Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework

1.1 Background Information__________________________________________________________2

1.1.1 Alignment with Relevant National Policies___________________________________________2

1.2 Methodology___________________________________________________________________2 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS_____________________________________________________________________________5

2.1 Background____________________________________________________________________5

2.2 Agricultural Production___________________________________________________________6

2.2.1 Crop production_________________________________________________________________7

2.2.2 Livestock production_____________________________________________________________7

2.2.3 Fisheries and aquaculture production________________________________________________9

2.2.4 Forests and agroforestry_________________________________________________________10

2.2.5 Food consumption and nutrition___________________________________________________10

2.3 Policy Environment____________________________________________________________12

2.4 Agricultural Growth and Development______________________________________________14

2.4.1 Land degradation and declining soil health___________________________________________14

2.4.2 Agricultural finance and investments_______________________________________________14

2.4.3 Extension and agro-weather advisory services________________________________________15

2.4.3.1 Extension services______________________________________________________________15

2.4.3.2 Agro-weather advisory services___________________________________________________15

2.5 Context of Climate SmartAgriculture__________________________________________________16 CHAPTER THREE: FRAMEWORK DESCRIPTION________________________________________________________________________18

3.1 Introduction___________________________________________________________________18

3.2 Goal and Objectives of the Framework______________________________________________18

3.3 Framework Implementation Components____________________________________________18

3.3.1 Component 1: Institutional coordination_____________________________________________18 3.3.1.1 Sub-component 1.1: Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination________________19 3.3.1.2 Sub-component 1.2: Government partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations__________________________________________________________________19 3.3.1.3 Sub-component 1.3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners_______________20 3.3.1.4 Sub-component 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison framework_____________________________20

3.3.1.5 Sub-component 1.5: CSA research funding___________________________________________21 3.3.1.6 Sub-component 1.6: Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations__________________21 3.3.1.7 Sub-component 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems_22 3.3.1.8 Sub-component 1.8: Strengthening institutional capacities______________________________22 3.3.2 Component 2: Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach_____________22 vi CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 3.3.2.1 Sub-component 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies_________________________23 3.3.2.2 Sub-Component 2.2: Increase area under efficient irrigation_____________________________24 3.3.2.3 Sub-Component 2.3: Value addition and products development__________________________25 3.3.2.4 Sub-component 2:4: Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart products_________25 3.3.2.5 Sub-component 2.5: Food and Feed storage and distribution____________________________26 3.3.3 Component 3: Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions______________________27

3.3.3.1 Sub-component 3.1: Soil health and land degradation__________________________________27 3.3.3.2 Sub-component 3.2: Water and other natural resources_________________________________28

3.3.3.3 Sub-component 3.3: Insurance and other safety nets___________________________________28 3.3.3.4 Sub-component 3.4: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation______________________________29 3.3.4 Component 4: Communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues___________30 3.3.4.1 Sub-component 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination_______________________30

3.3.4.2 Sub-component 4.2: Extension on climate information services and agro-weather advisories___31 CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM_______________________________________________33

4.1 Coordination__________________________________________________________________33

4.1.1 Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture (IGF)______________________________________33 4.1.2 The Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee (JASSCOM)___________________________33 4.1.3 Joint Agriculture Sector Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs)_______________________33

4.1.4 Climate Change Units (CCUs)_____________________________________________________34

4.2 Linkages and Partnerships with other Key Actors______________________________________34

4.3 Implementation of KCSAIF_____________________________________________________34

4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting_____________________________________________35

4.3.2 Reporting_____________________________________________________________________35

4.3.3 Quality Assurance_____________________________________________________________36

4.3.4 Budget_______________________________________________________________________36 REFERENCES________________________________________________________________________________________37 ANNEXES____________________________________________________________________________________________38 Annex 1: Kenya CSA Implementation Framework Result-Based Log Frame________________________39 Annex 2: Ten year KCSAIF investment plan and budget (2018-2027)_____________________________59 Annex 3: Team of Experts involved in development of the KCSAIF 2018-2027_______________________60 Annex 4: List participants of the National Consultative Workshop held at the Laico Regency Hotel, Nairobi on 28th May 2015____________________________________________________________61 Annex 5: List of participants of the National Validation Workshop held at Silver Springs Hotel, Nairobi on 30th June, 2015_______________________________________________________________63 Annex 6: Team of Experts that finalised KCSAIF_____________________________________________64 Annex 7: List of participants in County consultations________________________________________65 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Agriculture Sector is the backbone of Kenya’s economy, contributing 25% of National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) directly and another 27% indirectly. Kenya’s agriculture is mainly rain-fed (98%) and predominantly small-scale, especially in the medium to high-potential areas which covers less than 15% of the country. The larger proportion of the country (83-89%), is arid and semi-arid with an annual average rainfall of 400 mm. This, coupled with increased land degradation, inadequate access to land and support services, limited credit and markets, inadequate incentives for investment in agriculture, weak producer associations and institutional arrangements, has increased the vulnerability of the farming systems. This has led to erosion of productive assets and weakening their resilience, hence predisposing poor households to food insecurity and high poverty levels. The agricultural sector productivity is directly influenced by emerging and projected climate change patterns that include increased variability of seasonal rainfall and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events such as droughts and floods. These have devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Negative economic growth indices have been associated with extreme weather events and unless climate change is not addressed, the economic costs of its impacts are estimated to be 3% of GDP per annum by 2030 and 5% by 2050. Further, climate change impacts are likely to increase the vulnerability of farming systems, thus weakening their coping strategies and resilience. Innovative measures are therefore needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected climatic patterns. This Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework 2018- 2027 (KCSAIF), hereinafter referred to as “the Framework”, has been developed to set guidelines for implementing Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) approaches, strategies, practices and technologies in Kenya. CSA is an approach that will simultaneously enhance gains in agricultural productivity, build resilience to climatic and weather shocks as well as reduce emissions intensity from agriculture and food systems by adapting to efficient practices. This would require collaborative actions amongst the various actors along the value chain, including: National and County Governments, farmers, the private sector, development partners, Non-Governmental Organizations, Civil Society Organizations and other value chain actors. The Framework has been developed to guide implementation of CSA at national and county government levels and above all in the context of global obligations and local realities in consideration that Kenya is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreements. It is realigned to the need for Kenya to realize its development goals under Kenya Vision 2030, of which agriculture is a key driver. The Framework aims at leveraging on global opportunities by providing clear structures through which farmers can directly benefit from by tapping the available global climate financing instruments in collaborations with the sector players. The purpose of the Framework is to “promote climate resilient and low carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals in line with Kenya Vision 2030’’. This will be realized through implementation of actions designed around four components, viz: 1. Institutional coordination component that will strengthen national inter-ministerial collaboration, enhance coordination between the national and county governments and provide an enabling policy and institutional environment for the realization of the overall purpose of KCSAIF. viii CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 2. Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach component that will transform Kenya’s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry by supporting establishment of efficient and effective value chains. This is meant to support a shift in smallholder production strategies from subsistence to satisfying market demand through use of improved technologies and enhanced linkages. 3. Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions component which aims at building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits to address issues related to soil health and land degradation; water and natural resources; insurance and other safety nets; building of synergies in adaptation and mitigation measures. 4. CSA knowledge, extension and agro-weather services component which will raise awareness and strengthen mainstreaming of communication systems to transmit timely information on CSA extension and agro-weather issues among value chain actors. This component will also support local stakeholders to access and adopt methodologies as well as influence the local planning systems that support CSA. Two layers of interventions are anticipated in the Framework. The first layer is expected to address climate smart issues in already planned and funded on-going projects/actions in sector ministries/county governments and private sector initiatives that need climate smarting/monitoring/tracking/learning. The second layer will involve development of new and/or additional actions in form of projects/programmes which address gaps and guides investors/development partners and which may require fund raising. The summary of action areas described will be a guide to achieve this. The proposed investments under the Framework are aligned with MTP III investment priorities. The total budget needed to implement the programme is estimated at KSh. 167.31 Billion. These resources will be mobilized from diverse sources such as the National Government Funding, Bilateral and Multilateral Development Partners, Climate Finance (CF), Adaptation Fund (AF), Green Climate Fund (GCF), and from the Private Sector. This Framework will be implemented within the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector (JCCMAS) which is in line with Intergovernmental Relations Act 2012. This will involve the three layers mechanism of operations, viz; (a) Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture (IGF) which is the highest level of JCCMAS. The IGF is rooted in Intergovernmental Relations Act, where it empowers the Intergovernmental Relations Secretariat to establish sectoral working groups or committees; (b) The Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee (JASSCOM) comprises high-level executives of the two levels of governments. The committee will provide regular direction for sector transformation initiatives agreed between the two levels of government and prepares follow-up for IGF meetings; and (c) Joint Agriculture Sector- Technical Working Group (JAS-TWG) which aims at providing a uniform platform for intergovernmental technical consultation based on the principle of equitable representation at the two levels of government to enhance the framework effectiveness. The KCSAIF monitoring and evaluation plan will be agreed upon by the different stakeholders to ensure delivery and ownership. It will be based on Logical Framework Approach (LFA) with emphasis on results. Review of progress in the implementation of CSA actions will be organized annually or biennially through forums at national and county government levels. Public participation will be encouraged through inclusion of all stakeholders in these review forums. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AEZ Agro Ecological Zone AF Adaptation Fund AgGDP Agriculture Gross Domestic Product ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy ASDSP Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme BAU Business as Usual CA Conservation Agriculture CAADP Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme CBOs Community Based Organizations CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CCUs Climate Change Units CGIAR Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research CF Climate Finance COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CS Cabinet Secretary CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSOs Civil Society Organizations DFID Department for International Development EAC East African Community ERS Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBOs Faith-Based Organizations GAPs Good Agricultural Practices GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoK Government of Kenya HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICT Information and Communications Technology IGF Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture IKI International Climate Initiative IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IVR Interactive Voice Response IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JAS-IGS Joint Agriculture Sector-Intergovernmental Secretariat JAS-TWGs Joint Agriculture Sector-Technical Working Groups JASSCOM Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee JCCMAS Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector KCSAIF Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework KCSAS Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy KFS Kenya Forest Service x CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE KMD Kenya Meteorological Department LFA Logical Framework Approach M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MOA&I Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation MOALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies ME&NR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MT Metric Tons MTIP Medium Term Investment Plan MTP Medium Term Plan NASEP National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy NAEP National Agricultural Extension Policy NALEP National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Program NAP National Adaptation Plan NARS National Agricultural Research System NCA National Carbon Accounting NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NCCSAP National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NEMA National Environment Management Authority NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIB National Irrigation Board NIMES National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems NRM Natural Resources Management PFCs Perfluorocarbons PPP Public Private Partnership SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs SDA State Department for Agriculture SDF State Department for Fisheries SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDL State Department for Livestock SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SMS Short Messaging Service SPS Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Standards SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WB World Bank WMO World Meteorological Organization WY&VG Women, Youth and Venerable Groups CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE xi GLOSSARY/DEFINITION OF TERMS Adaptation: Adjustment in agro-ecosystems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Agro-ecosystem: The organisms and environment of an agricultural area considered as an ecosystem. Agricultural emissions: Agriculture related atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change released from converting land into cultivations, fertilizers application and/or livestock production. Agricultural productivity: A measure of the amount of agricultural output produced for a given amount of agricultural inputs e.g. the value of all farm outputs divided by the value of all farm inputs. The process involves increased integration of agriculture with other sectors of the economy. Agricultural transformation: The process by which individual farms shift from subsistence-oriented production towards more advanced production oriented towards the market or other systems of exchange. Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: Areas characterized by inadequate precipitation, which constrains their two major interlinked services of primary production and nutrient cycling. Biodiversity: The total diversity of all organisms and ecosystems at various spatial scales (from genes to entire biomass). Capacity building: In the context of climate smart agriculture, it is the process of developing relevant technical skills and institutional capability to enable effective addressing of the causes and effects of climate change for the agriculture sector. Carbon sequestration: The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir such as the soil or trees. CSOs: In this framework CSOs include Non-Governmental Organization, (NGOs), Community Based Organization (CBOs), Faith-based Organizations (FBOs), and other Non-State Actors. Climate change: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Climate resilient: Represents efforts undertaken to integrate the challenges posed by climate change and its impacts on agricultural systems. Climate Smart Agriculture: Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and enhances the achievement of national food security and development goals. Co-benefits: Multiple benefits in different fields resulting from one policy, strategy, or action plan. xii CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Conservation Agriculture (CA): An approach to manage agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. It is characterized by three linked principles namely, continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance; permanent organic soil cover; and diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations. Degradation: Refers to any change or disturbance in the environment, land or soil that is perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Deforestation: The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover below the 10% threshold. Drought: The phenomenon that exists when precipitation is significantly below normal recorded levels, causing serious hydrological imbalances that often adversely affect land resources and production systems. Ecosystem services: Ecological processes or functions that have monetary or non-monetary value to individuals or society at large e.g. Productivity or biodiversity maintenance; provisioning services such as food, fibre, or fish; regulating services such as climate regulation or carbon sequestration; and cultural services such as tourism or spiritual and aesthetic values. Ecosystem: The interactive system formed from all living organisms and their abiotic (physical and chemical) environment within a given area. Enteric fermentation: Enteric fermentation is a natural part of the digestive process for many ruminant animals where anaerobic microbes called methanogens, decompose and ferment food present in the digestive tract producing compounds that are then absorbed by the host animal. A resulting by-product of this process is methane. Erosion: The process of removal and transport of soil and rock by weathering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers, waves, winds and underground water. Food and nutrition security: This exists when all people, at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Greenhouse gases: The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Index-based insurance: An insurance product in which the insured in a specified geographical region, receive indemnity payments based on independently observable outcomes/parameters such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation quantity, crop yields among others which are used to determine premiums and payouts. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) subsidiary bodies. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE xiii Mitigation: In the context of climate change, human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases e.g. using fossil fuels more efficiently or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power from fossil fuels for industrial processes and expanding forests and other “sinks” to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: A set of government prioritized actions aimed at reducing or limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Payment for Ecosystem Services: An economic instrument designed to provide positive incentives to users of agricultural land and those involved in coastal or marine management. These incentives are expected to result in continued or improved provision of ecosystem services, which in turn, will benefit society as a whole. Public Private Partnerships: Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are associations between government and the private sector through which private financing is utilized to perform a public function, at a profit to the private sector. Resilience: The ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. Vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to or unable to cope with adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Watershed: A topographically delineated area that is drained by a stream system, i.e. the total land area that drains to some point on a stream or river. The watershed is a hydrologic unit that has been described and used as a physical-biological unit and a socio-economic-political unit for planning and managing of natural resources. xiv CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE CHAPTER ONE: KALRO- NARL Laboratories CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information The agriculture sector, comprising of crops, livestock, fisheries, agro-forestry and associated services plays a major role in Kenya’s economy. The sector is the largest contributor to Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), directly contributing about 25% and another 27% indirectly via linkages to agro-based industries and the service sector, giving an overall 52% contribution to GDP (UNEP, 2015). The crops, livestock and fisheries sub-sectors contribute 77.6%, 19.6% and 2.0% of the Agricultural GDP (AgGDP) respectively, and forestry contributing about 0.8%. The agriculture sector is mainly dominated by small-holder farmers with most production being carried out on farms averaging 0.2–3 ha. This small-scale production accounts for over 75% of the total agricultural output and over 70% of marketed agricultural produce. The agricultural sector contributes significantly to Kenya’s food security, income generation, employment creation and poverty reduction. The sector contributes 60% of the country’s income, accounts for over 65% of total exports, provides 60% of total employment, 18% of which is formal (UNEP, 2015). The agriculture sector is one of the priorities in the economic pillar of Kenya Vision 2030 (GoK, 2007), which aims at achieving an innovative, commercially oriented, modern agricultural sector through institutional reforms, increased productivity, land use transformation, increased access to markets and development of arid and semi-¬arid lands (ASALs). To respond to the impacts of climate change in agriculture, the sector developed the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (KCSAS) 2017-2026 (GoK, 2017a). The strategy sets out a detailed plan on how to “adapt to climate change, build resilience of agricultural systems while minimizing emissions for enhanced food and nutritional security and improved livelihoods”. This Framework therefore, outlines the envisaged actions towards the implementation of the KCSAS 2017-2026.

1.1.1 Alignment with Relevant National Policies The Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework (KCSAIF) is aligned to the Constitution of Kenya 2010 (GoK, 2010a), Kenya Vision 2030 (GoK, 2007), Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 (GoK, 2010b), Climate Change Policy Framework 2015, National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) (GoK, 2010c), National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 (NCCAP) (GoK, 2013a), Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 (GoK, 2016a) and the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026 (GoK, 2017a). The KCSAIF has been prepared to contribute to Kenya’s efforts to adapt and build resilience in agriculture and meet the commitments given under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

1.2 Methodology The preparation of KCSAIF was through concerted efforts by the Government of Kenya to mainstream climate change considerations into policies, strategies, programmes and plans. It was developed through a consultative approach of a multi-stakeholder engagement led by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE The experts were drawn from relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies, County Governments, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Private Sector, Researchers and Academia. The process involved technical working sessions that were informed by review of the sector’s programmes, strategies and plans as well as analysis of options for agricultural sector growth in a changing climate. A national consultative workshops and a validation workshop were conducted with a wide range of stakeholders engaged including public and private sector, local and international NGOs, academia, farmer organizations, development partners, National and County government representatives among others. Further consultative sessions were held in six regional circuits with relevant County government’s representatives to ensure bottom up approach in development of priority actions for implementation in the framework. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 3 CHAPTER TWO: 4 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Background The agricultural sector in Kenya is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, climatic shocks, climatic changes and variability. Climate change is creating further stresses on food and water supply while further degrading the environment. It is estimated that between 2008 and 2011, drought which is a major climatic hazard in Kenya became more and more frequent and has caused losses of KSh. 699.3 billion (72.2% of total losses) in the livestock sector while the agKSh. 121.1 billion (12.5% of total losses). With the deteriorating climatic conditions primarily due to climate change, the annual growth rate of agricultural “value added” products has been on the decline (GoK, 2015). Extended periods of drought have negatively impacted on livelihood opportunities and community resilience in these areas leading to undesirable coping strategies that damage the environment and impair household nutritional status, further undermining long-term food security According to the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report of September 2013, the Earth’s temperature has increased by about 0.89°C in the period 1901 to 2012. The Farm Management Handbook of Kenya (Jaetzold et al., 2009) and the Atlas of Kenya’s Changing Environment (UNEP, 2009) indicates that Kenya’s average annual temperatures increased by 1°C between 1960 and 2003. In western Kenya, temperatures rose by 0.5°C between 1981 and 2004 while in the drier parts of the country the temperatures went up by 1.5°C over the same period. These changes have led to a shift of the upper altitudinal limits of Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) boundaries. Also, incremental changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are expected to contribute to biodiversity loss and emergence of new pests and diseases. Changes in the distribution, onset and cessation of rainfall seasons makes it increasingly difficult to plan agricultural operations resulting in lower crop yields in major production zones thus aggravating the food and nutrition insecurity. Frequent water shortages leads to decrease in the reliable cropping days, higher incidence of crop failure, and livestock and fish deaths. According to the Kenya Second National Communications, the agriculture sector is the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (NEMA, 2015). The largest share of emissions (CH4) originates from enteric fermentation associated with ruminant livestock, agricultural soils (N2O) and manure management. Emissions from agriculture are expected to rise due to increased food demand for the growing population leading to increased encroachment of forests through agricultural expansion. However, policy direction indicates that the focus of emissions management will not be on absolute emissions but on production efficiency, leading to increased output per unit of emission. This can make the agriculture sector be part of the solution to emission reduction if appropriate measures are taken. Kenya is classified as a water-scarce country whose natural endowment of freshwater is limited by an annual renewable freshwater supply of only 647 m3 per capita falling below the World Bank categorization of 1000 m3 per capita for a water scarce country (WB, 2000). With the increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, water scarcity will increase and the country will need to invest more on water resources management and conservation. Therefore, the country needs to be innovative with water conservation and harvesting technologies that assure safe water access to the Kenyan population for industrial, agricultural and domestic use. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 5

2.2 Agricultural Production Kenya’s agriculture system has evolved through socio-political dynamics and reforms some of which have had negative impacts. The introduction of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in the 1980s which liberalized the input and output markets is one such example. The SAPs opened the markets to forces of demand and supply and therefore affecting prices of most agriculture commodities and quality of agricultural inputs and services. In 2003, the Government of Kenya developed the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation 2003-2007 (ERS) (GoK, 2003) which was successfully implemented. In 2004 the Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture 2004-2014 (SRA) (GoK, 2004), was developed and implemented as the sector vision to respond to the decline witnessed in the agriculture sector. During the implementation of the ERS, the overall economy recovered from a low growth of 0.5 % in 2002 to 7 % in 2007. Over the same period, the agriculture sector grew at an average rate of 3.9 % with a high growth rate of 7 % in 2005. During the first Medium Term Plan (MTP) 2008-2012 (GoK 2008), the sector recorded an average annual growth rate of 4.3 % against a target of 7 %. This was mainly due to adverse weather conditions in some years and increased costs of major inputs such as seeds, fertilizer and fuel. The value of agricultural output increased by KSh. 70,550 million per annum between 2008 and 2011 against a target of KSh. 80,000 million per year as set out in Kenya Vision 2030 and ASDS. The growth of the national economy is highly correlated to growth and development in agriculture, indicating the sector’s importance for the stimulation of overall economic growth (Figure 1). Figure 1: Agricultural GDP growth rate vs national GDP growth rate 1968-2012 Source: D’Alessandro (2015) Figure 2 shows that overtime, negative growth indices have been associated with extreme weather events, whose increasing frequency and magnitude have resulted to decline in agricultural “value-added” products (GoK, 2015). According to the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), if climate change in Kenya is not addressed effectively, the economic costs of its impacts are estimated to be 3% of GDP per year by 2030 and possibly 5% by 2050 (SEI, 2009). 6 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Figure 2: Agricultural growth index and major extreme events in Kenya 1980-2012 Source: GoK (2015)

2.2.1 Crop production The three main categories of crops in Kenya include food, industrial and horticultural crops. Food crops include; cereals (maize, wheat, sorghum, rice, millet,); pulses (beans, pigeon peas, cowpeas, chickpea, green grams); and roots and tubers (sweet potato, Irish potato, cassava, arrow root and yam) (GoK, 2010b). The major industrial crops are tea, coffee, pyrethrum, cotton and sugarcane among others. The horticultural crops includes cut flowers, vegetables (tomatoes, cabbage, kales, carrots), fruits (bananas, mangoes, nuts, herbs and spices). The relative importance of these different agricultural enterprises varies and their spatial and temporal distribution is also varied. Historical data from 1963 to 2012 (GoK, 2016b) shows that average maize and beans acreage has been increasing but yields have stabilized between 1.5 and 2 tons/ha since 1980’s. As regards the major industrial crops (tea, coffee, and sugar), the production level has been fairly stable as a result of increased area, but the yields per hectare have been on the decline. This has largely been attributed to changes in climate. The area under horticultural crops and the value of total production has been on an upward trend with value of horticultural exports growing by an average of 16% rising from KSh. 26.6 Billion in 2002 to KSh. 43.3 Billion in 2006 and to KSh. 65.2 Billion in 2007 (GoK, 2010b). However, the yields of most vegetables have been stagnant, except the indigenous vegetables. Only 10% of Kenya’s fresh agricultural produce finds its way into regional and other global markets with most of it being consumed locally. However due to the perishable nature of these products, producers and marketers incur post-harvest losses ranging between 30-75%. This is basically due to poor transport networks, low value addition, insufficient storage and preservation facilities among other factors.

2.2.2 Livestock production The livestock sub-sector employs about 50% of the agricultural labour force and is the main agricultural enterprise for over 10 million Kenyans living in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). The ASALs which are dominantly inhabited by pastoralists, hosts about 70% of the national livestock herd with an estimated value of KSh. 70 Billion accounting approximately 40% of the Agricultural GDP. According to the 2009 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 7 census, the country’s livestock population was 17.5 million cattle, 27.7 million goats, 17 million sheep, 3 million camels, 31.8 million poultry, and 1.8 million donkeys while in 2016 the cattle were 20.5 million, goats 26.6 million, sheep 18.9 million, camels 3.2 million, poultry 36.6 million and donkeys 2 million (GoK, 2001). The livestock population growth in the country is driven by the rapidly increasing demand for livestock products due to increased population growth, urbanization and increasing incomes. The overall livestock population trends (largely based on estimates) across all species has been on the increase between 1963 and 2016 (Figure 3). The evident fluctuations in livestock population is closely related to severe drought events meaning that performance of the livestock sub-sector is highly affected and sensitive to rainfall. Figure 3: Livestock population trends from 1963 to 2016 Source: Livestock Sector Report (2016) Due to climate change effect on livestock, emerging livestock such as donkeys, crocodiles, ostrich, quails and guinea fowls are being promoted to bridge animal product deficit which can effectively contribute towards meeting animal protein requirements besides the common livestock value chains. Other significant resilient livestock enterprises are beekeeping and camel production. It is projected that production of livestock products is bound to increase with increasing human population, urbanization and incomes (Figure 4). 8 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Figure Figure4:4:Production Productionofoflivestock livestockmeat, meat,milk milkand eggs and in in eggs Kenya Kenya Source: Livestock Source: LivestockSector SectorReport Report(2016) (2016) The magnitude of livestock production systems in The in Kenya, from extensive Kenya, ranging from extensive (nomadic) pastoralism, (semi-nomadic), mixed agro-pastoralism (semi-nomadic), mixedcrop/livestock crop/livestockfarming farmingsystems systemsare areoften often changing changingdue due to climate change and weather weather variability. variability.

2.2.3 Fisheries Fisheriesand andaquaculture aquacultureproduction production The fi The sheriessub-sector fisheries sub-sectorplays playsananimportant important role role in in thethe national national economy economy especially especially in in contributing contributing to to food food and and nutrition nutrition security, security, poverty poverty reduction reduction andand employment employment creation.The creation. Thesub-sector sub-sectorwhich which contributes contributes about 0.5 % of the country’s National GDP GDPisiscategorized categorizedinto intocapture captureand and farmed farmed (aquaculture) (aquaculture) fisheries. The capture The capture fi sheries is mainly composed composed of freshwater (lakes, rivers and rivers and dams) and marine (Ocean). The fresh water species of most economic signifi cance includes significance includes the the Nile Nile perch perch and and tilapia, tilapia, the the marine marine water water species includes the tuna, tuna, billfish, shrimp shrimp and Resilient, and Climate saline/marine water-crabs, water-crabs, Low Carbon milk fi Agriculture sh, oysters, fish, oysters, sea sea weeds weeds among other species. species. Figure Figure5:5:National Figure 5: National National fish fish fish between production production production between between2005 2005 2005 and 2016 and2016 and 2016 Source: GoK Source: GoK (2016c) Source: GoK (2016c) (2016c) Over the years, climate change has resulted in negative impacts on fish production due to warming of waters bodies, degradation of suitable CLIMATE CLIMATE breeding RESILIENT, RESILIENT, LOWsites LOW and receding CARBON CARBON 99 of water levels AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE of major freshwater bodies. The reduced water availability resulting from frequent droughts also limits aquaculture development. The farmed fisheries resources include the trout fish in cold water high altitude areas and tilapia, catfish, common carp for warmer water low altitude areas. Figure 5 shows the quantities and monetary value of fish produced in Kenya between 2005 and 2016. Over the years, climate change has resulted in negative impacts on fish production due to warming of waters bodies, degradation of suitable breeding sites and receding of water levels of major freshwater bodies. The reduced water availability resulting from frequent droughts also limits aquaculture development.

2.2.4 Forests and agroforestry Statistics shows that forests contributed about 1.4% to Kenya’s GDP in 2014 without including the forestry’s contribution to household wood energy, non-timber products and ecosystem services. However, the forests are threatened by agricultural expansion and unsustainable use of forest resources which have led to increased pressure on forest resources. An analysis of change in forest cover over between 1990 and 2015 revealed an increase in afforestation and agroforestry activities (KFS, 2013). The data shows that land under forest has decreased by 311,000 ha equivalent to 25% loss of forest cover. However, there was a slight increase in forest cover from 6.01% in 2000 to 7.46% in 2015. This is equivalent to an average annual increase of 0.1% (Table 1). Table 1: Analysis of forest cover change between 1990 and 2015 Year Forest area Percent Annual Annual change (%) (‘000 ha) forest cover change (‘000 ha) 1990 4,724 7.98 2000 3,557 6.01 –1,167 –24.7 2005 4,047 6.84 490 13.8 2010 4,136 6.99 89,4 2.2 2015 (projected) 4,413 7.46 276 66.7 Source: KFS (2013) Deforestation and forest degradation is particularly prominent in arid and semi-arid areas where the increasing agricultural activities are claiming virgin forested landscapes. A major challenge in the country is how to harmonize national development and agricultural policies that seek to promote agricultural development while avoiding or mitigating against deforestation and forest degradation and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural intensification, farm forestry and agroforestry have been identified as viable and attractive options to reconcile agricultural development and forest protection. The basic principle is that increased yields per area, increased farm holding products and incomes, access to forest products within the farm holding and on-farm carbon sequestration will reduce the need for more land encroachment into forested areas. Farm forestry is also associated with additional benefits including easy access to forest products, restoration of degraded landscapes, carbon sequestration and strengthening community resilience to climate change. The development of Farm Forestry Rules (GoK, 2009) and the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-26 (GoK, 2017a) provide the appropriate entry points for incentivizing tree- based interventions in agricultural landscapes.

2.2.5 Food consumption and nutrition Food security exists when people at all times have physical and economic access, sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences. In Kenya, crops, livestock and fisheries constitute the people’s basket of food security assets. Most Kenyans live on diets based on staple crops 10 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE (mainly maize) that lack in nutrition diversity. Lack of access and availability of adequate and diversified diets results into various forms of nutrition related challenges. In view of this, efforts need to be enhanced to promote foods rich in micronutrients and includes fruits, vegetables, and livestock and fish products. Maize has been the major staple crop for majority of Kenyans. However, its production has been fluctuating over the years, which threatens household food security and income sources (GoK, 2015). The demand of maize in the country has been on the increase exceeding the domestic production. The shortfall in national production is met by maize imports (Figure 6). Figure 6: Kenya maize balance sheet between 2008 and 2014 Source: GoK (2015) It is projected that the gap between maize production and consumption in Kenya will widen as we approach year 2050 (Figure 7). Figure 7: Projected maize production and consumption in Kenya by year 2050 Source: GoK (2015) CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 11 Crops such as wheat, rice, beans, millet, cowpeas, green grams, pigeon peas, sweet potatoes, cassava, cocoyam and yams are also mainly produced for domestic consumption. However, climate change impacts are likely to lead to food deficit and increased food prices. This will reduce affordability of nearly all agricultural commodities, including basic staples and livestock products. Besides, the country’s per capita fish consumption increased from 3.2 Kg/person/ year in 2013 to 4.5 Kg/person/year in 2016 (GoK, 2016b).

2.3 Policy Environment Policy reforms are cited as one of the drivers of productivity gains experienced in the agricultural sector. The Government of Kenya has over the years developed policies and strategies to enhance agricultural growth, natural resource management and climate change interventions. These policy reforms substantially improve the economic environment for agriculture through improvements in pricing, trade, exchange rates, institutions and markets. Table 2 summarizes the key policy documents that the government has developed/ratified which are relevant to CSA implementation. Table 2: Main policies relevant to CSA implementation in Kenya Name of Policy/Legal Key thematic areas relevant to CSA implementation document Constitution of Kenya The constitution provides for the right to food security, clean and healthy 2010 environment, while emphasizing sustainable and productive management of land resources (e.g. maintenance of 10% tree cover of the country’s land cover). Kenya Vision 2030 The country’s development blueprint for 2008-2030 identifies agriculture as a key sector to boost economic growth. It aims to transform smallholder agriculture from low-productivity subsistence activities to an innovative, competitive agricultural sector. The vision is operationalized in a series of five-year Medium-Term Plans (MTPs), where MTP-III (2018-2022) outlines climate smart agriculture interventions. Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Agricultural Sector Provides a framework for transforming agriculture into an innovative, commercially Development Strategy and modern viable sector. Kenya’s CAADP commits the government to 2010-2020 implementing the common vision of the sector, as described in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) to address the agricultural development agenda in the country. Kenya Climate Smart Recognizes climate change as an emerging issue for food and nutrition security Agriculture Strategy and advocates for adaptation interventions that enhance farming communities’ 2017-2026 resilience to climate change induced effects. It also recognizes the role of mitigation in addressing climate change. Environment and Climate Change National Climate Change The strategy highlights agricultural interventions such as restoration of degraded Response Strategy (2010 ecosystems, provision of downscaled weather information, water harvesting for irrigation, protection of natural resource base (soil and water conservation techniques), agricultural waste management, agroforestry, research and dissemination of improved (drought tolerant, salt-tolerant, pest and disease resistant) crops, livestock and fisheries. 12 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Name of Policy/Legal Key thematic areas relevant to CSA implementation document National Climate Change The NCCAP identifies climate smart practices that reduce climate vulnerability Action Plan 2013-2017 while reducing emissions and improving agricultural production potential. The practices include; agro-forestry and conservation tillage and management of agricultural wastes, improved management of grazing systems, biogas, livestock diversification, improved breeding of animals, drought tolerant crops, water harvesting, integrated soil fertility management, insurance schemes, price stabilization schemes for livestock, strategic food reserves, and mainstreaming climate change into agricultural extension services. National Climate Change The policy includes statements that enhance climate resilience and adaptive Framework Policy (2017) capacity, promote low-carbon growth, and mainstream climate change into planning processes. It notes the potential for the agriculture sector to reduce GHG emissions, enhance resilience and recommends investment to create green jobs. Climate Change Act The Act outlines climate resilience and adaptive capacity to promote low carbon (2016) growth, and to mainstream climate change into planning processes while developing incentives to promote climate resilient actions. National Adaptation Plan The Plan summaries short, medium and long-term actions that enhance resilience in (NAP) the agriculture, livestock and fisheries value chains. Nationally Determined The NDCs provide a framework in which the Kenya Government commits to reduce Contributions (NDCs) GHG emissions by 30% by 2030, compared to business as usual scenario (BAU), in addition to building resilience. The agriculture sector will enhance the resilience and contribute to reduction of GHG emissions by promoting climate smart agriculture. Sessional Paper No. 3 of The policy encourages efficient and sustainable utilization and management of land 2009 on National Land and land-based resources for provision of food security. Policy National Agricultural The policy points out that concerted efforts must be made to address the country’s Research System (NARS) vulnerability to climate change and other external shocks. It recommends putting in Policy (2012) place Virtual Research Platforms to handle emerging and cross-cutting issues that include natural resource and livelihood systems, bioethics, ecosystems resilience, integrated natural resources management and climate change among others. It also mentions that redefined research agenda should give priority to climate change mitigation and adaptation and continue to cover sustainable use and conservation of natural resources (land, forest, flora and fauna) among other priorities. Livestock Policy 2008/ The policy proposes to set up measures to institutionalize and address drought Sessional Paper No.2 related challenges through adoption of the necessary mitigation interventions. Further, it proposes to create a favorable environment and mechanisms to strengthen capacity of the existing early warning systems and ensure that the operations of such systems are well coordinated to cover all disaster vulnerable areas adequately. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 13

2.4 Agricultural Growth and Development

2.4.1. Land degradation and declining soil health In many parts of the country, demand on land for agricultural development and pressures from a rapidly growing population have led to unprecedented land use changes. As a result, unsustainable land use is causing land degradation resulting into loss of land productivity. Land degradation (both chemical and physical) manifests itself in many forms such as soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, salinity, reduced vegetation cover, reduced biodiversity and ecosystem services and reduced livestock carrying capacity. The impacts of land degradation are closely linked to poverty and food insecurity.

2.4.2. Agricultural finance and investments Agriculture offers the best prospect for economic growth and development in Kenya given its contribution to the GDP, government revenue and benefits to both urban and rural households. However, available statistics show that attention to the agricultural sector is inadequate in terms of both government budgetary allocation and resource utilization. On average, Kenya spent over 10% of its total government budget on agriculture in the first decade after independence. This declined to an average of 7.5% in the period between 1980 and 1989 and thereafter dropped to 3% in the 1990 to 2000 period, and to 1.2% in 2000/1 then increased to 6.5% in 2008/9. Budget allocation declined from 5.1% in 2009/10 to 3.6% in 2012/13 (IEA, 2014). Therefore, the budget allocation to agriculture sector falls short of meeting the Maputo Declaration of budget allocation of 10% to the agricultural sector. Overtime time, the development partner’s contribution to the domestic expenditure has increased from 1.9% in 2009/10 to 8.2% in 2012/13 to fill the gaps created by budget deficits (Figure 8). Figure 8: Proportion of national government and donor contributions to the agriculture sector budget Source: IEA (2014) The private sectors including financial institutions have been supporting investments related to agriculture overtime. However, the agricultural sector is perceived to be high risk hence, there has been low investments by formal financial institutions. 14 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE The total agricultural sector budget allocation decreased from KSh. 56.46 Billion in the financial year (FY) 2014/15 to KSh. 40.57 Billion in FY 2015/16 and increased to KSh. 49.96 Billion in FY 2016/17. The decrease in FY 2016/17 was due to transfer of the Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure Programme to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. In terms of actual expenditure, it decreased from KSh. 46.92 Billion in FY 2014/15 to KSh. 36. 32 Billion FY 2015/16 then increased to KSh. 41.09 Billion in 2016/17. The overall sector absorption rate was 83% in the FY 2014/15 compared to 90% in the FY 2015/16 and 82% in the FY 2016/17. The Second Medium Term Investment Plan (MTIP) 2013-2017 (GoK, 2013b) outlines the government’s investment strategy for improving the situation through the ASDS 2010-2020 which is aligned to CAADP (GoK, 2010b). In implementing MTIP, the government seeks to prioritize investments across the country’s major agro-ecological zones.

2.4.3 Extension and agro-weather advisory services

2.4.3.1 Extension services The extension service is one of the critical change agents required in transforming subsistence farming to modern and commercial agriculture in order to promote household food security, improve income and reduce poverty levels. The agricultural extension in Kenya dates back to the early 1900’s when the government through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation provided the bulk of extension services to both small-scale and large-scale farmers. The most notable success was in the dissemination of hybrid maize technology in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. However, after the implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in the 1980’s, the government support to extension services decreased. To respond to these challenges, the government formulated the National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP) in 2001 and subsequently the National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy (NASEP) in 2012 to guide improvements in delivery of extension services. The policies have been implemented through programmes such as the National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Program 2000-2005 (NALEP) and the Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP). NALEP recognized the need to diversify, decentralize and strengthen the provision of extension services to increase their sustainability and relevance to farmers. The overall aim of ASDSP is to support the implementation of the ASDS 2010-20 with a goal of transforming Kenya’s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry that will contribute to poverty reduction, improved food security and equity in rural and urban Kenya. Through the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the extension services were devolved to the county governments while provision of policy framework, capacity building and standards development remained the mandate of the national government. Farmers in Kenya need a wide range of advisory services to adapt to climate change and take advantage of viable options with manageable levels of risk. The extension services require improvement through public private partnerships for climate smart agriculture practices and technologies. There is therefore need for policy review and development of extension services delivery standards. Thus devolved extension services need to be strengthened, harmonized, standardized, prioritized and streamlined to meet its objectives in service delivery to the farmers.

2.4.3.2 Agro-weather advisory services The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) provides downscaled weather forecasts which it uses together with other relevant organizations and institutions to develop agro-weather related advisories. These advisories are meant to increase the adaptive capacity of agriculture value chain actors by improving access to information on weather and climate patterns. The expected outcomes include improved farm management capabilities under conditions of climate risks where farmers will plan and manage weather CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 15 risks, maximize productivity and minimize the environmental impacts of farming practices. Some of the tools used are Short Messaging Service (SMS), Interactive Voice Response (IVR), seasonal print bulletins and radio programmes. However, the service encounters challenges related to infrastructure, technology, inadequate dissemination and limited integration of climate information in agricultural research and development.

2.5 Context of Climate Smart Agriculture Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers an excellent opportunity for agricultural growth. It however, requires collaborative actions among the various actors including: National and County Governments, farmers, private sector, civil society organizations (CSOs) and other value chain actors. The context in which CSA is to be applied in Kenya requires an integrated approach that aims to transform and re-orientate agricultural systems to sustainably; (i) increase productivity; (ii) adapt and build resilience to the likely effects of climate change, and, (iii) reduce and/or remove GHG emissions without compromising productivity. The CSA objectives are meant to enhance the achievements of national food security and development goals through: a) Scaling up/out of proven technologies and practices for resilient livelihoods related to efficient soil and nutrients management, water and on-farm energy resources. b) Conservation and sustainable use of agro-genetic resources. c) Sustainable intensification of crop, forage, agroforestry, livestock and fisheries production. d) Adaptation and mitigation practices in crops, livestock, agroforestry and fisheries production systems. e) Efficient management of agricultural commodity value chains. f) Identifying opportunities to leverage climate finance for CSA, including social protection and safety nets where economic models are not viable. g) Knowledge sharing and effective learning, strengthening key institutions and systems for CSA initiatives. h) Mainstreaming CSA elements into national policies and development planning process. 16 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE CHAPTER THREE: CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 17 Beekeeping enterprise; a good example for building resilience and income generation FRAMEWORK DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction The KCSAIF is designed to address impacts of climate change challenges to agricultural growth and development. The Framework is aligned to the government’s commitments and obligations to guide the transition of the country towards a low-carbon climate resilient development pathway. The Framework aims at supporting the implementation of the KCSAS 2017-2026 whose objectives are to; (i) enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of farmers, pastoralists and fisher-folk to the adverse impacts of climate change; (ii) develop mechanisms that minimize greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems; (iii) create an enabling regulatory and institutional framework; and (iv) address cross- cutting issues that adversely impact CSA.

3.2 Goal and Objectives of the Framework Goal The overall goal of the Framework is to achieve a long-term national low carbon climate resilient development pathway, whilst realizing the development goals of Kenya Vision 2030. Objectives The Framework has four objectives: 1. To develop a sustainable system for achieving a coordinated, coherent and cooperative governance of climate resilience and low carbon growth in the agricultural sector. 2. To mainstream CSA to support the transformation of Kenya’s agricultural sector into an innovative, commercially oriented, competitive and modern industry that contributes to poverty reduction and improved food security in Kenya. 3. To reduce vulnerability of agriculture systems by cushioning them against the impacts of climate change and reduce GHG emissions where possible. 4. To strengthen communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues

3.3 Framework Implementation Components The objectives of the Framework are to be realized through implementation of actions designed around the following four components: 1. Institutional coordination. 2. Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach. 3. Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions. 4. Communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues. The rationale of each component, sub-components and proposed actions are outlined below.

3.3.1 Component 1: Institutional coordination Rationale This component supports the establishment of an inclusive institutional framework for improved agricultural sector CSA coordination and harmonization, and an enabling policy and institutional environment for the realization of the CSA objectives in general. The component is designed to strengthen inter-ministerial, national and county governments, private sector and CSOs, development partners and other non-state actor’s coordination on CSA related issues. 18 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE It will enable support towards enhancing capacity for cross-sectoral planning, communication within and between ministries, government institutions with different mandates with regard to CSA issues. Further, the component will enable sector institutions to contribute to and take responsibility for sector-wide coordination and implementation for more effective delivery of their CSA related mandates. The sub-components are: Sub-component 1.1: Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination. Sub-component 1.2: Partnerships with Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations. Sub-component 1.3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners. Sub-component 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison Framework. Sub-component 1.5: Climate Smart Agriculture Research Funding. Sub-component 1.6: Appropriate CSA Policies, Strategies and Regulations. Sub-component 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems. Sub-component 1.8: Capacities of institution relevant to CSA at all levels.

3.3.1.1 Sub-component 1.1: Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination This sub-component aims at strengthening the functioning of the KCSAIF at both national and county levels through establishment and operationalization of coordinating institutions and structures. This will help to strengthen the capacity for cross-sectoral planning, enhance communication within and between ministries with different mandates. The expected impacts will be effective coordination among national sector ministries, county governments, development partners and other actors leading to efficiency and increased return on investments. Summary of Actions: • Develop and implement an inter-ministerial communications strategy with respect to inter- ministerial coordination on matters relating to climate smart agriculture. • Introduce a biannual joint planning and review session between inter-ministerial team and the county government executive and chief officers responsible for agriculture. • Build capacity of national and county government staff in cross-sectoral planning and implementation. • Strengthen policy review and analytical capacity at the national and county levels of government. • Strengthen the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at the national and county levels of government. • Establish a framework for disseminating CSA programmatic planning and implementation as well as annual reports and studies and receiving feedback at national and county levels of government. • Annual and biannual Intergovernmental Technical Conference on status of KCSAIF implementation.

3.3.1.2 Sub-component 1.2: Government partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations The aim of this sub-component is to strengthen and create platforms for partnership for both levels of governments with a broad range of private sector and CSOs and other actors on CSA issues. This will offer incentives to the private sector to invest in CSA and provide a strong linkage mechanism for sharing of information, knowledge and skills. The direct impact of the sub-component will be establishment of a strong platform that will enhance adoption of technological innovations and complementary actions. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 19 Summary of Actions: • Engage the private sector to identify opportunities for increased investments in CSA. • Organize regular consultative meetings with private sector and CSOs on the planning and implementation of the CSA Framework. • Identify appropriate incentives to catalyse private sector and CSO investments in CSA activities. • Develop and publicize country CSA programmes to private sector and CSOs with a view to identifying areas for their collaboration and participation. • Establish communication channels for consultations between private sector and CSOs in the programmatic planning and implementation of CSA activities at the national and county levels of government. • Promote CSA to agro-pastoralists, fisher folks and farmer organizations and cooperatives.

3.3.1.3 Sub-component 1.3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners To enhance programmatic coordination, the Government of Kenya and development partners will provide a framework for coordinated responses to policy initiatives and development of a harmonized monitoring and evaluation. This will enable the sector to have a shared vision, facilitate priority setting and establish common CSA funding mechanisms. Summary of Actions: • Establish a framework for coordination and collaboration between the two levels of governments and the development partners on programmatic planning and implementation of CSA initiatives. • Establish a harmonised M&E mechanism and reporting for CSA implementation. • Establish a joint investment and funding mechanism for CSA in both levels of government.

3.3.1.4 Sub-component 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison framework The sector experiences fragmented research and extension projects/programmes on CSA. This sub- component aims at establishing mechanisms to coordinate CSA research and extension, and to promote collaboration and networking among public and private research institutions. The direct impact of the sub-component will be efficient research and extension services. Summary of Actions: • Develop an institutional framework for farmer-extension-research and public private partnership engagement to set the research agenda from the grassroots level. • Establish a platform through which researchers will have regular contacts with stakeholders and other users at the national, county and farm levels. • Prepare CSA information packages and disseminate them to stakeholders. • Promote use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in disseminating research findings. • Conduct participatory research work on improved technologies and practices that is informed by needs of users and agro-ecological zones along the value chains. 20 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE • Conduct on-farm research into low-cost appropriate technologies and practices and deliver them as packages. • Build the capacity of extension, producers and other stakeholders in the use of existing/new/ improved CSA technologies and practices. • Support development of private sector input and appropriate CSA technologies outreach and distribution networks. • Intensify field demonstration, climate field schools, field days, study tours to enhance adoption of existing, new and/or improved CSA technologies and practices. • Intensify use of ICT and other methods of dissemination. • Establish systems for research prioritization by counties and other stakeholders.

3.3.1.5 Sub-component 1.5: CSA research funding This sub-component proposes ways of improving research funding for development of CSA technologies and innovations. The expected impact is increased CSA innovations and adoption of appropriate technologies by farmers and other actors. Summary of Actions: • Sensitize public and private sector to invest in CSA research. • Incentivize private sector investments in research, development and innovations. • Establish partnership with development partners to support CSA research. • Capacity build research institutions on CSA technologies and innovations development. • Establish coordination systems to steer CSA research efforts and activities. • Develop an information flow mechanism among CSA research stakeholders.

3.3.1.6 Sub-component 1.6: Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations This sub-component aims at supporting the establishment of an enabling regulatory framework for CSA. The sector has inadequate regulatory framework to provide guidance and incentives for CSA implementation. The expected outcomes will be appropriate sector CSA policies, strategies and regulations that provides enabling environment for climate change response. Summary of Actions: • Sensitization of stakeholders. • Review and catalogue policies, strategies and regulations and identify need for revision. • Support revision and formulation of appropriate policies, strategies and regulations. • Lobbying for changes/adoption in the policies and regulations. • Facilitate roll-out of adopted policies, strategies and regulations. • Domesticate relevant CSA policies, strategies and regulation in counties. • Develop appropriate policies that enhance production of adequate and diversified food products. • Develop legislation and systems to protect and cushion small scale farmers and producers from unfair competition from corporate entities. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 21

3.3.1.7 Sub-component 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems This sub-component aims at enhancing CSA information and communication systems. There are weak mechanisms for collecting data and information on climate change which make it difficult to track progress, share results and access information on CSA. Under this sub-component, enhanced availability of relevant and harmonized CSA information and communication across the sector will be established. Summary of Actions: • Support strengthening of existing CSA monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and dissemination of information. • Establish KCSAIF M&E system at all levels, ensuring that it is aligned with the agricultural sector M&E system, National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCSAP) M&E system and National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Systems (NIMES) as necessary. • Facilitate development of CSA communication strategy. • Facilitate establishment of inventory of existing climate change information and communication systems in the agricultural sector and assessment of their appropriateness for different users. • Facilitate design of agricultural sector climate information management system based on existing systems. • Collaborate with other service providers in continuous updating of existing agricultural sector climate information systems, and production and distribution of other information materials. • Facilitate development/strengthening of interactive ICT platforms to provide agricultural sector climate information on value chains, service providers, etc. • Support up-scaling on the use of mobile telephony in disseminating agricultural sector climate change extension messages and collection of climate data.

3.3.1.8 Sub-component 1.8: Strengthening institutional capacities The main focus of this sub-component is to strengthen the institutional capacities for implementation of the Framework. The expected outputs are improved performance for efficient and harmonized implementation of CSA among sector institutions. Summary of Actions: • Facilitate capacity needs assessment on CSA issues at national and county levels of government. • Facilitate development of CSA capacity building approach and plan for the sector which integrates gender and social inclusiveness. • Facilitate roll-out of capacity building plans and approaches. • Support training institutions/service providers to develop CSA training programmes relevant to the emergin g needs of the counties.

3.3.2 Component 2: Agricultural productivity and integration of value chain approach Rationale This component is expected to play a major role in ensuring improved agricultural productivity along the value chains. This is aimed at building resilience of agricultural value chain players through use of adaptive 22 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE technologies and enhanced market linkages. The component will also promote commercialization, food safety and quality control standards along the value chains. The specific sub-components are: Sub-component 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies. Sub-component 2.2: Increase area under efficient irrigation. Sub-component 2.3: Value addition and products development. Sub-component 2.4: Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart products enhanced. Sub-component 2.5: Food and feed storage and distribution.

3.3.2.1 Sub-component 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies This sub-component aims to enhance adoption of improved and adaptive crop, livestock and aquaculture technologies. The sector experiences low use of improved technologies and practices, use of inefficient technologies and practices, increased incidences of diseases and pests, inadequate access and availability, and low use of integrated water resources management (IWRM). These challenges lead to low agricultural productivity, food and nutritional insecurity, low levels of income and hence high poverty levels. While upholding its overall focus on supporting enhancement of resilient low-carbon agricultural productivity the sub-component will make particular effort to promote a value chain integration approach. Summary of Actions: • Identify, update, disseminate and upscale existing climate smart agricultural technologies and practices. • Introduce diversified and improved crop varieties (high yielding, short duration, disease and pest tolerant, high nutritive value, flood tolerant), including indigenous varieties. • Increase use of integrated soil fertility management practices, including soil testing and soil nutrient management. • Strengthen surveillance of agricultural inputs trade. • Improve agricultural mechanization by adopting appropriate machinery and equipment. • Improve production of indigenous fruits and vegetables. • Monitor household food security and safety. • Enhance use of low greenhouse gas emitting crop production technologies and practices. • Introduce improved exotic livestock breeds and improved indigenous/local adapted breeds. • Promote adoption of low emission technologies from the livestock value chain. • Improved nutrition through supplementation, forage and fodder conservation and irrigated pastures and fodder. • Adequate disease surveillance and disease control and regular vaccination campaigns. • Increase community managed drug stores through provision of livestock drugs within reach of pastoralists • Promote livestock value chain diversification. • Upscale climate smart fish culture technologies. • Enhance quality control and food safety by relevant institutions along crop, livestock and fisheries value chains. • Enhance use of low greenhouse gas emitting fish production technologies and practices. • Promote integrated farming systems comprising crops, livestock, aquaculture and farm forestry. • Create awareness and capacity build women, youth and venerable groups (WY&VG) on CSA. • Promote CSA related income generating activities targeted for WY&VG. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 23 • Promote sustainable natural resources management. • Promote climate smart fish capture technologies. • Establish gene banks for crops, livestock and fish. • Intensify surveillance and control of emerging livestock pests and diseases. • Promote rehabilitation of degraded rangelands. • Promote sustainable livestock stocking capacity. • Harmonize livestock vaccinations across the bordering counties and across the international borders. • Facilitate management of veterinary drug residues, carcasses and agrochemicals. • Promote efficient use of farm mechanization. • Promote mechanized and animal powered conservation tillage practices as compared to conventional tillage. • Promote value addition of farm produce through cottage industries.

3.3.2.2 Sub-Component 2.2: Increase area under efficient irrigation The sub-component aims at increasing the area under efficient and renewable energy powered irrigation systems as well as improving water resource-use efficiency in existing and new irrigation systems. Some of the climate change challenges the irrigation sub-sector experiences include; inadequate infrastructure development for irrigation, drainage and water storage, low productivity and poor water management. The actions under this sub-component focus on promoting use of green energy in both existing and new irrigation systems as well as enhancing efficient water management practices. Summary of Actions: • Increase use of appropriate renewable energy technologies in irrigation systems. • Incorporate gravity fed system in abstraction and distribution of water to reduce energy used in irrigation. • Use of efficient water technologies in irrigation. • Build technical capacity to establish and maintain renewable energy innovations. • Increase area under micro-irrigation schemes. • Ensure water used for irrigation is safe. • Promote development and dissemination of appropriate efficient small-scale irrigation technological packages. • Build capacity of extension workers and farmers on participatory irrigation management. • Build the capacity of water users associations in agricultural water management and their obligations as major beneficiaries. • Undertake comprehensive management needs assessment of existing large-scale irrigation schemes. • Conduct studies on the irrigation potential and identify sites in various river floodplains and underground water sources for micro-irrigation systems. • Provide technical backstopping and training of local artisans on irrigation technologies. • Integrate the water needs of livestock and fish in all new irrigation designs. 24 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE • Design and develop water harvesting and storage structures. • Climate proof water harvesting, storage structures and infrastructure. • Enhance waste water management for agriculture. • Promote development of flood control infrastructure. • Address issues of siltation of water bodies.

3.3.2.3 Sub-Component 2.3: Value addition and products development This sub-component aims at supporting the development of new safe and commercially viable products for priority value chains in each agro-ecological zone. Most agricultural commodities are sold in their raw form and are thus bulky, of low value and have short shelf lives. There is also no traceability mechanism for produce and products from farm to folk. Value addition will ensure longer shelf life, reduced transaction costs and higher incomes. Summary of Actions: • Identify and promote existing value addition technologies. • Incentivize the private sector to invest in agricultural value addition. • Map county specific value chains for various produce and product’s comparative advantage. • Promote value addition of counties priority value chains. • Link producers with input suppliers, output markets and service providers along the value chains. • Promote establishment of structured trading systems at county levels. • Establish standards and traceability systems for all the new products. • Undertake market feasibility studies to promote demand for the selected commodities and link them with consumption patterns and preferences/consumer demands. • Establish regional hubs (a cluster of counties in the same AEZ) for value chain development and backstopping. • Identify and build capacity of actors in value chain processes. • Facilitate improved accessibility to financial services. • Promote, establish and strengthen cooperatives/producer organizations. • Promote cottage industries for value addition. • Promote sanitary measures on crops, livestock, fish inputs and their products. • Strengthen crop, livestock and fish health inspectorate.

3.3.2.4 Sub-component 2:4: Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart products This sub-component aims at achieving increased locally and internationally marketed agricultural outputs and to expand the export markets to include non-traditionally exported agricultural commodities. This will also involve developing and improving grading and standards for agricultural commodities. The sector is faced with a number of challenges which include low levels of local market penetration by smallholder producers; low capitalization of bulk traders; inadequate grading and standardization systems; inadequate awareness of the standards by producers and consumers; limited capacity to fully comply with international sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS). Others include inadequate incentives to comply with national, regional and global standards and inadequate mechanisms to cushion small scale producers, prohibitive regulatory and marketing barriers to regional trade and inadequate markets and marketing infrastructure. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 25 Summary of Actions: • Establish the existing storage capacity of agricultural commodities in public and private sector levels with a view to identify gaps and areas that need strengthening. • Create agricultural commodity hubs through participation of private sector and other stakeholders. • Facilitate capacity building of farmers on demand and market driven production. • Design and launch a market promotion program for locally produced commodities. • Link producer to external niche markets. • Facilitate capacity building of producers on SPS and international trade. • Identify, update and adopt appropriate traditional and indigenous food preservation methods. • Develop branding of Kenya produce for regional and international markets. • Streamline and harmonize cess fees and levies to enhance access to markets. • Identify and define the non-traditional agricultural commodities that give comparative advantage. • Design sustainable programmes to support the certification of smallholders/producers for export markets. • Facilitate capacity building of farmers on selected non-traditional agricultural commodities. • Develop and implement grading and standardization systems for agricultural commodities that do not have grades and standards to comply with regional and global requirements. • Establish mechanisms that promote compliance of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). • Train and empower smallholder producers along value chains on grading and standardization systems. • Enhance surveillance of imports of counterfeit agricultural products and inputs. • Strengthen and broaden scope of existing agricultural market information systems

3.3.2.5 Sub-component 2.5: Food and Feed storage and distribution The sector experiences various challenges which include, high post-harvest losses along value chains, inadequate preservation and storage capacity, food safety issues as result of poor post-harvest handling and storage technologies, inadequate storage skills and marketing infrastructure. This sub-component aims to achieve four objectives namely; (i) reduction of post-harvest losses along agricultural value chains; (ii) enhancing private sector annual storage capacity for agricultural products; (iii) enhancing communities and household capacity to store agricultural produce; and (iv) expanding the strategic food reserve to include all appropriate agricultural products and establish strategic feed/grazing reserves. Summary of Actions: • Invest in appropriate storage facilities and technologies along value chains. • Train producers, processers and marketers in post-harvest management as well as food safety. • Provide regular market information to improve distribution of agricultural commodities/food stuffs. • Facilitate establishment of marketing centres in rural areas with the appropriate infrastructure. • Link communities in each county by feeder roads to various marketing centres and highways. • Conduct a survey to identify, update and adopt traditional and indigenous food preservation methods. • Apply and use appropriate policies to produce adequate and diversified food products. 26 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE • Conduct inventory of private sector annual storage capacity with a view to identifying gaps and areas of strengthening. • Strengthen the warehousing receipt system and link producers to warehousing receipt system in the commodity supply chain. • Rehabilitate existing warehouses, cold storage facilities and silos and establish public-private- partnerships management. • Support private sector to invest in food processing (including abattoirs) as well as value addition, including packaging, and branding. • Facilitate linkages with relevant service providers and markets (inputs and outputs). • Carry out a survey to identify current household and community capacity to store agricultural produce. • Enhance farmers’ capacity to deal with postharvest pests. • Support communities and households to store surplus produce. • Expand the strategic food reserve to include all appropriate agricultural foodstuffs. • Establish and expand strategic feed/grazing reserves. • Encourage growing on-farm food security crops that can be harvested regularly (e.g. cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, yams, arrow roots, etc.). • Promote safe and effective use of chemicals during storage. • Support rehabilitation of rangelands through reseeding community lands • Promote the establishment of meat and fish processing plants in counties for local and export markets. • Support pasture establishment and management. • Support regular epidemiological studies on livestock diseases based on climate change trends. • Establish animal health infrastructure such as laboratories, mobile vehicle/ambulatory units and bio-security and bio-safety structures.

3.3.3 Component 3: Building resilience and appropriate mitigation actions Rationale This component aims at building resilience through adaptation and appropriate mitigation measures. This will be achieved through improved management of natural resource base and development of safety nets along the value chains. The component will also play a major role in identification and deployment of appropriate measures that minimize GHG emissions in agricultural production systems. The specific sub-components are: Sub-component 3.1: Soil health and land degradation. Sub-component 3.2: Water and other natural resources. Sub-component 3.3: Insurance and other safety nets. Sub-component 3.4: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation.

3.3.3.1 Sub-component 3.1: Soil health and land degradation The objectives of this sub-component are aimed at enhancing adoption of climate smart soil management technologies/practices and rehabilitation of degraded lands. The challenges to be addressed include; nutrient depletion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, soil erosion, soil acidity and low adoption of CSA technologies and practices. These and other unsustainable land and soil management practices contribute to GHG emissions. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 27 Summary of Actions: • Establish soil and land management knowledge hubs across the country. • Promote soil and water conservation practices. • Promote rehabilitation of degraded lands. • Promote integrated soil fertility management. • Promote conservation agriculture. • Support agro-forestry. • Promote sustainable land management practices. • Promote sustainable grazing management practices. • Promote development of innovations and technologies to enhance soil health.

3.3.3.2 Sub-component 3.2: Water and other natural resources This sub-component aims at enhancing integration of CSA practices towards conservation and rehabilitation of water catchment areas, increasing tree cover, and conservation of fisheries resources. The key challenges addressed include degradation of water catchment areas, soil erosion, siltation, pollution of water bodies, eutrophication, low tree cover in agricultural areas, forest degradation and deforestation, loss of biodiversity, land use change and resource use conflict and encroachment. Summary of Actions: • Promote CSA practices that enhance sustainable natural resources management. • Promote integrated watershed management. • Establish a natural resources inventory. • Establish a monitoring, reporting and accounting mechanism on land use and natural resources. • Identify, gazette and conserve fish breeding areas and nursery grounds. • Facilitate the rehabilitation of fish breeding sites/grounds. • Facilitate restocking of water bodies with fish fingerlings. • Promote bee keeping and other non-wood forest products that contribute to forest conservation. • Promote integrated rangeland management. • Promote incentives for ecosystem management e.g. payment for ecosystem services. • Develop and implement management plans for ecosystems in order to encourage sustainable use of natural resources. • Establish public private partnerships (PPP) in conservation of water and natural resources. • Promote sustainable fish harvesting regime in fresh waters. • Develop climate smart riverine and dam fisheries. • Conserve riparian area with the aim of controlling invasive species. • Protect and restore water catchment areas through afforestation and reforestation.

3.3.3.3 Sub-component 3.3: Insurance and other safety nets The objectives of this sub-component are aimed at increasing crop, livestock and fisheries index-based insurance and establishing a safety net mechanism for residual loss and damage. The sector increasingly experiences vulnerability due to risks related to climate change. There is need to develop mechanisms for risk transfer and management; knowledge dissemination on importance of agricultural insurance and safety nets. 28 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Summary of Actions: • Develop and implement innovative index-based agricultural insurance packages for crop, livestock and fisheries value chains. • Invest in the agro-meteorological infrastructure to support index-based agricultural insurance. • Enhance the capacity of various actors to deliver innovative crop, fisheries and livestock index- based insurance packages. • Raise awareness within the insurance industry on climate risks and communicate actions and opportunities in the agricultural sector. • Establish and strengthen climate risk appropriate safety nets. • Develop insurance legislations within the agricultural sector. • Construct vulnerability maps to support targeting of food security and emergency preparedness interventions. • Establish a National Seed Emergency stock.

3.3.3.4 Sub-component 3.4: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation The agriculture sector is a source of GHG emissions with enteric fermentation accounting for the highest proportion. However, some adaptation actions have mitigation co-benefits such as increased soil carbon having beneficial effects on soil fertility. The objective of this sub-component is to promote adaptation interventions and appropriate mitigation that leads to reduced GHG emissions intensity from the agriculture sector without compromising productivity. It will also promote development of accounting systems on agricultural emissions. Summary of Actions: • Promote adoption of low cost climate smart technologies that minimize GHG emission and enhance removals. • Promote low cost green energy for the agriculture sector. • Promote efficiency in livestock production systems. • Promote efficiency in paddy rice management. • Promote appropriate livestock manure management. • Promote formulation of feeds and feeds additives that improve efficiency and reduce enteric fermentation. • Promote production of rain-fed rice to reduce emissions from paddy rice production systems. • Develop and implement agricultural sector Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). • Promote adaptation actions that have mitigation co-benefits. • Minimize use of fires in rangelands and croplands management. • Promote use of energy efficient technologies in production, harvesting, processing and transportation of agricultural inputs and products. • Develop a national carbon accounting (NCA) system including establishment of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) infrastructure in the agriculture sector. • Undertake capacity building on measurement of GHGs emissions; management of inventory system; data collection, reporting and verification in the agriculture sector. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 29 • Conduct energy audits of CSA practices. • Promote production of climate smart alternative livelihoods. • Promote climate smart practices that contribute to reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

3.3.4 Component 4: Communication systems on CSA extension and agro-weather issues Rationale This component aims at strengthening and mainstreaming communication systems on CSA, extension and agro-weather issues among stakeholders in the agriculture sector. In addition, the component will promote generation, access and enhanced application of CSA knowledge among value chain actors. Further, the component will support strengthening of systems for timely provision of climate forecasts to different value chain stakeholders. The sub-components are: Sub-component 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination. Sub-component 4.2: Extension on climate information services and agro-weather advisories.

3.3.4.1 Sub-component 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination There is inadequate information, knowledge generation and management as well as limited understanding of the CSA concept. The objectives of this sub-component are: (i) to enhance generation and dissemination of CSA technologies and innovations along the value chains; (ii) to document, package, and disseminate best CSA practices and technologies; (iii) to establish functional national and county CSA knowledge and information management systems; and (iv) to strengthen and maintain CSA knowledge networks and partnerships. Summary of Actions: • Enhance the capacities of private sector service providers and farmer-based organizations to support farmers’ adoption of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. • Develop and integrate the CSA concept into national extension system. • Advocate for integration of CSA in formal education systems. • Support undertaking of genetic characterization and conservation of indigenous livestock breeds, crops, fisheries and forestry. • Promote genetic improvement of key crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry to enhance adaptability. • Support development and adoption of climate smart innovative agricultural products. • Mobilize resources and institute competitive grant scheme for CSA research. • Undertake a CSA knowledge mapping, audit and analysis. • Establish and develop gender sensitive CSA knowledge at the community, county and national levels. • Support capacity building of different stakeholders in CSA along the agricultural value chain at the national, county and local levels. • Establish a robust CSA knowledge platforms. 30 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE • Identify, document and integrate indigenous and conventional CSA knowledge. • Support dissemination of improved CSA technologies and practices. • Disseminate and update CSA information materials to support and inform policies, planning and agricultural advisory services. • Strengthen CSA knowledge and information sharing partnerships/networks/forums. • Establish a surveillance system for crops, livestock and fisheries pests and diseases arising from climate change effects. • Build the capacity of extension, producers and other stakeholders in the use of existing/new/ improved CSA technologies and practices. • Intensify field demonstration/field days/study tours to enhance adoption of existing/new/improved CSA technologies and practices. • Undertake training needs assessment for CSA. • Develop information that promote production of emerging climate smart crops, livestock, fish and forestry enterprises. • Conduct on-farm research into low-cost appropriate technologies and practices.

3.3.4.2 Sub-component 4.2: Extension on climate information services and agro-weather advisories The objectives of this sub-component are: (i) to increase agro-climate information services and timely-use of agro-weather products; and (ii) to enhance and upscale early warning systems and contingency plans for climate change adaptation. Limited weather infrastructure, inadequate climate information services and agro-weather advisories hinder agricultural planning and farm management decision making. Further, there is limited integration of climate information in agricultural research. Summary of Actions: • Strengthen weather forecasting to inform decision making in agriculture. • Strengthen integration of indigenous knowledge with scientific weather knowledge. • Develop and upscale appropriate climate/weather infrastructure. • Develop climate risk contingency plans at national, county and community levels. • Downscale weather forecasts to various localities to promote the appropriate climate/weather services. • Institutionalize pre-season, in-season and post-season community weather scenario planning and agro-weather monitoring. • Strengthen integration of climate information into agricultural research. • Strengthen production of downscaled efficient Early Warning Systems. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 31 CHAPTER Four: 32 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM

4.1 Coordination This Framework will be implemented within the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector (JCCMAS) which is in line with Intergovernmental Relations Act 2012 (Figure 9). IGR Summit Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture (IGF) Joint Agriculture Intergovernmental Secretariat Joint Agricultural Sector (JAS-IGS) Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs) Figure 9: Technical reporting and information sharing through the Joint Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism for the Agricultural Sector

4.1.1 Intergovernmental Forum on Agriculture (IGF) The IGF which is convened by the Cabinet Secretary (CS) responsible for agriculture and irrigation and co- chaired by Chair of the Council of Governors will be expected to provide a platform for CSA stakeholder’s consultations and cooperation. It will also approve and make recommendations on the CSA programmes, strategies, plans and performance monitoring instruments.

4.1.2 The Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee (JASSCOM) This committee will provide regular direction for sector transformation initiatives agreed between the two levels of government and makes follow-up of IGF meetings. It will also oversee the functioning of the Joint Agriculture Sector Intergovernmental Secretariat (JAS-IGS) and the Joint Agriculture Sector Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs). The committee will be expected to ensure that CSA decisions and resolutions approved by IGF are circulated and implemented by relevant entities within the two levels of government.

4.1.3 Joint Agriculture Sector Technical Working Groups (JAS-TWGs) The JAS-TWGs will aim at providing a uniform platform for intergovernmental technical consultation based on the principle of equitable representation at the two levels of government to enhance its effectiveness. It is expected that implementation of the CSA Framework will be aligned within the six JAS-TWGs. These JAS-TWGs will be expected to deliberate on CSA issues in the areas of responsibility of each working group. They will also prepare and submit CSA reports and resolutions to the Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 33

4.1.4 Climate Change Units (CCUs) The Climate Change Act 2016 Section 15 provides for public entities to coordinate mainstreaming of climate change issues into sectoral strategies, plans, programmes and projects. Further the Act requires that each state department and National government public entity to establish a CCU. The CCUs will be charged with coordinating implementation of CSA activities at the national and county levels. The units will be expected to communicate decisions of JAS-TWGs to implementing entities. Further, they will be expected to provide technical support to the management and CSA implementing stakeholders including reporting.

4.2 Linkages and Partnerships with other Key Actors The interventions of KCSAIF will be implemented under pluralistic and partnership-based principles. In addition, relevant partners will provide inputs towards defined interventions among them national and county agriculture departments, other government organizations, research institutes, farmer organizations, private sector organizations and CSOs. The relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) at the two levels of government are expected to support the implementation of various components of the Framework. They will be responsible for mainstreaming and upscaling CSA across their functions and processes including consideration in performance contracting. They will be expected to play a key role in provision of an enabling policy environment, provision and mobilization of resources and technical expertise for implementation of the KCSAIF. The farmer organizations consisting of cooperatives and farmer groups will be key in identification, prioritizing and implementation of agriculture interventions. They will be expected to play a major role in awareness creation, community and resource mobilization, coordination of investments and partnerships among stakeholders for implementation of the KCSAIF. The private sector is a strategic partner in the agriculture sector development and is therefore expected to participate in implementation of the KCSAIF. The private sector will facilitate/support value chain development, provision of business and services through entrepreneurship investments, input supply, provision of credit and insurance services among others. Through PPP mechanisms, the private sector will engage with both levels of government to implement specific aspects of interest/specialization in KCSAIF. The Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) will play an important role in advocacy, capacity building and support implementation of CSA interventions. The research institutions and academia will be key in technology development, validation and evaluation, capacity building and strategic input support. The development partners are significant players in promoting CSA and to a larger extent low carbon resilient agriculture. They will be expected to support financing and resource mobilization, technical expertise and capacity building. Further, the development partners will assist in building networks that enhance access to global climate finance to support CSA.

4.3 Implementation of KCSAIF After the launch of KCSAIF, some key actions necessary to facilitate its implementation will be carried out. These include sensitization of stakeholders, prioritization of actions at both national and county levels as well as resources mobilization for implementation of the prioritized actions. The capacity of stakeholders on CSA will need to be enhanced and the necessary links for implementation of the framework at national, county and community levels will be established. A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework including MRV will be developed and implemented throughout the implementation period through participatory approaches by all relevant stakeholders at the various levels. All activities to 34 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE be implemented including monitoring and reporting for the KCSAIF will be coordinated by the National and County Ministries/Departments of Agriculture and Irrigation CCUs who will be reporting through the JASSCOM.

4.3.1 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting The aim of the KCSAIF M&E framework will be to guide coordinated and efficient data collection, analysis, use and provision of information that will provide indications of impact, outcomes and outputs. The monitoring will measure CSA achievements at the activity and output levels while the evaluation will measure achievements at the outcomes and impact levels. The M&E will be carried out by the two levels of government together with other relevant stakeholders spearheaded by the climate change units. The M&E plan will be agreed upon between the national and county governments through the JASSCOM thematic working group on monitoring, evaluation and communication which will also be responsible for the design and implementation of the M&E system. The M&E will be based on Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and will be aligned to the sector M&E framework. Some specific key indicators are presented in the KCSAIF log frame (Annex I) which the climate change units will be expected to adopt in addition to developing others for presentation to the technical working group (TWG) for consideration and approval. Wherever possible, data will be disaggregated by gender to allow for social inclusivity principle in CSA interventions. This will be done on quarterly basis and the JAS-TWG monitoring, evaluation and communication will coordinate data analysis and consolidation of reports. The KCSAIF envisages that evaluation will be done at various levels as follows: (i) Baseline surveys to collect baseline data on vulnerability levels and low-carbon development path way in the implementation of CSA actions. This survey will provide information base against which CSA activities will be monitored and assessed for effectiveness during implementation and after the activities. The analysis of baseline data will be disaggregated per county for assessing the effects and impacts across gender and other social economic aspects. (ii) Mid-term (five years) review aimed at evaluating the relevance, effectiveness and efficiency of implementation of the KCSAIF against indicators in the log frame. The review will assess the implementation approaches, strategies, organizational set up and partnership arrangements. The review will make recommendations for the remaining period largely to help enhance implementation and improve performance. The review will also consider technical aspects of resilience and low- carbon development in KCSAIF. (iii) Terminal (ten years) evaluation will be conducted at the end of the Framework period to analyze impacts and learning experiences.

4.3.2 Reporting The climate change units will be responsible for preparing relevant reports on the progress of implementation of the KCSAIF approved work plans. The reports will also include assessment of processes, results and outcomes and analysis of factors affecting progress during the reporting period. The reports from CCUs will be presented to the JAS-TWGs which will facilitate preparation of intergovernmental CSA reports for presentation to the JASSCOM. The JASSCOM will review and adopt the reports before forwarding them to the IGF for endorsement and for submissions as provided for in the Intergovernmental Relations Act and Kenya Climate Change Act 2016. The frequency of the reporting will be annual or as may be required. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 35

4.3.3 Quality Assurance Quality assurance will ensure that standards set for implementation and management of the implementation framework are adhered to in order to achieve the desired results. The KCSAIF management structure comprising committees as contained in the JASSCOM will provide advisory role in supporting interventions that ensure quality assurance. The activities in the logical framework will provide the basis for development of a tool against which quality assurance will be based.

4.3.4 Budget The KCSAIF investments are aligned with sector investment priorities and linked to climate vulnerability and priority areas. The total base case budget requirement to implement the programme is KSh. 167.31 Billion up to the year 2027 (Table 3). These resources will be mobilized from the national funding sources, bilateral and multilateral development partners in climate finance, Adaptation Fund, Green Climate Fund and from the private sector. All funds shall be audited in accordance with the specific financial management agreements with major reference to Climate Finance Policy (GoK, 2017b). Table 3: KCSAIF ten year budget summary Component/Sub-component 2018-2022 2023-2027 Total Budget (Billions KSh.) Institutional coordination 14.72 14.72 29.44 Agricultural productivity and integration of value chains 25.76 26.99 52.75 approach Building resilience and associated mitigation actions 14.72 14.72 29.44 Communication systems on CSA, extension and 20.24 20.24 40.48 agro-weather issues Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) 7.60 7.60 15.20 Total 83.04 84.27 167.31 36 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE REFERENCES D’Alessandro, S.P., Caballero, J., litchte, J. and Simpkin, S. (2015) Kenya Agricultural Sector Risk Assesment Global Practice Technical Assistance Paper, World Bank Group Report. No. 97887, 2015 GoK. (2001). The 1999 population and housing census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2003). Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2004). Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture 2004-2014. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2007). Kenya Vision 2030. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2008). First Medium Term Plan, 2008 – 2012. Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2009). Agricultural Farm Forestry Rules 2009. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010a). Constitution of Kenya 2010. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010b). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2010c). National Climate Change Response Strategy. Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2013a). National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2013b). Second Medium Term Plan 2013 – 2017. Transforming Kenya: Pathway to Devolution, Socio-Economic Development, Equity and National Unity. Ministry of Devolution and Planning, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2015). Economic Survey Annual Report 2015. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016a). Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016b). Economic Survey Annual Report 2016, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2016c). Fisheries Statistical Bulletin. Government of Kenya. GoK. (2017a). Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Kenya. GoK. (2017b). Climate Finance Policy 2017. Government of Kenya. IEA. (2014). Public Spending in Agriculture in Kenya, PFA Report. Institute of Economic Affairs. Jaetzold, R., H. Schmidt, B. Hornetz and C. Shisanya. (2009). Farm Management Handbook of Kenya Vol. II Part A: West Kenya. Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya and GTZ, Germany. KFS. (2013). Report on National Forest Resource Mapping and Capacity Development for the Republic of Kenya, Volume 1. Submitted by PASCO Corporation. Kenya Forest Service. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Livestock sector. Report (2016) NEMA. (2015). Kenya National Second Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. National Environment Management Authority. SEI. (2009). The Economics of Climate Change in Kenya: Final report submitted in advance of COP15. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. pp 65. UNEP. (2009). Kenya: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP. (2015). Green Economy Sector Study on Agriculture in Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme. pp 34. WB. (2000). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 37 Dairy Cattle grazing in Nyandarua CHAPTER FIVE: ANNEXES 38 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Dorper sheep grazing in Laikipia

Annex 1: Kenya CSA Implementation Framework Result-Based Log Frame NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS OVERALL GOAL: The overall goal of the G1: Climate change adaptation • Medium Term Plans • Political will and support framework is to achieve investments in the agricultural (MTPs) • Functional governance and a long-term national low sector. • CSA interventions coordination systems in the sector carbon climate resilient G2: Total agricultural sector GHG • Impact assessments and • Stable macroeconomic environment development pathway, emissions. surveys for investments whilst realizing the G3: GHG emissions per unit of • Agriculture sector MRV development goals of agricultural sector GDP. reports Kenya Vision 2030. G4: Renewable energy investments in • Economic survey the agricultural sector. reports G5: Proportion of climate resilient • Sector reports on households renewable energy investments MAJOR OUTCOMES: Component 1: C1(a): Functional CSA institutional • CSA baseline survey and • Agricultural sector partners Institutional coordination mechanisms M&E reports willingness to support the Coordination: C1(b): Proportion of agriculture sector • Sector budgets and framework An inclusive institutional budget committed to CSA expenditures reports • Political and socio-economic stability framework for improved C1(c): CSA policies and strategies at is sustained in the country CSA coordination both levels of governance • Capacity on policy development and and harmonization implementation available. established. Component 2: Agricultural C2 (a): Outputs: production, products, • CSA baseline survey • Appropriate CSA technologies will be Productivity and yields, and value • M&E reports developed and introduced. Integration of Value Chain C2 (b): Quantity and value of produce • National and county government Approach: and products marketed policies will support the emerging CSA mainstreamed to C2 (c): Value chain actors in the value chain organizations increase productivity, agricultural sector adhering to • Changes in market prices of CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE competitiveness and market standards agricultural inputs and production commercialization of C2 (d):Value chains with comparative energy remain sustainable. 39 agriculture advantage along agro-ecological • Access to finance for value chain zones actors to adopt appropriate CSA technologies 40 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Component 3: C3 (a): Proportion of GHGs emissions • Sector MRV reports • All-inclusive selection criteria for Building resilience and sequestered / abated from • CSA baseline survey green innovations will be applied. appropriate mitigation adaptation and mitigation practices • M&E reports • Political good will to sustainably actions: C3 (b): Type of resilience building implement NRM Sustainable actions with mitigation co-benefits management of natural C3 (c): Type of CSA investments resource base and relevant to NRM development of safety C3(d): Type of value chain based safety nets along value chains nets improved. Component 4: C4 (a): Functional CSA, extension and • CSA stakeholders • Relevant institutions and partners Communication systems agro-weather communication reports will collaborate in CSA extension and on CSA extension and systems • Management agro-weather service provision. agro-weather issues: Information Systems • Suitable communication systems the Communication systems platforms most vulnerable and the poor will be on CSA, extension and • CSA baseline survey developed. CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE agro-weather issues M&E reports strengthened and mainstreamed. OUTCOMES: Outcome 1: An inclusive institutional framework for improved CSA coordination and harmonization established Outcome 1.1: Inter- 1.1.1. Functional Inter-Ministerial • Sector CSA reports • Departments in the agricultural Ministerial and coordination mechanism for CSA sector at both levels cooperate County Government 1.1.2. Functional sector • Adequate funding for the Coordination improved Intergovernmental Coordination coordination mechanism. mechanism that integrates CSA 1.1.3 Budget allocation for CSA coordination mechanism NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 1.2: 1.2.1 Engagement platforms with • M&E reports • High participation of the private Partnerships with private and CSOs in CSA • Platform engagement sector and / or civil society will result private sector and civil 1.2.2. Proportion of agricultural sector reports high impact society organizations public, private and CSOs value chain • Actors willing to share their strengthened actors involved in CSA activities resources and information Outcome 1.3: 1.3.1: Joint agricultural sector CSA • Joint Projects / • Development partners join Programmatic programming and financing Programmes developed and support agricultural sector Coordination with mechanism in place M&E reports institutions’ CSA coordination efforts Development Partners 1.3.2. Proportion of development strengthened partners funding CSA Outcome 1.4: Research- 1.4.1: Functional CSA based research – • M&E reports • Actors willing to share resources and Extension Liaison extension platforms • Research-Extension information strengthened 1.4.2: CSA technologies developed platforms • Technologies developed with end and packaged for adoption by • Technologies packages users in mind agricultural sector value chain • Actors interested in cooperation in actors CSA research and extension liaisons Outcome1.5: Research 1.5.1: CSA technologies developed • M&E reports • Funds released on time for planned funding for CSA 1.5.2: Actors involved in CSA research • Research publications research activities improved • Actors are willing to undertake CSA research Outcome 1.6: 1.6.1: Policies, strategies and • M&E reports • Lengthy policy and strategy Appropriate CSA regulations relevant to CSA in use at • Policies and strategies development process policies, strategies and both levels of governments. documents regulations reviewed, developed and rolled out Outcome 1.7: CSA data 1.7.1: Functional systems for CSA data • M&E reports • The system will provide valid and collection, information and information management • Feedback report from valuable information for different management and 1.7.2: Actors using CSA data and users value chain actors dissemination systems information management systems. • The systems will provide appropriate CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE strengthened CSA information for different 41 conditions. NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS 42 Outcome 1.8: Capacities 1.8.1:Sector institutions at national and • M&E reports • Sector institutions will prioritize CSA of institutions relevant county levels delivering on CSA • Sector institutions • Sector institutions will have to CSA at all levels 1.8.2: Sector institutions at national reports resources to undertake CSA strengthened and county levels with capacities to deliver CSA. Outcome 2: CSA mainstreamed to increase productivity, competitiveness and commercialization of agriculture Outcome 2.1: Access 2.1.1: Types of adaptive technologies in • M&E reports • Inventory of appropriate CSA to and use of adaptive use along value chains • Baseline surveys on adaptive technologies. technologies enhanced 2.1.2: Value chain actors using adaptive adaptive technologies technologies and agricultural 2.1.3: Agricultural enterprises on which enterprises adaptive technologies are applied Outcome 2.2: Area 2.2.1: Proportion of acreage under • Baseline survey • Farmers and sector stakeholders are under efficient irrigation efficient and renewable energy • M&E reports willing to invest in efficient irrigation increased powered irrigation systems • NIB Reports infrastructure increased 2.2.2: Proportion of producers undertaking efficient irrigated CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE agriculture Outcome 2.3: New 2.3.1: Types of green agricultural • Baseline surveys • Private sector and other stakeholders products developed produce/products • M&E reports invest in green growth and value addition of 2.3.2: Green agri-businesses • Greening agri-businesses will be cost commodities enhanced effective Outcome 2.4: 2.4.1: Marketed climate smart • Market surveys reports • Investors responds to opportunities Competitiveness and commodities • M&E reports and incentives provided for green markets access for 2.4.2: Climate smart agri-businesses growth climate smart produce/ 2.4.3: Actors in climate smart agri- • Adequate supporting legislation for products enhanced business green growth • Adequate capacity for green growth development will be available NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 2.5: Food 2.5.1: Climate smart food/ feed storage • Baseline survey • Legal framework on food /feed and feed storage and and distribution technologies in use • M&E reports storage distribution and safety exists distribution improved 2.5.2: Actors using climate smart food • Market surveys reports • Willingness of the actors to form /feed storage and distribution linkages technologies and practices Outcome 3: Sustainable management of natural resource base and development of safety nets along value chains improved Outcome 3.1: Soil health 3.1.1: Climate smart soil fertility • Environmental sector • Affordable climate smart improved and degraded management practices reports technologies are availed lands rehabilitated 3.1.2: Producers adopting climate • Baseline survey • Land tenure systems will support smart soil management practices. • M&E reports rehabilitation of degraded lands 3.1.3: Climate smart soil management • Willingness to cooperate by practices up-scaled. stakeholders 3.1.4: Area of degraded land rehabilitated Outcome 3.2: Water and 3.2.1: Integrated water resource • Baseline survey • Grievance solving mechanisms will other natural resources management plans • M&E reports be in place conserved 3.2.2: Ecosystem management plans 3.2.3: Area under natural resources conserved 3.2.4: Number of water harvesting structures and volume of water harvested 3.2.5: Public Private Partnerships in Natural Resources Management Outcome 3.3: Insurance 3.3.1: Types of index –based insurance • Sector reports on • Safety nets services will be in place and other safety nets products insurance and safety enhanced 3.3.2: Types of safety nets services nets 3.3.3: Value chain actors using index- • Baseline survey CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE based insurance services • M&E reports 3.3.4: Value chain actors accessing 43 different safety nets services NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS 44 Outcome 3.4: Synergies 3.4.1: Functional GHG accounting • Sector reports • GHG accounting system will be in adaptation and system in place • Baseline survey developed and availed for use. mitigation promoted 3.4.2: Climate smart interventions with • M&E reports • Value chain actors willingness to adaptation and mitigation benefits invest in climate smart interventions 3.4.3: Value chain actors adopting green interventions with adaptation and mitigation Outcome 4: Communication systems on CSA, extension and agro-weather issues strengthened and mainstreamed Outcome 4.1: CSA 4.1.1: Institutions generating CSA • Institutional reports • Operational information and knowledge generation knowledge • Baseline survey knowledge management system in and dissemination 4.1.2: Information and knowledge • M&E reports place enhanced management system 4.1.3: Service providers disseminating CSA knowledge 4.1.4: Value chain actors using CSA information Outcome 4.2: Extension 4.2.1: Climate smart information and • Sector extension reports • Context specific climate information CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE on climate information agro-weather services and products • Agro-weather and is aggregated and timely availed to services and agro- 4.2.2: Extension service providers seasonal planning users weather advisories communicating climate smart reports enhanced information and agro-weather • Baseline survey services • M&E reports 4.2.3: Value chain actors using climate information smart and agro- weather services and products NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 1.1: Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination improved Output 1.1.1: A 1.1.1.1 Inter-ministerial, inter- • Institutions and • Established mechanism (JCCMAS ) joint platform for departmental (MDAs) committees departmental reports and committees are functional and collaboration between 1.1.1.2 Inter-governmental • Baseline survey stable ministries responsible coordination mechanism (JCCMAS) • M&E reports for agriculture, livestock, 1.1.1.3 Joint sector/intergovernmental fisheries, irrigation, CSA programming mechanism (JAS- environment, forestry, TWGs water, land, planning, devolution and finance established and strengthened Outcome 1.2: Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations strengthened Output 1.2.1: A platform 1.2.1.1 Structured framework • Partnership • A functional partnership platform for private sector and for private sector and CSOs agreements/ MoUs exist CSOs engagement engagement at both levels • Baseline survey • Provide funding for CSA partnership with national and 1.2.1.2 No. and types of functional CSA • M&E reports activities county governments partnerships established and strengthened Outcome 1.3: Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened Output 1.3.1: 1.3.1.1: Joint National / County • Sector projects / • Joint mechanism for coordinating for Coordination and Governments -Development programmes, reports CSA programmes Collaboration between Partners on CSA programming • Baseline survey National / County mechanism • M&E reports Governments and 1.3.1.2: No. and types of partnerships Development Partners between national, counties and strengthened development partners CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 1.3.1.3: No. of CSA programmes jointly 45 developed and coordinated NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS 46 Output 1.3.2: Joint 1.3.2.1: Joint National / County • Sector Development • Prudent utilizations of resources country CSA programme Governments – Development partners reports allocated to CSA projects/ funding mechanism Partners CSA program financing • Sector projects / programmes established mechanism programmes reports 1.3.2.2: Amount of funding allocated • Baseline survey to CSA program coordination from • M&E reports governments and Development Partner sources 1.3.2.3: No. of Development Partners jointly funding CSA projects/ programmes Outcome 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison framework strengthened Output 1.4.1: Functional 1.4.1.1. Functional climate smart • Sector reports • Operational CSA Research/Extension Research – Extension - research extension linkage • Baseline survey linkages in place Linkage established mechanism • M&E reports 1.4.1.2. No. and types of functional climate smart research extension partnerships at all levels CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 1.4.1.3. No. and type of CSA technologies packages disseminated to actors at all levels Output 1.4.2: Market- 1.4.2.1: No. and types of functional • Research output reports • Demand for market-led , issue based led CSA adaptive market-led, adaptive CSA research • Baseline survey CSA adaptive research research and along the value chain • M&E reports participatory extension 1.4.2.2: No. of issues-based CSA programmes enhanced adaptive research 1.4.2.3: No. and types of appropriate adaptive CSA technological packages developed 1.4.2.4: No. and type of improved CSA technologies and practices NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome1.5: CSA research funding improved Output 1.5.1: Research 1.5.1.1: Proportion of budget of • Sector reports • Adequate funding will be availed funding for CSA agricultural sector allocated to CSA • Partner funding reports for CSA research innovations and innovations increased research • M&E reports development by partners 1.5.1.2: No. and type of CSA research innovations funded by partners Sub-Outcome 1.6: Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations reviewed, developed and rolled out Output 1.6.1: 1.6.1.1: No and types of CSA polices, • Policies, strategies and • Policies, strategies and regulations Appropriate climate strategies and regulations prepared regulations documents passed by relevant authorities at the smart policies, strategies and rolled out • M&E reports national and county levels in good and regulations 1.6.1.2: No and types of CSA time. developed, reviewed implementation frameworks and implemented. developed and in use Outcome 1.7: CSA data collection, information management and dissemination systems strengthened Output 1.7.1: CSA M&E 1.7.1.1: No of CSA M&E systems • M&E reports • Harmonizing CSA M&E systems system established established 1.7.1.2: Functional CSA M&E systems Output 1.7.2: 1.7.2.1: Number of CSA information • Communication strategy • Service providers and partners CSA information and communication systems documents avail and package climate smart management systems 1.7.2.2: Type of CSA information and • Baseline surveys information strengthened communication systems in use • M&E reports • Mechanism for Information security in place Outcome 1.8: Capacities of institutions relevant to CSA at all levels strengthened Output 1.8.1: Capacity 1.8.1.1: No. and type of CSA relevant • M&E reports • Stakeholders not adhering to policies of institutions relevant institutions with improved capacity • Institutions reports and legislations to CSA strengthened • Training reports • Procurement plans and reports CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 47 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS 48 Outcome 2.1: Access to and use of adaptive technologies enhanced Output 2.1.1. Adoption 2.1.1.1: No. and type of CSA adaptive • Baseline surveys • Adoption of improved adaptive of improved adaptive technologies for crops in use • Sectors reports technologies by value chain actors technologies for crops 2.1.1.2: No. and type of CSA adaptive • Research Publications • Partnerships will be effective enhanced technologies for crops developed • M&E reports and piloted 2.1.1.3: No of Public Private Partnerships involved in promotion of improved CSA adaptive technologies for crops. Output 2.1.2. Adoption 2.1.2.1: No. and type of improved CSA • Baseline surveys of improved adaptive adaptive technologies for livestock • Sectors reports technologies for enterprises in use • Research publications livestock enterprises 2.1.2.2: No. and type of improved CSA • M&E reports enhanced adaptive technologies developed and piloted for livestock enterprises 2.1.2.3: No of Public Private Partnerships involved in CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE promotion of improved CSA adaptive technologies for livestock enterprises Output 2.1.3. Adoption 2.1.3.1: No. and type of improved CSA • Baseline surveys • Inclusion of all value chain actors in of improved adaptive adaptive fish technologies in use • Sectors reports piloting and scaling up of improved technologies for 2.1.3.2: No. and type of improved • Research publications adaptive fish technologies capture and culture fish CSA adaptive fish technologies • M&E reports enhanced developed and piloted 2.1.3.3: No. of PPP involved in promotion of improved CSA adaptive fish technologies NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 2.2: Area under efficient irrigation increased Output 2.2.1: Area 2.2.1.1: Acreage under efficient • Sector reports • Renewable sources of energy under efficient and and renewable energy powered • Baseline survey and technologies are available to renewable energy irrigation systems • M&E reports stakeholders powered irrigation 2.2.1.2: No. of farmers using efficient systems increased and renewable energy powered irrigation systems Output 2.2.2: 2.2.2.1: No. and type of appropriate • Sector reports • Private sector, CSOs and county Application of efficient efficient irrigation technological • Baseline survey government’s commit to promote water use adaptive packages promoted • M&E reports and avail water resource-use technologies in existing 2.2.2.1: No. and type of appropriate efficient adaptive technologies and new irrigation efficient irrigation technological • Capacity to purchase adaptive systems improved packages in use irrigation technologies 2.2.2.3: No. of Water Users’ Associations with capacity in efficient irrigation water management Outcome 2.3: New products developed and value addition of commodities enhanced Output 2.3.1: 2.3.1.1: No. and type of CSA value • Sector reports • Value chain actors will support Development of new addition technologies innovated • Baseline survey CSA value addition innovation, commercially viable and piloted • M&E reports development and commercialization. products (crops, 2.3.1.2: No. and type of CSA value livestock and fisheries) addition technologies in use supported 2.3.1.3: No. and type of suitable non– traditional export product Output 2.3.2: Suitable 2.3.2.1: No. and type of suitable pilot • Sector reports • Actors will cooperate in the value chains in each value chains for identified • Baseline survey development of suitable value chains agro-ecological zone 2.3.2.2: No. and type of actors along • M&E reports selected and developed selected suitable value chains • Labeled products CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 2.3.2.3: No. and type of products from 49 the selected suitable value chains NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 2.4: Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart produce/ products enhanced 50 Output 2.4.1: Marketed 2.4.1.1: Quantity and value of climate • Market survey reports • Market stability climate smart smart products marketed • Marketing contracts commodities 2.4.1.2: No. and types of producers • Baseline survey marketing climate smart products • M&E reports 2.4.1.3: No. and types of CSA producers with functional market linkages Output 2.4.2: Export 2.4.2.1: Quantity and value of non- • Market survey reports • Smallholder producers have access of non-traditional traditional CSA products exported • Marketing contracts to export markets for non-traditional agricultural commodities by producers • Baseline survey CSA products by producers increased 2.4.2.2: No. and type of producers • M&E reports exporting non-traditional CSA products 2.4.2.3: No. and types of producers exporting non-traditional CSA products with functional market linkages Output 2.4.3: Grading 2.4.3.1: Functional grading and • Grading and • Grading and standardization systems CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE and standardization standardization systems for CSA standardization manuals are enforced. systems for CSA commodities in place • Traceability guidelines • Small scale producers adopt grading commodities developed 2.4.3.2: No. and type of smallholder • Market survey reports and standardization systems producers adopting grading and • Baseline survey standardization systems • M&E reports 2.4.3.3: Functional CSA commodities • Compliance certificates traceability mechanism in place Outcome 2.5: Food and feed storage and distribution improved Output 2.5.1: Post 2.5.1.1: Quantity and value of post- • Sector reports • Availability of climate smart post- harvest losses along harvest losses reduction across the • Baseline surveys harvest technologies agricultural value chains value chain • M&E reports • Value chain actors have skills in post- reduced 2.5.1.2: Actors using climate smart harvest technologies storage facilities and technologies 2.5.1.3: No. and type of climate smart storage facilities and technologies in use NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Output 2.5.2: Private 2.5.2.1: Private sector storage capacity • Public and private • Capacity of private sector to invest in sector storage capacity for agricultural produce/products Sector reports storage facilities for agricultural products 2.5.2.2: Type of warehousing receipt • Baseline surveys • Availability of climate smart storage enhanced systems in place • M&E reports facilities 2.5.2.3: No. and type of producers linked to warehousing receipt system 2.5.2.4: No. and type of warehouse receipting service providers 2.5.2.5: Proportion of storage facilities using green energy Output 2.5.3: 2.5.3.1: No. of households sustainably • Sector reports • Climate smart storage technologies Communities and storing agricultural produce • Baseline surveys are available household capacity 2.5.3.2: No. and type of communities • M&E reports to store agricultural adopting climate smart storage produce enhanced facilities 2.5.3.3: No. and types of climate smart storage facilities at household and community level Output 2.5.4: Strategic 2.5.4.1. Strategic reserve capacity for • Sector reports • Policies on strategic food and food reserve expanded climate smart agricultural products • Baseline surveys feed reserves developed and to include appropriate 2.5.4.2. Amount and type of strategic • M&E reports implemented agricultural products food reserves and strategic feed/ 2.5.4.3. Amount and type of strategic grazing reserves feed/grazing reserves CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE established 51 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 3.1: Soil health improved and degraded lands rehabilitated 52 Output 3.1.1: Climate 3.1.1.1. No. and type of climate • Sector reports • Climate smart integrated soil and smart integrated soil smart integrated soil and water • Baseline surveys water management technologies are fertility management management technologies in • M&E reports available technologies and practice practices adopted 3.1.1.2. No. of farmers adopting climate smart integrated soil and water management technologies 3.1.1.3. No. and type of private sector service providers on climate smart integrated soil and water management technologies 3.1.1.4. No. and type of farmers’ organizations supporting climate smart integrated soil and water management technologies Output 3.1.2: 3.1.2.1: Mechanisms for addressing • Sector reports • Willingness and active participation Sustainable land land management and • Baseline surveys of stakeholders in land management management and rehabilitation of degraded lands • M&E reports and rehabilitation of degraded lands CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE rehabilitation of 3.1.2.2: No. and type of initiatives degraded lands on land management and enhanced rehabilitation of degraded lands 3.1.2.3: Area of degraded land rehabilitated Outcome 3.2: Water and other natural resources conserved Output 3.2.1: Water and 3.2.1.1: No. and type of climate smart • Water resources • Climate smart water and natural other natural resources water conservation measures in management plans resources conservation technologies conserved place • Forest/Ecosystem are availed 3.2.1.2: No. and type of climate smart management plans forests/ecosystem conservation • Sector reports measures • Baseline surveys 3.2.1.3: No. and type of value chain • M&E reports actors adopting climate smart water and forests/ecosystem conservation measures NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Output 3.2.2: 3.2.2.1: Mechanisms for climate smart • Watershed • Stakeholders adopt integrate Integration of climate integrated watershed management management plans watershed management plans smart practices in 3.2.2.2: No. and type of agroforestry • Ecosystem management conservation and practices integrated in watershed plans rehabilitation of water management plans • Sector reports catchment areas 3.2.2.3: No. and type of climate • Baseline surveys enhanced smart soil and water conservation • M&E reports measures integrated in watershed management plans 3.2.2.4: No. and type of climate smart biodiversity conservation measures integrated in watershed management plans 3.2.2.4: No. and type of climate smart PPPs supporting climate smart integrated watershed management 3.2.2.5: No. and type of climate smart rangeland management practices integrated in the watershed management plans 3.2.2.6: No. and type of business plans for watershed management plans 3.2.2.7: No. and type of non-traditional livelihood opportunities linked to the integrated in the watershed management plans CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 53 54 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Output 3.2.3: 3.2.3.1: Quantity of capture fish • Sector reports • Availability of climate smart capture Production of produced by type • Baseline surveys and aquaculture management freshwater aquaculture, 3.2.3.2: No. and type of value chain • M&E reports technologies marine fisheries actors practicing climate smart and inland fisheries capture fisheries management from rivers and lakes practices increased 3.2.3.3: No. of fisher folks adopting climate smart stock and fishing management practices 3.1.2.4: No. of climate smart fish breeding sites Outcome 3.3: Insurance and other safety nets enhanced Output 3.3.1: Crop, 3.3.1.1: No. and type of climate smart • Sector reports • Insurance packages for all value livestock and fisheries innovative index-based insurance • Baseline surveys chain are availed innovative index-based in use • M&E reports insurance increased 3.3.1.2: No. and type of actors involved CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE in provision of climate smart innovative index-based insurance 3.3.1.3: No. and type of value chain actors using climate smart innovative index-based insurance Output 3.3.2: CSA safety 3.3.2.1: Mechanism for climate smart • Sector reports • Stakeholders not adhering to the nets enhanced safety nets management • Baseline surveys safety nets mechanism 3.3.1.2: No. and type of CSA safety net • M&E reports services 3.3.1.3: No. and type of actors using CSA safety net services NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 3.4: Synergies in adaptation and mitigation promoted Output 3.4.1: GHG 3.4.1.1: No. and type of adaptive • Sector MRV reports • Availability of carbon accounting emissions intensity technologies that minimize GHG • Baseline surveys and measurement, reporting and from the agriculture emission and enhance carbon • M&E reports verification expertise sector reduced sequestration without compromising 3.4.1.2: No. and type of value chain productivity actors using adaptive technologies that minimize GHG emission and enhance carbon sequestration 3.4.1.3: Agriculture sector carbon accounting and measurement, reporting and verification system in place Output 3.4.2. Resilience 3.4.2.1: No. and type of resilience • Sector reports • Resilience building technologies building adaptation building adaptation technologies • Baseline surveys with mitigation as co-benefits are technologies that have with mitigation as co-benefits • M&E reports available. mitigation as co-benefits 3.4.2..2: No. and type of actors using promoted resilience building adaptation technologies that have mitigation as co-benefits Outcome 4.1: CSA knowledge generation and dissemination enhanced Output 4.1.1: CSA 4.1.1.1: No. and type of CSA knowledge • Sector reports • Funds for climate smart agriculture knowledge and and innovations generated • Baseline surveys research will be available. innovations along the 4.1.1.2: No. and type of actors • Innovation reports value chain generated generating CSA knowledge and • M&E reports innovations Output 4.1.2: 4.1.2.1: Functional national, county • Sector reports • National and county policies support CSA knowledge and community CSA knowledge and • Baseline surveys acquisition, storage and sharing of CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE and information information management systems • System manuals CSA knowledge and information management systems at 4.1.2.2: No. and type of actors using • KIM System 55 all levels established CSA knowledge and information • M&E reports management systems 56 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Output 4.1.3: Best CSA 4.1.3.1: No. and type of participatory • Sector reports • Existence of strong stakeholder practices documented, trials and demos for CSA practices • Baseline surveys linkages packaged and 4.1.3.2: No. and type of CSA practices • Knowledge documents disseminated documented • M&E reports 4.1.3.3: No. and type of CSA practices packaged and disseminated Output 4.1.4: CSA 4.1.4.1: No. and type of multimedia • Baseline surveys • Multimedia and training institutions knowledge products CSA knowledge products • M&E reports will support CSA knowledge for multimedia and 4.1.4.2: No. and type of CSA knowledge • CSA knowledge training produced, training packages packages packaged, updated and communicated 4.1.4.3: No. and type of actors involved in CSA knowledge products production, packaging, updating and communication CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Output 4.1.5: CSA 4.1.5.1: Mechanism for strengthening • Baseline surveys • Willingness by partners to knowledge networks CSA knowledge and information • Partnership platforms collaborate in CSA knowledge and and partnerships sharing • M&E reports information sharing strengthened 4.1.5.2: Type of CSA information sharing technology tools 4.1.5.3: No. and type of CSA knowledge partnerships 4.1.5.4: No. and type of public-private- partnerships for CSA knowledge management in place NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Outcome 4.2: Extension on climate information services and agro-weather advisories enhanced Output 4.2.1: Delivery 4.2.1.1: Mechanism for downscaling • Baseline surveys • Availability of precise downscaled of extension services forecasted weather to various • Downscaled weather weather information on climate smart localities reports information and agro- 4.2.1.2: No. and type of appropriate • Agro-weather weather advisories climate smart weather services and advisories enhanced products • M&E reports 4.2.1.3: Pre-season agro weather advisories integrated into extension service systems approaches 4.2.1.4: No. and type of actors using agro-weather products 4.2.1.5: Monitoring system for in- season and post-season agro- weather review Output 4.2.2: Early 4.2.2.1: Functional early warning • Baseline surveys • Actors will invest in early warning warning systems and systems • Early warning systems contingency plans for 4.2.2.2: No. of functional contingency documents climate change response plans • M&E reports strengthened 4.2.2.3: Efficient mechanisms for disseminating early warning information 4.2.2.4: Number and type of value chain actors using early warning information CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 57 58 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION RISKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Output 4.2.3: Disaster 4.2.3.1: No. and type of disaster and • Baseline surveys • Stakeholders to prioritize the most and climate risk climate risk preparedness and • Sector reports vulnerable groupings preparedness and mitigation practices for the most • M&E reports mitigation practices for vulnerable livelihood the most vulnerable 4.2.3.2: No. and type of most livelihood identified and vulnerable groups adopting disaster disseminated and climate risk preparedness and mitigation practices Output 4.2.4: Adoption 4.2.4.1: No. and type of improved CSA • Baseline surveys • Affordability of CSA technologies and of improved CSA technologies and practices • M&E reports practices technologies and 4.2.4.2: No. and type of value chain • Sector reports practices by value chain actors adopting improved CSA enhanced technologies and practices CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE

Annex 2: Ten year KCSAIF investment plan and budget (2018-2027) Component/Sub-component 2018- 2023- Total Budget 2022 2027 (Billions KSh.) 1.0 Institutional Coordination 1.1:Inter-Ministerial and County Government Coordination 1.84 1.84 3.68 1.2:Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations 1.84 1.84 3.68 1.3:Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners 1.84 1.84 3.68 1.4: Research-Extension Liaison framework 1.84 1.84 3.68 1.5: CSA research funding improved 1.84 1.84 3.68 1.6:Appropriate CSA policies, strategies and regulations reviewed, 1.84 1.84 3.68 prepared and rolled out 1.7:CSA data collection, information management and 1.84 1.84 3.68 dissemination systems supported 1.8:Capacities for institutions relevant to CSA at all levels 1.84 1.84 3.68 strengthened Sub-total 14.72 14.72 29.44 2.0 Agricultural Productivity and Socially Inclusive Value Chain Integration 2.1:Access to and use of adaptive technologies enhanced 5.52 5.52 11.04 2.2:Area under efficient irrigation increased 3.68 3.68 7.36 2.3:New products developed and value addition of commodities 3.68 4.91 8.59 enhanced 2.4:Competitiveness and markets access for climate smart 5.52 5.52 11.04 produce/ products enhanced 2.5:Food and feed storage and distribution improved 7.36 7.36 14.72 Sub-total 25.76 26.99 52.75 3.0 Enhancing Resilience and Associated Mitigation Co-benefits 3.1:Soil health improved and degraded lands rehabilitated 3.68 3.68 7.36 3.2:Water and other natural resources conserved 5.52 5.52 11.04 3.3:Insurance and other safety nets enhanced 3.68 3.68 7.36 3.4:Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced 1.84 1.84 3.68 Sub-total 14.72 14.72 29.44 4.0 Communication Systems on CSA Extension and Agro-weather issues strengthened and mainstreamed 4.1: CSA knowledge generated and disseminated 11.04 11.04 22.08 4.2: Extension on climate info services and agro-weather advisories 9.20 9.20 18.40 enhanced Sub-total 20.24 20.24 40.48 5.0 Monitoring & Evaluation Sub-total 7.60 7.60 15.20 TOTAL 83.04 84.27 167.31 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 59

Annex 3: Team of Experts involved in development of the KCSAIF 2018-2027 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Dr. Michael Obora Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and michaelobora@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 2. Robin Mbae Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and robinmbae@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Livestock 3. Dr. Lucy Ng’ang’a Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Lucynganga09@gmail.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 4. Veronica Ndetu Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and vndetu@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 5. Zipora Otieno Food and Agriculture Organization of the Zipora.Otieno@fao.org United Nations 6. Rose Akombo Kenya Forest Service rakombo@gmail.com 7. Vincent Ogwang’ Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, State viodog2000@yahoo.com Department of Fisheries 8. Benjamin Kibor Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Bkibor2001@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Livestock 9. Davies Makilla Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and dmukwabi@gmail.com Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries 10. Maurice Ouma Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and onyiouma@gmail.com Fisheries, State Department of Livestock 11 Dr. Michael Okoti Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research michael.okoti@kalro.org Organisation 12. Dr. James Kinyangi Climate Change and Food Security, East Africa j.kinyangi@cgiar.org 13. Dr. George Wamukoya Common Market for Eastern and Southern wamukoyageorge@gmail.com Africa 14. Michael Okumu Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and ochiengokumu@gmail.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 15. Lucy Kamande Ministry of Environment and Natural lkmumbi@ymail.com Resources 16. Joab Osumba DAI/MATRIX/IISD Consortium of the United jl.osumba@ficcf.com Kingdom Department for International Development 17. Maurice Otieno National Environment Management Authority mnyunja@gmail.com 18. Joseph Muhwanga Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and muhwanga@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Livestock 19. Janet Oyuke Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and achiengoyuke@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 20. Mary Githinji Kenya Meteorological Service mary4mu@yahoo.com 21. Dr. Samwuel Guto Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and snyachio@gmail.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 22. Mary Mwanzau Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and mmwanzau@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Agriculture 23. Dr. Beatrice Akunga Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and bghettuba@yahoo.com Fisheries, State Department of Fisheries 60 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE

Annex 4: List of participants of the National Consultative Workshop held at the Laico Regency Hotel, Nairobi on 28th May 2015 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Prof. Micheni S. Ntiba MOALF-SDF PS Fisheries 2. Julius Kiptarus MOALF-SDL jkiprarus@yahoo.co.uk 3. Vincent Ogwang’ MOALF-CCU viodog2000@yahoo.com 4. Jacob Agoch FICCF jacob.agoch@ficcf.com 5. John Ndungu FICCF john.Ndungu@ficcf.com 6. Sylvester Kiai KWIA info@kwia.co.ke 7. Lucy Kamande MEWNR lkmumbi@yahoo.com 8. Mary Mwanzau MOALF mmwanzau@yahoo.com 9. Zainabu Khalif UNDP zeinabu.khalif@undp.or 10. Fiona Percy CARE fiona@careclimatechange.org 11 Mary M. Githinji KMS mary4mu@yahoo.com 12. Joseph Muhwanga MOALF nygwabge@yahoo.com 13. Christopher Baker FAO HQ chrisfbaker@btintemet.com 14. Janet Oyuke MOALF achiengoyuke@yahoo.com 15. Michael Okumu MOALF ochiengokumu@gmail.com 16. Dr. Dorothy A. Amwata SEKU damwata@seku.ac.ke 17. Nyachomba Kariuki LTS Africa nyachomba-kariuki@ltsi.co.uk 18. Hon. Patrick Koyi Bungoma County partrick.nabiswa@yahoo.com 19. Hon. Luka Rotich Baringo County cecagriculturebaringo@gmail.com 20. Benjamin Mutua Consumer action nziokibm@hotmail.com, benjamin.mutue@consumeraction.co.ke 21. Richard Mwendandu MEWNR ri_mwendadu@yahoo.com 22. Brian Harding SNV bha-ding@snvworld.org 23. Dr. James Kinyangi CCAFS HRI J.kinyangi@cgiar.org 24. Emma Bowa CARE Kenya emmabowa@vare.or.ke 25. Richard B. Bwogo Narok County rbwogo@gmail.com 26. Dr. Beatrice Akunga MOALF bgwehuba@yahoo.com 27. Eng. Jasper Nkanya MOALF nkenya2000@yahoo.au 28. Nina Lande FAO nina.lande@fao.org 29. Barrack Okoba FAO barrack.oluba@fao.org 30. H.M. Macharia Twiga Chemicals macharia@twigachemicals.com 31. Apollo Kiarii KTGA apollo.kiarii@ktga.or.ke 32. M. N. Otieno NEMA mnyungel@gmail.com 33. Michael Kibebe Agri-Experience mike@agri-experience.com 34. Wesley Laprop Baringo County kiproploribo@yahoo.com 35. Lily N. Githinji AWAN Kenya lilyblessings@yahoo.co.uk CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 61 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 36. Caitlin Corner-Dolloff CIAT/CCAFS c.corner-dolloff@ccap.ope 37. Benard Nyahubega KFC kfc@kenyaflowerconsul.org 38. Hon. Halima Abdi Vihiga County halimasirongo@yahoo.com.uk 39. Stephen Otieno GIZ stephen.otieno@giz.de 40. Rebbie Harawa AGRA rhawa@gra.org 41. Torben Lundsgaard GIZ lundsgaaaaard@anbbro.de 42. Nadine Gbossa IFA n.obossa@ifad.org 43. Wanjiku Kimamo KMT wakimamo@kenyamarkets.org 44. Lawrence Kiguro World Vision lawrence.kiguro@wol.org 45. Julius Okara KEPSA okarajuli@ych 46. Mary Njoroge World Bank mnjoroge@worldbank.org 47. Edward K. Mudibo Agricultural Industry Network eumudibo@yahoo.com 48. E. Wambu Miano Kirinyaga County wambumiano@gmail.com 49. Nancy Chege UNDP-GEF/SGP Nancy.chege@undp.org 50. Hon. E. Layad Bomet County layateci@yahoo.com 51. John Njenga Kiambu County Jngenga726@yahoo.com 52. Enock Kanyanya USAID/Kenya ekanyanya@usaid.org 53. Anastasia Mbatia Bomet County Anastasia@agriexperince.com 54. Richard Koech Bomet County rkoech200@yahoo.com 55. Hellen Buthendu KENAFF hguhendu@gmail.com, nduati@nelleon.co.ke 56. Christine Otieno KENOG otienochristine@yahoo.com 57. Charles Mwai Capacity Africa Charles-mwai@yahoo.com 58. Ouma Maurice MOALF onyiouma@gmail.com 59. Rose Manyu CCAFS r.manyu@cgiar.org 60. Deborah Murphy StARCK Deborah.murphy@ficcf.com 61. Joab Osumba FICCF jl.osumba@ficcf.com 62 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE

Annex 5: List of participants of the National Validation Workshop held at Silver Springs Hotel, Nairobi on 30th June, 2015 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Prof. Micheni Ntiba MOALF-SDF PS Fisheries 2. Prof. Fred Segor MOALF-SDL PS Livestock 3. Dr. Richard Lesiyampe MEW&NR PS Environment 4. Prof. S.O. Wandiga ICCA-UoN wandigas@uonbi.ac.ke 5. Dr. Michael Obora MOALF-SDA michaelobora@yahoo.com 6. Robin Mbae MOALF-SDL robinmbae@yahoo.com 7. Dr. George Wamukoya COMESA GWamukoya@comesa.int 8. Dr. James Kinyangi CCAFS J.Kinyangi@cgiar.org 9. Joab Osumba FICCF (DFID) jl.osumba@ficcf.com 10. Rose Manyu CCAFS r.manyu@cgiar.org 11 Vivian Atakos CCAFS v.atakos@cgiar.org 12. Dr. Justus Ochieng Tegemeo Institute justus@tegemeo.org 13. H.M. Macharia Twiga Chemicals macharia@twiga-chem.com 14. Richard Mbithi Miti Mingi CC mitimcc@gmail.com 15. Patrick Brandt ILRI 16. Rose Akombo Kenya Forest Service rakombo@gmail.com 17. Chikakula Miti COMESA cmiti@comesa.int 18. Mary Githinji Kenya Met Service mary4mu@yahoo.com 19. Dr. Charles Mutai MEW&NR drcmutai@gmail.com 20. Dr. Evan Girvetz CIAT girvetz@gmail.com 21. Lucy Kamande MEW&NR lkmumbi@ymail.com 22. Jack Juma KOAN kajuma@koan.co.ke 23. Noelle O'Brien FICCF (DFID) noelle.obrien@ficcf.com 24. Wanjiru Kamau KOAN wanjiruk@koan.co.ke 25. Dr. Bashir Jama AGRA BJama@agra.org 26. Caroline Lentupuru Baringo, Government of cecagriculturebaringo@gmail.com 27. Margaret Kamau CDKN margaret.kamau@cdkn.org 28. David Aoll Magadi Soda 29. Greg Maketh MoLTD 30. Peter Githinji East African Grain Council pgithinji@eagc.org 31. Ouma Maurice MOALF-SDL onyiouma@gmail.com 32. Torben Lundsgaard GIZ-CC lundsgaard@ambero.de 33. Johnstone Mulary Kenya Power Council jmulary@kenyapowercouncil.org 34. Deborah Murphy StARCK+TA (DFID) Deborah.Murphy@ficcf.com 35. Saidi Mkomwa ACT saidi.komwa@act-africa.org 36. Dr. Todd Rosentock ICRAF T.Rosenstock@cgiar.org 37. Charles Magige SDF c.magige@yahoo.com CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 63 NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 38. Dr. G. Njoroge KCA gnjoroge@yahoo.com 39. D. L. Maingi Agricultural Association of Kenya dlmaingi@yahoo.com 40. Emma Bowa CARE Kenya emmabowa@care.or.ke 41. Japheth Kanda Kenya Airports Authority jeffkkanda@yahoo.com 42. Elizabeth Mwangi County Government of Laikipia elizabethmwangi@gmail.com 43. Kim Mhando East African Grain Council kmhando@eaagc.org 44. Lawrence Kiguro World Vision lawrence_kiguro@wvi.org 45. Janet Oyuke MOALF-SDA achiengoyuke@yahoo.com 46. Joseph Muhwanga MOALF-SDL muhwanga@yahoo.com 47. Catherine Mungai CCAFS C.Mungai@cgiar.org 48. Stephen Otieno GIZ stephen.otieno@giz.de 49. Apollo Kiarii KTGA apollo.kiarii@ktga.or.ke 50. Mariana Rufino CIFOR M.Rufino@cgiar.org 51. Ceciwa Banda COMESA csifima@comesa.int 52. Brian Otiende East African Community botiende@eachq.org 53. Dr. Peter Mokaya OCA mokayapm@gmail.com 54. Prof. B. Mochoge KU benson.mochoge@gmail.com 55. John Ndungu Wairore FICCF (DFID) jwairore@gmail.com 56. Doreen J. Chirchir FICCF (DFID) Doreen.Chirchir@ficcf.com

Annex 6: Team of Experts that finalised KCSAIF NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL ADDRESS 1. Dr. Lucy Ng’ang’a MOA&I-CCU Lucynganga09@gmail.com 2. Robin Mbae MOA&I-CCU robinmbae@yahoo.com 3. Veronica Ndetu MOA&I-CCU vndetu@yahoo.com 4. Rose Akombo KFS - M E & F rakombo@gmail.com 5. Vincent Ogwang’ MOA&I-CCU viodog2000@yahoo.com 6. Davies Makilla MOA&I-CCU dmukwabi@gmail.com 7. Benjamin Kibor MOA&I-CCU Bkibor2001@yahoo.com 8. Frashiah W. Mwebia MOA&I-CCU wangecikiarie@gmail.com 9. Zipora Otieno FAO Zipora.otieno@fao.org 64 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE

Annex 7: Lists of participants in County consultations List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Kitui – 8th to 12th June 2016 (Lamu, Wajir, Mandera, Tana River, Garissa Counties) NAME ORGANIZATION/ DUTY STATION 1. Yussuf A. Noor Garrisa County – Irrigation Dept 2. Jelle A. Ibrahim County Director of Agriculture – Garissa 3. Aboladip A. Haret Ass Director Environment – Garissa 4. Michael Okumu MENR – CCD 5. Nzioka Wambua Tana River – Livestock 6. Thomas N. P. Mugo Livestock & Fisheries – Tana River 7. Allan G. Vidonyi Agriculture – Lamu 8. Macharia W. B. Agriculture – Lamu 9. Jackson Afundi KMD – Lamu 10. DrCharles Mutange Veterinary – Lamu 11. Abdinoor I. Musa DALF – Water 12. Kamwenji Simon DCFO – WAJIR 13. Rose Wambui NEMA – WAJIR 14. Nyandoro Josiah DCO NEMA - Mandera 15. Benard Ogutu County Director of Agriculture - Mandera 16. Mohamed Aden County Director - Fisheries 17. Rose Akombo MENR – KFS 18. Vincent Ogwang MoALF – SDF 19. Hassan M. Adan Agriculture – wajir 20. Daud Yakub Guliye DALF – Wajir 21. Kamalu Sharrif County Director Fisheries – Lamu 22. Fredrick Oloo Min of Agric, Liv & Fisheries - NAIROBI 23. Joab Osumba FICC / DFID 24. Michael Obora MoALF – CCU – NAIROBI 25. Davies Makilla MOALF- CCU 26. Benjamin Kibor MOALF - CCU CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 65 List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Mombasa 25th – 27th July, 2016 (Mombasa, Kwale, Machakos, Taita Taveta and Kitui Counties) No. Name Mobile No/Email Address Institution 1. Uzel Mzera Uzelmzera@yahoo.com MoALF 2. David Wajala cdakwale@gmail.com County 3. Nyaga C.Nkurui nyagachristopher@yahoo.com County 4. Gor Kenneth cdlmachakos@yahoo.com County 5. Wanderi livingstone wanderiw@gmail.com Livestock 6. Juma Rissas sclpoluugaluga@yahoo.com Livestock 7. Japheth Musila musilajapheth@gmail.com Fisheries 8. Francis N.Kitoo franckitoo@yahoo.com Agriculture 9. Chege Kanyuamiti dvokilungu@yahoo.com Livestock 10. Paul Munyau Kaleve mukalove@yahoo.com Irrigation 11 Jonathan Mwanya mingla@yahoo.com MoA 12. Aggrey Ogolla ogallo@yahoo.com Fisheries 13. Omondi A. Okiri cakorio@gmail.com Fisheries 14. Benjamin J. Kibor bkibor@yahoo.com MoALF/SDL 15. Robin Mbae robinmbae@yahoo.com MoALF/SDL 16. Joan Mwangi Joan.mwangi@fao.org FAO 17. Musembi Musembic@yahoo.com MoALF 18. Lucy Nganga Lucynganga09@gmail.com MoALF CCU 19. Gideon Wambua gideonmuli@yahoo.com MoALF 20. Margaret Jefwa cdariculturekilifi@gmail.com Agriculture 21. Mulu kitari smkituri@gmail.com Livestock 22. Rose Akombo rakombo@gmail.com Kenya Forest Service 23. Vincent Onwang viodog200@yahoo.com MoALF 24. Dr. Peter Gathayo dvomulitu@gmail.com Livestock 25. Kimani John M. markkimanij@yahoo.com MoALF 26. Michael Ochieng ochiengma@yahoo.com ASDSP 27. Davd K. Beti bettdkafe@gmail.com Fisheries 28. Veronica Ndetu vndetu@yahoo.com MoALF 29. Hamisi mwakibarua irrigationmsa@yahoo.com Irrigation 30. Joab Osumba jlesumba@mail.com Consultant 31. Michael Obora michaelobora@yahoo.com CCU/MoALF 32. Doris N. Kiia taitatavetacda@yahoo.com Agriculture 33. Stanly K. Nuguti smnuguti@gmail.com MoALF 34. Daniel Imunya danielimunya@gmail.com MoALF 35. Davies Makilla dmkwabi@gmail.com MoALF 66 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Kitale 23rd – 27th January, 2017 (Turukana, Bungoma, West Pokot, Trans Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Kakamega, Busia, Elgeyo Marakwet Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Robin Mbae MOALF-CCU Deputy Director 2. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFID) Consultant 3. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 4. Michael Okumu MENR-CCD SAD-CCNF 5. Veronica Ndetu MOALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 6. Robert Kibunja Fisheries- Turkana County Director Fisheries 7. Davies Makilla MOALF-CCU Senior Fisheries officer 8. Vincent Ogwang MOALF-CCU Principal Fisheries officer 9. Omar Boru Aga Fisheries- Turkana Senior Fisheries officer 10. Fredrick Aloo MOALF-SDL Assistant Director 11 Francis Okoyo Anunda Livestock- Kakamega County Director Livestock 12. Fredrick Wotia Agriculture- Bungoma County Director Agriculture 13. Samson K. Kunyu Livestock- Bungoma County Director Livestock 14. Joab Olilah Okoto Fisheries- Bungoma County Director Fisheries 15. Evelyn Koskei Agriculture Irrigation- West Pokot County Director Agriculture 16. Barasa Mumbe Livestock- Trans Nzoia County Director Livestock 17. Patrick Wateyi Agriculture- Trans Nzoia Senior Superintendent (Agri.) 18. Samson Kosgei Fisheries- West Pokot County Director Fisheries 19. Janeth Chepng’etich Agriculture- Uasin Gishu County Agriculture Engineer 20. Fredrick Kangogo E.M.C Elgeyo Marakwet County Director Fisheries 21. Peter Chepkwony Elgeyo Marakwet County Director Livestock 22. Peter Isigi Agriculture-Elgeyo Marakwet County Crops Officer 23. Elia Lolem Livestock-Turkana County Livestock Officer 24. Thoma Elim Livestock-Turkana County Veterinary Officer 25. Kevin W. Adwera MALF-Busia Fisheries Assistant 26. Joseph K. Chelulei Environment-Uasin Gishu County Director Environment 27. Frank Moturi MOALF-Busia Agriculture County Crops Officer 28. Abraham K. Kiptanui MALF- Uasin Gishu County County Livestock Production 29. Joseph Imbira Agriculture-Kakamega County Director Agriculture 30. Zablon Shilenge Environment- Kakamega County Director Environment 31. Ismael Oduor Irrigation - Kakamega County Director Irrigation 32. Cosmas K. Langat Fisheries- Uasin Gishu Senior Fisheries Officer 33. Godfrey S. Walasa Environment- Trans Nzoia Director Environment 34. Lawrence O. Oigoro Agriculture- Turkana Director Agriculture 35. Josia Kirwa Irrigation -Turkana Irrigation Officer 36. Stanley K. Mutai Veterinary West Pokot Chief Veterinary Officer 37. Paul Lolchongar Livestock West Pokot County Director Livestock 38. Daniel Rono MALF Driver 39. Kenneth Kagai Agriculture – Trans Nzoia Principal Agricultural Officer CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 67 List of Participants in County Consultations at Kisumu Venue– 30th January to 2nd February 2017 (Nandi, Kericho, Vihiga, Siaya, Kisumu, Homa Bay, Migori, Kisii, Nyamira Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Robin Mbae MALF-CCU Deputy Director 2. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 3. Davies Makilla MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 4. Vincent Ogwang MALF-CCU Principal Fisheries Officer 5. Fredrick Aloo MALF-SDL Assistant Director 6. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 7. Michael Okumu MENR-CCD Senior Assistant Director 8. Daniel Rono MALF-SDA Driver 9. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 10. Simon Mutai Agriculture- Nandi Deputy Director 11 David Kemboi Fisheries-Nandi Director 12. Lord Mise Livestock- Nandi Director 13. Odoyo Bittar Agriculture- Kericho Agricultural Engineer 14. Daudi Kitur Environment- Kericho Director 15. Johnstone K. Rono Agriculture-Kericho Director 16. Charles K. Kirui Fisheries-Kericho Deputy Director 17. David Tonui Livestock-Kericho Director 18. Alice A. Kafwa Agriculture-Vihiga Director 19. Stephen Njau Fisheries- Vihiga Director 20. Richard Ndiwa Livestock- Vihiga Director 21. Robert Oduor Water-Vihiga Deputy Sub-County 22. Zachariah J. Bolo Fisheries- Siaya Director 23. Isaac Munyendo Agriculture-Siaya Director 24. Pitalis Owenga Water and Irrigation-Siaya Irrigation Engineer 25. Maurice Obiero Livestock- Siaya Director 26. Alfred O. Ajulu Livestock- Kisumu Director 27. Sylvester Oketch Agriculture- Kisumu Director 28. Joram Rasto Fisheries- Kisumu Director 29. Ernest Matengo Irrigation- Kisumu Irrigation Engineer 30. Philips Agwanda Fisheries- Homa Bay Director 31. Tabitha A. Ajuang Agriculture-Homa Bay Director 32. Ben Odhiambo Livestock-Homa Bay Director 33. Paul Peter Irrigation- Homa Bay Director 34. Monique Atieno Livestock- Migori Director 35. Francisca Katile Agriculture- Migori Director 36. Judith Okinda Fisheries- Migori Director 37. Tom A. Misenya Environment-Migori Director 38. Joshua O. Opar Irrigation-Migori County Irrigation Officer 68 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE No. Name Institution/County Job Title 39. Shem J. Kambogo Agricultural Engineering-Migori Agricultural Engineer 40. Jerald G. Kibathi Environment-Migori Environment officer 41. Alexander O. Obwocha Environment-Kisii Director 42. John Ndege Livestock-Kisii Director 43. Edwin R. Muga Fisheries- Kisii Director 44. Nicholas Ondimu Agricultural Engineering -Kisii Director 45. Kennedy Maseno Agriculture-Kisii Deputy Director 46. Naphtaly Odhoch Meteorology - Nyamira Director 47. Michael Lochampa Livestock-Nyamira Animal Production 48. David Munyi Agriculture-Nyamira Director 49. Philip K. Ruto Fisheries- Nyamira Director 50. Oliver Agado Irrigation- Nyamira Irrigation Engineer List of Participants at Embu Venue – 20th to 23rd March 2017 (Nairobi, Marsabit, Kirinyaga, Meru, Isiolo, Samburu, Tharaka Nithi, Muranga, Nyeri, Samburu Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Walter Mugambi Agriculture-Tharaka Nithi County Chief Officer 2. Robin Mbae MALF-CCU Deputy Director 3. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 4. Davies Makilla MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 5. Lucy Ng’ang’a MALF-CCU Chief Agricultural Officer 6. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 7. Benjamin Kibor MALF-CCU Principal Livestock Production 8. Peter Karani MALF-SDA Driver 9. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 10. Zipora Otieno FAO-KE Technical Coordinator 11 Phylis Obayo FAO-KE Operations Assistant 12. James Gakuo Fisheries-Nyeri Principal Fisheries Officer 13. Eric Wetende Livestock-Nairobi City Assistant Director 14. Jared Bogita Fisheries-Marsabit Assistant Director 15. Julius Gitu Agriculture-Marsabit Director 16. Moses Lengarite Livestock-Marsabit Director 17. Ephraim Nderu Livestock-Kirinyaga Senior Assistant Director 18. Ann Kimotho Fisheries-Kirinyaga Assistant Director 19. Raymond Ng’etich Fisheries-Meru Senior Fisheries Officer 20. Felix Muthomi Fisheries-Isiolo Assistant Director 21. Njeru Ndwiga Agriculture-Samburu Principal Agricultural Officer 22. Simon Lepakiyo Fisheries- Samburu Fisheries Officer 23. Stephen Gichunge Fisheries-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 69 No. Name Institution/County Job Title 24. Joseph Ngari Agriculture-Isiolo Assistant Director 25. Rachel Kamau Fisheries-Nairobi City Principal Fisheries Officer 26. Peter Nyamora Livestock-Murang’a Senior Assistant Director 27. Dr. Lucy Kareithi Livestock-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director 28. Elizabeth Njau Agriculture-Nairobi City Principal Agricultural Officer 29. John Rauni Fisheries-Murang’a Principal Fisheries Officer 30. Ruth Mwangi Livestock-Nyeri Deputy Director 31. Ephantus Mwangi Agriculture-Nyeri Deputy Director 32. Judith Katumo Agriculture-Samburu Principal 33. Benson Muriithi Agriculture-Kirinyaga Deputy Director 34. David Mululu Agriculture-Tharaka Nithi Assistant Director 35. Dr. Joseph Muriira Veterinary-Isiolo Assistant Director 36. Ibrahim Hassan Environment-Marsabit Environment Officer 37. Evans Mwiti Livestock-Meru Chief Livestock Production 38. Murigi Kahiu Agriculture-Murang’a Chief Agricultural Officer List of Participants in County Consultations: Venue Naivasha 27th - 30th March 2017 (Nyandarua, Baringo, Bomet, Laikipia, Kajiado, Kiambu, Embu, Narok and Nakuru Counties) No. Name Institution/County Job Title 1. Veronica Ndetu MALF-CCU Principal Agricultural Officer 2. Davies Makilla MALF-CCU Senior Fisheries Officer 3. Rose Akombo MENR-KFS Assistant Director 4. Benjamin Kibor MALF-CCU Principal Livestock Production 5. Peter Karani MALF-SDA Driver 6. Joab Osumba FICCP(DFiD) Consultant 7. Zipora Otieno FAO-KE Technical Coordinator 8. Phylis Obayo FAO-KE Operations Assistant 9. Lucy Ng’ang’a MALF-CCU Chief Agricultural Officer 10. Irene Wambugu Livestock -Nyandarua Principal Livestock Production 11 Richard Bundotich Livestock-Baringo Assistant Director 12. Joel Maina Agriculture-Baringo Assistant Director 13. Patrick Too Agriculture-Bomet Director 14. Felix Lagat Fisheries-Bomet Director 15. Dickson Ogwai Fisheries-Baringo Director 16. Dr. Daniel Ndung’u Livestock-Laikipia Director 17. Jamin Rutto Agriculture-Narok Chief Agricultural Officer 18. Elizabeth Mwangi Agriculture-Laikipia Director 19. Peterson Njue Fisheries-Laikipia Director 20. Silvester Karinge Irrigation-Nyandarua Chief Irrigation Officer 70 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE No. Name Institution/County Job Title 21. Daniel Nyagaka Agriculture-Kajiado Assistant Director 22. Benson Siangot Fisheries-Kajiado Senior Assistant Officer 23. Duncan Swiwa Livestock-Kajiado Assistant Director 24. Evans Kiplagat Livestock-Bomet Assistant Director 25. Anne Koimbori Agriculture-Kiambu Director 26. Olive Theuri Fisheries-Kiambu Principal Fisheries Officer 27. Dr. Philip Ndarua Livestock-Kiambu Director 28. Zachary Murimi Livestock-Embu Senior Assistant Director 29. Justin Ireri Fisheries-Embu Assistant Director 30. Benard Kimeto Livestock-Narok Principal Livestock Production 31. Vincent Kinyua Fisheries-Narok Principal Fisheries Officer 32. John Nyaga Agriculture-Embu Assistant Director 33. Jackson Kamau Fisheries-Nyandarua Principal Fisheries Officer 34. Mathew Ngila Fisheries-Nakuru Principal Fisheries Officer 35. Michael Reuben Livestock-Nakuru Director 36. Grace Kirui Agriculture- Nakuru Director 37. Margaret Mwaniki Agriculture-Nyandarua Assistant Director CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE 71 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irriga�on Kilimo House, Cathedral Road, P. O. Box 30028 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel. +254-20-718870 72 CLIMATE RESILIENT, LOW CARBON AGRICULTURE Website: www.kilimo.go.ke