Amman Climate Action Plan - A Vision for 2050 Amman

Greater Ammtrn Municip ttlit~ Ministry of Envlronme~ ACRONYMS 4 MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR OF GREATER AMMAN MUNICIPALITY 5 MESSAGE FROM THE JORDANIAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT 6 AMMAN VISION 2050 7 Opportunities & Challenges for Amman 8 Urgency to Act now 10 Regional Leaders On Climate Action 12 AMMAN CITY DATA 14 Amman's Emissions Inventory and the Making of a New Amman 16 Cl) 1-- AMMAN'S PATH TO ACHIEVING VISION 2050 18 z 40% Reduction by 2030 18 w Amman Emission Trajectory and Target 20 1-- The Pillars of the Amman Plan 22 z 0 ENVISIONING AMMAN 2050 24 u Amman Plan Sector Goals Buildings: Where Amman Residents Live, Work, and Study 26 28 Renewable Energy: Powering Citizens ' Lives 33 Transport: How Jordanians Move Around the City 36 Solid Waste: Reducing and Treating City Waste 40 Water and Waste Water: Sourcing, Treatment, and Protection of Water 44 Urban Planning: Enhancing the Quality of Life in Amman 47 NEXT STEPS: THE AMMAN PLAN BLUEPRINT 50 GLOSSARY 51 ANNEX 1: CURB TOOL ANALYSIS 52 REFERENCES 44 ACRONYMS BAU Business as Usual COM Clean Development Mechanism (United Nations) C0 2e Carbon dioxide equivalent CAM Greater Amman Municipality CHG Greenhouse gases GDP Gross domestic product LED Light-emitting diode LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design PPP Public-private partnership PV Photovoltaic REEEL Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law TMMP Transport and Mobility Master Plan UN United Nations I MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR OF GREATER AMMAN MUNICIPALITY Amman Climate Action Plan Amman is a leader on climate change action. The City is taking its responsibilities towards its people and the Globe. Amman has taken great strides to minimize negative impacts of climate change and worked to reduce its emissions and focus on low-carbon green growth. In 2018, Amman. as a member of C40. the global network of cities committed to climate action. set an ambitious new goal to develop a plan that start the Amman city on a path to a GHG emission neutral city by 2050. The year 2050 may seem far away, but it is the decisions we make now that will determine the kind of future the city will face in the future. Amman and other Jordanian cities face a multitude of challenges that could threaten our growth and prosperity. Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) strives to bring innovative solutions to these complex problems. Green growth policies that bring economic growth. jobs and improved infrastructure to the city while protecting the environment. reducing local pollutants. and providing greening benefits will be crucial for achieving a safe and productive future for Amman.

This Amman Climate Action Plan is an ambitious and first step on the long journey to creating a sustainable. vibrant future. It lays out an approach to creating a carbon neutral Amman. while expanding services and meeting the needs of the rapidly growing city. This inaugural plan sets an interim target of a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Carbon neutrality is a long-term goal. this plan sets out a shared vision for collaboration among the government. private sector. development partners and residents of Amman. This strategy is a living. evolving document that the city will continue to build on until we achieve our plan for a carbon-neutral 2050. The document was developed along with the Ministry of Environment. Partnership for Market Readiness of the World Bank Group and intensive consultation with GAM partners. I would like to thank all them for their dedication and contributions. I would also like to thank the employees of GAM for their tireless work on behalf of this initiative and primarily I would like to recognize the work of the GAM Technical Working Group who led all of these efforts. Our goal is to preserve our city and improve the lives of our people and we hope that this action plan is another step in our path. Dr. Yousef Al Shawarbeh Mayor of Amman I MESSAGE FROM THE JORDANIAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT On behalf of the Ministry of Environment. I congratulate the Greater Amman Municipality on the launch of Amman climate Action Plan. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is committed to contributing to global efforts to address climate change. As a signatory to Paris Agreement. Jordan is making concerted efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and to reduce the future impacts of climate change on Jordanian economy and society. The Government has recently approved the Climate Change Bylaw to support enhanced public and private sector engagement towards this national goal. The Greater Amman Municipality's Climate Action Plan is a pioneering effort in Jordan. as the first sub-national climate change strategy. The urban centers of Jordan have an important role in this future. as they are the economic. population and cultural hubs for the country. The Ministry of Environment would like to invite all Jordanians to join efforts to address the challenges posed by climate change so we can together build low-carbon and climate resilient future for our future generations. H.E. Eng. Ahmad Al Qatarneh Secretary General .•, . - t "'- - r~'-"f""'J .,.. ... JI Nallonal <lijutll ld;ilor Ol "°"""~ ~•lllriPOft --1r11~ . . . - , ~ ' I ' - - lolalf!Nmd ~l)',oa;J ·~ I OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES FOR AMMAN I I URGENCY TO ACT NOW The world is acting to combat climate change. and PILLAR 1 • the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is committed to supporting this effort. In December 2015. 195 nations adopted the Paris Agreement during the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Agreement aims to limit the average rise in global temperatures to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Jordan has committed a nationally determined contribution to this effort of a 14 percent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to a business as usual scenario and dependent on the availability of international funding . The government and people of Amman will be central to this national level commitment to reduce emissions. The city houses roughly 40 percent1 of the countries inhabitants and is the economic engine of management the country. According to national level projections. the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 will be roughly 38 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e). According to CURB (Climate Action for Urban Sustainability) projections. Amman's scenario indicates roughly 11 million tons of CO2e emissions in 2020. slightly less than a third of national emissions. 2

Support for global commitments is not the only driver of Amman's pledge to climate action. Amman is committed to leveraging low-carbon. resilient development to deliver a world-class. livable city to the people of Amman. PILLARS• 1 The Department of Statistics of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan estimated in 2017 the Amman governate share of the population as 42%. 2 A direct comparison of subnational and national emissions is difficult and inexact. However. this illustrates the importance of Amman's contribution to national emission levels. I I REGIONAL LEADERS ON CLIMATE ACTION The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the city rapidly developing city in a strategically important of Amman have long been committed to action region. it aspires to be a leader in showcasing on climate change. Amman's contribution to the opportunities that low-carbon. resilient global climate change is minor. However. as a development provides to its inhabitants. Jordan and Amman registered several Jordan signed projects with the UN Amman will the UN Clean Development explore piloting Framework Mechanism (CDM). The country of Amman a market Convention including the Amman Amman Jordan signs the publishes its mechanism for on Climate Ghabawi Landfill Gas joins the C40 Paris Agreement on Resilience cities to reduce Change to Energy Project Climate Group Climate Change. Strategy emissions. e I I I @ I I I 2014 2016 e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - --•1 - - --•1----•- -----:0 - - - - ---:- - - -Or-------e--- ---e---- ----1•- - - 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

8 Amman Green Growth Program 8 Jordan releases its first National 2015 Jordan submits its National Climate 8 Jordan publishes its 8 Amman commits to the adopted Climate Action Plan National Green C40 Deadline Change Policy and Nationally Growth Plan 2020 on Climate for 2013-2020 Determined Action Planning Contributions as part of the Paris Agreement J/JII Environmental ftt~~\ Social/Health ~.f) Economic ~ Benefits •&• Benefits --,./ Benefits Reduced air. land and Protection against natural disasters Increased jobs water pollution (e.g. flooding , storms, heat waves) Improved health outcomes through Enhanced and expanded urban Clean water reduced air pollution services (e.g. public transportation) Increased water supply Better quality housing Reduced utility bills Protection of biodiversity Improved equitable access to urban Reduced operating costs for animals and plants services Enhanced public open space and Increased green space Energy security green space Reduced heat island Increased community participation Neighborhood revitalization effect I DISCLAIMER ON DATA AND MODELING The 2014 emission data contained in this report to measure and manage these emissions in future was collected in 2015 and 2016. and was the best emission inventories and will update actions to available data at that time. The city of Amman address these emissions in future Plan updates. used The Global Protocol for Cities. which allows Estimating amounts of greenhouse gases is cities to choose to report at a basic level or basic inherently inexact. As such, the amounts identified plus level. The basic level inventory does not in this plan are meant to be directional. identifying include industrial processes and agriculture data. trends in sector emissions and future projections. Amman does have light industry and limited They are not exact amounts and are likely to agriculture activities within the boundaries drawn change as Amman collects additional data on for the emission inventory. However. those activities city emissions. Amman also endeavors to further were not measured in the 2014 inventory and their expand data sources in future iterations of its emissions have not been considered in the Amman inventory, continually improving its understanding Climate Action Plan to date. The GAM endeavors of emission sources in the city.

AREA - Builtuparea2015 - Zoned land 800 KM 2 D Unzoned land District limit built-up area 212 km2 in 20153• World Bank 2018, Urban Growth Model and Sustainable Urban Expansion for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 154 p. This figure is scaled from national GDP data. No data exists for Amman 's share of the country's GDP. However, it is likely even higher on a per capita basis than all other areas of Jordan. Thus. this estimate may be low. UNDP Human Development Index in 5 3111111--= 111·o °o:::::,1 6= =:::i9111111-•'\ti10meters 2011 put Amman's GDP higher than Jordan as a whole" http:// 111 www.jo.undp.org/content/jordan/en/home/library/Human_ (GAM, Shereen Dana, 2016, compilation Ababsa, 2016 Development/NHDR/2011.html AMMAN'S EMISSIONS INVENTORY Amman completed its first city-wide inventory lower than these cities at roughly 2.1 tons of CO2e of greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2014 per person. Without action. emissions are projected using the Global Protocol for Community-Scale to double by 2030, and would reach almost 40 Greenhouse Gas Emission lnventories5 . A city- million tons by 2050. wide GHG inventory enables cities to measure The inventory shows that the two sectors that their overall emissions and understand what level contribute the most to emissions are stationary of emissions different activities within the city energy and transportation. According to the contribute to the overall amount. This helps cities inventory, 64 percent of Amman's emissions to better target actions that can reduce emissions. came from the stationary energy source category Amman's 2014 inventory measured the city (residential and commercial buildings}. and 31 emissions at just over 7.4 million tons. This is percent from transportation. More specifically, the similar to the total emissions of cities such as Paris. largest sub-sectors of emissions were electricity in Philadelphia. and Washington. DC. However. on buildings. and on-road transport. a per capita basis. Amman's emissions are much 5 The city encountered challenges in obtaining data for the emissions inventory and for the CURB scenario modeling tool. Thus. proxy data was used to fill the data gaps. This is a common exercise, as most cities do not have complete data sets for all sectors. The emissions data is used here for directional planning. and is not an exact measurement. THE MAKING OF A NEW AMMAN: TRANSFORMATION UNDERWAY Thejourneytoa moresustainablefutureforAmman the city will need to make in order to achieve its has already begun. The city has encouraged 2050 vision. These planned actions are expected sustainable development for a decade. starting to reduce emissions by approximately 20 percent with the Amman Green Growth Program. In this below a baseline scenario by 2030. This is a good context. it has taken decisive action in a few key start. but more needs to be done to achieve the areas that are essential to reducing emissions. city's vision. These projects demonstrate the types of changes

Taking Action to Improve Amman and Fight Climate Change RANSPORTATI ON • Improvements include the planning and building of the city's first rapid bus transit system, as well as improving the transportation and mobility network. NERGY EFFICI ENCY• Improvements include enhancing street lighting efficiency with a light- emitting diode (LED) street bulb program and incentivizing green building with a green building density bonus. WASTE • Improvements include managing waste based on the "4Rs", that is. reduction, reuse, recycling. and recovery, as well as creating fossil fuel free energy in the Al Ghabawi waste to energy facility. I AMMAN'S PATH TO ACHIEVING VISION 2050 THE FIRST MILESTONE: A 40 AMMAN'S FIRST CLIMATE PERCENT REDUCTION BY 2030 ACTION PLAN As part of its membership with C40 Cities. Amman This is Amman's first climate action plan and. has committed to delivering a GHG emission indeed. a first in the region. The Plan establishes neutral 6 and climate resilient city by 2050. The city the 2050 vision. commits to a near-zero emissions also committed to creating a plan and a pathway target and sets a pathway with major pillars of for reaching that target. with an interim target of action. Amman has been implementing climate a 40 percent reduction over the 2014 baseline by actions that improve service delivery and reduce 2030. emissions for over a decade. This Plan builds and Thecoreofthis Plan isthecommitmentto reduce the expands on those smaller-scale projects. It is city's emissions to near-zero in the future. As such. the first step in Amman 's formal climate action this commitment will drive the transformational planning process. The next step will be to design shifts. including the scope of those projects and a process for implementation of the actions that policies that are identified within the plan. To achieve the main pillars of the Plan. A process achieve near-zero emissions. per person emissions for implementation will identify the human and need to be kept at or below current levels. which financial resources. the policies and regulations. have been estimated at approximately 2.1 tons/ and the governance and financing structure person/year. Amman is still a developing city. and needed to implement key actions. currently per person emissions are comparatively Amman will continue to evaluate and increase the low. However. as a rapidly growing city. the scope of its action plan in accordance with future challenge will be to achieve economic growth for guidance from C40. as well as the experience the expanding population. while barely growing of other cities attempting to reach near-zero per person emissions. emissions by 2050. • C40 Cities is currently producing research on the level of acceptable offsetting that can occur under a near-zero emissions plan. Currently C40 defines "CHG emission neutral" or near-zero carbon as 0.0ltCO 2e/person. as noted in the Glossary.

MODE LING A PATHWAY TO VISION 2050 AND INTERIM TARGETS Amman used a scenario planning tool called CURB to identify and prioritize low- carbon infrastructure and CHG reduction actions that would set the city on a path to achieving its 2050 vision. Data from the 2014 emissions inventory was used in the creation of the model to set the city's baseline emissions. CURB is an excel based model that uses city emission inventory data to project future emissions and suggest actions for reduction. The analysis presented here comes from the CURB model, and it helped Amman to shape its 2050 vision and action plan. The tool was developed in close coordination with the departments and units that manage infrastructure projects and policies in the Greater Amman Municipality, the government formed a technical working group that input data to the model. The actions that are selected to create the scenario are based on discussions with these departments and also reflect actions that the city is already taking. The baseline scenario is a "business as usual" projection that estimates what emission levels would be in the future with no emission reduction actions taken. The baseline uses Amman's 2014 emissions inventory data, as well as future population and economic growth rates to project emissions. Actions were then selected in the tool for each sector to build a scenario that would reduce emissions below the baseline emission projections. DEVELOPING THE AMMAN PLAN 2015Amman Initial CURB The CAM validates conducts CURB developed a 2014 training and emission target modeling in emission inventory consultation with a results in the cross- coordination with with support the CAM ofC40. authorities The CURB model is not designed to account for from these two modeling approaches. along with more complex land use planning scenarios that can consultations with all the GAM departments. achieve significant emission reductions over time. identified the priority areas of action that need to Instead. the tool is limited to actions pertaining be addressed to achieve the Amman 2050 Vision. to buildings, energy sources. transportation. It should be noted that carbon sequestration waste. and wastewater. In 2017. a World Bank activities were not modeled for Amman. Future Group led team worked with Amman to model iterations of this climate action plan could explore green growth scenarios that considered land use the level that urban forestry and other carbon changes. It identified the opportunities for cross- sequestration actions could play in helping Amman sector planning and land use actions. The outputs achieve drastic emission reductions. C, National/Regional Actions (All Sectors) 2030 EMISSIONS LEVELS f) Private Building Energy 13,000,000 Baseline Forecast 40.0% Target (% below 2030 (I Municipal Building & Public Lighting baseline level) Q Electricity Generation 8,000,000 Allowable Emissions - Baseline Forecast 40% Achieved reduction G) Solid Waste 0 Wastewater 2050 EMISSIONS LEVELS €) Transportation 28,000,000 Baseline Forecast 99.5% Target (% below 2050 C) Carbon Sequestration baseline level) • • Target Trajectory 140,000 Allowable Emissions ll,500,000 Achieved with Actions 11,360,000 Achievement Gap

THE PILLARS OF THE AMMAN PLAN Achieving a deep decarbonization of Amman 's economy and developing resilience against climate change will require a major transformational shift in every sector. These transformations will reduce emissions. but they will do much more than that. They will change the fabric of the city, significantly improving the daily life of residents of Amman. These shifts will be referred to as the pillars of the Amman Plan. Modeling complex activity 30 years into the future Amman's control. and very hard to predict far into involves making assumptions and projections the future. This model considers technologies that about behaviors of a multidimensional system. are currently available and does not incorporate Assumptions have been documented in the any assumptions regarding behavioral changes Annex. detailing the CURB model. The outcome that could change consumption patterns. New shared in this report relies on analysis that is based technologies and major shifts in behavioral change on assumptions regarding the level of technology will be needed to achieve a 1.5-degree scenario, but development. market changes. and impacts of it is challenging to forecast what these might be. national policies. These factors are largely outside of PARTNERING TO ACHIEVE GOALS City action alone will not be sufficient to deliver of government and partnering with the GAM. For Amman's Vision 2050. Additional actions by the example. many actions in the building and water national government. the private sector and other sector cannot be implemented by the city alone. stakeholders will be necessary. Collaboration with and building codes are set at the national level. external partners will be crucial to deliver the Thus. the Greater Amman Municipality government requisite transitions. Indeed. C40 research shows does not have the policy making. regulatory or that while city actions continue to deliver savings fiscal power needed to lead implementation on all against the business as usual scenarios. beyond actions. 2023. their own cities cannot deliver on the steep. Amman has a strong track record of collaborating aggressive trajectories necessary to achieve the with all levels of government. the international Paris Agreement. development community. and the private sector. The action areas identified in this Plan would help The goal of the Amman Plan is to provide a structure Amman to achieve a deep reduction in emissions under which these partnerships and projects can over a baseline by 2030. However. many of these be coordinated to ensure that overlapping or actions will require leadership from other levels conflicting work does not occur. PARTNERSHIPS IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS WILL BE KEY COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ThesupportoftheresidentsofAmmanwill becritical experience a better quality of life. in achieving Vision 2050 and the Resilience Strategy. Individual participation and behavior change is Indeed. success depends on collective action. In core to many of the actions of this Plan. As such. this regard. raising awareness of the impacts of the residents of Amman will have to be engaged in climate change and the benefits of actions will be the implementation and invested in the outcomes. key to achieving the city's Vision 2050. Therefore. a general public awareness raising Sta keholderengagement isa n essenti a I pa rtofa c ity·s campaign will be implemented to address the role climate action plan. This Plan provides a framework of important stakeholders in the climate actions for engagement between government agencies. proposed in the Plan. citizens and the private sector. The objective is to The city of Amman will also be included in a national involve stakeholders in the development. design project implementing a climate action monitoring and implementation of actions. providing an system. This monitoring. reporting and verification opportunity for obtaining a better understanding of system will identify all emission reduction actions the social and environmental impacts of proposed in Amman. which can then be shared publicly. projects. Stakeholder input will improve the design Furthermore. it will provide transparency and help and increase local ownership and involvement. As to inform the public about the progress of Plan a result. outcomes will improve and residents will implementation.

AMMAN PLAN SECTOR GOALS Within these pillars, measures have been identified across all sectors that will be essential to achieving Amman 's 2050 vision. The goals for each sector will drive the actions identified in the following section. THE ELECTRICITY SOURCE for the city will need to be predominately carbon free in 2050. NEWLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS will all comply with green building guidelines. and a majority of existing buildings will be renovated to improve energy efficiency. e e e CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT - a cross-cutting program that includes launching a city-wide a,Mllll awareness program about climate change action and GAM's ongoing efforts. RENEWABLE ENERGY WILL BE EXPANDED Building integrated solar photovoltaics (PVs) will provide residential and commercial buildings with the majority of their energy needs. • The Greater Amman Municipality will produce its own renewable energy. SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY Public transport will be clean, efficient and widespread . A majority of private vehicles and taxis will be electric powered . Walking will be a core mode of mobility in the city center. ---IIll WASTE Waste will be reduced, sorted , composted and recycled. Remaining solid waste will be processed in waste to energy sites. WATER AND WASTE WATER Water will be efficiently used. Rainwater will be captured and reused . Waste water will be effectively treated. with a focus on capturing gases for energy use. URBAN PLANNING AND LAND USE New development areas will be focused on public transit-oriented corridors Green spaces. parks and urban forestry will increase. and new building will be focused on underutilized land I CLIMATE ACTIONS IN AMMAN'S KEY SECTORS This section will address the challenges and these actions will produce a range of benefits for opportunities identified in each key sector. It will Amman's inhabitants. including improved health. also present current projects or policies that are job growth. and enhanced livability. Amman will contributing to emission reductions. In addition. it forge partnerships to implement and achieve these will identify future actions that build the foundation sector goals. for sustainable growth. When implemented. .• I KEY GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEY SHORT-TERM GOALS • Improving energy efficiency in all CAM- CASE STUDY controlled municipal buildings and public lighting to show leadership and AMMAN'S demonstrate cost effectiveness. • Improving enforcement of existing GREEN BUILDING building codes. DENSITY BONUS • lncentivizing and encouraging best practice in passive design and green CHALLENGE • Green building has been slow construction for commercial buildings. to build market share in Amman because of • Partnering with the national cost concerns, to date only 10 buildings have government and international received green building certification in Jordan. organizations to implement energy efficient programs for existing The government of Amman is constrained in residential buildings. acting. as building codes and policies are set at the national level.

SOLUTION• The city focused on encouraging The national government has demonstrated a participation in green building through a strong commitment to energy efficiency. The voluntary density bonus program linked to recently completed Second National Energy the Jordan Green Building Guide published in Efficiency Action Plan for the Hashemite Kingdom 2013 by the Jordan Green Buildings Council. of Jordan commits the country to a 20 percent Certified green buildings are totally or partially improvement in energy efficiency by 2020 (over exempt from fees according to Amman's the 2006-2010 baseline). Despite the existence of Buildings and zoning law in 2019. The incentive building codes and green building guidelines at provides a 'Density Bonus· in the form of an the national level. enforcement of building codes additional percentage to the original floor is weak. area ratio (FAR). As an additional incentive. As national attention is now turned toward energy building applications are free of charge. efficiency, Amman can facilitate a pipeline of BENEFITS • Lowered costs for developers and projects that addresses residential. commercial residents. and public building energy efficiency standards. GRAPHIC Based on Amman's climate and heating and cooling demand, improvements in the following areas of the building sector can create the highest emission reductions: Residential Commercial New construction New and Existing buildings • building lighting, envelopes • lighting (insulation and windows) • cooling and heating • cooling and heating equipment equipment Existing buildings • lighting • appliances • cooling and heating equipment • thermal insulation techniques I BENEFITS Improving energy efficiency in buildings results air pollution. For the broader economy, scaled up in positive economic and social impacts at the building retrofits could potentially produce a 150 household level. as well as for the broader economy. percent increase in jobs in a city the size of Amman At the household level. increased efficiency means by2030 according to the Global Covenant of Mayors smaller utility bil Is and better health due to reduced for Climate and Energy Opportunity Dashboard.7 I PARTNERS & STAKEHOLDERS The city government has limited ability to control as an advocate. expanding awareness among its policies and regulations in the building sub-sector. residents and can perform regulatory and licensing In this context. partners will be key to developing actions that support these transformational shifts. projects that can scale across the residential and There are additional local organizations that will commercial building sub-sectors. Addressing have a key role in this sector. including the Jordan energy efficiency in buildings will require close National Building Code Council. It is active in the coordination with national ministries and country. helping to establish local green building regulatory organizations. Amman alone cannot guidelines. In this sector. it is especially important lead many of the actions identified in this plan to have the engagement of private sector actors. for because of national control of policy and regulatory example real estate developers. commercial banks. structure for buildings. Therefore, the government energy-efficient building product manufacturers of Amman is working closely with the national and others. Together. they will be key partners for government to identify existing and new policies the city. that will support these actions. The city can act

7 The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy Opportunity Dashboard uses city data to estimate the impacts from climate action in cities. https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/cl i mate-opportunity/ ACTIONS TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE BUILDING SECTOR • VOLUME OF ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSIONS REDUCED SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS Reduced costs for the Improve energy efficiency in GAM- • Medium Low municipality, and improved owned municipal buildings comfort of buildings Reduced operational costs for Implement green building strategies schools and universities. and in public schools. universities. and • Medium Medium improved environment for religious institutions learning Implement green building strategies Reduced operational costs. and • Medium Medium in public hospitals improved indoor environment Improve enforcement of building Reduce costs for residents and • Medium Medium codes improved living environment lncentivize adoption of the Reduced costs for residents and Thermal Building Code and Retrofit • Medium Medium improved living environment Guidelines Increase participation in green Reduced costs for residents and building incentive program (Density • Medium Medium improved living environment bonus) Improved perception of green Create a building energy rating and building. incentivize efficient • Short Unknown label program behavior. building awareness of benefits Energy-efficient street lighting and Safer streets. and reduced costs • Short Low lighting in parks for the city Rebate program for energy efficient • Short Medium Reduced costs for residents appliances Solar water heater program incentive • Short Low Reduced costs for residents program

Energy efficiency engagement plan • Medium Medium Reduced costs for residents for large energy users Reduced costs for residents. and Existing buildings (residential): • Medium High improved comfort and living city-wide retrofit program environment • Short - 10 years • Medium -10-15 years • Long 15-30 years KEY GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEY SHORT-TERM GOALS • lncentivize and promote residential and CASE STUDY commercial rooftop solar energy units SOLAR PV ROOFTOP • Explore sites for municipal solar opportunities GUIDELINES • Research other clean, renewable CHALLENGE • Jordan is dependent on source options fossil fuel imports for almost all their energy needs. yet they have robust renewable energy In order to achieve the envisioned transformational resources. City level governance have little shift. the city will need to rapidly shift to non- influence over national grid policies. carbon energy sources. Amman is already working to identify renewable energy opportunities and SOLUTION • Distributed renewable energy the country has abundant quality solar and wind systems present a great opportunity for cities. resources. Reducing GHG emissions from the companies and individuals to take control of energy sector in Amman goes hand-in-hand their energy sources. GAM has created and with the national priority of reducing reliance on shared design guidelines for rooftop solar PV external fossil fuels. systems. Combined with the 2012 Renewable Multiple national level regulations are in place that Energy Law that allows individuals to sell allow Amman to pursue municipal renewable excess output back to the grid. a substantial energy resources. uptake in rooftop solar PV has occurred. • In 2018, the national government signed Around 25MW of rooftop solar capacity was a policy that allows all public institutions installed by 2017. to build and own a solar PV plant up to 10 BENEFITS• Improved air quality, savings on megawatts {MW). Amman would need to utility bills. support of green jobs produce many times this amount, and it should focus on raising this ceiling. • The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law {REEEL) No. 13 (2012) promotes This enabling environment is encouraging and renewable energy production. It is the supportive of renewable energy installations for umbrella regulation for all other supporting individuals and the municipal government. As schemes and incentives. such. it should be leveraged to allow Amman to • Under the REEEL, net metering regulations reduce their own emissions from the electricity allow individuals and municipalities to sector. reducing dependence on the national grid. connect renewable energy back to the grid. I BENEFITS Using local renewable energy sources. such as solar reduction in air pollution. while reducing reliance energy. has a potentially large impact on the city on imported fuel and oil. For individuals installing and its inhabitants beyond the benefits of reduced building-integrated solar systems. household emissions. Creating energy using clean sources at spending on utilities will be reduced. In addition. the city level will reduce city government spend ing jobs in renewable energy engineering, construction. on energy, freeing up resources for other initiatives. operations and maintenance sectors will increase. It can also lead to an increase in jobs and a

I PARTNERS & STAKEHOLDERS Amman cannot alone change the mix of the energy in Amman. In addition. the national national grid. but it can look at alternatives to grid- government is working hard to develop additional provided electricity. To do this. Amman will need renewable sources. Amman can leverage existing to partner with utilities. the national ministries and partners - from international donors to local regulatory bodies. and the private sector. manufacturers and universities-to explore options There is a long history of developing renewable for shifting its sources of energy. ACTIONS TO INCREASE RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSION REDUCTION SUSTAINABILITY POTENTIAL (H,M,L) BENEFITS Improved air quality. Develop solar power generation farm to power • Medium High and lower reliance on the GAM's municipal sites imported energy Reduce operating Develop solar PV street lighting • Short Low costs for the city Outreach and awareness-building program to Reduce long-term encourage installation of rooftop solar PV using • Short Unknown energy costs for existing national government financial incentives residents Reduce operating costs for the city, Install rooftop solar units on GAM-owned • Medium Low. provide leadership municipal buildings, parking lots and pergolas and an example for city residents Support Explore renewable power pu rchase agreements • Medium High development of for providing renewable energy for municipal use renewable energy KEY GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES CASE STUDY KEY SHORT-TERM GOALS ELECTRIC CAR • Conduct a new transport survey and update the Transport and Mobility CHALLENGE • Emissions from gas-fueled, Master Plan (TMMP} alongside an on-road transport are one of the largest integrated land use planning exercise. contributors to poor air quality in Amman. • Improve pedestrian and bicycling Existing infrastructure for electric car charging, experiences and safety. which would reduce emissions, is minimal. • lncentivize electric vehicles and show leadership by electrifying the municipal SOLUTION • The national government has bus fleet. provided some incentives for purchasing • Prioritize low carbon modes of electric vehicles, but barriers still remain. The transportation in infrastructure municipal government has purchased 100 investments. electric cars for city government use. as well as 30 electric taxis as a pilot and will expand

The city has well managed and extensive road in the future. There is now legislation that ways. It has also implemented an initial technology requires all new gas stations to install electric system to help manage traffic. There has been charging stations. significant investment in recent years in the road In 2018. the German based company. E-Charge. network. In addition, the transport sector has seen signed an agreement to install 10,000 electric an opening of the market to private operators and charging stations across the country, many of investors. There is much interest from international which will be located in Amman. The GAM can partners in this sector, as well as opportunities to further expand on their efforts by creating an leverage private sector interest. Additionally, there awareness program for electric car incentives. are multiple examples of cities overcoming cost BENEFITS • Reduced local air pollution and barriers to implementing small and large transport reduced operating costs for owners of vehicles. improvement projects. The Greater Amman Municipality developed a Transportation and Mobility Master Plan in 2010, The information from the former TMMP is now based on data collection and surveys. The plan almost a decade old. A new TMMP should be established a framework for the city's growth and developed. Indeed. there is a great opportunity to identified corridors for intensification. The plan has plan new development alongside an integrated faced barriers to implementation. but the two lines mobility plan that looks at all possible forms of of the Bus Rapid Transit system is now undergoing public. electric, and non-motorized transportation. development. I BENEFITS Enhanced bus networks and a shift from cars to CASE STUDY public transport will help to ease traffic congestion, BUS RAPID reducing the number of polluting cars. decreasing other air pollutants associated with traffic. and TRANSIT (BRT) lowering emissions from public transport vehicles. According to the Amman traffic model.4.720tonsof CHALLENGE • Private vehicles dominate the CO/year could be reduced based on the results for roadways and public transportation is not the Amman-Zarqa BRT system. Research indicates efficient. that by 2030 these transport improvements would SOLUTION • Create an integrated public help avoid 1.000 premature deaths per year due to transport network for Amman. based on BRT air quality improvements in the Middle East (Global which will connect with the proposed BRT Covenant of Mayors Opportunity Dashboard). between Amman and Zarqa and will also Better transit systems also reduce commute times serve the neighborhood ofRuseifa. In both BRT and minimize traffic related deaths. Fewer vehicle systems premium, high-capacity buses will kilometers travelled and less cars lead to safer run on segregated lanes. Development of two streets. In South Asia, bus rapid transit systems have main lines within Amman is completed. When reduced commute time by 45 hours per person/ the whole system is completed , it will consist per year. In this context. it is projected that road of 25 kilometers (km) of BRT with small feeder fatalities could be reduced by up to 35 percent in a buses that deploy into key neighborhoods off city the size of Amman by 2030 (Global Covenant the main lines, thereby improving access to of Mayors Opportunity Dashboard). public transportation.

The BRT lines are largely being built along A9r10J1tur , \.gr existing bus lines and will replace the slower Jordati riiller.,i'ty Hn~tsl buses. Amman's BRT is expected to reduce the 'ol1:h Terminal Al J\Q5i;! ,Q 11 distance traveled using private vehicles by 85 Tar k lntl!rr Prnu Tunnal G million kilometers per year. and the distance Al Mui< .ir IL traveled using taxi by 12 million kilometers per $porn. Ci ty 0 'it year. Each BRT bus will accommodate up to 150 passengers, or the equivalent of a bout 110 private 0 King Abd11llilh Coo!p!Q. vehicles. By 2020, the 150 rapid buses in Amman -~Joilti af-MuJw,.imftl'I will be carrying 315,000 passengers a day. j) cl• ~-d All Jlr,1'11111 Fa1n:.u -OewUQjl BENEFITS • Benefits include shorter Moh"d A[ Bd.u o commutes. improved mobility, increased Rn•. -~ '.Q+ productivity, and improved air quality. I PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS Amman currently partners with private operators and smart cities infrastructure to Amman to to run portions of the public transportation system support the electrification of its transportation. in the city. This model will continue. and these Amman will work closely with the Ministry operators will be key stakeholders in developing of Transportation and other neighboring city low-carbon solutions to public transport. In fact. governments to explore mores sustainable modes there are many opportunities to engage with the of inter-city transport. private sector to bring the necessary technology ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION VOLUME OF ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSIONS REDUCED SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS • Medium/ Reduced commute times. Plan and construct a Bus Rapid Transit 2 lines High improved productivity. system completed and better air quality

Implement a public transportation awareness plan to change perceptions e short Unknown Awareness raising and behavior Install electric vehicle charging stations e short Unknown Improved infrastructure around the city Give preferred treatment for zero/low emission vehicles, including fast lanes, . Medium Unknown Reduced costs parking discounts, and reduced fees Replace GAM-owned fleet vehicles Reduced operating costs e short Low with electric vehicles for city Replace 75 percent of taxis with Reduced local air e short Medium electric taxis pollution Install bike paths and other bike safety Improved land use, and e short Unknown measures preserved open space Promote walkability through installation of new sidewalks and maintenance: Improved public health, improve existing sidewalks: increase e short Unknown and enhanced livability of green space: and introduce pedestrian the city safety measures to enhance use Enhance the efficiency of the city Reduced local air bus network using improved fuel e short Low pollution, and improved specifications public health • KEY GOALS AND CASE STUDY OPPORTUNITIES ALGHABAWI LANDFILL WITH GAS CAPTURE KEY SHORT-TERM GOALS CHALLENGE • Safe.Most landfills are not • Sort waste for composting and covered or adequately treated in the country, recycling and sorting of recyclable materials or organic • Separate and divert waste, and waste is not practiced. implement recycling and composting programs SOLUTION • The Al Ghabawi landfill was • Improve and establish additional waste established in 2003. It was the country's first infrastru ctu re and still only engineered safe and lined landfill with methane gas capture. It was also the first municipal carbon finance partnership in the A 2011 waste composition study found that 50 Middle East. percent of Amman's solid waste is organic. 16 To date, three cells have been filled and safely percent is plastic. 7 percent is cardboard , and 8 capped and methane gas is being extracted, percent is paper. A large portion of these waste a fourth cell is filled and will be capped and types can be removed from a landfill using connected to the biogas system shortly. recycling, reuse and composting methods. This Donors continue to fund development of provides an important opportunity to use existing the project to build additional cells and cap technologies. such as composting, the capture the filled ones. The site receives around 4,300 of biogas, and recycling. Such production and tons per day and 1.548,000 ton/yr in 2018. consumption shifts can lead to immediate. Currently, the captured landfill gas produced beneficial results. is flared off, as there has been a delay in Ultimately, Amman will work on moving toward approval for the grid connection. Once a zero-waste framework. However. in the short- connected, the gas will fuel the electricity term, implementing existing technologies can needs of Al Ghabawi and the remainder will reduce waste and improve waste management. be set back to the national grid. In 2019, the The GAM has complete control over the waste current cells will produce 4.8 MW per hour. The sector and plays a key role in issuing licenses production of methane gas in the new cells for waste collection companies and granting will compensate for the depreciation in cells regulatory approval for the establishment of waste 1-3. thereby ensuring a constant flow of gas. processing facilities. BENEFITS • Benefits include reduced The GAM concluded a municipal solid waste environmental pollution and litter, protection management strategic planning study in 2012 for of ground water from contamination. lower the 2012-2022 time horizon. The study defined operating costs for Amman, as well as a reduction in local air pollution.

plans for equipment renewal; the phased because one of the existing transfer stations now introduction of waste separation at the source; transfers 90 percent of the waste to the landfill. improvements to the transfer network; land fill The city will build on this strategic plan to propose gas recovery; and public-private partnership (PPP) actions that will create a transformation in waste options. It also identified a need for additional reduction and management in Amman . transfer stations in the western district of Amman I BENEFITS Improving the way Amman sorts. collects and the local environment from pollutants. These disposes of waste will reduce air pollution from actions will improve the appearance and quality waste transportation and waste processing sites. It of life in the city by reducing litter and providing will also provide a source of low carbon energy for cleaner public spaces. exploitation. increase jobs in the sector and protect I PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS The waste sector includes all three tiers of processing facilities are done.Amman is responsible government. from the national government. where for a large portion of waste management actions. waste plans and goals are set. to the provincial and However. establishing policies and regulations local authorities where the building and operating will require close coordination with the national of waste infrastructure and waste collection and government. ACTIONS FOR REDUCING WASTE AND IMPROVING WASTE MANAGEMENT VOLUME OF ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSIONS REDUCED SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS Develop and implement a waste management framework that sets targets for reducing waste. with zero waste as a vision. • Short Unknown Awareness raising • Development of waste transfer sites Reduced local air in the northern and western parts of Short Medium pollution. and lower Amman operating costs Implement waste sorting • Short/ Pilot projects in Medium Reduced exposure to toxins from untreated waste. and an increase in progress job opportunities Recyclable waste collection Reduced exposure to Recyclable/ re-usable item drop-off sites • Short Medium toxins from untreated waste. and an increase in job opportunities Reduced exposure to toxins from untreated Implement anaerobic digestion site for organic waste • Long High waste. increased job opportunities. and energy source provided to the city

Reduced exposure to toxins from untreated Collect organic waste • Medium High waste. improved job opportunities. and energy source provided to the city • Reduced local air New fleet and equipment for solid Short Medium pollution. and lower waste operations operating costs for the city Build a maintenance workshop for • Reduced operating the existing waste fleet based at the Short Low costs. and increased job Ghabawi landfill to ensure that the opportunities fleet is running efficiently Complete design. building and Reduced operating costs. • operation of the Bio Gas system in reduced local air pollution . Cell number 4 of the AI-Ghabawi Short High and increased provision of landfill and connect it to the current renewable energy operations KEY GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEY SHORT-TERM GOALS • Encourage and incentivize rainwater CASE STUDY harvesting for residential and commercial buildings GREEN • Implement water saving measures and water recycling or rainwater harvesting INFRASTRUCTURE in municipal buildings IN EAST AM MAN • Develop green infrastructure to capture and treat storm water in public spaces. CHALLENGE • Communities in East Amman lack access to open space and greenery. Deteriorated streets and sidewalks The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has developed have affected the social cohesion of the a comprehensive water strategy entitled ·water neighborhood and cut services to residents. for Life" for 2008-2022. The Strategy was updated In some areas. there has been exposure to in 2012. It focuses on effective water demand hazards, such as flooding and soil pollution. management and water supply operations. as well SOLUTION • Pilot areas in East Amman have as institutional reform. Amman can contribute to been selected to showcase green urban design this by reducing water consumption and managing and infrastructure. The two projects. one ea Iled storm water through the management of its own "Improving living conditions in disadvantaged operations. It can also contribute through the areas of Amman" and the second called "Cash enabling of green building and support for green for Work" are being financed by GIZ and will infrastructure sectors. add green space. rehabilitate sidewalks and Emissions from the water sector are not a factor stairs and use green infrastructure to improve in Amman's inventory. However. reducing water drainage. Communities will also be involved usage and effectively managing waste and storm in the design and planning of the space to water are key to the city's future health and to ensure that it meets their needs. managing emission reductions. In this regard. the efficient use of water in buildings will lower water BENEFITS • Benefits include improved access consumption. thereby decreasing the amount of to transportation. improved walkability, access energy needed to treat. transport and supply water to public green spaces. improved stormwater to Amman. drainage, reduced flooding , preservation of biodiversity. soil stabilization and reduction of pollutants.

I BENEFITS Water security is one of the most serious threats Improving the capture and treatment of facing Amman. Improving water efficiency in stormwater will reduce flooding. saving people households can save money and ensure the and property from the damage of flash floods. It availability of water. Such actions to improve the will also protect Amman's natural ecosystems from efficiency of Amman's use of water will be essential pollution caused by runoff. Managing stormwater to ensuring the availability of clean water for future more efficiently will reduce emissions. lowering air generations. pollution levels. I PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS Coordination on water and wastewater actions he city can take the lead in action areas related to is complex. As noted. Amman does not have municipal buildings, open space and the efficient lead responsibility for these services. as they are use of water or water reuse in these areas. In other provided through the national level government. In action areas. the city will act as an advocate for its addition. the policies and regulations that govern residents and a partner in delivery. them are set by the national government. However. ACTIONS TO REDUCE WATER DEMAND AND IMPROVE WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT VOLUME OF ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSIONS REDUCED SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS Reduced water usage for Implement rainwater harvesting at GAM- Short- Low landscaping. and slow runoff owned municipal sites Medium into the storm water system Implement greywater recycling at GAM- • Medium Medium Reduced water use owned municipal sites Install water efficient fixtures in GAM Short- Reduced water use and Low buildings Medium costs Create a storm water master plan for • Short Unknown Reduced water use and costs Amman Develop areas of green infrastructure in Reduced flooding and costs • Medium Unknown the city to capture and slow storm water of managing storm water Plant drought-tolerant plants in parks and public areas. and install efficient irrigation systems. Use recycled greywater or • Short Low Reduced water use and cost captured rain water in all municipal green sites to reduce groundwater uptake KEY GOALS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEY SHORT-TERM OPPORTUNITES Creating cross-sector policies that encourage density will be key to controlling urban sprawl. • Include the Plan goals in future urban and transport planning, including Compact growth will reduce service costs to the updates. municipality. locate residents closer to amenities • Further develop transit-oriented and reduce travel time. Additionally. it will leave development policies to concentrate green and arable land intact for agriculture and infill along the BRT lines being built. recreation use. Residents benefit from increased • Increase green open spaces by density when it is planned alongside of good public modifying existing regulations, transport connections. shared green spaces. and a enabling the CAM to zone and create mix of housing. shops. services. and businesses. more public open spaces in the city. • Properly enforce existing regulations and zoning policies to implement GAM's vision of an increase in green areas.

I BENEFITS The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. and Amman Closely managing land use. infilling existing in particular. have experienced rapid urbanization development areas. reducing sprawl and increasing and population growth. causing urban sprawl. smartly planned density will bring many benefits a loss of green space. and an increase in informal to the people of Amman. It will also reduce settlements. Because of the lack of public transport transportation costs for inhabitants. improve air in the city. this sprawl has led to an increase in quality and connect communities across Amman. At private vehicle and taxi use. causing traffic jams. a the same time. it will provide informal settlements loss of productivity and an increase in air pollution. with improved neighborhoods. I PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS All sectors in Amman - from infrastructure. include considerations of social development. waste management and transportation -will cultural heritage, tourism and more. The city of be involved in planning for compact growth. Amman will work closely with community groups Urban planning policies need to be well aligned and universities to devise innovative and sensitive with national development goals. This must also policies that encourage smart densification. ACTIONS FOR CROSS-SECTOR PLANNING VOLUME OF ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME EMISSIONS REDUCED SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS Examine housing policies to Increased available housing, determine the factors driving the high • Medium Unknown and decreased housing vacant housing rate costs Maintained open spaces. Coordinate transit-oriented planning reduced costs. and with the planning and transportation • Short Unknown improved access to departments amenities Enforce new policies that highlight Improved air quality and natural heritage sites. green buildings. • Short Unknown walkability and public spaces Plan for increased green spaces to enhance tree cover and increase the number of trees in Amman (by Reduced heat island effect. expansion of anti-desertification • Medium Unknown improved walkability. and projects and green urban reduced local air pollution infrastructure also surrounding the city with a ring of tress to achieve protection from dust and wind) Explore opportunities to incentivize Provide source of food for urban agriculture in Amman. • Short Unknown low-income households and including zoning. financial incentives possible. source of income and other policies Supporting local societies and communities that play an essential Improve knowledge of role in raising awareness and helping • Short Unknown climate change. raise to empower women and men to awareness adopt sustainable lifestyles.

Implementing educational and recreational projects within the city that returns people back to nature Improve knowledge of and enhance their knowledge in • Short Unknown climate change. raise these fields like botanical and theme awareness gardens. eco parks. birds' gardens. butterflies gardens and zoos GLOSSARY CURB CURB. or Climate Action for Urban Sustainability. is an Excel-based tool that is used by cities for climate action planning. It provides tailored analyses using city emissions data to help cities evaluate low carbon actions. and project future emissions based on the actions selected. Near zero emissions C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group defines near zero emissions for their Deadline 2020 commitment as 0.01 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2 e)/person/year. Residual emissions Residual emissions are the emissions remaining after all technically and economically feasible opportunities to reduce emissions in all covered scopes and sectors have been implemented. Carbon neutral used interchangeably with near-zero emissions. considering that offsetting can be applied to any minimal residual emissions that still occur at the year 2050. C40 Cities C40 is a network of the world's megacities committed to addressing climate change. C40 supports cities in effectively collaborating. sharing knowledge and driving meaningful. measurable and sustainable action on climate change. Business as usual a baseline projection that estimates what emission levels would be in the future with no emission reduction actions taken. ANNEXl CURB TOOL ANALYSIS Amman completed the first city-wide inventory from the stationary energy source category. and 31 of greenhouse gas emissions for the year 2014 percent from transportation. More specifically. the using the Global Protocol for Community-Scale largest sub-sectors of emissions were electricity for Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories. This inventory buildings. and on-road transport. of greenhouse gas emissions reports emissions in Data from the inventory was used in the creation the following sectors: stationary energy (electricity of a CURB model. The CURB tool provides tailored and gas use in residential and commercial analyses to help cities evaluate low carbon actions. buildings): transportation: and waste and waste and projects future emissions based on the actions water. At the time. there was little data available selected. The outputs below come from the CURB for reporting emissions from industrial processes or model. The scenario projects the GAM achieving the agricultural activities within Amman. As such. for 2030 reduction target based on a set of actions across now. these are not included in the climate action all sectors. There are no new actions added between plan. However. Amman is continuing to improve its 2030 and 2050. only a dramatic scaling up of existing data collection and tracking processes. It will also actions and an increase in penetration rates. attempt to include these sectors in future updates The actions were selected based on discussions of the emissions inventory. within the GAM regarding what is feasible for Amman's 2014 inventory shows that the two sectors particular sectors. Almost all of the actions reflect that contribute the most emissions are stationary actions that Amman is already taking or exploring. energy and transportation. According to the albeit on a much smaller. pilot project scale. inventory. 64 percent of Amman's emissions came

BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO DATA TYPE VALUE SOURCES Population (2014) 3.400,000 Amman Urban Observatory 7.431.422 tons of carbon GAM Inventory (Basic. not including Emissions (2014) dioxide equivalent industry and agriculture sectors) Boundary (square kms) 801 .92 GAM Inventory Population growth factor Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1.795 until 2030 Department of Statistics GDP growth factor 2% Economist Intelligence Unit. 2015 BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU) SCENARIO The business as usual scenario shows a projection The following is a list of the key actions and of future emission levels in Amman without taking scale of implementation that would be any action to reduce emissions. The scenario includes needed to achieve Amman's target: assumptions about projected population growth (obtained from the Jordan Department of Statistics) DECARBONIZATION OF AMMAN'S and GDP growth. and uses the 2014 emissions ELECTRICITY SOURCE Renewables = 30% or more data. Below are the key data points included in the business as usual scenario. MUNICIPAL ACTIONS 100 MW of installed municipal solar PV 100% LED street lights TARGET SCENARIO GREEN BUILDING PENETRATION An interim 2030 target will provide a check for 15-90% for existing and newly the city on its path to carbon neutrality. As noted. constructed buildings depending on looking to 2030. absolute emissions for Amman income level can grow. However. per person emissions need to ROOF TOP SOLAR be kept at or below current levels of around 2.2 20% penetration rate for residential tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e)/person. buildings This is based on analysis done by C40. To achieve 25% penetration rate for commercial this. the 2030 target should be set at a 40 percent buildings reduction in emissions over the baseline scenario. MODE SHARE SHIFT The tool allows for the identification of the year by Private automobile reduction from 33 which actions will be implemented. For all actions to 23% mode share inputted (as reflected in the Plan). target dates for BRT from zero to 9% of mode share. implementation were set as follows: and public standard bus mode share stays roughly the same • The 2030 target actions are projected to be implemented by 2030. ELECTRIFICATION OF VEHICLES • The 2050 target actions are projected to be 20% of private passenger vehicles are implemented by 2045. electric 20% of taxis are electric 100% of BRT buses are electric ACTION AUTHORITY WASTE TREATMENT IMPROVEMENTS The national government sets policies regarding 30% of food and yard waste is treated buildingefficiency,andaction inthissectorwill need in anaerobic digester and 10% is to be led by the national government. However. for composted illustration purposes. the CURB model currently Bio gas capture is achieved for 50% of anaerobic treatment of waste assumes that GAM has control over the private building sector policies and actions - this sector is the largest contributor to emissions in Amman

and action in this sector can potentially contribute licensing. to achieve more widespread adoption of over l million tons of emission reductions by 2030. green building strategies. Additionally, as noted in Amman and the national government will need the report. any achievement of Amman 's emission to work together to leverage policy setting and reduction targets is reliant on national action to the private sector. along with local enforcement of decarbonize the electrical grid. REFERENCES Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. 2018. Opportunity 2030 Dashboard. https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/cl i mate-opportunity/ GAM (Government of Amman Municipality). 2017a. "Amman Resilience Strategy·. https:// www.lOOresilientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/170515-lOORC-Amman_English-FINAL_lr.pdf GAM (Government of Amman Municipality). 2017b. "Amman Green Policies and Projects". September 20 Presentation. GAM (Government of Amman Municipality). 2008. "Amman Metropolitan Growth Plan". Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 2013. "National Climate Change Policy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: 2013-2020." Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 2014. "Jordan's Third National Communication on Climate Change". Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 2017a. Toe Second National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan". Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Department of Statistics. 2017b. "Estimated population of2017 from Census Data". http://dosweb.dos.govjo/popu lation/popu lation-2/ World Bank. 2019. Climate Change Knowledge Portal for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country~ordan SUPPORTED BY Pm r I PARTNERSHIP FOR MARKET READINESS