Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change (MPGCC) (2018-2030)

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION • RELIGION • KING MASTER PLAN ON GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE 2018-2030 GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE MINISTRY OF WOMEN’S AFFAIRS February 2018 Foreword I welcome the Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change or MPGCC 2018-2030 to be implemented over the next 12 years to address the gender impacts of climate change (CC) and strengthen women’s resilience to CC in Cambodia. The Master Plan’s key objective is to support the respective ministries, civil society organizations and private sector agencies in mainstreaming gender as an integral part of their development agendas as well as action on CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investments in Cambodia. It is expected that the MPGCC will significantly contribute in poverty reduction, women’s economic empowerment, reduction of risks caused by CC and other forms of disasters in Cambodia. I would applaud the Ministry of Women Affairs (MOWA) for leading such a great initiative and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for supporting this. The successful implementation of the plan requires technical capacity and adequate resource inputs from the Government, development partners, civil society and the private sector agencies. I would urge the respective agencies to allocate adequate resources to facilitate the implementation of gender mainstreaming issues into their respective CC investments as a part of the regular development agenda. I would like to take this opportunity to urge the development partners to consider gender mainstreaming as one of their leading priorities in making decisions related to adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investments. I strongly believe, such collaborative approaches will help successful implementation of the Master Plan at the Government, civil society and private sector agencies levels. The Gender and CC Committee in the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is committed to provide technical support to sector ministries, civil societies and private sector agencies based on implementation requirements of the Master Plan. Such collaborative approaches will support the successful implementation of the Master Plan and add value to country’s overall development, poverty reduction initiatives thereby meeting the commitments of the MOWA to the country. HE Ing Kantha Phavi Minister, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Cambodia Phnom Penh [Date] Acknowledgement The Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change (MPGCC) (2018-2030) has been developed based on the outline developed under the PPCR Phase-1 in 2013. The MPGCC offers a clearer vision, mission, goals and objectives along with prioritized action plans. It provides guidance for gender mainstreaming in adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investment initiatives. I would respectfully express my gratitude to the Ministry of the Environment as the executing agency of this initiative. At the same time, I would like to thank the Gender and Climate Change Committee (GCCC) for taking the lead in the development of this comprehensive Master Plan, as well as the Agriculture, Health, Transportation, Rural Development, Water and other sectors, along with civil society organizations for their incredible support in developing this Master Plan. My sincere appreciation goes to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for mobilizing adequate resources from different agencies, notably the Climate Investment Fund and Nordic Development Fund for their generous support to Cambodia. I am grateful to Dr. Ancha Srinivasan, Principal Climate Change Specialist of Asian Development Bank, for his remarkable support to Cambodia, particularly to the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) for enhancing and mainstreaming gender issues in CC investments initiatives. My heartfelt gratitude goes to the officials of Ministry of Women’s Affairs Cabinet , Gender and Climate Change Committee particularly HE Joy Nita, Mr. Mey Hul, Ms. Chhan Ratha, Ms. Sav Kimseoun, Mr. Rim Chanra and others , line departments, representatives of civil society organizations’ who contributed in developing this plan. I would sincerely thank the consortium of UN-Habitat, Forum Syd and Save the Earth Cambodia and its technical experts, Mr. Akhteruzzaman Sano, Ms. Khorn Dinravi and Ms. Saphon Somolireasmey for facilitating the Master Plan development processes. Lastly, I offer my sincere respect to H.E. Dr. Ing Kantha Phavi, the Minister of Ministry of Women’s Affairs, for her dynamic leadership and support that guided us in developing this final Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change (2018-2030). Thank you all again. HE Sivann Botum Secretary of State and Head of the Gender and CC Committee, Ministry of Women’s Affairs Phnom Penh, February 2018 Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 1 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 2 Major issues and elements of the Master Plan ......................................................... 3 2.1 Climate Vulnerability contexts ......................................................................... 2 2.2 Economic Context ........................................................................................... 2 2.3 Demographic Context ..................................................................................... 3 2.4 Women and Development ............................................................................... 3 2.5 Gender, agriculture and climate change .......................................................... 4 2.6 Gender Equity Context .................................................................................... 4 2.7 Gender Mainstreaming Policy Contexts .......................................................... 6 2.8 Institutional Capacity Contexts ........................................................................ 7 2.9 Institutional Capacity Needs Assessment ...................................................... 13 2.8 Key Focus of Master Plan ............................................................................... 1 3 The Master Plan Development Processes ................................................................ 3 3.1 Desk Review ................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Consultations .................................................................................................. 3 3.3 Recognition of contributions from different initiatives ....................................... 4 3.4 Capacity Needs Assessment .......................................................................... 4 3.5 Inputs from line sectors, ADB and others ........................................................ 4 4 Strategic Directions .................................................................................................. 5 4.1 Vision .............................................................................................................. 5 4.2 Mission ............................................................................................................ 5 4.3 Strategic Objective .......................................................................................... 5 4.4 Specific Objectives .......................................................................................... 5 4.5 Guiding Principles ........................................................................................... 8 5 Making Gender Mainstreaming a Regular Development Agenda ............................. 9 5.1 National Policy and Planning ........................................................................... 9 5.2 Mainstreaming Gender Concerns in CC Investments ...................................... 9 5.3 Gender-inclusive Database and Results Framework ..................................... 10 6 Operationalization of the Master Plan ..................................................................... 11 6.1 Operationalization the Master Plan – preconditions ....................................... 11 6.2 Supportive Prioritized Initiatives .................................................................... 11 6.3 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting............................................................ 14 7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 1 References and Literature ................................................................................................. 2 Annex 1: Terminology ....................................................................................................... 4 Annex 2: Priority Sectors and Provinces for Implementing the Master Plan on Gender and CC ............................................................................................................................ 6 Annex 3: Gender Mainstreaming in Sectoral CC Investment Action Plans (2014-2018) .... 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank CBDRM Community Based Disaster Reduction and Management CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCCA Cambodia Climate Change Alliance CCCSP Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan DCC Department of Climate Change (MoE) CCAP Climate Change Action Plan CSO Civil Society Organizations DRR Disaster Risk Reduction GCCAP Gender and Climate Change Action Plan GCCC Gender and Climate Change Committee MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MOE Ministry of Environment MOH Ministry of Health MOI Ministry of Interior MOP Ministry of Planning MOWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MPGCC Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRCDP Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Development Planning MRD Ministry of Rural Development NCDD-S National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development - Secretariat NCDM National Committee for Disaster Management NCSD National Council for Sustainable Development NSDP National Strategic Development Plan PPCR Pilot Program on Climate Resilience RGC Royal Government of Cambodia SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience STEC Save the Earth Cambodia TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference ToT Training of Trainers Executive Summary The current GDP of Cambodia is 18.05 USD billion (Cambodia Economic Forecasts, 2018 2020 Outlook). Cambodia has been maintaining its long-term economic growth since 1994 with (Gross Domestic Product) DGP growth at 6% - 7 % annually. To maintain the targets and commitments of the Royal Government of Cambodia, indicators such as political stability, steady economic growth and steady performance of the export sectors’ continue to play major roles (CCCSP, 2014-2023). Cambodia's Law on Disaster Management (DM Law) was passed in May 2015. The DM Law leads a major shift from an institutional system for disaster management based on subsidiary legislation, which was passed in 1995. The DM Law assigns legally binding roles and responsibilities, establishes institutions and ensures allocation of resources and mechanisms for coordination amongst different institutions of the RGC. Its key targets include disaster management in Cambodia including prevention, adaptation and mitigation in the pre-disaster period along with arranging emergency response during the disaster and recovery in the post-disaster period. These include both natural and human-induced disasters. The Cambodian Government approved construction projects worth nearly US$5 billion in the first six (6) months of year 2017 that indicates strong growth in the service sector. In addition, in 2017 the international tourist arrivals reached up to 2.3 million in the first five (5) months. It demonstrates 12.5% growth year on year, more than quadrupling meager 2.4% growth in arrivals in the previous 12-month period (Asian Development Outlook 2017). However, natural disasters and climate change impacts have negatively affected the national economy of Cambodia and its growth. The natural disaster in 2011 resulted in economic losses to Cambodia amounting to 4.3% of its GDP (International Disaster Database EM-DAT 2016). Agricultural productivity is likely to be affected due to increase in temperature in the country. According to International Rice Research Institute, rice grain yield will decline by 10% for every 1 degree Celsius increase in atmospheric temperature during growing-season. The Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to CC (Mekong ARCC) demonstrated that there would be more rainfall in the provinces situated at higher elevation during the wet season, becoming drier during the dry season, which in turn could hamper the production of coffee and rubber in Cambodia. The Mainstreaming Climate Resilience in Development Planning (MCRDP) aims to address such climate vulnerability issues and enhance economic growth. The objective of MCRDP is to strengthen the capacity of Cambodian institutions and stakeholders to integrate climate concerns into the development plans, programs and projects of the country. The Master Plan on Gender and CC (MPGCC) 2018-2030, a product of the MCRDP, has been prepared by the Gender and CC Committee (GCCC) of Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA). An outline of the MPGCC was prepared in 2013 under the PPCR Phase-1 supported by the World Bank. With support from the ADB, the work resumed in 2016 under the TA 8179: Mainstreaming Climate Resilience into Development Planning, Package C: Gender, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), and Mainstreaming at Sub-national Levels. The Master Plan envisions the institutionalization of gender mainstreaming in CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investments for contributing to equitable, climate resilience and sustainable society of Cambodia. To make that transformation happen, short term (2018-19), medium (2019-23) and long-term (2023-2030) goals have been identified to complement the commitments of the RGC in the NSDPs, Neary Rattanak and Cambodia CC Strategic Plan (CCCSP) 2014-2023 along with the relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There are seven (7) supportive initiatives to operationalize the Master Plan. The Master Plan focuses on the Government, development partners, civil society organizations and expects to incorporate the private sectors as the key collaborators in Cambodia that have been working in gender and CC related fields. This document provides an overview of the major issues and elements of the master plan, including the climate vulnerability context, economic and demographic context, and women’s role in the nation’s development. It provides a review of the role of gender in agriculture impacted by climate change, the context of gender equity in Cambodia and the Gender mainstreaming policy contexts, including milestones. The plan’s development process in the form of desk review, consultations, the contribution of the different initiatives implemented in Cambodia, and a capacity needs assessment of key stakeholders is elaborated upon. Building on this, the vision, mission, strategic and specific objectives, and guiding principles are described. Gender mainstreaming efforts and interventions from the perspective of national policy and planning, gender concerns in climate change investments, and gender disaggregated for monitoring of the results framework are also presented. Finally, the means of operationalizing the master plan in terms of preconditions, prioritized initiatives that broadly support women’s energy transitions and energy enterprises, and indicators for monitoring, reporting and evaluation are defined. 1 Introduction The Gender and CC Committee (GCCC) of Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) have prepared the present ‘Master Plan on Gender and Climate Change (MPGCC) 2018-2030. The planning process builds on preceding work under the Pilot Program on Climate Resilience (PPCR) by Ministry of Environment with MOWA as an implementation partner, providing a basis for a sequence of consultations conducted in 2016-18 by the ADB TA 8179 1 . The vision of the Master Plan is to institutionalize and internalize gender mainstreaming in adaptation, disaster risk reduction and mitigation investments for contributing to equitable, climate resilience and sustainable society of Cambodia. The mission is to mainstream gender in CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction as a part of institutional CC investment policies, strategies, programs and projects for enhancing CC resilience in Cambodia. There are portfolios of seven (7) specific supportive development initiatives and a set of gender-responsive monitoring indicators for operationalization of the Master Plan. 2 Major issues and elements of the Master Plan Background 1 ADB TA 8179: Mainstreaming Climate Resilience into Development Planning, Package C: Gender, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Mainstreaming at Sub-national Levels. The women’s economic empowerment takes account of increasing labor force participation rates with a decreasing gender gap, promote vulnerable women’s employment with reasonable pay, facilitation of greater transition away from agriculture for men than for women and increase the number of women with jobs in wholesale and retail trade and services, manufacturing, agriculture, and accommodation and food service activities. Cambodia could make significant progress in several areas including women’s economic participation and opportunities, educational attainment, health, survival and political empowerment levels. Cambodia recognized the women’s economic empowerment is essential for more growth that is inclusive. Considerable literature has been devoted to the laudable progress Cambodia has made over the past 20 years in economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health, survival and political stability and representation, However, Table 1 below shows Cambodia’s current position against the global average score in regards HDI. It is noticeable that despite these achievements the country experiences obstacles to women’s economic empowerment and significant competition from other countries in the region in achieving this. Further, there are other significant issues to be addressed e.g. (i) the amount of time required to fulfill responsibilities in unpaid domestic and care work; necessary for economic empowerment, e.g., in agriculture, health, water resources availability for all forms of activities, infrastructures, business development, and wage employment. (ii) Women’s low levels of literacy, education, and skills; and (iii) a lack of access to resources. Women’s Economic Empowerment: The capacity of women and men to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognize the value of their contributions, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth. Economic empowerment increases women’s access to economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets, skills development and market information. Women’s economic participation and empowerment are fundamental to strengthening women’s rights and enabling women to have control over their lives and exert influence in society. Ref. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2016 Table 1: Cambodia’s Human Development Profile Compared to South and Southeast Asian Nations by Health, Education, Gender and Work, Employment and Vulnerability HDI (201 6) Global Position Health Education Gender Work, employme nt and vulnerabilit y Inde x Ran k Life exp ecta ncy at birt h (yea rs) Adu lt mor talit y rate , fem ale (per 1,00 0 peo ple) Adu lt mor talit y rate , mal e (per 1,00 0 peo ple) Und er five mor talit y rate (per 1,00 0 live birt hs) Exp ecte d year s of sch ooli ng (yea rs) Adu lt liter acy rate (% ages 15 and olde r) Pri mar y sch ool dro pou t rate (% of pri mar y sch ool coh ort) Gen der Dev elop men t Inde x (GDI ) Lab or forc e part icip atio n rate , fem ale (% ages 15 and olde r) Lab or forc e part icip atio n rate , mal e (% ages 15 and olde r) Legi slat ors, seni or offic ials and man ager s, fem ale (% of tota l) Emp loy men t to pop ulati on rati o (% ages 15 and olde r) Emp loy men t in agri cult ure (% of tota l emp loy men t) Sing apo re 0.92 5 5 83.2 39 71 2.7 15.4 96.8 1.3 0.98 5 58.2 76.4 33.9 65.0 n.a Mal aysi a 0.78 9 59 74.9 80 167 7.0 13.1 94.6 5.8 n.a. 49.3 77.6 25.0 61.5 12.2 Thai land 0.74 0 87 74.6 105 207 12.3 13.6 96.7 6.5 1.00 1 62.9 80.2 25.1 70.6 41.9 Chin a 0.73 8 90 76.0 72 98 10.7 13.5 96.4 n.a. 0.95 4 63.6 77.9 16.8 67.6 2.5 Indo nesi a 0.68 9 113 69.1 147 205 27.2 12.9 93.9 18.1 0.92 6 50.9 83.9 23.2 63.4 34.3 Viet Na m 0.68 3 115 75.9 68 186 21.7 12.6 94.5 10.4 1.01 0 73.8 83.2 n.a. 76.7 46.8 Indi a 0.62 4 131 68.3 145 217 47.7 11.7 72.1 n.a. 0.81 9 26.8 79.1 13.8 51.9 49.7 Laos 0.58 6 138 66.6 176 217 66.7 10.8 79.9 22.4 0.92 4 77.7 77.0 n.a. 76.1 71.3 Cam bodi a 0.56 3 143 68.8 145 210 28.7 10.9 77.2 53.1 0.89 2 75.5 86.7 21.0 80.5 54.1 Mya nma r 0.55 6 145 66.1 173 229 50.0 9.1 93.1 25.2 n.a. 75.1 81.1 n.a. 74.3 n.a. Source: Human Development Index, http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries accessed 15 August 2018 Based on the country’s context, needs, challenges and weaknesses, the Issues and elements considered for the Master Plan are elaborated upon in the following sections. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries 2.1 Climate Vulnerability contexts Climate Change projections for Cambodia 2000 to 2050 With reference to Thomas et al2 providing climate change projections for Cambodia from 2000 to 2050, it gives reference to a baseline for the preceding 50-year period indicating a large variation in annual rainfall across the country. Specifically, this is less than 1,150 millimeters in northern parts of the country, over 3,000 millimeters in coastal areas, and between 2,600 and 3,000 millimeters in the more isolated northeastern region of the country. For the same period a baseline is provided for the annual high temperatures in Cambodia recorded as the average daily high temperature for the hottest month. Lowest figures indicate 27°C for high elevations in the western part of the country near the coast to over 36°C in the northwestern part of the country near the Thai-Cambodia border. The same study uses four GCMs of the 23 that have been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). While not unanimous in their projections and geographic impact, some general trends are identifiable. All four GCMs indicate an increase in annual temperature from no significant change in the west but hotter in the east, moderate increases in temperature, to hotter or much hotter annual temperatures across the whole country. Regarding rainfall, three of the GCMs indicate much wetter rainy seasons although two of them indicate no change in annual rainfall, therefore, indicating drier dry seasons. The third GCM indicates a much wetter year and wet season for the southwest and south central areas. The second GCM indicates a drier northeast during the wet season, while the fourth GCM indicates a much drier year; much drier in the wet season apart from a slight increase in rainfall in the far northwest. 2.2 Economic Context The strong economic growth in Cambodia can be attributed to its structural reforms resulting in an increasingly market-driven economy, its significant external assistance and the country’s long-term political stability. It has attained lower middle-income status as of 2015 with a gross national income (GNI) per capita reaching $1,070. Cambodia has sustained an average growth rate of 7.6% from 1994 to 2015, ranking sixth in the world largely driven by agriculture, garment exports and tourism (World Bank Cambodia, 2018). GDP growth is expected to remain strong at over 6.9% in 2018 compared to a region that is anticipated to only achieve a growth rate of 6.3% (ADB Outlook 2017). The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) reports that GDP per Capita is at $1,330 (2016). In addition, ESCAP highlights significant changes in the employment profiles of both men and women with similar trends for both genders away from agriculture. Significantly, men and women employed in agriculture have decreased from 83.3% and 76.4% respectively in 1991 to 26.2% and 27.2% in 2017. Female participation in manufacturing has increased from 3.1% to 23.1% compared to 2.6% to 11.1% for males over the same period. Notably, female and male participation in market services has increased from 10.5% to 38.6% and 8.6% to 30.5% respectively.3 2 Thomas, T. et al (2013), Cambodian Agriculture: Adaptation to Climate Change Impact, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01285, International Food Policy Research Institute, Phnom Penh 3 UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social commission for Asia and the Pacific), http://data.unescap.org/escap stat/#data/ accessed 16th August 2018 http://data.unescap.org/escap stat/#data/ 2.3 Demographic Context While rapid rural out-migration is leading to urbanization over 78% of Cambodia’s population continues to live in rural areas. The population aged between 15 and 64 years rose from 8.3 million in 2008 to 9.6 million in 2013, an increase in the working age population from 62.0% to 65.6% with women accounting for 52% of the total working age population. Interestingly, rapid urbanization has resulted in a higher urban share of the working age population (70.5% in urban areas compared to 64.3% in rural areas). While the aging population has reduced dependency ratios, the economy still needs to generate employment with reasonable working conditions, and this demand will be exacerbated by an additional 1.3 million people expected to be added to the population between 2013 and 2020.4 Disparities in skill levels between countries in the region will provide further challenges for Cambodia’s increasing population. The country’s relative paucity in skills will hamper its ability to compete with its neighbors, particularly the unskilled workers and especially women already disadvantaged by their relatively low literacy and educational attainment compared to men and women in other countries in the region. This vulnerability to competition is enhanced by the countries dependence on exports with global economic shocks having direct impacts on women’s employment in Cambodia as seen in the 2007/2008 economic crisis. This highlights the need to develop diversified domestic markets somewhat insulated from global economic trends. However, with the onset of climate change and its impacts becoming evident, coping strategies consisting of returning to the land are no longer viable as agricultural production, agricultural employment opportunities, rural livelihoods and households, especially those for women, are regularly affected by extreme weather phenomenon.5 2.4 Women and Development As outlined above and more specifically in MoWA’s Climate Change Strategic Plan for Gender and Climate Change (2013-2023)6, while men’s labor force participation rate is higher than women across all ages, women in rural areas are more economically active than women in urban areas, and women are employed in primary and secondary industries at higher rates than men with agriculture, forestry and fishery remaining highly important livelihood options for a majority of rural Cambodians. In particular, women are employed at higher rates than men in four key industries: (1) agriculture, forestry and fishing; (2) manufacturing; (3) wholesaling and retailing; and (4) accommodation and food services with both employed and self-employed workers making up a significant percentage of the total. Women are also more greatly represented in unpaid family work at 68.4% of rural women compared to 28.4% for rural men although these figures are less distinct in urban areas. It is noteworthy that women of all ages contribute to Cambodia’s economic development with a surprising percentage of over 65 years olds contributing to the economy (45.2%). Male participation in the economy is greater than women’s across all age groups except for the 15 to 24 year olds, suggesting higher school drop-out rates for female students (63.2% compared to 57.1%). Approximately 50% of rural, female 15 to 24 year olds are employed, rising to 91.9% of 50 to 54 year olds whereas the highest rate for urban women is 69.7% for 30 to 34 year olds. 4 NIS (2013), ‘Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 Final Report’, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh. 5 MacPhail. F. (2015). ‘Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia’, ADB. Phnom Penh 6 MoWA 2013 Climate Change Strategic Plan for Gender and climate Change (2013-2023), Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 2.5 Gender, agriculture and climate change Agriculture is the primary rural industry and employment sector for women exhibiting a gendered division of labor with men responsible for ploughing and women responsible for planting, weeding and winnowing. For such rain-fed agricultural practices access to and management of water resources is essential. However, climate change and its impacts have undermined the existing capacity of national, subnational, community and household practices for weather forecasting, natural disaster preparedness, water resource management, climate change resistant cropping techniques and off-farm income generation activities. For a largely rural population highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture, the population is highly vulnerable to extreme weather phenomenon linked to climate change. Farmers of both genders are aware of shorter rainy seasons, more intense rainfall, and more frequent drought periods causing more variable growing seasons and deficits in water. This particularly impacts poor women who generally have a more limited access to resources, restricted rights, limited mobility, and a smaller role in decision-making processes. At the current time, female farmers are not able to reduce their dependency on climate sensitive and increasingly stressed natural resources, such as their involvement in post-harvest agricultural and fishing activities, and to diversify their income generating practices due to limited capacity and opportunities. This is compounded by their limited access to knowledge of new agricultural production and post-production techniques and technologies, and by their unpaid domestic responsibilities combined with their agricultural livelihood responsibilities that constrain their mobility to avoid weather-related disasters.7 Climatic uncertainty and a need to reshape adaptation and coping mechanisms has resulted in an increase in migration away from rural areas. In particular, male out-bound migration by seasons or over the long term can severely impact remaining family members, especially young children and the mothers and grandmothers tasked with their care in resource poor conditions. For female migration, the garment manufacturing industry is a common option although the working conditions are considered harsh with the industry contributing to GHG emissions and the pollution of soils and water resources, which negatively impacts the health of the employees. Moreover, female participation in the accommodation, food and entertainment industries, and the informal employment sector can also negatively impact women’s well-being and health while the industries they work in contribute to GHG emissions and pollution.8 2.6 Gender Equity Context Women’s Vulnerability to the Impacts of Climate Change Women’s greater responsibility for care work suggests that mortality and morbidity for women may increase during periods of extreme weather as women tend to prioritize others’ survival over their own, are generally less equipped with necessary survival skills, such as tree climbing, and can suffer from reproductive health complications during such events. As noted above, women’s health can be impacted by climate change and the adaptation practices employed. For women in primary industries working conditions are characterized by a high level of exposure to the sun and heat during long working days with risk of 7 Green Climate Fund (2018), Gender Assessment: FP076: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project, ADB, Phnom Penh 8 MoWA 2013 Climate Change Strategic Plan for Gender and climate Change (2013-2023), Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh dehydration, heat stress, exhaustion and vector and water-borne diseases. However, the GHG emitting manufacturing industry that many women choose as an adaptation strategy also impacts their health in the form of heat exhaustion, mass hysteria, urinary tract infections, carpal tunnel syndrome, deafness, respiratory infections, and deteriorating eyesight. Furthermore, women in the workplace can be at risk of violence, harassment, rape, forced drug and alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, sexually transmitted diseases, undesired pregnancies and risky abortions in an environment with limited support available in the form of confidential health care services. Even for those women who establish a micro-enterprise at home, such as food processing, smoking fish, or producing clay pots and stoves, this can have a significant impact on the health of women and children due to the use of firewood and charcoal as a primary energy source. This puts the household members at an increased risk of acute respiratory infection, as well as the opportunity costs associated with collecting firewood, charcoal and water for production and domestic purposes. As primary carers and food providers, women are more dependent on natural resources for food, medicine, firewood and water. However, traditional natural resources, such as forests, mangroves, fisheries and harvests, will be significantly impacted by the rise in temperature, changes in rainfall patterns, and the changes in land use patterns. This will have significant effect on the opportunity costs for women because for natural resources that become scarcer, more distant, and over exploited, additional resources or income will be required to compensate for the loss. Rural women’s demand for but lower access to the crucial food production inputs, such as livestock, tools and fertilizers, put them at a disadvantage when attempting to address the impacts of floods, droughts, cyclones and soil erosion. This can have a direct impact on the provision of food, care for family members, with consequences for children’s nutritional status and longer term cognitive development, and on the ability to pass on cultural values. As female participation in education falls with the transition from Cambodian primary to secondary schools, women are generally less able to take advantage of climate change and disaster related information and services, such as meteorological information, disaster early warnings, disaster risk management procedures, and commodity market prices and related fluctuations. This can further lead to women becoming financially challenged placing them subordinate to men with less capacity to identify and manage such issues. Moreover, women’s role in the formal decision-making processes at all levels is lower than men’s, for example in nationally elected offices, provincial governorships, districts, communes, villages and development committees. Unfortunately, this situation implies that women’s views can be perceived as being family or community issues or even ignored all together.9 As food providers primarily responsible for household cooking, women have a role to play in greening the economy through reducing GHG emissions. As noted, employment opportunities in the formal and informal economy for women can also be industries that contribute to GHG emissions, such as manufacturing and the service sector, but by providing better employment opportunities, social and legal protections and entitlements women’s vulnerability to climate change can be reduced while the national economy is being restructured to be more climate responsive. 9 MoWA 2013 Climate Change Strategic Plan for Gender and climate Change (2013-2023), Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 2.7 Gender Mainstreaming Policy Contexts The phases of the RGC’s Rectangular Strategy have been the guiding framework for the country’s poverty reduction policies and strategies promoting the economic empowerment of women. The current Phase III 2014-2018 strategy prioritizes four strategic areas: (i) promotion of agriculture, (ii) development of physical, infrastructure, (iii) private sector development and employment, and (iv) capacity building and human resource development. While these do not explicitly give reference to gender equality, the promotion of women’s involvement in the economy, and women’s empowerment to do so is supported by mainstreaming gender considerations into the implementation of the government’s work and given greater priority in the body of that strategy. Within the RGC, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MoWA) was a participant in the development of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) 2014-2023 coordinated by the Ministry of Environment (MOE). MoWA and its gender mainstreaming action groups (GMAGs) in each line ministry support women’s economic empowerment by preparing and implementing the sectoral gender mainstreaming action plans (GMAPs). In 2013, with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) deadline fast approaching, the need to stimulate women’s economic empowerment to contribute to achieving related MDGs for poverty reduction, health and education was recognized with MoWA developing the MDG Acceleration Framework Cambodia Action Plan. This identified the need to provide job training for women that complemented market demands, develop the capacity of women to identify and grow micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises with more ability to become formal sector businesses, and improve poor communities’ livelihoods, especially for women. In 2014, the Cambodia Gender Assessment (CGA) and five-year Strategic Plan for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (Neary Ratanak IV) were published by the MoWA. Here, women’s economic empowerment is a key policy recommendation and includes agriculture, education, health, political participation, and a specific focus on the links between gender, climate change, green growth and disaster risk management. It also incorporates regional and international cooperation agreements and commitments, such as the CEDAW, signed in January 2011, and the SDGs, specifically SDG5 for Gender Equality but crosscutting themes for all SDGs. With significant potential to support these efforts, MoWA manages a country-wide network of women’s development centers (WDC). However, with only 13 centers offering vocational training programs in handicraft production, hairdressing, tailoring, and food processing among others, they are not addressing local demand by offering services that respond to local labor markets, such as developing entrepreneurial skills, business development practices, and access to current market information. PPP (public-private partnerships) might provide a means for the WDCs to achieve more sustainable financing while orienting their work to be more responsive to local market demands. With specific reference to MAFF’s (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) Gender Mainstreaming Policy and Strategy in Agriculture 2016–2020, the objectives promote greater female participation in the civil service, development of capacity to mainstream and integrate gender, and development of rural women’s capacity to access and manage local agricultural resources and inputs. This includes greater equality in accessing extension services, such as support with social land concessions, access to the private sector, participation in community groups, and access to credit.10 10 MacPhail. F. (2015), ‘Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia’, ADB. Manila While there is immense potential for mainstreaming gender horizontally across all sectors and vertically through all levels, the opportunities presented by the country’s enabling environment have not yet been realized largely due to the lack of a guiding framework that addresses the priority of climate change and how it will impact Cambodian men and women differently while providing a ‘toolbox’ of measures and responses. For achievement of the RGC’s objectives to alleviate poverty, promote market driven economic development, and ensure political and social stability, climate change will need to be addressed in terms of gender, and this will include how climate change-related investments are planned, budgeted and implemented. This master plan will seek to guide the mainstreaming of gender into all relevant activities over the next 12 years as the deadline of 2030 for the SDGs nears. This will also ensure that the forthcoming National Strategic Development Plan (2019-2023), the Neary Ratanak V (2019-2023), and other relevant policies are aligned. 2.8 Institutional Capacity Contexts To date milestone initiatives include the National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (NAPA) (2009-15); and the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2023 (November 2013), with a related Climate Change Action Plan 2016-2018 and a suite of sectoral action plans. Various specific CCA and DRR initiatives have been (and are being) implemented by the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA), the Mekong River Commission (MRC), the National Climate Change Committee, the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD), the NCDDS, various civil society organizations (CSOs), and others, with technical and financial support from ADB, the Global Environment Fund, the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction, UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank, and other development partners and bilateral donors. Capacity-building: Adequate institutional capacity is a decisive precondition for successful sub-national CCA and DRR. In this connection, 'capacity' is determined by (i) a strong legal mandate; (ii) user-friendly tools (manuals, guidelines); (iii) skills (to use the tools); (iv) a comprehensive knowledge base (in support of timely and well-informed decisions); and (v) financial resources (to implement the related development initiatives). Mandate: The 2008 Law on Administrative Management of the Capital, Provinces, Municipalities, Districts and Khans (the Organic Law) provided the basis for the National Programme for Sub-national Democratic Development (NP-SNDD), a 10-year programme for decentralization and deconcentration. Accordingly, the NCDD was established by Royal Decree in December the same year with a mandate to implement the Law and the decentralization and deconcentration policy. The National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) was established in 1995, and was strengthened substantially by the June 2015 Disaster Management Law, which also introduced sub-national disaster management committees. Tools: An impressive amount of manuals, guidelines and reference documents have been produced, as exemplified in the Table 2 below. Of note, however, is the lack of specific reference to gender apart from limited reference to social inclusion. This suggests a need to further guide the integration and mainstreaming of gender considerations into climate change adaptation and mitigation planning, budgeting and implementation. Table 2: Examples of documents related to sub-national CCA and DRR Publisher Title Project/programme NCDDS (July 2018) Innovative financing schemes for mainstreaming climate resilience at provincial, district and commune levels TA8179, Package C RGC/NCDD (October 2017) Commune/Sangkat fund project implementation manual NCDDS (September 2017) Mainstreaming climate resilience in provincial, district, and commune development and investment plans TA8179, Package C CamboWP (January 2017) Water security framework and policy briefs The GWP Water, Climate and Development Programme (WACDEP) NCDD (April 2017) Integrating socially inclusive CC adaptation into the commune development planning and the commune 3-years rolling investment programme process MoI and MoP (March 2017a) Guideline on the preparation of commune/sangkat development plans MoI and MoP (March 2017b) Guideline on the preparation of commune/sangkat investment programmes MoI and MoP (March 2017c) Guideline on the preparation of district development plans MoI and MoP (March 2017d) Guideline on the preparation of district investment programmes NCDD (September 2016) Implementation and procurement handbook for construction/ rehabilitation of the district disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation small scale infrastructure projects The Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction Project (CDRR), Component C GSNCSD (July 2016) Promoting private sector contribution to the climate change response in Cambodia UNDP Cambodia (December 2014) Practitioner’s handbook: Implementing the Vulnerability Reduction Assessment MRC (October 2014) Climate change analysis in the Lower Mekong Basin MRC Working Paper No. 52 ADB (May 2014) Kingdom of Cambodia: Strengthening coordination for management of disasters Capacity Development Technical Assistance Project No. 46230 MoE (January 2014) Effective mechanisms for climate change mainstreaming in sub-national planning The CCCA Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Programme MoE (2013) Guidance on mainstreaming climate resilience and disaster risk reduction into sub national development and investment planning PPCR, Component 2 MoE (2013) Climate screening toolkit PPCR, Component 2 MRC (June 2010) Impacts of climate change and development on Mekong flow regimes MRC Technical Paper No. 29 MRC (September 2009) Adaptation to climate change in the countries of the Lower Mekong Basin: Regional synthesis report MRC Technical Paper No. 24 Human skills development: The Local Government and Climate Change (LGCC) project was implemented by NCDDS from 2011 to 2018 with financial support (4.5 million USD) from the UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The project has provided comprehensive training, interacting with awareness-building initiatives, development of practical procedures and guidelines, targeted financing, encouragement of collaboration between district/municipal and commune/sangkat councils and administrations, and implementation of pilot and demonstration projects. The present TA 8179, Package C, is being implemented from 20117 to 2019, with one of its components hosted by NCDDS. Activities include a sequence of training workshops, structured into 4 thematic training modules: (a) CC in Cambodia; (b) vulnerability analysis and risk screening as part of the planning and budget process; (c) climate resilience in design and implementation of projects; and (d) monitoring and evaluation of adaptation capacity. Knowledge base: Cambodia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on December 18, 1995 and acceded to the Kyoto Protocol on July 2, 2002. The country’s Initial National Communication was submitted by MoE to the UNFCCC in October 2002, and the Second National Communication was submitted by NCSD in November 2015. These documents provide an overview of Cambodia's evolving agenda for CCA and DRR, supported by detailed information. Further, the Mekong River Commission has made significant contributions to the knowledge base by supporting awareness-building, documentation, capacity-building and good practices related to climate resilience and adaptation planning. Nevertheless, information needs are still apparent with a number of topics highlighted: 1) Demography and livelihoods, including trends, 2) Hydro-meteorology, including normal and extreme rainfall (combining satellite data with a limited number of well located ground stations), 3) Zoning, land use, vegetation cover, including trends, 4) Outbreaks of water-born or water-related diseases, 5) Health of habitats and ecosystems/biodiversity, including coastal and marine areas, and including trends, 6) 'Red spots' and 'green spots' (or 'assets'11,) 7) Adverse events: Floods, drought, forest fires, landslides, pollution spills, pest attacks, etc., including trends, and 8) Climate change exposures and vulnerabilities, including trends and projections.12 Moreover, a scope remains for expanding the knowledge base. This may involve regular stocktaking building on primary data collected for the purpose, networking and dissemination of success stories from the numerous pilot and demonstration activities, and strengthened extension services in support of timely and appropriate response to adverse events as well as emerging challenges and opportunities. Financing of specific development initiatives: Climate Change adaptation and disaster preparedness requires financing from the national and sub-national levels to the community and household levels, encompassing investments, operation and maintenance, rehabilitation, and crop insurance. Examples of climate change-related financing schemes are listed in the Table 3 below. Those schemes have been vital in building national and local technical capacities for climate resilience measures and undertakings. Nevertheless, a weak technical knowledge for design and implementation of actual climate resilience investments has been identified as a main bottleneck contributing to slow project execution. 11 An asset is a valuable feature. Some assets are NRE-related, for example a hydropower potential, a wetland, a fisheries area, a waterfall, or a river front of a town. Such assets cannot be moved. Their value - whether economic, social, or cultural can be immediate or potential. See Muanpong Juntopas (February 2010) 12 Modified after MoE (May 2017a) Table 3: Climate change-oriented financing schemes (completed, on-going and planned) ASPIRE 2017 and onwards, 52 mio. USD (the Agriculture Services Programme for Innovation, Resilience and Extension) The programme aims at testing climate-resilient innovations for Cambodian smallholder farmers, with 3 objectives: (i) Sustainably increase agricultural productivities and incomes; (ii) adapt and build resilience to climate change; and (iii) reduce or remove greenhouse gas emission where possible. The CCCA Trust Fund, Phase 1 2010-14, 11 mio. USD (also referred to as the Cambodia Climate Change Financing Framework, CCFF) The fund aimed to support capacity development and institutional strengthening to address climate change, ensure climate change integration into policy, strategy, plans and programmes, and promote climate change knowledge and awareness in Cambodia. The CCCA Trust Fund, Phase 2 2014-19, 13 mio. USD The facility aims to strengthen the governance of climate change; to support implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan; and to develop human skills, tools and knowledge management in support of CC resilience. The DAP 2016-18, budget under advisement (the Direct Aid Program) (implemented by AusAid) The DAP is a flexible small grants program, supporting poverty reduction and sustainable development by individuals, community groups and NGOs. The CCBAP 2010-15, 4.5 mio. USD (the Cambodia Community Based Adaptation Programme) Activities included rehabilitation of canals, reservoirs, community ponds and household ponds; construction of wells; support to water harvesting; savings groups; and seed banks. Also, 7 pilot projects on CC mainstreaming into sub-national planning were implemented with support from NCDDS. S-RET 2017-21, 5 mio. USD (Scaling up of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Cambodia) The programme aims at promoting renewable energy technologies in the agricultural sector. GCF Scale-up 2018-22, budget under advisement (the Green Climate Fund, Enhanced Direct Access Component) Depending on funds available, GCF financing might support 50-60 districts, based on the Climate Vulnerability Index developed by MoE using the Commune Database (CDB). The SNIF Planned (the Sub-national Investment Facility) The SNIF will serve three levels of sub-national administrations: (i) Provinces; (ii) districts and municipalities; and (iii) communes and sangkats. Source: NCDDS (November 2017); please refer to this document for details about each scheme An analysis of the Cambodian experience is very much in line with international discussion, debate and existing literature on local climate finance. In the global discourse there is general agreement on four pillars that contribute to the success of local (financial, financial/technical) schemes: 1 An enabling institutional environment for climate finance: The autonomy and authority that sub-national governments have to respond to climate change will, to a large extent, be determined by a country’s approaches to political, administrative and fiscal decentralization. 2 Improved delivery of climate finance: While providing transfers specifically targeted for climate change projects may be a useful short-term strategy to raise the profile of climate change at a local government level, mainstreaming climate change concerns into on-going expenditures in relevant areas (i.e. rural development programs, water and sanitation, and agriculture) may bring greater long term benefits. 3 More effective and equitable planning and budgeting for climate initiatives: Responses to climate change at the local level will involve different stakeholders: local government, line departments, and CSOs. Similarly, there is a role for national institutions and academia to provide policy guidance. Ensuring the participation of communities in the planning process can make them more responsive to the needs of those communities, and is a core aspect of political decentralization. Transparent financial planning and budgeting and comprehensive budgets will have a key role to play in enabling participation. 4 Monitoring and evaluating the local impact of climate finance The establishment of a good monitoring and evaluation framework and creating a process where the information is shared with the public can be an effective way of holding local governments to account in the use of public resources and the results that they have contributed to. The expectation is that these four pillars serve as overarching framework that can be used to inform a suitable approach to ensure that finance is channelled and used effectively to address climate change at the local level, and this includes promoting and ensuring gender considerations as an integral element of any project planning process. However, as noted below existing capacity on climate change is still limited suggesting that barriers and opportunities to mainstreaming gender into climate change adaptation and mitigation activities might be overlooked or ignored. 2.9 Institutional Capacity Needs Assessment The Capacity Needs Assessment (CNA) for gender mainstreaming and climate change was conducted at MOWA with four technical Ministries and two provinces and representatives of the MOP and the NCDDS in 2016. The CNA was conducted on strategy, structure, systems, style, staff, skills and supports (7-S). Furthermore, a capacity needs assessment was conducted in 2018 with representation from six line ministries, the subnational level, and civil society organizations. Key results from both assessments are summarized below: (i) Lack of resources required for effective implementation of activities and, therefore, mainstreaming of gender considerations; (ii) Lack of a clear understanding on how mainstreaming of gender in CC investments should be integrated into the roles and responsibilities of officials at national and sub-national levels; (iii) Greater awareness of climate change and gender mainstreaming into related activities reported by CSOs; (iv) Need to implement research, and learn from existing CSO activities and from climate change adaptation demonstration or pilot projects to identify improved approaches to gender mainstreaming; (v) Need for greater alignment between sectors and relevant climate change adaptation, mitigation and DRR investments to improve their efficiency and equality; (vi) Need for monitoring and evaluation data collection to examine gender disaggregated indicators to ensure gender considerations are fully integrated into climate change-related activities, increasing the efficiency and equality of Public Investment Plans (PIP); (vii) Need to develop institutional capacity to engage effectively and ensure gender mainstreaming in planning, budgeting, implementing, monitoring and evaluation of climate change. Figure 1: The Capacity of NCDDS, MOP and MOWA on 7-S (MOWA CNA Report, 2016) 2.8 Key Focus of Master Plan Table 4: Sex-disaggregated capacity at sectoral, sub-national and civil society groups (source; Multi-stakeholder consultations organized by MOP, August 2-3, 2018 (Capacity Needs Assessment of Policy Makers in sectoral, subnational and CSO level). Gender Mainstreaming Capacity in CCA Investments at Sectoral, Sub-national and CSO groups Levels (August 2018) Agriculture Health Infrastructure water Sub-national CSO groups wome n A1 men A2 wome n B1 men B2 wome n C1 men C2 wome n D1 men D2 wome n E1 men E2 wome n F1 men F2 Project formulati on 27% 32% 24% 28% 35% 41% 29% 36% 16% 21% 36% 42% CC impacts for decision making 29% 35% 27% 35% 26% 36% 31% 42% 20% 29% 38% 45% distinguis h & develop projects 23% 34% 23% 34% 28% 38% 30% 42% 18% 24% 45% 55% GM in CCAI 23% 28% 24% 28% 34% 39% 24% 33% 19% 24% 45% 57% GM in Strategy 24% 28% 25% 28% 22% 30% 23% 33% 16% 22% 38% 57% GM in System 25% 28% 24% 28% 23% 33% 22% 32% 16% 21% 36% 55% GM in Style 22% 24% 23% 29% 22% 28% 25% 29% 18% 22% 35% 53% GM in Structure 24% 35% 27% 35% 24% 24% 25% 27% 25% 32% 36% 46% GM in Staff 25% 33% 27% 33% 29% 34% 25% 34% 22% 29% 38% 33% GM in supports 24% 35% 26% 35% 25% 34% 24% 35% 24% 35% 35% 49% GM in Skill 26% 36% 27% 36% 23% 37% 25% 35% 16% 22% 35% 43% GM in M&E 27% 37% 26% 37% 25% 35% 27% 38% 26% 33% 37% 48% The Master Plan focuses to reduce the capacity gaps between women and men as appears in the Table 4 in addition to the set goals, objectives and targets. The focuses and goals are aligned with the RGC’s policy documents and identified priorities, the master plan’s related projects focus on the agriculture, water resources, transportation and health sectors primarily. However, related priority sectors, such as energy, education, urban development, rural development, and disaster management will need to be included in the alignment with this master plan for effectiveness and efficiency to be achieved and long-term sustainability of the outcomes. It is recognized that to address women’s economic empowerment, climate vulnerability will also need to be addressed in both rural and urban areas as well as those areas in transition as cities expand due to urbanization. This master plan seeks to support the sector’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan to add value to the efforts implemented by the ministries and line departments. The seven proposed projects will add value to encouraging women to transition to clean, renewable energy as well as supporting energy enterprises established by women. This work will support the sectoral adaptation action plans through the provision of investments in mitigation and resilience. Such investments, will address cross-sectoral, overarching issues relevant to urbanization, health, education, and others. With this in mind, this master plan will encourage investment in the promotion of low technology, user-friendly climate monitoring tools, such as weather forecasting tools, that can be operated by both female and male headed households. This work will also invest in increasing the management capacity of national and local authorities to manage, operate and maintain such critical information systems beyond the timeframe of this master plan and beyond 2030, and this will be coupled with the mainstreaming of gender considerations into the management of such systems. In regards the more immediate impacts of climate change in the form of disasters, local CSOs, community women’s groups, and women’s development centers can be utilized to develop the capacity of women and their communities to better prepare for, respond to and recover from the impacts of disasters. This may take the form of the development of community-based disaster risk management plans and disaster simulations that actively include representatives of both genders in the planning and implementation of the activities. Similar approaches can be used to promote climate change related mitigation activities. Moreover, significant opportunity exists for Cambodia’s population to take advantage of forms of energy-saving, renewable power for urban and rural households. Particularly for rural households where traditional energy supply systems are expensive or non-existent, with the appropriate regulatory and market support and capacity development, female community members could take advantage of this situation to market and sell renewable energy products, such as small-scale solar panels, and provide maintenance and repair follow-up services. Climate-friendly, low-carbon economic activities are essential for women, and these may take the form of changes in how home-based food processing or clay pot making is conducted to make the practice more climate-friendly. Industries that employ women in large numbers will be mandated to improve working conditions, reduce GHG emissions in the manufacturing and logistical processes, and prevent soil and water pollution from industrial waste. To protect and further enhance women’s economic empowerment, Cambodia’s over exploitation of its natural areas needs to be considered. For rural areas to remain livable with continued access to drinking water, forest resources, and non-timber forest products, for the tourism sector to continue to be able to attract local and international visitors to areas of outstanding natural beauty, and for urban areas to be able to manage their ‘heat-sink’ related temperature increases, community-based sustainable environment campaigns can be organized. This may take the form of tree planting or reforestation campaigns with diverse, carbon-absorbing multipurpose forest plants in rural areas, conservation campaigns to preserve existing and undeveloped coastlines and forests so they can still attract climate-friendly economic investment activity, and urban campaigns to preserve green spaces and advocate urban planning departments for appropriate climate-friendly flood and drought reduction measures, such as appropriate storm and waste water management throughout urban conurbations, and reductions in GHG emissions, such as low-carbon renewable energy systems for households, offices and businesses, and the banning of the most environmentally damaging forms energy, such as motor vehicles with poor emission rates. The master plan promotes the identification of appropriate forms of information and communication technology (ICT) that can support women working in agriculture and with the development of micro-small and medium-sized enterprises in both urban and rural areas. Of particular relevance is the rise in access to smartphone technology and the expansion of internet connectivity across large portions of the nation. Such ICTs could be used to disseminate market or weather information, business development topics, and health and disaster related warnings and advice in conjunction with the relevant government institutions managing the alignment and dissemination of such information. ICTs could also be used to promote nonfarm business opportunities for women through increased interconnectivity, such as business associations and women’s networks. Finally, the master plan will monitor and report on the progress being made toward achieving the overall gender related objectives as well as those of the individual sectors through the indicators set in the national information management system. This will be used to ensure national strategies and action plans are regularly updated with the lessons learned and best practices ensuring that adjustments are made where necessary. To support this, a gender disaggregated database will be established at the National Institute of Statistics and a gender mainstreaming dialogue platform will be established with representatives from national and subnational government, CSOs, and the private sector.13 Overall, the commitments of the RGC towards the improvements in the inclusion of gender considerations in national and subnational development planning add considerable value to its ongoing poverty reduction activities. By focusing on economic empowerment for both genders will contribute to achieving the goals of the RGC. 3 The Master Plan Development Processes 3.1 Desk Review The Technical Assistance (TA) team and the counterpart from MOWA conducted a desk review considering existing policies and strategic documents from MOWA and associated sectors, both from regional and global perspective. The team studied different plans and programs for enriching the Master Plan in order to mainstream gender in the CC investments. However, the team experienced several limitations in having access to adequate data in this sector. The Plan could be enriched with more meaningful information and substantial data having longer period for the development. 3.2 Consultations The Master Plan, at its different progress level, was shared for consultation at four (4) formal consultative workshops and meetings hosted by MOWA. There were representatives from 13 MacPhail. F. (2015), ‘Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia’, ADB. Manila sector ministries, civil society and sub-national officials. It took almost 15 months to complete the series of such consultation processes. 3.3 Recognition of contributions from different initiatives The Master Plan has been built based on the Outline of the MPGCC (2013-22) developed under the PPCR Phase-1. The MPGCC recognizes the overall progress made on gender and CC (CC) related issues in the National Strategic Development Plan (2014-2018); the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD); the CCCSP (2014-2023); the Neary Rattanak (2014 2018); the sectoral CC Action Plans (CCAPs); and the gender-related policies and strategies from different sectors and civil society organizations from Cambodia. It also learns from the progresses made in MOWA implementing similar projects on CC from CCCA Trust Fund, neighboring countries, both at regional and global levels. 3.4 Capacity Needs Assessment The TA conducted a comprehensive capacity needs assessment in 2016 at its inception period of GCCC (MOWA), at various sectoral levels (Agriculture, Water, Health, Public Works and Rural Development), CSOs and also from two communes from Battambang and two communes from Prey Veng provinces. Table 5 below provides some details using the 7-S concept of strategy, structure, system, style, staff, skills and support related to gender mainstreaming within CC adaptation. Table 5: Capacity Needs Assessment of MOWA Staff Development need 7-S category Capacity 2016 Target 2019 Strategy and policy for mainstreaming gender in adaptation planning and investment Strategy 23% 43% Institutional coordination (horizontal and vertical) Structure 40% 60% Operational procedures for gender mainstreaming System 34% 64% Gender mainstreaming entry points Style 51% 71% Staff assignment and responsibility Staff 46% 66% Experience and training in gender mainstreaming Skill 38% 58% Capacity building tools and techniques etc. Support 26% 46% 3.5 Inputs from line sectors, ADB and others ADB, the key client of the project, along with the comments from NDF, CIF, IGES have been providing technical inputs on requests and provided formal, technical comments within the submitted draft documents. Such technical inputs qualified the Master Plan to be published and disseminated widely. The draft also incorporated inputs from civil society organizations and relevant sectors. https://www.iges.or.jp/en/ 4 Strategic Directions 4.1 Vision Institutionalization of gender mainstreaming in adaptation, disaster risk reduction and mitigation investments for contributing to equitable, climate resilience and sustainable society of Cambodia14. 4.2 Mission Mainstreaming gender in CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction as a part of institutional CC investment policies, strategies, programs and projects for enhancing CC resilience in Cambodia. 4.3 Strategic Objective Institutionalization of gender mainstreaming in CC investments enhancing gender equality and women’s economic empowerment reducing gender gaps for adding value to the SDGs of Cambodia. 4.4 Specific Objectives Specific goals for mainstreaming gender in CC adaptation, mitigation and DRR investments have been established as follows: 1) To strengthen gender responsive policy/strategy and effective coordination between MOWA and sector ministries, civil society and private sectors 2) To strengthen gender responsive institutional capacity on strategy, structure, system, style, skill, support and staff (the 7-S concept) for mainstreaming gender in CC investments and adding value to SDGs. 3) To demonstrate the gender related differential impacts of CC and the benefits from investing in gender responsive CC initiatives (pilots). 4) To enhance emergency preparedness, primary healthcare, first-aid provision etc. for any situation caused by CC and build capacity accordingly for enhancing resilience for the people at higher risk. 5) To enhance economic empowerment of women at higher risk because of CC and disaster risks through innovative financing schemes namely micro insurance, community revolving funds, crop insurance, health insurance etc. 6) To facilitate gender mainstreaming in CC action plans in sector ministries, civil society organizations and private sector agencies for adding value in climate resilience and poverty reduction initiatives in Cambodia 7) To make use of a gender-Inclusive Result Framework to monitor gender impacts (aligned with the National Institute of Statistics and Gender M&E Framework of MOP) 14 Institutionalization refers to (but is not limited to) strengthening of capacity, development of a sex disaggregated baseline for all CC investment programs and projects, gender disaggregated analysis of progress made over the short, medium and long terms, regular updates of the national action plan, 2023 mid-term review, strengthen the sectoral CCAPs, improvement in CSO and private sector engagement, development and implementation of CC adaptation, mitigation and DRR investment projects, dissemination of lessons learned and best practices from the seven proposed projects. caused by CC in CC investment project sites and share publicly for greater awareness raising and advocacy purposes. 8) To establish a gender-mainstreaming in CC investments dialogue platforms to enhance knowledge and capacity of the Government, civil society and private sector agencies in Cambodia linking with regional and global levels. The Master Plan will be operationalized under three phases. The three phases come under three different timeframes below: Time frame Goal Short term (2018-2019) The short-term goals focus on the priority actions committed under the TA project implementation period by MOWA. Medium term (2019-2023) The medium-term goals focus on the RGC’s development programs’ timeframe i.e. aligned with the NSDP implementation cycles, will continue to support the priority action plans initiated under the short-term goals. In addition, this term initiatives will undertake research, outreach, public awareness raising, knowledge management activities on mainstreaming gender in CC investments at sectoral ministries, and monitoring, evaluation and reporting (M-E&R), launching of projects in the key sectors, develop gender mainstreamed CC Action Plans (G-CCAP) in sectors, support gender mainstreaming projects in sub-national planning, budgeting and implementation through innovative financing schemes, strengthen coordination and institutional capacity for mainstreaming gender at all levels. Long term (2023-30) The long-term goals focus on in-depth research, learning and sharing the progress made, analyze the needs and gaps, recommend the robust approaches for combating new forms of climate vulnerability and address disaster risks. Based on the analysis, specific recommendations will be provided to scale-up best practices for mainstreaming gender in CC investments in national and sub national levels. The initiatives will complement the targets of the RGC to gratify the gender mainstreaming commitments in the NSDPs, Rectangular Strategies and directly contribute into the SDG 5 on gender equality, SDG 13 on climate action, and related goals like SDG 1 no poverty, SDG 2 zero hunger, SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation etc. To achieve the determined targets set from 2018 to 2030, the Master Plan emphasizes on WHO (which agency) should do WHAT (targets), and WHEN (time frame given as short, medium and long term). This includes the GCCC, line sector ministries, civil society organizations and its networks and private sectors. Table 6 lists the key assumptions for each specific issue that reflect the current status, baseline and challenges to achieve the targets, supporting the most climate vulnerable communities and their needs in line with the national strategic priorities and frameworks. Table 6: Strategic Goals for MoWA, Sector Ministries, Civil Society and Private Sector Enterprises GCCC, MOWA Sector ministries Civil society groups Private sector Assumptions Short-term goals (2018-19) MPGCC published, GMGM for sectors published, G-CCAP developed, Economics of gender mainstreaming CCA Investments produced, CSOs on gender mainstreaming in CC Investments empowered. Awareness and capacity on GM in-CCIs raised, G-CCAP developed and operationalized Awareness and capacity for the line CSO representatives raised, GM-in-CCI thematic technical working established Business chambers/feder ation participated GM in-CCI meetings and workshops, gender mainstreaming initiatives originated, Limited time of technical officials in the Government ministries, limited engagement of CSOs and private sector representatives have not yet even engaged in the processes. GCCC, MOWA Sector ministries Civil society groups Private sector Assumptions Medium-term goals (2019-2023) GCCC/Sectors/ CSOs implemented/ initiated to implement the 7 priority action plans, Progress review of the MGCCC and G-CCAP at sectoral, CSOs and private sector levels, GCCC launched initiatives to provide technical and financial resources to sector ministries, CSOs and private sectors G-CCAPs operationalize, G-CCAP implementation reviewed, Way forward (actions on gender) identified. CSOs are under thematic technical working group; Adaptation, mitigation and DRR investments are gendered; CSO-Govt. Private Sectors Dialogue platform functionalized. Business chambers / Federation developed GM in-Industry & Trade policy and working procedures Limited technical and financial resources in the Government, CSOs and private sectors GCCC, MOWA Sector ministries Civil society groups Private sector Assumptions for gender mainstreaming in CC investments, Different analysis conducted. GCCC, MOWA Sector ministries Civil society groups Private sector Assumptions Long-term goals (2023-2030) Priority action plans implemented, recommendatio ns from progress review analyzed and way forward identified, Economic and KAP analysis conducted, new Master Plan outlined. TWG established in sector ministries, GM-in-CCIs became as the common agenda, Sectors conducted progress analysis, Gender mainstreaming in sectoral investments become regular agendas. TWG for CSOs serve as the resource centers for all CSOs, Dialogue platform well functionalized, Gender mainstreaming in CSOs’ investments become regular agendas. Business federation / chambers established their CCI TWG , Private sectors allocated adequate resources and gender mainstreaming in investments become regular agendas. Weak policy and inadequate resources slow down the development processes. 4.5 Guiding Principles The following guiding principles apply for the operationalization of this plan: • Alignment with the RGC’s policies and strategies • Alignment with the requirements of related SGDs for enhancing climate resilience • Gender mainstreaming across CC investments • Attention to sex-disaggregated impacts caused by CC 5 Making Gender Mainstreaming a Regular Development Agenda 5.1 National Policy and Planning Gender mainstreaming in CC adaptation, mitigation and DRR investments may be considered as the primary step in empowering women and men to reach the goal of the RGC satisfying the key requirements of the national SDGs. The RGC’s Rectangular Strategies recognize the need to mainstream gender in CC policies and demonstrate the ways forward to do so. A lack of gender mainstreaming in various provinces and insufficiency in budget and materials for disseminating policies/laws related to equity between male and female workers both in labor market and vocational trainings are two of the key gaps, NSDP 2014-2018. Strengthening the capacity of state and non-state development agencies for gender mainstreaming in environment and CC policies, programs and national environmental action plans are the fundamentals for making gender as the regular development agendas. However, the national policy landscape needs to support them strongly. Such fundamental issues also include promoting the role of women in the economy by strengthening vocational training programs, equipping them with technical and entrepreneurial skills, promoting the role of women in public sector through increasing the sex ratio in line ministries and strengthening their ability to pursue leadership; ensuring the relevant policies and strategies on CC, green growth, and disaster risk management are gender responsive; increasing efforts on CC resilience for the community levels especially for women and girls; taking proper initiatives for reducing the impacts on women’s and children’s health, especially during flood and drought; increasing their knowledge on mitigation measures to ensure natural resources sustainability and environmental protection etc. The policy document on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment perceives gender equity as one of the drivers of change, and has become the foundation for achieving the targets of the NSDP 2014-2018. Hence, gender mainstreaming, as a part of the regular development agenda in all forms of CC investments, is a cornerstone of building climate resilient communities in Cambodia. 5.2 Mainstreaming Gender Concerns in CC Investments The implementation of Neary Rattanak and gender inclusive strategic policies and strategies in the MOWA, line sector ministries and civil society organizations contributed to address gender concerns in Cambodia. Noteworthy progress has been made in certain sectors including: introducing gender responsive laws, policies, programs and projects at national and sub national levels; promotion of women’s economic empowerment; progress towards the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women; women’s and girls’ participation in education, social morality, women and family values; and women’s participation in decision-making at all levels. These achievements serve as a solid foundation for mainstreaming gender in CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investments in Cambodia. Gender mainstreaming in CC investments needs to be considered as a systematic process, i.e. a step-by-step sequence of activities that ensures the efforts made in gender mainstreaming remain sustainable and add value to the RGC’s policies, targets and outputs. The Gender Mainstreaming Guidance Manual defines five (5) steps for mainstreaming gender in adaptation investments. These can serve as a model for gender mainstreaming in mitigation and disaster risks reduction as well. Table 7 outlines the progresses and challenges for making gender mainstreaming a regular development agenda in Cambodia. Table 7 Progress and Challenges for Making Gender Mainstreaming a Regular Development Agenda in Cambodia Topic Progress Challenges Awareness on gender & gender mainstreaming issues There is a certain level of awareness and initiatives have been taking on gender & gender mainstreaming in different planning fields e.g. CC and DRR Gender mainstreaming in CC investments is new to the sector ministries, civil society organizations and other sectors. Institutional and community capacity and cross-sectoral coordination with a focus on women’s role in CC adaptation and mitigation The NSDP and national level Rectangular Strategy, Neary Rattanak, the Gender Master Plan on Gender and CC, the Cambodia CC Strategic Plan (CCCSP), and the CC Action Plans are sector and theme specific policy documents. The PPCR Coordination Team, TWGs, etc. are strengthening institutional capacity and cross sectoral coordination measures. The Gender and CC Committee (GCCC) was established to facilitate gender mainstreaming in CC investment initiatives. Limited technical and financial resource limits the planned initiatives. Gender mainstreaming in CC investment initiatives have yet to become part of the regular agenda. Lack of defined roles in CC adaptation, DRR and mitigation. Gender mainstreaming in CC investment become a regular part of the development agenda The RGC recognized gender concerns as a part of all development initiatives. No specific initiative has yet been taken to incorporate gender mainstreaming in CC investments as part of the regular agenda. The Government, CSO and private sector dialogue platform There are different networks, gender and development network etc. have been working. Absence of the platform that brings national policy makers from the Government, DPs, CSOs and private sectors and individual experts for the discourse on gender mainstreaming in CC and economics of gender mainstreaming in CC etc. fields. (Ref. Gender Mainstreaming Guidance Manual, MOWA 2017) 5.3 Gender-inclusive Database and Results Framework Based on the gender and climate resilience indicators at national, sub-national and local levels, the GCCC (MOWA) and the MOP aims to maintain the gender disaggregated database in NIS and work collaboratively. This will lead to monitoring, reporting and evaluating the impacts on gender made by the CC investment projects. 6 Operationalization of the Master Plan 6.1 Operationalization the Master Plan – preconditions There is a need to establish an enabling environment for mainstreaming gender into CC investments. The following are some pre-conditions for successful operationalization of the MPGCC: • Promotion, advocacy, awareness raising and capacity building on the MPGCC are needed at sector and sub-national levels, and by civil society organizations and private sector agencies. • The RGC, development partners and Implementing Agencies consider gender mainstreaming in adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investment projects as a their common agendas. • Sector ministries, civil society organizations and private sector agencies must allocate substantial resources annually for implementation of the gender mainstreaming into their respective policies, programs and projects. • Adequate resources for comprehend the Master Plan and its prioritized initiatives. 6.2 Supportive Prioritized Initiatives Seven (7) prioritized projects have been identified based on a desk review, the capacity needs assessment, consultations, and feedback from different meetings, consultations and workshops at the national and sub national levels conducted in 2016-18. Based on the available resources and opportunities, GCCC aims to implement the prioritized development initiatives. Also, any interested collaborator may participate in the implementation if they can find resources and have technical capabilities to implement the projects. Table 8lists the priority actions under the defined themes. Due to limited resources or any other issues, GCCC implementation may reach beyond the short-term time horizon (2018-19). Table 8: Gender Mainstreaming Prioritized Themes and Proposed Initiatives Project 1: Strengthening institutional capacity on gender mainstreaming in CC investment initiatives in Cambodia Objectives Expected outputs 1) To assess institutional capacity needs of key stakeholders on gender mainstreaming in CC investments 1) Institutional capacity needs assessment, capacity building initiatives conducted for key stakeholders 2) To strengthen capacity of key stakeholders on gender mainstreaming concerns 2) Awareness raising initiatives, trainings, TOT etc. conducted for key stakeholders on gender mainstreaming concerns Implementation: SPCR investment projects implemented by MAFF, MOWRAM, MPWT and MOH, and their project implementation sites Duration: 3 years Budget: Project 2: Strengthening formal institutional coordination within sectors ministries, civil society organizations, private sector agencies and inter-agencies for gender mainstreaming in CC investments Objectives Expected outputs 1) To strengthen the newly established formal gender mainstreaming coordination within sectors ministries, civil society, private sector agencies 1) Well-functioning formal gender mainstreaming coordination mechanism established 2) To initiate advocacy, awareness raising plan and dissemination of best practices, lessons learned to stakeholders 2) Advocacy, awareness raising plan and dissemination of best practices, lessons learned to stakeholders undertook. Implementation: SPCR investment project sites – encompassing sectors of MAFF, MOWRAM, MPWT and MOH, City Halls, districts and communes, civil society organizations and private sector agencies in the SPCR investment provinces (Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang, Kampot, Kampong Thom, Koh Kong, Mondolkiri, Kampong Cham) Budget: Project 3: Piloting gender-responsive water management for enhancing community resilience focusing on water, agriculture, health and urban transportations/WASH Objectives Expected outputs To assess gender-disaggregated status of women’s empowerment, access to information, decision-making, contribution to sustainable climate-friendly livelihoods etc. Gender-disaggregated status of women’s empowerment assessed; access to information, decision-making, contribution to sustainable climate-friendly livelihoods etc. facilitated. To mainstream gender into the adaptation pilots with defined roles and responsibilities Adaption pilots with defined roles of women and men mainstreamed To assess how gender mainstreaming benefited empowerment, access to information, decision-making, contribution to sustainable climate-friendly livelihoods etc. Gender mainstreaming achievements and challenges in regard to empowerment, access to information, decision-making, contribution to sustainable climate-friendly livelihoods etc. strengthened. To conduct a study on economics of gender mainstreaming in adaptation investments Comprehensive and comparative study conducted in the 4 piloted areas on the economics of gender mainstreaming in adaptation investments Implementation: Battambang, Kampot, Kampong Thom and Prey Veng have been selected as the most vulnerable province. Budget: USD 120,000 Project 4: Gender mainstreaming within adaptation, mitigation and DRR initiatives in sub-national policy, program and projects Objectives Expected outputs To study current status and approaches of gender mainstreaming in sub-national planning processes Current status and approaches of gender mainstreaming in sub-national planning processes studied To mainstream gender issues into existing policies, strategies and guiding documents for sub-national planning processes Gender mainstreaming issues into existing policies, strategies and guiding documents for sub-national planning processes by NCDDS incorporated To implement action plan on gender mainstreaming issues in sub-national policy, strategy and programs Gender mainstreamed action plan (pilot) developed and implemented on policy, strategy and programs Implementation: Provinces, capital/city halls, districts and communes covered by the NCDD-S and the SPCR Budget: Project 5: Gender-disaggregated database system for enhancing sustainable development in National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Objectives Expected outputs To assess current status of NIS from gender responsive perspectives Current status of NIS from gender-responsive perspectives assessed To develop a strategic position for mainstreaming a gender responsive NIS database system Strategic position for mainstreaming gender responsive NIS database system developed To implement a gender-responsive NIS database system that will enhance sustainable development A gender-responsive NIS database system developed Implementation: NIS and its partner institutions/agencies Budget: Project 6: Gender mainstreaming indicators set in national M,R &E systems Objectives Expected outputs To assess current M,R&E status from gender-mainstreaming perspectives Current M,R&E status from gender mainstreaming perspectives assessed To develop a strategic position for mainstreaming gender-responsive M,R&E systems Strategic position for mainstreaming gender responsive M,R&E systems developed To implement gender-responsive M, E & R systems to enhance sustainable development Gender responsive M,E & R systems for sustainable development enhanced Implementation: National M, R & E system, the MOP Budget: Project 7: Gender Mainstreaming Dialogue Platform for complementing the gender mainstreaming commitments of the RGC Objectives Expected outputs To conduct stakeholder analysis of gender mainstreaming dialogue platform Stakeholder analysis of gender mainstreaming dialogue platform was conducted To develop a strategic position for establishing and maintaining of gender mainstreaming dialogue platform A strategic position for establishing and maintaining of gender mainstreaming dialogue platform was developed To facilitate the implementation of the gender mainstreaming dialogue platform Gender mainstreaming dialogue platform operationalized Implementation: The Government, CSOs, the private sector (any capable CSO/ agency can be the lead of the platform) Budget: 6.3 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting The monitoring, evaluation and progress reporting of gender mainstreaming activities are aligned with the RGC’s development agenda. It recognizes monitoring, evaluation and reporting as essential aspects of good governance to improve development effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, accountability and informed decision-making in achieving equitable and gender-responsive development results for the people of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The civil society organizations and relevant sectors may consider additional indicators based on their priorities and project objectives. Gender-responsive monitoring indicators are listed below in Table 9. Table 9: Gender-responsive Monitoring Indicators Indicator Logic #1: Number and percentage of women/men meaningfully attended activities, trainings & meetings Reflects male and female access to meetings, seminars and any decision-making discussions. #2: Number and percentage of women and men could utilize their lessons learned in their daily activities from the trainings & meetings Reflects the number of women and men could utilize the lessons learned from the training in their daily activities. #3: Number of men and women benefitting from the project Reflects the number of benefited women and men from the project #4: Number of men/women demonstrate leadership at the project implementation Reflects the number of leaderships grew from the initiatives #5: Number and percentage of women with increased incomes Reflects how the CC investment project increased income #6: Number of jobs created for women and men Reflects on created new jobs for women and men #7: Changes in income disparities between women and men (wages gaps) Reflects on the reduction of income gaps # 8: Sector ministries, CSOs and private sector allocated annual budget for implementation of the gender mainstreaming in CCIs. Institutionalizing the gender mainstreaming in CCIs as the regular development agenda. #9: Coordination initiatives with sectors, CSOs and private sectors conducted regularly Coordination initiatives at least once a year maintains the vibrant approaches for gender mainstreaming issues into CCIs. CCI – CC Investments, CSO – civil society organizations Ref. PPCR Core Indicators, NR-IV, MOE CC Monitoring and MOP Gender Monitoring Framework 7 Conclusion • The Master Plan on Gender and CC (MPGCC) has been developed through a comprehensive consultative process with national, sub national and local level representatives. The Government and development partners and civil society organization representatives actively participated in the consultation processes. • The vision, mission and strategic objectives of the plan are aligned with the current NSDP 2014-2018, the NR-IV 2014-18, the CCCSP 2013-23; and the gender linked SDGs. The plan is compatible with upcoming NSDP (2019-2023) and NR-V (2019 2023). • The mission of the Master Plan is 'to make gender mainstreaming in CC adaptation (CCA), CC mitigation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) a part of the common agenda in institutional CC investment policies, strategies, programs and projects for enhancing CC resilience and DRR in Cambodia'. • The MPGCC focuses the challenges of institutional capacity building at the national, provincial, district and commune levels in support of gender mainstreaming in CC adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction investment initiatives for Cambodia for the period of 2018 to 2030. • The MPGCC urges the Government ministries, development partners, civil society organizations and private sector agencies to include gender mainstreaming in their regular agendas for dealing with CC investment initiatives. • Overall outcomes from the work to align efforts under this master plan will support the Climate Change Adaptation Plans by adding value to the implementation of the ministries. • The seven proposed projects provide additional value to gender mainstreaming efforts by encouraging women to transition to clean, renewable energy as well as supporting energy enterprises established by women. The sectoral adaptation action plans will be informed and strengthened through the provision of investments in mitigation and resilience. Such investments, will address cross sectoral, overarching issues relevant to urbanization, health, education, and others. References and Literature A Guiding Manual: Country Driven Gender and CC, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (ADB and NDF 2015) A Manual for Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis: Responding to the Development Challenge (USAID, 1995) Alston M (2012), Rural male suicide in Australia. Soc Sci Med 74(4):515–522 Alston M (2015), Women and CC in Bangladesh (Routledge, New York) Cambodia CC Action Plan 2014-23, National CC Committee (MOE, 2014) Climate Change Strategic Plan for Gender and Climate Change (2013-2023) by the Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA), 2013 Climate Proofing: A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation, ADB 2005. Dankelman I, et al. (2008), Gender, CC and human security: Lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal (Women’s Environment and Development Association and ABANTU) Gender and Water Alliance and UNDP (2006) Mainstreaming gender in water management Gender Budgeting: Foreign Information and Communication (the Netherlands, 2002) Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Operational Plan, 2013–2020: Moving the Agenda Forward in Asia and the Pacific (ADB, 2016) Gender Mainstreaming Gender & CC in Sectoral Ministries (MOWA, 2014) GIZ (2013) Gender and rural development: aspects, approaches and good practices (Bonn) Global Environment Facility (2013), Review of GEF agencies on environmental and social safeguards and gender mainstreaming (Washington DC) Government of Ghana (2010), Agriculture gender strategy (Accra) Government of Uganda (2010), Water and sanitation sub-sector gender strategy (2010-15) (Kampala) Green Climate Fund (2018), Gender Assessment: FP076: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project, ADB, Phnom Penh Guidance Manual: Mainstreaming Gender into CC Mitigation Activities (ADB and NDF 2016) Guideline: Mainstreaming Gender and CC in Sectoral Ministries’ Planning, Budgeting and Implementation (GCCC, MOWA 2016) Hepworth N (2010), CC vulnerability and adaptation preparedness in Uganda (Heinrich Böll Stiftung East & Horn of Africa, Nairobi) L. Aguilar Revelo, Training Manual on Gender and CC. San Jose, Costa Rica, 2009 Leveraging Co-Benefits between Gender equality and Climate Action for Sustainable Development, Mainstreaming Gender Considerations in CC Projects (UN Women 2016) MacPhail. F. (2015), ‘Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in Cambodia’, ADB. Manila Meryl James-Sebro, Revealing the Power of Gender Mainstreaming: Enhancing Development Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations in Africa (Washington, DC: Inter Action, 2005) Ministry of Planning 2016, The Royal Government of Cambodia Guideline for Equity Focused and Gender Responsive Evaluation (EFGRE) of Policies and Programs National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, National Council for Sustainable Dvelopment, Neary Ratannak-IV 2014-18, MOWA, Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment (MOWA, 2014) NIS (2013), ‘Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 Final Report’, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh. Oxfam GB. Available at: https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/cambodia-case study-women-flourish-in-disaster-risk-reduction-leadership-roles-227176 Oxfam. (2012). Cambodia Case Study: Women flourish in disaster risk reduction leadership roles. Pendleton J, Mellish M, Sapuwa H, Irani L (2015), Gender and reproductive health policy in Malawi (USAID and Health Policy Project). Pettengell C (2010), CC adaptation: enabling people living in poverty to adapt (Oxfam GB). Resources on Gender Integration/Mainstreaming: Toolkits, Manuals, Evaluations, Lessons Learned, and Best Practices (USAID 2012) Southern African Development Community (2011), Gender mainstreaming guidelines for HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria (Gaborone) Southern African Development Community (2015), Mainstreaming gender in the SADC energy sector (SADC, Gaborone) Strategy 2020, The Long-Term Strategic Framework of the Asian Development Bank Thomas, T. et al (2013), Cambodian Agriculture: Adaptation to Climate Change Impact, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01285, International Food Policy Research Institute, Phnom Penh UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social commission for Asia and the Pacific), http://data.unescap.org/escap stat/#data/ accessed 16th August 2018 UNISDR (2009), UNISDR policy on gender mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UN Women (2013) Sustainable energy for all: the gender dimensions World Bank (2018). http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia/overview, accessed on 12 May 2018 World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (2010), Gender in water and sanitation (Nairobi) https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/cambodia-case-study-women-flourish-in-disaster-risk-reduction-leadership-roles-227176 https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/cambodia-case-study-women-flourish-in-disaster-risk-reduction-leadership-roles-227176 http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia/overview Annex 1: Terminology The terminologies below are from ADB’s different knowledge products published in different time. Adaptation refers to 'the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.' CC adaptation aims to lower the current and expected risks or vulnerabilities posed by CC. For a project to be counted towards MDB adaptation finance, it must: a. set out the climate vulnerability context of the project b. make an explicit statement of intent to address climate vulnerability as part of the project, and c. articulate a clear and direct link between the climate vulnerability context and the specific project activities CC means 'a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.' Gender refers to 'the social differences between women and men […] that have been learned, are changeable over time and have wide variations both within and between cultures.' Gender shapes roles, rights, relationships, and responsibilities ascribed to women and men in a specific society and cultural context. Gender refers to both men and women. Gender analysis is 'the study of differences in the conditions, needs, participation rates, access to resources and development, control of assets, decision-making powers, etc., between women and men on their assigned gender roles' Gender equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. It is 'the concept that all human beings are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by strict gender roles; that the different behavior, aspirations and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally' .'Gender equality does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that there should be no differences in the rights, responsibilities and opportunities of individuals.' Gender equity is 'the process of being fair to men and women, boys and girls. It refers to differential treatment that is fair and positively addresses a bias or disadvantage that is due to gender roles or norms or differences between the sexes.' To ensure equity, policies must often compensate for historical and social discrimination that disadvantages women in accessing income and resources. Gender equity includes 'fairness in women’s and men’s access to socio-economic resources.' Gender equity leads to gender equality. Gender mainstreaming is 'the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels'. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.” Sex-disaggregated data are the collection and separation of information of men and women to identify inequalities for effective gender analysis. Sex in contrast to gender refers to 'the biological characteristics, which distinguish human beings as female or male' Sustainable development is 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' 'Sustainable development calls for improving the quality of life for all of the world’s people without increasing the use of our natural resources beyond the earth’s carrying capacity. … [T]he efforts to build a truly sustainable way of life require the integration of action in three key areas.' These are economic growth and equity, conserving natural resources and the environment, and social development. Women’s empowerment is central to achieving equality. Empowerment means removing power imbalances and giving women greater capacity to access resources and manage their lives unconstrained by their sex/gender. Annex 2: Priority Sectors and Provinces for Implementing the Master Plan on Gender and CC Selection Criteria The analysis for selection of the provinces, sectors and issues have been conducted following the consultations organized with MOE, line SPCR investment project implementing ministries and civil society organizations during the Inception Period of the project. Table 10 is from the Inception Report Table-12. It defines cause of vulnerability, provinces and affected sectors. Priority e TA team has defined the steps and extent of selection processes. Under this criteria CC, drought, flood, impact from the Tonle Sap /Mekong, Coastal area and SPCR Target provinces have been considered. Further discussions took place with MOWA as the implementing agency of the sub component of Package C, indicating the following target provinces: Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Kampot and Prey Veng. Table 10 : Selection of the target provinces for MOWA Vulnerability and affected sectors Affected provinces Comments CC, and affected sectors water, agriculture, health and local infrastructures Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Spue, Prey Veng, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Stung Treng, Siem Reap etc. 1) Battambang and Pursat provinces bear with all forms of risks caused by CC, drought, flood, impact from Tonle Sap, lightening etc. 2) Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham provinces are vulnerable because of CC, drought, flood, impact from Tonle Sap/Mekong etc. 3) Kampot and Koh Kong provinces bear risks caused by CC, drought, flood, saline water inclusion. 4) Prey Veng province bears risks caused by CC, drought, flood, lightening Drought, and affected sectors water, agriculture, health and local infrastructures Battambang, Pursat, Prey Veng, Kampong Spue, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Stung Treng, Siem Reap etc. Flood, and affected sectors water, agriculture, health and local infrastructures Battambang, Pursat, Prey Veng, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Stung Treng, Siem Reap etc. Impact from Tonle Sap /Mekong; and affected sectors water, agriculture, health and local infrastructures Battambang, Pursat, Prey Veng, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Stung Treng, Siem Reap etc. Coastal Area, and affected sectors water, agriculture and health Kampot, Koh Kong Based on the climate variability and disaster risks, SPCR targeted provinces are Battambang, Pursat, Prey Veng, Kampong Thom, Kampot and Kampong Chhnang Based on the geographical diversity and MOWA target provinces Battambang, Prey Veng, Kampong Thom and Kampot provinces are recommended as the target provinces for the Master Plan implementation. Remarks: • The proposed 4 provinces represent the five main ecological zones of Cambodia (i.e. mountain, plateau, coast, delta and Tonle Sap) • They have high poverty rankings (ADB 2014) • They have a valuable terrestrial biodiversity (forest cover) Annex 3: Gender Mainstreaming in Sectoral CC Investment Action Plans (2014-2018) The GCCC, the sectoral Focal Points and the Alternate Focal Points from respective line agencies, along with development partners and civil society organization representatives will develop their respective Annual Action Plans on Gender and CC aligning with their gender mainstreamed CCAPs. The scope of the action plan is classified into three levels with indicators: • Gender mainstreaming at the policy & institutional level: Sectoral policy supports gender-responsive policy and framework development, contextualization and government allocation adequate resources; • Gender mainstreaming at program level: gender responsive programs are developed and support gender responsive participation, the time-line, implementations, resources allocations etc.; • Gender mainstreaming at project operations level: pre-assessment/baseline, project designing, implementation, M&E and post-assessment etc. Table 11 below lists gender mainstreaming entry points into some sectoral CC Action Plans (CCAPs), comparing current and suggested policy elements. Table 11: Current vs. Suggested Gender-responsive Policy Elements of CCAPs of Key Sectors Sector CCAP 2014-2018 reference Current policy element Suggested policy element Agriculture Action number 8, page 24 Institutional capacity development for natural disaster coordination and intervention Institutional Capacity Development for natural disaster coordination and intervention considering gender sensitivity Action number 9, page 25 Strengthening capacity of agricultural and agro-industry development entrepreneurs and agricultural cooperatives in low-emission development Strengthening capacity of agricultural and agro-industry development entrepreneurs and agricultural cooperatives considering gender issues in low-emission development. Sector CCAP 2014-2018 reference Current policy element Suggested policy element Indicators for MAFF’s CCAP, page 32 Institutional readiness indicators: 4. Capacities for CC mainstreaming 5. Availability and use of data and information Institutional readiness indicators: 4. Capacities for CC mainstreaming 5. Availability and use of data and information 6. Sex-disaggregated indicators Propose to add Promoting CC resilience in agriculture through building sea dikes in coastal areas Health Strategy 1, page, page iii under Executive Summary To increase resilience capacity of the population in combating vector-borne and water-borne diseases arising from CC To increase resilience capacity of the population in combating vector-borne and water-borne diseases arising from CC taking gender into consideration Strategy 1, page, page iii under Executive Summary Development and implementation of Dengue Control Program in provinces with high CC and risk Development and implementation of Dengue Control Program in provinces with high CC and risk taking gender into consideration Strategy 2, page, page iv, Executive Summary Development and implementation of data collection system on health outcomes arising from natural disasters and related issues. Development and implementation of sex disaggregated data collection system on health outcomes arising from natural disasters Strategy 3, page, page iv, Executive Summary To build knowledge of the population and health personnel to cope with CC impacts To build knowledge of the population and health personnel to cope with CC impacts taking gender into consideration Strategy 3, page, page iv, Executive Summary Updating Health Database with inclusion of CC variables and related issues Updating sex-disaggregated Health Database with inclusion of CC variables and related issues Strategy 3, page, page iv, Executive Summary Health impacts, surveillance and research-based training needs assessment . sex- disaggregated health impacts, surveillance- and research-based training needs assessment. Infrastructure Strategy 4, page 23 Goal: The capacity of ministry officers, civil society and the private sector will be strengthened to meet the challenge of CC Goal: capacity of ministry officers, civil society and the private sector will be strengthened, taking gender concerns into consideration, to meet the challenge of CC. page 32 STRATEGY 1: To raise public awareness about CC caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport sector STRATEGY 1: To raise gender responsive public awareness about CC caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport sector, Water Sector CCAP 2014-2018 reference Current policy element Suggested policy element Strategies for CC adaptation, page 6 3. Capacity development for Ministry technical staff and for farmers in CC-related topics 3. Capacity development for Ministry technical staff and for farmers in CC related topics, taking gender into consideration 3.1 Action Plan Matrix, page 7 Irrigation related works Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure Climate risk management and rehabilitation of small, medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure taking gender into consideration Add for this section 3. Assessment of potential impact of sea level rise and salt water intrusion in coastal areas and coastal adjacent areas Awareness raising at coastal and coastal adjacent areas of the potential sea-level rise impacts mainly on women and children, as well as more generally farmers and line stakeholders