , Waste collection, segregation centers, Informal Brand owners recycling Informal etc.) Recycling through the Recyclin informal 150MT/day g sector 40MT/da MT/day y Percentage of Formal Formal formal waste Recyclin Recycling recycled by g%= % = 5% MoE, CEA, LAs (on 1.0% (LAs on- NSWMSC, Data bases of collection (LAs on- collection NWPEA, WP-WMA 3.9, 8.4, 1.4.2: Increase recycling percentage of basis) and the collection basis) and MoPC&LG Private Sector and CEA,           12.2,12.5 the rest of the country amount of basis) the target recyclers and CCC recycling and the for the collectors, through the Informal Informal Brand owners informal Recyclin Recycling sector in g 20 minimum MT/day MT/day 100MT/day MoPC&LG, 1.4.3: Ensure recycling of MoE, CCC, % of PET CCC/CEA 30% by 80% by 3.9, 8.4, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) CEA WP-WMA, recovery by           data bases weight weight 12.2,12.5 bottles NSWMSC, weight NWPEA MoPC&LG, 1.4.4: Ensure recycling of High MoE, CCC, % of HIPS CCC/CEA 3% by 15% by 3.9, 8.4, Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) cups - CEA WP-WMA, recovery by           data bases weight weight 12.2,12.5 (Collection of 960 MT per year) NSWMSC, weight NWPEA 1.4.5: Ensure recycling of Tetra packs, CEA MoPC&LG, % of recovery CCC/CEA 0.01% by 15% by           3.9, 8.4, 79 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA metallized films and other recyclable MoE, CCC, by weight data bases weight weight 12.2,12.5 packaging materials WP-WMA, NSWMSC, NWPEA MoE, MoI, MoH, LAs, Number By 2023 CCC, of total 1.5: Implement regulatory framework CAASL, Number of products number of to control high waste generating CEA Products CEA    9.4,12.5 SLSI,SLIP, I already products products regulated TI, regulated regulated Environment 7 15 Police NDC 2: Manage Biodegradable waste components through biological treatments Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2.1: Apply composting as a priority treatment for the management of biodegradable wastes (increase the - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - present level of compost preparation from 15% to 30% in WP and from 3% to 30% in other provinces by 2030) Percentage of Total existing WP – number 10% of the MoA, UDA, compost 2.1.1: Rehabilitate / restore or improve WP-WMA of existing Fertilizer plants existing composting facilities for MoPC&LG, existing composting 2.4, 12.2, secretariat, rehabilitated/r Other           capacity & quality enhancement and SLLDC composti facilities 12.3,12.5 NSWMSC, estored, and provinces - for the adoption of new technologies ng rehabilitate WP-WMA the capacity NSWMSC facilities d/restored enhanced in 195 MT/day WP - Existing By 2025 2.1.2: Introduce new composting MoE, UDA, All LAs WP-WMA composti add ten 2.4, 12.2, facilities for potential/prospective MoPC&LG NSWMSC, covered for      ng numbers 12.3,12.5 Local Authorities. WP-WMA composting Other facilities (10) of new 80 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA provinces - = 195 facilities NSWMSC and and the capacity total is around capacity to 1,000 be added to MT/day the existing capacity is 100MT/day MoST, LAs, WP – WP = Productivity WP = 75% 2.1.3: Adopt new technologies to PCs, WP-WMA 53%, MoPC&LG, of 3.9, 8.4, enhance the productivity of Academia, Other Other Other           SLLDC composting provinces = 12.2,12.5 composting facilities WP-WMA, provinces - provinces facilities above 25% NSWMSC NSWMSC = 5% Number and percentage of WP= 0, WP =20 compost (0%) MoA, DoA, (80%) SLSI, plants WP- Other registered in WP-WMA Other 12.2, 2.1.4: Improve quality / maintenance Fertilizer Provinces MoPC&LG, the Fertilizer Provinces = 12.3, and gradually upgrade them to SLSI secretariat, Other = 01,      SLLDC Secretariat 33 (20%) 12.4, standards WP-WMA, provinces - (0.6%) 12.5 NSWMSC, Number of NSWMSC SLSI LAs, CEA SLSI plants that standards = standards have received 10% =0 SLSI standard Number and WP = 21 Reports from WP = 11, WP-WMA, percentage of (80%) CEA, WP- (40%) 2.4, 12.2, 2.1.5: Compost yards complying with MoPC&LG, NSWMSC, compost WMA, Other Other           12.3, the Environment Regulations SLLDC LAs, PCs, plants that Provinces = NSWMSC, Provinces 12.5 CEA have received 42 LAs = 8 (5%) EPL (25%) Percentage of the households WP – LAs, PCs, WP = 5% WP = 10% that do not WP-WMA 2.1.6: Promote household-level WP-WMA, 2.4, 12.2, depend on composting MoPC&LG NSWMSC, Other Other Other           12.3, degradable provinces NGOs, provinces - provinces 12.5 waste 30% INGOs NSWMSC 10% disposal service offered by 81 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA their respective LA 2.2: Apply suitable treatment facilities - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - for liquid waste Populatio Population Percentage of n 3.9, 6.2, connected 2.2.1: Introduce central (networked) MoPC&LG, population NWSDB connecte 6.3, 9.4, to sewer sewage and wastewater treatment NWSDB MoE.MoWS, covered by Progress d to           12.2, networks facilities for selected local authorities , CEA, LAs sewer reports sewer 12.4, increased to networks networks 12.5 4.4% 2.1% Percentage of safe 3.9, 6.2, sanitation Reports from 6.3, 9.4, 2.2.2: Introduce night soil treatment coverage by MoPC&LG, LAs, WP- LAs, CEA - 12.2, facilities for disposal of fecal sludge facilitating 11.1% 57.4%           NWSDB WMA, PCs Database / 12.4, from septic tanks safe disposal receiving EPL 12.5, of fecal sludge from septic tanks 2.2.3: Improvements for the treatment and appropriate disposal of industrial - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - wastewater Total Number of numbers BOI zones of BOI subjected to Zones Total improvement covered 3.9, 6.2, numbers of MoI, of their Reports form 01 6.3, 9.4, 2.2.3.1: BOI Zones BOI BOI Zones           NWSDB treatment and BOI 12.2, (Total to be disposal 12.4, number covered 05 facilities for 12.5 industrial of BOI waste water zones = 16) CEA, Percentage of CEA- 10% At least NWSDB, non- BOI Database, 20% of 3.9, 6.2, Industry park zones MoI Around 3 those that 6.3, 9.4, 2.2.3.2: Non-BOI Industrial Parks MoI operators, subjected to and records of (Ratmala have no        ,12.4, RISC, IDB, improvement other industry na, treatment 12.5, LINDEL, of their parks Bataatha, and 12.2 ISB, UDA treatment and operators LINDEL) disposal 82 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA disposal facilities facilities for industrial waste water 3.9, 6.2, 2.2.3.2.1: Establishing a data base for Stand BOI, UDA, Data base Report form Live data 6.3, 9.4, Non-BOI Industrial Parks for data MoI, alone LAs, CEA, covering all CEA, base    12.2, gathering including industrial waste data NWPEA industries NWPEA established 12.4, water generation and treatment bases 12.5 Over 80% of BOI approved enterprise s have EPL (BOI – Total 100% Licensed of Percentage of Enterpris enterprises 3.9, 6.2, BOI and MoI, Data base on es - 2,407 obtained 6.3, ,9.4, 2.2.3.3: Standalone industries standalone CEA LAs, MoI and CEA Out of EPL license        12.2, acquiring EPL license industries NWPEA & NWPEA witch (that are 12.4, requiring EPL 361 are required to 12.5 license within obtain the EPL) Zones) Around 70% of non-BOI enterprise s have EPL BOI – Percentage of Complete Authority of 3.9, 6.2, treatment Data from d 01 respective 6.3, 9.4, 2.2.4: Enhance capacities of existing MoI, CEA, facilities LAs, (Koggala All existing Industry trial 12.2, treatment plants or apply new WM service enhanced NSWMSC, – 1,000 treatment           parks or 12.4, technologies providers their capacity CEA m3/day) plants respective 12.5, with new Database operators Non BOI technologies - 83 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Baseline to be identified Numbers of Authority of treatment Data from 3.9, 6.2, respective CEA, facilities LAs, BOI 6.3, 9.4, 2.2.5: Establish treatment facilities Industry trial NWSDB, All BOI enhanced to NSWMSC, Zones =           12.2, with disposal for industrial sludge parks or WM service zones treat CEA 04 12.4, respective providers industrial Database 12.5, operators sludge Percentage of BOI zones introducing Relevant 0 At least 3.9, 6.2, MoI, Pollution gazette (Act 25% of 6.3, 9.4, MoUD&H, 2.2.6: Introduce pollution load-based Load Based / notification amendme Zones 12.2, MoE, CEA NWSDB,           pricing system for liquid waste Volume and CEA nt is in (Live and 12.4, CC&CRMD, Based pricing reports progress) operate) 12.5 BOI, ITI system (gazetted and implemented) 2.3: Where compositing is not practical, use biogas technology for the management and treatment of biodegradable solid waste with triple - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - benefits (Methane management, energy recovery option and organic nutrients) WP-WMA, Number of 20,000 2.3.1: Facilitate biogas technology in In charge of Data sources 40,000 CEA, institutions number 3.9, 6.3, selected sectors (mass scale respective from CEA. number of SLSEA, /establishmen of           7.2, commercial establishments and selected Private individual Service ts with biogas individua 9.4, 12.2 households) sector institution units providers systems l units No CEA, cluster- In charge of Number of Data sources 2.3.2: Biogas cluster system for SLSEA, based 3.9, 6.3, respective centralized from CEA, Target to selected LAs Service biogas           7.2, LAs, Private biogas system WP-WMA, be set providers/Dev system 9.4, 12.2 sector in operation NSWMSC elopers establishe d for LAs 84 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 3: Introduce energy recovery using non-compostable non-recyclable waste which cannot be managed by other means Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Add one Number of more 3.1: Establishment of MoP&E, facility to Waste-to- already committed 2 waste-to-energy SLSEA, One the baseline MoUD&H, energy Data sources 3.9, 6.3, generation facilities for CEB, WP- facility (500MT/da Respective facilities in from WP-           7.2, major/prospective municipalities. WMA, CEA, 750 y) Developers operation and WMA, CEA 9.4, 12.2 (Capacities 750MT/day and CMC and MT/day the total (Two plants 500MT/day) LAs capacity with 1250 MT/day) 3.2: Make policy instrument to clearly No By 2024 3.9, 6.3, define the purpose of waste-to-energy MoUD&H, MoP&E, Policy Records of policy relevant     7.2, and plan the phasing out of preferential MoE CEB, instrument MoUD&H instrume Policy is 9.4, 12.2 feed-in-tariffs nt in place 3.3: Formulation of regulations on MoUD&H, By 2025 Data sources No 7.2, controlling the disposal of non- MoE Regulation in relevant CEA from MoE, regulatio      3.9, 6.3, compostable and non-recyclable waste place regulations CEA ns 9.4, 12.2 trough waste to energy facility are in place Total Total numbers numbers of of plants plants - 7 Total number - 05 other thermal By 2025 (Tire treatment add two pyrolysis MoUD&H, facilities Data sources more plants 3.4: Introduce other thermal treatment = 4, total 7.2, WP-WMA & Service (Pyrolysis, from WP- for mixed technologies particularly Pyrolysis capacity      3.9, 6.3, NSWMSC providers, Gasification) WMA and plastic technology 600MT/d 9.4, 12.2 CEA, CPC are in NSWMSC pyrolysis ay, operation and plants and their capacity Mixed total added in MT/day plastic capacity is co- 200 processin MT/day g =1, 85 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA capacity 150 MT/day) NDC 4: Use of sanitary landfill for the disposal of residues (non-compostable, non- recyclable, non-recoverable, and residues from waste to Energy plants) will be increased from the current level of 5% to 100% on weight basis Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4.1: Operationalize policy & regulation for siting (locating) and implementation of sanitary landfills - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (with Methane capturing) according to the waste generation and management forecasts MoUD&H, Site Number of Identified 4.1.1: Identifying potential sites for MoE, identification new site(s) – 09 sites Acquiring new sanitary landfills MoPC&LG, report by identified and for 09 of all 9.a, 11.6, UDA CEA, WP- UDA, CEA           their Provinces identified 12.5 WMA, (EIA/ER) design capacit by the sites NSWMSC y UDA Aruwakk Aruwakkal alu = u= Number of 1,200MT 400MT/day LAs /day & & number Data sources connected no LAs of LAs from 4.1.2: Optimize the supply-chain LAs, WP- with the using the could vary NSWSC, 9.a, 11.6, utilization and management of MoUD&H WMA, CEA, supply chain facility and        WP-WMA, 12.5 available sanitary landfills NSWMSC and the total Industries Facility Dompe = amount of operators 90MT/da Dompe = Waste diverted y & Two 90 MT/day LAs + & one LA Industries + Industries 4.1.3: Introduce transfer stations and LAs, Total No of Record of No By 2026 MoUD&H     - transport infrastructure NSWMSC, transfer MoUD&H properly two transfer 86 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA WMA- WP, stations in develope stations and CEA operation and d the capacity their transfer 450MT/day total capacity stations establshed are in operation (Kalaniya 400 MT/day, Pohorawath a, Kalutara 50 MT/day) Aruwakkal u - 50 (Introduced Aruwakk the facility alu - 0 for Numbers of minimum (Total CEA, LAs, LAs 50 numbers number 4.1.4: Introduce cluster-based sanitary WP-WMA, connected to of LAs Records of of LAs 9.a,11.6, landfill sites to unserved local MoUD&H NSWMSC, Aruwakkalu including           MoUD&H serviced 12.5 authorities Donor and Dompe WP and is zero) agencies sanitary Other landfills Dompe – potential 02 LAs Provinces) served Dompe – 10 LAs (50MT/day ) 4.2: Rehabilitate (active and abandoned) existing waste dump sites - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (50% of 340 sites by 2030) Draft Technical WP-WMA, manual Published manual was 4.2.1: Preparation of technical manual NSWMSC, for 9.a, 11.6, MoE Technical MoE records published  for rehabilitation of dumpsite by 2021 CEA, dumpsite 12.5 manual in Academia managem 2021 ent LAs, WP- Data source WP = Number of All open 4.2.2: Safe closure of dump sites by WMA, of WP-WMA around 9.a, 11.6, UDA dumpsites dumps          2030 NSWMSC, and 20 12.5 closed closed CEA NSWMSC 87 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Other provinces 1 (Badulla dump site) (Total no of existing dump sites 339) 4.2.3: Reduce open dump burning - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Three Dump sites Numbers of (Karadiy By 2026 all high-risk ana dump high-risk 4.2.3.1: Develop Disaster contingency MoUD&H, Data source site, NSWNSC, dumps sites dump sites 9.a, 11.6, plans/ Preparedness plan for Disaster DMC, CEA, of NSWMSC, Meethota       WP-WMA having have 12.5 Management NBRO WP-WMA mulla contingency contingenc plans dump site y plans and Seethwak a dump site) Three open dumps By 2026 all No of open (Karadiy high-risk dumps having ana dump dump sites 4.2.3.2: Develop & introduce proper LAs, CEA, a Data source site, have NSWMSC, 9.a, 11.6, management plan with a monitoring DMC, management of NSWMSC, Meethota manageme       WP-WMA 12.5 mechanism for open dumps NBRO, UDA plan with a WP-WMA mulla nt plan with monitoring dump site a system and monitoring Seethawa mechanism ka dump site) 4.3: Introduce Gas measurement and WP-WMA, Number of Data sources Potential All 3.9, 6.3, MoUD&H           recovery systems for potential open NSWMSC, dump from sites to potential 7.2, 88 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA dump sites (abandoned and existing) CEA, Service sites rehabilit MoUD&H, be dump sites 9.4, 12.2 providers, ated with Gas WP-WMA, identified measurement NSWMSC and recovery systems NDC 5: Generic enabling activities Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CEA – 11 CEA – Legislati 18 ons Legislation s 3.9, 6.3, (by 2020 MoUD&H, 11 (By 2026 9.4, 11.6, 5.1: Update or introduce the required CEA and all Number of MoE, Data sources 12.4, legislations to facilitate and enforce the respective Legislations Regulatio Seven more       MoPC&LG, from CEA ns have Legislation 12.5, implementation of NDCs lead agencies enforced MoI been to be 13.2 published published for solid and total waste legislation managem will be 18) ent) MoE, 9.c, 3.9, By 2030 all 5.2: Introduce a mechanism for waste NSWMSC, Number of Data sources 6.3, 9.4, 04 LAs MCs and generation forecasting and a tracking WP-WMA, LAs having from MoE 17.18, MoPC&LG have UCs have           system to monitor collection and CEA, ICT tracking WP-WMA 11.6, systems tracking disposal Service systems NSWMSC 12.4, systems Providers 12.5 Western 3.9, 6.3, By 2024, MoPC&LG, Province 9.4, 5.3: Introduce legislation to make regulation MoE, Data source Waste 11.6,13.2 segregation of waste at household level CEA Legislation enforced     NSWMSC, of CEA Mgt , mandatory for waste WP-WMA Rules no 12.4, segregation 01 of 12.5 89 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2008 and Directive given by the MoPC& LG EPR and PPP system Amending 5.4: Introduce or amend necessary are of existing legal framework and instruments to Market based MoPC&LG , included market- 3.9, 6.3, initiate Market-Based Instruments instrument MoI, CEA, to the based 9.4, 11.6, (MBIs) and non-market-based MoE and non- MoE records           WP-WMA, amended instrument 12.4, instruments to incentivize and promote market-based NSWMSC waste on 12.5,13.2 sustainable production and instruments managem requiremen consumption patterns ent t basis policy (2019) WP: execution Percentage of of WP = by Local Service 2025 all authorities charging commercial MoE, CEA, system places 3.9, 6.3, introducing 5.5: Implement “Polluter Pays LAs, PCs, WP-WMA, for 9.4, 11.6, MoPC&LG service Other      Principle” for mixed waste generators WP-WMA, NSWMSC commerc 12.4, charge provinces - NSWMSC ial places 12.5,13.2 systemS for Target to commercial = 70% be sector Other established Provinces : 5% Annual Number of Western average 5.6: Conduct awareness programmers capacity Province - capacity 3.9, 6.3, for behavioral changes of waste WP-WMA, building and WP-WMA, building 9.4, 11.6, generators and capacity building MoPC&LG NSWMSC, awareness programs Target to           Other 12.4, programs for waste management LAs, MoE programs = 150 be provinces - 12.5,17.9 personnel conducted and established annually NSWMSC awarenes s 90 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA programs = 500 In the WP- 3.9, 6.3, 5.7: Introduce public-private- Western LAs, WP- WP-WMA, Target to 9.4, 11.6, partnerships to finance waste MoE, Number of Province: WMA, Other be           12.4, management projects facilitating MoPC&LG PPPs 03 PPPs NSWMSC provinces established 12.5,17.1 NDCs in Waste NSWMSC 7 to Energy 91 3.6 Forestry Sector Sri Lanka's forest cover includes savanna, mangroves, open, sparse, and dense forests, and it exhibits diversity and dispersion across the wet, dry, and intermediate climate zones of the country.The forest cover of the country decreased from 84% in 1881 to 29.2% in 2015. The total land area declared under the Forest Conservation Act in accordance with the FAO definition is 1.3 million ha (FSMP, 2023 draft obtained from ESCAMP). The forestry sector in Sri Lanka plays a crucial role in providing various resources for the population as well as ensuring environmental balance. Some of these benefits include assisting agriculture, providing timber and non- timber resources, providing and regulating water, protecting soils and coastlines from erosion, and reducing GHG emissions A key document that supported the sector is the Forestry Sector Master Plan (FSMP) 1995- 2020, a comprehensive long-term development framework, which provided the guidance to the forestry sector in sustainable management of forest resource of the country, while ensuring provision for eco-system services to the society. This had its foundation the National Forestry Policy 1995. Based on this, many forestry related investment programmes were formulated and several actions were successfully implemented. In order to further the initiatives taken, development of a new FSMP 2021-2030 has been initiated in 2021. This is expected to build on national policies, laws and regulations and international commitments and obligations to reflect new issues as well as trends. The draft FSMP has incorporated to address climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Action Plan it has further highlighted the importance of promoting Trees Outside Forests (TROF) for carbon sequestration. Further, the Outputs and Activities Plan has captured the progress of activities with global goals and commitments such as the NDCs and SDGs. However, the sector faces numerous threats such as deforestation, land degradation, soil erosion, illegal logging, poaching, mining, forest fires, and the deterioration of coastal forests which cause the sector to contribute significantly to the country's greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate climate change and increase the country's forest cover, Sri Lanka's NDCs in forestry sector as listed in Table 3-5, focus on conserving existing forests, restoring degraded forests, establishing new forest plantations, and working with the business sector to improve commercial and utility forests. Encouraging home gardens and promoting the "tree outside forests" (TROF) with support from state and non-state actors can also help increase the forest cover. Sri Lanka also leads the Action Group on Mangrove Ecosystems and Livelihoods under the Commonwealth Blue Charter initiative for ocean protection and economic development. Studies are being carried out to assess the blue carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems, seagrass meadows and salt marshes and their potential in climate change mitigation31 and also as 31 Gunathilaka et al, Blue Carbon Stocks; Distribution, Threats, and Conservation in Sri Lanka; Insight Towards Climate Change Mitigation, Rajarata University Journal, (2022), Vol 7 (1). 92 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA investment potential as natural capital. However, contradictory policies and gazettes in other sectors are barriers in securing carbon sequestration. Table 3-6 NDCs of Forestry Sector NDC # NDC 1 Increase forest cover of Sri Lanka up to 32% by 2030 2 Improve the quality of growing stock of natural forest and plantations 3 Strengthen catchment protection of major rivers and cascade systems 4 Improve and increase of Trees Outside Forests (TROF) 5 Generic enabling activities Figure 3-7 provides a graphical representation of this increase in carbon sequestration. These estimates are based on the conservation of existing forests, the enrichment and restoration of degraded forests, and the establishment of new forest plantations, as well as the promotion of the "tree outside forests" (TROF) and home gardens. The business sector will also be involved in improving commercial and utility forests. It's worth noting that these estimates are subject to various uncertainties and assumptions, including the implementation of NDCs, land-use changes, and climate variability. However, achieving the anticipated increase in carbon sequestration through the forestry sector's NDCs can contribute to Sri Lanka's climate change mitigation efforts, while providing numerous benefits, such as protecting biodiversity, improving ecosystem services, and supporting rural livelihoods. It is expected that the implementation of Sri Lanka's forestry sector's NDCs from 2021-2030 will improve the country's carbon sequestration capacity by 7% compared to the BAU scenario. This translates to an anticipated increase in the sequestration of carbon dioxide equivalent to 2,357,000 MT (705,000 MT unconditionally and 1,652,000 MT conditionally) during this period. 93 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Figure 3-7 Carbon sequestration capacity projections in the forestry sector 94 3.6.1 Forestry Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1: Increase forest cover of Sri Lanka up to 32% by 2030 Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 18,000 ha land From the coming Governm under FD ent funds (2,000 ha FD Ministry of per year annually, Wildlife and from 2021 plants Forest Land area to 2029). 2,000 ha Conservation, suitable for of MoPlant, reforestation/f 315 ha 1.1: Identify land for forests. RRI, Rubber orest outside FD reforestation/forestation Similarly FD Development restoration Maps of FD from         15.1 , MASL  Authority, MoPlant plants LUPPD, Land use plan 273 ha MASL, for DS 2,735 ha yearly Private sector, Divisions from the while NGOs MASL MoPlant have not Land use planted plans on a prepared regime for all DS Divisions. 500 Ministry of Number of (60 to 76 1.2: Develop forest management plans Approved Wildlife and management plans per for natural forests to ensure sustainable FD management 70       15.2 Forest plans year from management plans of FD Conservation prepared 2021 to 2026) 1.3: Implement forest restoration CBOs, Number of ha Reports of the FD 0 18,000 +           15.2 programme (18,000+ ha of non-forest NGOs, restored/plant FD 95 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA lands will be Reforested/Afforested Private sector ed including mangroves) organizations 18,000 ha (mangrove) land coming under FD From the 1.3.1: Reforestation/restoration Governm 3,049 ha of degraded state forest/lands. ent funds outside FD 1.3.1.1: Reforestation/restoration FD from using government and external funds annually, MoPlant 1.3.1.2: Promote private and public plants (273-316 sector companies to investment in 2,000 ha ha per year Forest cover from 2021 environmental conservation projects of maps & to 2030) through CSR programs. forests. 'plantation MoPlant, FD, journal' of FD 2,735 ha 1.3.2: Conversion of marginal tea DWC, Similarly Land from the lands in to forests with the MASL, , MASL CEA, SLLDC area/extent MoPlant's MASL           14, 15.1, participation of the Ministry Private plants reforested records 15.2 responsible for the subject of Sector, 273 ha including 200 ha (100 plantation (315 ha - to be planted Individuals yearly annual reports ha In annually) while MoPlant Anavilunda 1.3.3: Reforestation of unproductive have not wa and 100 private lands (land extent above 0.5 planted ha in ha @100 ha/year) on a Vankalai in regime 2025) by 1.3.4: Mangroves restoration by DWC Wildlife Department through PPP 2059237 ha (FD) 1,000 ha by the private sector 2077237 ha (FD) 96 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Improve quality of growing stock of natural forests and plantations Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2.1: Improve quality of growing stock - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - of natural forests (200,000 ha) Degradatio 2.1.1: Preparation of a Degradation Degradation FD FD Report 0 n Index    15.2 Index Index prepared Ministry of Extent of 200,000 ha Wildlife and Degraded (100,000 ha 2.1.2: Identification of degraded FD Forest land areas FD Maps 0 per year   15.2 forests Conservation, (according to from 2023 Academia degree of DI) to 2024) 25 plans to cover 200,000 ha (25plans of FD + 105 DWC=200, 000) Ministry of Land extent (This 2.1.3: Preparation restoration plans Wildlife and covered by includes Restoration covering 200,000 ha including FD and FD, DWC Forest the 0 105    15.2 plans DWC areas Conservation, restoration Wildlife Academia plans Manageme nt plans of Wildlife Department (which includes Habitat maintenanc e) 97 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Ministry of 200,000 ha Wildlife and Land (Around 2.1.4: Implementation of restoration Forest extent/area FD's progress 30,000 ha plans for identified 200,000 ha (25 FD, DWC Conservation, covered by reports 0        15.2 per year plans) Divisional restoration (Annual) from 2024 Secretaries, plans to 2030) Academia FD's Ministry of Extent of 2.1.5: Completion of boundary progress/admi 9,840 km to Wildlife and natural forest demarcation of state-owned natural FD, DWC nistrative 500 km cover           15.2 Forest land forests reports 500,000 ha Conservation demarcated (Annual) Research to Some assess the studies savings from Research At least 1 2.1.6: Conservation to increase non- have MoE, CEA, improvement reports of FD, research to carbon benefits (to be reported as a co- FD, DWC been           15.2 Academia of ecosystem DWC and be benefit) carried services from Academia conducted out in forest areas like conservation valuation 200,000 ha (Around 40,000 Ha The per year existing from 2021 protected to 2027) 2.1.7: Declare all forests as protected Ministry of area Area declared (Subjective areas (PAs) under the Forest Wildlife and Records of extent FD (ha) to the        15.2 Ordinance and flora and fauna Forest FD, DWC (14.2% concurrenc ordinance Conservation of the e of land area Divisional of the Secretaries country) with the GOSL new directive) The All 2.1.8: Sensitive areas that cannot be existing sensitive Annual declared as PAs will be managed as Area declared extent of Areas MoE CEA, FD reports of        15.2 Environmental Sensitive areas (ESA) (ha) the ESAs CEA under ESA policy under No target MoE ( but would 98 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 116.833 declare km2 – in based on 10 EPAs) the need 2.2: Improve quality of forest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - plantations (78,000 ha) MoE, MoPlant, 2.2.1: Demarcation of boundaries of Ministry of Area state-owned plantation forests (5,000 FD FD maps 0 5,000 km       15.2 Wildlife and demarcated km) Forest Conservation 2.2.2: Develop plantation management plans to bring them in to Ministry of sustainable management & Wildlife and Number of FD's species implementation (four management FD Forest plans management 1 (teak) 4 plans     15.2 plans – Teak, pine, Eucalyptus and Conservation, developed plan Khaya) MoPlant (Khaya species management plan to be developed. Others need to be updated) NDC 3 - Strengthen catchment protection of major rivers and cascade systems of Sri Lanka Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3: Strengthen catchment protection of major rivers and cascade systems of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sri Lanka Number of catchments in 3.1: Multi hazard prioritization of which multi MASL annual MASL, ID FD, DWC 0 4 plans      15.5 catchment/ river basins hazards had reports been prioritized 3.2: Strengthen lower catchment management / protection of 10 major - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - rivers through tree planting 99 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA No of catchment 3.2.1: Preparation of catchment management DoA, FD, Records of 6.6, 15.4, management plan/s (demarcation and MASL, ID plans 0 10       DWC MASL, ID 15.5 protection of riverine vegetation, etc.) prepared /demarcated extent in ha 3,410 ha and 3.4 million 1 million trees plants in from 1,000 ha 3.2.2: Implementation of protective 2015 to measures through community-based DoA, DAD, Number of Records of 2020 (Around 6.6, 15.4, MASL, ID           tree planting campaigns at selected FD, DWC plants MASL, ID (on the 100 ha per 15.5 locations of rivers basis of 1 year - ha – 100,000 1,000 trees) trees used by MASL) 3.3: Strengthen upper catchment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - management / protection 3,211 ha and 3.2 million 2 million trees plants in from 2,000 ha 2015 to Extent in ha, 3..3.1: Mahaweli (Upper catchment) - DoA, FD, Records of 2020 (Around 6.6, 15.4, MASL Number of           tree planting – tree planting DWC MASL, ID (on the 200 ha per 15.5 plants basis of 1 year - ha – 200,000 1,000 trees) trees used by MASL) Extent in ha, 3.3.2: Other major rivers (Upper DoA, FD, Target need 6.6, 15.4, ID Number of Records of ID 0           catchment) - tree planting DWC to be set 15.5 plants 3.3.3: Water streams running through MoE, RPCs, Number of ha Annual Target need 6.6, 15.4, MoPlant 0           plantations - tree planting DWC, FD, developed progress to be set 15.5 100 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA MASL reports of MoPlant 1 Tree planting 1 in Riverine degraded areas 1 areas and identified Identification event- for tree of riverine based planting MoIrri, CEA, areas for tree Annual planting (2025) (ha) 3.3.4: Tree planting in riverine areas ID, RPCs, planting (ha) progress program 6.6, 15.4, MASL           of all rivers DWC, FD, reports of mes 2 15.5 LAs 2 MASL according Tree Areas planted to annual planted in in identified plans all rivers identified 2 areas of 10 Around major 500,000 rivers trees per year 3.4: Strengthen catchment management / protection of cascade - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - systems & isolated tanks through tree planting 3.4.1: Preparation of catchment management plan/s (demarcation and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - protection of cascade systems & isolated tanks, etc.) .3.4.1.1: Major tanks (Mahaweli - 19 ID, MASL, Number of Records of 6.6, 15.4, excluding those in PAs, Other under MoIrri, DWC, FD, 3 4           Plans MoIrri 15.5 ID - Major 73 & Medium - 160) DAD 3.4.1.2: Major & minor tanks under Records of CEB (Kothmale, Kukulu, Samanala CEB, FD, DWC, Number of 1,000,000 6.6, 15.4, CEB and 10,000           Wewa, Nillamba, /Castle ree, Canyon NWSDB MASL trees planted plants 15.5 NWSDB tanks) & NWSDB (3 tanks) 4 Records of 3.4.1.3: Preparation of catchment FD, DWC, ID, MASL, Number of 3 plans (excluding 6.6, 15.4, FD, DWC,    management plan/s within PAs CEA DAD Plans available the target in 15.5 CEA 3.4.1.1) 3.4.2: Implementation of protective - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 101 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA measures 22,000 Records of 1 million 3.4.2.1: Major & minor tanks under CEB, FD, DWC, Number of trees in 6 6.6, 15.4, CEB and trees by           CEB (6 tanks) & NWSDB (3 tanks) NWSDB MASL trees planted tanks by 15.5 NWSDB CEB CEB Records of 3.4.2.2: Implementation of catchment FD, DWC, ID, MASL, Number of 6.6, 15.4, FD, DWC, 0 3       management plan/s within PAs CEA DAD Plans 15.5 CEA The project has been 3.5 Continue the “Climate Resilience discontin Multi-Phase Programmatic Approach” ID ued. May Project in lower Kelani river basin commenc e at a later date NDC 4 - Improvement and increase of Trees Outside Forests [TROF] Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 FD (District 4: Improve and increase of Trees Secretaries RDA, UDA, The number Records of Outside Forests (TROF) (tree planting and MASL, LAs, of trees FD, RDA, 9.4, 12.4 along roadside, Urban forestry, Divisional DoA, CBOs, planted UDA and 100,000 1,000,000           & 12.5 religious lands, schools and other Secretaries NGOs, outside other relevant government lands, home gardens) will have to Individuals forests organizations play a major role) 4.1: Adopt policy instruments and Ministry of MoE, Policy Annual Forestry Policy 11.6, regulations supporting TROF (urban Wildlife and MoPlant, FD, instruments & records of the Master instruments   11.7 forestry, tree planting along roadside, Forest Provincial regulations stakeholder Plan In and 102 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA religious premises, schools and other Conservation councils, institutions progress regulations Government lands, home gardens) LAs, RDA, supporting UDA, MASL, TROF RPC, DoA, established DAD MoE, Institutional MoPlant, FD, setup and a Ministry of Provincial Ministry in mechanism 4.2: Establish an institutional setup Institutional Wildlife and councils, charge of to and a mechanism to implement such setup and a 0  15.2 Forest LAs, RDA, Forestry and implement programmes mechanism Conservation UDA, MASL, Wildlife such RPC, DoA, programme DAD established Studies carried out and published by academic Carbon s on The number The records stock selected of carbon of the evaluations MoWL&FC, areas 4.3: Conduct carbon stock assessment stock evaluations done in all FD SLCF, including           15.2 for TROF evaluations done by the the home Academia home conducted in agencies, gardens and gardens, TROF SLCF other mangrov TROF es, coconut plantatio ns, tea lands, etc. 4.4: Implementation of TROF At least Programmes Percentage of 50% from Records of NCPC, SCP industries public MoI and other 4.4.1: Mobilizing public sector & WM invested in sector private sector agencies to implement TROF Service tree planting agencies to FD, MoI companies 500 ha/yr           15.2 Programmes. providers of, and the extent adopt tree who had CIAs, of trees planting 4.4.2: Promote private companies to invested in Academia planted by investment in TROF programmes tree planting 70% private sector through CSR programs. relevant 103 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA industries adopting tree planting NDC 5 - Generic enabling activities Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MRV system 5.1: Develop and implement a MRV MoPlant, FD, Records of MoE (CCS) MRV system 0 developed   15.1 system for forestry NDCs DWC MoE and established 104 3.7 Agriculture Sector Since gaining independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has continued to grapple with the creation of a sustainable agriculture sector to generate healthy income levels while ensuring food security and efficient ecosystem management. The GDP contribution of the agriculture sector (primary production) in the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 was 7.3%, 8.1%, and 8.7%, respectively32. Further, the agriculture sector has considerably contributed to employment engaging about 27.3% of the country's workforce, particularly in rural areas. Figure 3-8 depicts the export revenue for the agricultural sector from 2009 to 2021, where the sector's average share of all foreign earnings was 23.7%33 The food crop segment dominates the agriculture sector of Sri Lanka, with rice being the major staple contributing to about 10% of the agricultural GDP34. Enhancing resource-productivity per unit area is considered as the main path for agricultural production to meet the major part of the food demand woth limited availability of resource, and in a changing and variable climate. The food crop sector involves smallholders with an average extent of less than one hectare, but contributes heavily in achieving the overall food security of Sri Lanka. Due to the small-scale operations, there are problems with diseconomies of scale and difficulty 3,000 2,500 USD (Million) 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 - 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021* Year Figure 3-8 Export earnings by the agriculture sector (* provisional) [Adopted from CBSL33] of mechanization in light of rising wages and a labour shortage. Major obstacles include a high reliance on agriculture that is rain-fed, inadequacy of diversification into high-value marketable products, high production costs and low profitability, limited technology adoption and unfavorable market conditions, poor information dissemination, and poor value addition. 32 World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=LK 33 Central Bank of Sri Lanka; https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/statistical-tables/external-sector 34 Central Bank of Sri Lanka https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/publications/annual_report/2019/en/8_Chapter_0 4.pdf 105 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA In 2021, the GDP contribution of the livestock sector (including poultry) was about 1%. With 1.6 million cattle and production of 412 million liters of milkor approx. 38-40% of the country's milk requirement, cattle accounts for a significant portion of the livestock sector in Sri Lanka. The dairy sector possesses an enormous potential which is still to be tapped effectively in meeting the demands of the country. The livestock sector is nonetheless constrained by poor breeding efforts and low productivity, limited technological adoption, limited grazing places, and excessive feed prices. Poor feeding practices, unproductive herds of cattle or buffalo, unsatisfactory animal welfare practices, and other factors have significantly increased the sector's GHG emissions. Biogas from livestock waste and residues is one of the main options available for mitigating GHG emissions in the sector. Though limited, this technology has been in practice for several decades. As biogas provides a renewable and environmentally friendly process that supports sustainable livestock industry, further interventions are needed to deploy modern and more efficient technologies and systems. In addition, these are other opportunities for the livestock sector to gain from the technology development in other RE sources, particularly biomass and solar. Biomass fired hot water generators and air dryers, solar- powered refrigerators and freezers, solar pumping for livestock watering, and solar lighting are some examples. The post-harvest losses reported in Sri Lanka due to poor transport and storage/packing conditions of food crops is a serious concern. This has negatively affected the reach of high quality agricultural produce to the consumers. The food crops of perishable nature such as fruits have reported about 20-40%, post-harvest losses with the highest recorded for papaya, while it ranged between 20-46% for vegetables35. The NDCs, given in Table 3-7, focus on reducing the post-harvest losses, increasing productivity of the sector, adoption of RE through various activities spanned over a decade from 2021 to 2030. Table 3-7 NDCs of Agriculture Sector NDC # NDC 1 Reduce post-harvest losses and value addition of fruits and vegetables 2 Increase crop productivity 3 Improve adoption of renewable energy for crop farming/value addition 4 Improve dairy sector productivity by managing herd, herd health, feed and by improving animal comfort and welfare 5 Improve productivity of Monogastrics by improving genetic, feed efficiency, animal health, comfort and welfare 6 Adopt renewable energy for livestock applications In the agriculture and livestock sector, it is anticipated that the implementation of NDCs between 2021 and 2030 will reduce GHG emissions compared to the BAU scenario by 7% (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally), which equates to an estimated mitigation level of 2,477,400 MT CO2 unconditionally and 1,858,000 MT CO2 conditionally (totaling 4,335,400 35 http://www.harti.gov.lk/images/download/reasearch_report/2018/217.pdf 106 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA MT CO2) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 3-9). Figure 3-9 Agriculture Sector GHG Emission Projection and Emission reduction Targets 107 3.7.1 Agriculture Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Reduction of postharvest losses of fruits & vegetables and value addition Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1: Planning of cultivation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - management Planning Records of Existing process to MoA, DoA, planning avoid MASL, DAD, process, Process is seasonal gluts DAC meeting but with adopted 1.1.1: Strengthen the existing planning DoA, DAD, in production agenda and limited and processes in agricultural operations to MoA ID, MD, minutes emphasis implemente √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.a, 12.5 avoid seasonal gluts in production PDoA, on d with MASL, DS seasonal frequent gluts in updated productio n 1. Percentage 1. On 1. 20% of Postharvest average losses 35% 2. Segregated 2. Segregated 2. No data by estimates for segregate 2024 fruits and d data MoA, DoA. Records of vegs PDoAs, MoA, DoA, 3. Database 1.2: Improve post-harvest 2.a, 12.3, NIPHM MASL, DAD, NIPHM, established √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ management 3. Database 3. Un- 12.5 Academia MASL, by 2025 for PH stats compiled Private sector data 4. At least 4. Number of 10 technologies 4. To be disseminated identified 5. At least through 10,000 research 5. To be identified 108 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 5. Number of (approxi beneficiaries mately of the 5,000) technology transferred annually Percentage Postharvest PDoAs, reduction of 1.2.1: Recommend and implement Baseline losses HASL, Postharvest Records of 2.a, 12.3, improved post-harvest operations at all DOA to be reduced to √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ MASL losses relative NIPHM 12.5 levels estimated less than NIPHM to the 20% baseline 1.3: Managing the excess production - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. To be 1. % excess quantifie production d with value addition/repur 2. There posing are 1. 50% EDB, ITI, improved 2. No of new IDB, Private technolog technologies 2. To be 2.3, 2.4, sector, Records of ies 1.3.1: Improve value additions and and processes established 2.a, 8.2, MoA NIPHM, EDB, IDB, develope √ √ √ √ √ - - - - - repurposing of excess productions popularized/a 12.3, Food NIPHM, DoA d, but the dopted 3. To be 12.5 Promotion level of established Board, DoA populariz 3. No. of ation to private/public be sector identified businesses / entrepreneurs 3. Same established as above 1.4: Product innovation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. Number of EDB, ITI, Records of innovative IDB, Private MoA, DoA, 1. To be 1. To be technologies sector, NIPHM, identified identified 1.4.1: Introduce innovation for food developed 2.a, 12.3, MoA NERDC, EDB, ITI, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ processing industries 12.5 NIPHM IDB, 2. To be 2. To be 2. % No. of DoA, NERDC, identified identified innovations Academia NIPO transferred 1.5: Monitoring of post-harvest MoA MoTrad, 1. Mechanism Records of 1. Present 1.Mechanis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 12.3 109 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA management process ICTA, SLT, to measure MoA mechanis m in place DAD PH losses m with Economic limited 2. Extended centres, DCS, 2. Digitized scope to major DSS, supply & supply/valu Economic value chain 2. Main e chains centres, supermar Private ket Communicati chains on systems 1.6: Introduce policy and other support - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - instruments MoE, Policy MoTrad, enacted by 1.6.1: Operationalize the existing National Policy, Draft DoA, 2023, and national policy elements related to MoA Agriculture Records of develope √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.4 NIPHM, operationali minimizing post-harvest losses Policy MoA d CARP, zed MASL Baseline Records of Number of number 1.6.2: Build awareness and capacity of NIPHM, MoA, Target to be MoA personnel trained to √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.4 value-chain actors MoTrad NIPHM, established trained be MoTrad obtained 1.6.3: Set and implement strategies to MoE, CARP, Percentage of reduce postharvest losses in line with Ministry of Records of Reduce up MoA Reduction of 40% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.4 the national obligation to fulfil SDG Trade, CARP NIPHM, to 15% PH losses target 12.3 NIPHM HARTI NDC 2 - Increase agriculture productivity of crops Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2.1: Identify crops with high MoA, List of crop- DoA data Available Continuous DoA √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 12.2 productivity improvement MoPlant, species and sources list ly updated 110 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA potentials PMoA varieties with list high (Annually) productivity identified and promoted 1. Production 1. Present per unit area productiv 1. To be ity levels established 2. No of Annual (AGSTA 2. 5% of farmers performance T 2020) the farmer 2.2: Adopt Good Agricultural DoA, certified for reports and 2. Present community Practices as a mandatory requirement MoPlant, GAP other records certified MoA 3. To be √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 12.2 in productivity enhancement programs MASL, of MoA, farmers established of food crops PDoA 3. Land DoA, PDoA, 3. Present 4. extend under DSC, land At least 25 GAP AGSTAT extent programme 4. Present s per year 4. No of program programmes mes Average 2.3: Increase rice / paddy sector land- MoA, ID, 20% paddy productivity (national average paddy MASL, DoA data 4,670 increase DoA productivity/y √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 2.a yield tons/ha) by 15% unconditionally PDoA, RRDI, sources kg/ha (5,604 ield (tons/ha and 5% conditionally DAD kg/ha ) sown) 1. No. of farmers adapt site-specific fertilizer DoA, applications National 1. To be 1. To be 2.4: Improve fertilizer use-efficiency Fertilizer Sec identified 2. Percentage DoA data establised by 10% unconditionally and 5% MoA (NFS), ID, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 2.a improvement source conditionally PDoA, 2. To be in Fertilizer 2. 15% Private sector, identified usage MASL efficiencies (Production per kg of fertilizer use) MoA, MoIrri Increase Data sources 2.5: Improvement of water use (IMD), ID, water of DoA, ID. To be To be DoA √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6.4 efficiency PDoA, productivity MoIrri identified established MASL in all crops (IMD), 111 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Private sector (ton/m3) PDoA, MASL 2.5.1 Adopt water-saving techniques (Timely cultivation, shared cultivation, cultivation of drought tolerant varieties MoA, MASL, % of the Data sources without significantly compromising DoA ID, PDoA, Extent with 40% 80% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6.4 of DoA, ID the yield, use of drip & other micro DADS technologies irrigation practices, rainwater harvesting) Percentage 2.5.2: Reduce conveyance losses of Major: ID, MoA, DoA, reduction of Data sources irrigation water in major & minor Minor: MASL, 40% 75% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6.4 conveyance of ID, DADS tanks systems DADS PDoA losses 1. Promotional programmes conducted 2. No of capacity building progammes conducted 2.3, 2.4, 3. MoA, PDOAs Data sources 2.a, 6.4, Characterizati Baselines Targets to MASL, of DoA, 8.2, 12.2, 2.6: Promote precision agriculture DoA on of to be be √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Academia, MoA, DAD, 12.4, technologies identified established Private sector MASL 12.5, 14.1 4. Introduce the concepts into formal educational programmes 5. Number of pilot demonstration projects implemented 2.6.1: Adopt labour saving and/or cost % number of Data records 2.3, 2.4, DoA MoA, PDoA 15% 60% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ effective agricultural farmers with of MoA, DoA 2.a, 6.4, 112 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA practices/techniques for selected crops hydroponics 8.2, 12.2, (hydroponics, green houses, poly tech at 12.4, tunnels, rain shelters, etc.) commercial 14.1 scale % Land extends Data sources 2.6.2: Popularize farm mechanization MoA, DAD, 2.3, 2.a, cultivated of DoA, in paddy (land preparation, pesticides DoA MASL, 70% 100% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 6.4, 12.4, with MoA, DAD, & fertilizer application, harvesting) Private sector 12.5 mechanizatio MASL ns NDC 3 - Improve adoption of renewable energy for crop farming/value addition Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1- Application of solar and wind energy (or hybrid) for agriculture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - practices DoA, Percentage of SLSEA, 3.1.1 Promote water pumping solar PV SLSEA, DoA 2% of 20% of MoA CEB, MASL, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7.2 applications (solar and/or wind) powered data sources farmers farmers DAD, PDoA, water pumps Private sector DoA, Percentage of 3.1.2 : Promote solar & wind power SLSEA, farms CEB data 1% of 10% of use in place of fossil fuel driven engine MoA CEB, MASL, converted to √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7.2, 7.3 sources farmers farmers powered pumps DAD, PDoA, CEB grid Private sector applications 3.2: Renewable energy powered mini- One pilot Pilot scale SLSEA data grid for clustered agriculture farming SLSEA MoA, PDoA None scale study √ √ √ √ √ 7.2 study sources in vulnerable areas (as a pilot) completed Report on 3.3: Explore the potential to develop MoA, Report on potential small hydro power potential (low flow SLSEA, potential with SLSEA data ID None with √ √ √ √ √ 7.2 high head) in irrigation water canals CEB, DoA, recommendati sources recommend for agriculture purposes MASL ons ations 113 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA completed NDC 4 - Improve the productivity of dairy sector (Target: 40% increase of milk yield per cattle from 3.2 to 4.5 Ltrs/day by 2030 and further improve up to 5 Ltrs/day (55%) on conditional basis. Increase productive milking cow percentage of the herd up to 60% on conditional basis) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4.1: Improve herd management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.1.1: Rational management of non- PDAPHs, 45% Percentage productive animals to increase the NLDB, LAs, productiv Above 60% 2.3, 8.2, increase of Records of percentage of productive animals (In- DAPH MASL, e animals productive √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8,3, 8.4, productive DAPH milk and dry animals divided by total Academia, (end animals 12.2 animals animal population) Private Sector 2020) Increase of milk PDAPHs, production NLDB, 3.2 litre 5 Litre 2.3, 8.2, 4.1.2: Genetic improvement per animal Records of DAPH MASL, 3.5 AI 2.5 AI rate √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8,3, 8.4, (Breeding) Decrease DAPH Academia, rate 12.2 Private Sector number of AI per conception PDAPHs, NLDB, Number of 1 new 3 new 2.3, 8.2, Records of 4.1.3: Introduce heat resistance breeds DAPH MASL, new breeds breed breeds √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8,3, 8.4, DAPH Academia, introduced (Sahiwal) introduced 12.2 Private Sector 4.2: Improve feed management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Extent (ha) PDAPHs, with NLDB, 10,000 ha 20,000 ha 4.2.1: Introduce improved good improved Records of DAPH MASL, varieties 3-4 3 new √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 quality forages varieties DAPH Academia, varieties varieties Private Sector Number of varieties PDAPHs, Percentage Double the Baseline NLDB, increase of percentage 4.2.2: Improve feeding systems (well Records of to be DAPH MASL, farmers of farmers √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 balanced ration) DAPH establishe Academia, adopting adopting d in 2023 Private Sector improved improved 114 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA feeding feeding systems systems (TMR - Total mixed ration) Quantity of PDAPHs, preserved Baseline NLDB, forages Double the 4.2.3: Preservation/conservation of Records of to be DAPH MASL, baseline √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 forages Number of DAPH establishe Academia, values farmers d in 2023 Private Sector engaged 4.3: Herd health management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percentag PDAPHs, Percentage Reduction e of NLDB, reduction of of 4.3.1: Improve udder health Records of incidence DAPH MASL, incidences of incidences √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 management DAPH s Academia, Mastitis from 25% reported - Private Sector reported to 10 % 25% Number of cases; FMD – 4,975, Reduction of HS – number of 147, BQ cases of – 25 contagious diseases Mortality Number of (FMD - Foot rate; cases; FMD & Mouth, HS, FMD – - 0, HS - 0, PDAPHs, BQ) 133, HS BQ – 0 4.3.2: Prevention and control of VRI, NLDB, Records of DAPH – 79, BQ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 contagious diseases Academia, Reduction of DAPH Mortality – 21 Private Sector mortality rate rate; FMD - for Vaccinati 0, HS - 0, contagious ons BQ – 0 disease (Annual average Number of of 10 vaccinations years) done FMD – 614,136, HS – 223,324, 115 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA BQ – 163,995 4.4: Improve animal comfort and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - animal welfare PDAPHs, Increase of Baseline 4.4.1: Improve micro environment Double the NLDB, number of Records of to be quality of housing (ventilation, heat DAPH baseline √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 Academia, improved DAPH establishe stress management, etc.) value Private Sector sheds d in 2023 NDC 5 - Improve the productivity of Monogastrics (Responsibility: DAPH) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5.1: Genetic improvement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Carcass weight; Broilers - Carcass Increase of 1.2 kg, weight; carcass Pig - 60 Broilers - weight kg 1.5 kg, Pig - 70 kg PDAPHs, Increase of Hen NLDB, hen house house Hen house 5.1.1: Introduce improved genetic Records of DAPH MASL, (egg) productio production; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 (pigs and poultry – broilers and layers) DAPH Academia, production n; 60% 70% Private Sector Increase of Feed Feed feed conversio conversion conversion n efficiency; efficiency efficienc Broilers – y; 1.7 Broilers – 1.85 5.2: Improve feed quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.2.1: Improve feed conversion PDAPHs, Percentage of Through field Baseline Number of efficiency through feed quality DAPH NLDB, Registered level sample to be Registered √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 improvement MASL, Feed surveys under establishe Feed 116 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Academia, manufactures the animal d manufactur Private Sector feed Act es – 90% Percentage of registered Percentage animal feed of quantity from registered the total animal feed quantity from the total - 95% 5.3: Animal health management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ND cases – 90,356 Reduction of Mortality number of - 5,418 cases (ND & Vaccinati IBD for on - poultry, 4,052,76 Pasturellosis 9 Zero for Swine) PDAPHs, Targets for IBD VRI, Records of ND, IBD 5.3.1: Disease control DAPH Reduction of cases – √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 Academia, DAPH and mortality rate 54,192 Private sector Pasturellosi for major Mortality s by 2030 disease - 2,069 Pasturell Number of vaccinations osis - done (with cases – local NDV) 1,065 Mortality - 120 Reduction of number of disease outbreaks PDAPHs, (over 5% Records of Maintain at 5.3.2: Improve bio-security DAPH NLDB, mortality per Zero √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 DAPH zero Private sector week per batch in poultry breeder farms) 117 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 5.4: Improve animal comfort and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - animal welfare Percentage PDAPHs, increase of 5.4.1: Improve micro environment NLDB, birds under Records of quality of housing (ventilation, heat DAPH 60% 90% √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 2.3, 8.2 Academia, environmenta DAPH stress management, etc.) Private sector lly controlled housing NDC 6 - Adoption of renewable energy for livestock applications – (Responsibility: Min of Agriculture & the relevant State ministry) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Adoptive rate Baseline 6.1: Introduce small-scale solar- of the to be Target to be powered refrigeration facilities to DAPH, intervention establishe set in 2023 Records of 2.3, 7.2, increase the milk storage facilities. PDAPHs, d in 2023 in DAPH DAPH, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8.2, 8,3, Introduce Solar PV Powered Can SLSEA, Increase of in consultatio SLSEA, CEB 8.4, 12.2 Coolers for Milk Producers [already Private sector, milk quality consultati n with commenced by MILCO] and quantity on with SLSEA collected SLSEA kW of solar PV installed Number of Baseline DAPH, installations to be Target to be PDAPHs, establishe set in 2023 CEB, Milk 2.3, 7.2, 6.2: Introduce Solar PV energy for Number of Records of d in 2023 in SLSEA processors, √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8.2, 8,3, milk collection & chilling centres installations SLSEA in consultatio Solar power 8.4, 12.2 with full grid consultati n with suppliers, independence on with SLSEA Financiers SLSEA Increase of milk collection 6.3: Introducing solar energy for farm DAPH, kW of solar Records of Baseline Target to be 2.3, 7.2, SLSEA √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ operation and processing PDAPHs, PV installed SLSEA to be set in 2023 8.2, 8,3, 118 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA CEB, Milk establishe in 8.4, 12.2 processors, Number of d in 2023 consultatio Solar power installations in n with suppliers, consultati SLSEA Financiers Increase of on with milk SLSEA collection DAPH, PDAPHs, CEB, CEA, Baseline LAs, Private Capacity to be Target to be sector (m3) of establishe set in 2023 6.4: Introduce generation of biogas in (Livestock & biogas plants Records of d in 2023 in large scale livestock & poultry, dairy SLSEA poultry established √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7.2 SLSEA in consultatio processing, and abattoirs producers & consultati n with processors, Number of on with SLSEA Biogas installations SLSEA service providers), Financiers Methane generation assessment in 2023- 2025 and Methane periodic 6.4.1: Methane emission management MoE, VRI, generation in Records of Isolated DAPH update in √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 12.4 from livestock/dairy manure Academia, livestock DAPH initiatives different sector systems and in different climatic zones DAPH, Biogas Biogas Baseline PDAPHs, generation generation to be CEB, CEA, (utilization (utilization establishe 6.4.2: On-site manure to energy LAs, Private and potential) and Records of d in 2023 conversions (biogas for thermal SLSEA sector potential) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7.2 SLSEA, CEB in heating or electricity generation) (Livestock & kWh assessment consultati poultry electricity in 2023 on with producers & generated per SLSEA processors, year kWh 119 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Biogas electricity service generation providers), per year Financiers target to be set in consultatio n with SLSEA 120 4 NDC IMPLEMENTATION – ADAPTATION 4.1 Overview Climate change poses a serious threat to economic growth and erodes development gains. Sri Lanka ranks 100th in terms of readiness for climate change adaptation and 60th in terms of climate change vulnerability36. Sri Lanka's ND-GAIN index (1995-2020) has varied around an average value of 103, with the index for 2020 being 10437, proving the nation's vulnerability to climate change and emphasizing the urgent need for climate adaptation. As seen in Figure 4-1, Sri Lanka has been witnessing the negative effects of climate change for several decades in the form of yearly natural catastrophes that affect hundreds of thousands of people38. Although floods have been the most common natural disaster, the overall damage has also been severely impacted by droughts, landslides, and storms. Additionally, analysis has revealed probable long-term adjustments in ecological limits and rainfall distribution, adding to already noticeable changes in the bimodal monsoon pattern, rainfall intensities, dry periods, temperature rise, increased exposure to climate changes, and sea level rise. Agriculture, biodiversity, coastal and marine environments, fisheries, health, livestock, tourism, and recreation, urban planning and human settlements, and water are the most crucial sectors impacted by these changes. As a result, these nine sectors have been recognized in NDCs to prioritize adaptation measures by related governmental agencies, specialists, and other stakeholders in each vulnerable sector. 36 University of Notre Dame, USA, Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative https://gain- new.crc.nd.edu/country/sri-lanka (this initiative ranks the climate adaptation performance for 177 countries) 37 https://gain-new.crc.nd.edu/country/sri-lanka 38 World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal, https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/sri- lanka/vulnerability 121 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Figure 4-1Number of people affected by key natural hazards statistics between 1980 and 2020 (Data 41) Sri Lanka's long-term policy objective is to safeguard the nation against the harmful effects of climate change. The goal is to promote sustainable development in each sector while safeguarding the natural resource base on which many of these livelihoods depend. This will support ongoing economic growth and high levels of human development. There are many GCF, FAO, ADB funded adaptation projects such as the being implemented in Sri Lanka. Nevertheless, the monitoring of project activities and the long term sustainability after the project is terminated needs to be ensured. Priorities for adaptation share underlying conditions that must be met for implementation to be successful. In this respect, the active engagement of local government stakeholders becomes essential. The absence of data and the lack of accessible localized modeling tools for decision- making are two major obstacles that adaptation measures must overcome. In order to make precise, risk-aware investments, many industries and regions do in fact need more readily available data at a local level. An example is the level of accuracy of the information available to make predictions on sea-level rise in Sri Lanka. Risk assessments for developing sectoral strategies (e.g. tourism) and for spatial development (e.g. urban centers) are currently unavailable at the required resolution, therefore, have been mentioned as priority adaptation actions. The availability of risk and vulnerability data at the province, river-basin, or divisional levels to support decision-making is currently limited. However, the GCF funded National Adaptation Plan Readiness Support Project implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute is in the process of revising the National Adaptation Plan and preparing Provincial Adaptation 122 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Plans (PAPs). One priority activity is the deployment of a downscaled model for meteorological forecasting. 4.2 Agriculture Sector Approximately 38% of the world’s land is agriculture of which one-third is used for crops while the rest used for grazing livestock. Agriculture and forestry are responsible for 23% of global GHG s emissions39. Changes are needed to manage the land while safeguarding the food and farmers’ livelihoods. Poor policy decisions, exploitation of natural resources and negative impacts of climate change have threatened the food security of Sri Lanka. For a sizeable portion of Sri Lanka's population, especially in rural areas, the agriculture sector provides prospects for a living. Some farmers are abstaining agriculture in favour of alternative sources of income due to climate concerns and low revenue. This downfall occurred over the decades as evident from International Labour Organization (ILO) data40 ( 4-2). However, it also noteworthy that Sri Lanka’s employment share in the agriculture sector has declined below the world average but with an increase in productivity of many crops such as rice and maize, signaling a potential shift to mechanization and adoption of other new technologies due to the efforts made by Sri Lanka to modernize the agriculture sector. 39 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=COM/TAD/CA/ENV/EPOC(2020)3/ FINAL&docLanguage=En#:~:text=Executive%20summary- ,The%20Agriculture%2C%20Forestry%20and%20Other%20Land%20Use%20(AFOLU)%20sector,share%20is %20likely%20to%20grow. 40 International Labour Organization. “ILO modelled estimates database” ILOSTAT 123 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 50.00 % of total employment 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year Sri Lanka World Average Figure 4-2 Variation of agriculture sector employment over the years in Sri Lanka and global average (Adopted from ILO40) Agriculture sector in Sri Lanka is among the most vulnerable to climate change because of its reliance on weather patterns and natural resources. Farmers and other important players in the sector are faced with a completely new set of issues as a result of climate change. It will affect the nation's food and nutritional security, economy, sustainable development initiatives, and many other elements if farmers, who are the primary food producers, lack resilience and adaptive capacities. Sri Lanka has pledged to help the agriculture sector to strengthen its resilience and adapt to the effects of climate change. Ample evidence for this point is provided by the National Climate Change Policy of 2012 (currently being updated), the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts of 2016–2025, National Action Programme for Combatting Land degradation in Sri Lanka (2015-2024), and Soil Conservation Act No. 25 of 1951 and subsequent amendments. The active participation and effective contribution of all the stakeholders are important for adaptation. Therefore, to comprehend the effects of a changing climate and manage the main dangers, the GoSL is collaborating with communities and enterprises. As the scientific understanding of the effects and consequences of climate variability and change improves, agricultural producers are searching for ways to apply this information to planning and decision making and put it into action. The diversity of the 46 Agro-ecological Regions (AERs) in the nation, both in terms of climate and the agricultural products produced, suggests that different locations and commodities will have different reactions to climate change and variability. Agricultural producers need to continuously adjust to changing conditions (i.e. market price fluctuations, increasing input 124 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA costs, new neighbors, labor shortages, pest invasions, and adverse weather conditions). Climate change adaptation can help to reduce the risks from climate variability and change, increase the resilience of systems to potential disruptions, and even alter systems to be better able to take advantage of future conditions. The adaptation measures often provide co-benefits towards a number of objectives, such as improving soil health, safeguarding water quality, managing wildlife habitats, or reducing GHG emissions. For example, one notable initiative taken with the leadership of Sri Lanka is the Colombo Declaration for Sustainable Nitrogen Management in 2019 (and the related UN resolutions) to tackle the global nitrogen challenge by significantly reducing its wastage. It is apparent that the transformative adaptation processes in response to climate change could generate more resilient agricultural systems together with improvements in sector governance. In order to reduce the climate change risks and enhance disaster risk resilience of farmers, the GoSL has implemented number of programmes, including installation of early warning systems for the sector and launching of the Agro-met Advisory Service and a centralized online database ‘GeoGoviya’. The Agro-met Advisory, which provides information on weather and guidance for crop cultivation, is compiled by DoA on the basis of the seasonal climate forecast issued by the Department of Meteorology (MD), in consultation with experts and other stakeholder institutions, The GeoGoviya is a cloud-based smart farming platform that facilitates the idea of advancing digital solutions using a cost-effective ICT tool to monitor and track crop performance. It enables larger system capabilities for the GoSL to measure, monitor and report on farm-level data, which can also be used for better coordination among different agencies to facilitate larger agricultural reforms such as providing bundled insurance solutions to farmers. Another effective intervention could be attributed to the series of progammes and activities conducted by the Extension Division of the Extension & Training Center in the DoA. This division continuously disseminates the agricultural technologies to all stakeholders related to agriculture through different extension approaches in major irrigation schemes. There are sub units in extension division for coordinating extension and development activities covering paddy, other field crops, fruits & vegetables, plant protection, women agriculture extension, young farmers club, plant nutrition & organic fertilizer, climate sustainable agriculture and irrigation management. The NDCs present in Table 4-1 presents an opportunity for Sri Lanka to consider and communicate its acknowledgment of the need to plan for more significant changes over the long term with the particular emphasis on climate smart agriculture while supporting near-term changes needed to address urgent issues. Significantly enhanced support across the entire agriculture sector will be essential to improve resilience and protect the lives and livelihoods of farmers and their communities. Table 4-1 NDCs of Agriculture Sector in Adaptation NDC # NDC 1 Climate change considerations mainstreamed into agriculture in Sri Lanka 2 Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Plant and Nutrition Systems (IPNS) in most vulnerable areas/districts/crops 125 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 3 Develop/introduce varieties resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses targeting most vulnerable agricultural crops to climate change 4 Revisit the Agro Ecological Regions (AERs) maps of Sri Lanka with current and future climate scenarios and recommend appropriate crops for different regions to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts 5 Enhance sustainable land and water management practices in areas where anticipated climate vulnerability is severe 6 Enhanced early warning and risk management mechanisms introduced to reduce climate change vulnerability 126 4.2.1 Agriculture Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Climate change considerations mainstreamed into Agriculture in Sri Lanka (2022) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1 Enhance Adaptation of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Technologies in Sri Lanka MoIrri, Data Sources KPI: National 2, 7, LUPPD, of DoA and Guideline on 12,13 1.1.1 Develop National Guidelines on MASL, DAD, other state CSA Guideline (SDG Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) TSHDA, agencies. DoA published, on CSA 100%    targets to Technologies and promote PDoA, ID & Implementati available be implementation. TRI, RRI, DoA and on - identified CRI, CCB, other state Launched ) SRI, PRI agencies. Informati MoIrri, on on 2, 7, LUPPD, Inventory of CSA 12,13 MASL, DAD, CSA Technolo (SDG 1.1.2 Develop and publish inventory of TSHDA, Annual DoA Technologies gies 100%    targets to CSA Technologies for Sri Lanka PDoA, ID & Reports, developed available be TRI, RRI, and published with identified CRI, CCB, different ) SRI, PRI agencies LGAP 2, 7, Guideline 12,13 s 1.1.3 Mainstream CSA technologies (SDG available through Good Agriculture Practices DoA PDoA, DEA, KPI: updated DoA and 100%           targets to SLGAP (SL GAP) program. MASL SL GAP other state be standards including CR. agencies. identified establishe ) d 1.2 Minimize climate (change) DoA PDoA, Upgraded Spatial/ 2, 7, Annual impact/risk in agriculture through MET DEA, MASL, climate based temporal 100%           12,1, 13 Reports, climate forecast based agro-advisories Plantation agri-advisory accuracy (SDG 127 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA system exists, and targets to No of resolutio be advisories n of identified issued available )3 system need to be further improved KPI: (I) Extents PoDA, covered (ha) 2, 7, PDAPH, or % increase. Data Sources: 12,13 DAD, MASL, 1.3 Promote appropriate crop- (II) Number DoA, DAPH (SDG DoA & NLDB, livestock integrated farming systems of farmers and other 10% 40%      targets to DAPH Private Sector in climate vulnerable regions (2022). covered; state be including (II) Number agencies. identified RPCs, of integrated ) Academia farming systems/mode ls introduced (i) Number of farmer DEA, MASL, markets Data Sources: DAD, DAPH, established DoA, DAPH 2, 13 1.4 Promote home gardens as small- PDAPH, (ii) Number Home and other (SDG scale production systems with value DoA & PDoA, of forward gardenin state targets to addition and establishment of market DAPH Private sector contracts g guide 75%      agencies, be channels (2022). entities and established books project identified farmer (iii) Number available evaluations ) organizations of home UDA garden models identified 128 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Plant and Nutrition Systems (IPNS) in agricultural areas of most vulnerable area/districts/crops (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KPI: Priority To a areas are certain DAD, DWC, 2.1 Develop approaches for rapid identified extent 13 MET, DoMC, Data sources Identification of areas vulnerable to (ii) Survey analysis (SDG PDoA, and survey resurgence and emergence of DoA and data and targets to Academia, reports of 50%     pests/disease, weeds and wild animal analysis vulnerabl be MASL, DEA, state agencies attacks due to climate change. reports e site identified HARTI, (iii) identifica ) HBASL ' Indicators for tion is vulnerabilities done KPI: (i) Number of IPM IPMs DAD, DWC, packages (ii) IPNS 2, 13 MET, DoMC, Data sources are 2.2 Develop and introduce appropriate packages (SDG PDoA, of DoA and already IPM and IPNS programmes for DoA, introduced, targets to Academia, state impleme 40%      selected crops in vulnerable areas (iii) Number be HARTI, agencies. nted for of farmers identified MASL, DEA, rice and adopting ) HBASL ' vegetable these s packages DAD, DWC, (i) Number of MET,DodMC GAP certified , PDoA, farmers, 2, 13 Academia, (ii) Number 2.3 Increase SL GAP Certified Data sources Achieve (SDG HARTI, of markets for products by 25% from areas which are DoA of DoA and expected targets to MASL, DEA, GAP certified 5%      highly vulnerable to climate change state KPI levels be Trade products, (2025). agencies. for each identified agencies such (iii) ) as Quantities s supermarket of GAP chains, certified 129 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA dedicated products economic marketed centers, and (iv) Number private sector, of farmer promotional markets, materials 'Hadhabima' developed NDC 3 - Develop/introduce varieties resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses targeting most vulnerable agricultural crops to climate change Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Variety release committee % number of reports, 2, 12 heat tolerant reports of the (SDG PDoA, 3.1 Develop, introduce/promote heat varieties socio- targets to DoA MASL, DAD 30% 100%          tolerant varieties (2030). introduced economic and be Academia from those planning identified developed centre, ) performance reports of state agencies % number of 2, 7, 12 drought PDoA, (SDG 3.2 Develop, introduce/promote tolerant/escap MASL, DAD targets to drought tolerant/escape varieties DoA e varieties 25% 100%          Academia be (2030). introduced identified from those ) developed PDoA, % number of 2, 7, 12 3.3 Develop, introduce/promote excess MASL, DAD excess soil (SDG soil moisture/flood tolerant varieties DoA 10% 100%          Academia moisture/floo targets to (2030). d tolerant be 130 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA varieties identified introduced ) from those developed % number of 2, 7, 12 PDoA, salt tolerant (SDG 3.4 Develop, introduce /promote salt MASL, DAD varieties targets to DoA 30% 100%          tolerant varieties (2030). Academia introduced be from those identified developed ) % number of 2, 7, 12, pest and 13 PDoA, disease 3.5 Develop and promote pest and (SDG MASL, DAD resistance disease resistance /tolerant varieties DoA 80% 100%          targets to Academia /tolerant (2030). be introduced identified from those ) developed % number of fodder varieties that PDoA, withstand SDG 3.6 Develop, introduce fodder varieties Baseline Target to DoA, DAPH PDAPH, extreme targets to that withstand extreme climatic to be be          Academia climatic be conditions (2030) identified established conditions identified introduced from those developed NDC 4 - Revisit the Agro Ecological Regions (AERs) maps of Sri Lanka with current and future climate scenarios and recommend appropriate crops for different regions to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4.1 Expanding the Argo-met MET, PDoA, AER zones Performance 2, 7, 12, DoA 40% 100%          observation network to cover the most MASL, ID, covered reports 13 131 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA vulnerable AER to climate change DAD (SDG (2025). targets to be identified ) 2, 7, 12, 4.2 Conduct studies related to soil 13 DAD, MASL, Study reports, moisture regimes covering most (SDG DoA ID, MET, 5 studies performance vulnerable AER to climate change 25% 100%        targets to WRB reports (2028). be identified ) 2, 7, 12, 4.3 Most vulnerable AERs are re- 13 PDoA, demarcated into sub zones to make Available (SDG DoA, MET MASL, ID, AER Map recommendations for specific crops reports 25% 100%          targets to DAD (2030). be identified ) NDC 5 - Enhanc NDC 5 - Enhance sustainable land and water management practices in areas where anticipated climate vulnerability is severe (2030e sustainable land and water management practices in areas where anticipated climate vulnerability is severe (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MASL, 2, 12, 13 5.1 Promote input efficient farming PDoA, DAD, Input efficient (SDG Performance methods / systems covering the target DoA ID, HASL, farming targets to reports 30% 100%           area by 50% in 2025 and 100% by TRI, DoEA, systems be 2030. CCB established identified ) FCRDI, Rainwater 2, 12, 13 Performance 5.2 Promote farm rainwater harvesting DoA HORDI, harvesting (SDG reports 30% 75%      to cover the target area by 75% (2025). FRDI mechanisms targets to established be 132 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA identified ) 2, 12, 13 LUPPD, (SDG PDoAs, Performance 5.3 Promote storm water management DoA targets to HADABIMA Area covered reports 5% 25%      in 25% of the target area (2025). be , MASL identified ) Crop 2, 12, 13 divarication 5.4 Promote crop diversification with (SDG PDoA, packages Performance input efficient and climate change DoA targets to MASL established reports 25% 50%           tolerant varieties in 50% of the target be under area (2030). identified irrigation ) schemes 2, 12, 13 5.5 Restoration of small tank cascades Small tank (SDG DoA, PDoA, Performance and individual tanks to cover the entire DAD irrigation targets to ID reports 30% 70%           target area (links to water sector systems be (2030). restored identified ) 2, 12, 13 PDoA, Soil (SDG 5.6 Promote and apply soil HBASL, , conservation Performance targets to conservation measures in 50% of the DoA 25% 50%         MASL, measures reports be target area (2028). TSHDA established identified ) NDC6: NDC6: Enhanced early warning and risk management mechanisms introduced to reduce climate change vulnerability Enhanced early warning and risk management mechanisms introduced to reduce climate change vulnerability Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 6.1 Improved seasonal climate MET NRMC Improved Performance 2, 12, 13 25% 75%     forecasting for Maha and Yala (2024). Seasonal reports (SDG 133 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Forecast targets to Launched be identified ) 6.2 Promote provision of simplified 2, 12, 13 Communicati and timely climate forecast-base NAICC, (SDG on network Performance advisory communication to farmers PDoAs targets to DoA established reports 40% 75%     and field-level officials in agriculture MET, NRMC be and (2025). identified operational ) Agriculture Insurance mechanism in 2, 12, 13 6.3 Strengthen risk management and place and (SDG SEPC, Performance risk transfer mechanisms in AAIB operational; targets to NRMC reports 40% 100%     agriculture (2025). Increased be number of identified farmers ) enrolled in the process Mechanism in 2, 12, 13 NRMC MET, place and (SDG 6.4 Strengthen early warning RRDI, operational; Performance targets to systems/advisory for climate hazards DoA HORDI, Number of 25% 50%     reports be and pest and disease risks (2025). FCRDI, farmers using identified PDOA early warning ) advisory SEPC, 2, 12, 13 6.5 Introduce climate related crop NRMC, MOSAICC (SDG Performance forecasting to reduce post-harvest DoA RRDI, based Crop targets to reports 15% 100%     losses (2025). MASL, forecasting be PDoA done identified ) 2, 12, 13 ;PAEA Other (SDG 6.6 Promote protected agriculture and Area under Performance FMRC, Private Sector targets to other technologies for climate risk protected reports 20% 50%      HORDI entities, be management (2025). agriculture Academia identified ) 134 4.3 Fisheries Sector The nation's fisheries resource base includes a 517,000 sq km exclusive economic zone (EEZ), a 21,500 sq km territorial sea, 1,580 sq km of internal waters made up of lagoons and estuaries, and 5,200 sq km of artificial reservoirs. The resource foundation for the growth of aquaculture is made up of bays, lagoons, reservoirs, and certain lands situated in coastal and reservoir areas41. Fisheries play a key role in the nation's economy and food security. Fish provides over 50% of the animal protein consumed in Sri Lanka, which is three times the average for the world. According to the “Industry Capacity Report of the Export Development Board (EDB) for the Fisheries Sector”, around 8,500,000 people were actively engaged in the seafood and aquaculture industry in 2019. The key stakeholders are fisherman, breeders, processors, logistics, cold chain, packing and other service suppliers. Each and every step in the Seafood and Aquaculture industry generates more and more employment opportunities while uplifting livelihood of fisheries communities’ mainly in coastal area. Furthermore, the fishing sector earned 1.5% of the foreign revenue in 2019 while making direct, indirect, and induced contributions totaling 1.9% to the GDP. The production of fish in the country is heavily influenced by the coastal and marine sectors. The major contribution to the nation's fish production is made by marine fish production, which includes both coastal and deep-sea fisheries (Figure 4-3). From the years 2014 to 2021, the percentage of marine fish output in the total fish production was 86%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 83%, 82%, 76%, and 76%, respectively42. 550,000 500,000 Fish Production in MT 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 - 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Year Marine (Coastal and Deep Sea) Inland and Aquaculture Total Figure 4-3 National fish production (Data: Department of Census and Statistics42) 41 The National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, Sri Lanka (2018) 42 Statistical Pocket Handbook of Sri Lanka, 2022 Available at http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Publication/PocketBook 135 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA However, the sector has recently seen a decline in catch for every unit of labor and has been exposed to extreme weather events. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a 20% decline in fish catch and a 26% decline in exports by 2020, significantly affecting the lives of already vulnerable coastal fishing communities43. Aggravating the situation, present economic crisis has crippled the livelihoods of the fishermen due to the shortages and high prices of fuel and electricity creating difficulties in operating fishing boats, making ice for preservation of fish catch and transporting to market places from fishing harbours. Under SDG 14 - Life Under Water, the sector had set three targets for 2021 viz 372,472 Mt of marine fish production, 109,500 Mt of inland and aquaculture fish production, and 48 g per day per capita fish consumption, and 89%, 94.8%, and 77.3%, respectively, of these targets, have been achieved by the year 2021 44. Despite the successful achievement of targets, the sector faces major challenges to fully exploit its potential in a sustainable manner; the challenges include (i) unlawful fishing operation by South Indian fishers in Sri Lankan waters using harmful bottom trawling methods, (ii) growth of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing operations, and (iii) increasing marine pollution and increase in invasive alien species due to increase in marine traffic in sea lanes around Sri Lanka. GoSL has developed a comprehensive legal, policy and institutional framework for managing coastal and marine resource and has made significant efforts to increase the fish supply from marine sources as evident from the sector performance in the year 2021 as indicated above. These legal interventions are undertaken by the Department of Fisheries Aquatic Resources (DFAR) under the provisions of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act 2 of 1996. The draft National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy (2018)45 has included a section on Environment, Climate and Natural Disasters. It highlights the need to develop a strategy to address the environmental and climate change challenges and impact of natural disasters. It further hghlights steps needed to be taken to prevent marine pollution, assistance to communities impacted by climatic impacts and development of coping capacity. Furthermore, the mangrove and seagrass habitats, which serve as spawning sites for fish species with commercial viability, will be impacted by climate change. Additional effects of climate change on the fisheries industry include the loss of wetlands in coastal areas and changes in the salinity of lagoons and estuaries that influence fish and shellfish. Temperature variations, droughts, precipitation, runoff, and floods on freshwater ecosystems are threats to inland fisheries. Reduced rainfall anticipated during the North-East Monsoon would increase the risk to inland fisheries. An increase in natural catastrophes including storm surges, strong winds, and cyclones will harm the reef, aggravating coastal erosion, increasing soil salinity, and contaminating freshwater sources. Aggressive adaptation strategies are necessary due to the 43 World Bank, Priorities for Sustainably Managing Sri Lanka’s Marine Fisheries, Coastal Aquaculture, and the Ecosystems that Support Them (2021). 44 State Ministry of Ornamental Fish, Inland Fish & Prawn Farming, Fishery Harbour Development, Multiday Fishing Activities and Fish Exports, Annual Performance Report, 2021 45 Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economy (2018) National Fishereis and Aquaculture Policy 136 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA many detrimental effects of climate change on the fishing sector. The seven NDCs (Table 4-2) that comprise the adaptation strategy include adopting ecosystem- based approaches to fisheries management, increasing aquaculture and culture-based fisheries for improved food security, breeding species for aquaculture to withstand adverse climatic conditions, improving safety at sea, better early warning for managing climate risk, diversifying livelihoods, and specialised research on the effects of climate change on fisheries. Table 4-2 NDCs of Fisheries Sector NDC # NDC 1 Ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management (EAFM) adopted in areas of high climate vulnerability to enhance resilience 2 Expand aquaculture and culture-based fisheries to address food security issues relating to climate change 3 Breeding of climate change resilient and commercially important aquatic resources 4 Increase the production capabilities of fisheries, aquatic resources in 30 lagoons that are highly vulnerable to climate change 5 Enhanced safety at sea against climate change influenced extreme conditions 6 Diversification of livelihoods of fisherfolk to build resilience to climate change 7 Conduct fisheries and aquatic resources research to build resilience to climate change 4.3.1 Key Gender Aspects and Challenges in the Fisheries Sector The Fisheries Statistics (2020) documents that there were 224,610 active fisher women and men in the marince fisheries sector and 70,715 active fisher wmen and men in the inland fisheries sector in 2019. Out of this, 4,371 women are employed in the inland fisheries and aquaculture trade. The draft Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy (2018) has identified the need to promote equal opportunities for women’s participation in the activities of the sector. It has recognized the need to mainstream gender in small scale fisheries development strategies; create conditions for both male and females to have equal access to resources and benefits and encourage both men and women to participate jointly in finding solutions to problems. In general, fish catching is male dominated. In artisanal fishing communities, women often manage smaller boats and canoes. Women are mostly responsible for onshore tasks such as making and mending nets, processing and marketing catches, and collecting molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels. Fisheries practices and fish availability is dependant on weather patterns. Hence, fishing is seasonal and fishing communities have diversified their livelihoods. Climate change impacts trigger vulnerabilities in coastal communities and temporaray migration is seen by both men and women who travel inland for jobs as construction workers, domestic help and labourers. 137 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 4.3.2 Recommendations for Gender Responsive NDC Planning and Implementation In consideration of the above detailed status of women engaged in the fisheries sector, it is important to facilitate, support and upgrade their role through the NDCs, for more efficient and effective overall NDC outcomes. The following recommendations are suggested for consideration: (a) NDC activity planning and implementation in the sector need to take into account the division of labour and the significant contribution women provide to the fisheries sector, which is a resource to the sector, and complementary to the role of men. (b) NDC activity planning and implementation in the sector need to take a gender responsive approach to ensure due recognition of the activities carried out by women in the sector (currently invisible due to lack of disaggregated data, policy gaps and stereotypes). This will lead to overall benefits and improved productivity in the sector. (c) Incorporate activities to encourage and promote women’s engagement and potential in the fisheries sector, to be active in community activities (through the fisheries cooperatives and rural development organisations, and through training and capacity building programmes implemented under the NDC actions). (d) Identify main baseline criteria for the role and functions carried out by women, include targets and KPIs into the NDC monitoring plan of the fisheries sector. (e) Incorporate programmes into the NDC activity plans to enhance and upgrade the activities that come under women’s responsibilities (such as lagoon fishing, fish gutting, cleaning and drying). (f) Use specific strategies to include/target female-headed households Ex. Government owned land can be leased for aquaculture activities. (g) Include and target women in providing training for value addition, technology and machinery, credit, subsidies, places for fish drying, and in finding high value markets to enhance their position in the fish value chain. (h) Include and target women and the specific functions they carry out in the sector in the programmes for diversification of livelihoods of the vulnerable fisherfolk. (i) Ensure equitable access to programmes conducted under the NDC action plan for upgrading skills related to technology, management, marketing, transport and developing networks. (j) Introduce improved technologies and methods to ease women’s burdens and increase their efficiency. (k) Provide income-generating opportunities such microfinance services, credit facilities to the needs of different clients. (l) Design projects to support women’s work within their households (e.g providing water, wood supplies, day-care, etc). (m) Set targets to reach and maintain the share of women scientists, officials, technical officers, and those in the local level committees. (n) Include collection of sex disaggregated data, develop KPIs, to review gender responsive activities, and outcomes, in the progress review and monitoring of the NDC plans. 138 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 139 4.3.3 Fisheries Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) adopted in areas of high climate vulnerability to enhance resilience (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Number of NARA, 1.1 Identify priority limits and define fisheries Not 05 priority CC&CRMD, Records of 5.c, 14.2, fisheries management areas based on DFAR management Commen areas  MEPA the DFAR 14.b, 14.c ecological principals units ced selected identified Number of EAFM plans MoFish, developed in Published Not 5 EAFM NARA, 5.c, 14.2, 1.2: Develop 5 EAFM plans DFAR gender plans of Commen Plans    CC&CRMD, 14.b, 14.c responsive DFAR ced developed MEPA manner as appropriate 1. Initial MoWCSD, surveys NARA, 1. Initial conducted 1.3: Conduct survey/s to estimate MoFish CC&CRMD Surveys Not 5.1, 5.2, Survey by 2023 women’s participation / contribution in (Statistical MEPA, Commen         5.5, 5.a, reports the Fishery sector unit) NAQDA, 2. Number of ced 5.c, 14.2 2. two DFAR, updates of the updated per Academia surveys year 05 existing NARA, Number of Records of fisheries 1.4: Incorporate EAFM into 5 CC&CRMD, EAFM the DFAR Not manageme prioritized existing fisheries MEPA, incorporated 5.c, 14.2, DFAR including sex Commen nt areas          management areas declared under MoPC&LG, fisheries 14.b, 14.c disaggregated ced incorporate Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act NAQDA, FD, management data d with SLCG, DS areas EAFM 1. Number of Reports on Some Targets of 1.5: Build awareness and capacities of MoWCSD, awareness the awareness work the two all key stakeholder agencies on gender DFAR International         5.5, 14.2 rogrammes and training initiated, indicators issues in the sector agencies conducted programmes but to be 140 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA on gender awarenes established 2. Number of issues, gender s participants responsive program received planning & me not awareness implementati conducte training on for climate d resilience Draft policy pending Cabinet approval Legislative Approved Pension Amended 1.6: Amend existing legislative framework policy and scheme legislative MoFish, All relevant framework, where necessary to enable enabling amended establishe framework         5.5 DFAR institutions gender integration gender legislative d to where inclusion framework include necessary fisher spouses & dependen ts Minutes of Progress MoPC&LG, Number of 05 EAFM review Not 1.7: Implement 5 EAFM plans NARA, EAFM Plans Plans DFAR meetings, commenc         14.2 CC&CRMD, Implementate implemente with sex ed MEPA, DS d d disaggregated data % of the Not less women than 25% participation of women MoE, Programmes DFAR reached 1.8: Target an appropriate percentage MoWCSD, for the Progress 5.1, 5.2, out/include of women in introducing climate NARA, ITI, introduction reports with Above 5.5, 5.a, DFAR d in         change responsive new technologies NERDC, of climate sex 10% 5.c, 14.2 promoting and systems NGOs, change disaggregated climate INGOs responsive data resilient new programme technologies s and systems 141 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Expand aquaculture and culture-based fisheries to address food security issues relating to climate change (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. 500 MoFish, million DFAR, DAD, 1. 110 1. No of fingerling NARA, million 2.1: Promote an appropriate fish fingerling stock MASL, fingerling 8.1, 8.4, fingerling stocking programme for stock Records of CC&CRMD, stock 13.b, enhancement of culture-based inland NAQDA MoFish, 2. Target      ID, 2. Annual 14.2, fisheries NAQDA 2. for inland DWC, CEA, inland fish 14.7 104,000 fish Chambers of production MT production Commerce, to be Academia established 2.2: Establish fish barricade devices ID, MASL, for 50 perennial reservoirs impacted Records of Target to 2.4, 13.1, NARA, No of tanks with frequent floods to prevent fish NAQDA MoFish, None be   14.2, DWC, Farmer covered escape, in consultation with Irrigation NAQDA established 14.7 Organizations Department DFAR, NARA, CC&CRMD, At least 2 CEA, Private 2.3: Promote culture of species Number of Records of new fish 2.4, 13.1, NAQDA Sector (for 01           appropriate for changing climate species of fish NAQDA species by 14.2, 14. promotion 2030 and applications), Academia 1. Initial MoWCSD, surveys 1. Initial NARA, conducted 2.4: Conduct survey/s to estimate Surveys Not CC&CRMD, Survey by 2023 women’s participation/contribution in NAQDA Commen         5.5 MEPA, reports the aquiculture Fishery sector 2. Number of ced DFAR, 2. two updates of the Academia updated per surveys year 142 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 3 - Breeding of climate change resilient and commercially important aquatic resources (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1: Cryopreservation facility in NARA, Dambulla expanded for stocking fish Academia, 8.2, 13.1, 300 Annually sperms for artificial breeding of Private sector Number of Records of 14.2, NAQDA samples 300           species where effective spawning for PPP to samples NAQDA 14.4, preserved samples affected due to climate induced promote preserved 14.7 changes facilities 3.2: Convert 52 number of existing open breeding facilities into indoor Number of 8.2, 13.1, NARA, facilities and design constructions hatcheries Records of 14.2, NAQDA Academia, 5 52           enabling controlling temperature and developed/im NAQDA 14.4, Private sector salinity for breeding tolerant strains of proved 14.7 selected species NDC 4 - Increase the production capabilities of fisheries, aquatic resources in 30 lagoons which are highly vulnerable to climate change (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 lagoon 1. Number of profiles vulnerable up to lagoons 2020 Records of 4.1: Identify vulnerable lagoons (by identified 30 lagoon MoFish, MoFish, 14.2, 2022) and prepare lagoon profiles for NARA Data profiles           DFAR 2. Number of DFAR, 14.7 30 lagoons collected developed lagoon NARA for 07 profiles lagoons developed (05 in 2017 and 143 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 02 in 2019) MoFish, DFAR, No of NAQDA, carrying 4.2: Carrying capacity assessment of CC&CRMD, Records of 14.2, NARA capacity None 15         30 lagoons MEPA, NARA 14.7 assessments SLTDA, completed CEA, Academia 1. No of Lagoons gazetted/ declared 1. SD, NARA, Additional CC&CRMD, 1. 36 2. No of co- 10 lagoons DS, Gazetted management Approximatel Records of (by 2017) 4.3: Declaring and managing 10 groups 2. Target to y 23 agencies DFAR 13.2 lagoons as Co-managed Fishery DFAR established be          including (Management 2. None 14.2 Management Areas (FMAs) established fisheries Plans) 3. No of committees at 3. None management 3. Target to divisional and be level development established plans prepared and implemented Feasibilit y studies in 4 lagoons NARA, in No of lagoons Records of DFAR, progress 4.4: Minimize aquatic pollution in where aquatic DFAR & MoFish CC&CRMD, (Arugam 10           14.1 above 10 lagoons mentioned in 4.3 pollution NARA (for NGO, MEPA, bay, minimized water quality) CEA, LAs Nandikad al, Nayaru, Lanka Patuna) 4.5 Promoting aquaculture of selected NARA, No of species Records of Feasibilit           NAQDA 5 14.2 climate change resilient, high value DFAR, CEA, identified as NAQDA and y studies 144 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA food species in selected lagoons LAs climate DFAR being resilient conducte d NDC 5 - Enhanced safety at sea against climate change influenced extreme conditions (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Some guidance on 1. Identify 1. List of applicabl the exact applicable e applicable measures in 1. Number of measures measures at DFAR applicable are least by records MoFish, measures provided 2023 5.1: Promote applicable measures to (Communicat 8.8, 13.1, DFAR DMC, MoD, identified in the           enhance safety at sea ion equipment 2. Target to 14 MED 2. Number of for multi-day Act. be incidents fishing established reported vessels) 2, (% Number reduction 2. MCS of of records incidence incidences) s to be identified MoFish, MD,DMC, At least 50% of the MoD, SLN, 50% of the coastal fishers MOU MRCC coastal 5.2: Enhance effective early warning using between Current Telecom fishers use transmission systems for fishers effective MoFish and systems 8.3, DFAR service effective           (including small boats and traditional early warning Telecom are not 8.8 providers, early crafts) and insurance schemes transmitting service effective Private & warning system such provider Government transmissio as CDMA Insurance n systems Companies 145 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 1. Establishm ent of an efficient weather information 1. % of manageme multiday nt and 5.3: Establishment of an efficient boats 1. WIMS communica weather information management and equipped with Amended older tion system communication system (WIMS) SLPA, SLN, VMS regulation; version including DFAR         8.8 including satellite-based vessel DMC, SLCG 2. % of Records of 2. Few satellite- monitoring system to ensure safety at multiday DFAR boats based sea boats with AIS vessel equipped with monitoring AIS system to ensure safety at sea. 2. 100% by 2025 NDC 6 - Diversification of livelihoods of fisherfolk to build resilience to climate change (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Number of schemes for MoFish, livelihood 1. Target to MoSD&VT, diversificatio Progress 6.1: Enhance access to credit, inputs 1. None be set NARA, ITI, n reports of 8.2, 8.3, training for diversification of DFAR           Banks, relevant 2. None 14.b livelihoods of the vulnerable fisherfolk 2. Number of 2. Target to Insurance agencies fisherfolk be set companies who had diversified 146 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA their livelihoods 1. Percentage of women fisherfolk included in carrying out knowledge transfer activities, DFAR MoSD&VT, training Activities progress MoWCSD, sessions, have been 6.2: Allocate a percentage for women reports with 1. Not Women’s extension conducted fisherfolk in carrying out knowledge information recorded 1.4, 5.5, Bureau, programmes, but gender transfer activities, training sessions, DFAR on women         5.a, 5.b, NARA, ITI, providing 2. Not disagrregat extension programmes, providing fisherfolk 8.5, 14.b Banks, credit recorded ed data not credit facilities, production inputs, etc. reached, Insurance facilities, recorded accessing the companies production facilities inputs, etc s 2. Number of women accessing credit, production inputs MoFish, MoSD&VT, Number of Target to 6.3: Assist finding high value markets NARA, high-value Records of 2.3, 9.3, DFAR None be         to deal with reduced yields Banks, markets DFAR 14.b established Insurance established companies Number of No 6.4: Facilitate value additions through Progress value-added specific Target to diversification of fisheries related NARA, ITI, reports of 2.3, 9.3, DFAR products products be         products (fish oil, fish sauce and other BOI, EDB relevant 14.b introduced introduce established value-added products) agencies annually d 147 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 7- Conduct fisheries and aquatic resources research targeting building resilience to climate change (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Research and data collection 1. Number of have assessments been conducted done, but annually not specifical 2. Number of ly focus areas covered on CC in Climate impact impact and data assessments Records of is not Targets to 7.1: Assess climate impacts on (Fisheries - 14.2, NARA Academia relevant comprehe be           fisheries and aquatic resources Marine, 14.3 agencies nsive established Aquaculture enough & Inland to do the fisheries, assessme Aquatic nts. resources - Habitats, Two Coral reefs, proposals Mangroves, particular Sea grass, ly related Salt marsh) to CC have been 148 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA develope d but could not impleme nted due to non- availabili ty of funding. Monitore d 02 reefs annually for the reef 04 status automated real-time Four data data loggers monitoring Number of are 7.2: Develop reef monitoring systems systems (02 Reef NARA available 14.2, to provide early warning alerts of NARA Academia each for           monitoring records (but not 14.3 bleaching events West coast systems real-time and East monitorin coast). 02 g, which by 2025 is and 04 by essential 2030 for a reef monitorin g systems) 1. Ocean Number of acidificat Automated ion monitoring measure 04 7.3: Identify adaptation measures in systems for ment is NARA Automated 14.2, fisheries for ocean acidification related NARA Academia ocean done in           records monitoring 14.3 impacts acidification two measurements selected locations 2. Number of (East Adaptation coast and 149 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA measure/s for west ocean coast), pacification but the measure ment process is manual Small- scale artificial reefs were piloted in 7.4: Installation of artificial reefs Number of 14.2, CWC, NARA 04 At least where substrate for settlement of corals NARA artificial reefs           14.3, CC&CRMD records locations four larvae is minimal installed 14.5 (Polhena, locations Galle, Sinnapad u and Weligam a) 1. Studies conducte d in four 1. Studies to locations 1. identify to Comprehen number of CWC, identify sive 7.5: Deployment of fish aggregating locations NARA NARA CC&CRMD the assessment      14.4 devices in identified areas records D feasibilit by 2025 2. y for Deployment deployme 2. 05 NAQDA nt 2. None 7.6: Reduce capital, operation and other costs in fisheries and aquaculture by introducing and promoting fuel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - efficient technologies in response to declining yield and productivity in a changing climate 7.6.1: Introduce solar panel systems to Number of NAQDA and All DFAR CEB, SLSEA None         2.4 multiday fishing vessels and fish multiday DoF records multiday 150 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA processing factories fishing fishing vessels vessels installed with installed solar panels with solar panels (approxima tely 5,500) 151 4.4 Livestock Sector The livestock sector plays a significant role in agricultural development that supports poverty reduction and food security. With more than 600,000 registered livestock farms, the majority of which are small-scale, the livestock sector (including poultry) is crucial to the food systems and livelihoods of rural communities in Sri Lanka. However, one of the nation's economic sectors that is most susceptible to the effects of climate change is livestock. Developing the livestock industry is a must for ensuring the nation's food security. This is true not only for improved soil fertility for higher crop output but also for enhanced availability of livestock produce. In Sri Lanka, livestock husbandry is often maintained on a small scale while giving rural agricultural households additional revenue and support for their way of life by utilizing extra labor, underutilized agricultural byproducts, and marginal lands. As depicted in Figure 4-4, the livestock with the largest population, next to poultry, is cattle. The cattle population remains almost steady over the past 5-year period averaging around 1.1 million46. The number of goats and buffaloes remains nearly the same yet substantially small compared to cattle, while sheep are the lowest in number. There is a sharp increase in poultry numbers between 2019 and 2020, as shown in Table 4-3. Meanwhile, egg production fluctuated around 2 billion eggs during the period concerned. 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 Number 600,000 400,000 200,000 - 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022** Year Cattle Buffaloes Goat Sheep Swine Figure 4-4 Livestock numbers (excluding poultry46 ) (** provisional) 46 National Livestock Statistics 2017 – 2022; www.statistics.gov.lk/Agriculture/StaticalInformation/rubb4 152 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Table 4-3 Poultry, milk, and egg production47 (**provisional) Year Poultry (numbers) Milk (million Liters) Eggs (millions) 2017 21,275,820 397.92 2072.87 2018 20,531,000 467.69 1972.21 2019 20,411,050 447.58 2084.21 2020 24,277,830 491.54 1869.69 2021 24,310,690 513.31 1953.71 2022** 22,766,750 506.45 1848.60 The livestock sector is seen to be seriously threatened by climate change. Droughts, floods, and heat stress are just a few examples of the extreme weather occurrences and climate variabilities that are predicted to be brought on by the unpredictable rainfall and warming temperatures caused by global climate change. For instance, the Northern province suffered greatly because of the cold wave that swept across the country in December 2022, which killed over a thousand livestock. In addition to these direct consequences, there are also significant secondary effects, such as implications on forage crop growth, pasture availability, waterlogging, disease risk from emerging infections, and reduced production and quality of feed crops. Policy direction for the industry is provided by the National Livestock Development Policy (NLDP) (2007) and the Livestock Master Plan - A Strategy for Livestock Development Toward Self-sufficiency (2011). NLDP focuses on four sub sectors viz (i) dairy, (ii) poultry, (iii) meat, and (iv) animal feed resources. It aims to serve three objectives namely, (i) Spell out clearly the development goals of the livestock sector and the role of the public sector in livestock development activities in the country, (ii) facilitate the private sector and other interested agents to identify the scope and possibilities for their activities in production, processing and marketing of livestock and livestock produce, and (iii) rationalise investments on livestock sector provided from the consolidated fund through the national budget and avoid crowding- out of private sector investment47. Draft National Agriculture Policy which is to be submitted soon for Cabinet approval has the vision of achieving “sustainable food security to achieve national prosperity” and the mission to create a “socially-acceptable and sustainable food system in Sri Lanka through a globally competitive agricultural production, processing and marketing mechanism”. The draft policy has 10 thematic areas; Crop Production and Productivity, Input Management, Advanced Technologies, Food Safety and Quality Management, Eco-friendly Operations, Agri- Entrepreneurship and Markets, Producer Empowerment, Climate resilience and other risk management, Knowledge Management and Agricultural Extension, and Governance and Operations Management. This policy is also expected to provide the policy framework for all key agriculture sector institutions; including crop, livestock, inland fishery, crop processing, and allied services such as irrigation, agrarian development and environment. With the other agencies under the Ministry of Agriculture, (MoA) the Department of Animal 47 http://www.vri.lk/nnn3/ldp.php 153 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Production and Health (DAPH) takes the lead in improving the livestock sector development in Sri Lanka. National Livestock Breeding Policy Guidelines and Strategy for Sri Lanka, (2010) has been the main guidance for livestock breeding. Priorities for the livestock sector's adaptation are included under three NDCs (Table 4-4), which address strengthening climate resilience in ruminant livestock farming techniques, managing swine and poultry farms, and sector-wide research and development, training, and capacity building. Table 4-4 NDCs of Livestock Sector NDC # NDC 1 Introduce adaptation measures to address adverse impacts of climate change on ruminant livestock 2 Introduce technological innovations and interventions to build resilience in poultry and swine farming 3 Improve research, education, awareness and, capacity building for climate change adaptation 4.4.1 Gender Aspects in the Livestock Sector Most rural communities manage livestock as an income generating scheme. In general, men are responsible for larger animals (mainly cattle), while women tend to engage in animal care and milking. Women are responsible for managing smaller animals such as goats and poultry. Heat stress, drought, floods create more hardship for women who have to provide food and water to maintain the livestock. Maintenance of animal pens and coops in the face of floods and droughts is also a challenge. International organizations in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture has taken several initiatives to provide training and involve women in micro entrepreneurships. Several banks in Sri Lanka have taken steps to provide loan schemes to women entrepreneurs who are engaged in animal husbandry, and market dairy products. 4.4.2 Recommendations for NDC Planning and Implementation As the analysis of the secondary sources indicate, despite many constraints, women make a significant contribution to the livestock sector. It is therefore important to facilitate, support, and enhance their role through the NDCs, for more efficient and effective overall NDC outcomes. The following recommendations are suggested for consideration: (a) NDC activity planning and implementation in the sector need to take into account the division of labour and the significant contribution women provide to the livestock sector, which is a resource to the sector, and complementary to the role men play in the sector. (b) Incorporate activities to encourage and promote women’s engagement and potential in the livestock sector, to be active in community activities (through dairy cooperatives, Rural Development Organisations, and through training and capacity building programmes implemented under the NDC actions). 154 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (c) Include and target women in providing training for adaptation measures, technological innovations and resilient farming systems, machinery, subsidies, to enhance their position in the value chains. (d) Include collection of sex disaggregated data to review gender responsive activities, and outcomes in the progress review and monitoring of the NDC plans.(Please see Table 4.4.3 for specific actions for gender and socially inclusive implementation) 155 4.4.3 Livestock Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Introduce adaptation measures to address adverse impacts of climate change on ruminant livestock (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 In 50% of MoA, Recommende the existing PDAPHs, d adaptation farms 1.1: Identify and promote appropriate NLDB, VRI, measures 0 having adaptation measures, technological Academia, 2.3, 2.4, Reports of (for all adaptation innovations and resilient farming DAPH Milk Number of         8.2, 12.2, DAPH the measures systems including heat stress Processing technological 13 activities) using management agencies, innovations technologic Related adopted al NGOs innovations Number of Quarterly Established PDAPHs, ponds progress 1.2: Promote integration of rainwater in 50% of 2.3, 2.4, MASL, Milk adapted by reports, harvesting ponds into medium and DAPH 0 the farms in     6.b, 12.2, collecting medium and Annual large farms the dry 13.3 agencies large-scale reports of the zone farms DAPH MoA, Number of PDAPHs, farmers 1.3: Introduce adaptation measures NLDB, VRI, Records of adapting such as forage conservation, Academia, DAPH, VRI these Number of 2.3, 2.4, modification of feeding systems to DAPH Milk and Feed 0    technologies, farmers – 13.3 respond to early warnings on extreme Processing Registrar’s by sex 50% weather events agencies, office records disaggregated Related data NGOs MoA, Number of PDAPHs, varieties & 1.4: Introduce/ develop high yielding Reports of 2.3, 2.4, NLDB, feed 2 new and climate adaptable new forage and DAPH, VRI DAPH and 3      12.2, MASL, resources varieties feed resources VRI 13.3 Academia, promoted and Milk adopted 156 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Processing agencies, Related NGOs 1.5: Continuous monitoring/ improved Surveillance surveillance by veterinary services to of new and Annual PDAPHs, Reports of 2.3, 2.4, detect and respond to new/re-emerging DAPH re-emerging 0 surveillanc         VRI, VICs DAPH 13.3 (Leptospirosis, Tick-borne, etc.) diseases or e climate related diseases outbreaks NDC 2 - Introduce technological innovations and interventions to build resilience in poultry and swine farming (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Target need Number of to be set for training the number sessions of training conducted sessions Sex Awarene Annual 50% of disaggregated ss reports and existing PDAPHs, data of program statistical farms 2.1: Facilitate small-scale operators to VRI, participants mes bulletin, adopting 2.3, 2.4, adopt climate-resilient housing and Academia, being DAPH indicating adaptation     8.2, 12.2, management practices to reduce heat Related Facilitation of carried women measures to 13 stress NGOs, uptake out but farmers reduce heat Private sector recommended not in a included in stress adaptation planned training measures manner % of women Number of farmers improved adopting animal (out of the housing above 50%) 2.2: Continuous monitoring/ DAPH VRI, VIC, Surveillance Epidemiologi 0 In all the     2.3, 2.4, 157 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA improved surveillance by veterinary PDAPHs of new and cal bulletin of farms 13.3 services to detect and respond to re-emerging DAPH new/re-emerging climate related diseases or diseases in poultry and swine outbreaks 2.3: Promote expansion of existing VRI reports Number of adaptation measures such as DAPH VRI, modifications modification of feeding systems to Annual 2.3, 2.4, DAPH Academia, / formulations 0 2     manage available feed in responding to report, Feed 13.3 Private sector early warning systems on extreme Registrar's conditions Office records NDC 3 - Improve research, education awareness, and capacity building for climate change adaptation (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Technology and transfer assessment Overall technology Knowledge and transfer and Finalized assessment technology Assessment conducted 3.1: Technology and knowledge PDAPHs, transfer report of (by 2024) transfer to implement adaptation DAPH VRI, NLDB, packages are DAPH 0        5.b, 13.3 measures, considering gender Academia developed & Knowledge sensitivity in livestock sector delivered for Research transferred relevant papers to not less target groups than 50% (with gender livestock and youth farmers components) Sex 158 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA disaggregated data indicating numbers of women farmers reached with technology and knowledge transfer Sector gender assessment MoA, Some 3.1.1: Conduct a gender assessment (Women’s MoWCSD, studies Updated and analysis for the livestock sector to involvement DAPH, PDAPH, available, sector 5.b, 13.3, identify main gender issues in the in the sector, DAPH reports   HARTI Academia, scattered gender 13.b sector relevant for adaptation, and to related gender Processing informati assessment set a baseline issues, agencies on barriers and challenges) MoA, Gender 3.1.2: Incorporate gender issues MoWCSD, responsive Gender Gender identified in activity 3.1.1 in PDAPH, VRI Progress 2.3, 2.4, adaptation issues not issues identifying, developing and promoting DAPH NLDB, reports/Bullet         5.b,13.3, measures, emphasis incorporate technological innovations, adaptation Academia, ins of DAPH 13.b technological ed d measures, resilient farming systems Processing innovations agencies 3.1.3: Plan and implement activities to MoA, engage and target women livestock PDAPHs, Not less producers in the promotion of all NLDB, VRI, Women than 30 % adaptation measures in the NDC action Academia, Not 2.3, 2.4, livestock Reports/recor of women plan (technological developments, DAPH Milk emphasis         5.b,13.3, producer ds of DAPH livestock resilient farming systems, forage Processing ed 13.b engagement producers conservation, feeding systems, agencies, engaged processing and marketing mechanisms related etc.) NGOs, 3.1.4: Encourage women Percentage of scientists/researchers/technicians/Exte NLDB, VRI, women DAPH reports 2.3, 2.4, Not nsion Officers, in developing and DAPH, Implementing scientists/rese include sex Not less 5.5, 5.a, emphasis         introducing adaptation measures PDAPHs partner archers/techni disaggregated than 40% 5.b,13.3, ed recommended in the NDC action plan organisations cians in data 13.b for the livestock sector in planning and planning/deci 159 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA decision-making positions sion making Number of Records of local level the P DAPHs. extension Attendance PDAPHs, Officers with sex NGOs, trained by disaggregated 25 per year 3.2: Conduct awareness and Not Farmer DAPH (ToT) data 2.3, 2.4, educational programmes on climate DAPH emphasis        Organizations indicating 800 per 13.3 resilience in livestock activities ed , DAD, No of women year Private sector livestock livestock farmers farmers/exten trained by sion officers PDAPHs participation No of trainings received by each institution PDAPHs, 3.3: Capacity building of all service DAD, NLDB, Capacity One Not 2.3, 2.4, providing institutions in the livestock VRI, MASL, building training per DAPH DAPH reports emphasis         12.8, sector to promote resilience building Private sector, material/mod institution ed 13.3 measures discussed in NDC 1 and 2 Processing ules per year agencies incorporate gender issues No of women participants attended Annual Number of Agriculture reports of, farmers Over 60% and Agrarian VRI, DAPH, AAIB, registered for livestock Insurance PDAPHs, Farmer 3.4: Access to risk management and insurance farmers Development DMC, Farmer Managed Less than 13.1, financing to support adaptation to have access           Board(,AAIB Managed Societies, 10% 13.3,13.a climate risks and changes Number of to ) and other Societies, DAPH reports women insurance insurance Private sector with sex farmers schemes companies disaggregated registered information 3.5: Review and revise existing UGC, VRI, Number of The Curriculum/m training curricular in universities Academia, PDAPHs, modules/cour 0 integration         4.7, 13.3 odules offering veterinary and animal DAPH Private sector ses of climate 160 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA production-related degree programmes addressing change into and in the Department of Animal climate all the Production and Health in addressing vulnerabilities curricula in climate vulnerability veterinary Number of medicine modules/cour and animal ses production addressing gender issues in climate vulnerabilities on adaptations in the livestock sector Practice of collection and Formats for analysis of collection and DAPH sex analysis of reports, PDAPHs, disaggregat 3.5.1: Collect sex disaggregated data sex bulletins NLDB, Milk ed for all relevant activities in the DAPH disaggregated reporting with 0         2,5,13 processing information adaptations NDCs data sex companies enabling developed disaggregated gender and information responsive introduced NDC implementa tion 2 new Climate breeds resilient VRI, Number of breeds and 3.6: Research and development to PDAPHs, communicatio 3 new fodder 2.3, 2.4, identify climate-resilient NLDB, ns regarding Work in fodder DAPH varieties           12.2, breeds/varieties and new technologies Academia, the research progress varieties identified 13.3 for livestock management Private sector and breeder farms technologies 3 New Technologies Technologi developed es 161 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 162 4.5 Water Sector Southwest and Northeastern winds can bring heavy rain to Sri Lanka. The island's water resources in the South-central region are primarily determined by the topography (the highland massif), as well as by its location across the path of monsoonal winds. The central region's hills block these moisture-laden monsoonal winds, resulting in a distinctive pattern of rainfall. Yet, more than half of the nation's rainfall finally ends up in the sea without any productive usage. Further, the country has many locations where water is scarce, and a sizable portion of it occasionally experiences droughts that last for many months. On the other hand, flooding from the highlands frequently inundates the coastal regions. Further, when using groundwater in some dry zone regions, there is a risk of seawater intrusion. There are 103 major rivers in Sri Lanka. About 20 of these river basins are perennial, and the remaining rivers are seasonal. Depending on the extent, which ranged from 10 to 10,000 km2, the size of the river basins varies. Geographically, river basins make up around 90% of the land. Despite the absence of sizable natural reservoirs, Sri Lanka has a vast number of man- made tanks and an irrigation canal system, where some of those tanks were built centuries ago and have since been restored to their current state. The Dry Zone has roughly 14,000 tanks, which range in size from 1 to 6,500 hectares. However, most of these cover less than 300 hectares. A crucial component of conserving water resources is the cascade irrigation system in the Dry Zone. However, majority of river basins send 60–70% of their water to the sea; it is these basins that frequently flood48. Another important source of water in Sri Lanka is spring water, of which there are approximately 1,544 springs in the districts of Nuwara Eliya, 204 in Kandy, 319 in Kurunegala, 210 in Monaragala, and 288 in Matale. Overall, there are around 3,540 spring water resources nationwide49. The Mahaweli Water Security Improvement Programme, the Climate Resilience Improvement Project (CRIP), the Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project (CRIWMP), the Strengthening Climate Resilience for Communities in Vulnerable River Basins, Watershed areas and downstream of the Knuckles Mountain Range, and “Surakimu Ganga” (protect our rivers) are just a few of the notable government initiatives to improve water security and management. Authorities are taking Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) strategies more seriously to improve water security and strike a balance between competing water use demands. For instance, the Integrated Watershed and Water Resources Management Project (IWWRMP) provided access to water for 700,000 people in 7 districts The National Water Resource Policy and Institutional Arrangement (2020) serves the objective of ensuring the use of water resources in an effective, efficient, and equitable manner, consistent with the social, economic, and environmental needs of the present and future generations. Further, the National Agriculture Policy (Draft) will also provide specific 48 Colombo Development Dialogue 2, Water Security and Climate Vulnerability, 2018 49 National Policy on Protection and Conservation of Water Sources, their Catchments and Reservations in Sri Lanka (2014). 163 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA guidance on irrigation water use and efficiency. Water supplies for agriculture, energy production, human health, and human settlements are all anticipated to suffer because of climate change's overall effects on the water security. Availability of comprehensive data/information base is fundamental to understand the impacts on water security and thereby implement relevant interventions to address the issues. In fact, the degree of uncertainty and lack of spatial specificity associated with any water-related estimates is a significant barrier to efficient water governance and planning. The sector has ten NDCs (Table 4-5) which includes one overarching NDC covering IRBM; five NDCs on domestic water use including groundwater monitoring, climate-resilient water supply schemes (WSSs), promoting the use of wastewater, managing salinity at water intakes, capacity building for climate change adaptation; and four NDCs on irrigation water use including restoration, rehabilitation, and augmentation of irrigation systems, the introduction of alternative water sources, improving irrigation efficiency and early warning for river flooding. Table 4-5 NDCs of Water Sector NDC # NDC 1 Integrate River Basin Management (IRBM) adopted in 15 prioritised river basins in Sri Lanka 2 Ground and surface water monitoring in the northern, North-Central and North- Western provinces and other areas of high drinking water vulnerability to drought 3 Promote climate-resilient water supply schemes 4 Promote the use of wastewater for gardening, sanitary, construction, and other purposes to reduce demand for treated water 5 Establish salinity barriers in 3 rivers where intakes are subjected to climate change influenced saline water intrusion during the drought season 6 Capacity building for water sector personnel and public awareness on building resilience to climate change 7 Restore, rehabilitate, and augment 25 major/ medium reservoirs and 300 minor irrigation systems and 200 km length of irrigation canals of Sri Lanka for enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector 8 Introduce or promote alternative water resources as a climate change resilience building intervention for domestic and supplementary irrigation 9 Enhance water management in 40 irrigation schemes 10 Assess river floods and mitigation measures and early warning systems for possible flash floods for five priority basins 164 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 4.5.1 Gender Aspects in the Water Sector There is a gendered division of labour in water resource management, i.e., gender- differentiated roles, responsibilities, and corresponding needs and access, which are different for men and women. Women require access to water to manage domestic water requirements (drinking, cooking, cleaning, sanitation) as well as for production purposes as farmers, workers, and entrepreneurs. Women traditionally manage household water, family gardens and livestock and are in the frontline of managing impacts of reduced water availability and disaster impacts50. Women therefore have a major stake in all matters related to water resource management. 4.5.2 Recommendations for Gender Responsive Planning and Implementation of NDC s in the Water Sector In consideration of the role and contribution of women in the water sector, it is important to facilitate, support and enhance their role through the NDC implementation process, for more efficient and effective overall NDC outcomes. The following recommendations are suggested for consideration: i. NDC activity planning and implementation need to account for gender differences in how water resources are accessed, used, and managed both for production related functions and for household functions. ii. Identify women’s, as well as men’s roles, status, resources, needs and priorities in relation to water as a basis for defining interventions and planning. iii. Recognise women’s role and stakes, technical knowledge, and capacity to contribute to water management issues in domestic and production spheres. iv. Ensure women agriculture producers are included in promoting practices introduced through the NDCs (such as rainwater harvesting, water conservation), in training and capacity building programmes by setting a percentage target v. Include/consult Women Farmer Organisations (i.e., ‘’Sithamu’’- introduced by the Department of Agrarian Development), women members of the CBOs working with community-based water supply projects at planning stages of proposed activities/sub activities. vi. Carry out activities to encourage and promote women’s engagement and potential in the water sector (through community water use organisations, rural development organisations, and through training and capacity building programmes implemented under the NDC actions). vii. Include collection of sex disaggregated data to review gender responsive activities and 50 Green Climate Fund. Gender Assessment, FP016: Strengthening the Resilience of Smallholder Farmers in the Dry Zone to Climate Variability and Extreme Events through an Integrated Approach to Water Management (the three target river basin locations are Yan Oya, Malwathu Oya, and Mi Oya). 165 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA outcomes in the progress review and monitoring of the NDC plans. 166 4.5.3 Water Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) approach adopted in 15 prioritized river basins in Sri Lanka Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MoWS, ID, MASL, PIDs, DoA, DAD, WRB, FD, DWC, Completed 10 1.1 River basin wide vulnerability, NWSDB, Number of Assessments complete risks and capacity assessments carried MoIrri CEB, Assessments Reports and 15      - - - - - 6.6, 13.1 d under out in 15 river basins in Sri Lanka. LUPPD, BOI completed in other records CRIP Academia & river basins of MoIrri Research Agencies, NGOs, INGOs MoWS, ID, MASL, PIDs, DoA, DAD, WRB, FD, DWC, 6 1.2 Climate change adaptation Prepared NWSDB, Number of complete considerations built into integrated plans and 6.5, 13.2, MoIrri CEB, integrated d under 15       - - - - river basin management planning other records 15.1 LUPPD, BOI plans CRIP initiatives of Sri Lanka of MoIrri Academia & Research Agencies, NGOs, INGOs MoWS, ID, Number of Prepared 6 1.3 Water resource development and NWSDB, water plans and complete 15 6.5, 6.6, management plans for the selected 15 MoIrri DCWS, resource           other records d under 13.1 river basins are prepared. Provincial development of MoIrri CRIP Authorities, and 167 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA DAD, DoA, management MD, WRB plans 1.4 Integrated River Basin 1. Number of Approved Management (IRBM) plans are MoWS, ID, IRBM plans plans, 1. Five (5) prepared (by 2025) for at least five LUPPD, prepared 1. None progress by 2025 6.5, 13.1, critical river basins and implemented. MoIrri MoE, NPPD,           reports and 15.1 (Five basins identified are Kalni, DAD, MASL, 2. Number of 2. None other records 2. Five (5) Attanagalu, Mahaweli, Malwathu, NWS&DB IRBM plans of MoIrri Gin) implemented 1. Number of systems established MorriI, for water flow 1.5 Establish water flow and sediment MoWS, 1. None 1. Five (5) Updated data 6.4, 6.5, load monitoring systems in five ID MASL, - - -    - - - - 2. Number of base at ID 13.1 priority basins LUPPD, 2. None 2. Five (5) systems NPPD established for sediment load Upper Elahera canal & Wayamb MoIrri, a Ela MASL, CEA, (NWP Number of Feasibility 1.6 Harness excess water in selected IWMI, FD, diversion feasibility Reports and river basins to storage facilities DWC, DAD, ) under 6.5, 12.2, ID studies other records Three (3)        - - - elsewhere through trans-basin NWS&DB, MWSIP 13.1 of ID and diversions CEB, in MASL Academia, progress, IUCN Uma oya diversion to Kirindi oya in progress MoWS, 1.7 Enhancement of water Annual Target to MoA, retention/recharge in catchments using reports and be MCWS, appropriate measures such as Number of other records None established 6.6, 13.1, MoIrri MASL, - -    - - - - - ecosystem restoration, tree planting, initiatives of MoIrri, (5 priority 15.1 DCWS, ID, small ponds, check dams to enhance MoWS, MoA, basins are DAD, FD, climate resilience MASL there) WRB, IMD, 168 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NGOs, MASL, NWS&DB, CBOs, Academia, International Org MoIrri, MoWS, MASL, PIDs, DoA, DAD, WRB, FD, DWC, Records / NWSDB, Number of annual reports 1.8 Implementation of the five plans None 13.1, ID CEB, plans of MoIrri, Five (5) - - - - -      addressing climate vulnerability 13.2 LUPPD, BOI implemented MoWS, MoA, Academia & MASL Research Agencies - local and international, NGOs 1.9 Prepare remaining 10-climate Approved inclusive river basin development MoWS, ID, IRBM plans 6.5, 6.6, plans. Ten basins identified are Kala LUPPD, Number of None Ten (10) MoIrri and other - - - - -      13.2 Oya, Ma Oya, Gal Oya, Deduru Oya, MoE, NPPD, IRBM plans records of Mundeni Aru, Mi Oya, Yan oya, Kalu DAD, MoIrri, ID Ganga, Nilwala and Kirindi Oya NDC 2 - Ground and surface water monitoring in the Northern, North Central and North Western provinces and other areas of high drinking water vulnerability to drought Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2.1 Conduct risk assessments and contingency plans for all new drinking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - water projects in priority areas 169 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Number of MoWS, new projects Progress WRB, LA, with risk reports of 18 (out of 6.1, 6.4, 2.1.1 New drinking water projects NWSDB CEA, DoI, assessments Corporate 44 A1           143 6.6, 13.1 DNCWS, and Plan of projects) MASL contingency NWSDB plans Number of new Water safety Community plans, MoWS, based Water National 2.1.2 New community-based drinking WRB, LA, projects with 23 4000 6.1, 6.4, DNCWS survey report           water projects CEA, DoI, risk 6.6, 13.1 from Dep of NWSDB assessments Census and and Statistics contingency plans 2.2 Seek new water sources and options (i.e. rainwater harvesting and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - sub surface water) to augment water supply in areas where supply is scarce Ground water and surface source 1. Number of approvals Ground (Databases of Water WRB, ID, MASL, Sources DNCWS, NWSDB), 2.2.1 Seek new water sources and approved 1. None 1. 6 6.1, 6.4, DAD, ID, Corporate options – Surface and sub surface NWSDB           6.5, 6.6, DoA, MASL, plan of water 2. Number of 2. 165 2. 253 13.1 Plantation NWSDB, and Surface Sector Co, Study reports Water / Annual Sources reports of approved WRB, DNCWS, ID, MASL, 2.2.2 Seek new water sources and LRWHF, 1. Number of Study 1. 48,000 1. 6.1, 6.4, options – Promote rainwater DNCWS NWSDB Rainwater Reports/ (cumulati Additional           6.5, 6.6, harvesting (RWH) Plantation harvesting Annual ve) by 20,000 13.1 170 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Sector Co, systems reports of SLRWH (10,000 by DAD, ID, (RWHSs) DNCWS, F DNCWS DoA installed LRWHF and 10,000 by LRWHF 2. Number of 2. 800 with further RWHS with (cumulati external well water ve) by funding) recharging LRWHF systems 2. installed Additional 5,000 (by LRWHF) 1. No of investigation reports of NWSDB provincial Groundwater sources (new Investigation and existing reports, wells) in 1. Disaster identified 1. 100 Additional mitigation areas reports 2,000 2.3 Mitigation of drought impact by NWSDB, reports of reports 6.1, 6.6, establishing “Provisional” (Standby) WRB DNCWS, WRB,           13.1 deep wells on risk prone districts LAs, DS NWSDB, 2. No of 2. 50 DMC & other provisional wells 2. 1,000 stakeholder wells wells agencies established working on (constructed/ the drought rehabilitated) mitigation within the risk prone areas 1. 1. No. of 1. 10 areas areas 1. One NWSDB, feasible for area DNCWS, implementi Study Reports 2.4 Identify and implement 2. IWMI, ng of WRB, 6.5, 6.6, appropriate groundwater recharge WRB Additional           LRWHF, groundwate Reports of the 2. One 13.1 systems of the water deficit areas 10 = One NGOs, r recharge NWSDB (Wariyap per year CBOs, LAs systems ola) (Cumulativ e 11) 2. No. of 171 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA large-scale groundwater recharge systems installed 1. % No of samples tested satisfied for 1. 100%, microbiology and physical 2. 3.00 parameters MCM/day, against no of samples 3. 45, tested MIS Reports 4. 1,000 2. Total of NWSDB 1. 99% new quantity by Central schemes (MCM/day) Lab and 2. 2.14 (under produced and Regional MCM/da PrajaJalaA delivered per Labs, y, WRB, bimani day (pipe Progress of DNCWS, 1000 2.5 Ensure water security at all times borne), the Corporate 3. 0, DCS, DS, village 6.1, 6.6, with the required quality and quantity NWSDB Plan of           NGOs, programme 13.1 of water 3. Number of NWSDB, 4. None, CBOs, LAs, implemente wellhead Groundwater DS d by protection investigation 5. DNCWS), established, reports of Baseline NWSDB, to be 5. 100% 4. Total no. of Annual action establishe (Note: new schemes plan of d. DNCWS with required DNCWS, will quality (SLS rehabilitate 614, based 4,000 WHO registered guidelines), community water 5. % of Rural schemes) water Supply Schemes (RWSSs) Rehabilitated 172 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA to ensure required water quality (SLS 614 WHO guidelines) 344 WSSs Records of NWSDB, (NWSDB) WSP audits 28 DNCWS, No of scheme and (Internal by 2.5.1. Climate resilient Water safety MASL, DoI. specific 4,000 6.1, 6.6, MoWS Formal NWSDB           plans for WSSs PCs & LAs, Water Safety Community 13.1 Audits)- and MoH, MoE, plans water NWSDB, DNCWS UNICEF schemes DNCWS (DNCWS) Records of No of ground WRB, water Regulation 2.6 Establish sustainable extraction At least 3 resources reports of the levels of ground water in at least three by 2025 and 6.4, 6.5, DNCWS, tested for ground water river basins (by 2025) WRB None further 05 - -         6.6, IWMI extraction resources of a and expand coverage by further three by 2030 13.1 commercial & particular river basins (Total 8) industrial river basin scale) (management reports) NDC 3 - Promote climate-resilient water supply schemes Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. A System Publish report 1. Some 1. 3.1 Establish new technology in real- NWSDB, for real-time by responsible systems Established time measurement of water quality and DNCWS, measurement agencies available system (by level on major water sources in a MoWS CEA, UDA, of water (MoWS, at agency 2025)         - - 6.3, 6.a collaborative manner with water sector LAs, IWMI, quality and NWSDB,DN level, institutions WRB, MoH level on CWS & without 2. Three by major water WRB), Real central 2028 173 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA sources time coordinat (Two monitoring ion additionally 2. No of real database / 2. One - Kalu time report from (Kelani Ganga and monitoring NWSDB river at CHICO stations for (Quality and Amgatale plant at water quality river water ) Kelani measurement level), 3. Not River) available 3. 3. A central Established database Central database (by 2028) 1. A System 1. for 1. Some Established monitoring monitorin system by and g 2025 LRWHF, measurement 2. About LAs, WRB, of water Records of 50,000 2. 6.1, 6.4, 3.1.1 Promote RWH for domestic use NWSDB, quality of MoWS, MoWS (include Additional           6.5, 6.6, with regular testing and monitoring DNCWS, domestic LRWHF, 48,000 20,000 13.1 NGOs, RWHSs DNCWS systems (10,000 by CBOs, UDA installed DNCWS 2. No of by and 10,000 household LRWHF) by having LRWHF) RWHSs 1. WASH Water safety 1. Not 1. Re- Cluster plans of fully activated coordinating MoWS, operation and fully mechanism, NWSDB, al operational NWSDB, 3.2 Device mechanisms to supply of DNCWS, 2. Limited WASH DNCWS, safe drinking water during floods, 2. WASH infrastruct Cluster DMC, MD,, droughts and during saltwater Infrastructure Strategy for ure and coordinatin DoI, LAs, 5.5, 6.1, intrusion for all water supply schemes MoWS for emergency facilities g -          DS, UNICEF 6.5, 13.1 vulnerable to floods, droughts and emergency response, 3. 28 mechanism and other saltwater intrusion. water supply reports and (Internal by 2025 development during minutes of Formal 2. Target is partners disasters DMC, Audits) to be (such as Disaster and 14 established drought, salt Management (External 3. 208 water Plans. Formal (Internal 174 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA inclusion and Audits) Formal floods) – Audits) and Mobile 4. Not 84 treatment commenc (External facilities, ed Formal Bowsers, Audits) by water bottles, 2024 treated water units 4. Adopted plan by 3. Emergency 2024 response plans under Water Safety Plans (WSPs) by NWSDB 4. Institutional Disaster Management Plan Existing Existing 3.3 Strengthen interagency Effective coordinat interagency coordination for early warning on MoWS, DoI, inter-agency Records of ing coordinatio 5.5, 6.1, climate and weather-related disasters DMC NBRO, MD,      - - - - - coordinating DMC mechanis n system 13.1 and health emergencies with timely DMC, MoH mechanism m strengthene disaster response d 3.4 Innovative approaches such as Payment for Ecosystem Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (PES) to be explored for catchment protection in vulnerable regions 1. Number of 1. At least innovative Records of two approaches/ MoE, MoWS, innovative MoWS, FD, tools FD, Water approaches/ 3.4.1 Develop innovative approaches DWC, CEA, 1. None introduced Safety Plan, tools by 12.2, for catchment protection in vulnerable MoE DoA, Pvt - -         Progress 2024 15.9 regions sector, NGOs, 2. None 2. Number of reports from 2. The CBOs, IUCN projects MoWS target implemented (WASIP) number of with projects to 175 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA innovative be approaches established 1. Four (4) (Additional two 1. Two ( desalinatio 1. No of 2) n plants: desalination Desalinat Jaffna Progress plants ion plants Tallaiadd reports of the 3.5 Establish desalination or RWH NWSDB, completed ( by 2024i - MoWS, facilities in most vulnerable areas with LAs, against Nainathiv 20,000 MoWS, NWSDB and           6.1 inadequate other sources of potable LRWHF, planned u & Delft m3/day and DNCWS, water Private Sector – 1000 Kalpitiya – Records of 2. No. of m3/day) 10,000 LRWHF RWHSs m3/day by installed 2. About 2030) 50,000 2. Additional 20,000 by 2030 3.6 Minimize the level of Non-revenue NWSDB, Water (NRW) as a water conservation NRW MIS report of MoWS DNCWS, 24.63% 15%           6.1, 6.5 / efficiency improvement measure in percentage NWSDB LAs all water supply schemes. NDC 4 - Promote the use of wastewater for gardening, sanitary, construction and other purposes to reduce demand for treated water Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CEA, BOI, Policy and Published Conducive 4.1 Some policy initiatives at the NWSDB, legislative Amended Act Policy and national level for use of treated water LAs, MSc, instruments and policies, Not legislative for other purposes piloting in MoWS Academia, and Meeting commenc instruments -      - - - - 6.3, 6.a industries, industrial parks and Research instructional minutes and ed and apartment buildings Agencies setup: other records instructiona including 1. of MoWS and l setup in 176 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA IWMI, Amendments other place LRWHF to the Act stakeholder agencies 1. 2. National Amended Policy on Act Sanitation 2. 3. National Approved Level National Integrated Policy on water Sanitation resource management 3. (IWRM) Approved policy National Level 4. Improved IWRM organizational policy setup for IWRM 4. New organizatio nal setup for IWRM 1. Number of 1. To be MoI, MoE, promotional established MoH, programme 2. To be Chambers, conducted per identified MI Reports, UDA, LA, year by 2024 report related NWSDB, 3. Target to the SLLDC, 2. Different to be domestic LRWHF, purposes established 4.2 Promotion of most appropriate waste water MoWS DNCWS, having Baselines 4. 13,300 mechanisms of water conservation / monitoring Tourism potential for to be m3/day of           6.4, 6.a reusing / recycling for different sector water identified treated purposes NWSDB agencies, conservation / wastewater Reports – Construction reusing / for Quantity Co (high recycling Agriculture reused or rises), high purposes in recycled water 3. % of Jaffna consuming institutions district by industries, having 2030 appropriate and 177 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA mechanisms Reusing 20 m3/day of 4. Quantity treated reused/ wastewater recycled for Vehicle washing in Rathmalana , Colombo District by 2025 1. Six categories (Float operated valves – metal, Float operated valves - PVC, all Published valves – regulations, 1. Number of 1. Not metal, all Minutes of appliance commenc valves – expert categories ed PVC, 4.2.1 Implement regulatory measures consultation NWSDB SLSI, MoWS, covered ceramic     - - - - - - 6.4, 6.a for water fittings meetings; 2. Not commodes, Records of 2. Testing commenc cisterns) by SLSI, facility ed 2024 NWSDB, MoWS 2. Established Water fittings testing units at SLSI & testing of fittings MoH, UDA, Interagency Records of There Interagency 4.2.2 Establishment of interagency MoWS LAs, coordination MoWS, was a coordinatio coordination mechanism for Activity - -         17.20 NWSDB, mechanism Consultation water and n 4.2 SLLDC, and meeting sanitation mechanism 178 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA LRWHF, organizational records, platform, and DNCWS, setup for Meeting which organizatio WRB, CEA water minutes could nal setup conservation/ reactivate enacted by reusing/recycl d to 2024 and ing impleme operationali nt this zed activity National Green Building Regulatio ns (Blue Green 1. Number of SL) legal enforced USDA, instruments by UDA UDA, LAs, (such as by- (incorpor MoI, BOI, Records on laws and ating 4.3 Introduce by-laws and building NWSDB, legislations, Targets to codes) marks for codes to introduce reuse of wastewater Tourism regulations, be MoUD&H enforced wastewat - -    - - - - - 6.3, 12.5 in new industrial constructions sector codes established er reuse, including areas under industrial estates agencies, enacted/ 2. Number of buildings CEA, SMEs, published final green above SLSEA, building 1,000 m2 Academia certifications – issued mandator y, industrial sector not covered at present) In related policies MoE, MoF, Market (e.g. CBSL, CIDA, mechanism NEP), 4.4 Introduce market mechanisms for BOI, SMEs, Market Records of s MoWS regulatio - -    - - - - - 12.8 promoting above. NWSDB mechanisms MoWS established ns (e.g. USDA, UDA, EPR) and Academia action plans 179 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (e.g. NEAP), need for this has been identified Some awarenes s program No of public mes were awareness conducte programs on Records of d under benefits of MoE, projects 4.5 Public awareness-raising on MoH, MoE, reusing waste Progress impleme private and social benefits of NWSDB, At least 10           6.b, 12.8 MoWS water reports, nted with wastewater management CEA, DoGI developed Annual the and reports assistanc conducted per e of year Develop ment partners (NWSDB ) Policy and Conducive legislative Policy and instruments legislative and instruments instructional Published and CEA, BOI, setup: Amended Act instructiona NWSDB, 1. and policies, l setup in 4.5.1 Some policy initiatives at the LAs, MSc, Amendments Meeting place national level for use of treated water Academia, Not to the Act minutes and for other purposes piloting in MoWS Research commenc -      - - - - 6.3, 6.a other records 1. industries, industrial parks and Agencies ed 2. National of MoWS and Amended apartment buildings including Policy on other Act IWMI, Sanitation stakeholder LRWHF agencies 2. 3. National Approved Level National Integrated Policy on water Sanitation 180 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA resource management 3. (IWRM) Approved policy National Level 4. Improved IWRM organizational policy setup for IWRM 4. New organizatio nal setup for IWRM NDC 5 - Establish salinity barriers in 03 rivers where intakes are subjected to climate change influenced saline water intrusion during the drought season (covering Kelani Ganga, , Kalu Ganga, and Malwathu Oya) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Three 1. No of (Complet Salinity ed in 1. Five barriers Preliminary 2020 - At (Additional having Study Gin two at identified best Completion Ganga, Ambathale solutions reports Nilwala and Kalu including (including Ganga ganga) 5.1 Identify best solutions (covering ID, IWMI, water quality, feasibility and 6.5, 6.6, technical and financial) for salinity NWSDB CEA, LHI, quantity and reports and Walawe 2. Five     - - - - - - 6.a barriers for each case Academia water flow to EIAs), Ganga) (Additional identify the Records of 2. Three two salinity NWSDB and feasibilit feasibility intrusion ID on y Studies studies at feasibility for Ambathale 2. Number of assessments salinity and Kalu Feasibility barriers ganga) reports at Gin Ganga, 181 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Nilwala Ganga and Walawe Ganga were complete d Five (Additional Two three at Records of Number of (At Gin Kalani NWSDB and 5.2 Establish salinity barriers at each ID, CEA, salinity Ganga Ganga - 6.1, 6.6, NWSDB ID, Project         - - critical river identified Academia barriers and Ambatalae, 6.a Completion installed Walawe Kalu Ganga reports Ganga) and Nilwala Ganga) Management , regulation or technical No of sources reports 5.3 Assess and establish regulatory been (Annual mechanisms to manage ground water ID, NWSDB, regulated by Study reports 100 410 6.1, 6.6, WRB           extraction in areas with salinity IWMI the on the coastal 6.a intrusion issue established areas included mechanisms with the possible recommendati ons) 5.4 Monitoring and recording of saline Frequency of MoWS, Daily Daily water intrusion into drinking water Water quality Management WRB, reports reports 6.1, 6.6, sources especially during drought NWSDB Monitoring Information           DNCWS, 6.a periods (MI) Reports Academia 1. Present 1. Interagency MoD, MoE, 1. Interagency 5.5 Strengthening interagency interagency coordination DoI, DoA, coordination coordination in early warning of Water Panel coordination strengthened 6.6, 6.a, CEB, MASL, framework salinity intrusion and allocation of MoWS Meeting with limited - -         13.1, NWSDB, water for flushing as a priority when minutes river basin 2. Maintain 17.20 DNCWS, 2. Frequency needed coverage, the weekly NPPD of meetings 2. meetings 182 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Weekly Five (Additional Two three at Records of Number of (At Gin Kalani NWSDB and salinity Ganga Ganga - 6.1, 6.6, ID, Project         - - barriers and Ambatalae, 6.a Completion installed Walawe Kalu Ganga reports Ganga) and Nilwala Ganga) NDC 6 - Capacity building for water sector personnel and public awareness on building resilience to climate change Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Main capacity gaps on climate change 1. Main impact capacity Need 1. facts that to gaps on Assessment Limited be adapted to climate Reports and informati NWSDB any situation change post on on DNCWS, identified impact Evaluation capacity 6.1 Capacity needs assessment of the WRB, CCS, number of facts that to reports, Post gaps water sector institutions and the IWMI, participants be adapted Evaluation personnel on climate resilience MoWS UNICEFF, to any           6.a, 13.1 reports 2. 120 building Provincial 2. Number of situation (outcome (NWSDB) Authorities, s, Staff trained identified base) training DAD, on Climate- by 2024 on CRWSP, 3. Academia resilient water DNCWs Baseline safety 2. 1,350 Training Plan to be planning identified (CRWSP) 3. 468 Annually 3. Number of Staff trained under 183 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA DNCWS Training Plan 1. Main 1. capacity gaps Limited for gender informati responsive 1. Main on on planning and capacity capacity implementati gaps for gaps for on identified Need gender gender and equal Assessment responsive NWSDB responsiv gender Reports planning DNCWS, e participation inclusive of and WRB, CCS, planning 6.1.1 Include gender awareness and gender implementa IWMI, and gender issues in climate change with MoWS 2. Number of aspects in CC tion 5.5, 6.5, UNICEFF, impleme -          specific reference to water sector in the training and water identified 13.1 Provincial ntation above capacity needs assessment programmes sector post Authorities, , on gender Evaluation 2. Target to DAD, 2. responsive report training be Academia Baseline CRWSP on CRWSP established to be conducted identified 3. Target to 3. Number of be 3. Staff trained established Baseline on gender to be responsive identified CRWSP 1. Monitoring 1. and Operational NWSDB, evaluation M&E DNCWS, (M&E) system by CCS, IWMI, system for Records of 1. Not in 2025 6.2 Prepare plans for building capacity UNDP, capacity the training place 2. 8 in each institution to effectively UNICEFF, building programmes, programme implement the sector NDCs including MoWS DNCWS, initiative Post - -         6.a, 13.1 2. None s (one per that of community water supply DoA, LAs, Evaluation year) by schemes DAD, 2. Number of reports 3. None NWSDB Academia, training LRWHF, programmes 2. 60 NGOs for effective annually by implementati NWSDB on of the 184 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA sector NDCs conducted 3. Number of Staff trained for effective implementati on of the sector NDCs 1. 40 programme s for 1. Number of officers, MoWS, capacity Records on 500 for NWSDB, building capacity CBOs 6.2.1 Capacity building in drinking WRB, CCS, programmes building Baselines water - Community water supply DNCWS IWMI, conducted programmes to be           6.1, 6.a 2. Target to sector UNICEFF, (MoWS, identified be LAs, 2. Number of DNCWS, established Academia participants/ NWSDB) trainees 1. One per year, Eight in total (2 programs 1. Number of for capacity Records on government LRWHF, building capacity official on MoWS, CCS, programmes building Baselines RWH in 6.2.2 Capacity building in the RWH IWMI, DNCWS conducted programmes to be Badulla and           6.1, 6.a sector UNICEFF, (MoWS, identified Mullativu. LAs, 2. Number of LRWHF, 6 training Academia participants/ DNCWS) program for trainees constructio n of RWHS conducted in Badulla, Moneragala , Mulaltivu, 185 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Mannar, and Anuradhap ura by LRWHF). This is in addition to the five programme s conducted in 2021 and 2022. 1. Capacity building plans incorporating gender 1. Not aspects in CC formulate and water d 1. Capacity sector building NWSDB 2. Five plans DNCWS, 2. Number of training formulated CCS, IWMI, capacity Capacity program 6.2.3 Incorporate gender aspects in UNDP, building building plans mes on 2. Target to climate change adaptation in the UNICEF, 5.5, 6.b, MoWS programmes and CRWSP be           domestic water use sector in the DCWS, DoA, 13.1 incorporating completion &SP established capacity building plans LAs, DAD, gender report conducte Academia, aspects in CC d 3. Fair % of NGOs, and water gender LRWHF sector 3. participatio conducted Baseline n to be 3. Percentage identified of participation by gender MoWS, Number of 28 by 208 by 6.3 Awareness raising and behavioral DNCWS, ID, awareness NWSDB, NWSDB change campaigns for the public MASL, programmes Water Safety 6.b, 6.5., towards sustainable use of water as a NWSDB NGOs, conducted by Plans (WSP) Awarene Target for           13.3 climate resilience building for water UNICEFF, NWSDB and documents ss DNCWS to security UNDP, DNCWS program be obtained Research Org, mes 186 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA GWP, NGOs, conducte CBOs d by DNCWS to be obtained NWSDB, Academia, 1. Number of International capacity 1. Target to 6.4 Capacity development in Organizations development be DNCWs Baselines communities and Community Based , NGOs, programmes established DNCWS Progress to be           6.b, 13.3 Organizations (CBOs) in addressing CBOs, conducted Report identified climate resilience in water resources Private Sector 2. 32,000 including 2. Number of participants Plantation participants Companies - 1. NWSDB, 1. Training Incorporation Academia, modules of gender International have aspects in 6.4.1 Incorporate gender issues into the Organizations Progress incorporate Training capacity development programmes, , NGOs, reports, Not d gender 5.5, 6.b, DNCWS modules - -         allocate a share/a percentage for CBOs, Training initiated issues 13.3 women participants in the programmes Private Sector modules 2. Percentage including 2. Target to of women Plantation be participation Companies established 1. Number of promotional / MoI, 1. Target to awareness NWSDB, be 6.5 Demand-side management and programmes Progress DNCWS, ID, established promotion of 3R amongst water users conducted reports, None 5.5, 6.5, MoWS CEA, BOI, - -         in most vulnerable areas for climate Attendance 13.3 IWMI, 2. 250 for change 2. Number of records Academia, School programmes NGOs children for School children 6.6 Establish accreditation schemes for 1. Records on Accredita 1. water sector technicians/plumbers NWSDB Accreditation the tion Accreditati 5.5, 6.5, CIDA, VTA - -         with awareness on climate change schemes accreditation scheme on schemes 13.3 vulnerabilities schemes and under established 187 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2. Number of on Number of developm personnel certificates ent 2. 50 accredited issued annually by NWSDB NDC 7 - Restore, rehabilitate and augment 25 major /medium reservoirs and 300 minor irrigation systems and 200 km length of irrigation canals of Sri Lanka for enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 7.1 Prioritize abandoned tanks (including small tank cascade systems) Prioritized and canals to be rehabilitated in the DAD, ID, Prioritized MoIrri Reports of ID None List  - - - - - - - - - 6.5, 13.1 most critical areas of climate change PIDs List prepared vulnerability paying attention to productivity gains in restoration Cost estimatio Cost 7.2 Prepare indicative cost estimations, n of a estimation Cost means of implementation with national DAD, ID, few of MoIrri estimation of Reports of ID  - - - - - - - - - 17.20 capacity and international support PIDs major / prioritized prioritized list needed for the priorities for restoration medium list tanks completed available 50 tanks out of prioritized Prioritized minor tanks minor tanks restored / restored / rehabilitate 7.3 Restoration / rehabilitation of 50 DAD, ID, rehabilitated Ongoing MoIrri Reports of ID d           6.5 tanks and canals of 100km length PIDs activity Prioritized 100 km out canals of 200 km rehabilitated of prioritized canals 188 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA rehabilitate d 25 tanks 6.5, 13.1 7.4 Augment capacity of irrigation Prioritized out of tanks to enhance climate change major/mediu Ongoing prioritized MoIrri ID Reports of ID           resilience covering 25 major/medium m tanks activity major/medi reservoirs augmented um tanks augmented Feasibility 6.5 Number of 7.4.1 Construction of upstream MoWS, studies and NWSDB tanks 2 4           reservoirs for drinking water MoIrri other records constructed of NWSDB NDC 8 - Introduce or promote alternative water resources as a climate change resilience building intervention for domestic and supplementary irrigation Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 LRWHF, One 8.1 Carryout feasibility studies for use WRB, Feasibility Records of feasibility of alternative sources of water for DoI NWSDB, studies DoI, MASL, 0 study      - - - - - 6.5, 13.1 irrigation and ground water recharge DNCWS, conducted NWSDB conducted for building climate resilience MASL as a pilot 1. No of proposals 1. None 1. Target to prepared be set 2. To be 2. No. of LRWHF, updated – 2. LRWHF RWHS for 8.1.1 Promote appropriate alternative WRB, Records of informati target : 250 irrigation 5.b, 5.5, sources of irrigation according to DoI NWSDB, ID, DAD, on RWH - - - - -      installed 13.3 above study findings (2030) DNCWS, PIDs, MASL available ponds for MASL at irrigation 3. % no of HARTI women 3. Target targeted/parti 3. None to be set cipated in promotion of 189 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA alternative sources of irrigation Records of ID Sector gender assessment document Main with gender recommendati issues in ons for the 8.1.2 Update the draft gender identifying irrigation assessment and analysis for the ID, DAD, and None sector Irrigation sector to identify main MoIrri PIDs, promoting - -   - - - - - - 5.5, 6.5 documente gender issues in the sector relevant for LRWHF, Assessment gender d and adaptation with external assistance WRB, MASL responsive shared adaptation amongst measures in sector the Irrigation institutions sector; Records of communicatio n of the findings Number of Awareness MoIrri building Reports on programmes awareness conducted on and training Ministry in 8.1.3 Build awareness and capacities gender issues programmes 10 (One charge of of the main planning and in climate on gender Programme Women implementation agencies in irrigation adaptation at issues in None so per year MoIrri affairs, - -         5.b, 6.5 sector on gender issues related to the planning climate far covering all International climate change and access and use of and decision- adaptation, on relevant Development irrigation water making level gender agencies) agencies responsive Number of planning agencies &implementa covered per tion year 8.1.4 Ensure women participation in MoWS, ID, % of women ID and Not Not less MoIrri - - -        5.b, 13.3 promoting technology and knowledge MASL, targeted and MASL assessed than 15% 190 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA transfer activities, training sessions, NWSDB, reached reports of women extension programmes, demonstration, DCWS, indicating included in etc. in promoting climate adaptation Provincial women’s the climate activities in the irrigation sector Authorities, engagement/p adaptation DAD, DoA, articipation activities in MD, WRB the irrigation sector 8.2 Assessment & identify priority domestic water supply and priority NWSDB, supplementary irrigation schemes to Records of Prioritized LRWHF, ID, 6.4, 6.5, be supported by groundwater WRB Prioritized list NWSDB, None list    DCWS, 13.1 resources (by means of tube wells/deep WRB, ID completed UNICEF wells) as a climate change resilience building intervention Assessment reports from 8.2.1 Include consultations with 1. No of MoWS, MoIrri, 1. Target to women at the local level and their women’s NWSDB, MoWS, be participation in the assessment & organizations WRB, NWSDB, 1. None established identifying priority domestic water consulted 5.5, 6.5, MoI rri LRWHF, LRWHF - - -        supply and priority supplementary 13.3 DCWS, ID, WRB 2. None 2. Target to irrigation schemes as a climate change 2. No of MASL, indicating be resilience building interventions women UNICEF women’s established (activity 8.2) consulted. inputs to the process. 8.3 Regulate provision of groundwater Level of DCWS, through Agro wells for irrigation based enforcement Regulatio Target need WRB DAD, WRB           6.5, 15.1 on water availability and safe of the n in place to be set NWSDB abstraction levels (2030). Regulations Percentage of Records of PMUs and MoWS and planning MoI (Reports All PUMs teams with gender MoIrri , and 8.3.1 Include gender expertise in the MoWS equipped with analysis NWSDB, None Planning - -         5.5, 13.1 PMUs and Planning teams gender related to WRB, DAD teams by expertise, as irrigation 2030 reflected by water sector; the gender analysis Sex 191 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA related to the disaggregated projects data on the implemented relevant climate change resilience building interventions NDC 9 - Enhance water management in 40 irrigation schemes Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Current water duty (Acre 30 schemes feet per 9.1 Increase system water use Number of in ID acre) of efficiency in irrigation schemes by schemes and Records of ID MoIrri ID, MASL different           2.4, 6.5 10% to cover at least 45,000 ha of extent and MASL Balance 10 schemers irrigated land covered schemes in ranging MASL from 4 – 7 feet (Average 5.5 feet) 1. Number of micro irrigation 9.2 Introduce water-saving systems applications like micro- irrigation PDoA, DAD, Records of DoA introduced None 14 by 2025      2.4, 6.5 system (sprinkles) and low water Private Sector D0A, PDoA intensive crops 2. Number of types of crops introduced 9.3 Farmer training and awareness on MoIrri IMD, ID, 1. Number of Records of Ongoing 1. Not less           5.b, 6.b 192 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA water saving applications MASL, DAD Programmes IMD, ID, activity than 40 conducted; MASL programme s per year 2. % of Attendance programmes disaggregated 2. Not less attendance of by sex than 10% women of farmers programme participated s from the above, where attendance of women farmers participated 9.4 Introduce efficient distribution of Not Completed water among farmer organizations DoA, ID, Feasibility MoIrri Pilot study commenc pilot study - -    2.4, 6.5 through better water allocation DAD, PDoI reports ed by 2025 mechanisms 9.5 Promote market-based instruments for the adoption of new irrigation Number of Feasibility Target to DoA DAD, PDoI None - -         12.8, 6.5 technologies (water Subsidy schemes pilot studies reports be set and tax reliefs) NDC 10 - Assess river floods and mitigation measures and early warning systems for possible flash floods for five priority basins (2030) (covering Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya, Kalu Ganga, Kirindi Oya and Malwathu Oya on pilot basis) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 16 All 5 basins Basins stations covered 10.1. Install rivers and reservoir covered with in all 5 with gauges and collect rainfall data and adequate basins enhanced 6.6, 13.1, ID MD, NBRO Reports of ID           river flow data for the five priority hydro covered hydro 13.3 basins meteorologica with meteorolog l data network hydro ical data meteorol network 193 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA ogical data network Digital elevation models (DEMs) Digital for 2 elevation priority Digital models basins elevation (DEMs) for available models flood prone (Kalani (DEMs) for areas for 3 10.2 Prepare digital elevation maps / and priority river priority models for all priority basins and , MD, NBRO, Attanagal ID basins Records of ID basins - -    13.3 establish automated early warning DMC u) prepared systems Early warning Manual systems for Early early priority river warning warning basins systems for systems 5 priority for all 5 river basins priority upgraded river basins available 1. Number of capacity building programmes Average conducted level of 10.3 Conduct capacity building competen 2. Sex 1. Capacity programs for newly established early cy of ,MD, NBRO, disaggregated building of 5.b, 6.5, warning systems associated ID Records of ID relevant - -    DMC numbers of all relevant 13.3 technological applications and staff for participants in agencies dissemination the the capacity existing building systems programmes indicating % of women participated 10.3.1 Reach out to communities ID MD, , NBRO, 1. Mobile app Records of ID 1. Not 1. App - -    5.b, 6.5, 194 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA effectively using mobile Applications DMC disaggregated available introduced 13.3 on river flooding. 2. % of by sex women 2. App is 2. Not less targeted/inclu yet to be than 50% ded in introduce of women introducing d reached the app with the app Existing structures enhanced where Existing necessary structures and 2 10.4 Introduce flood mitigation Flood LUPPD, MD, in 2 river suitable 13.1, structures to handle climate change ID mitigation Records of ID           , DMC basins structures 13.3 influence risks structures (Kalani, introduced Kalu) (Ambatale salinity barrier, Wee oya reservoir) 195 4.6 Biodiversity Sector Sri Lanka exhibits remarkable biological diversity distributed in a wide array of ecosystems and habitats covering different bioclimatic zones. The country has a diverse ecosystems, terrestrial, and aquatic (freshwater, marine, and brackish water), despite having a comparatively small amount of land (65,610 km 2 ). Specific forest types, such as rainforests, mountain cloud forests, dry zone monsoon forests, and arid thorn scrub forests, are indicative of the various climate zones that occur in the nation. Numerous species of flora and animals can thrive in most places due to the country's ecological, climatic, soil, and topographical diversity. Based on the high degree of endemism and exposure to threats, Sri Lanka together with the Western Ghats has been identified as one of the biodiversity hotspots out of the 36. Sri Lanka records the threatened status of it’s flora and fauna in it’s National Red List. The primary threats to Sri Lanka's biodiversity are habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation; overexploitation of biological resources; extinction of traditional crop and livestock varieties, and breeds; pollution; conflicts between people and wildlife; the rapid spread of alien invasive species; and rising human population density. Land use changes in forests, ad hoc wetlands reclamation, uncontrolled use of coastal areas, landfills in wetlands, and deforestation all contribute to habitat loss. Other grave concerns include alteration of coastal habitats, destructive fishing methods, ship pollution, and negat ive effects from land-based activities that lead to generation of waste ends up in the sea. Sri Lanka has implemented a number of legislative, strategic, regulatory, and operational actions to protect the nation's biodiversity. The Ministry of Environment is the Focal Point for the Convention of Biological Diversity. The status of Sri Lanka’s bio diversity is reported in it’s 6 th National Report (6 thNR) of 2019 51. Under the direction of the Biodiversity Secretariat of the MoE, Sri Lanka's overall policy for protecting biodiversity is outlined in the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) 2016–202252. MoE is the national focal point for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Other government agencies with biodiversity conservation as the core-function include the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Department of Forest Conservation (FD), and Ministries in charge of the subjects of Wildlife and Forest Conservation. The national policy framework commits to biodiversity conservation, including the planned and systematic integration of biodiversity conservation into tourism, education, and cultural activities, as well as the restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems. The National Forestry Policy of 1995, the National Wildlife Policy of 2000, the National 51 MoE (2019) Sri Lanka’s Sixth National Report: Biodiversity Profile - Sri Lanka to the Convention on Biological Diversity 52 MoMD&E (2016). National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. xxi + 284 pp 196 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Environmental Policy of 2022, and the National Policy on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka of 2016, National Environmentally Sensitive Areas Policy of 2022, are some of the major policies pertaining to biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. The primary pieces of legislation that support the DWC and FD, respectively, in the conservation of biodiversity in Sri Lanka are the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No. 22, as revised in 2009, and the Forest Conservation Ordinance No. 65, as amended in 2009 , Forest Conservation Ordinance No 16 of 1907, the National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act No 03 of 1988, the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 and it’s amendments, Soil Conservation Act No. 25 of 1951, and Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 59 of 1981 forms the basic Sri Lankan legal framework in protecting the biodiversity. Another key document that supported the sector is the Forestry Sector Master Plan (FSMP) 1995-2020 with an update taking place for 2021-2030 The draft FSMP has integrated some NDC activities of the Biodiversity Sector into the plan. The need to conserve sensitive areas outside the PAs, the linking of ecological corridors and landscapes to increase climate resilience and management of IAS are some of the outputs highlighted in the plan. The nation sees rapid deforestation throughout time as a result of the economic pressures that the government and industry are under, making room for large-scale construction projects, expansive plantations, and resettlement initiatives that promote economic growth. The habitat that many ecosystems depend on is destroyed by this deforestation, which has a negative impact on carbon sequestration. The climatic conditions in ecosystems will change as a result of climate change, and invasive plant species will flourish as a result of rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns. The possibility of extinction of domestic plant species, which some animals depend on for their individual food cycles, could result from this unfavorable effect of climate change, upsetting the ecological balance of ecosystems. Due to the depletion and deterioration of water resources brought on by several anthropogenic activities, Sri Lanka also faces many challenges in combating water pollution, which harms biodiversity. The endangerment of marine life and coastal ecosystems has been greatly exacerbated by inadequate management and control of domestic sewage, irrigation, ship oil spills, garbage disposal, and coral & sand mining. Resilience-building actions for biodiversity are presented under five NDCs (Table 4-6) covering management of climate-sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas within and outside the PAs, increased connectivity for species migration to accommodate climate-driven changes, possible expansion of PAs to build the resilience of biodiversity as a system of PAs, strengthening ex-situ conservation of fauna and flora and effective management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Some of the mitigation co-benefits of biodiversity including carbon sequestration are captured under Forestry Sector under the mitigation NDCs. Table 4-6 NDCs of Biodiversity Sector NDC # NDC 1 Management of climate-sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas inside and outside the Protected Areas (PAs) network to conserve habitats that are 197 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA highly vulnerable to climate change 2 Increase connectivity in the zones that will be subjected to climate-driven changes according to current predictions through landscape approaches 3 Expansion of PA extent to enhance the ability of the PA network to function as a buffer for climate change 4 Strengthen ex-situ conservation programmes covering climate-vulnerable taxa and regions 5 Effective management of the spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) triggered by favorable climate conditions 198 4.6.1 Biodiversity Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Management of climate-sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas inside and outside the protected areas (PAs) network to conserve habitats that are highly vulnerable to climate change (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 105 PAs 1. under Identificati DWC on of habitats 875 PAs which are 1.No of under the most Habitats FD vulnerable identified to climate which are 10 EPAs change in vulnerable to under the the entire FD, DWC, climate CEA country CC&CRMD, change 1.1 Identify habitats using existing CEA, MEPA, maps that are most vulnerable to 14 2. MASL, MD, 2. No of climate change-driven changes and Special Appropriat 13.1, MoE (BDS & DMC, habitats thus Records of         adaptive measures taken in response to Manage e 15.1, CCS), DNBG NARA, identified in BDS climate change to inform priority sites ment adaptation 15.4 NWPEA, which that need to be restored or rehabilitated Areas measures Academia & appropriate both within and outside PAs under taken to researchers, adaptive CC&CM increase NGOs measures D their taken resilience 5 Number of Environ At least existing PAs ment 500 (PAs and ESAs Sensitive and ESAs) Areas identified/ declared/ 3 gazette/co- NWPEA managed (these 199 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA have been declared based on their Ecologic al importan ce not climate vulnerabi lity) Maps on mangrov es and other PAs are available , maps are prepared by the MoE, FD, DWC DWC, 1.2 Prepare maps indicating terrestrial which CC&CRMD, wetland landscapes, coastal and indicates 500 maps CEA, MEPA, 13.1, marine areas such as mangroves, areas that prepared to MASL, MD, 14.2, seagrass beds, fog-interception area, MoWL&FC, No. of Maps Maps contain include all DMC,         14.5 villus, etc. that should be the focus of DNBG prepared prepared IAS, the NARA, SD, 15.1, priority actions identified above in degraded identified NWPEA, 15.4 order to enhance their resilience habitats, vulnerable , Academia & mangrov ecosystems reserchers, e NGOs degraded areas) ESA maps Base line – 89 forests (18959.7 2ha) 200 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA MoWL&FC, Updated list Comprehen FD, DWC, of species MoE (BDS) sive list of CC&CRMD, vulnerable to report on fauna and 1.3 Identification of species of fauna CEA, MEPA, climate species (fauna Existing 13.1, flora which and flora that are highly vulnerable to MoE, DNBG, DNM, change & flora) National           14.2, are affected climate change Academia, identified vulnerable for Redlist 15.1 by climate Private through climate change Sector, scientific change prepared NGOs, CBOs methods Research work scattered on these aspects ie. 3 projects- MoE, DWC, DNBG FD, NRC, Long term +2 13.1, NSF, CARP, Number of Published research recovery 14.2, 1.4 Encourage research and studies on NARA, scientific research projects plans 15.1, most vulnerable species and habitats MoWL&FC, MoSTR, communicatio papers, done in the           DNBG 15.4 identified in 1.1 and 1.3 DNBG Academia, ns, research recovery identified and also Independent projects plans vulnerable by research ecosystems academia groups but not collated under the umbrella of climate change MOE (CCS, 1. Number of 3 Long-term BDS), FD, monitoring Sinharaja monitoring DWC, plans for - Prof plots with 1.5: Establish long-term monitoring CC&CRMD, climate Gunatille appropriate 13.1, plots and mechanisms in climate CEA, MEPA, vulnerable ke, Prof mechanism 14.2, MoWL&FC, Records of sensitive areas to identify climate NARA, species Singhaku s are           15.1, DNBG MoWL&FC change driven changes in species and Academia, mara- established 15.4 habitats Research 2.Number of Pitakele, to cover all institutes, & long-term Walanka the climate Private sector monitoring nda zones in the organizations plots with Endana country 201 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA appropriate Estate, mechanisms 4500 plots demarcat ed by FD -need to identify climate vulnerabi lities for future research, Hambant ota NBG- Mirijjawi la Research station regenerat ion plot MoE (CCS, BDS), FD, At least 1.6 Restoration of at least 25% each of DWC, 25% of the degraded terrestrial and wetland CC&CRMD, This will identified 13.1, landscapes including coastal & marine CEA, MEPA, Monitoring be stated extents 14.2, habitats identified above (1.2) and NWPEA, % of restored and progress after under 14.5, MoWL&FC           based on current extent and prioritized Academia, extent reports of completi activity 1.1 15.1, according to biodiversity value, Research MoWD&FC on of 1.1 & 1.2 15.4 ecosystem values and climate change institutes & and 1.2. restored vulnerability Private sector, IUCN, UN agencies This will At least be stated 25% of the MoE, FD, Progress after identified DWC, RPCs, reports, M&E 1.7 Restore the natural ecosystem in % of restored completi extents 15.1, MoWL&FC Academia, and other           fog interception zones at least by 25% extent on of from 1.1 15.4 Research records of identifica and 1.2 institutes DWC, FD, tion of degraded fog 202 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA intercepte d landscape s (ESA maps- ongoing, vulnerabi lity maps) Ulex removed from 19.5 ha NDC 2 - Increase connectivity in the zones that will be subjected to climate driven changes according to current predictions through landscape approaches Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Feasibilit y studies MoE (CCS & on Feasibility BDS), FD, corridors 2.1: Conduct a feasibility assessment assessment DWC, Validated had been 14.2, (based on 1.2 above) to identify Feasibility s conducted NARA, reports and done but 14.5, connectivity corridors on a assessments on all the LUPPD DAAD, SD, maps adopted not   15.1, landscape/Seascape level using the of landscape identified NWSDB, ID, for 2.2 – 2.3 exclusive 15.4 river basins located in the climate and seascape vulnerable Academia, ly taking sensitive areas ecosystems Research climate in 1.2 institutes vulnerabi lity into account 2.2: Restore climate-vulnerable ID, MASL, FD, DWC, % of restored Progress 0 At least 13, 14.2,       riparian and instream areas that can act FD CEA, LAs extent reports of ID, 25% of the 15.1, 203 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA as corridors based on the above and the MASL, FD (Will be identified 15.2, feasibility study covering at least 25% Private sector done areas 15.4 of identified areas after the restored completi on of 2.1) Restorati on by DWC for North of Wilpattu Mollikula m at Kal Aru and Hungama la Elephant Corridor Monitoring of M&E identified All DWC, biodiversity corridors identified 2.3: Monitor such corridors for their Academia, reports and 13, 14.2, also the corridors efficacy to serve as biodiversity ID, MASL, Research recommendati 15.1, species and are       corridors and making adaptive changes FD institutes, & ons 0 15.2, numbers of continuousl to enhance movement the private 15.4 fauna which y sector Records of uses the monitored FD, DWC corridors NDC 3 - Expansion of Protected Area (PA) extent to enhance the ability of the PA network to function as a buffer for climate change Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1: Identify ecologically/ MoE (BDS, The extent of 5 ESAs 13.1, MoWL&FC, environmentally sensitive areas Env Eco), areas Assessment identified All areas 14.2, CEA,      (based on 1.2) within the climate FD, DWC, identified to reports already thus 15.1, NWPEA sensitive areas that can be annexed NWPEA, be included in including identified 15.4 204 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (included) to existing PAs LUPPD, the existing 18,000 ha will be LRC, SD, PA network of made PAs CC&CRMD, mangrov Academia, es Research institutes, Private sector, NGOs, CBOs All Identified areas declared The number cannot be MoE (BDS, stated here Env Eco), as this will FD, DWC, be done LUPPD, based on 13.1, Gazette the need. 3.2: Identified areas to existing PAs / MoWL&FC, LRC, SD, Reports of 14.2, notification of 0 to be declared as new PAs under CEA, CC&CRMD, FD, DWC, There       15.1, the declared would not mandated agencies NWPEA Academia, CC&CRMD 15.4, sites be large Research 15.9 institutes, ones on Private sector, land but NGOs, CBOs those adjoining the Mirissa, Thalawila Sanctuaries will be declared in the future by DWC NDC 4 - Strengthen ex-situ conservation programmes covering climate vulnerable taxa and regions Key Means & Relevant Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Activities / Sub Activities Performance Source of Baseline Target SDG Lead Agency Other Key Indicator Verification 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Target 205 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Agencies (KPI) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 6 facilities existing (Peradeni ya, Hakgala, Gampaha ,Awissaw ela, 4.1: At least two facilities to be Hambant 2 facilities 13.1, FD, DWC, established for ex-situ conservation of Botanical hota, for ex situ 14.2, LAs, LRC, Records of flora in the climate vulnerable region DNBG gardens Ganewat conservatio  15.1, PGRC, DNBG (botanical gardens and arboreta) established htha) n for flora 15.4 Arboreta within 5 years (Pinnadu established wa-land acquisitio n progresse d) 1 Medicina l Plant Garden 3 (Safari Parks - Ridiyaga ma, 2 ex situ 4.2: At least two facilities to be MoWL&FC, Gonapala facilities 13.1, established for ex-situ conservation of DWC, Farm, Ex-situ Records of established 14.2, fauna in the climate vulnerable regions DNZG Academia, Dehiwala   facilities DNZG, DWC (montane 15.1, (ex-situ conservation centres) within 5 Research , +intermedi 15.4 years institutions Pinnawal ate) a Conserva tion Centre) 4.3: Establishing a mechanism to DWC, FD Mechanism to Relocatio 13.1, Records of Mechanism assist translocation/reintroduction of MoWL&FC DNZG, assist n of      14.2, DWC, DNBG established climate sensitive or threatened fauna NARA, translocation/ climate 15.1, 206 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA and flora DNBG, reintroduction sensitive 15.4 MASL, ID, of climate or IUCN, sensitive or threatene Academia, threatened d species Research fauna and not done institutions flora but work done based on their conservat ion status especiall y related to developm ent projects Alphonse a hortensis reintrodu ced to suitable habitats under FD Done in Moragah akanda Project by DWC Threaten ed/near extinctio n species are being reintrodu ced by the FD (approxi 207 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA mately 3/year), Yan Oya, NWP Canal Project, Upper Kotmale (Ravana), Upper Elahera Giritale, Hiyare Rescue DWC, centre, NARA, Annual 13.1, 4.4: Introduction of three new number DWC DWC, VRI, DAPH, Facilities reports of 3 facilities 14.2, of Veterinary/ Epidemiology facilities (Bellanwi         DNZG Academia, introduced VRI, DWC, introduced 15.1, for Ex-situ Conservation Centers la) Research DNZG 15.4 institutions, 3 zoos have new hospitals Gene banks Gene banks (Flora and in NZGs fauna) and NBGs 4.5: Develop Gene Banks in National PGRC, DNA Data bases of and Plant 13, Zoological Gardens (NZGs) and NARA, Bank DNBG, Number of PGRC, Genetic 14.2, National Botanical Gardens (NBGs) Academia, Initiated -    DNZG, VRI accessions DNBG, Resources 15.1, and Plant Genetic Resources Center Research Herbariu DNZG Center 15.4 (PGRC) institutions m, PGRC Number of (PGRC) species, sub- developed / species upgraded NDC NDC 5 - Effective management of spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) triggered by favorable climatic conditions 5 - Effective management of spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) triggered by favorable climatic conditions Implementation Responsibility Key Time Frame (2021-2030) Means & Relevant Performance Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 SDG Other Key Indicator Lead Agency Verification 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 208 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DoA, National 5.1: Conduct a desk assessment based HerbariumN on the available distribution maps of Distributi Desk 13.1, H), FD, IAS to identify IAS that are likely to Assessment Assessment on maps assessment 14.2, DWC, undergo range expansion or whose MoE (BDS) report report of MoE available completed   15.1, NARA, range expansion can be facilitated by (BDS) with 15.4, MEPA, climate change and anthropogenic BDS 15.8 Academia, activities Research institutions MoSTR, DoA, FD, Programme 5.2: Implement programs in critical Progress DWC, LAs, Number of s conducted 13.1, areas as identified in 5.1 to enhance the reports of the CEA, programmes in all (as 14.2, resilience of ecological & economical MoE (BDS) activities of 0        NWPEA, conducted defined by 15.1, systems towards possible biological MoE (BDS) Academia, 5.1) critical 15.4, invasions triggered by climate change Research areas institutions 209 4.7 Coastal and Marine Sector Sri Lanka's coastal zone plays an important role in the social, environmental, cultural, and economic development of the Country. The coastline stretches over nearly 1,790 km, and it provides 230,000 km2 of the marine economic zone53. A unique ecology and biologically diverse coastal environment are provided by the coastline. The most significant ecosystems, including mangroves, salt marshes, sand dunes, beaches, and coastal marshy wetlands, are found in this coastal area. The negative effects of climate change exacerbated by anthropogenic activities, such as inundation, shoreline erosion, coastal floods, and salinity of estuaries and aquifers, which endanger the biological balance and coastal infrastructures, are likely to influence all these ecosystems to varied degrees. Along with fisheries, coastal beach tourism is essential to the country's economy. Tourism at coastal beaches includes activities like deep-sea sport fishing, watching marine mammals, sailing, various sorts of diving, boating, and recreational sports, as well as sunbathing and turtle watching in the shallower reef waters. According to estimates, beach tourism generates close to 60% of the sector's overall sales and offers a wide range of value-added goods. Over 25% of the population resides in the coastal region, which covers roughly 23% of the nation's total land area and is located about 50 kilometers inland from the ocean. A significant portion of the nation's industries and tourism attractions are located in the coastal region, which also accounts for about 40% of the country's GDP54. The Coastal Zone Management Plan of 1997 was revised and updated in 2004, 2016 and 2018 which is the foundation and guiding principles for coastal zone management. It focuses on shoreline management, coastal pollution control, management and conservation of coastal habitats, special management areas and regulatory mechanism. The main legal framework for coast conservation is provided by the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 2 of 2016 and its regulations, the Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 and amendments/ Coast Conservation Regulations, the Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 35 of 2008 and amendments, and the Marine Environmental Protection Authority Regulations. In 2011, the Coast Conservation Act was amended and renamed as the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Sri Lanka is currently in the process of claiming a sizable amount of extra seabed area. This will increase the country's economic opportunities. The cargo vessel “X-press Pearl” maritime disaster in Sri lanka in 2021 was responsible for the single worst incident of plastic marine pollution in the world, according to a committee assessing the damages from the disaster. Not having a baseline of the environmental conditions has been one of the biggest challenges in doing this environmental assessment. This is a major drawback for not receiving the due compensation to Sri Lanka yet for this disaster.55 53 Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2021/CHAP1 54 Annual Report 2021, Central Bank, Sri Lanka 55 https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/a-year-since-x-press-pearl-sinking-sri-lanka-is-still-waiting-for- compensation/ (Accessed on 2 April 2023) 210 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Priorities for coastal and marine sector adaptation have been established under four NDCs (Table 4-7), primarily involving the development of technical skills and mechanisms for observing and addressing climate change and variability. These include developing a reliable method for predicting sea level rise, updating vulnerability and risk maps, stepping up shoreline management efforts, and protecting special natural areas in exposed coastal locations. Restoration of mangroves, for example, has adaptation benefits relating to the Biodiversity Sector as well as mitigation benefits under the Forestry Sector. Table 4-7 NDCs of Coastal and Marine Sector NDC # NDC 1 Establish an accurate sea level rise forecasting system for Sri Lanka 2 Prepare updated vulnerability and risk maps for the coastal belt of Sri Lanka 3 Adopt optimal shoreline management works/measures covering affected length of shoreline using a combination of hard and soft solutions to prevent coastal erosion in the areas most vulnerable to SLR 4 Identify and declare coastal and marine natural areas of high priority for building resilience for climate change impacts 211 4.7.1 Coastal and Marine Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Establish an accurate sea level rise forecasting system for Sri Lanka Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 No national Tidal level Database database with in historical Number of operation CC&CRMD, tidal level years for (Howeve 11.5, 1.1. Establish the required database SD, DMC, Records of data up to NARA which the r there           11.b, with historical tidal level data MD, SLN, NARA year 2022 database is were data 13.1, 14,a SLPA to be established in published scattered by 2023 form and update with yearly different agencies) 1.2. Measure and record present Mean Sea Level (MSL) and assess and - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - publish sea level rise measurements 0% 100% , (Howeve % number of (All the CC&CRMD, r, earlier 11.5, 1.2.1. Measure and record present locations Records of locations SD DMC, MD, version    11.b, Mean Sea Level (MSL) w*ere the SD with SLPA, SLN, of the 13.1, 14,a present MSL revised NARA MSL are is measured MSL) available) and recorded 0% 100% SD, DMC, (Howeve (All the - 11.5, 1.2.2. Assess and publish sea level Records of CC&CRMD, MD, SLPA, % number of r, earlier locations        11.b, rise) measurements CC&CRMD, SLN, NARA locations versions with 13.1, 14,a where the of sea revised sea 212 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA present MSL level rise level rise is accessed records and published and maps are available) Three new automated stations 1.3. Establish additional sea level CC&CRMD, Number of with Records of measurement stations in identified SD, DMC, additional Present backups 11.5, CC& CRMD, locations, to cover the coastline of Sri NARA MD, SLN, /backup tidal stations and      11.b, SLPA and Lanka in addition to the existing SLPA measurement (07) 07 backups 13.1, 14,a SLN stations stations for all existing stations Since 2016, sea level Number of CC&CRMD, rise has locations for 1.4. Estimate sea level rise predictions SD, DMC, been 11.5, which the sea IPCC annual for Sri Lanka using global best NARA MD, SLPA, estimated 10     11.b, level rise is reports practices SLN, by 13.1, 14,a estimated Academia NARA, which continues to date NDC 2 - Prepare updated vulnerability and risk maps for the coastal belt of Sri Lanka Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 NARA, SD, % of the 11.5, 2.1. Update inundation maps covering DMC, UDA, coastline DMC Filed 11.b, coastal area according to the sea level CC&CRMD    ID, DS, covered by data and LAs 0% 100% 13.1, 14,a rise forecast Based on 1.1 Academia the field records 213 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA inundation maps NARA, SD, 11.5, Number of 2.2. Identification of areas vulnerable DMC, UDA, Data and All 74 DS 11.b, CC&CRMD DS divisions None     to sea level rise ID, DS, maps of DMC divisions 13.1, 14,a covered Academia 1. Number of NARA, SD, locations by 2.2.1. Identify locations where DMC, UDA, GN divisions Records of Baselines Targets to 11.5, vulnerable communities are present DS ID, NPPD, 2. % of CC&CRMD to be be      11.b, and take action to reduce them CC&CRMD, relocations of and DMC obtained established 13.1 Academia families who are vulnerable 1. Regulation 1. Enacted to prevent 1. No regulation new LAs, UDA, Records of regulatio to prevent settlements 11.5, 2.2.2. Prevent the establishment of NARA, SD, NPPD, n in place new NPPD 2. Number of    11.b, new settlements in vulnerable areas DMC, DS, CC&CRMD 2. No settlements interventions 13.1 CC&CRMD and DMC interventi 2. Target to conducted to ons be prevent new established settlements Some SD, NARA, 2.3. Prepare sea level rise influenced hazard UDA, ID, % area risk maps for the coastal zone with Maps of SD, maps 13.1, DMC DS, CC& covered by 100%    0.5m contour intervals and take DMC available, 13.2 CRMD, risk maps appropriate actions but not Academia validated No database, 100% NARA, % coastal but some (Databases 2.3.1. Prepare vulnerability databases DMC, UDA, zones covered Records of informati cover the 13.1, for the coastal zone with 0.5m contour SD ID, DS. CC & by relevant on/ data   entire 13.2 intervals. CRMD, vulnerability institutions available coastal Academia databases on zone) vulnerabi lity NARA, 100% 2.3.2. Establish Digital Elevation DMC, UDA, % coastal Records of 0% (DEM 13.1, Model (DEM) for the entire coastal SD ID, DS, CC& zones covered relevant (No covers the   13.2 zone CRMD, by DEM institutions DEM) entire Academia coastal 214 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA zone) 100% % of updated (All setbacks 0% setbacks defined (Updated are updated 11.5, NARA, SD, 11.b, incorporating setbacks incorporati 2.4. Use findings in 2.3 to update the DMC, UDA, Records of 13.1, CC&CRMD sea level rise yet to be ngsea level  existing coastal development setbacks ID, DS, CC&CRMD 13.2 in the Coastal incorpora rise Academia Zone ted in the covering Management CZMP) the entire Plan (CZMP) coastal zone) NDC 3 - Adopt optimal shoreline management works/measures covering affected length of shoreline using a combination of hard & soft solutions to prevent coastal erosion in areas most vulnerable to sea level rise Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Wave measureme 3.1. Long term data collection NARA, Number of Not nts and a programmes, including wave Records of 13.1, CC&CRMD SLPA, SLN, programmes/s commenc sediment      measurements and a sediment CC&CRMD 13.2 Academia tudies ed transport transport study study completed Existing Updated Erosion 3.2. Update the erosion management NARA, Records of erosion erosion 13.1, CC&CRMD management       plan Academia CC&CRMD mgt plan manageme 13.2 plan updated - 1986 nt plan 3.3. Establish programs (in 1. Number of 1. Five collaboration with universities and research areas research areas 13.1, Records of other research agencies) for GSMB, covered 1. (Coastal 13.3, CC&CRMD monitoring of coastal erosion and NARA, SD, 2. Number of None erosion trends 13b, CC&CRMD and other           collect related data/information on: SLN CEA, collaboration/ 2. and status; 14.2, relevant 14a coastal erosion trends and status, Academia studies None Sediment agencies scientific investigations of sediment initiated per balances and balances and assessments of sediment year assessments of 215 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA sources, threats to dwellings, land use sediment and critical habitats from erosion, sources; bathymetric & hydrologic conditions Threats to dwellings; Land use and critical habitats from erosion: Bathymetric & hydrologic conditions) 2. Two per year LAs, NGOs, No of 3.4. Restoration of coastal ecosystems FD, DWC, hectares of 1,000 ha of including mangroves covering Records of CC&CRMD CEA, MEPA, coastal 100 ha mangrove           13.1 1,000ha. (this action linked to action CC&CRMD Private sector, ecosystems coverage 1.6 of the Biodiversity Sector NDC 1 NGOs, CBOs restored NDC 4 - Identify and declare coastal and marine natural areas of high priority for building resilience for climate change impacts Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Two sites 13.1, MEPA, 13.2, 4.1. Prepare appropriate criteria and Number of (Establis Additional NARA, CEA, Records of 14.5, list of candidate sites to be declared as CC&CRMD candidate hed ten (10)      UDA, DWC, CC&CRMD 14c high priority natural areas sites declared before sites Academia 2020) 1. No of new sites gazetted 13.1, MEPA, Activity 13.2, 4.2. Declare and manage high priority 2. Number of Targets to NARA, CEA, Records of not 14.5, natural areas as required through CC&CRMD new be         UDA, DWC, CC&CRMD commenc 14c gazette notifications management established Academia ed plans prepared 216 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 217 4.8 Health Sector The Sri Lankan healthcare system includes a variety of medical practices, including acupuncture, homeopathy, ayurveda, unani, siddha, conventional western medicine, and more. Western or allopathic medicine is the dominant subset of these, serving the requirements of the vast majority. GoSL maintains a universal health care system that extends free healthcare to all citizens, which has been a national priority. In addition, a large number of private hospitals and other healthcare facilities have appeared in the country due to the rising income of people and demand for private services. The public health sector is divided into two parallel streams: (i) community health services, which emphasize health promotion and prevention, and (ii) curative care services, which range from primary care that is not specialized to specialist care and are provided by a variety of institutions56. The primary organization overseeing the development and regulation of health services is the Ministry of Health of the central government. Additionally, it oversees providing resources for the health sector, including qualified human resources, a medicine supply, and significant investments in infrastructure. The provision of healthcare in the public sector is decentralized, and the provincial health authorities oversee primary care at select specialized Allopathic institutions. Figure 4-5 shows the variation in number of medical doctors and nurses and midwives per 1,000 population from 2004 to 2019 (data source57). Figure 4-6 (a) shows the source of health expenditure and (b) shows the average per capita health expenditure and the total health expenditure as a share of the GDP. 2.5 per thousand population 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Year Medical doctors Nurses & midwives Figure 4-5 Ratio of health workforce per 1000 population58 56 Annual Health Bulletin (2019), Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka 57 WHO, Global Health Expenditure Database: https://apps.who.int/nha/database/country_profile/Index/en 218 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Sri Lanka has a well-advanced healthcare system. Sri Lanka performed well in its efforts to attain the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As per the latest statistics (2019), the country has 643 state-owned hospitals and 86,589 beds in these hospitals. The average number of hospital beds per 1,000 population is 4, where Mannar district recorded the highest ratio of 7.6 while three districts, namely, Gampaha, Kaluthara, and Puttlam recorded the lowest ratio 2.558. (a) (b) Figure 4-6 (a) Source of health expenditure and (b) Per capita health expenditure (Source: WHO59) Despite having a robust healthcare system, Sri Lanka has a surprisingly high rate of malnutrition among children and women. A as a high incidence of dengue cases has shown an increase from 2022 to 2023 however with a decline in the number of deaths reported59. A high number of leptospirosis cases are reported each year. The number of deaths increased during the COVID 19 pandemic since more people took to agriculture and more focus was on the pandemic. Vector borne diseases are influenced greatly by the monsoons60.Major issues include underweight infants (6.4%), low birth weight neonates (almost 12%), pregnant women with low BMI on or before 12 weeks of pregnancy (15%), young children aged 1-2 (12%), and aged 2-5 (19%) might be highlighted 57. People's health and well-being are negatively impacted by climate change, and as a result, the health sector will unavoidably suffer. Six NDCs present adaptation targets for the health sector (Table 4-8). These cover policy-level initiatives to mainstream targeted climate resilience 58 Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka http://sis.statistics.gov.lk/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=144&tblId=DT_HEA_ANN_117&conn_path=I2 59 https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/sri-lanka-documents/dengue-sit-rep-1-12.05.2023- v2.pdf?sfvrsn=80da2b2d_1 60 https://www.e-epih.org/upload/pdf/epih-44-e2022015.pdf 219 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA actions, improved capacity to manage climate-influenced health and disease conditions, address the health impacts of air pollution, and reduce morbidity and mortality from climate- induced disasters, Table 4-8 NDCs of Health Sector NDC # NDC 1 Policy initiatives for enhancing the climate resilience of the health sector promoted and integrated to all related sectors 2 Improved capacity to manage non-communicable diseases (NCD) and heath conditions directly attributable to climate change 3 Manage the worsening of under-nutrition and malnutrition due to climate change 4 Strengthen surveillance and management of climate-sensitive vector and rodent borne disease (dengue, malaria, filaria, leishmaniasis and leptospirosis) 5 Reduce morbidity and mortality from extreme weather/climate events (floods, droughts, landslides, and other climate-related emergencies) 220 4.8.1 Health Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Policy initiatives for enhancing climate resilience of the health sector promoted and integrated to all related sectors (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Environmenta MoH (Other Heat Health l health, relevant Published Action Plan Occupational units), MoE, HHAP, 1.1: Development and finalized health and CEA,MD, Progress Draft implementation of the Heat – Health by 2023 Food safety Provincial monitoring HHAP in           Action Plan (HHAP) for Sri Lanka and 3.9, 13.2 (EOH) Health HHAP meeting place implemente Directorate of Authorities, minutes d MoH ) LAs, Academia MoH (Other relevant units), MoE, CEA, MET, Published 1.2: Development and MoPC&LG, NHSPEC, NHSPEC implementation of the National EOH MoF, NBRO, Progress Not developed Strategic Plan for Health, Directorate of DMC, monitoring commenc and - -         3.9, 13.2 Environment and Climate Change MoH Academia, NHSPEC meetings ed implemente (NHSPEC) UN agencies, minutes d. CBOs MoE, MoF, 1. Guidelines 1. Not 1. MoH (Other and standards Guidelines commenc Guidelines 1.3: Development and implementation EOH relevant units and standards, ed and of guidelines and standards to make Directorate of - Health Care 2. % of Green, standards to 3.9, 11.7,           Green and Healthy Hospitals MoH Quality Unit, certified Healthy & 2. Two make 13.2 DPRD), Safe Hospital pilot Green and Green & DMC, UDA, Audits projects Healthy SLSEA, Healthy on safe Hospitals 221 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA CEA, LAs, Hospitals, hospitals developed Academia, initiated by 2024 GBCSL 3. Green , and Healthy & 3. Not implemente Safe Hospital commenc d. Index ed 2. At least 5% 3. Finalized Healthy & Safe Hospital Index 1. Health action plan prepared to reduce the 1. Health disease Action Plan burden due for reduction to air The action of disease pollution plan, burden due to developed MoH (Other Published 1.4: Health action plan prepared to EOH air pollution and relevant records of Not reduce the disease burden due to air Directorate of implemente units), MoE, MoH, commenc - -         3.9, 13.2 pollution and implementation MoH 2. d CEA, MD, , Progress ed commenced Surveillance Academia monitoring system to 2. meetings monitor Operational minutes disease Surveillanc burden due to e system to air pollution monitor disease burden due to air pollution 222 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Improved capacity to manage Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) and health conditions directly attributable to climate change (2024) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Diseases & MoH NCD Coverage of health Bureau and the conditions other related assessment of Publications, expected to 2.1: Identify diseases and health EOH units), MoE diseases & Disease Not aggravate conditions expected to aggravate due Directorate of (CCS, NOU), health survey reports commenc due to - -   3.9, 13.b to climate change MoH Relevant conditions and bulletin, ed climate ) Professional expected to Records and change Colleges, aggravate due registers identified SLMA, to climate and Academia change recorded Guidelines MoH, NCD for the Bureau and prioritized 2.2: Develop management guidelines other related MoH records diseases EOH for the prioritized diseases and health units), MoE The on the Not and health Directorate of conditions including clinical and (CCS, NOU), guidelines development commenc conditions -     3.c MoH preventive guidelines Relevant of guidelines ed including Professional clinical and Colleges preventive guidelines developed 1. 5 MoH records MoH, NCD Specific programme 1. Number of of funds Bureau and capacity s per 2.3: Capacity building of health programmes allocated and EOH other related building annum system in addressing climate change held utilized, Directorate of units), MoE program influenced diseases and health Attendance - -         3.9, 13.b MoH (CCS, NOU), mes not 2. 250 conditions. 2. No of staff records, Relevant commenc health trained Progress Professional ed workers reports Colleges trained per annum 2.4: Identify potential at-risk MoH, NCD Roadmap in MoH progress Vulnerab Finalized - -     3.2 categories/vulnerable groups (elderly, EOH Bureau and managing reports le roadmap 223 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA children, vulnerable worker groups Directorate of other related climate communi and any other vulnerable categories) MoH units), MoE change ties and to develop a road map in (CCS, NOU, induced identified managing climate change induced MoEd, NCDs for but not non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Relevant different specifical Professional vulnerable ly Colleges groups related to climate change 1. Research agenda developm ent not 1. Research 1. Research commenc agenda agenda MoSTR ed developed published 2.5: Strengthen research capacity on MoEd, MoF, Publications, generating evidence on climate MoH NSF, UN Information 2. 2. Number of 2. At least           13.2 change and health impacts Agencies, from Number research one IFS, IPS, repositories of the activities research Academia existing conducted & completed research published per annum reports on the topic is to be identified 224 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 3 - Manage worsening of nutrition related health impacts due to climate change (2023) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1: Develop a mechanism to receive and analyze food availability related - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - early warning to minimize nutrition- associated health issues 3.1.1: Provide nutrition status data to MoH MoH Nutrition Records of relevant agencies to develop (EOH status data FHB, surveillance system for food and Directorate , provided Nutrition nutrition security in Sri Lanka MoH (DDG Nutrition Division, PHS 2) Division, MRI DPRD, (nutrition FHB,),NCD unit) Unit), SMoWCP&P MRI , DCS; MoEd, MoA, DoA, MD , Comprehen UN agencies, sive Limited FAO, nutrition informati Academia status data on    2.1, 13.3 is collected nutrition and status communica ted 225 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 3.2: Social welfare systems strengthened to cover vulnerable groups including families below the poverty line, elderly, disabled people, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - nursing mothers and young children in Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas identified as vulnerable to food insecurity MoH (FHB, Programme YEDD, MoH s to (EOH improve Programmes No 3.2.1: Develop and implement Directorate nutrition to improve Reports, specific programmes to improve nutrition MoH ,Food Safety among nutrition guidelines program among vulnerable groups (differently (Nutrition Unit), MoEd, vulnerable - -         3.3, 13.3 among and food mes abled persons, elderly etc) Division) MRI, groups vulnerable regulations develope Provincial developed groups d Secretariat, and DS, Social implemente services d MoH (EOH Climate Directorate related MoH (Food control nutrition The (Nutrition unit), NCD Integration of issues issues Division) Unit), MoEd, climate identified identified 3.3: Strengthen public health system MoA, related Records of and and to intervene early in climate related SMoWCP&P, nutrition MoH, FHB addressed.       2.1, 13.3 interventi nutrition issues MRI aspects in (Under 5 ons (nutrition public health malnutritio initiated unit), DCS; system n, micro DoA, MD, , nutrient UN agencies, deficiency) FAO, 226 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Academia NDC 4 - Strengthen surveillance and management of climate sensitive vector and rodent borne diseases (Dengue, Malaria, Filaria, Leishmaniasis and Leptospirosis) (2024) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Records of National MoH Dengue A (Epidemiolog Control Unit, surveillan y Unit), Anti Malaria ce system National Campaign for Well- Climate 4.1: Strengthen disease surveillance DDG Public Dengue monthly Dengue, functioning sensitive system for climate sensitive vector Health Control review Malaria, vector vector borne       borne diseases Services Programme, reporting Filariasis, borne 3.3, 13.3 surveillance Anti Malaria system, and surveillanc system Campaign, Filariasis Leishman e system, Anti Filariasis quarterly iaisis in Campaign, reviews, data place LAs base of the Epidemiologi cal unit Records of MoH Dengue (Epidemiolog surveillance y Unit), system, % coverage National Malaria 4.2: Develop early warning systems at of MOH level DDG Public Dengue Campaign MOH level based on improved Health Control monthly 20% 100% 3.3, 3.d, rainfall/temperature forecast for each early warning     Services 1 Programme, review 13.3 climate sensitive vector borne disease system for Anti Malaria reporting vector borne Campaign, system, diseases Anti Filariasis Filaria Campaign, monthly DMC, MD, reviews, data base of the 227 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Epidemiologi cal unit 1. Five programme s per 1. A few annum program mes are MoH 2. (i) 250 conducte (Epidemiolog public 1. Number of d yearly y Unit), health staff capacity National trained per 4.3: Capacity building of the public building 2. Dengue year health system, local authorities and programmes Number Control Records of other stakeholders in prevention of MoH (DDG and Programme, Provincial (ii) 50 occurrence of outbreaks and to rapidly Public Health 2. Number sectors 3.3, 3.d, Anti Malaria Secretary's Local           respond to early warnings through Services 1) and sectors trained to 13.3 Campaign, office government effective interventions in prevention trained be Anti Filariasis and and control infectious diseases identified Campaign, community 3. Training LAs, based manuals 3. Provincial organizatio Training Ministries of n members manuals Health trained per yet to be year published 3. Training manuals published 1. Plan for public health 1, MoH (Media 1, risk Records of Existing unit), MoE Improved communicatio HPB, Dengue plan (CCS), HPB, plan n regarding Control National 4.4: Strengthen public health risk vector borne Programme, 2. DDG Public Dengue 2. communication regarding vector disease Anti Malaria Existing Health Control Improved 3.3, 3.d, borne disease control during predicted control during Campaign, communi     Services 1 &2 Programme, communica 13.3 outbreaks predicted Anti Filariasis cations Anti Malaria tions during outbreaks Campaign, during Campaign, predicted 2. Epidemiology predicted Anti Filariasis outbreaks Communicati Unit outbreaks Campaign, on as per the DMC, DoGI, plan during predicted 228 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA outbreaks MoH (DPRD, Epidemiology Unit) MoEd, MoE (CCS), MoFish, 1. Inter- MoD, sectoral MoUD&H, committees MoEd, 1. Number of for each MoPC&LG, Inter-sectoral 1. About disease and Ministries in committees 4.5: Inter-sectoral coordination and 40% reported charge of and frequency information system linked to the Minutes of coverage every Technology of reporting surveillance system for coordination DDG PHS 1 the committee quarter and Research,           3.c, 13.2 with public health, local authorities meetings, ICT 2. Not MoMM, 2. and other stakeholders platform establishe 2. CEA, MD,, Information d Information Dengue sharing (ICT) sharing Control platform platform Programme, established Anti Malaria Campaign, Anti Filaria Campaign, Provincial Ministries of Health NDC 5 - Reduce morbidity and mortality from extreme weather/climate events (floods, drought, landslides and other climate related emergencies) (2022) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5.1: Strengthening timely and accurate A system for Existing Comprehen DMC, DS, early warning receipt and MoH (DPRD) receipt Records of system sive system PMoH,           3.c, 13.3 dissemination to health sector on dissemination DPRD covering for receipt RDHS possible extreme events or rainfall of all major disseminati 229 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA variability and linking them to information events on of national, regional, MOH and village on disasters (but not information level interventions and early comprehe on disasters warning nsive and early enough warning in to cover place national, regional, MOH and village level) MoH (DPRD, Epidemiology unit, Records of Vector/food/ Risk DPRD, In 5.2: Risk assessments for all hazards water Rsk assessment EOH PDHS, progress including climate-related events for borne/viral assessment s maps Directorate of RDHS, MRI, covering     3.c, 13.3 the health sector disease maps covering all MoH Epidemiology four control units) the Unit, maps provinces PDHS, provinces RDHS, DMC, MD, MRI Health Health 5.3: Improved health preparedness for preparedne preparedness all hazards including climate-related ss plans at RDHS, DMC, plans at Plans for disaster events at national, Annual national, MoH (DPRD) PDHS, MD,, national, four 3.c, 3.9, subnational, MOH and village level reports of provincial      DMC provincial provinces 13.3 both in curative and preventive DPRD and district and district sectors level level established MoH (DPRD, Ongoing, No of 5.4: Public awareness on health E&OH, the awareness impacts of climate change and Epidemiology number programmes Records of promotion of resilience designed and Unit, FHB, of the Target is to and HPB, DPRD, disseminated through traditional, MoH (HPB), Nutrition program be           3.c, 13.3 promotions E&OH electronic and social media on how to Division, mes established conducted per address immediate disaster risks EOH), MoE conducte year (CCS), DMC, d to be DoGI, estimated 230 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Dengue Control Programme, Anti Malaria campaign, Anti Filaria campaign, 231 4.9 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector According to the definition of urban population, which includes those residing in designated Municipal Councils (MCs) and Urban Councils (UCs), Sri Lanka's urban population is 18.7%, with a projected population share of 21% by 2030. Urbanization has become a rapidly growing force, as an increasing number of people have begun to move to towns and cities. This situation has led to a number of problems, including a rise in service demand, increased traffic congestion and its effects from pollution and natural disasters, health risks, unsuitable housing, the urban heat island effect, and low living standards for the urban poor (growth of slums). The GoSL places a strong emphasis on rural development and evenly distributes infrastructure and services between the urban and rural regions. The idea of de-urbanization through agro- industrialization has been put out, and the GoSL has started several initiatives to close the infrastructural and service gap. The policies for urban development are established by the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. The overall framework and rules for spatial planning are provided by the National Physical Planning Policy and the Plan 2017-2030 (2019). The Urban Development Authority (UDA) is given the authority to carry out urban planning and land distribution by the Urban Development Authority Act (Amended) No. 36 of 2007 and related UDA Planning and Building Regulations. Further, Regional Physical Plans have been developed for five provinces (Uva, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Eastern and North Central) that provide the Provincial and Local Level Authorities with necessary framework for the translation of national level policies and development programmes into local level action projects as well as to reformulate and regulate the local development initiatives in harmony with those at national level. The emphasis given to this sector also become apparent with the inclusion of environment management in cities and human settlements (C&HSs) as one of the eight thematic areas in the NEAP. It highlights that, though C&HSs in urban areas are dynamic and vital parts of the human society and are the main engines of social, economic and technological development, there are numerous challenges and threats as a consequence of urbanization and poor urban planning, particularly the adverse impacts on surrounding ecosystems and local environmental issues such as inefficient water management and sanitation, air quality degradation, solid waste and health impacts, among others. The NEAP includes nine strategies and 60 actions to meet sustainability objectives in this sector. As climatic hazards grow, it is anticipated that outmigration in villages dependent on agriculture would cause cities to overpopulate. This can result in the growth of haphazard, low- income settlements in metropolitan areas, which have several risks. Climate change poses two different and evident challenges to human settlements: (i) rising temperatures will make urban and suburban regions across the nation uninhabitable; and (ii) urban heat islands will increase the effects of heat waves in cities. Temperature increases during the day and at night will affect how much energy is used for cooling. Water shortages will occur in the Dry Zone due to increased temperatures, high evaporation rates, and extended dry periods. Water constraints resulting from the drought are already noticeable in places with higher watersheds, such Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. Similar issues could arise in the Wet Zone's developing urban centers as demand increases due to urban growth. The increased frequency of weather-related 232 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA disasters, as well as the increased risk of flood, drought, and landslides, represent the second risk of the climate to human settlements. Towns in the southwest of the country that are already at risk of flooding may face increased hazards, according to positive rainfall anomalies for the Wet Zone. In the hill region, plantation workers' homes are particularly vulnerable to landslides, and this susceptibility is increased by their substandard housing and precarious economic situation. The coastline region of Sri Lanka is heavily inhabited, particularly in the western and southern regions. Drinking water systems in coastal areas are particularly sensitive to saline intrusion and sea level rise, and therefore represent a key adverse impact of climate change. Four NDCs make up the adaptation measures (Table 4-9) in the urban planning and human settlement sector. They highlight the need for better planning, incorporating disaster risk reduction and impending climate risks, boosting built-environment climate resilience, and reducing the effects of slow-onset climate change events. Further, some of the strategies proposed under mitigation NDCs, such urban forestry, eco-friendly transportation, and green buildings, will provide co-benefits to improve adaptation. Table 4-9 NDCs of Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector NDC # NDC 1 Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national, sub-national and local level physical planning 2 Incorporate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into the urban and human settlement planning/implementation in areas of high vulnerability to climate change risks 3 Establish a climate-resilient build environment 4 Minimize the impact of slow onset events (sea-level rise) on coastal settlements and infrastructure 233 4.9.1 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national, sub- national and local level physical planning (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Updating of National Physical Plan including climate change risk and 1. Updated 1. NPPD - the Climate commenc National updated change ed Physical National integrated MoUD&H, Plan Physical Plan National 2. NPP- MoPC&LG, published 1.1: Integrate most current climate NPPD (NPP) Physical 2019 (the MoH, UDA, (2023) 13.2 change risk and vulnerability into Plans of latest    ID, SLLDC, physical planning at all levels 2. The level NPPD, version NBRO, LAs 2. Full of adherence NBRO by then) adherence to the items in reports adhered by the the NPPD by with by stakeholder stakeholders all s stakehold ers (however , there are challenge s in ensuring full adherenc 234 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA e) 1.2: Prepare the sub-national and local plans considering climate risks and vulnerability based on the - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - recommendations of the National Physical Plan (NPP) The number Four of Regional Identifica regional MoUD&H, Physical tion and Physical 1.2.1: Prepare Regional (Provincial) MoPC&LG, Plans Records of preparati Plans Physical Plans considering climate MoH, ID, prepared NPPD, on of (Eastern, 13.2 risks and vulnerability based on the NPPD     UDA, CEA, incorporating NBRO, UDA Regional Central, recommendations of the National SLLDC, climate risks physical UVA, Physical Plan (NPP) NBRO, LAs, and Plans in Central vulnerabilities progress fragile . zone) The number of Local Physical Twenty MoUD&H, Plans (20) All MCs, MoPC&LG, prepared Records of Local UCs and 1.2.2: Prepare Local Development MoH, ID, incorporating UDA, NBRO, Physical PSs (in 13.2 UDA      Plans in UDA declared areas NPPD, CEA, climate risks NPPD Plans in UDA SLLDC, and UDA declared NBRO, LAs vulnerabilities declared areas) in UDA areas declared areas. The number MoUD&H, of Local Identifica Records of MoPC&LG, Physical tion of respective 275 Local MoH, ID, Plans areas for 1.2.3: Prepare Local Development LAs, UDA, Developme 13.2 LAs UDA, NPPD, prepared Local       Plans in LA areas NPPD, nt Plans CEA, incorporating Physical NBRO prepared SLLDC, climate risks Plans in NBRO, LAs and progress vulnerabilities UDA, USDA, Records of The 100% 11.3 1.3 Adhere to the guidelines prescribed Project NBRO. Degree of PAAs criteria (All 11.5 by the NPPD and UDA in all urban Approving DMC, Adherence (Compliance and projects      11.6 infrastructure projects and Agencies SLLDC, reports, evaluatio adhered to 11.b programmes (PAAs) CEA, Planning n the NPP 235 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA CC&CRMD, committee methodol and UDA DWC clearance) ogy for guidelines) the Degree of Adherenc e are not establishe d Number of 1.4: Introduce adaptation measures Local/Urban Records of Incorporate such as urban zoning incorporating Development respective d in 11.3 disaster risk, forest parks, ground Plans LAs, UDA, gazetted 21 275 Local 11.5 water recharge, air passages/wind UDA DMC, SLLDC, prepared with DMC, Developme Developme      11.6 corridors, wise-use of wetlands and ID, NBRO, LAs integration of NBRO, nt plans of nt Plans 11.b roadside planting into urban planning, climate Respective the UDA bio engineering technologies, etc. to change LAs build resilience to climate change adaptation measures 1. No program mes planned and conducte 1. Number of d All housing awareness and and capacity 2. The 1.5: Integrate and adhere to the Records of settlement 11.3 building criteria Guideline for Climate Resilient CCS, DMC, MoE and projects 11.5 MoE programmes and Human Settlement and Infrastructure SLLDC, ID, other adhere to      11.6 conducted evaluatio developed by the Climate Change NBRO, LAs stakeholder climate 11.b n Secretariat (CCS) agencies resilient 2. Degree of methodol guidelines Adherence ogy for of CCS the Degree of Adherenc e are not establishe d 236 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 2 - Incorporate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into urban and human settlement planning / implementation in areas of high vulnerability to climate change risks (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1. Key 1. Target Agencies for the have number of develope guidelines d several to be guideline established s (e.g. UDA – 2. Target 1. Number of Wetland for the guidelines Conserva areas of prepared tion coverage to Develop be 2.1: Develop Guidelines on Climate NBRO, UDA, Annual established 2. Areas of ment Change influenced Disaster Risk NHDA, coverage in reports of Plan for 13.2 Management (DRM) for urban and DMC USDA, CCS, the guidelines DMC and Western 3.    human settlement planning ID, SLLDC, other Province) Incorporati NPPD 3. stakeholders on of DRR Effectiveness 2. into urban of the Baseline and human to be guidelines settlement establishe d planning based on 3. the Baseline guidelines to be developed establishe by key d agencies. 2.1.1: Review and revise Urban & MoE, USDA, 1. Urban Records of 1. Urban Human settlement planning legislation MoUD&H DMC, MoUD&H, 1. Policy 13.2 Settlement Settlement formulati      to incorporate climate change Attorney Policy USDA, DMC, Policy on not influenced disaster risk management General formulation AGDs, MoE incorporati 237 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA aspects Department incorporating commenc ng climate (AGD), CCS climate ed change change influenced influenced 2. disaster risk disaster risk Specific manageme management legislatio nt aspects aspects ns not by 2023 develope 2. Specific d 2. Enacted legislations specific for the legislations by 2025 implementati on of the Urban Settlement Policy 2.2: Design, Implementation & maintain infrastructure giving due - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - consideration to the runoff system/drainage and flooding 1. Three (03) - 1. Number of (Kelani, river basins 1. 05 Gin; covered in the Additional Nilwala 11.3 MoPC&LG, designs Records of river basing 2.2.1: Design of infrastructure giving river 11.5 RDA, CEA, DoI and other basins) covered due consideration to the runoff ID 2. Area           11.6 NBRO, UDA, related 11.b system/drainage and flooding coverage of 2, Target to SLLDC agencies 2. No Urban/ local coverage be floods of Urban/ established designs Local floods 1. Number of river basins 1. covered in the Implementa implementati tion and 2.2.2: Implementation & maintain of ID, RDA, SDG on and Records of maintenanc infrastructure giving due consideration CEA, NBRO, Not 11.3 maintenance LAs, DoI and e of 08 11.5 to the runoff system/ drainage and LAs MoPC&LG, impleme river basins           other related 11.6 flooding (in accordance with the UDA, 2. Area nted 11.b agencies 2. Target to Design in 2.2.1) SLLDC coverage in be the established implementati on and 238 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA maintenance of Urban/ local flood control Baselines 1. Up-to- DS, LUPPD, to be date NPPD, 1. % No of information Ministry in plans rejected identified on % No of charge of due to slope NBRO (Impleme plans 11.3 2.3: Incorporate slope stability and soil Estate instability in Database, nted in rejected 11.5 Housing/Infra conservation measures in developing NBRO hilly areas; Records of some     11.6 structure infrastructure in hilly areas LIPPD and areas, but 2. 100% 11.b Development, 2. % of NPPD % is to (Implement PHDT, districts ed in all the NRMC of the be covered hilly areas) DoA estimated ) Baseline needs to be Ministry in establishe charge of d Estate (Maps 2.4: Assess landslide / flood risk to NBRO available 11.3 housing/Infra 100% human settlement and infrastructure reports, 11.5 structure % of districts on the (Implement DMC           11.6 and introduce measures to reduce the Development, covered Records of Landslide ed in all 11.b vulnerability in high risk areas PHDT, DMC, ID risk to districts) NBRO, human SLLDC, ID, DS, LUPPD, settlemen ts and infrastruc ture) Some % of districts covered by assessme 100% 11.3 2.5: Assess drought risk to human DMC MD, DSs, the drought Records on nt done, (Assessmen 11.5 settlement and introduce measures to LAs risk by relevant but not t covering     11.6 reduce vulnerability in high risk areas assessment agencies very all high risk 11.b and plans comprehe areas) introduced nsive 239 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA NDC 3 - Establish climate resilient built environment (2030) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Baseline to be Number of establishe UDA MoUD&H, d (this is Climate development MD, NBRO, plans which done in risk 11.3 3.1: Integrate climate risk projections GSMB, has planning, projection 11.5 into climate resilient built environment Records of UDA DMC, CEA, incorporated but need are      11.6 strategies implemented by respective climate UDA 11.b NHDA, DCS, to integrated stakeholder institutions resilient NRMC, identify to all the concerns Academia the level plans of incorpora tion) There are related Review and design updated Target to and reports, be guideline updated established s – for (one MoUD&H, climate Number of example example is CEA, CCS, resilient climate Blue Green DArch. ., design resilient Green Sri Building 11.3 NPPD, strategies, 3.2: Review and update climate design Lanka- Certificatio 11.5 LUPPD, green resilient design strategies to address UDA strategies and National ns to be           11.6 USDA, building 11.b emerging climate risks guidelines Green issued CIDA, codes developed, Building under UDA NBRO, FD, incorporated updated and standards building CC&CRMD, into incorporated integrate approval DWC, MASL development d to process in plans of UDA UDA the and other Gazetted country) stakeholder regulatio agencies ns in 2019) 240 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Published UDA, CEA, The number amended CCS, DArch, of existing gazettes, NPPD, human human 3.3: Amend and gazette existing LUPPD, settlement 11.3 settlement human settlement plans integrating MoUD&H USDA, plans 20 Plans 275 Plans      13.2 plans and climate resilient strategies 3.2 CIDA, integrating other records NBRO, FD, climate of UDA and CC&CRMD, resilient relevant DWC strategies PAAs Consultations, rules and regulations incorporated climate vulnerability, 1. The projects/ existing plans adhered rules and to cc built regulatio 1. Target to environment ns are be enforced established 1. Number of rules and CEA, CCS rules and regulations, 2. All NPPD, 2. The regulations projects 3.4: Review, update and enforce LUPPD, BOI criteria application reviewed, approved by existing rules and regulations to USDA, RDA, and s for built 11.3 UDA updated and NPD evaluatio environmen           13.2 prevent built environments in areas DArch CIDA, enforced according to n t are highly vulnerable to climate change NBRO, FD, methodol 2. Level of rules and aligned to CC&CRMD, ogy for enforcement regulations of the DWC, PRDA the Level CC of applicable vulnerability enforcem rules and aspects, M & ent are regulations E plans for not the available enforcement of rules and regulations of UDA and other relevant PAAs SLSEA, Curricula of Baseline Target to 11.3 3.5: Include sustainable built UGC Professional List of degree relevant to be be      13.2 environment concepts into Org, GBCSL, /professional institutions/ establishe established 241 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Architecture and Engineering Academia, training programmes d (e.g. curricula Technical programs (Presentl Introduced Colleges, having green y, there the building are 37 sustainable concept incorporated UG/PG built in the degrees/ environmen curricula diplomas t concepts offered to all by Architectur Engineeri e and ng and Engineerin Architect g curricula) ure discipline s) Presently , there are a range of continuo us Target to professio be MoE- Planing nal established division, List of developm (e.g. Institute of Awareness ent Introduced Architects, and Training Training program the Town & 11.3 3.5.1: Introduce sustainable built Programmes curricula and mes sustainable country 13.3 environment concepts to capacity MoUD&H initiated with manuals of conducte built           planning Dept 13.b building sustainable the relevant d by environmen of built institutions different t concepts Universities, environment institutio to all SLSEA, concepts ns, where relevant SLEMA, the CPD SLIDA sustainab programme le built s) environm ent concepts are covered) 3.6: Promote vertical housing MoUD&H USDA, No of vertical Project reports, Projects Vertical 11.3           solutions, where appropriate to NBRO, MD, housing Cooperate plans, are housing 11.5 242 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA communities living in high climate risk Condominiu projects Performance Impleme solutions in 11.a areas m introduced to report, Mixed nted but place to all 11.b Management communities used projects, not communitie strategic plans Authority, living in high specifical s living in of USDA, NHDA, UDA climate risk ly in high high UDA LUPPD, areas climate climate risk Banks, NPPD risk areas areas NDC 4 - Minimize the impact of slow onset events (sea level rise) on coastal settlements and infrastructure (2030) reef coastal zone Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MoUD&H, NPPD, 1. CZMP 1. Updated 1. Updating 2018 in NHDA, of Coastal CZMP for effect for UDA CC&CRMD, Zone Progress UDA SLTDA, Management report, annual declared 11.3 4.1 Design coastal settlements and declared areas by UDA USDA, Plan (CZMP) reports of 11.5 areas associated infrastructure considering 2023           11.a NWSDB, UDA and 11.b future sea level rise 2. Number of 2. CEB, other related Local Area Baseline 2. Target to SLLRDA. agencies Development to be LUPPD, , be Plans of UDA identified NARA, RDA, established , LAs Existing 2011 Updated Ministry in- inundation Version inundation charge of maps of (Climate maps, 11.3 4.2 Demarcate protection areas from Number of Resettlement, CC&CRMD, Change demarcate 11.5 maps sea level rise to facilitate for shifting CC&CRMD         11.a SD, UDA prepared Vulnerability Vulnerab protection urban densification inward 11.b DMC, LAs, assessments, ility areas from DS, UDA Survey maps , Database sea level DMC maps ) in effect rise 4.3 Prepare and commence CC&CRMD, RMPs and 1. RMPs DS, LAs 1. implementation of risk management 1. Number of other records prepared for 11.b Previous SLTDA, (RMPs all the    plans (RMPs) for existing coastal DMC of DMC, versions SLCG, existing infrastructure and settlements SLN Records of RMPs coastal 243 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 2. Level of other were infrastructur implementati stakeholder available e and on of RMPs agencies settlements 2. Level of 2. The impleme target for ntation is the level of to be implementa identified tion will be . identified through an established methodolog y and criteria 244 4.10 Tourism and Recreation Sector Tourism has traditionally been the third largest foreign exchange earner and an important income generator for Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka ranked 74th out of 141 countries in the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2021 of the World Economic Forum. As illustrated in Figure 4-7, the tourism sector has been steadily growing between 2012 and 2018, contributing to the country’s economy. However, the Easter attack in 2019, followed by the COVID-19 pandemic, has shrunken the sector, reversing its economic developments to a decade back in history. The tourism sector created nearly 400,000 direct and indirect employment in 2019, while the amount dropped to approximately 350,000 in 2020 and 202161. 4,500.0 4,000.0 Official Receipts (USD Mn) 3,500.0 3,000.0 2,500.0 2,000.0 1,500.0 1,000.0 500.0 - 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Year Figure 4-7 Tourism sector foreign exchange earnings (Data: Statistical pocketbook, 2022) Although the majority of visitors are now primarily interested in leisure travel, Sri Lanka has a lot of potential to attract travelers interested in community-based travel and the expanding health tourism subsector. The Sri Lanka Strategic Plan for Tourism 2022–2025 was created to revive the industry from its current state of decline brought on by the pandemic. The plan identifies issues and opportunities to focus on and provides a structured rationale for the actions proposed. Its purpose is to set an agenda for the recovery and future resilience of the tourism sector. There are several areas of opportunities for the diversification of tourism sector, for example, kite surfing, speleology, adventure, and palaeobiodiversity. Tourism has already been impacted by global warming. Extreme heat, floods, storms, the loss of beaches, and the depletion of coral reef resources will all exacerbate the risks associated with tourism operations in tropical and subtropical areas. About 60% of Sri Lanka's tourist spots are found along the coast, where the height is less than two meters above sea level. The 61 Department of Census and Statics, Statistical Pocket Book, 2022 245 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA monsoons are a definitive factor in the choice of tourism destinations for the tourists. There are seasons and areas for beach, bird watching, whalewatching, adventure etc. Hence, tourism zones are infromally demarcated based on annual climate. Most of the inland tourism destinations are situated in highly scenic but vulnerable locations. Unplanned and unauthorized constructions create excessive risk-taking in the face of climate disasters. High density tourism areas create water shortages during the drought and are impacted by contaminated water during floods. Infrastructure is also impacted by climate change leading to unsuitable conditions for the tourists. The tourism sector provides mitigation co-benefits through decarbonization activities such as energy efficiency, waste management, and reforestation landscaping, etc making this sector a key sector to increase Sri Lanka’s foreign revenue, increase climate change resilience while following a low carbon development pathway. Three NDCs addressing sustainable tourist practices, sector risk reduction, and resilience building measures embracing the green construction concept are provided as adaptation targets for the tourism sector (Table 4-10). Energy efficiency, green building, and landscaping-related activities are among the NDCs for the tourism sector, all of which will have a mitigating effect. Table 4-10 NDCs of Tourism and Recreation Sector NDC # NDC 1 Build resilience through sustainable tourism practices and improved risk preparedness in destinations of high climate change vulnerability 2 Introduce risk reduction and risk transfer mechanisms for climate-induced disaster affecting tourism 3 Promote climate resilience in the tourism sector by introducing green building design to all new constructions and refurbishments 246 4.10.1 Tourism and Recreation Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Build resilience through sustainable tourism practices and improved risk preparedness in destinations of highest climate change vulnerability (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 - Studies on climate impacts on tourism in 5 most 1 - Studies on vulnerable climate sites impacts on MoE, completed tourism in MoPC&LG, most SLTDA, 2- vulnerable Records and 1.1: Undertake studies to assess UDA, CEA, Carrying sites reports of 14.1, climate impacts on tourism, carrying Ministry of MEPA, , 1–0 capacity Ministry of 14.2, capacity studies and identification of Tourism and CC&CRMD,, studies      2 - Carrying Tourism and 14.5, tourism facilities in areas which are Lands NARA, 2-0 and capacity Lands 15.9 vulnerable to climate change SLSDC, identificati studies CCF, DWC, on of and FD, DMC, tourism identification NBRO, MD facilities in of tourism 8 Nos of facilities in critical sites critical sites completed including Kalpitiya and Hikkaduwa MoPC&LG, SLTDA, Reports and Partially 14.1, 1.2: Identification and promotion of Ministry of Number of 5 UDA, CEA, records of taken 14.2, adaptation measures in the destinations Tourism and destinations destinations   MEPA, Ministry of into 14.5, identified in 1.1 Lands covered covered CC&CRMD, Tourism and account 15.9 NARA, Lands in the 247 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA SLSDC, Master CCF, DWC, plan FD, DMC, NBRO, MD Ministry of Tourism and Lands, MoE, SLINTGL, Alternative 1.3: Advocate diversified tourist DWC, FD, Reports and Alternative measures 14.1, attractions and products (e.g: Cultural, CC&CRMD, records of measures for identified 14.2, Adventure, Lifestyle, Festivals and SLTDA CEA, Ministry of      vulnerable 0 for all 14.5, Marine Tourism, etc.) as alternatives to Provincial Tourism and areas vulnerable 15.9 identified vulnerable destinations Councils, Lands areas CCF, International Bureau of Education Globally available accommo dation Guidelines guideline on s (2019) Ministry of sustainable GSTC & Tourism and tourism guidelines destinatio 1.4: Inclusion of guidelines/principles Lands, Guidelines of including covering n for sustainable tourism practices SLTDA SLSDC, the SLTDA tour 11.b, destination, guideline      relevant to different stakeholders GSTC, for different operator 12.b accommodati s (2020) SLAITO, sectors guidelines on & tour localized THASL, to different operation ASMET stakeholder Tour s developed operator guideline s complete d 1.5: Increased number of tourism Ministry of Number of 1–0 1-9 establishments and destinations Tourism and certified destinations certified under the National Lands, destinations SLTDA 2 - 37 in 9 SLTDA     12.b Sustainable Tourism Certification Provincial and annual reports accommo Provinces Scheme by SLTDA in collaboration Councils, accommodati dation certified with Global Sustainable Tourism UNDP, IUCN on establish 248 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Council (GSTC) Private sector establishment ments 2 - 75 tourism s certified Accommod associations, & tour in 2019 ations/ Civil society operators/trav establishme partners el agencies nts certified NDC 2 - Introduce risk reduction and risk transfer mechanisms for climate- induced disasters affecting tourism (2025) Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 - All 5 vulnerable Early areas 1- warning covered Strengthened systems with early warning exists but strengthene systems in not d early DMC, MD, vulnerable 2.1: Strengthen early warning systems SLTDA specifical warning NBRO, destinations 13.1, and capacity building in most SLTDA records and ly systems CC&CRMD,    13.3 vulnerable tourism destinations reports targeting ID 2 - Capacities on 2- of vulnerabl Capacities stakeholders e tourism of of vulnerable destinatio stakeholder areas ns s of all 5 vulnerable areas built Coastal Ministry of areas (if Tourism and Coastal areas Ongoing 14.1, any) of all 2.2: Implement coastal rehabilitation Lands, (if any) of all CC&CRMD main task 14.2, CC&CRMD 5       and protection measures SLTDA, 5 vulnerable records of CC& 14.5, vulnerable MEPA, FD, areas CRMD 15.9 areas DWC covered 2.3: Expand development of coastal , Expanded 1.Gazetted Zonal Expanded 14.1, SLTDA      tourism zonal planning CC&CRMD, zonal plans master plans plans are zonal plans 14.2, 249 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA UDA, MEPA, for vulnerable available for 14.5, CEA, BOI coastal areas 2. Report on for vulnerable 15.9 expanded Passikud coastal tourism zones a, Yala, areas Bentotota developed and gazetted Climate SLTDA, inclusive Annual Climate National insurance 2.4: Develop climate inclusive Ministry of Report of the inclusive Insurance scheme in insurance scheme for risk management Tourism and National 0 insurance    11.b Trust Fund, line with in tourism Lands Insurance scheme Insurance international Trust Fund developed Companies risk transfer mechanism NDC3: Promote climate resilience in the tourism sector by introducing green building design to all new constructions and refurbishments Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Ministry of Tourism and Lands, MoE, GBG 3.1: Review and update existing Green SLTDA, GBG specific Green 6.3, 6.4, Existing reviewed Building Guidelines (GBG) specific to GBCSL, to tourism Building 7.2, 7.3, UDA GBG and    tourism to include climate change and SLSEA, industry Guidelines of 11.b, updated ecological aspects Tourism UDA 12.8 Advisory Committee, SLIA, SLIE Ministry of UDA had 6.3, 6.4, Tourism and Updated prepared 7.2, 7.3, 3.2: Legalize GBG specific to tourism UDA Lands, MoE, New gazette New gazette GBG    the 11.b, SLTDA, gazetted document 12.8 SLSEA 3.3: Dissemination of Green Building UDA SLTDA, LAs Number of Records of 0 All LAs   6.3, 6.4, 250 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Code on tourism with planning LAs that have UDA, LAs covered 7.2, 7.3, committees of the relevant local incorporated SLTDA 11.b, authorities the guidelines 12.8 Curricula of existing professio nal courses on GB GBCSL, Curricula of 3.4: Initiate awareness programmes for not SLIA, SLIE, professional Awareness the Architects and Engineers specifical 6.3, 6.4, IEPSL Awareness of courses on of All responsible for designing tourism ly 7.2, 7.3, SLTDA Academia, All relevant GB offered relevant         related structures through their focusing 11.b, Professional stakeholders by stakeholder respective professional associations on on 12.8 bodies professional s created the Green Building Codes on tourism tourism associations industry offered by professio nal associatio ns SLTDA GB existing Guidelines approval for all new system constructio UDA, LAs, Updated does not 6.3, 6.4, 3.5: Enforce above GB guidelines for SLTDA ns and SLTDA CC&CRMD, SLTDA have GB 7.2, 7.3, all new constructions and reports and refurbishm  CEA, MEPA, approval guideline 11.b, refurbishments in the tourism sector records ents NBRO system s for new 12.8 included in constructi SLTDA ons and approval refurbish system ments 251 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 252 5 NDC IMPLEMENTATION – LOSS & DAMAGE 5.1 Overview Sri Lanka has faced a number of large-scale disaster events including devasting droughts, floods and landslides during the past two decades. These impacted food security, livelihoods, infrastructure and incurred reconstruction needs estimated at over USD 790 million. The government's contingent obligation for 2017 was LKR 23.8 billion (US$ 149 million), or around 1% of all expenditure62. Potential effects of climate change are projected to reduce yearly GDP by 1.2% by 2050. Further, it is estimated that Sri Lanka could face housing/roads losses and relief needs related to natural disasters of more than LKR 237 billion (US$ 1.8 billion) once every 100 years. These estimates do not account for long-term losses brought on by economic turmoil, effects on poverty levels, social security, effects on health, education, gender, and other social concerns, or consequences on social security. Furthermore, these figures do not take into account the erosion of natural resources such as watersheds, historical sites, tourist attractions and beaches. Flood frequency and severity are on the rise, according to historical data. In addition, Sri Lanka must deal with climate risks that develop slowly, such as desertification, sea-level rise, and salinization, which have the potential to have serious negative effects on the country's food and water security, agriculture, biodiversity, and habitats. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (Loss and Damage Mechanism), was established to address loss and damage associated with impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. This was established at COP 19 (November 2013) in Warsaw, Poland. Subsequently, Article 8 of the Paris Agreement enshrines the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage The Loss and Damage Mechanism promotes approaches to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change in a comprehensive, integrated and coherent manner by undertaking the following functions63: 1. Enhancing knowledge and understanding of comprehensive risk management approaches to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including slow onset impacts, by facilitating and promoting: • Action to address gaps in the understanding of and expertise in approaches to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including, inter alia, the areas outlined in decision 3/CP.18, paragraph 7(a); • Collection, sharing, management and use of relevant data and information, including gender-disaggregated data; 62 World Bank, Contingent Liabilities from Natural Disasters Sri Lanka, 2018 63 unfcc.int 253 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA • Provision of overviews of best practices, challenges, experiences and lessons learned in undertaking approaches to address loss and damage. 2. Strengthening dialogue, coordination, coherence and synergies among relevant stakeholders by: • Providing leadership and coordination and, as and where appropriate, oversight under the Convention, on the assessment and implementation of approaches to address loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change from extreme events and slow onset events associated with the adverse effects of climate change; • Fostering dialogue, coordination, coherence and synergies among all relevant stakeholders, institutions, bodies, processes and initiatives outside the Convention, with a view to promoting cooperation and collaboration across relevant work and activities at all levels. 3. Enhancing action and support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, to enable countries to undertake actions, pursuant to 3/CP.18 (para. 6) including by: • Providing technical support and guidance on approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, including extreme events and slow onset events; • Providing information and recommendations for consideration by the Conference of the Parties when providing guidance relevant to reducing the risks of loss and damage and, where necessary, addressing loss and damage, including to the operating entities of the financial mechanism of the Convention, as appropriate; • Facilitating the mobilization and securing of expertise, and enhancement of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, to strengthen existing approaches and, where necessary, facilitate the development and implementation of additional approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, including extreme weather events and slow onset events. A need to streamline the disaster management infrastructure, policies frameworks and plans under shared objectives, all aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, Climate action and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction has been identified. The current institutional challenges arise from the many policies, overlapping responsibilities and resulting confusion of roles, especially in the phases of response. Furthermore, the implementation of policies at the local levels has been an issue due to lack of resources, human capacity and technical know-how. Figure 5-1 illustrates the analysis of existing policy landscape between disaster risk reduction and climate change at various levels, while good practices are 254 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA documented and disseminated64. Figure 5-1Comprehensive Disaster and Climate Risk Management At COP 27 in Sharm-el-Sheik, Egypt, an agreement was made to establish a fund for vulenerable countries exposed to floods droughts and other climate disasters. In the broadest understanding, all efforts being taken to curb the global average temperature increase and to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change can contribute to preventing or reducing the risks of loss and damage associated with climate change borne by societies and individuals. The NDCs of Sri Lanka are based on institutional and coordination mechanisms that operationalozes the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) and the Warsaw International Mechanism. It is related in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 NDCs of Loss and Damage Sector NDC # NDC 1 Conduct a gap analysis to assess the current status and understanding of L&D 2 Strengthen the existing weather and climate forecasting system 3 Improve data management systems to record losses and damages per sector 4 Establish an overarching, nationally appropriate, functional institutional mechanism for L&D 5 Develop a Comprehensive Risk Management Framework 64 https://www.undrr.org/comprehensive-disaster-and-climate-risk-management-crm 255 5.1.1 Loss and Damage Sector NDC Implementation Plan NDC 1 - Conduct a gap analysis to assess the current status and understanding of L&D: This includes weather and climate related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change. The analysis would cover; i) awareness and capacity on L&D ii) data collection and analysis and iii) policy, institutional arrangements and mandates Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.1: Design and carry out a study to MoE, DMC, Isolated identify the existing institutional MD, NBRO, Study to & stand- 1.5, 3.9, mechanisms to assess and record NDRSC, identify the alone Study 3.d, 11.5, disaster Loss and Damage (L&D) Study report MoDM Other existing initiatives report    13.1, taking the national requirements and of MoDM relevant institutional by prepared 13.2, the requirements of the Warsaw sectoral mechanisms different 13.3 International Mechanism (WIM) as agencies agencies criteria of analysis. Methodolo 1.5, 3.9, 1.2: Establish methodology and agree MoE, DMC, gy Data sources 3.d, 11.5, on the required definitions to estimate Selected Methodology Not developed MoDM from MoDM    13.1, the L&D (economic, non-economic) Sectoral definitions available and and DMC 13.2, by sectors. agencies definitions 13.3 agreed MoE, MoH, 1.3: Design a methodology for post MoWS, Methodolo disaster assessment of L&D for DMC, MD, Methodology Different gy for post 1.5, 3.9, climate induced disasters in the NBRO, for post methodol disaster 3.d, 11.5, categories of extreme events such as: NDRSC, ID, disaster MoDM MoDM ogies by assessment     13.1, drought, high wind, Lightening, MASL, DoA, assessment of records different of extreme 13.2, tropical cyclone, storm surge, flood, DoF, Other extreme agencies events 13.3 landslide, heatwave. relevant events established sectoral agencies 1.4: Design a methodology for post MoDM, Methodology Records of Methodolo Different 1.5, 3.9, disaster assessment of L&D for MoH, for post Ministries in gy for post methodol 3.d, 11.5, climate induced disasters in the MoE MoWS, disaster charge of disaster ogies by     13.1, categories of slow onset events and DMC, MD, assessment of relevant assessment different 13.2, processes such as: sea level rise, NBRO, slow onset adaptation of slow agencies 13.3 salinization, ocean acidification, NDRSC, ID, events and onset 256 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA desertification, land and forest MASL, mitigation events degradation, increasing temperatures, NARA, DoA, sectors established loss of biodiversity, DoF, Other relevant sectoral agencies MoE, MoH, MoWS, Methodolo DMC, MD, Methodology 1.5: Design a methodology for pre- Different gy for pre- 1.5, 3.9, NBRO, for pre- disaster assessment of L&D for methodol disaster 3.d, 11.5, NDRSC, ID, disaster MoDM climate induced disasters in the MoDM ogies by assessment     13.1, MASL, DoA, assessment of records categories of extreme events different of extreme 13.2, DoF, Other extreme agencies events 13.3 relevant events established sectoral agencies MoDM, MoH, Records of Methodolo MoWS, Methodology Ministries in gy for pre- 1.6: Design a methodology for pre- DMC, MD, Different 1.5, 3.9, for pre- charge of disaster disaster assessment of L&D for NBRO, methodol 3.d, 11.5, disaster relevant assessment climate induced disasters in the MoE NDRSC, ID, ogies by     13.1, assessment of adaptation of slow categories of slow onset events and MASL, DoA, different 13.2, slow onset and onset processes DoF, Other agencies 13.3 events mitigation events relevant sectors established sectoral agencies MoE, MoH, MoWS, 1.7: Based on the above activities, DMC, MD, establish a system to assess, analyze Different System to 1.5, 3.9, NBRO, System to and report L&D from climate change methodol assess, 3.d, 11.5, NDRSC, ID, assess, MoDM induced extreme events (economic, MoDM ogies by analyze and   13.1, MASL, DoA, analyze and records non-economic) for selected main different report 13.2, DoF, Other report sectors from taking 2015 as the base agencies established 13.3 relevant year. sectoral agencies 1.8: Based on the above activities, MoDM, Records of Different System to 1.5, 3.9, System to establish a system to assess, analyze MoH, Ministries in methodol assess, 3.d, 11.5, assess, and report L&D from climate change MoE MoWS, charge of ogies by analyze and   13.1, analyze and induced slow onset events/processes DMC, MD, relevant different report 13.2, report (economic, non-economic) for NBRO, adaptation agencies established 13.3 257 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA selected main sectors from taking 2015 NDRSC, ID, and as the base year. MASL, mitigation NARA, DoA, sectors DoF, Other relevant sectoral agencies 1.9: Obtain legal provisions to bind 1.5, 3.9, the relevant Ministries and sector Legal 3.d, 11.5, agencies to provide the L&D data (by Legal MoDM MoDM MoE None provisions    13.1, establishing a data sharing mechanism provisions records made 13.2, through MoUs between Ministry of 13.3 DM and the relevant authorizes) NDC 2 - Strengthen the existing weather and climate forecasting system: i) to improve early warning and user services; ii) to improve capabilities to predict and record damages and losses for weather and climate related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change iii) to determine losses and damages attributable to climate change. Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 MoE, MoH, MoWS, MoA, 2.1: Review/take stock of the status MoPlant, Existing and capability of current weather and MD, NBRO, Study report forecastin 1.5, 3.9, climate monitoring and forecasting DMC, on existing g, early 3.d, 11.5, systems and early warning systems to NARA, forecasting, MoDM warning Gaps MoDM     13.1, assess technical capacities, equipment, MEPA, ID, early warning records systems identified 13.2, communication mechanisms required MASL, DoF, systems and and 13.3 to improve forecasting, early warning Agencies who evacuation evacuatio and user services of extreme events use weather n and climate monitoring information 258 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA MoDM, MoH, MoWS, MoA, 2.2: Review/take stock of the status Existing MoPlant, and capability of current weather and Study report forecastin MD, NBRO, 1.5, 3.9, climate monitoring and forecasting on existing g, early DMC, 3.d, 11.5, systems and early warning systems to MoE forecasting, warning Gaps NARA, MoE records     13.1, assess technical capacities, equipment, early warning systems identified MEPA, ID, 13.2, communication mechanisms required systems and and MASL, DoF, 13.3 to improve forecasting, early warning evacuation evacuatio Agencies who and user services of slow on set events n use weather and climate monitoring information MD, MoH, NBRO, DMC, 187,250 Sendai NARA, affected Affected indicators A 1.5, 3.9, MEPA, ID, people in people and & B; (A-1 to “DesInventra 3.d, 11.5, 2.3: Address the gaps identified in MASL, 2015 deaths MoDM, MoE A-3, B-1, B- ” database of          13.1, actions 2.1 and 2.2. MASL, DoF, reduced by 2) – Affected DMC 13.2, Agencies who 151 50% in people and 13.3 use weather deaths in 2030 deaths and climate 2015 monitoring information NDC 3 - Improve data management systems to record losses and damages per sector: This involves taking 2015 as the base year, to assess and quantify both economic and non-economic losses and to inform disaster and climate risk management strategies and national development planning process Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3.1: Develop technical capacities at Number of Trained Technical 1.5, 3.9, MoDM, All relevant the national and sectoral level to assess staffs trained DMC records staff only capacities    3.d, 11.5, MoE, DCS agencies and document L&D associated with in L&D data at of 100 13.1, 259 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA climate induced events, adverse effects handling institutio (Around 5 13.2, of climate change (economic, non- nal level from each 13.3 economic). Centralized key database for “DesInve agency) L&D ntra” developed database, Disaster Either related “DesInvent statistical ra” framewor database k (DRSF) for L&D information enhanced or a new database set up MoE, MoH, MoWS, MoA, Recovery 3.2: Assess and record the recovery MoPC&LG, 1.5, 3.9, Available and /compensation programmes NPD, Recovery and 3.d, 11.5, From sectoral only at compensati implemented under the main sectors MoDM NDRSC, compensation   13.1, agencies institutio on with respect to the defined major Adaptation expenditure 13.2, nal level expenditure climate induced events since 2017 and 13.3 estimated Mitigation sectoral agencies MoE, MoH, MoWS, MoA Recovery 3.3: Conduct the estimates at regular MoPC&LG, and Estimate of 1.5, 3.9, intervals (aligned with the planning NPD, Available compensati recovery and Annual 3.d, 11.5, cycles) to inform and use for sectoral NDRSC, only at on and MoDM compensation budget          13.1, and national planning with the Adaptation institutio actual and actual report(s) 13.2, objective of reducing the L&D (and for and nal level expenditure expenditure 13.3 budget allocations). Mitigation estimated sectoral annually agencies NDC 4 - Establish an overarching, nationally appropriate, functional institutional mechanism for L&D in line with the ‘Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage’ (based on the Gap analysis – NDC 1). This institutional mechanism will have the mandate to coordinate with 260 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA multiple sector entities, in addition to monitoring functions, it will have financial and budgetary authority. Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 National Disaster Manage MoF, NPD, ment 4.1: Establish institutional DMC, MD, Coordina mechanism with technical capacities NBRO, ting and overarching advisory capacity to 1.5, 3.9, NARA, Committ Institutiona interact with the Warsaw 3.d, 11.5, NDRSC, ID, Institutional MoE, MoDM ee l International Mechanism or any MoE, MoDM   13.1, MASL, DoA, mechanism records Meeting mechanism other mechanism for L&D for national 13.2, DoF, Other established positioning, to maintain dialogue and NECCC 13.3 relevant to negotiate common considerations Adaptatio sectoral and benefits. n, agencies NECCC Mitigatio n National Disaster DMC, MD, Manage NBRO, ment NDRSC, ID, Coordina 4.2: Strengthen coordination, MASL, DoA, ting Effective 1.5, 3.9, coherence and synergies among DoF, Other Committ coordinatin 3.d, 11.5, relevant sector agencies to assess the relevant Coordinating MoE, MoDM ee MoE, MoDM g         13.1, L&D due to climate induced events, sectoral mechanism records Meeting mechanism 13.2, including economic and non - agencies, NECCC established 13.3 economic aspects of L&D Relevant academia, Adaptatio NGOs & n, INGOs NECCC Mitigatio n 4.3: Utilize the L&D assessment MoF MoDM, Funds Data sources Available Funds 1.5, 3.9,         information for national gains/benefits (NPD, Dept MoE, MoWS, allocation of Sectoral at (budget 3.d, 11.5, 261 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA connecting with national and sectoral of national DMC, budgets and institutio allocation 13.1, planning, budget allocation and budget – Sectoral plans nal level from 13.2, monitoring functions NBD) agencies, consolidate 13.3 MD, NBRO, d fund and NDRSC, ID, or from MASL, DoA, external DoF, Other sources) relevant available sectoral agencies 4.4: Utilize the L&D assessment MoDM, Funds information to facilitate relevant MoE, MoWS, (budget sectoral agencies to obtain DMC, MD, allocation 1.5, 3.9, compensation from international NBRO, Data sources Available from MoF 3.d, 11.5, funding mechanisms NDRSC, ID, Funds of Sectoral at consolidate (NPD, ERD,         13.1, MASL, DoA, allocation budgets and institutio d fund and NBD) 13.2, DoF, Other plans nal level or from 13.3 relevant external sectoral sources) agencies available NDC 5 - Develop a Comprehensive Risk Management Framework founded on the provisions of the 2005 Disaster Management Act but expanded to include the entire spectrum of climate related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change and anticipated future losses and damage. This will support mainstreaming of disaster management strategies/ adaptation plans implemented nationally and locally by all relevant sectoral agencies (i) as a basis to minimize L&D, (ii) to enable and ensure development investments are risk sensitive and to recover residual L&D by incorporating appropriate mechanisms for risk transfer (Social protection, Risk retention, economic options such as insurance, contingency/emergency funds Implementation Responsibility Time Frame (2021-2030) Key Means & Relevant Performance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Activities / Sub Activities Source of Baseline Target SDG Other Key Indicator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Agency Verification Target Agencies (KPI) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5.1: Develop a national level MoDM, National level National National 1.5, 3.9, MoDM, comprehensive Risk Management DMC MoE, NPD, comprehensiv Disaster level    3.d, 11.5, DMC records Framework based on the provisions All relevant e Risk Manage comprehen 13.1, 262 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA of Disaster Management Act 13 -2005 line ministries management ment sive Risk 13.2, to establish greater coordination and sector framework Plan Manageme 13.3 between Disaster Risk Management, agencies (2013- nt Climate Risk Management and 2017) Framework development. developed Sri Lanka Compreh ensive Disaster Manage ment Program me (2014- 2018) 5.2: Enhance understanding and knowledge of the disaster, climate and At least None, development sector officials involved 100 Number of except 1.5, 3.9, in planning on comprehensive risk MoE, Other officials programmes individua 3.d, 11.5, management approaches to address relevant MoDM trained per MoDM ls trained         13.1, L&D associated with disasters and ministries and records year Number of at 13.2, adverse effects of climate change, as agencies through officials institutio 13.3 an essential development approach (as around 5 nal level recommended in Sendai Framework, programme WIM and SDGs). s per year MoE, NPD, Isolated 1.5, 3.9, DMC, 5.3: Assess the national and local level Assessment programs 3.d, 11.5, NDRSC, Assessment L&D requirement in the context of MoF, MoDM Assessment report of at some          13.1, Relevant conducted risk transfer (based on NDC 1) MoDM/NPD institutio 13.2, sectoral nal level 13.3 agencies, Insurance Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka 1.5, 3.9, Existing 5.4: Review the existing insurance (IRCSL), Insurance 3.d, 11.5, IRCSL Existing insurance policies and policy instruments for MoF, MoDM MoF, MoE, policies     13.1, records policies policies addressing L&D. (based on NDC 1) NDRSC, review report 13.2, reviewed MoA, Sri 13.3 Lanka Export Credit Insurance 263 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Corporation (SLECIC), Social Security Board, Relevant ministries and agencies of adaptation and mitigation sectors MoE, DMC, NDRC, Available 1.5, 3.9, 5.5: Strengthen available insurance SLECIC, Effective Existing insurance 3.d, 11.5, schemes to enable recovering L&D IRCSL MoF, MoDM Insurance insurance insurance schemes   13.1, from adverse impacts of disasters and records agencies schemes schemes strengthene 13.2, climate change (public and d 13.3 private) 10 officials Number of of relevant officials of agencies relevant trained per 5.6: Enhance knowledge and MoE, DMC, agencies MoDM and Isolated year 1.5, 3.9, understanding on approaches such as SLECIC, trained relevant programs 3.d, 11.5, Social protection, Risk retention, MoF (NPD), Relevant sectoral at some 30          13.1, Contingency/emergency funds to MoDM sectoral Number of agencies institutio programme 13.2, apply to managing the L&D as agencies programmes records nal level s for 13.3 relevant. conducted for vulnerable vulnerable communitie communities s per year conducted 264 6 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Overview In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal, set out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, developed country parties shall provide financial assistance (Article 9), technology development and transfer assistance (Article 10) and capacity building assistance (Article 11) to the developing countries like Sri Lanka under the “means of implementation”. Sri Lanka’s requirements for the successful implementation of its “conditional” NDCs are briefly discussed in this section. The technological and capacity-building requirements are addressed first, followed by the financial implications, and required external financial support. The subsequent sections describe and explore in detail the important elements of SDG alignment, gender responsiveness, and social inclusivity. Finally, a brief presentation of the NDCs' implementation procedures is made. 6.2 Technology Transfer and Capacity Building Needs 6.2.1 Technology Transfer: Technologies that we use to address climate change are known as climate technologies. Some technologies help us to mitigate GHG emissions while other technologies help us to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change (increase resilience). As set out in Article 10 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, developing and transferring technologies is an essential element. It also urges developed country Parties to take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of, or access to, climate technologies to other Parties, particularly to developing countries. The extent to which Sri Lanka could effectively implement its commitments will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments related to financial resources and transfer of technology. By gaining access to climate technologies, Sri Lanka could move away from technologies that are dependent on fossil fuels and advancing towards a low-carbon economy. Some technology needs already identified are; climate-smart agriculture, contemporary crop management techniques, climate forecasting and early warning, water supply and irrigation infrastructure, climate-smart cities, and tourism infrastructure, energy generation (new renewable energy technologies-NRE), and energy storage facilities, low-carbon transport and urban infrastructure, coastal resilience improvement, and cutting-edge technologies. 6.2.2 Capacity Building: The capacity-building elements of the Paris Agreement must be successfully implemented in order for developing countries to more effectively adopt and monitor NDCs. To fully implement Sri Lanka's mitigation and adaptation measures, further technology transfer and capacity building are needed. Table 6-1 lists a few critical capacity-building requirements in the adaptation and mitigation sectors. To deliver the NDCs, the following general capacity- building requirements must be met: (a) Institutional development and strengthening, especially for overall coordination, 265 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA monitoring and reporting; (b) Developing human resources through education, training, and research; (c) Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; (d) Web-based tools/ICT applications/online courses to improve technical understanding and new knowledge. Building capacity is also necessary for the private sector and national institutions to access climate finance. It is crucial to increase capabilities within Sri Lanka's government and non- government organisations in order to design, cost, review, and monitor climate actions that will increase resilience. It is urgently necessary to build up the basic competencies within the governance structure described below to promote climate change-related awareness and communication, evaluate initiatives, collect and disseminate data, track the development of the NDC, and effectively communicate country-specific information, data, and relevant Table 6-1Urgent capacity building needs in mitigation and adaptation sectors (Source 65) Capacity needs for mitigation actions Capacity needs for adaptation actions Industry knowledge and applications on off-shore Establishing baselines, acquiring wind resource development, smart grid, energy climate data, and monitoring for storage including pumped hydro technology, tri- adaptive activities are all important generation, modern transport-sector infrastructure aspects of developing climate developments such as LRT, BRT systems, circular forecasting and early warning economy practices, eco-industry park concepts, systems, vulnerability analysis, and Design for Sustainability (D4S), Life Cycle modifying development investments Approach (LCA), circular economy, and digital for climate resilience. economy, precision agriculture and mechanization, value addition and modern recycling technologies, advance composting and waste thermal treatment (e.g pyrolysis technology for energy recovery), Land-fill Gas technology, and centralized sewage treatment, etc. Baseline assessments, certification, and standard Establish sectoral databases, establish settings: eco-certification system, minimum baselines, create climate information performance and energy efficiency labelling systems, set up long-term monitoring programmes, green building & Building plots, and strengthen the public health Management System (BMS), site-specific designing system's capacity to treat diseases and and planning for eco-industrial parks including health conditions brought on by baseline assessments, fuel economy labelling, climate change. transport sector baseline settings, MRVing of most technology-applications. R&D and knowledge transfer: Precision agriculture, Increased crop yield through research genetic enhancement of herds/breeds of animals, and development of novel cultivars, energy storage (grid and behind the meter), agrotechnology, climate-resilient 65 Updated Nationally Determined Contributions, Sri Lanka 266 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA renewable energy resource development activities, urban and coastal development, labelling of vehicle performance and fuel economy naturally based responses to climatic hazards, preservation of land and marine biodiversity, etc. For all sectors to execute mitigation, adaptation, and L&D -related measures, data generation and management capacity improvement is crucial. Planning and implementation of development projects are generally hampered by a lack of timely, well refined, and standardised data. Recent studies of climate change and disasters show a dearth of data on critical indices for estimating losses and damages, susceptibility and capacity for adaptation, sensitivity to climatic parameters, etc. Building capacity in MRV of climate change actions and M&E systems that support the L&D, adaptation, and mitigation sectors is a major opportunity. To effectively and efficiently deliver the 10-year NDC implementation and monitoring plans, this is essential. Strong MRV systems will boost investor trust and provide chances for resource mobilisation. The following are a few of the capacity requirements, as identified in the updated NDCs of Sri Lanka, particular to MRV/ M&E systems and resource mobilisation: (a) Developing local climate vulnerability/resilience assessments using data and analytical tools; (b) Tools and analysis to differentiate between BAU development scenarios vs climate change impacts and forecasted impacts; (c) BAU emissions scenario and potential GHG emission reduction pathways for some mitigation sectors and mitigation actions; (d) Putting in place procedures to facilitate data availability to measure the impact (to measure change through time). The extensive consultation and engagement of sectoral stakeholders during the development of NDC implementation plans has resulted in a better understanding of NDC activities and created the necessary ownership and momentum to accelerate climate actions. To maintain this momentum, sectoral stakeholders should integrate NDCs into their regular sectoral development plans and develop detailed action plans for each NDC activity by assigning implementation responsibilities to relevant officials. The MoE is responsible for capacity building to sustain the momentum of accelerating climate actions. The Ministry has already conducted a capacity building program, with the assistance of the Climate Promise project of UNDP, targeting the "2050 Carbon Neutrality" initiative of the GoSL. To ensure effective capacity building, local experience and indigenous knowledge should be utilized, and cross-learning between climate change experts and sectoral specialists should be promoted. 6.3 Cost Implications and External Financial Support Needed The GoSL t allocates public funds to promote certain climate initiatives that are in line with priorities for the country's development. However, the nation needs external financial support to expand ambition beyond this. To meet the stated mitigation and adaptation targets, increased 267 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA funding for adaptation and low-carbon development are necessary. Preliminary assessment through a rapid consultation was conducted as part of the NDC revision process to generate cost projections for conditional and unconditional mitigation measures through 2021 and 203066. This assessment was limited to 6 mitigation sectors as required data of 9 adaptation sectors and theL&D sector were not available at the time of assessment.The analysis found that as of 2021, the expected face value of the mitigations sectors' overall expenses is US$10.85 billion. Methodology adopted for the assessment is indicated in the report mentioned before67 .The estimate needs appropriate adjustments to account for the implications of the on-going economic crisis. Table 6-2 shows the estimated cost for the mitigation sector. Table 6-3 shows the sector-wise and NDC-wise breakdown of indicative cost estimate. Table 6-2 Mitigation Sector NDC Indicative Cost Summary NDC Sector Lower Range Cost US$ Upper Range Limit Cost millions US$ millions Power 10,733,541.11 10,733,548.61 Industries 538.49 Transport 114,247.36 114,272.36 Waste 1,677.13 N/A Management Forestry 234.00 289.82 Agriculture 216.20 N/A & Livestock Total 10,850,454.30 10,850,542.62 Table 6-3 Breakdown of Indicative Cost Estimate Mitigation Lower range cost (USD Upper range cost NDC Sector Millions) (USD Millions) NDC1 76.51 N/A Agriculture NDC2 77.3 N/A 66 This task was conducted by Mr Ranga Pallawala under the Climate Promise Project of UNDP and the draft report (unpublisged) is avialble at the CCS of MoE. “Final Report – Investment & Financing Strategy for Nationally Determined Contributions of Sri Lanka – December 2021” 67 Assessment was done under 3 options; Option 1 – Using already costed estimates at policy level with required adjustments for inflation / exchange rate deviations along with expert views, Opotion 2 – Based on secondary research and expert knowledge, scaling partially costed activities when unit or project cost is partially known, Option 3 – As no costing basis avialble locally, it will have to be generated through expert consultations and validation 268 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Sector NDC3 4.61 N/A NDC4 50.86 N/A NDC5 6.92 N/A NDC6 Captured under other NDCs NDC 1 10,729,049.61 N/A N/A Energy (Power) NDC 2 17.70 N/A Sector NDC 3 2,223.90 N/A NDC4 851.10 N/A NDC5 1,398.80 N/A NDC1 25.86 N/A Industry Sector NDC2 312.40 N/A NDC3 20.51 N/A NDC4 1.64 N/A NDC5 170.00 N/A NDC6 8.08 N/A NDC1 51.712 N/A Forestry Sector NDC2 108.372 164.192 NDC3 24.64 N/A NDC4 49.28 N/A NDC1 1,076.70 N/A Transport Sector NDC2 1,661.50 N/A NDC3 239.48 264.48 NDC4 4,200.00 N/A NDC5 102.88 N/A NDC6 138.90 N/A NDC7 61.50 N/A NDC8 3,058.85 N/A NDC9 0.50 N/A NDC10 1.50 N/A NDC11 103,690.00 N/A NDC12 12.55 N/A NDC13 3.00 N/A NDC1 86.5 N/A Waste Sector NDC2 919.31 N/A NDC3 165 N/A NDC4 502 N/A NDC5 4.321 N/A Sri Lanka must raise significant climate finance through institutions established by the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and leverage bilateral agreements for low-carbon development 269 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA in order to satisfy its conditional contribution. The Green Climate Fund (GCF)-supported NAP Readiness Project, which will create a long-term pipeline of adaptation priorities for technical and financial assistance, will update Sri Lanka's National Adaptation Plan (NAP). There are eight (8) strategic directions identified to mobilize financial resources to achieve the NDC targets68 as listed in Table 6-4. Table 6-4 Strategic Directions to Mobilize Funds Strategic Direction 1 Integrated Project Development Strategic Direction 2 Establishing and Strengthening Partnerships & Alliances Strategic Direction 3 Promoting Private Sector Investments Strategic Direction 4 Strengthen and Expand the Initiatives with the Specialized Climate Funds Strategic Direction 5 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of Climate Finance Strategic Direction 6 Enhance Local Capacities to access and mobilize Climate Investments Strategic Direction 7 Exploring other Innovative Climate Finance Tools – Debt-swap-for Climate, Blue Bonds, Green Bonds Strategic Direction 8 Exploring the potential to capitalize on Carbon Asset Based and Market Based Financing Options 6.4 NDC-SDG Alignment Assessment 6.4.1 The Rationale It is evident that the challenges focused on by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development SDGs and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and NDCs are fundamentally similar. The two agendas are not only deeply intertwined at the international level, but their interconnectedness also extends down to specific actions at national, sub-national, and local levels. The fundamental interconnectedness of SDGs implies that Climate Action (SDG-13) is related to specific policy targets of all other goals in an integrated and indivisible manner while balancing the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economy, the society, and the environment, taking into the account national, sub-national, and local contexts. Although NDCs primarily reflect specific climate actions the country commits to, their identification, selection, and prioritization need to take into account the national realities and priorities, while recognizing that GHG mitigation actions may lead to both positive and negative impacts on development goals. Accordingly, the emphasis has been given to better understand the concept of co-benefits of NDCs and ensuring positive relationships between climate goals and resilience-building through social, economic, and environmental objectives wherever possible. 68 Final Report – Investment & Financing Strategy for Nationally Determined Contributions of Sri Lanka, UNDP- Sri Lanka 270 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA The underlying characteristics of SDGs and NDCs signify that each agenda acknowledges the importance of the other, while demonstrating a clear cohesion. In turn, the full achievement of the SDGs will not be possible without successful action on climate change, as identified in the NDCs, and vice versa. . 6.4.2 Methodology There have been many attempts to rationalize these interconnectedness and interdependence SDGs and NDCs in a holistic way, and much progress has been achieved to establishing them at conceptual levels with models for mappings of linkages. Some tools used to understand and address NDCs-SDGs interactions, as well as establish the interlinkages between them include Network analyses that can help to promote policy integration in areas that may be traditionally sectoral (or thinking in silos); and Matrix approaches that combine scientific evidence, expert opinions and participative policymaking processes to appraise the interactions. In general, the interlinkages could also be assessed as potential synergies or trade-offs with different levels of significance (scale). One such example entails scoring SDGs and NDCs according to the positive, negative or neutral relationship between each other. In this framework, a seven-point scale is developed based on scientific evidence and expert judgement of fundamental and functional relations between the SDGs and their targets. When the targets are anticipated to have synergetic effects contributing to each other’s achievement, they are scored either +1 (enabling), +2 (reinforcing) or +3 (indivisible). Targets that demonstrate trade-offs are scored -1 (constraining), -2 (counteracting) or -3 (cancelling). Neutral relations are scored 0. A similar approach for the appraisal of the interlinkages captures fundamental and functional relations of NDCs actions and targets with SDGs, as reflected through targets and indicators therein, with a scale to indicate the nature and extent of the interactions as: ▪ Indivisible: Strongest form of positive interaction, where the NDC activity directly contributes to the achievements of the particular SDG and targets therein (and vice versa). ▪ Contributing: Moderate form of positive interaction, where the NDC activity directly creates conditions that contribute to the achievement of the particular SDG and targets therein (& vice versa). ▪ Enabling: Mild form of positive interaction, in which the NDC activity creates a favourable environment for the achievement of the particular SDG and targets therein (& vice versa). ▪ Unrelated: Neutral form of interaction, in which the NDC activity does not create a notable contribution, and deemed to be neither positive nor negative, for the achievement of the particular SDG and targets therein (& vice versa). ▪ Constraining: Form of negative interaction (trade-off), where the NDC activity deteriorates, counteracts or creates an unfavourable environment for the achievement of the particular SDG and targets therein (& vice versa). Here the positive interaction means a correlation in which improvement of one area will lead to improvement in the other, while deterioration of one area will result in deterioration in the other. The negative interaction means an inverse relationship of a situation where improvement of one area will lead to deterioration of the other (and vice versa). 271 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA The main steps used in the mapping of interlinkages are presented in Figure 6-1. Replaced with Dr TS new version Select an NDC Sector Select a NDC Select a Sectoral Activity/Sub-Activity SDG Climate Appraise the NDC Activity/KPI Action Nexus tool against (SCAN-tool) SDG/Target/Indicator Collated appraisal for the NDC Collated appraisal for the Sector Overall appraisal of the NDCs with respect to SDGs Figure 6-1 Main steps of mapping of NDC-SDG interlinkages In the present study, the NDC implementation and monitoring plans include a field to present only the existence of the linkage with SDGs, without indicating whether the interaction is positive or negative and its level of significance. Thus, the methodology used in this assessment is to highlight the presence of linkage between NDCs and SDGs, based on the number of linkages. Here, SDG13 – Climate Action is not considered as NDCs are in fact represent interventions in addressing climate change issues. 6.4.3 Results The analysis of the NDC implementation plan of each sector (six mitigation, nine adaptation and L&D) showed a wide range of multiple linkages between different NDCs covering all SDGs (see Table 6-5). In overall, 261 activities/sub-activities of the mitigation sectors have 753 linkages with SDGs, while 243 activities/sub-activities of the adaptation sector NDCs have 566 linkages. The 245 number of activities/ sub-activities of L&D have 100 linkages. Note that the number of linkages depends on the number of activities and sub-activities in a particular NDC sector. Table 6-6 presents the number of linkages under each SDG, in mitigation and adaptation NDCs. 272 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Table 6-5Multiple linkages between NDC and SDGs No of Activities/ Sub- Sector Number of links activities Mitigation Agriculture 43 114 Energy 22 37 Forestry 35 58 Industry 49 88 Transport 64 229 Waste 48 227 Sub-total 261 753 Adaptation Agriculture 30 65 Biodiversity 19 61 Coastal & Marine 19 33 Fisheries 33 82 Health 21 25 Livestock 17 47 Tourism 14 54 Urban 24 58 Water 66 141 Sub-total 243 566 Loss and Damage 25 100 Total 529 1,419 Table 6-6 Number of linkages under each SDG Number of links with NDCs SDG Mitigation Adaptation L&D Total SDG1 - No Poverty 1 1 25 27 SDG2 - Zero Hunger 45 67 0 112 SDG3 - Good Health & Well-Being 117 22 50 189 SDG4 - Quality Education 0 1 0 1 SDG5 - Gender Equity 13 43 0 56 SDG6 - Clean Water & Sanitation 53 118 0 171 SDG7 - Affordable & Clean Energy 107 22 0 129 SDG8 - Decent Work & Economic 50 11 0 61 Growth SDG9 - Industry, Innovation & 88 2 0 90 Infrastructure SDG10 - Reduced Inequality 0 0 0 0 SDG11 - Sustainable Cities & 90 86 25 201 Communities 273 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA SDG12 - Responsible Consumption & 144 45 0 Production 189 SDG14 - Life Below Water 1 94 0 95 SDG15 - Life on Land 41 51 0 92 SDG16 - Peace, Justice & Strong 0 0 0 0 Institutions SDG17 - Partnerships for the Goals 3 3 0 6 Total 753 566 100 1,419 Note that the NDC-SDG linkages identified are primarily those having direct and clear relations. Thus, further assessment is required to establish more comprehensive interlinkages that takes into account the indirect linkages as well as the type and level of significance The interlinkages of NDCs in the mitigation, adaptation, and L&D sectors with SDGs are presented in Figure 6-2, Figure 6-3, and Figure 6-4, respectively. The colour code is used in the figures to distinguish the NDC sectors and SDGs with clarity in the visualization. Figure 6-2 Linkages between mitigation sector NDCs and SDGs 274 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA Figure 6-3 Linkages between adaptation sector NDCs and SDGs Figure 6-4 Linkages between L&D sector NDCs and SDGs 275 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 6.5 Gender Integration and Social Inclusion 6.5.1 Background and Context The Paris Agreement underlines when taking actions to address climate change, respect, promote and consider the rights of local communities, and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, gender equality and empowerment of women69. Through the Paris Agreement, Sri Lanka has committed to apply gender responsive, participatory approach to climate action taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities, and ecosystems. The effects of climate change are not equal. They disproportionately impact the poorest and most marginalized. Women are identified as one of the most vulnerable groups to climate change impacts due to persistent gender-based inequalities prevalent in most societies. Gender alone does not shape vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities; it intersects with a range of other social factors. Social inclusion therefore needs to be viewed and attended considering intersecting factors. Some of the kay factors that intersect on vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities include sex, age, education, knowledge and skills, ethnicity, abilities, culture, and socio-economic status. Accordingly, the poor, women, differently abled, children, elderly and minority communities belong to marginalized groups to be considered in climate action, both in terms of vulnerabilities and capacities of these groups. It is underlined that gender and social differences are not just vulnerabilities, but potential sources of resilience70. Marginalised and or underrepresented groups can be left out in the promotion and knowledge sharing of the adaptive actions, in accessing resources, information and services. Many people see climate change as a scientific problem requiring technical solutions, disregarding social aspects directly related to adaptation. Women and other marginalised groups are often only understood as beneficiaries of climate action rather than participants, limiting opportunities for community participation.71 6.5.2 Gender Aspects and the Status of Women Globally, it was estimated 247 million women aged 15 years and older will be living on less than 1.90 U.S. dollars per day in 2021, compared to 236 million men. The gender poverty gap is expected to increase by 2030 as women will still be the majority of the world's extreme poor. According to a survey from 2020, the COVID-19 crisis will increase female poverty worldwide72. Women make up 70% of people living in poverty in rural areas. In developing countries, women produce up to 80% of the food, however they own less than one fifth of the 69 United Nations, Paris Agreement, 2015. Article 7, clause 5. 70 International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Advancing gender equality and social inclusion through climate action, October 31, 2022 https://www.idrc.ca/en/research-in-action/advancing-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion-through-climate- action 71 https://lgiu.org/social-inclusion-in-climate-resilience-planning/ 72 Statista, Gender poverty gaps worldwide in 2020 & 2021 by gender https://www.statista.com/statistics/1219896/gender-poverty-gaps-worldwide-by- gender/#:~:text=Globally%2C%20247%20million%20women%20aged,of%20the%20world's%20extreme%20p oor. 276 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA cultivation areas.73 Most women are in low paid, informal and insecure work, the household responsibilities and care work limit their income earning and other opportunities. In most societies’ women occupy a lower status socially, economically and politically. According to research in developing countries across the globe, understanding how climate change risks, vulnerabilities and response options differ between men and women, and across different social groups and livelihoods is fundamental to supporting climate action74. Sri Lanka National Census 2012 reported 51.5% of the population are women, with a sex ratio of 106 women to 100 men. The World Gender Gap Report by the World Economic Forum ranked Sri Lanka amongst the top 20 countries (out of 115 assessed) in 200675. However, the country has descended to be ranked at 110 out of 146 countries in 2022, despite performing well on indicators such as educational attainment and access to public health. Gender Inequality Index (GII), a composite measure of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market for Sri Lanka is high, ranked at 73 (2021/2022 assessment), by the Human development Report76. The decline in the gender gap ranking and the high Gender Inequality Index value is attributed to the low share of seats in the parliament occupied by women, which stands at 5.3%, and low female labour force participation rate, 30.9% as opposed to 68.5% for men77. As the figures indicate, the labor force participation rate of women is over half that of men. However, there are some fields that are dominated by women e.g.SLAS 64% of the administrators are women. In the all island public services (in 2016) 51.9% were males and 48.1% were females. In the combined services 61.2% were females and 38.8% were males (census & Stat). There are some sectors (labour intensive) such as the tea, garment, nursing occupations that are entirely dominated by women. Sri Lanka has the 14th largest gender gap in labour force participation globally, despite achievements in education. It is noted that female participation rate has remained between 30 – 35 per cent over the past two decades. Unemployment rate in 2022 first quarter for women stood at 6.5%, more than double of that of men, 3.0 78. Similarly, the youth unemployment rate for women is at 36.3% compared with 21.1% for men. Also, women are underpaid relative to men for similar work. Women’s labour force participation in the country is often compounded by many factors such as the lack of affordable and quality childcare services, lack of support in sharing household work and some workplace cultures that are not supportive of women 73 Reliefweb, Women and Development: The world’s poorest are women and girls, March 2016 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/women-and-development-worlds-poorest-are-women-and- girls?gclid=CjwKCAiAmuKbBhA2EiwAxQnt71Fyby- ODhvHjgqiqHNfkjTAVanDVAIa6VWGcVOETErGfKvInidWkBoC7LAQAvD_BwE 74 ibid 75 Gender Gap Index reflects 04 dimensions—Political Empowerment Gap, Economic Participation & Opportunity, Education Attainment and Health & Survival Gap. (https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-slips-in- global-gender-gap-rankings-wef-36501/) 76 UNDP, Human Development Report 2021/2022 77 Ibid (Labour Force Participation figures are for the year 2021) 78 Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka Labour Force Statistics, Quarterly Bulletin, First Quarter 2022 277 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA employees79. Female Headed Households (FHH)80 account for 25.3% in Sri Lanka (Census & Statistics, 2016-2019) which is higher in the Central and North Central Provinces. Implications of this situation also include increasing women’s care responsibilities to those living with a disability. Women rely more on natural resources which are affected by the impacts of climate change making women more vulnerable than men. The traditional knowledge and experience of women can be used inclimate change mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies. Women are agents of change and their responsibilities in households and communities, as stewards of natural and household resources, increase their coping capacities to adapt to changing environmental realities81. 6.5.3 Poverty and Unemployment The current crisis has doubled the poverty rate from 13.1 to 25.6 percent between 2021 and 2022, increasing the number of poor people by 2.7 million. The COVID-19 crisis had already increased poverty from 11.3 percent in 2019 to 12.7 percent in 2020, a change that translated into over 300,000 new poor people in that year. The country is now experiencing its highest poverty rate since 2009. While 80 percent of the poor still live in rural areas, the poverty rate in urban areas has tripled from 5 to 15 percent between 2021 and 2022, and half the population in estate areas is now living below the poverty line. Poverty is projected to remain above 25% in the next few years82. The number of unemployed persons is estimated as 439,783 during the year 2021. Out of this total, 47.1 percent are males and 52.9 percent are females. At the national level, the unemployment rate for females is more than two times higher than that of the male unemployment rate83. 6.5.4 Other Socially Marginalized Groups Disability: According to the 2012 estimates by the Department of Census and Statistics, there were 1.6 million people with disabilities84. This makes up to 8.7 percent of the population. There are variations between men and women, 43 percent, and 57 percent respectively. Proportion of females with difficulties for both, vision and mobility are higher than that of males. 79 https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/sri-lanka 80 http://www.statistics.gov.lk/GenderStatistics/StaticalInformation/SpecialConcerns/FemaleHeadedHouseholdsBy SectorProvinceAndDistrict2016 81 https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/downloads/Women_and_Climate_Change_Factsheet. pdf 82 World Bank, Poverty and Equity Brief, Sri Lanka, October 2022 https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C- 750588BF00QA/current/Global_POVEQ_LKA.pdf 83 Department of Census and Statistics, Labour Force Survey, Annual Report 2021 84 Definition: “Any person who, as a result of any deficiency in his physical or mental capabilities, whether congenital or not, is unable by himself to ensure for himself, wholly or partly, the necessities of life.” 278 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA A majority of the disabled persons are reported as economically inactive (48% of the economically inactive) as they are unable to work due to old age85. Around 55.4% of the disabled population aged 15-19 and 86% of the disabled population aged 20-24 are not engaged in any educational activity or vocational training86. Elderly87 Population ageing in Sri Lanka is accelerating at a faster rate than other South Asian countries and has been increasing rapidly since 1980s. Between 1981 and 2012, the proportion of population aged 60 years and above has increased from 6.6 % to 12.4 %. Rapid demographic transition with marked decline in death rates and birth rates, increases in life expectancy are leading to important changes in age-sex structure. The life expectancy at birth for male and female has reported as 72 and 79 years respectively and female often lived six years longer than male counterparts in 2012. Women comprise the majority of the total older population. In 2012, females accounted for about 56 % of total aged population in Sri Lanka and for the oldest-old group (80 or over), this proportion was 61 %. There were 94 males for every 100 females for the total elderly population. 6.5.5 Commitments to Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in the 2021 NDC Communication The 2021 NDC Communication88 has acknowledged the importance of addressing gender issues in the mitigation and adaptation actions to enable contribution by women as well as to provide equal access to benefits. The NDC Communication recollects the call of the ‘’Paris Agreement for Climate Change’’ for the member states for gender equality and women’s empowerment by adopting gender-responsive approaches, and the GoSL commitments to this aspect in the national policy frameworks. Mainstreaming gender and social safeguards into adaptation priorities is identified as an important strategy in the NDC Communication. Therefore, it is recommended that down-scaled risk assessments and sectoral plans integrate specific needs, vulnerabilities and capacities of women, young children, disabled and elderly populations. The National Environment Policy (2022) section 4.7.7 (pg. 67) highlights the need to enhance female and youth participation and empowerment of gender and youth in environmental management and further states that they will be given special attention in all forms of community and stakeholder engagement activities. 85 Department of Census and Statistic, Disability in Sri Lanka, 2012 https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/meetings/2016/bangkok--disability-measurement-and- statistics/Session-6/Sri%20Lanka.pdf 86 UNICEF, Every Mind, ‘Learning Disabilities in Sri Lanka’, 2016 https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/every-mind 87 Source: Ageing Population of Sri Lanka: Emerging Issues, Needs and Policy Implications, Thematic Report based on Census of Population and Housing 2012, UNFPA 88 Ministry of Environment, Updated Nationally Determined Contributions under the parisd Agreement on Climate Change, July 2021 279 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA The National Environmental Action Plan 2022-2030 recommends actions under the Strategy No 6, to increase women’s participation to combat climate change with a target that gender aspects to be included in all the new policies and plans related to climate change. Strategy No 8, is ‘’Further social mobilization to ensure inclusion, empowerment and equity, recommending adopting and establish social indicators to measure and monitor social inclusion, empowerment, equity and cultural diversity’’.89 The National Adaptation Plan Readiness Support Project (ongojng) funded by Green Climate Fund will prepare a Gender and Social Action Plan (GSAP) to effectively mainstream gender and social inclusion across NAP processes. 6.5.6 Identified Gender and Social Inclusion issues in Fisheries, Livestock, Water sectors (Adaptation), Power sector (Mitigation) Sector analysis shows that women are a significant resource that contribute to each sector. There is gendered division of labour and gender norms in each sector, visible and evident in gender-differentiated roles and responsibilities. Accordingly, there are corresponding needs, priorities, and access to a) information and knowledge, b) technologies, c) training, d) support services, e) machinery and equipment, etc., which are different for men and women. Gendered division of labour can often be complementary. However, women’s contribution largely remains invisible due to the lack of sex disaggregated data, policy gaps, and gender- based perceptions and stereotypes. 6.5.7 Features Common to Every Sector There are common features across sectors that marginalize the poor, women, and other groups in climate actions as given below. (a) Sectoral planning at the national level focus on technical aspects, leaving out the community and social aspects that are part and parcel of the sectoral production and distribution outcomes. (b)Women and other marginalized groups are not adequately represented or consulted in decision making (including at the local level), despite adequate levels of education and literacy, skills and experience they have. (c) Farmer/Fisheries orgnisations, Cooperative societies are often dominated by men with land ownership at the decision-making level, women’s voices are hardly considered. This is considered a customary practice. (d)Sector level planning decisions often prioritise activities led by men, supported with technological advancements and services (such as fishing vessels, irrigation, cooling and processing techniques) (e) In the sectoral value chains women are at the lower end, assigned to primary, stereotypical and often non- monetized tasks. (f) There is no enabling policy and planning environment within the sectors to realise the optimum potential specifically of women, leading to a loss to the national economy 89 Ministry of Environment, National Environment Action Plan 2022-2030: Pathway to sustainable development in Sri Lank, July 2022 280 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (g)Rural women themselves lack awareness and insight into their situation, their rights, and the potential they have to move forward. (h)Training, capacity building, knowledge sharing opportunities are less accessible to the poorer, marginalized groups and to women. (i) Marginalized groups are constrained by lack of knowledge, poor access to productive resources, technology and financial capacity. (j) Labour intensive and primary tasks get assigned to the resource poor and marginalized groups. (k)Landownership is a critical factor for accessing production resources (inputs, subsidies, credit, access to irrigation water), traditionally land ownership remain with men, marginalizing women and the poorer groups, also due to their lower social positioning. (l) Sectoral policies largely take a neutral approach towards gender issues and other marginalized groups. 6.5.8 Incorporation of Gender Aspects in NDC Implementation Plans The incorporation of gender issues in the NDC implementation plans should be addressed as follows; Conducting a sector gender assessment for each sector, with the aim of identifying and documenting: • Gap analysis of gender-based division of labour specific to the sector, and contribution made by men and women • Specific production related skills and expertise of men and women • Requirements and support required by men and women for effective climate adaptation and mitigation • Capacity building requirements of the institutions and communities on gender issues in the sector for enabling gender responsive climate change adaptation and mitigation (a) Including gender expertise in the needs and feasibility assessments conducted for climate change adaptation, (b) Incorporating modules/sessions capturing the gender issues specific to a sector and approaches to address the issues in all the capacity building programme planned in the NDC actions, (c) Setting specific targets as well as a percentage for women’s representation & participation/reaching out in climate change adaptation and mitigation activities, (d) Enabling the collection of sex disaggregated data and analysis to review progress on achieving identified gender responsive targets, (e) Assessing sectoral institutions (at the national level) on the awareness and application knowledge of gender issues in climate change in order to identify capacity gaps and needs. (f) Identifying and recognizing women’s role in reducing GHG emisions in NDC sectors (g)Build sector institutional awareness and capacities on the key issues related to most vulnerable and marginalized groups and the need to address the same in mitigation and adaptation planning and implementation. 281 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA (h)Introduce the practice of consulting local communities, women, youth, and other marginalized and/or underrepresented groups at the local level planning and implementation of climate action. (i)Identify and prioritise the activities that lead to increase adaptive capacity and build the resilience of the most marginalized groups, enabling equitable and sustainable investments and practices. (j) Ensure issues of marginalized groups are considered/included in climate resilient technology development, promoting and knowledge sharing, providing access to adaptation resources. 6.6 Implementation Mechanisms Sri Lanka needs funding, technology transfer, and capacity building in accordance with Article 4 of the UNFCCC and Articles 9, 10, and 11 of the Paris Agreement in order to properly implement the climate activities outlined in the NDC plans. These articles are explicit on supporting developing countries to implement climate change actions and increasing mitigation ambition, considering ‘the common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances’. Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically states that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions.” While Sri Lanka seeks international assistance to realise its higher mitigation ambition in this Nationally Determined Contribution, it more urgently needs assistance for adapting and mitigating the losses and damages brought on by climate-related disasters. This covers agricultural adaptation, food production, water for irrigation and drinking, habitations and human health, biodiversity, and coastal protection. For a nation that faces numerous climate dangers, improved climate forecasting, risk communication, early warning, and comprehensive risk management framework are especially crucial. 282 NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, SRI LANKA 283