Tripura State Action Plan on Climate Change

1. Minister, Science Technology & Environment - Chairman

2. Dr. S.P. Gon Chowdhury, M.D., West Bengal - Member Green Energy Development Corporation Ltd.

3. Dr. A.K. Mukerji, Member, State Planning Board - Member

4. Principal Chief Conservator of Forests - Member

5. Dr. R.L. Srivastava, M.D., TFDPC. - Member

6. Chairman, Tripura State Pollution Control Board - Member

7. Shri Dinesh Abrol, Scientist, NISTD, CSIR - Member

8. Secretary in-charge of Science Technology & Environment Department -Member Secretary The Committee met on 21-07-2010 and in order to bring greater focus on different sectors, the following Sub Committees were constituted for preparation of State Action plan on Climate Change. Minutes of the meeting dated 21-07-2010 are at Annexure-III.

1. Sub-Committee-1 for Solar Mission, Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Habitat (i) Dr. S.P. Gonchoudhury, - Chairman (M.D., West Bengal Green Energy Corporation Ltd) 1 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (ii) Director (Technical), TSECL - Member (iii) Director, Urban development - Member (iv) Chief Engineer, P.W.D. - Member (v) Director, TREDA - Member (vi) C.E.O. A.M.C. - Member (vii) Shri B. Chakraborty, - Convener Engineer (Electronics), DSTE

2. Sub-Committee-2 for Water Mission (i) Prof M. Deb, Chairman, TSPCB - Chairman (ii) Chief Engineer (D.W.S), P.W.D. - Member (iii) Chief Engineer (W.R), P.W.D. - Member (iv) Director, Health - Member (v) Director, Fishery - Member (vi) Shri P.Saha, - Convener Senior Scientific Officer, DSTE

3. Sub-Committee-3 for Himalayan Ecosystem, Green Tripura and Sustainable Agriculture (i) P.C.C.F, Forest Department - Chairman (ii) Director, Agriculture - Member (iii) Director, Animal Husbandry - Member (iv) Director, Horticulture - Member (v) Director, Fishery - Member (vi) Shri G.S. Raju, Addl. P.C.C.F. - Convener

4. Sub-Committee-4 for Strategic Knowledge for Climate change (i) Shri Dinesh Abrol - Chairman (Scientist, NISTD, CSIR) (ii) Director, Agriculture - Member 2 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (iii) Joint Director, I.M.D - Member (iv) Head of Department, - Member (Physics, Tripura University) (v) Director, DSTE - Convener The Sub Committees presented formed which perused the Sub their reports on 13-9-2010 and committee reports in its meeting various suggestions were given on 29th and 30th November, based on which the Sub Committees 2010. The drafting Committee gave redrafted their reports and sent certain suggestions based on which to the Science, Technology and the conveners of Sub-Committees Environment Department. The redrafted the material. These were Minutes of the meeting dated 13-9- collated and edited by a three 2010 are given in Annexure-III. member group comprising Shri Sriram Taranikanti, Commissioner A drafting Committee comprising Secretary, Shri Dinesh Abrol, of (i) Shri Sriram Taranikanti, Scientist, NISTD and Shri Pranay Commissioner & Secretary (ii) Shri Saha, Senior Scientific Officer. Dinesh Abrol, Scientist, NISTD (iii) These were placed before the Shri S.K. Pal, Director, DSTE (iv) Committee in its meeting on 28-02- Shri D. Chakraborty, Conservator 11 and approved with suggestions of Forest, Deptt of Forest (v) Shri of incorporating additional features P.Saha, Senior Scientific Officer, that were not adequately covered in DSTE (vi) Shri B. Chakraborty, the report. Based on the above, the Engineer(Electronics), DSTE was report was further modified. 3 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 4 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Introduction Climate Change is undoubtedly • Solar Energy one of the most critical challenges faced by humanity to-day and has witnessed increased momentum to • Energy Efficiency coax a coherent global response. Climate change is expected to • Sustainable Habitat destabilize the natural eco system, decrease the availability and quality • Water of precious natural resources and initiate extreme events that may claim millions of lives. Recognizing • Himalayan Ecosystem the climate change as a global challenge, India is actively engaged • Green India in emission reduction activities through various initiatives out of • Agriculture which National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) is the most important national programme. • Strategic Knowledge Following the Copenhagen Climate Government of India has announced Change Summit, the Govt. of India and released India’s National Action has also announced a voluntary Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC). target of 20-25% cut in the carbon NAPCC will run through till 2017 intensity by 2020 w.r.t 2005 encompassing a number of climate baseline. Such target will generate change mitigation and adaptation significant pull to transform our initiatives across sectors. The plan domestic economy into a low carbon proposes eight focus areas, known growth path. as National Missions; 5 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The efficacy of the NAPCC in has the potential of earning for India and achievement of India’s the country’s significant amount voluntary mitigation target will of carbon credit for mitigation of depend immensely on how it climate change on account of close translates the policy actions at the to 60 percent of her land area being individual State level. The Prime still under forests but also a region Minister also announced that State that is most vulnerable on account Governments would have to present of her proximity to Bangladesh their respective agenda on climate which has been declared to be one change actions in line with the of the most vulnerable and climate provisions in the national plan. sensitive countries by the world community. Further, the State of The State Government can play Tripura is very much a developing a major role in respect of keeping region. The State is yet to be locked India’s commitment towards into pathways of development which emission reduction by way of have been termed as unsustainable formulating a state level action by the scientific community. plan for climate change. The States will also be benefited significantly if The economy of Tripura is State Action Plan on Climate Change characterized by the near absence is executed in an appropriate of an industrial base, with manner. In line with the Govt. manufacturing accounting for less of India decision, the State of than 3 per cent of NSDP. But the Tripura (though a Carbon Negative State of Tripura has rich natural state locally) has also decided to resources, including gas and formulate state level action plan on forests which can become the basis climate change. for a new pathway of sustainable development. Agriculture and The issues of vulnerability of the the primary sector together state of Tripura to climate change account for over fifty percent of are intimately related to its location the state domestic product of and indigenous population. The Tripura. A significant number of people of Tripura depend primarily persons and families in Tripura on forests and other natural continue to depend on forests resources for their livelihoods. and jhumcultivation as their main In fact, the State of Tripura is source of livelihood. Generation uniquely placed to be recognized as of sustainable livelihoods in a climate sensitive state. The State forest areas, particularly for tribal of Tripura deserves much attention families traditionally dependent in respect of climate change from on jhumcultivation, enhancement the Government of India. The State of productivity and sustainability of Tripura is not only a state that of highland agricultural and 6 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura horticultural activities and resource surroundings in turn are also based industrial development are expected to have a critical impact on the major developmental challenges. food intake, health, and livelihoods However, the State of Tripura of poor people. carries a higher burden of poverty compared to other states1. Thus, The State of Tripura has also in case of Tripura the objectives climate sensitive region specific of sustainable development (SD) features arising out of its location imply a simultaneous realization on the international border of of the twin goals of environmental Bangladesh. The country needs to security and social justice. recognize that the State of Tripura is a part of one of the most climate The State of Tripura is a part of sensitive regions of the world in the eastern and north eastern which the people are expected to Himalayan ecology. The ecology of experience significant increases in entire eastern and north eastern frequency and intensity of cyclones, Himalayas is threatened by the storms, sea-level rise and increased changes that are expected to arise in flooding. As a whole the State of climate due to the rise in temperature Tripura has a vast international and pattern of significant changes border with Bangladesh; the capital in rainfall2. Through extreme or city of Agartala is located close to the prolonged stress, climate variability border area of Bangladesh. Climate and change can affect the quality, sensitive changes undertaken on quantity, and reliability of many of the side of Bangladesh will have the services, natural resources of an impact on Agartala town. In this larger ecosystem and region this context the problem of climate provide to the State of Tripura. migrants or climate refugees needs In other words the changes likely to be underlined as an issue of (whose timing, location, coverage vulnerability of the state of Tripura and scope are still uncertain) to to climatic changes. occur on account of its Himalayan 1 The Planning Commission estimates of poverty in Tripura, based on the head count ratios for Assam, are 40 per cent in rural areas and 7.5 per cent in urban areas in 1999–2000. The corresponding all-India numbers were 27.1 per cent and 23.8 per cent for rural and urban areas. Estimates of poverty prepared by the Government of Tripura, however, show a higher incidence of poverty than the Planning Commission estimates. Using the official methodology and data on consumer expenditure from the NSS, it is estimated that 55 per cent of the population fell below the poverty line in 2001–02. Such high levels of poverty are a serious concern, since the majority of the people live in rural areas (HDR, Tripura State 2007). 2 Extreme weather events like cloud bursts, flash floods or heavy thunderstorms can have severe effects. The problem of land slide is expected to be aggravated in the hilly parts of Tripura. 7 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 8 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura National Action Plan on Climate Change Introduction effort, every citizen of the planet should have an equal share of the India released its National Action planetary atmospheric space. The Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Action Plan suggests that the long- on 30th June 2008 to outline its term convergence of per capita GHG strategy to meet the challenge emissions is the only equitable of Climate Change. The National basis for a global agreement to Action Plan advocates a strategy that tackle climate change. The Action promotes, firstly, the adaptation Plan assures the international to Climate Change and secondly, community that India’s percapita further enhancement of GHC emissions would not exceed the ecological sustainability of the per capita GHG emissions of India’s development path. developed countries, despite India’s developmental imperatives. Approach to Climate Change Domestic Action The National Action Plan recognises that climate change is a global India’s National Action Plan stresses challenge and, that it should be that maintaining a high growth successfully overcome through rate is essential for increasing a globally collaborative and living standards of the vast majority cooperative effort based on the of people of India and reducing principle of equity. The Action Plan their vulnerability to impacts of expresses India’s willingness to play climate change. Accordingly, the its role as a responsible member of Action Plan identifies measures the international community and that promote the objectives of to make its contribution. However, sustainable development of India it emphasises that, this requires while also yielding co-benefits for not only sustainable production addressing climate change. Eight processes, but also sustainable National Missions which form the life styles across the globe. In this core of the National Action Plan 9 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura represent multi- pronged, long consumption through demand- term and integrate strategies for side management programs; and achieving key goals in the context establishing a system for large of climate change. The focus is energy-intensive industries and on promoting understanding of facilities to trade energy-savings Climate Change, adaptation and certificates so that they can meet mitigation, energy efficiency and government-mandated reductions natural resource conservation. in energy consumption, as per While, several of these programmes the Energy Conservation Act. are already a part of the current actions, the Action Plan seeks Mission on Sustainable Habitat to enhance them in scope, and effectiveness and implement them This mission seeks to promote in an accelerated manner through energy efficiency in urban planning time bound plans. through measures such as putting more emphasis on urban Solar Mission waste managementand recycling, strengthening the enforcement This mission aims at promoting of automotive fuel economy the development and use of solar standards, using pricing measures energy for power generation and to encourage the purchase of fuel- other uses, as well as to render efficient vehicles, and providing solar energy competitive with fossil- incentives for people to make greater based energy options in urban use of public transportation. areas, industry, and commercial establishments. Its goal is to Water Mission generate at least 10,000 megawatts of solar power and to create a solar This mission aims to increase research center, among other things. water use efficiency by 20 percent through pricing and regulatory Mission for Enhanced measures, including the recycling of Energy Efficiency wastewater, increases in irrigation efficiency, and incentives to promote This mission seeks to yield savings water-neutral or water-positive of 10,000 megawatts by 2012 technologies and groundwater through the implementation of recharge. certain initiatives, such as energy incentives (including differential Mission for Sustaining the taxation on energy- efficient Himalayan Ecosystem appliances); setting up financing This mission seeks to promote the platforms for public-private conservation of biodiversity, forest partnerships to reduce energy cover, and other ecological values 10 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura in the Himalayan region to help aimed at enhancing mitigation stop the retreat of glaciers, as they and adaptation. These include constitute a major source of India’s research & development in the water supply. area of ultra super critical boilers in coal-based thermal plants; Mission for a “Green India” integrated gasification combined cycle technology to make coal based The mission plans to expand forest power generation efficient; setting cover in India by 10 percent through up more combined cycle natural afforestation of 6 million hectares of gas plants; promotion of nuclear degraded forest lands. energy through adoption of fast breeder and thorium-based thermal Mission for Sustainable reactor technology in nuclear Agriculture power generation; adoption of high- The mission will foster adaptation voltage AC and high-voltage DC in the agricultural sector b y transmission to reduce technical supporting the development of losses during transmission and climate-resilient crops and the distribution; small and large expansion of weather insurance scale hydro power; promotion of mechanisms, among other measures. renewable energy technologies such as bio-mass combustion Mission on Strategic Knowledge and gasification-based power for Climate Change generation; enhancements in the regulatory/tariff regimes to help This mission will promote mainstream renewable-based “a better understanding of sources in the national power climate science, impacts and system; and renewable energy challenges.” It calls for the technologies for transportation establishment of a new Climate and industrial fuels. In addition, Science Research Fund, improved the Action Plan envisages effective climate modeling, and increased disaster management strategies that international collaboration. It will include mainstreaming disaster risk also foster private sector initiatives reduction into i n f r a s t r u c t u r e aimed at developing adaptation project design, strengthening and mitigation technologies communication networks and through venture capital funds. disaster management facilities at all levels; protection of coastal areas, Other Initiatives provision of enhanced public health Apart from the eight National care services, and assessment of Missions, the National Action Plan increased burden of disease due also envisages other initiatives to climate change. The Action Plan 11 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura also highlights the role of Central public- private partnership and civil Government, State Governments society actions, will be devised, as and local Bodies in putting in place suited, for effective delivery of each appropriate delivery mechanisms individual Mission’s objectives. and building adequate capacity Comprehensive Mission documents and knowledge in the r e l e v a n t detailing objectives, strategies, plan institutions for effective adaptation of action, timelines and monitoring and mitigation actions. and evaluation criteria of all eight Missions and Other Initiatives are to Institutional Mechanism be developed by December 2008 and submitted to the Prime Minister’s The National Missions are to be Council on Climate Change. The institutionalized by the respective work is to be coordinated by the Ministries and will be organized Ministry of Environment & Forests. through inter sectoral groups. Appropriate mechanisms including 12 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Vulnerability Analysis Introduction vulnerability and adaptive capacities are diverse and also varies from state Vulnerabilities arising out of climate to state. Sectoral parameters include change are multidimensional in key sectors of the state’s economy nature. One sector can compound and cross sectoral factors comprise the vulnerability in the other (a) Poverty (b) inequality and social (e.g. Jhum cultivation can affect discrimination over property rights forestry). Therefore, to understand and (c) access to resources (d) social vulnerability in its totality one need attrition/migration, and (d) unequal to understand both sectoral and and unsustainable competition for cross-sectoral parameters. The scarce natural resources. 13 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The composite profiling done by TERI has been shown below: Climate change vulnerability profile generated by integration of adaptive capacity & climate sensitivity profiles (TERI, 2003) The spatial data shows that the time ((i) decrease in total annual Tripura state has low to medium rainfall, (ii) change in rainfall level of vulnerability in several pattern and (iii) sudden bursts pockets. of rain over a small period of time leading to flood.); (a) Its flat deltaic topography with very low elevation; and (b) Other determining factor is its extreme climatic variability its socio-economic indicator; is governed by erratic rainfall growing concern over geo- resulting in variable water hydrological hazards and distribution over space and stress on biodiversity. 14 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (c) Dependency of the majority of discourse. Different scenarios the population on agriculture regarding sea level rise during 21st which is highly influenced by century are presented within the climate variability and change. scientific community, from worst cases such as one meter to less This has prompted to design the than 25 cm. Distinct regions across Climate Change Action Plan in such the globe could be affected by sea- a manner that the local as well as level in such a manner that likely holistic vulnerabilities are addressed impacts on ecosystems and human in a cogent manner. In order to societies could have an adverse prioritise programmes/ schemes effect on the economy of states and assess their performance that are dependent on a number of vis-à-vis adaptation targets, it ecosystems for economic survival. is imperative and to take into consideration intended outcomes Tripura due to its proximity to of these against their impact on Bangladesh and being in the major the local communities in building river course is likely to be impacted resilience to climate change. by the climatic variability and extremities in Bangladesh. This Climate Sensitivity: Impact due to sea level rise in deltaic region gets accentuated through salinity, in Bangladesh water discharge sedimentation, monsoon variability as wells as the Most of the planet’s fresh water temperature variability associated resources are captured in ice caps with rise in surface temperature and ice sheets it is expected that in the sea. Bangladesh is also global warming would thaw the ice vulnerable to many climate change contained in the polar regions of related events. It is expected that the world to such an extent that climate change will bring changes will be brought on ecstatic sea in characteristics of extreme events level. For south Asia, IPCC report and gradual changes phenomenon of predicts that monsoon rainfall will the physical and natural systems. increase, resulting in higher flows during monsoon season in the Flood, drought, cyclone, sea level river system. It has also predicted rise etc. are the major climate that sea level rise will be between induced natural disasters which 0.18 to 0.79 meters which will lead cause loss of livestock, damage to salinity intrusion and coastal pasturelands, increase fodder flooding. Predictions of sea level rise scarcity, destroy shelters, decrease due to global climate change, and production, increase management in particular by global warming, cost through incidence of diseases are at the forefront regarding the etc in Bangladesh. In early 1990s, controversy of the climate change several attempts have been made to 15 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura generate climate change scenarios especially, cyclone and storm surge by the use of available General on forestry affects poverty and Circulation Models (GCM). The economic growth in different ways. Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad It is likely that the gradual change (1994) study reported 0.50 C to phenomena such as temperature 2.0οC rise in temperature by the rise and erratic behavior of rainfall year 2030 under ‘business as usual’ will lead to water demand and scenario of IPCC. The same modeling drought while sea level rise and effort estimated 10 to 15 % rise in salinity intrusion will deteriorate average monsoon rainfall by the water quality, damage water supply year 2030. The study could not draw and sanitation infrastructure an inference in relation to change particularly in the coastal region. in sea level; however, it commented that both sedimentation and Flood, Drought and other subsidence were likely to complicate climate linked events an expected net change in sea level Critical analysis of the available along the Bangladesh coast. In material shows that in Tripura, the deltaic region of Bangladesh, Mirza flood magnitude is likely to increase (1997) used a number of GCMs and by about 25 % in the future as developed climate change scenarios compared to the present. The number based on ensemble technique. The of drought weeks during monsoon results have been used for the months shows an increasing trend World Bank Study (WB, 2000). By to the tune of about 25 % increase in the year 2030, the projected rise in future (Ravindranath et al., 2011). monsoon temperature was 0.70C This affects the vulnerability of with a corresponding rise in winter the state in the agricultural sector temperature of 1.30C. WB (2000) and adversely affects cultivators, results showed similarities with agricultural labourers as well as respect to result of Ahmed and retail trade which is either based on Alam (1998). agricultural produce or non-timber The corresponding rise in rainfall forest products. was projected at 11% for monsoon, Bio-Physical Factors and Sectoral while a decrease in rainfall by 3 % Segmentation of Climate Induced was also projected for winter by the Vulnerability in Tripura year 2030. This will significantly impact the main crop paddy in The following table shows the sectoral Tripura and even varietal transition segmentation of vulnerability in may be required due to salinity. The Tripura. impacts of extreme weather events 16 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sectors Vulnerability Socio-Economic Risks Agriculture • Temperature Stress • Decline in crop yield and & Food • High salinity and water- production (Northern security logging Tripura) • Erratic Precipitation • Pre-harvest waste, • Loss of soil moisture & soil nutrient loss, less fertility productivity • Flood/Drought Conditions • Decline in availability of food • Invasion of parasitic and increased incidence of species or disease malnutrition Riverine • Storm surges and • Threat to inland freshwater a n d Flooding resources Fishing • Cyclonic events • Threat to livelihood • Instability of wetlands dependent on fisheries and aquaculture • Threat to wetland ecosystem Forestry • Maximum decline in open • Loss of ecosystems services and Bio- forests and moderately • Loss of livelihood of people Diversity dense forests dependent on forest • Fragmentation of habitats resources • Slow or no regeneration • Decline in ambient air and • Species invasion water quality leading to health hazards • Extinction of species • Change in vegetation composition • Soil erosion, top/fertile soil loss • Floods and droughts Health • Availability of fresh water • Increased morbidity & • Availability of sanitation mortality facilities • Increased burden of health • Vector borne diseases (e.g. care on households in malaria) affected areas • Water logging and higher • More pressure on plant incidence of water borne based medicines diseases • Over-exploitation of medicinal plant resources W a t e r • Reduced quality of available • Stress on water storage Resources water resources • Reduced supply of drinking • Higher run off and uneven water stream flow • Increased morbidity • Decrease in groundwater • Reduced availability of recharge and reduction in water for industrial and wetlands food production purposes • Flood and drought • Decrease in water table conditions 17 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Seasonality, agriculture and and agricultural production, food security income generation and distribution has substantially improved the Climate determines the season general food security situation in which in turn has a direct impact vulnerable pockets. The extreme on agriculture, the mainstay of the weather events often upset the people in the state (3/4th of the delicate gains achieved so far. The population depends on agriculture crop loss due to the combination and a single crop paddy). Over the of weather events has been given years implementation of various below. programmes in the realm of food Impact of climate change on yield of irrigated rice, maize, wheat, potato and mustard crops and of rainfed rice in the north eastern region in the PRECIS A1b 2030 scenario. The values are percentage of deviation from current yields. Each dot represents the crop area and its distribution. 18 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Analysis indicates that the climate of South Tripura are projected to change may impact the irrigated rice exhibit decreased vulnerability yields by about –10% to 5%, with from moderate to low levels. majority of the region benefiting The other districts do not show up to 5% in the A1b 2030 climate much variability from the current scenario. On the other hand, the scenario. impacts on rainfed rice are likely to be in the range –35% to 5%, with Food security in Tripura: a large area losing by about 10%. The hunger atlas (WFP, 2011) Irrigated maize yields are projected shows the following picture for to reduce by about 40%. In case Tripura. It shows that the entire of rabi season crops, wheat yields part of the state is moderate-high are projected to reduce by up to undernourished. The map shows 20%. Potato yields are likely to that, the state has already reached marginally increase up to 5% in a state where food sustenance is the upper parts of the NE region moderately unsustainable. The due to climate change, but in the map also indicates that state is central parts projected yield loss is proceeding towards more insecurity about 4%, and in southern parts of in terms of physical access because the region the negative impacts will of decreasing per capita food be much higher. Irrigated mustard production and availability of the crop is also projected to lose yields same. The worsening condition up to 10% in majority of the areas. of the more vulnerable section of Agricultural Vulnerability Index population is revealed from rising (AVI): price index of middle class people or agricultural labourer relative to The index which is impacted under others. Along with that decreasing a climate change scenario (from real SDP reveals reduction in the baseline due to the change economic access to food. This is in precipitation and rice yield likely to further aggravate with a as indicated above will have the climate change scenario and would following impact in Tripura as make the population of the state computed in a study by Indian more vulnerable. Institute of Science. The districts 19 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sustainability of food security in the state is given below. Climate Determined Low supra-optimal temperatures, Productivity reduced rainfall in areas receiving already less rainfall and increased The analysis in the state of Tripura rainfall in already high rainfall from a broad GCM and crop model zones (causing reduced sunshine indicate that spatial variations duration) are likely to lose. On the in projected impacts of climate other hand, reduction in rainfall change are mainly due to variations in high-rainfall zones can in-fact in baseline temperature regimes, benefit the crops. projected increase in temperatures, baseline rainfall, projected There is also heavy degradation of changes in rainfall, crop and crop soil and decrement in the soil organic management. Areas with projected carbon that affects productivity 20 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and enhances vulnerability. Two or through physical processes, categories of soil degradation are including water logging and recognized in Tripura. The first flooding (physical deterioration). SIS category deals with degradation indicates that as much as 60% area by displacement of soil material, of the state is under various types of principally by water. The second degradation. If slight and moderate one deals with the internal soil degrees of degradation are ignored, deterioration resulting from loss of the extent of degradation is nearly nutrients (chemical deterioration) 21% area of the state. Soil organic carbon status, Tripura 21 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Vulnerability Associated with for the two river basins, namely water Brahmaputra and Barak. It used Principal Component Analysis A study by Indian Institute of Method using water availability, Science assessed water vulnerability evapo-transpiration (crop water at the district level for the North model), drought indicator and flood East region and in particular discharge parameters. Distribution of current and future water vulnerability 22 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Socio-Economic Factors: in respect of human development Poverty and Vulnerability index, based on a composite of variables capturing attainments in People in climate stressed income, education and health. The regions same study positioned the State at 24th rank in human poverty index. Most parts of the State are rural Low availability of infrastructure where about 83 per cent of has made the process of State’s population is inhabited. development extremely difficult for Upliftment of rural poor as well as this economically backward State. improvement in the quality of life of The National Highway (NH-44) is the economically weaker sections the lifeline of Tripura. It remains of the society has been one of the disrupted in the rainy season due to basic objectives of development heavy landslides near Patharkandi planning in the State. Tripura is the (Assam) and Sonarpur (Meghalaya) second highest in terms of density which is a perennial problem in the of population among the North- State. The railway link is extremely Eastern States, next to Assam. The poor, although Agartala, the capital estimated mid-year population of of the State has recently been Tripura as per 2011 census was connected with the railway link by 36,71,032 comprising 18,71,867 the metre gauge. However, the State males and 17,99,165 females. The does not have any water transport population of Tripura stood at 36, system. This has curtailed the effort 71,032 as per 2011 census as relating to diversification, lowered compared to 31,99,203 as per 2001 the capacity to respond to climatic census. The population density also events. The State is prone to severe enhanced from 305 to 350 per Sq. earthquakes. In addition, the state is Km across the decade however the also affected by disasters like floods, decadal growth rate has declined epidemics, fire, cyclone, hailstorm, to 14.75% from 16.03%. The lightening, road accidents, etc. distribution of Tripura’s population is uneven across the districts. The flood map of the state) shows Nearly 48 per cent of the population that in West Tripura, Bishlagarh, of the State lives in West Tripura Sonapmura, Khowai, Teliamura District. Dhalai is the new district of sub-divisions; in South Tripura, Tripura and also smallest in terms Udaipur, Sabroom, Amarpur, of population. The findings of the Belonia, Santra Bazar; in North Planning Commission published Tripura, Dhramanagar, Kailasahar in National Human Development and in DhalaiKamlapur, Manu and Report (2001) shows that Tripura Chwamnu areas are flood prone. ranks 22nd among 32 States and U.Ts 23 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Drought normally occurs in the State Indigenous Communities of Tripura due to delayed rainfall in the months of April-May. Deficient Indigenous communities have very rainfall in those months results high natural resource intensive scarcity of drinking water as ground lifestyle. Since natural resources are water level goes down. The impact highly sensitive to climate change; of dry spell hampers mostly the consequently, the indigenous tribal Jhumia families. Agriculture communities are more vulnerable to is affected to a great extent. It also climate change. Poverty and social adversely affects the Pisciculture, grouping are interlinked; therefore, Sericulture and Tea plantations it is essential to pay special resulting to production loss in attention to natural resource based these sectors. Tripura witnessed a eco-system, forest, bio-diversity prolonged dry spell during 1998-99 and water resources. The district causing a loss of Rs.5566.70 lakh wise SC and ST population is given for a damaged agricultural area of below. 31684 hectares. 24 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura District wise SC population (2001) District wise ST population (2001) The main occupations of these diseases are endemic to this region people are agriculture, animal because of its geographical location, rearing and wage labour. Agriculture the discourse here is on vector borne productivity is low in hilly areas. diseases that are climate linked. Agriculture is rainfall dependent Vector Borne diseases (VBDs) are and Livelihood options are limited climate-sensitive as the pathogen to primary activities (agriculture, has to complete some part of its animal rearing, wage labour, etc.). development in insect/arthropod Majority of households do not have vectors like mosquitoes, sandflies, food sufficiency round the year. ticks, etc. and are affected by climatic conditions like temperature, Health related vulnerability rainfall, relative humidity, wind velocity etc. It is well known that Health related vulnerability affects seasonal fluctuations in VBDs the household expenditure due are caused by fluctuating climatic to loss in livelihood. While several conditions (Dhiman et al.). 25 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Transmission window (TW) of malaria, based on temperature (a) and temperature and relative humidity (RH) (b) using A1B scenario for baseline and by the year 2030. The data shows in H1B scenario, Therefore, the disease prevalence three out of four districts for which which is supposed to be confined data is available, the transmission to only a quarter of the year would window for Malaria is likely to be increase significantly. open almost 10-12 months in a year. 26 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Gender Dimensions be used for studying the impacts of climate change on forests. Some Gender dimension of climate change models are restricted to specific is very tricky. Climate change in the ecosystem processes (e.g. the state is likely to worsen the water productivity of managed forests, quality in several parts of Tripura. forest perturbations or specific This will make the women and ecosystem services). Simple children more vulnerable. In some bioclimatic models can represent areas there are reductions in yields the distribution of ecosystems of biomass adding to the labour of and help assessing ecosystem the women to fetch them for cooking. vulnerability to climate change. There are also increased risks to Other simple ecosystem models human health with children, women deal with community and landscape (especially the pregnant) and the dynamics, with an emphasis on elderly in a household becoming the interactions between species the most vulnerable due to lower or patches of ecosystems. Other nutritional status and enhanced simple ecosystem models work air and water pollution. The other on biogeochemical cycles in important issue is that the women ecosystems. Integrated ecosystem help in increasing the social capital models, static or dynamic, consider and make the community resilient. many ecosystem processes and are It has been seen through the work generally complex. of SHG groups and especially during the post disaster recovery period. Several methods and tools can Therefore, it is important to nurture be applied for assessing the such social capital through the vulnerability of forest-dependent strengthening women’s institutions people or sectors. Stakeholder like SHG groups to enhance their analysis and sustainable livelihoods resilience. framework can be used for analyzing stakeholder behaviours and Vulnerability in Forestry perceptions. Institutional analysis and policy network analysis Generic methods and tools can enable analysis of institutions be applied to diverse systems for and stakeholder interactions. analysing vulnerability interactively Agent-based social simulation is with stakeholders (e.g. cognitive a promising way for simulating mapping or expert judgment) and vulnerability of social systems to for building empirical models from climate change. observations (e.g. meta analysis or data mining). According to IPCC (McCarthy et al. 2001), the three main components Numerous ecosystem models can of vulnerability are exposure, 27 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura sensitivity and adaptive capacity (figure-1) The components of vulnerability has positive or negative effects to (definitions are from McCarthy the vulnerability of ecosystems, et al. 2001). The signs under the thus adaptation policies should arrows mean that high exposure, focus at reducing the vulnerabilities high sensitivity and low adaptive of both ecological as well as social capacity induce high vulnerability. systems. Vulnerability assessment should consider the links between Ecosystem services influences the ecological and social systems. vulnerability of society and society 28 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Solar Mission & Non-Conventional Energy Introduction deaths due to indoor and outdoor air pollution and dirty water. The Worldwide two billion people live current pattern of conversion and below the poverty line causing utilization of energy cannot be social unrest. The development of a sustained and one of the most country or a region is measured in feasible and sustainable direction terms of technological development, in which energy could be towards industrialization and socio- greater reliance on environmentally economic growth. Human’s quest sound energy systems, particularly for leading a better and comfortable new and renewable sources of life and with the present era of energy. Therefore, the entire massive growth in all the spheres fabric of developmental goals is of life, it has compelled him/her webbed around a successful energy to use all available energy sources strategy. irrespective of the involved cost and environmental degradation. Even The accumulated evidence depicts though energy is fundamental to that, the power inequalities affect human development and prosperity environmental outcomes in a range of the nations; yet, around 1.5 billion in any country where poor people people worldwide lack electricity1. and other disadvantaged groups The forecast based on the recent disproportionately suffer due to the analysis in around 100 countries2 effects of environmental degradation. confirms that, the greater the Climate change is admittedly one of equity in power distribution, better the most complex challenges for this the environmental outcomes, century as the speed and intensity including better access to water, of climate change are outpacing less land degradation and fewer the ability of poor rural people and 1 Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP 2 Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP 29 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura societies to cope. The energy sector resource. Tripura is highly dependent is of course, a major contributor to on centralized conventional power the global GHG emissions therefore, generation system which is mainly must be a key consideration in through natural gas. Grid electricity any energy policy, but ensure for penetration in remote hilly areas of diversity of energy supply and Tripura is techno-economically un- providing affordable energy options feasible by virtue of geographical are also important issues. The disadvantages and scattered action plan on renewable energy is household pattern. Moreover, power presented to enable communities sector of the state is experiencing to understand the uncertainty problems in the electric utilities of future climatic conditions and like capacity addition, power engage effectively in a process evacuation, T&D losses, poor PLF, of developing adaptation and etc. The solution to overcome this mitigation programs. The climate situation is to explore and utilizethe change action plan for renewable renewable energy. Promotion and energy sector is strategized in line use of renewable based option will with the National Climate Change not only reduce the strain on the Action Plan goal of promoting the existing forest but will also promote country’s development objectives low carbon growth. while yielding co-benefits for Though population of the state addressing climate change effects. has increased at around 14.75% The renewable energy action plan during 2001-2011 and achieved is developed in the approach of 36,71,0323 numbers, the rural adaptation measures which will population in Tripura has decreased help to cope-up with climate change in this decade of 2001-2011 from effects and also the mitigation 82.94% to 73.82% which may measures to portray the pathway lead to increase in cost of power of reducing the carbon emission distribution in remote villages for intensity and achieving the dispersed population. With the sustainable development. overall population increase in the state and approximate by 10% Key Facts of Solar and other increase in urban population, Renewable Energy sector - the demand of electricity is also increasing day by day being The state of Tripura, located in the electricity is a key factor to have tail end of India, consists of mostly a high aspiration to achieve better hilly terrains having negligible water standard of living. Around 33% of 3 Source: Provisional population Data of Census 2011 30 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the state population belongs to tribal community and residing in far flung area where supply of grid electricity is the costliest one. Population distribution of Tripura Sl. State/ District Population Percentage decadal Population density No 2011 growth rate per sq. km. Total 1991 2001- 2001 2011 -2001 2011 1 Tripura 3671032 16.03 14.75 305 350 2 West Tripura 1724619 18.48 12.50 512 576 District 3 South Tripura 875144 6.78 14.44 251 286 District 4 Dhalai District 377988 10.96 21.70 128 157 5 North Tripura 693281 26.49 17.32 290 341 District Source: Census 2011 Population distribution scenario of Tripura Sl. State/ Population 2011 Percentage Percentage No District share of share4 of population population 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1 Tripura 3671032 2,710,051 960,981 82.94 17.06 73.82 26.18 2 West 1724619 1,047,345 677,274 73.25 26.75 60.73 39.27 Tripura District 3 South 875144 752139 123005 92.92 7.08 85.94 14.06 Tripura District 4 Dhalai 377988 337513 40475 93.93 6.07 89.29 10.71 District 5 North 693281 573054 120227 89.39 10.61 82.66 17.34 Tripura District Tripura is a power deficit state. eastern region but the power Tripura has been highly depending availability from outside of the state on electricity from own generation is very limited and unreliable due and import from central sector to variety of reasons which includes generating stations in the north transmission line constraint passing 4 Source: Provisional population data from Census 2011 31 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura through difficult terrain. Present non-conventional energy systems installed power generation capacity and electrification of another 341 in Tripura is 225 MW including 84 identified un-electrified hamlets MW gas thermal plant of NEEPCO. and 29 villages is ongoing which The power map of Tripura may be will be completed by 2011-12. There seen at Annexure-IV. The present are still few villages and numbers peak demand of the state is 190 of hamlets those have no access to MW which is projected to be 700 electricity as per the definition of MW with 8% growth and 800 MW Electrified Village from Government with 9% growth in 2030-31. A 700 of India6. Lower electrification MW power plant is coming up at in the village level is the result of Palatana and another 104 MW difficult geographical condition, power plant is under construction unevenly dispersed population and at Monarchak of which the share high incidence of rural poverty. of the state is 304 MW but, these power plants at Tripura will The conventional primary sources increase the local emission levels. of energy in Tripura are firewood The power consumption scenario and chips, petroleum products is totally different in Tripura as and electricity. Tripura has been majority of the power consumption depending mainly on own gas and is by domestic sector as 53.64% hydro based electricity generation followed by Public water, irrigation and electricity imported from and sewage system, Commercial Central sector generation/other and industrial sector during 2008- states through grid lines. Electricity 095 only less than 1/4th power is the predominant energy source for consumption is by domestic sector. urban lighting reported by 91.70% of the households and remaining The state is yet to attain the households are dependent on target set in the Govt. of India kerosene sources whereas, rural policy under Rajiv Gandhi lighting energy scenario is also GrameenVidyotikaranYojana majorly through electricity with (RGGVY) of all villages to be 69.10% of the households using electrified by 2009-10 and all electricity but still around 30% of households to be electrified by 2012. the rural households are not getting 456 nos. of un-electrified hamlets grid electricity7. is already being electrified through Tripura has 60% of its land as 5 Source: Economic Review of Tripura for 2008-09 by Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of Tripura 6 Ref: NEDFI Databank 7 Ref: National Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by National Sample Survey Organization, Govt. of India April 2007. 32 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura forest area which influences the well to meet the decentralized local habitat’s living pattern as power needs may be a viable reflected through firewood and alternative which is a zero emission wood chips usage as primary technology. Agro-wastes could have cooking fuel. Around 91.6% of the been another alternative source for rural households in the state are power generation with low emission using firewood and wood chips and but there are hardly any surplus other major share of cooking fuel agro-wastes in the state. The state is LPG with 7% of the household. being rich in bio-resources;power Though, the urban scenario is generation through biomass different but, still around 39.40% of route could be another potential urban household is using firewood alternative for power generation as cooking fuel. The state of Tripura in low carbon path with planned has considerable gas reserve as and dedicated plantations for such reflected through their primary projects. cooking fuel selection in urban household as LPG with 54.40%8 . Wind availability is very erratic and requires exhaustive research with a Though the state of Tripura is mast and variable height to make the one of the leading states in North data mapping. As on date, only three –eastern region of India in deploying wind monitoring stations has been renewable energy technologies, still established at 25 m wind mast for 2 there is huge untapped renewable years period at Jampui Hills of North energy potential. To achieve the grid Tripura District for wind monitoring parity and promote grid interactive in Tripura.Apart from this, recently solar power, the state govt. can C-WET is being involved in wind increase the existing renewable potential survey for two different power obligation from 1% of total locations viz, - National Institute of power consumption or generation Technology, Jirania, West Tripura by the distribution licensee or any district and Kalacherra, Sabroom, party in first two years to 5% and South Tripura district at 50 m wind thereby encourage private or public mast in 2 hectare of land area. Even agencies to invest in solar power though wind speed is generally project in the state. favorable in sea-shore areas for power generation and Tripura is As the state is getting abundant solar very near to Bangladesh sea-shore radiation, solar power generation but, the wind speed in the state is to supplement the grid power as 8 Source: National Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by National Sample Survey Organization, Govt. of India, April 2007 33 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura very low. However, the observation MU power is generating annually is that, at least for four months, the while keeping one unit as stand by. wind speed in the state is favorable The water availability at the end of for wind power generation therefore; the year and prior to the monsoon wind hybrid projects are viable for is almost negligible. Apart from harnessing wind potential in the thishydel project, a 1 MW off-grid state. The TREDA has implemented hydel project is commissioned. a pilot demonstration project of 2 kWp wind –solar hybrid (1 kWp Though the state government –Wind + 1 kWp –Solar) during 2008 is taking some initiatives for at the roof-top of VigyanBhawan, installation of off-grid/ stand-alone Agartala which is performing at solar power systems to cater the moderate level. decentralized energy requirements, a consolidated plan of action is The state has seven major rivers essential to ensure sustainable namely Manu, Deo, Dhalai, Khowai, growth in this sector as suggested in Howrah, Gomoti and Muhuri and the following paragraphs. The State state hydro power potential is of Tripura has a geographical area estimated as 21 MW. Around 6% of about 10,000 sq. KM. The Solar of total power generation capacity insolation level of various parts of in the state is from only hydro the country could be seen from the power project of the state in South following map. Tripura district named Gumti Hydel Project with capacity having three Potential of Solar Energy in units each of 5 MW. Around 60 Tripura: 34 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Approximately 1600 kWh of demand of Tripura. It is therefore energy per sq. m.is received by proposed to mainstream the solar the state annually. If 1% surface energy received by the surface area area of Tripura is kept reserved of the state and the full potential for generation of Solar Energy, the is achieved either through public state can generate 2000 MW of investment, private investment or Solar Power which is adequate to private/public partnership mode. cater the need of the state during Critical inputs like land, water, the period 2030 or it will enhance electrical and civil infrastructure the life of the gas reserve of the have to be provided where needed State by almost 30 years. Around and all these add to the cost of the 2.11 MW solar power project is the State. contribution of renewable power in the state. Being solar energy The state is also possessing bio- potential is considerable in Tripura, resource reserve which is hardly the rural electrification is taken up utilized for energy generation by solar technology only and the purpose but there is almost zero achievement is as follow – surplus agro-waste exists for energy Decentralized Solar Power 21 Nos. – 85 kWp (Completed)100 Nos. – 160 Plant (1 kWp, 2 kWp, 3 kWp (Ongoing) kWp and 10 kWp) Solar Lantern 15,500 in rural areas and for girl child 20,000 in urban areas is under process Solar Home Lighting 5,038 Nos. under solar programme12,758 nos. System under Remote village electrification programme Solar Street Lighting 1100 under solar programme180 Nos. under System Remote village electrification programme Solar Cooker 223 Nos. Solar water heating 36000 LPD system Even though the state achievement in solar energy sector from the inception of TREDA is remarkable, the ever increasing energy requirement can only be met up through more no. of decentralized solar power and other technology project. Moreover, generation purpose. The state has the grid interactive solar power undertaken biomass assessment implementation is untapped in the study in 6 blocks only hence, state state which can further contribute potential is draft estimation only. in state grid to fulfill the power A pilot project of 1 MW (250 kW 35 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura * 4 units) biomass power plant is impact different components of the taken by the TREDA at Chamanu, electricity sector as outlined below: Kshetracherrs, Dhalai district and a 100 kW biomass gasifier power plant The projected impact of the variation at Lilagarh tea garden, Chottokhil, of precipitation level due to climate Sabroom, South Tripura district for change will severely impact the meeting up the decentralized power hydropower generation which in requirement. In line with the Govt. turn will change the energy supply of India’s objective for reduction of scenario at the state level where indoor air pollution and optimum hydro-generation has a lion’s use of firewood, 75,254 Nos. of share. Also, the lower availability of improved chullah is distributed water and enhanced temperature in the state under Govt. of India level resulting from heat waves programme. Apart from that, the will severely impact the cooling 1755 Nos. of biogas plant is installed process of thermal power project. in the rural Tripura for meeting Power station other than hydro up the household cooking energy project that bank on availability of demand by using animal waste. water for its operation (for cooling and also as heat transfer fluid) Concerns Due to Climate Change may have to shut down if water level or availability gets too low. Outlook towards linking climate Higher ambient temperatures may change and energy sector are affect the efficiency and capacity usually centred on mitigation effort ratings of fossil-fuel-powered because the current fossil fuel combustion turbines. In addition, based energy generation method electricity transmission losses may is a major contributor to climate increase due to higher ambient change. Developing options of low temperatures. carbon growth and reducing carbon footprint are important activities On demand side, regions that towards limiting the degree of future will face warmer temperature and climate change. lower precipitation level will result in increase of electricity demand Energy and water sector are closely because of higher use of electric and dynamically linked. All human gadget resulting to knock on effect devised energy system have water on energy consumption and will footprint to one degree or others thereby enhance the pressure on including non-consumptive transfer electricity distribution network of river flow in case of hydro power or through increased seasonal consumptive use of water in thermal demand. plant and bio fuel plantation. The envisaged climate change could Impact of extreme events due to 36 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura climate change on energy sector energy profile e.g. fire wood, dung, can damage economic and social etc. are more vulnerable to adverse infrastructure because of the fact effects of water cycle changes on that centralised power plants river catchment affecting the poorest tend to serve large catchment of segment of the society. population and are also sensitive to climate change. The envisaged climate change could impact different components of the Biomass still dominates the state electricity sector as outlined below. Possible Climate Change Impacts on the Energy Sector Climate Change Indicators Impacts on Energy Sector Hydrological Variability (Greater • Variability in Hydropower Seasonal and year to year variability generation in precipitation, more frequent and prolonged extreme events like • Variability in water availability drought or heavy rainfall) for Thermal Generation • Biomass availability vulnerable to water cycle impacts affecting household energy security • Could impact renewable energy generation potential, especially solar thermal • Threat of damage to infrastructure from extreme events Increased Temperature • Impacts Hydropower generation in summer months • Increased requirements of water for cooling in Thermal generation • Increased need of energy in household sector for cooling • Could impact renewable generation potential, especially solar 37 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Assessing the vulnerability of harness renewable energy sources energy supply to climatic events available in the state including solar and longer term climate change technology by creating and enabling needs to be formulated with tailor policy interventions for diffusion of made. A strategic approach is zero polluting RE technology across therefore required to be framed up the state in a near future and to ensure that timely and effective thereby making the regional grid as adaptation measures are taken, low polluting. ensuring coherence across different sectors and governance to reduce The following steps will help in the sectors vulnerability to the achieving the compliance: impact of climate change. a) Formulation & Declaration of Key Priorities to address climate state energy policy for power change concerns generation through renewable energy sources. The key elements for the multi - pronged strategy of the sector for b) Declaration of Tariff Policy by mitigation and adaptation measures Tripura Electricity Regulatory were identified after detailed Commission for Solar and other deliberation in the working groups. renewable power purchase in The priorities are in line with the line with the National Solar concerns raised due to impact of Mission and other programmes the climate change and the states of the Govt. of India. response. c) Facilitating private sector Promotion of grid interactive participation in solar power power generation from Solar and generation under Jawaharlal other Renewable Energy sources Nehru National Solar Mission through declaration of State (JNNSM) and/or other schemes Energy Policy. of Govt. of India through selection of private investors The state of Tripura is highly and other support activities dependent on carbon intensive through Single window fossil fuel based power generation clearance process. option with an installed capacity of 225 MW. Even though multiple d) Infrastructure creation for renewable energy technologies power evacuation to the grid. already being implemented; still the The above action of the state grid interactive renewable power government will help in increasing generation option is unexploited the renewable power share of in the state. The objective is to the state total power generation 38 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and thus contribute in emission Providing electricity to rural intensity reduction objective of the household or rural enterprises is nation. The state power generation a key step towards reducing the during 2010-11 is 764.56 million vulnerability of this particular units which arecontributing to GHG section of the society who will be emission by 688,104 tCO2e. The more impacted due to changes activity requires no or low cost and in climatic condition. Providing will be ease to implementation as electrical energy will empower the it is in line with the national solar people residing at one of the most mission hence, it is considered as difficult terrain or far- flung area priority action. in the country with the option to sustain under severe impact of Promotion and facilitation climate change be it the increase in in deployment of Off-grid or temperature or unavailability of water decentralized renewable energy for farming (facilitate irrigation). A generation for electrification, typical 100 kWp solar power project cooking and other thermal energy will reduce GHG emission of around requirement. 150 tCO2e annually. Complying with the National Solar Mission to The promotion and use of off-grid reduce green-house gas emission, or decentralized renewable energy the activity is planned through generation will reduce greenhouse following sub activities: gas emission by both direct and fugitive emission due to substantial i. Undertaking study for decline in fossil fuel or non- solar power feasibility and renewable biomass usage. In general identification of project location rural consumers of entire India is where necessity of decentralized not well conversant with the use power plant exists. of electricity and electrical devices. Hence, they should be educated in ii. Preparation of Detailed Project conservation of electrical measures, Report such as the use of efficient devices and of alternate energy resources iii. Land acquisition and transfer; like solar energy, biogas plants etc. The activities are: iv. Creation of energy evacuation infrastructure a) Facilitating deployment of stand alone off-grid solar v. Undertake implementation power plant within 100 kW for - Reduce the grid power fulfilling the power demand dependency by installing in dispersed locations under standalone Solar Photovoltaic National Solar Mission - Power plants which can meet 39 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the power demand and provide in case of flood or other impact. constant source of power to Moreover, it leads to health hazards the inhabitants of villages for women and children by cooking or dispersed area where in smoky kitchens and emission of comparatively concentric green-house and other poisonous population situated and gases. The State can generate power demand for commercial large amounts of energy by way of activity or revenue earning increasing biogas plants at family activity persists. Facilitating & community level. The State installationof standalone solar which has about 10 lakh cattle can photovoltaic power plants generate upto one lakh cum biogas within 100 kWpcapacity with which translates to 50,000 units of following targets- energy or translates to equivalent of 6500 L.P.G cylinders everyday. This • Up to 2016-17 is 10 MW itself would meet ¼th of the cooking energy requirement of the State. • 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 10 These numbers can be multiplied MW many more times if integrated • 2022-23 to 2026-27 is 10 with bio household waste as well MW as water hyacinth. While at the individual level, these can be used The activity is considered keeping for cooking and domestic purposes. the national solar mission At the community level, these bio objective and programme scheme gas plants can bottle methane so implementation of the activity which can be used for local rural will not be easy to implement agro based industries. and addition to this is also a cost effective option for providing power As a solution to mitigate the adverse to rural and interior areas. impact the sub- activities planned are – b) Facilitating deployment of 1000 No. Biogas plant – i. Awareness creation and capacity building for The household cooking energy incremental usage of biogas requirement in the state is met plant for household and through mainly firewood obtained community level cooking or from forest and thereby subsequent thermal energy purpose. increase of strain over the existing forest. This not only reduces the ii. Create conducive environment carbon sink but also enhances the for biogas technology supply vulnerability of the area in light chain and promotion of of the proposed climate change manufacturing and supply of impact like top soil denudation biogas plant instruments in 40 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the state. implementation. Apart from this, the activity will contribute in GHG iii. Identification of household and emission mitigation as a typical 2 agro based /rural industries cum biogas plant using cattle waste for implementation. will reduce dependency on firewood and fossil fuel consumption and can iv. Facilitating deployment of 1000 reduce GHG emission of 1.4 -1.7 No. Biogas plant annually in tCO2e annually. 12th plan period for using cattle waste, household waste as well Promotion & Facilitation setting as water hyacinth and setting up of Solar Water Heater (SWH) up bottling unit at community systems in all Govt. establishments level to use the biogas in agro under National Solar Mission. based/ rural industries across the state under the Govt. of Use of Solar Energy for Water Heating India programme. has tremendous opportunity in Tripura. A large amount of energy v. Training to users on operation is consumed for heating water and maintenance and in hotels, hostels, guest houses, emergency preparedness of the nursing homes, hospitals etc. Solar system. hot water plants can meet this requirement without any fuel and Hotels, Hostels and other with zero emission. Besides this community establishment should option, solar driers can be used be encouraged to use the kitchen for small scale as well as medium wastes for bio gas generation. The scale drying applications like tea subsidy provided by MNRE, should processing units etc. There are more be suitably tapped for construction than 1200 rooms available in Hotels of such plants and beneficiaries and Guest Houses of Agartala with encouraged paying the balance a provision of electric geyser which amounts. consume about 3 MW of power. The activity is planned keeping in Solar Water Heater may be used in mind the Govt. of India programme place of electric geyser. The Forest – National Biogas and Manure Rest Houses, Circuit Houses, PWD Management Programme and it is Bungalows having provision of very old programme continuing with electric geysers consume power a good success rate throughout the to the extent of 5 MW. There is India. Therefore, implementation a tremendous opportunity to of the activity will be an easy replace these geysers with solar process and also a low cost activity water heaters under National will also create employment for Solar Mission Programme. Around support activities in programme 36,000 LPD Solar Water heating 41 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura system is already implemented in iv. Pre-feasibility study for SC/ST/ OBC Residential School SWH system in Govt. Boarding/Hostels, Govt. and establishments. District Hospitals, Govt. Offices, v. Preparation of bankable Dakbanglow and Govt. Guest House DPR etc. in the state whereas majority of the solar water heating potential is vi. Arrangement and still untapped as it has not explored management of project by the commercial and residential fund for implementation. segments till now. Approximate vii. Facilitating deployment 18,500 LPD of solar water heater will of SWH system in Govt. be implemented in 2011-12. With establishments – an objective of reducing dependency over conventional fuel for meeting • Public Health Centres - the hot water requirement in Govt. 86 establishments of the state and consequential mitigation of green- • Hospital - 22 Nos. house gas emission; the activities planned are – • Govt. Higher Secondary School - 248 i. Declaration of the target action by the State • University, College & Govt. through policy Engineering College - 26 mechanism. Nos. ii. Awareness creation and viii. Training to users on capacity building for operation and maintenance promotion of solar water of the system heater use for water heating purpose across the state. The activity will enhance the solar water heater market in the state iii. Create conducive and contribute in GHG emission environment for mitigation. The action is chosen as development of SWH priority considering it’s importance, technology supply as it is line with the Govt. of India’s chain and promotion of initiative under National solar manufacturing and supply mission, enormous GHG mitigation of SWH systems in the opportunity and feasible option. A state. solar water heater of 100 litre can prevent 1.5 tCO2e9 GHG emission 9 Source: FAQ_MNRE 42 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura reductions annually use of 1000 no. in the state and initiate biomass SWH of 100 litre capacity each can project implementation contribute to a peak load saving of following sub activities are 1 MW. planned – Harnessing renewable energy i. Identification of agency for potential scenario of the state for assessment study power generation ii. Study on biomass The cumulative achievement on the availability for energy renewable front has been limited to generation in the state for solar lantern, small solar off-grid demarcation of biomass power plants, solar water heating potential map. system, biogas plants and remote village electrification projects. iii. Risk Assessment of While performance on tapping bio- energy sources in solar energy seems rather slow anticipated climate change in comparison with the progress situations (variable rainfall, nationally. Solar Thermal power temperature, extreme generation does not work with events) diffused radiation, whereas solar iv. Projection and risk PV works with moderately low solar assessment of energy radiation and diffused conditions. demand. While significant potential exists for renewable sources, geographic v. Conducting detailed location, end-use function, feasibility study and technology diffusion and grid-parity identify viable biomass pricing will be key determinants in power project technology penetration. To harness and implement renewable energy vi. Promoting biomass based technologies a R&D initiative for gassifier project in agro improved green energy assessment based industries (solar, wind and biomass), technology vii. Awareness programmes and and operations are planned through capacity building of nodal following activities – agency on technological a. Assessment of Biomass and regulatory aspect potential and availability for viii. Creating conducive energy generation in the state scenario for investment and demarcation of biomass in pilot bio-energy based potential sites in the map. – To power projects access the bio-energy available 43 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Assessment of Solar irradiation, v. Identification of appropriate temperature, wind speed at district sites for various solar level across the state for solar energy projects mapping.–The Solar Radiation Map (Micro level) needs to be studied vi. Developing Detailed project and suitable locations for setting report for pilot projects up of Solar Power Plant will have vii. Awareness programmes to be identified for promotion of and capacity building solar energy projects in the state, of nodal agency on Generally 4 Acres of land is required technological and to install 1 MW solar power. The regulatory aspect. state will as such require large tracts of land for Solar Power and in this viii. Strengthening of regard, degraded land would be the manufacture base and best option. Land bank for setting supply chain. up of Solar Power Plants can also be considered. Collection of data on Both the activities will not contribute degraded land of the state is also in GHG emission mitigation as it is needed. With this objective the sub largely a research activity to identify activities planned are – the potential of renewable energy in the state and accordingly the i. Assessment of Solar state government may plan for the irradiation, temperature, renewable energy promotion and wind speed at district level implementation. across the state for solar mapping. State Govt. by amendment of building bye-laws suitable to ii. Risk assessment of state condition will promote and solar energy sources in mandate use of solar energy based anticipated climate change water heating and/or lighting situations (variable rainfall, in all commercial buildings and temperature, extreme in private houses costs more events). than Rs. 20.00 lakhs or as may be decided by the competent iii. Risk Assessment of solar authority on time to time. - energy infrastructure in climate change situations In line with the objective of national including extreme events. solar mission the state govt.will promote and mandate use of solar iv. Projection and risk energy based water heating and/ assessment of energy or lighting and as may be decided demand. by the competent authority on 44 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura time to time by amendment of state and local bodies. building bye-laws suitable to state condition. Apart from the JNNSM, iv. Commencement of the State could take benefit of check testing through other Mission schemes of GOI. For independent agency and instance the Ministry of New and publication of results. Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. v. Market transformation of India, is implementing a United in favor of solar water Nations Development Programme heating equipment’s and (UNDP/Global Environment appliances. Facility (GEF) assisted Project on Global Solar Water Heating Market vi. Awareness campaign Transformation and Strengthening to educate consumers Initiation: India Country and regulators – The Programme. Under the scheme awareness creation minimum installed capacity of solar amongst the consumers water heating system is 2500 Sq. m. and encouragementof Capital grant and soft loan will be potential consumers’ to available for implementation of the implement the law can be scheme. The State Government can taken through awareness take advantage of this programme campaigns and workshops. wherein adequate financial resources As a requirement of the are available. The activities planned awareness campaign the for this action are- preparation of training material in the form of User i. Amendment of building Guide and distribution bye-law considering state to the consumers. The demographic profile for training programmes mandatory use of solar may be conducted for the water heating systems in regulators to implement all commercial buildings the policy in the state and and in private houses achieve the objective of costs more than Rs. 20.00 National solar mission. lakhs. The enforcement of building bye ii. Enforcement of incentives –laws is already implemented in /rebate on property tax for few states of India and is a part of use of solar water heaters National solar mission. Therefore, in buildings. the enforcement of building bye- iii. Designing of simplified laws according to state scenario is compliance procedures for a feasible, ease of implementation and low cost option. 45 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Strengthening of technical behind to provide technical support capability of existing renewable in terms of proper and adequate energy technology service installation, maintenance and providers and develop new service repair of renewable energy systems providers as per the international due to insufficient or technical standard by introducing training competency. The state of Tripura course in all ITI’s in the state – being located in north –east of India where almost no renewable The govt. of India with its several energy technology manufacturer promotional programmes and has any set up is facing serious schemes for renewable energy problem in the above-mentioned implementation has supported in aspect. Therefore, the introduction development of renewable energy of training course in all ITI’s technologies market and number of will be beneficial for successful manufacturers is now in the sector implementation and operation of but still the country is lagging the renewable energy projects. 46 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Enhanced Energy Efficiency Introduction requirement of fossil fuel Climate change and energy security 3. Efficient generation of electrical are foremost challenges of the energy viz. Combined cycle, century. Climate change is likely to supercritical technology, result in considerable stress on the Integrated Gasificatin socio economic conditions, weather Combined Cycle (IGCC) are few variability and other detrimental to name with impacts. Inefficient and over use of energy on one hand has raised 4. Judicious use of energy the concern over energy security on All the players from different the other hand has also resulted in sectors, organization, industry, etc. environmental degradation and is need to understand changes in the likely to exacerbate the causative market, strategic and operational effect of climate change that threats as energy efficiency becomes will reduce the resilience of the a significant factor. The specific ecosystem towards adaptability. risks and opportunities will vary The key ways of addressing the to some extent from sub-sector to issues are shifting to low carbon sub-sector, from state to state and economy. from one part of the value chain to

1. Use of Renewable Energy another. resources for power Energy efficiency is about saving generation energy, be it electricity or other fuels.

2. Energy Efficiency through Sector wise efficiency improvements technological innovation increase the total amount of and process modification to electricity used in order to save a reduce energy intensity and greater amount of fossil fuels and also incremental generation thus reduce in Green House Gas capacity thereby abating the (GHG) emission. 47 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The major barrier towards promoting energy-efficient windows, use of the measures lies in the bottlenecks light-colored surfaces that reflect in awareness and consciousness. To sunlight and heat, solar appliances most of the end user it is not clear on and promoting more mass transit whether energy-efficient products system. Incentives also can be and services can be competitive privailed to encourage sales of low- with existing, less-efficient emission vehicles such hybrids versions, because of reluctance propelled in part by electricity. among potential consumer for Power scenario in Tripura upfront initial investment based on analysis. This reluctance is Tripura highly dependent on natural based on the value proposition not gas for power generation. Present having been fully developed and installed power generation capacity communicated. in Tripura is 225 MW including 84 MW gas thermal plant of NEEPCO. Initiatives have been adopted The present peak demand of the to achieve significant savings state is 190 MW which is projected in industrial processes, most to be 700 MW with 8% growth and significantly through use of more 800 MW with 9% growth in 2030- efficient electric motors , promoting

31. No doubt, a 700 MW power combined heat and power in place of plant is coming up at Palatana and individual subsystems, combined another 104 MW power plant is cycle power generation, utilizing under construction at Monarchak the heat emissions from power of which the share of the State is plants either to produce additional 304 MW. But the location of these electricity or for industrial hot water power plants at Tripura will increase uses and lastly but not the least the local emission levels. To meet domestic heating purposes. this huge demand in near future in Other initiatives include using of a sustainable way, a combination star rated home appliances such of alternatives is to be adopted. The as refrigerators, fan, ACs, oven, salient features of power scenario washing machine, LED/CFL, (generation, purchased, T & D computers, buildings through losses & total power available) in improved insulation, use of Tripura is as under: 48 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Summary Statement & Annual Plan 2011-2012 1 Sl Particulars 2007-08 2008- 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 No. 09 BE RE Annual Plan 1 Installed capacity (MW) at the end of the year

1. Hydal 15 15 15 15 15 15

2. Steam 0 0 0 0 0 0 c. Gas 95 95 95 116 116 116 d. Diesel 1 1 1 1 1 1 e. Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Wind etc.) Total-1in MW 115.85 111 111 132 132 132 2 Gross generation inclusive of auxiliary consumption (MKwh) Hydel 36.37 50.13 45.87 50 43 50 Steam 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gas 583.86 608.49 612.35 795.6 719.32 744.55 Diesel 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others (Wind 0 0 0 0 0 0 etc.) Total-2 in 620.22 658.62 658.35 795.6 762.6 794.55 MkWh 3 Overall PLF 93.87% 97.83% 93.22% 93.53% 96.60% 93.49% of Board (Thermal) % (actual generation/ possible generation from available gas) 1 Tripura State Electricity Corporation Ltd. 49 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 4 Auxiliary 9.12 9.63 9.65 11.68 7.50 7.80 consumption (1.47%) (1.46%) (1.47%) (1.47%) (0.98%) (0.98%) (MkWh) with % in brackets below. 5 Net 611.1 648.99 648.7 783.92 755.11 786.75 generation (2-4) in MkWh 6 Power purchased (MKWh) a. Purchased 511.51 495.3 421.61 482 486.96 482 from Central Sector b. Purchased 0 0 0 0 0 0 from IPPs/ Private Sector c. Purchase 0 0 0 0 0 0 from others Total in 511.51 495.3 421.61 482 486.96 482 MkWh 7 Total Energy 1122.61 1144.3 1070.32 1265.92 1242.07 1268.75 availability (5+6) in MkWh 8 T & D losses in MkWh a. Transmi- 75.18 81.59 86.85 90 74.23 85 ssion losses b. Distrib- 187.2 193.77 177.48 168 185.83 170 ution losses Total (a+b) in 262.38 275.36 264.33 258 260.06 255 MkWh Electrical Energy Requirement and However the energy requirement of Peak Load Demand are important various consumers is different for elements of the electrical supply different season, time, place and projects. The electrical energy process and energy peak demand demand represents the productive charges accordingly. The peak and element which goes into the capital off-peak demand in Tripura is given building of the state while peak below; demand is the operational parameter of the utilization of electrical energy. 50 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Peak Demand2 Year Peak (in MW) Peak Peak Short Fall Own Import Demand Demand Generation Met 2005-06 156.1 114.5 41.6 64 50.5 2006-07 155 119 36 74 45 2007-08 160 124 36 79 45 2008-09 162 126 36 81 45 2009-10 187 133 54 83 50 2010-11 210 154 56 104 50 2011-12 240 154 86 104 50 Off-peak demand Year Off-Peak (in MW) Off- Peak Off-Peak Short Fall Own Import Demand Demand Generation Met 2005-06 95 90 5 64 26 2006-07 90 90 0 74 16 2007-08 90 90 0 79 11 2008-09 98 90 8 81 9 2009-10 120 108 12 83 25 2010-11 125 125 0 104 21 2011-12 140 134 6 104 30 Peak demand trend of Tripura 2 Peak demand trend, TSECL 51 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Climate Change & Energy The implementation plan of NMEEE Efficiency seeks to upscale the efforts to create the market for energy efficiency, Several mitigation initiatives are which is estimated to be about Rs conceptualized under NMEEE with 74,000 crore. The Mission would Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) create conducive regulatory and and Energy Efficiency Services policy regime to foster innovative Limited (EESL). NMEEE has and sustainable business models strategized the following initiatives, to unlock this market. As a result in addition to the policies and of implementing NMEEE, we programmes for energy efficiency estimate that by the end of five being implemented by BEE. These years, about 23 million tonnes of initiatives are as follows: oil equivalent (MTOE) of fuel will be saved, capacity addition of over • Perform Achieve and 19,000 MW avoided, and emissions Trade (PAT), a market- of carbon dioxide reduced by 98.55 based mechanism to make million tonnes annually. improvements in energy efficiency in energy-intensive The NMEEE set out a comprehensive large industries and facilities strategy, which comprised the more cost-effective by following components. certification of energy savings that could be traded. • Create demand for energy- efficiency products, goods, • Market transformation for and services by spreading energy efficiency (MTEE) awareness about the efficacy by accelerating the shift to of these products and services, energy-efficient appliances in amending government policies designated sectors through and programmes to integrate innovative measures that make energy efficiency, preparing the products more affordable. bankable projects to stimulate the process, and offering the • Energy efficiency financing right incentives to cost-effective platform (EEFP), a mechanism improvements in energy to finance DSM programmes in efficiency in energy-intensive all sectors by capturing future industries and facilities energy savings. through certification of energy • Framework for energy efficient savings that could be traded. economic development (FEEED), or developing fiscal • Ensure adequate supply of energy-efficient products, instruments to promote energy goods, and services. This efficiency. 52 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura is being done by creating power (electricity) being generated a cadre of certified energy through gas thermal route. 216 professionals; promoting MW of power out of the total power energy service companies generated in the State is through (ESCOs), standards, and Gas thermal route. These power labeling of end-use equipment plants operate in open cycle system and appliances; and preparing and hence are responsible for structured programmes to substantial carbon emission. The leverage international financing emission level from the power plants instruments including the can be significantly reduced and also Clean Development Mechanism substantial addition to the installed (CDM) to reduce transaction capacity may be done by converting costs to attract private the existing units to combined cycle investment, etc. systems. Conversion of open cycle power units to combined cycle • Create and promote the is an important climate change energy efficiency financing related energy efficiency enhancing platform, set up partial risk step for the state of Tripura. It has guarantee funds, and develop been estimated that the financing innovative financial derivatives plans for combined cycle require an of performance contracts and investment of Rs. 455 crores. fiscal and tax incentives for investment in this sector. Bringing down the electrical transmission and distribution • Create and adopt robust losses from 313 to 15 % through and credible monitoring a time bound programme by 2030 and verification protocols to is the other important energy capture energy savings from efficiency enhancing step that all energy-efficiency activities the State needs to undertake in a in a transparent manner. systematic way. Steps proposed in this direction also include proposals • Take necessary steps to for encouragement to decentralized overcome market failures by power generation wherever possible appropriate regulatory and on the basis of agricultural wastes policy framework to support the and solar energy in the rural areas. measures mentioned above. Measures for energy conservation Tripura is highly dependent on 3 18th Electric Power Survey forcast_CEA 53 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura would include the formulation Energy Consumption & Saving of a special programme for the Potential in Tripura introduction of more efficient agricultural pump sets by Agriculture The electricity demand forecast is and Water Resources (irrigation) an important input for planning of department. Steps are also required the power sector to meet the future in respect of encouraging the use power requirement of various of efficient lights and star rated sector of electricity consumption. domestic household appliances. A planned load growth in industry, In the proposed actions, the steps agriculture, domestic and other being contemplated include the sectors is necessary to have unified conversion of conventional street growth in all sectors of economy lights into solar street lights, use and therefore it is necessary that of LED based lights, bill boards infrastructure is planned in various and advertisement hoardings to sectors of electricity consumption use solar energy wherever feasible so as to direct the overall growth and deploy timer based models, of economy in rational manner. encouragement to the use of solar The electricity consumption by gadgets in industry and energy the end user is guiding factor for audit in major departments. evaluating the electricity demand for the future. Energy consumption, Energy Requirement and Peak Load category wise & year wise summary of forecast are given below; Energy Consumption in MUs4 Consu- 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 mption -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 Categories Domestic 262 300 344 389 437 491 552 620 676 731 791 855 924 Comm- ercial 47 51 57 63 69 76 84 92 102 112 124 136 150 & Misc. Public 24 30 32 35 37 40 43 46 50 53 56 59 62 Lighting Public Water 45 53 57 61 64 68 72 76 80 84 89 94 99 Works Irrigation 40 40 43 46 50 53 58 62 67 72 78 85 92 Indu- stries 29 35 42 49 58 67 77 88 101 114 129 145 162 LT Indu- stries 17 21 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 29 31 HT 4 18th Electric Power survey Forecast, CEA 54 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Railway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 traction Bulk supply 47 53 58 62 68 73 80 87 95 104 113 124 136 Total (Energy 511 584 656 730 808 894 991 1098 1197 1298 1408 1528 1658 Consu- mption) T & D losses- 261 262 275 285 291 295 299 404 317 330 342 355 368 MU T & D losses- 33.8 30.96 29.51 28.08 26.48 24.79 23.21 21.66 20.96 20.26 19.56 18.86 18.16 in % Energy 771 846 930 1014 1099 1189 1290 1401 1514 1628 1751 1883 2026 Requi- rement-MU Annual Load 50.89 49.03 44.5 45 45.5 46 46.5 47 47.4 47.8 48.2 48.6 49 Factor-% Peak Load- 173 197 239 257 276 295 317 340 365 389 415 442 472 MW Un-restricted 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Energy -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 Requi-rement & Peak Load at Power Station Bus Bars Energy 771 882 953 1029 1112 1201 1297 1401 1514 1628 1751 1883 2026 Requi- rement-MU Peak Load- 173 220 237 254 274 294 317 340 365 389 415 442 472 MW Pattern of Utilization Category 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 Domestic 51.36 51.43 52.41 53.38 54.15 54.94 55.7 56.46 56.5 56.33 56.14 55.95 55.75 Comm. 9.14 8.81 8.65 8.58 8.54 8.5 8.46 8.42 8.51 8.65 8.79 8.93 9.07 Irrigation 7.78 6.91 6.59 6.35 6.16 5.98 5.81 5.65 5.59 5.57 5.56 5.55 5.55 Industries 8.97 9.55 10 10.1 10.21 10.29 10.38 10.44 10.66 10.92 11.17 11.41 11.63 Others 22.75 23.31 22.34 21.6 20.95 20.29 19.65 19.04 18.74 18.53 18.34 18.16 17.99 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 55 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The energy consumption patterns the latest trends in the energy are changing with the use of conservation follows the latest advance technology and energy trend in technology and energy conservation measures initiated conservation efforts by various by State Government. Efforts have stake holders. been made to collect the data on electricity saving on account of “Assessment of Electricity energy conservation measures Consumption & Conservation in agriculture, commercial, Potential in Tripura” carried out by municipalities, SMEs, etc. It has NPC in 2009 provides the following not been possible to capture the estimates of possible savings in electricity saving in all sections energy consumption, detailed table of energy consumption. However, is given below; the higher weightage provided to Sector Specific Energy Saving Potential in Tripura ((2007-2008) Installed Capacity: 243.8 MW Total Energy Sales : 397.81 MU Sl. Sector Annual Energy Estimated annual No. Reference Consumption Energy Saving Potential In MU In TOE In MU IN TOE 1 Agricultural 23.99 1.437 2 Commercial 40.63 0.456 3 Municipalities 46.13 1.573 4 SME Clusters 5 601317 0 120263 5 Domestic 220.12 44 6 Industries 65.35 4.575 Total 397.81 601317 52.08 120263 Electricity Consumption & GHG NEWNE grid of 0.9tCO2e/MWh the emission profile of Tripura probable emission are calculated as follows (although the emission Greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted factor for gas based generation are owing to combustion of fossil fuel. lower than the regional grid emission The major fossil fuels used in factor however the grid emission Tripura are natural gas, refined oil factors has been considered under and crude petroleum. Considering conservative approach) the grid emission factor of the 5 SME clusters electrical energy savings potential is already included in Industrial Sector 56 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sector specific Power Consumption & GHG emission in Tripura in 2010-11 Consumption Categories In MU6 In MWh Emission tCO2e Factor tCO2e/ MWh Domestic 300 300000 0.9 2,70,000 Commercial & Misc. 51 51000 0.9 45,900 Public Lighting 30 30000 0.9 27,000 Public Water Works 53 53000 0.9 47,700 Irrigation 40 40000 0.9 36,000 Industries LT 35 35000 0.9 31,500 Industries HT 21 21000 0.9 18,900 Bulk supply 53 53000 0.9 47,700 T & D losses-MU 262 262000 0.9 2,35,800 Total GHG emission 7,60,500 Sector specific Power Consumption forecast, T & D losses & GHG emission in Tripura in 2015-16 Consumption In MU In MWh Emission tCO2e Categories Factor tCO2e/MWh Domestic 552 552000 0.9 4,96,800 Commercial & Misc. 84 84000 0.9 75,600 Public Lighting 43 43000 0.9 38,700 Public Water Works 72 72000 0.9 64,800 Irrigation 58 58000 0.9 52,200 Industries LT 77 77000 0.9 69,300 Industries HT 26 26000 0.9 23,400 Bulk supply 80 80000 0.9 72,000 T & D losses-MU 299 299000 0.9 2,69,100 Total GHG emission 11,61,900 6 18th Electric power survey forecast from CEA 57 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Reform & Restructuring of the DMS project in West Tripura Power Department Dist is also in progress and expected to be completed by In line with the provision and March 2011. recommendation of Electricity Act, 2003 the Govt. of Tripura • In order to calibrate and has corporatized the State Power facilitate testing of energy Department and created Tripura meter at consumer end, 50 State Electricity Corporation Nos. single phase portable Limited as fully State own company testing kit & 12 Nos. portable registered under Company Act, 56. three phase testing kit have Subsequently TSECL has taken been already been distributed over the entire existing network to revenue Divisions. along with asset of erstwhile Department of Power for operating • 4 Nos. of 3 phase semi automatic meter test bench and maintaining the power supply has already been installed as industry in the State of Tripura. Agartala, Udaipur, Ambassa & They have already taken some of Kumarghat for the purpose of the energy conservation measures calibrating & testing. and major advances in the power sector which are given below; • 168 Nos. of 11 KV Feeder exists in Tripura as on date and all the • Installation of 2759 Nos. of feeder have been provided with Distribution Transformer (DT) static trivactor meters. Some of meters of 63 KVA and above the meters are to be replaced has been completed and energy by AMR meter as per terms accounting started. and conditions of R-APDRP. • Implementation of SCADA/ 58 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • TSECL had already engaged • Lighting Sector consultant for preparation of • Building Sector DPR for implementation of • Industrial Sector Part-A of R-APDRP. Apart from this NPTI has been engaged for • Municipalities part-B of R-APDRP. The work Energy saving potential in power for Ring-fencing (boundary plant: metering) of 16 project area has already been taken up and the There is scope to improve efficiency work including purchased of and reduce emissions in the AMR meters are in progress. gas based power systems of the State. There are three nos. of gas Future Energy Conservation thermal power plants in operation Potential in Tripura: in Tripura in open cycle mode. By Energy Efficiency provides a using exhaust gas temperature an powerful cost effective mechanism additional power can be generated to achieve a sustainable energy without using extra fuel. future. Improvement in energy Energy saving potential in efficiency can reduce the need for Agricultural Sector investment in energy. Improving energy efficiency will go a long way in There are a large numbers of enabling India to realize its national Agricultural pump sets and aspirations in growing along low Agricultural machineries consume carbon routes. In this context, significant quantum of fossil Govt. of Tripura has an important fuels and electricity. Inefficient role to play in encouraging various agricultural pumps may be replaced sectors to adopt energy efficiency by star rated efficient pumps. Based practices. on several studies carried out on agricultural pump set efficiency, The possibility of energy savings is it has been found that the pump high in the following sectors of the efficiency varies from 25-35% due State. to various factors. By adopting BEE • Energy Production ( Gas based star labeled agricultural pump sets, Power Systems) the efficiency can be enhanced upto • Agricultural Sector 50-52%7. • Power Distribution System 7 Combined Summary Report_NPC 2009 59 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Energy saving potential in Power to prescribe the ECBC (Energy distribution system Conservation Building Code) for efficient use of energy and Tripura Power Corporation has an its conservation in buildings or important role to play in making building complexes. The ECBC the state level Electricity grid more sets minimum energy performance climate-friendly. The transmission standards for the design and and distribution loss of Tripura is construction of non-residential more than 31% and this can be buildings. Studies conducted by reduced up to 15% on a time bound NPC, reveals that energy savings programme, by the year 2030. potential in commercial buildings Appropriate strategic actions are varies from 20-30%. also required to be taken to reduce the T&D Loss of the State. Energy saving potential in Industrial Sector Energy saving potential in Lighting & Domestic Sector The scope of energy efficiency and conservation is the maximum in Lighting sector alone consumes industry and related activities 30% of the power requirement. and various State Government Use of efficient light may be Departments and Municipalities. made mandatory particularly for The State Government may draw commercial organizations and star up a suitable scheme through rated home appliances should be Designated Nodal Agency and encouraged in domestic sector. The submit the same to BEE, Ministry savings potential in rural segment of Power for funding. Jawaharlal by adopting CFLs and BEE star Nehru Urban Renewal Mission also rated products is 40-50%. The supports such type of initiatives. savings potential in urban segment Soft Loan is available from Govt. of by adopting BEE star rated products India on Demand Side Management. is 15-20%. On the whole, the energy The State Designated Agency may savings potential in domestic sector formulate proposal in this respect. is estimated 20-258%. Incentives are to be provided to the Energy Efficient consumers. Energy Energy saving potential in Audit may be made mandatory Building sector for Small and Medium Industries. As per Energy Conservation Act, Based on several studies & energy 2001, it empowers the Government audits by NPC, the electrical energy 8 Combined Summary Report_NPC 2009 60 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura saving potential in industry sector • Energy audit and Resource varies from 7-10%. allocation. Agartala Municipality or Major Energy saving potential in Departments like Civil municipalities Secretariat, Department of Based on sample studies by NPC, Power, Dept. of Education or the energy savings potential for Dept. of Agriculture should all street lighting in municipalities be covered under Energy audit. & corporations is assessed to be Resources could be allocated 25%. The energy savings potential based on Energy performance. for water works & sewage in Key priorities to address the municipalities & corporations is Climate change assessed to be 20%. The following key priorities for the Others sector were identified after detailed The following additional actions are deliberation in the working groups. required to be taken for enhancing The priorities are in line with the energy efficiency in different concerns raised due to the negative sectors: effect of the climate change and the state’s response. • Conversion of conventional street lights into Solar Street Conversion of open cycle gas Light. based thermal power plant to combined cycle systems: • Usage of LED based lights. The state power generation is totally • All Bill Boards and natural gas based (around 95%) and Advertisement Hoardings all these power plants are operating may use Solar Energy for in open cycle system and responsible illumination purpose wherever for substantial carbon emission. In it is feasible. addition flue gas temperature of the power plant is around 4500-5000C, • The timer based bill boards which released in the atmosphere and advertisement hoardings and raises ambient temperature. may be introduced so that The emission level from the power advertisement hoardings are plants can be significantly reduced automatically switched off after and also substantial addition to mid night. the installed capacity may be done • Encourage use of solar gadgets by converting the combined cycle in Industry. gas turbine power plants instead of existing open cycle gas thermal 61 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura plant. This is planned through efficient agricultural following sub activities: pumps. • Undertaking Prefeasibility/ • Restructuring of Power Assessment study Tariff in Tripura. • Preparation of DPR • Replacement of Inefficient agricultural pumps by • Development of project energy efficient pumps execution planning. Reducing Transmission and • Financial closure through Distribution (T & D) Losses: taping up of fund and implementation strategy. Reduction of T&D losses is a prime Development of comprehe-nsive focus of the energy sector since scheme for promotion of energy reduction of losses will directly efficient pumps in agriculture result in reduction of green house sector: gas emission and address energy security. Compliance to the Tripura’s Agricultural sector action plan is planned through the consumes 4% of total electricity following sub activities: of the power requirement of the • To assess the current State. Promotion of energy efficient T&D loss pattern and agricultural pump set promises plan implement measures immense opportunity in reducing to reduce losses through the overall power consumption, increase of energy efficiency improving efficiencies of ground and reducing pilferage. water extraction and reducing the subsidy burden on the states • Renovation of Existing without sacrificing the service transmission and obligation to this sector. It also distribution network presents a promising prospect of • Replacement of Existing targeting subsidy to the beneficiary Transformer with star farmers. In terms of electricity rated transformer saved (estimated 30-40%) by mere replacement of inefficient pump • 100% consumer metering sets. Complying of the action plan to reduce AT&C Losses is planned through following sub - Involving Installation activities: of SCADA system and metering arrangement for • Preparation of scheme on-line remote monitoring for financial incentive to system right from grid sub- farmers on use of energy station up to the consumer 62 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura end having a connected voltage transmission infrastructure load of 20 kW and above for power evacuation and import of power from regional grid. The • Implementation of fulfillment of the overall objective feeder level metering at is planned through following sub distribution level activity: • Consumer level metering a cell should be formulated 1. Encouragement for and carry out Vigilance Decentralized generation of activity power to reduce the T&D Losses by introducing schemes • To introduce franchise and policies. model in distribution to reduce commercial losses a. Undertaking carrying and better management of capacity study and the distribution system resource mapping of each of the districts for setting a. Formulation of Project up possible power project. management unit to facilitate for franchisee b. Preparation of techno for 3 years economic Feasibility report for the requirement of b. Impart training transmission network. c. Training and imparting c. Applying for Budgetary support to prospective provision through entrepreneurs. international funding and private sector investment. Decentralised power generation Development of policy for The power sector of the state is mandatory use of efficient light heavily impacted due to the lack particularly for commercial of proper transmission network. organizations in the state. Transmission, Sub-Transmission and Distribution lines are very Lighting are responsible for up to old the Conductors have become 30% of energy use in the state, and brittle and cause more energy that demand for energy is soaring losses during transmission. The as construction booms, especially in requirement of evacuation corridor state like Tripura. This means lighting is planned to promote evacuation of can make a major contribution to power from decentralized renewable tackling climate change and energy energy power projects including use. We need to act now because micro hydro, Solar (PV & Thermal of the lifespan of lightings, and we both), IPP, CPP and promote high can act now because the knowledge 63 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and technology to slash the energy • Fund identification. consumption are already available. There are three key elements to • Implementation strategy achieving progress: Maximizing solar power usage and • Use less energy Encouraging use of Solar Gadgets (especially in Industries): • Replacement of all inefficient lighting system To the extent of solar gadgets is used, by energy efficient system. the use of fossil fuel based power and • Use of renewable energy therefore carbon emissions will be (e.g. Solar PV, lantern, reduced. Hence adequate incentives etc). would be provided for the same. Under this initiative, the state will State Govt. should employ a policy promote both solar photovoltaic as framework on using energy efficient well as solar thermal. An increase lights in domestic & commercial in the market penetration of stand- buildings, Govt. & private offices, alone solar systems for use by education institutes, hospitals, institutions, communities and colonies etc. individuals is proposed. A range of activities – required promotional Expansion Conversion of policy initiatives, survey, conventional street lights to solar feasibility reports, demonstration LED/CFL street lights: projects, awareness and capacity building, and strengthening the Energy from the light of the sun manufacturing base will be done. (photovoltaic) can be used to produce All of these will lead to using more electricity. While the equipment solar gadget in the state. Industrial is expensive, maintenance energy measures should strengthen requirements are minimal and there the business case for investing in are no fuel costs. They are far less higher efficiency equipment and costly for rural areas not covered by solar gadgets. Compliance of the grid electricity than building new action plan is planned through power plants and grid distribution following sub activities: systems. Energy from the heat of the sun (solar thermal) can be used • State level policy framework economically to heat water and for solar gadgets use homes. Conventional Street lights can be replaced by solar LED/CFL • Using solar PV for outdoor lighting. based street lighting system. • Using solar water heating • Preparation of pre- system. feasibility study. 64 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Carrying out awareness • Supporting state level campaign towards taking entrepreneurs to become up solar system installation ESCO. and use of star rated • Taking up joint pilot project devices. with ESCO companies. State energy audit policy and Promoting Energy Efficiency Implementation of pilot Energy Practices in the State efficiency project and IGEA: The objective is to create awareness The Objective of the pilot initiative among the sectors (domestic, is to demonstrate the possibility commercial and industrial) about of energy efficiency through the benefit and necessity of taking implementation of energy efficiency up energy efficiency measures and measures. Such action will also the pathway of achieving the enhance the capacity of the state same including promotion of use nodal agency to undertake similar of star rated gadget. Complying of initiative in the future and also the action plan is planned through promote taking up such activity following sub activities: amongst the sector. Compliance of the action plan is planned through • Identification of Agencies following sub activities: for taking up activity. • Conducting energy • Undertaking sectoral audit by the empanelled and scoping study of organisation. the possibility of energy efficiency across each • Undertaking IGEA. sector and barrier of taking • Implementation of Pilot up the energy efficiency energy Efficiency one of initiatives. the identified pumping • Undertaking Training Need Station. Analysis Study for the • Implementation of Pilot department, preparation of Energy Efficiency Street manual and carrying out lighting Project in one of pilot workshop. the ULB area. • Carrying out awareness • Identifying and empanelling campaign towards taking ESCO companies. up energy efficiency measures and use of star rated devices. 65 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Awareness and implementation urbanization have caused a for use of CFL and replacing boom in construction activities in incandescent lamp under Bachat developing countries. There is a Lamp Yojna, and Umbrella very strong correlation between program of BEE: these three factors and demand for building materials. One can Under the Bachat Lamp Yojna estimate that about 1,000 billion (BLY) scheme, good quality & long- fired clay bricks are made every year life CFLs would be distributed in the developing countries of Asia. to the grid-connected residential Most of these bricks are still today households of Tripura in exchange produced in traditional industries of an incandescent lamp (ICL) and with relatively simple and inefficient INR 15. The SDA, Tripura will technologies and low investment. provide database of households In many countries it is a seasonal in the project area, assist in the activity, starting after rice harvest selection of Project Sample Group and rainy season is over. This brick (PSG), Project Sample Buffer Group production results in 180 million (PSBG), and Project Cross-check tons of CO2 roughly one-third of Group (PCCG) as required in the the total CO2 emission of the global scheme. The SDA will also provide airline industry. In 2009 NPC has information available with it for conducted an assessment study on smooth implementation of BLY in energy consumption in brick kilns Tripura. Comparative analysis of and saving potential in Tripura. energy usage is given below; Baseline Rated Likely ICL normal CFL range replaced Lumen (Watt) (Watt) output (IS 418:2004) 25 220 5-7 40 345 9-10 60 620 13-15 75 840 15-17 100 1240 20-23 150 2070 37-39 250 2900 52-54 Encouraging effective fly ash utilization and emission reduction: Growing economic activities, population growth and rapid 66 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Energy saving potential in brick kilns in Tripura9 Cluster Cluster Total Estimated % Saving Annual Location Type unit total energy potential energy saving listed consumption assessed potential (nos.) (in TOE) assessed (in TOE) 4 districts Brick 259 601317 20 120263 of Tripura Kiln Comparison of Kilns: Energy use10 Type of Kiln Specific Energy Specific coal Consumption (MJ/ consumption Kg of fired brick) (tons/100,000 bricks) VSBK (India, Nepal, Vietnam) 0.7-1.0 11-16 Fixed chimney BTK (India) 1.1-1.5 17.5-24 Moveable chimney BTK (India) 1.2-1.75 19-28 Tunnel kiln (Nam Dinh, 1.4-1.6 22-25 Vietnam) Modern tunnel kiln (Germany) 1.1-2.5 17.5-40 Clamp and other batch kilns 2.0-4.5 32-71 (Asia) Energy consumption in different type of kilns Overall environmental performance the kiln and its impact on humans of a brick kiln depends on such and vegetation. The following policy factors as energy efficiency which is actions/studies will be required to linked to CO2 emission, air pollution mitigate fossil fuel combustion in in the form of CO, SPM, SO2, brick processing units; ambient air quality in the vicinity of 9 Combined study report_NPC, 2009 10 Brick by brick: The herculean task of cleaning up the Asian brick Industry 67 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Compiling information include the following activities: from the several studies • Implementation of utility and initiatives that have level DSM measures, been done on fly ash and • Awareness Generation for developing an operational Energy Conservation, plan for effective utilization of fly ash, and • Promotion and implementation of • Installing of equipment at the National Bureau the IPPs/CPPs for Nitrous of Energy Efficiency’s Oxides (NOx) reduction. Enetgy Conservation Promoting Demand Side Building Code (ECBC) for Management (DSM) and energy widespread adoption in the efficiency: state to reduce the energy consumption in buildings, DSM and energy efficiency will • For proper energy reduce the demand for energy monitoring, capacity and therefore reduce carbon building of energy auditors, emissions. Under this initiative, strengthening existing a comprehensive policy and plan Energy Conservation to save energy use in order to Cell under the Energy reduce the demand–supply gap and Department supported contribute towards climate change with manpower and abatement will be done. This will infrastructure. 68 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sustainable Habitat Introduction habitat are considered to be the vital indicators for assessing the living For a period of more than hundred condition of human population in years Tripura had been shaped an identified geographical area. The on the line of similar institutions incidence of urbanization ranges in British Indian Towns and the from 26.7% in West District to a mere genesis of its real existence could 6% in Dhalai. The urban population be traced from a peculiar process is thus unequally distributed, with of transformation from a Maharaja West District accounting for 75% Ruled organisation to one ruled by and Agartala, the capital, alone Law and Act. Tripura is the 2nd accounting for 35% of the urban smallest state in terms of area, but population of the State (Tripura the 2nd most populous state in the HDR, 2007). North Eastern Region. Tripura is a land-locked State, surrounded by Population Statistics of Tripura Bangladesh on its north, south and Description 2011 2001 west. The length of its international Actual Population 3671032 3199203 border is 856 km. Male 1871867 1642225 Female 1799165 1556978 The state Government of Tripura Population Growth 14.75% 15.74% had played an important role in Source: Census 2011 the process of urban development and management. The issues of Population Distribution of Tripura 69 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The Agartala Municipal Council for service delivery is increasingly and Fifteen Nagar Panchayats insufficient, even for provision of have been implementing the urban core urban public services such development projects and the urban as water supply, sanitation and local bodies have also been carrying sewerage, urban roads and solid out various development activities waste management. Sanitation in their respective jurisdictions. possesses major problems with the absence of any sewerage system in There are increasing urban urban areas resulting in drainage problems of overcrowding and of domestic effluent into nearby growth of slums, scarcity of water rivers and streams leading to supply, inadequacies of public contamination of water sources. health and sanitation system, Absence of storm water drainage mismanagement of waste disposal. poses problems of water logging The existing urban infrastructure and flooding, causing landslides 70 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and soil erosion. Indiscriminate Key issues developmental activities also add to the problem by obstructing drains Unlike most environmental and encroaching rainwater flow hazards, State government has paths. With regard to the service limited capacity to reduce the sector, only 30.60% of the total climate change-generated hazards housing has access to safe drinking within their jurisdiction. The urban water in the state of Tripura as poor population is growing with against national average of 55.34%. the growth of urbanization within This again reflects the present the state and thus increasing status of living condition of more the vulnerable population. The than 80% of the people of state population growth within the urban remain much below the desired areas of Tripura creates enormous level. (SOE, 2002) pressure on the limited resources like land, water etc. The Government of Tripura under the centrally sponsored schemes The state of Tripura is located in a successfully implemented the highly seismic zone (Zone V) as per Swarnjayanti Sahari Rojgar Yojna the seismic zoning atlas of India (SJSRY), Integrated Development of and is prone to frequent earthquake Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) shocks and subsequent hazards. and Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna Although temperature is usually (VAAY) for vulnerable section of the the first variable considered in urban society. assessments of climate change, it 71 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura is important to consider other data caused by floods rendering normal that integrate the state of the climate life paralysed by way of disruption system over space and time. These of means of communications caused include such climate parameters due to damage of roads and bridges like rainfall and humidity. The and also blockage of roads due to houses types of the State, about landslides. 42.65% Kutcha (clay mud walls), 0.05% stone walls laid in mud and With rapid urbanization, the 0.39% Pucca brick walls. These production of municipal solid waste Kutcha and Stone wall houses are has increased to a great extent. The vulnerable to receive severe damage city of Agartala with a population including collapse in moderate of 400,000 people generates about intensity of earthquakes. 300 MT of mixed garbage every day. Garbage produces methane Higher rainfall occurring during which is 21 times stronger gas than this period causing floods in low the carbon dioxide. Production of lying areas and erosion of land MSW in Agartala Town and other throughout most of the State has Nagar Panchayats could be seen become a regular feature in the in Annexure-VI. The menace of State. The State has in the past littering is another issue requiring witnessed worst form of disasters immediate attention as this is 72 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura causing soil degradation due to This will go up significantly unless loss soil porosity and choking appropriate steps are taken. of sewerage the later being the Generally 20 – 30% of the emission alarming situation as most of the comes from the transport sector. sewerage drains are open here. The There is enough scope to reduce potential GHG emissions from the the emission level in the transport degradation of solid waste will be sector. This amount of petrol approximately 2.94 lakhs tones of consumption will account for CO2 within next 5 years. approximately 3.45 Lakh Ton CO2 and diesel consumption will account The transport sector in the state is for approximately 9.7 lakh Ton CO2 one of the main emitter of Green emissions within next 5 years. House Gas. It has been estimated that the number of vehicles in the There has been a tremendous growth State will double every five years in the state in the construction carrying significant quantum of sector. The consumption of cement, emission. steel etc. has increased many folds causing emission at National Level. The Present Fossil Fuel Requirement Consumption of construction of the State is as follows: materials in Agartala Town and other Nagar Panchyat could be • Petrol – 30 million litre on seen in below. This is exclusive of annual basis. construction materials required by • Diesel – 72 million litre on CPWD and Border Road etc. the annual basis. requirement of steel and cement (Source: - Consumers affairs and by PWD for construction activities civil supplies department) could also be seen below. Construction materials Amount Unit Steel materials consumed in the state for 90,000 MT per year PWD works* Cement consumed in the state for PWD 110,000 MT per year works * There is an annual growth of this consumption @ 15% (Source: PWD, Govt. of Tripura) 73 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The amount of steel consumption aggregate mitigation costs can can account of approximately 10 be reduced if economy-wide lakh Ton CO2 emissions within environmental policies are next 5 years. complemented by urban policies, such as congestion charges or Key Priorities increasing spatial density. This is due to complementarities with As the hub of economic activity, other policy objectives, such as capital city and other towns lower local pollution and health drive the vast majority of the benefits, and enhancement of city states’ energy use and are major attractiveness and competitiveness contributors to Green House Gas through lower local pollution emissions. Because they are home levels. Within the identified key to major infrastructure and highly priorities with high importance four concentrated populations, cities actions are adaptation activities are also vulnerable to the impacts and three actions are mitigation of climate change, such as warmer activities. The high priorities temperatures, unusual rainfall, identified based on the basis of landslides. At the same time, better cost effectiveness, cost-benefit, urban planning and policies can feasibility, ease of implementation reduce energy use and Green House and overall sustainability. Within Gas emissions and improve the the Sustainable Habitat five key resilience of urban infrastructure priorities are under the Urban sector, to climate change, thus shaping one key priority under transport future trends. Lack of suitable sector and one key priority is under livelihood and employment facilities PWD department. The total budget further added to the unsustainable proposed for the eight key priorities exploitation of natural resources. along with sub activities is 199.65 Moreover, the region being in the Crore INR. neighborhood of Bangladesh, one of the most vulnerable countries There are multiple opportunities of the world in respect of natural for the mitigation activities to calamities is in unique situation explore the carbon markets with unlike any other state of India several mechanisms like Clean and requires special attention Development Mechanism (CDM), in initiatives on mitigation and Voluntary Carbon Standards etc. adoption measures under the The revenue generated from the sustainable habitat mission. mitigation activities can be used for the effective operation of the Under a policy scenario where activities. Involvement of State national emission reduction Government through “climate- strategies are implemented, conscious” urban planning and 74 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura management can help achieve activities. Beginning with a training national climate goals and minimise needs assessment for all relevant tradeoffs between environmental departments and agencies, training and economic priorities at local modules especially on solid waste levels. Local authorities can help management, water management achieve national climate goals and efficient distribution of through resilient urban policies to supply and delivery and urban reduce energy demand and improve management would be conducted resilience to climate change National and training imparted. Capacity governments can help create a building would also be extended to sound institutional foundation awareness generation of residents and knowledge base to support on good practices such as source local decision makers engage with segregation of waste and energy stakeholders to identify and carry efficiency. out cost-effective actions. The key priorities identified based State governments are taking on the cost effectiveness, feasible serious action on climate change, options, sustainable and easy to even in the absence of national implement with respect to the policies through local regulations, present condition of state. New or urban services, programme reformed institutions are needed administration. The capital city to enable state governments to can stimulate green jobs by raising facilitate capacity building and consumer awareness, raising the decision-making on climate change eco-efficiency of local business, at the local level. A comprehensive facilitating cleantech start-ups and capacity building programme on supporting training programmes. climate change is necessary which will help to build awareness and • Capacity building and increase of knowledge base of the research initiative through officials responsible. This activity improvement of knowledge will help in increase of knowledge base for climate change base and awareness for the officials, adaptation policy makers in better climate change adaptability. This action is The state emphasises on the need necessary before implementing any to enhance capacity of the officials climate change mitigation initiatives on climate change implications and as comprehensive knowledge base possible adaptive and mitigating is required for better understanding measures so that they could include and better implementation of the climatic considerations in their initiatives. Department of Urban departmental planning as well as day Development will be the primary to day operational and monitoring responsible department for this 75 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura key priority action and its sub will also overload the capacity of activities. sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants more often. The • Water usage management plan will include installation of through improved urban liquid waste treatment facilities, drainage, sanitation provision of new sewerage system, management and drinking including the sewage treatment water quality to reduce plant, collection network, outfalls Climate change impacts and sewer cleaning equipment, both rehabilitation of the existing water Lack of access to piped water supply and distribution systems or an alternative source of safe and construction of new systems, water nearby, and lack of sanitary constitution of water use societies facilities are often considered key for regular monitoring of services, indicators of unhealthy housing, leak detection and water quality leading to high disease burdens monitoring. Water conservation in both rural and urban areas. and enhanced efficiency would Though the availability of safe help in adapting to water shortage water to the household (63% of during climate induced dry spells houses) is not good enough, excreta as well as mitigate indirect GHG disposal facilities in the area are emission from usage of energy. widely available to households in Saving of 1 MW energy will reduce Tripura. In addition to quantitative GHG emission of 6000 ton CO2 impacts, climate change will have equivalent per annum. It would water quality implications. Higher also lead to energy conservation temperatures are likely to affect by reducing energy consumption water quality in lakes through at pumping stations, wastewater increased thermal stability, treatment plants and other relevant which inhibits water circulation. facilities. Activities will include bulk This results in reduced oxygen and household water metering and concentrations and an increased capacity building exercises. release of phosphorus from bottom sediments. • Climate friendly Solid Waste management systems In order to provide for unforeseen implementation to mitigate climatic extremes such as floods GHG emissions from in urban design, build provisions degradation of solid waste for storm water flow, and prevent contamination of water streams The MSW management decisions due to flooding, these aspects would made by mayors, county executives, be incorporated into the urban and city and county councils and design. More frequent rainstorms boards can impact the release of 76 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions While composting of 438 TPD MSW that contribute to global climate will avoid methane emission which change. Emissions of CH4 will be about 3.32 lakhs ton CO2 result from the decomposition of equivalent in next 5 years. biodegradable components in the waste stream such as paper, food About 15 acres of land would be scraps, and yard trimmings. The required for such type of project. potential for global climate change The project may be taken up on caused by the release of GHGs public/private partnership basis. is being debated both nationally Agartala Municipality may become and internationally. Solid waste a partner of the project. For small management subprojects include district towns the garbage could construction and upgrading of be utilized as manure in proper landfill sites, transfer station, scientific manner. At present there storage and parking facilities are many technologies to process the for the collection vehicles and garbage. Methane bottling plants procurement of collection and could also be explored. The bio non- disposal equipments, as eligible degradable part of the garbage may under the subproject selection be separately handled and utilized criteria for the Investment Program. for construction of rural roads or The activity is proposed to establish filling up of ditches and other low an integrated waste management lying areas. plan for cities including measures to improve efficiency of existing solid The Urban Development Department waste and sewerage management may draw comprehensive plan for systems, and incorporate a plan for power generation from Municipal management of construction and Solid Waste and manure production demolition (C&D) waste, biomedical from Municipal Solid Waste and waste, and domestic hazardous implement the project either waste. through public/private partnership basis or fund made available Composting and treatment of through Jawaharlal Nehru National Municipal Solid Waste in Agartala Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) Town and other district towns are sources. MSW projects are also very important in regard to control highly suitable to attract CDM of methane emission. This can benefits. generate about 5 MW power from Municipal Solid Waste through The problem of littering can well RDF route. Generating power from be managed with development waste materials will reduce GHG of suitable linkage or setting up emission of about 1.42 lakhs tons of appropriate infrastructure for of CO2 equivalent in next 5 years. recycling of plastics, glass, paper 77 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura etc. With active participation of buildings in urban and rural areas people, this can be a sustainable for different agro-climatic zones, source of livelihood for a larger flood plains and consideration of section of urban population. seismic vulnerability of the state. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas Master plans for cities and towns emissions and adapt to expected will include the disaster risk of the climate change impacts will put zones within the state of Tripura. additional pressure on city budgets Understanding the function of the and increase the need for additional land management and revenue public resources. These mitigation department to protect land from activities will reduce significant encroachment; land revenue code, amount of GHG emissions and ownership titles as provided in the revenue flow from the sale of the present Land Law of Tripura emission reductions will help in and reformulation of land tenure sustaining the projects. policy to enable sustainable urban development is necessary. • Disaster risk reduction through from adverse climate The city of Agartala is highly change impacts vulnerable to climate related issues mainly due to its close proximity Tripura state falls under the seismic with the international border. The zone V which is most vulnerable development plan of Agartala City to earthquake disasters. Climate and other towns particularly in change and urban disaster risk regard to management of heavy are the two biggest challenges for precipitation situation has a close Tripura as it faces the consequences link with trans-border planning of unprecedented rates of population process. A number of studies have growth, urbanisation, economic shown that low lying areas of Agartala development and GHG emissions. and other cities/towns bordering Most of the towns and the capital with Bangladesh are vulnerable to city lies in a mountainous high a range of risks related to climate terrain region where natural change including flooding. The hazards strike so all the towns main causes of flooding in Agartala will be considered for appropriate city and other Towns are intense measures to reduce its vulnerability. precipitation and backflow of water Urban Department will formulate from Bangladesh. Many portions building guidelines with provision of Tripura which is surrounded by for disaster resistance construction, Bangladesh in 85% of its border have design and materials and will Saucer topography and consequent promote traditional environment- problems with drainage. friendly & energy-efficient and earthquake resistant housing and The city of Agartala suffers from 78 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura recurrent flood problems. During through policy and regulation normal rainfall of about 3-4 hours, measures the central part of the city is flooded. Around 24% of the population is Though the concept of Green affected by floods. Though saucer Building is new in the country, topography, unplanned and within a short time Green Building unregulated urbanization, low concept has become popular. The capacity drainage and sewerage Green Buildings are coming up in infrastructure insufficient to cope different parts of the country. There up with growing urbanization etc. is also a need for construction of contribute to the recurrent flooding more Green Building favouring use events, but a very important of available Eco friendly construction contribution to this comes as materials like sustainably available backwater flow from Bangladesh wood / bamboo, bricks & tiles in when a combination of tidal the local areas. Use of Solar energy conditions in the Brahmaputra basin both in active and passive manner and high rainfall cause the water is also necessary through change of in Haora river and Katakhal to be Building bye laws. higher than the average contour of the city. It is also therefore difficult The Government of Tripura may to address this issue without promote green building concept addressing the issues of siltation, aggressively through policy and drainage etc in Bangladesh. Here regulation measures. Like other more than mitigation issues, States the building bye-laws could adaptive issues would play a role. be amended by incorporating the above items in the building and Backflow of water from Bangladesh providing appropriate incentives and its impact in Tripura needs for the people. The Architects and to be considered in the context of Engineers could be properly trained Climate change and its impact. A for construction of such type of detailed technical and feasibility building. All the Government study for prescribing mitigating buildings may become green through and adaptive strategies needs to be administrative order. The PWD and undertaken. A similar study is also the Housing Board may prepare the needed for other Nagar panchayats new building bye-laws which could / villages located near international be sent to all the Municipalities and border and alongside rivers. Urban Bodies for implementation. MNRE, Govt. of India provides • Promote and facilitate incentives to the Municipalities for setting up green building amending the Building Bye-laws. for upcoming commercial Capacity Building in construction buildings in the state of green building is an important 79 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura area. The knowledge level of PWD to landfill. Flexibility of use comes Engineers, Private Engineers and into the equation: the laying season Architect requires to be enhanced is extended with cold mixtures. keeping in view the need of climate There are none of the health and friendly design of building both safety issues that can be associated in private and public sector. with heat and fumes. Bitumen Significant quantum of emission emulsions are a large part of the could be reduced through adoption solution for pavement preservation. of Green Building Programme. The technology is proven; and often results in solutions that are less The expenditure to be incurred for expensive than those achieved by converting Public buildings into other techniques. Government of Green buildings is to be appropriately Tripura is planning to implement estimated. This mitigation activity the usage of bitumen in roads and can reduce GHG emissions by highway construction. Government conservation of energy. is also planning to introduce a Pilot project on Rubberized Bitumen • Promotion of eco-friendly usage in Road Construction. road construction methods and capacity building of The construction industry has stakeholders one of the highest impacts on the environment in regards to energy use, Bitumen is used in road construction material use and waste products. as a binder for the purpose of Construction waste recycling retaining the cover aggregate, is the separation and recycling and providing a waterproof seal of recoverable waste materials to the pavement. It is a natural generated during construction constituent of petroleum is refined and remodeling. Packaging, new to separate the various fractions material scraps and old materials (petrol, kerosene, distillate etc.) and debris all constitute potentially and recover the bitumen. Bitumen recoverable materials. In renovation, emulsions allow warm and cold appliances, masonry materials, mixtures to be used in a large range doors and windows are recyclable. of pavement solutions. This means Extensive programs for recycling much less use of energy to heat and reuse of materials have been aggregates, and far fewer emissions. developed to take care of waste and Cold mix in situ recycling is the best end-of-life products. While these way to recycle properly, avoiding efforts are strong and have become transportation and optimising part of industry practice, this is the use of existing material. not sufficient to create sustainable Use of virgin material is thereby products over entire life cycles. minimised as is removal of planings 80 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Reduction of direct or or Mass Rapid Transit system, indirect GHG emission improved urban infrastructure, low transport management and emission vehicles, electric vehicles vehicular pollution control in Agartala Town and appropriate urban planning are essential It may be noted that the growth rate steps to have towards low carbon of vehicles in the city of Agartala economy. CNG vehicles are most is significantly high. The road will appropriate for Agartala & other be congested within short period. small Towns since Tripura has a Since the Agartala Town is having a good gas-reserve. Considering these very small area, the concentration facts, implementing this mitigation of vehicle on per sq. km basis will be action considered as high priority relatively high and vehicle movement and additional revenue from the would be at less than optimum sale of emission reduction units will speed carries increased emissions. help in sustaining the activity. The emission from such vehicle will cause a problem in near future. The The State may take a major public transport system in the city programme on switching over to of Agartala is not adequate. Public CNG based vehicles and electric Transport generally cause less vehicles in the city of Agartala. This pollution and use less road space will help significantly in reduction as, per passenger pollution and of emission. Concept of electric mini road space is less in larger vehicles bus as tried in China, especially such as Buses. Therefore, Transport in small cities, could also be Department may take special drive introduced for Agartala or district on introduction of more public head quarters. National Policy on transport rather than encouraging Bio fuels as approved by Govt. of private vehicles. India may be adopted by the State as a mitigation programme. Shift towards public transport 81 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 82 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Water Introduction Change in the water front in Tripura are (i) Decrease in total annual The economy of the State is ‘closely rainfall (ii) Change in rainfall pattern tied to its natural resource base’ resulting in crop failure for not and climate –sensitive sectors one getting the rain when required (iii) of which is water. Climate Change Sudden bursts of rain over a small may affect the water sector very period of time which may cause adversely. It is necessary to have flood. an effective Action Plan to face the situation. Tripura is a North-eastern The normal annual rainfall in State having an annual rainfall of Tripura is 2196.4 mm. In 2008 the approximately 2200 mm. It is feared actual rainfall amounted to 1,804.8 that Tripura’s total annual rainfall mm. In the current year (2010), is decreasing. But it is not that Tripura has received nearly 30% Climate Change will cause decrease less rain during the period January- in rainfall everywhere. In some September. These scenarios are places the quantum of rainfall may likely to repeat in future and would even increase substantially. Due therefore require appropriate to undulated land pattern Tripura adaption and mitigation plans. has mainly to keep itself prepared to tackle the issue of shortfall in State Water Mission Action Plan rainwater. Excess rainfall will have The State Action Plan under National easier drainage through the valleys. Water Mission can be conceived in In addition to rainfall, ground different dimensions water & its usage, reclamation & conservation of water bodies, Rivers Q Rainfall related & Streams (cherras) and quality of Q River Conservation water are issues which need to be addressed. Q Retention of Water bodies The likely consequences of Climate Q Ground water 83 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Rainfall there will be no crisis of water in Tripura. Depending on this It is necessary to accurately record assumption the Water Resource and assess the rainfall data in the Department is currently engaged in State. This will enable appropriate identifying new spots for setting up tapping of this purest form of new rain water holds. The Drinking natural water. In this connection Water & Sanitation Department it may also be mentioned that has chalked out plans to put up Tripura should have at least some various sustainable structures 70 rain gauge stations for having in their Action Plans for the year more accurate rainfall data as well 2010-2011. as ground water picture. River Conservation Assuming that the annual rainfall in Tripura may be reduced by There are 10 major rivers in upto 25% due to Climate Change, Tripura. These are Haora, Gomati, Tripura will still get an annual Manu, Khowai, Dhalai, Juri, Deo, rainfall of 1650 mm. If the major Feni, Muhuri, Burima. All these portion of this rain can be arrested rivers flows into Bangladesh and by creating additional water-holds are integrated with Brahmaputra and utilized in equitable manner Ganges - river basin system in Bangladesh. 84 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura River Conservation requires to be should be a multi departmental body done at basin level-from source including all stakeholders. Therefore, to end, instead of the earlier city- a State River Authority will have centric corrections. It is, therefore, to be constituted immediately. At necessary to have basin level data the local level, the community will for all the rivers in the entire state. have to be involved in conservation Along with the rivers, similar issues of rivers. A water audit both in terms relating to cherras also will have of quantity & quality needs to be to be taken care of. Generation of periodically undertaken. Incentive river-basin data will require at least for performance can be developed. twelve months for knowing the behaviour of the river in different For conserving the rivers it is parts of the year. This work can be essential to have a tie up with the entrusted with some agency. Forests Department for afforestation at the source and in the catchment In generating basic physical areas of the rivers. There being no data about the rivers, help can Sewage Treatment Plant in the state, be taken from the Tripura Space the sewage ultimately flows into the Application Centre as well. The rivers. It is therefore necessary to Fishery Department also has set up sewage treatment plant at comprehensive details about the required towns. It is also essential water-bodies. Details about river to have proper management of flows are also available with Central Municipal Solid Waste as at present Water Commission. the ultimate destination of these wastes is the rivers making them Most of the rivers of the state are unfit for use. in bad shape. These are rainfed seasonal rivers maintained in non- The quantum of water flow is also rainy seasons by ground waters important for the maintenance of existing in the hills. The rain pattern rivers. Regulation will also have to has already started to change, be imposed on large scale drawl total annual rainfall is showing a of water from the rivers. Such decline, number of rainy days is users will have to make alternative decreasing and occasional huge arrangements or pay a price for amount of rainfall over a short span using this common resource. of time are threatening sustainable agriculture. Climate change may also cause large scale inundation of neighboring Conservation of rivers should be Bangladesh. Such inundation taken up immediately. At present, will spill over to Tripura as well. the ownership of rivers in the State Backflow of water through these needs to be quickly looked into. It rivers is also critical. Care has to 85 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura be taken that such backflow does For reclamation and conservation not bring quality problems along of large wetlands like Rudra Sagar, with issues of floods. In this regard, Hurijala etc. the State Wetland a joint action is also required with Authority will have to take up all Bangladesh. the steps. Similar steps have to be taken at other levels for protection Water Bodies of other water bodies. Issues need to be addressed at all levels and Large wetlands/water bodies in all dimensions –administrative, (like Rudra Sagar in Melaghar political and technical. and Dumbur lake) in the state have been shrinking in size as Conservation of ponds, tanks and a direct consequence of human dighis will require restoration interventions. If action for (re-digging) of the old sources in restoration of these water bodies most cases. Effluents from houses is delayed further, these will soon located along four sides of big become extinct. These water bodies, dighis are directly discharged into in addition to holding huge amount the dighis. Even municipal drains, of water help in maintaining a in some places, are ending up in the buffer zone which mitigates the dighis. This needs to be corrected. natural extreme of excess/shortfall Households should have sanitary in water flow. Besides, they support toilets with soakpit arrangements. a large number of aquatic lives and Collection arrangements through are good bio-diversity spots. Cess pool should be worked out. All 86 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura municipal water should be treated Usage of ground water needs to and sent only to streams and not to backed with accurate data about its Ponds. portability. Periodic testing of water quality is an essential component and corrective measures needs to be taken. The excessive presence of iron in deep tubewell water can be taken care of by setting up iron removal plants. However, the issue of disposal of Iron rich waste needs to be suitably addressed. Drinking Water and Related Issues The Drinking Water Supply department (DWS) is responsible for providing sustainable safe water Ground Water & sanitation facilities and services along with promoting hygiene Ground water will be a very important source of water supply practices among the people. especially in times of Crisis when To this effect, the PWD (DWS) has surface water is limited. Hence it set an objective of providing safe is necessary to maintain its quality and adequate drinking water to and quantity. In view of all households in all habitations of large scale development the State at the shortest possible work going on in Tripura, some crisis of ground water may crop up in and around Agartala in future if ground water is lifted in huge quantity. A policy decision on this needs to be taken. It is also essential to ensure that groundwater is not contaminated by percolation of impure surface water. Hence maintenance of Surface water is very critical for ensuring quality ground water. 87 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura time. For this purpose, a range is an urgent need to appropriately of schemes to tap both surface, dispose the iron rich water so that ground and rain water are under it does not get back into the ground implementation which include, water stream. surface water treatment plants, deep tube wells, small bore tube wells, Surface water can be a useful spot sources like ordinary hand source for drinking water purposes pump(OHP), mark-II/III, RCC well, provided it is not contaminated. sanitary well, masonry well etc. and Household waste, litter, concrete roof top as well as community rain interventions for natural water water harvesting structures. Status bodies and disturbance of bio cycle of drinking water supply sector in are all contributing to increase the State is given at Annexure the pressure on the ground water system. These need immediate The excessive iron content in ground redressal and the surface water water poses a major challenge to tapping is to be exploited to the water supply system in Tripura. The maximum. Similarly, Rain water department has to give priority to harvesting in the State has to be install more iron removal plants at exploited to the utmost. If all the all deep tube wells and small bore households in the State are covered tube wells. Apart from that, there by Rain Water system, this would 88 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura itself be sufficient to provide a per Strong regulatory backing are the capita daily availability of 60 litres. need of the hour. As such, the potentiality of the sector should be given emphasis especially due to the contamination in Surface, Ground and Flowing waters in the State. Climate Change can bring an adverse effect on the drinking water availability in the State. There needs to be more decentralised system of Water quality measurement where Sanitation & Drinking Water go the schools and colleges could be in tandem. There is a need to involved. This would encourage the have safe disposal of the Sanitary Local Administration to find local Waste in the State ensuring zero solutions for their drinking Water disposals outside the Septic tank requirements. System. No flows should be in the drains, ponds and Rivers. Cess Adaptation Pathways in Water Pool collection backed with legal Sector. & regulatory measures need to be Land and water management are taken to ensure compliance. critical to addressing poverty. Litter on the roads, improper There is also equity issue involved disposal of household waste and in its management. There are commercial grocery waste mostly perceived conflicts in its availability, on public roads, cultural habits usage, distribution, allocation both such as Pan/tobacco chewing and sectorally and inter-sectorally. their disposal in public spaces The resource-based livelihoods of all have a disastrous impact as the rural poor, and the vulnerable these ultimately find their way living conditions of the urban to the Water bodies, Rivers etc poor, pose enormous development and adversely affect their quality. challenges throughout the state. Educative measures backed with The anticipated impacts of climate 89 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura change will exacerbate most of 20 % is also being developed. This these challenges and further imperil will incorporate initiatives to redue poverty reduction efforts. fresh water use in urban areas. Key Priorities Tripura has already begun addressing these issues, with a focus The NAPCC has established a on retarding watershed degradation National Water Mission. Its broad and development of degraded areas. obective is to ensure Integrated However, it is essential that such Water Resource Management, and efforts are in line with the addressal plans to achieve this by efforts in of climate change concerns, and the areas of water conservation, with the National Action Plan of waste minimization, and inter as Climate Change. Below is a list of well as intra state water equity. high priority actions combining Basin level management strategies mitigation and adaptation strategy. will be reconsidered to deal with rainfall variability and changes in Regulatory Conservation water flows. measures for surface water management-

1.Regulatory Conservation Water stress is already high, measures for surface water management. improved management is critical to ensure sustainable development.

2.Protection and conservation of ecological health of river. Water resources management affects almost all aspects of the

3.Optimum utilization and economy, in particular health, food management of ground water resources through effective production and security; domestic institutional measures. water supply and sanitation; energy and industry; and environmental

4.Better access to safe drinking water and environmental sustainability. If addressed safeguard inadequately, management of water resources will jeopardize progress on poverty reduction targets and Basin level management strategies sustainable development in all will be reconsidered to deal with economic, social and environmental rainfall variability and changes in dimensions. Hence, such regulatory water flows. The mission will seek conservation measures for surface to optimize the effeciency of existing water management through already irrigation systems as well as expand identified actions will address irrigation networks. Measures to and involve the practitioners and inrease storage capacity will also policymakers of water resources be considered. A framework to management, sectoral decision- increase water use effeciency by 90 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura makers as well as those who shape • River conservation policy regarding climate change. measures and river health Following are some of the suggested monitoring- sewerage action points- Management. • Creation of new minor • Formation of Basin storage/irrigation tanks Authority for river conservation and • Protection and Management. Conservation of large wetlands/waterbodies • Anthropogenic activities (like Rudra Sagar ) vs climate change and their impact on landslide, • Embankment raising in soil erosion and decaying preventing high flood river courses of the major level rivers & other major water • Development of GIS bodies of Tripura supported Data-base/ status maps for all the • Formation of Ecological monitoring and research existing water sources cell in Water Department • Information on status to coordinate with other of runoff, water level, research organization for sedimentation during feedback different seasons Optimum utilization and Protection and conservation of management of ground water ecological health of river. resources through effective institutional measures. With climate change and other environmental impacts the river In water scarce areas, there is a health and its ecosystems become potential for climate change to vitally important. Under this make water availability even more initiative, a research study should acute. There should be proper be conducted in different basins to identification of areas for new determine the environmental flow creation as well as renovation and that will be required to sustain the protection of water bodies. Ground health and the aquatic ecosystems. water recharges options to take care Based on the outcomes of this of both domestic and agriculture research study, the area action options in the region. Following will be identified, planned and are some of the suggested action implemented. Following are some of points- the suggested action points- 91 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Ground water recharge- Water position/ scenario for the • Proper management of last 30 years in Tripura rural Solid Wastes and and ground water liquid wastes modelling. • Assessment of arsenic • Impact of recent climatic contaminated water areas change on groundwater /bodies/ground water condition in Tripura: sources Monitoring and geo- spatial mapping for • Installation of Small sustainable agriculture Bore Tube Well / Deep development. Tube-well (SBTW/DTW) Spot Sources (like OHP, • Installation of Shallow Mark-II, Ring well etc) for Tube-well / Deep Tube- drinking Water. well (STW/DTW) for irrigation. • Extensive Awareness Generation Programme Better access to safe drinking about Safe use of drinking water and environmental water & sanitation. safeguard • Setting up of Block level As indicated in the National water water testing laboratory Mission, promotion of integrated for drinking water water resource management will get parameters an additional focus as an effective • Setting up of Scientific response to climate change. In Research Laboratory for this context, research and studies drinking water& waste specially projection of impact of water parameters climate change on surface and ground water including its water Time Frame quality will be more emphasized and strategic protection measures will The above propositions can be be adapted accordingly. Following conceived as a two phase Action actions pointed out as follows- Plan: (i) The first phase consisting of • Setting up Iron removal plans already drawn up by the plants to remove excessive implementing departments presence of iron in water such as Water Resources and • Setting up Surface Drinking Water & Sanitation Water Treatment Plant which would have been broadly for supplying of Quality based on the above mentioned 92 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura plans. taken will have to be staggered. Apart (ii) The second phase consisting from requirement of huge funds, of what is to be done over and technical and delivery capacity also above the first stage. require time. The second phase of the Action Many of the activities that are to Plan will start with identifying and be taken under Water Mission fall inventorzing all kinds of water under the jurisdiction of one or the sources existing in the State. The other Government Department. sources to be included are the Hence the Department under which surface water sources such as a Water Mission Activity will fall will ponds, tanks, dighis, lakes, large be the implementing Department of water-bodies like Rudra Sagar, that activity. Hurijala etc. The activities under Water Mission Inventorization of ground water falling under the implementing sources will include all existing deep Departments may already be in tube-wells. A ground water status their normal field of activity and map for the entire state also has for these funds may already be to be prepared. The water source available with them. But there will inventory should also indicate remain many areas which do not the water quality of the sources fall in the normal activity areas of identified and inventorized. the implementing departments. In such cases funds will have to be The identification and procured from sources from which inventorization of water sources such funds are available. can be done pooling together the data available with Drinking Climate change may bring in Water & Sanitation Department, new diseases as the temperature Water Resource Department and –humidity scenario in the changed the Department of Fisheries. But condition may make it suitable for inclusion of water quality data of vectors which did not find the area the identified sources will require suitable to thrive earlier. Climate engaging some out-side agency. change may also increase the risk of being attacked by many water- Once the data-base/status maps for borne diseases. Health Department all existing water sources become may take necessary actions in this available, corrective action for each regard. of the sources will have to be taken up depending on the distortions Financial Resources they have. In view of large number Financial Resources required are of such water sources, actions to be dependant on the amount of work to 93 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura be undertaken. The fund required department. For projects like in respect of new water holds to be reclamation and conservation of developed by the Water Resource water bodies such as Rudra Sagar, Department can only be estimated Ministry of Environment & Forests once the sites are identified and (MOEF) may be approached. For nature of work finalized. S o u r c e s Sewage treatment plants, funds of fund need to be identified. For from Ninistry of Urban Development river and lake conservation projects need to be tapped. Apart from the some fund may be available from above, for small works MGNREGA National River Conservation funds could be tapped. 94 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Introduction requires special attention to combat the situation by way of different Tripura is a part of Himalayan methods such as afforestation, Ecosystem and the Climate Change improvised agricultural system impact on this fragile Ecosystem etc. The practice of Agriculture and has its own impact in Tripura Plantation development must on as well. It faces problems of Soil one hand adopt climate friendly erosion, siltation, degradation of practices and on the other be in a top soil etc which would affect the position to adapt to the situation forest cover and biodiversity. This that arise. Source : FSI 2009 95 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Key Facts be noted and palm species in Nepal and Sikkim is also recorded in Hilly Tripura is mainly a hilly territory terrain of Tripura. with altitudes varying from 50 to 3080 ft above sea level. At the Physiography ecosystem level, the State exhibits The major hill ranges in the Tripura a part of Mountain ecosystem with are the Jampoi, SakhamTlang, moderate hill ranges and forest Langtarai, Athara Mura and Bara ecosystem. In between these two Mura. The highest peak of the state dominant ecosystems lies the is Be-talang-Shiv (3,200 ft) in the freshwater ecosystem comprising Jampoi hill range. A number of broad 10 major rivers, numerous and elongated valleys - Agartala wetlands, undulating high lands - Udaipur - Sabrum, Khowai - of narrow and broken plates cover Teliamura - Amarpur - Silacharietc extensive areas (Deb, 1975). Phyto- are located between the north- geographically, Tripura belongs south trending, parallel to sub- to the sub-zone of Northern parallel high ranges (topographic Burma (Hooker, 1909) which highs) such as the Baramura - includes Mizoram, Chittagounj Deotamura ranges, Atharamura Hills in Bangladesh and Arakan ranges, Langtari ranges, Sakham in Myanmar, besides Andaman ranges and the Jampui hill ranges. Islands. While a strong affinity with flora of Eastern Himalaya can also 96 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Table Altitude wise Forest Cover Altitude VDF(Sq km) MDF(Sq km) OF(Sq km) Total (Sq km) 0-500 Mt 111 4,736 3,170 8,017 500-1000 Mt 0 34 22 56 Total 111 4770 3,192 8,073 Source: FSI Report 2009 Mountain River System km across the State. All these rivers have watershed/catchments areas The State has 10 major rivers of over 9400 ha covering 6 major running over a total length of 903 hill range. The Major Rivers in Tripura River Location Catchment Hill Combined (length in Km.) Range Catchments (hectare) Howrah (35.90) Agartala Baramura 400 Gumati (163.40) Sonamura-Udiapur Baramura 2492 Khowai (166) Khowai Atharamura 1328 Dhalai (75.85) Kamalpur Atharamura- 630 Longtharai Manu (140) Kailashahr Longtharai 2278 Juri (79) Dhramnagar Jampui 482 Feni (86.80) Sabroom Baramura- 505 Deotamura Burima (50) Bishalgarh Baramura 414 Deo (50) Jampui Sakhan-Jampui 328 Source : State Environment Report 97 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Climate from Floral and Faunal diversity studies. The climate in Tripura displays characteristics that are typically of Floral Diversity the hilly and mountainous region. The change in the topographical The range of floral diversity is features of the region can also cause significant with nearly 1463 of the a change in the climatic conditions 17,000 species or 8.6% Angiosperms in Tripura. (Flowering plants) known from India is recorded in Tripura (0.3% land of India). A total of 1546 species other than Bacteria, Fungi, Mosses, etc. belonging to 862 genera and 192 families of Flora have been recorded (Deb, 1981, 1983) of which 86% are widely distributed in India. Around 20 of the species available in the region are currently considered as Rare or Threatened. Fauna The richness of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio- Biodiversity geographical location and zoo- geographical position. These also Tripura belongs to one of the two include some of the highly rare, “Hot Spot” of India amongst 18 endemic and endangered species, identified in the World. The species viz., Spectacle Monkey, Hoolock diversity of Tripura is largely known gibbon, slow loris, capped langur, 98 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Phayre’s langur, stump-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque. The other endangered and threatened mammalian species in

Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are elephant, sloth bear, Indian wolf, Binturong, leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, Chinese pangolin and sparrow, etc. Apart from the rich diversity of Key Issues mammalian species, tripura could be regarded as one of the unique Soil Erosion habitats for a large number of varied The issues of soil erosion and bird species, reptilians, amphibians, soil under flooding raised serious fishes and invertebrates. environmental concerns in the Soil state. Soil erosion factors have been grouped under 8 class categories. The soil in the valley is fertile with The maximum area come under rich alluvial deposits and therefore class 2-2 in the middle level of suitable for the cultivation of paddy, erosion (26.2%), while insignificant jute, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and erosion is noted in class 1-0 (19.0%) vegetables. About 54.5% of the land and highest level of erosion in noted is under forest. Only about 24.3% in class 4-3 (10.4%) to class 3-2 area is available for agricultural (16.2%) use 99 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Soil Erosion in Tripura Land use Pattern Class Area in Percentage Fragmentation of land holding ha. is continuing as a part of social 4-3 109730 10.4 phenomenon. Small and Marginal 3-4 39588 3.8 farmers constitute 95% of total 3-3 10804 1.0 holding while the area occupied 3-2 169630 16.2 by them is only 74%. Average size 2-2 274360 26.2 of holding has declined from 1.25 2-1 206278 19.7 hectares in 1976-77 to 0.56 hectare 1-1 33986 3.2 in 2011 and this is the lowest 1-0 199384 19.0 amongst other seven sister state W a t e r 5047 0.5 of NE Region. This is increasingly bodies creating pressure on the Ecosystem Total 1048807 100.00 services and goods. [Source: NBSSLUP, 1997] Category Number of Holding Area Operated (In Nos) (In Ha.) No % Ha % Marginal Farmers 4,05,788 84.64% 1,25,992 46.66% (Below 1 Ha) Small Farmers (1 – 2 54,598 11.38% 74,940 27.76% Ha) Semi Medium Farmers ( 17,032 3.55% 43,438 16.09% 2- 4 Ha) Medium Farmers ( 4 - 1,803 0.37% 9,309 3.45% 10 Ha) Big/Large Farmers 207 0.04% 16,305 6.03% (above 10 ha) Total 479428 100% 269984 100% FRI Act Settlement (Land and Beneficiaries 117000 1.78,000 are identified) Source: Annual Plan 2012-13, Agriculture Department Land degradation: Land three year cycle. On the other hand, degradation in Tripura is mainly terraced agricultural land produced caused by shifting cultivation, an appreciable rise in available NPK large-scale deforestation, and but fall in exchangeable acidity improper land use. Research and available Fe and Mn contents. establish gradual decline in soil pH, In the agro-forestry system, organic carbon, clay ratio, available rhizosphere soil under the cover NPK and exchangeable Ca and Mg of some tree species indicate rise in shifting cultivation site within a in soil pH, organic carbon, water 100 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura holding capacity, available NPK leading to forest degradation and and exchangeable Ca and Mg but loss, with adverse impacts on the an inconsistent change in available livelihoods of the forest-dependent Fe and Mn was noted. communities. Climate change will exacerbate the stress on forest Climate Change Impacts on the ecosystems. Development of Himayan Ecosystem: adaptation strategies is constrained The assessment of impact of climate by uncertainty in the current change on forest ecosystems projections of climate parameters has clearly demonstrated the and impact assessments. Further, possibility of adverse implications there is a need for models where for biodiversity and a large decrease adaptation can be incorporated in net primary productivity of into impact models. However, given forest. Such a projected shift or the general accepted knowledge in change in forest types is likely to the sector, certain priorities can be lead to large-scale forest dieback chalked which will have a positive and loss of biodiversity. Forest effect on the sustenance of the Eco ecosystems are already subjected System to socio-economic pressures Issues Impact Pathways Warmer and drier Reduced growth rates, Identification of summer conditions Increased disturbance suitable genotypes through fire and insects, through provenance Changes in wood quality trials, Development and quantity, Reduced of technology to use regeneration success, altered wood quality Increased competition and size, Inclusion from exotics (vegetation, of climate variables insects, and diseases) in growth and yield models, Development of “fire-smart” landscapes Higher precipitation Landslide and flood Disaster risk reduction, long dry spell and more Socio-economic extreme weathers adjustment (water allocation management) Rainfall inhibition Draught like situation Conservation measures and loss of vegetation, and policy formulation impact on food security for forestry and community livelihood Jhum Cultivation for Increased degradation/ Better dialogue and agriculture GHG Gas Emissions diversification of agro- forestry and agri- slvicultural system Impacts on the Floral Distribution & Conservation and Biodiversity Regenerations Management 101 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Key Priorities Monitoring Committee (SLMC) under the chairmanship of The following key priorities for the the Chief Secretary of the sector were identified after detailed State. The Committee would deliberation in the working groups. fix responsibility of the field The priorities are in line with the formulations including the concerns raised due to the negative Revenue Officials to prevent/ effect of the climate change on the evict encroachments on the Soil Erosion, Biodiversity , Wet Land forest lands. and Research Studies needs on the Vulnerable Wildlife Populations. 2. Discourage illegal They are also addressing the cross encroachment through Circle cutting issues like Capacity building level Committees. of Policy Makers on Ecosystem & Climate Change , grazing and 3. Circle-level and Divisional monitoring of Carbon stocks level Committees to deal &Vulnerable Wildlife populations. with the encroachments and subsequent evictions in the Protection of existing forest lands forest lands. from encroachment and illegal land use 4. Divisional level Committees to review settlement claims of the As per statistics available with people in occupation of forest the Forest Department, 47,758 land hectares of forest land is under encroachments as on 31-12-2010. Protection of forests and forest The position is alarming and land from soil erosion needs special attention to tackle Five major land classes could be the deforestation taking place in identified in the state. About 19% of the region. Such initiatives will the area belong to class-5 and form protect carbon sink and facilitate the main food grain producing area sequestration of GHG. The strategic in the State. About 6.7 % of land framework is developed to undertake is grouped under class-3, which is initiative to protect existing forest composed of very narrow interm hill from further degradation. The valley; more than 53% land belong framework includes to class-1& 2 where topography is 1. Monitoring eviction of illegal major limiting factor for appropriate encroachments on forest land use, but can be made suitable for in the State by the State level the tree crops, plantation crops, horticulture crops and spices. 102 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Soil Erosion Table Class Category Area in % Age to total Sq km geography area 1 High Area 4000 3 38% 2 Tilla land with moderate steep slopes 1600 15% 3 Tilla land with gentle to moderate 700 6.7% slope 4 Rolling Topography 2149 20.5% 5 Plain land 2042 19.8% Total Geographic Area 10 491 100% Source : Approved Annual Plan 2011 Very severe to moderate erosion to realize a price premium. area recorded as 25% of Tripura due The State is quite rich in fruits and to removal of vegetation cover. Total spice crops. There are 60 different soil area under degradation come fruit crops cultivated in Tripura. to 508000 ha or little less than 50 The indigenous fruit crops have percent of the total geographical area huge genetic variety, viz. banana of the state. Considerable portion of with good number of biotypes and the above area encompassing forest jackfruit with 28 variables. Other are susceptible to soil erosion. indigenous fruits include Amra, Protection of forest from the impact Guava, Ber, Gulapzam, Zamrul, of soil erosion is planned Bael, Satkara, Taal, Totka, Gaab, 1. Construction of check-dams, Kamranga, Sharifa, Chafta, Jalpai, terracing, Agrostology methods, Karamcha, Dalim, Paniphal etc. soil–stabilization plantations The uniqueness and attractiveness etc will be taken in Tripura of eco-system emanates also State. These measures are also from biological systems inclusive useful for re-charging ground of critical habitats and species, water reserves, toprovide ecosystem structure derived from employment and livelihood diversity which supports indigenous support systems. mountain farming systems with economically and ecological 2. Plugging of gullies which will sustainability of important crops. also restore and rejuvenate the However, the traditional varieties soil fertility status. of horticulture crops have been replaced with high yielding hybrid Encourage cultivation of varieties in Tripura. But the traditional varieties of crops and tolerance of these hybrid varieties horticulture by promotion of to the extreme events of climate organic farming, enabling farmers variability is very minimal so the 103 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura conservation of traditional varieties (Dicrurusadsimilis) and also home is very crucial. for many inland fish varieties. All these wetlands fall in following six Conservation and Management of categories: two major Wetlands Rudra-Sagar and Gumiti Reserve Wetland Categories of Tripura Tripura supports a rich diversity of Type of Area No of. inland wetland habitats. There are Wetland (Sq.Km.) Wetlands 408 Wetlands in Tripura covering an Lakes/ponds 25.04 74 area of 98.58 Sq km. Conservation Oxbow lakes 3.60 84 Water logged 15.43 222 of wetlands in Tripura will support (seasonal) wide range of flora, fauna specially Reservoirs 53.22 5 avifauna including haldipakhis, Tanks 1.36 19 jungle crow (C. macrorhynchus), Waterlogged 0.30 4 red bulbul (Pycnonotuscafer Total 98.95 408 and jocosus), green bulbul Source : Annual Perspective Plan 2011-12 (C. aurifrous), king crow or pechya Major Wetlands in Tripura with Ecological Priority No. Name of the wetland Rank use 1. Gumati reservoir (Dumbur lake) 1 M 2. Rudrasagar (Nirmahal) 1 M 3. Sepahijala reservoir 2 M 4. Trishna wetlands 2 M 5. Sttar Mia’s Haor 2 M 6. Batapara lake(Agt) 3 M 7. College Tilla lake 3 M Source: Annual Perspective Plan 2011-12 The co-management of two major cycle, catchment area development, wetlands viz RudraSagar (Notified water quality monitoring, and under Ramsar Convention on conservation of biological diversity Wetlands (1971) and The List to support wide range of ecosystem of Wetlands of International services such as waste assimilation, Importance 2010) and Gumiti water purification and livelihood reserves were selected for the improvement of local communities. conservation. This exercise will also help in flood mitigation, ground water recharge Proposed activity involves in and micro climate control in Tripura mapping of vital parts of hydrological State. 104 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Grazing Policy on domestic opportunities are very limited. bovine population Hence the reduction or removal of cattle may not be a viable option as The domesticated cattle population it will adversely affect the livelihood including bovine population in of these vulnerable communities. Tripura showed a sharp increasing A more pragmatic approach of trend over the years. It is estimated rotational grazing would be fruitful that 60% of the livestock graze in for preservation of protected forest the forest land. This also resulted areas and ecological sensitive areas in loss of biodiversity also resulting in Tripura. So it is important to into increased runoff, soil erosion frame Grazing Policy on domestic and adverse water quality. The bovine population with the aim to current livestock grazing far exceeds involve local people by supporting the carrying capacity of the forests sustainable management of natural and causing destruction of young resources through alternative growth of the forest and habitat for income generating activities. the wild animals. This policy will form strategy for Sustainable management of bovine Tripura Live Stock Census population and explores how far a Item Item Number reduction of browsing animals is A. Total 31,900 acceptable or feasible in the context Crossed Cattle of Tripura. (Cattle) : (Crossed) B. Indige- Total 4,51,009 Undertaking studies on indigenous nous Cattle (at least five) tree species to assess (Cattle) (indig- enous) their vulnerability to climate Nos. change C. Buffalo Total 7,678 Buffalo Climate change is a stressor that D. Sheep Total 3,646 has direct or indirect influence Sheep on the processes that impact E. Goat Total 6,45,614 ecosystems in terms of the tree Sheep regeneration, propagation and their Source: Livestock’s Census – 2007 distribution. Changes in the Tripura biophysical environment due to the This activity proposed in light Climatic variability can alter the with the livestock grazing in bio- stable dynamic equilibrium that diverse areas, which is destructive exists between biotic and abiotic to nature. But on the other hand, components leading to the stress on Cattle are an integral part of the the ecosystems. Limited research rural economy for marginalized studies are available on the Tripura groups in protected area and other Ecosystem, particularly related to areas where alternative employment 105 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the vulnerability of the indigenous Knowledge Management on trees species. climate change and policy developments Such studies are urgently required for restructuring of controlling Climate change is likely to have a variables and processes that can shift significant impact on forests and an ecosystem state with different forest-dependent communities of levels of service provisions. Tripura; however, limited research has been conducted in this direction Endanger &Threaten Tree Species so far. of Tripura (State Afforestation Policy) The approach strategized are as It is necessary to evaluate the long- follows: term effects of climate change on (1) The research should aid forests and determine current and development of strategies for future actions to respond to climate adapting to climate change. related stress. As a part of the action (2) Increase awareness of the the nodal department has planned forestry community on to undertake research studies to climate change to facilitate identify the issues of adaptation adaptation. measures concerning tree genotypes (3) Evaluation of forest resources particularly indigenous tree species. in response to climate change. Following tree are planned to be considered for research. Scientific Name Local Name Habitat 1. Duabanga grandiflora Ramdala Tree 2. Adina sessifolia Haludehaki Tree 3. Michelia montana Champasundi Tree 4. Magnolia pterocarpa Dulichampa Tree 5. Lochio spermum Haldesimul Tree 6. Canarium stricum Dhup Tree 7. Aquiloria melacensnis Agar Tree 8. Pterocarpus santalinus Raktachandan Tree 9. Santalum album Chandan Tree 10. Elaocarpus prunifolia Ban jalpai Tree 11. Mangifera sylavitica Laxmi am Tree 12. Cyathea gigantea ------ Tree 13. Podocarpus nerlifolius ------ Tree 14. Xantolis assamica ------ Tree 106 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (4) Identifying the barriers in Activities on the habitat of the implementing adaptation in wildlife is planned to be thoroughly forest management studied and measures to reinstate (5) Framing forest policies to the habitat of the threatened and facilitate adaptation. endangered species. (6) Developing Monitoring Monitoring of carbon stock and protocol biodiversity at regular intervals Studies to assess the impact of The study carried out by Forest climate change on the endangered Survey of India (FSI,1991) has and vulnerable wildlife species in shown the average number of stems the state and volume per hectare (in all strata i.e. miscellaneous, miscellaneous In the terrestrial ecosystems the with bamboo, plantation, and common wildlife at present are shifting cultivation). The situation on the decline due to economic has slightly changed now due to development and urbanization. increase in plantation area but Moreover the forest degradation volume per ha in different strata has severely resulted in the loss of expected to be remains more or less wildlife habitat which in-turn has the same. The Study is planned to great impact on the food pattern of estimate the current carbon stock the several important species and in the forests of Tripura as regular their migration to inhabited areas. monitoring of carbon stocks will give This has also resulted in the man- realistic estimates of growing stocks animal conflicts in various areas of and removals form the forest. This the state. The impacts of the climate will also help in gaining incentives change coupled with Anthropogenic from the carbon Markets. The growing stock of the Tripura Forest Stratum Area Forest Volume (m3)/ Total (km2) area(% of ha (weighted Volume Geo. Area) average) (million m3) 1. Hardwood 1829 17.43 26.18 4.79 (misc) forests 2. Hardwood 484 4.61 29.84 1.44 (misc) mixed with bamboo 3. Bamboo forests 938 8.94 9.07 0.85 4. Plantations 2221 21.17 20.69 4.28 5. Shifting 840 7.81 5.34 0.52 cultivation Grand Total 6292 59.98 85.12 11.88 Source: FSI, 1991 107 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Removals Produce Recorded Unrecorded Actual Value per Value in removal removal in removal unit (in Lakhs in MU MU in MU Rs) Timber 0.012 0.034 0.046 2000/m3 680 Fuel wood 0.043 2.194 2.236 200/m3 4388 Thatch 0.13 0.213 0.343 80/ton 170 Fodder -- 1.53 1.53 500/ton 7650 Bamboo 109.76 75.50 184.26 50000/ 38 million Total 12926 Source: Draft Perspective Plan 2007-13 , Tripura Forest Department The Tripura biodiversity Board geographical region is estimated presently focusing on survey of at the level of ecosystem diversity, biodiversity consisting of various species diversity and genetic taxa of fauna and flora. Once the diversity. Tripura is located in survey is completed and the available the Bio-geographic zone of 9B- species including the endemic and North-East Hills and possesses an rare, endangered and threatened extremely rich bio-diversity. Out species are to be monitored. of 350 plants used in Unani and Ayurvedic Systems of Medicine, Monitoring of carbon stock and about 132 species are found in biodiversity at regular intervals is Tripura, some in wild and some necessary to gauge the success of the cultivated. There are 56 medicinal various programmes implemented. plants used by tribal practioners or Under this initiative, developing a Achai for various diseases. new and independent organization – a ‘Forest Monitoring Agency’ – under It is necessary to sensitize the front the Forests Department will be line managers, policy makers and constituted. Roles, responsibilities, essentially staff in all levels of the authorities and resources for this Forest Department for capacity new and independent organization building to adapt to climate change will be formulated. as part of a sustainable forest management plan. The idea is to Awareness creation on enable them to integrate climate biodiversity conservation and its change concerns in all state and relation with the climate change district level activities so that to the Policy makers development is sustainable and would finally address the Climate The biological diversity of any Change impacts on the livelihoods. 108 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Establishing observational and resources. In developing such a monitoring network to assess network in research, collaborations ecosystem health including from national and international freshwater systems reputed research agencies will be considered. Monitoring of environmental indicators in the Tripura is a Strengthening regional major activity for the Sustainable cooperation through established Himalayan Mission. The proposed mechanisms for exchanging observational and monitoring information with countries research network component will sharing the Himalayan ecology focus on ecological indicators of environmental and economic In consultation with South changes. This indicator system Asian Association for Regional includes sub-groups such as Cooperation (SAARC) Universities Hydrological, Territorial Biomes a knowledge sharing platform and others. Historical and current for the regional cooperation on data on terrestrial ecosystems, Himalayan ecology is planned to freshwater ecosystems (streams and be established. The collaboration lakes) and datasetsfrom mountain of Research institutes and regional farming systems will be collectedand organizations is recognized as one analyzed. The research will also of the key priority by working group study the watershed hydrology committee members. The knowledge and water balance in the region. sharing framework will work with These networks and other studies National and International research will further strengthen the data institutes to assess the climate collections activities and generation change impacts on Himalayan of multi-location meteorological Ecology particularly on the glacier data. Data generation will be multi- melting, avalanche floods and centric and involve time series. climate induced risk management. The mission will address the major This knowledge platform can play issue of standardization and inter- great in assessing and monitoring operabilityof data generated. climatic risks in Tripura as this This exercise envisages a State is highly vulnerable to the coordinated and comprehensive floods from Himalayas, neighboring monitoring network that can provide states and Bangladesh. the information necessary for policy Documentation of the People’s makers to make informed decisions Biodiversity Registers and and to adapt their actions as needed, Biodiversity Conservation and assure effective stewardship of ecosystem and freshwater Indigenous Communities in the 109 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Tripura are depending on the local and employment. The primary biodiversity and bio-resources forest products identified within for their livelihoods. These the Tripura state are Bamboo, people through their observation, Cane, Fuel wood, Timber, Broom practices, and experimentation have grass and Medicinal plants. Tripura developed traditional knowledge government will provide enterprise on these resources. Working development support which will Group recognized importance of include the provision of business the documentation of traditional development and financial services knowledge and to publish the list and policy support for forest based of rare, endangered and threatened sustainable livelihood promotion. species in their territory and to launch special programs for Ecotourism promotion for biodiversity protection and conservation. sustainable livelihood Local bodies will be entrusted Tripura has the wide varieties of to constitute a Biodiversity hilly terrains, luxuriant valleys, Management Committee with the rivers, lakes and rich flora & fauna. task of preparing, maintaining Hence tourism is an activity, which, and validating people’s biodiversity if properly managed can give fairly register (PBR) in consultation with sustainable economic incentives local people. The registers will have to the local people residing in the details of the access to biological region. Proposed activity is in line resources and traditional knowledge with realizing conservation potential granted. This activity will facilitate and growing interest in wildlife the effective implementation of the tourism promotion in the State. This Biological Diversity Act 2002. activity requires a multidisciplinary Undertaking studies and approach, careful planning (both investment promotion of NTFP physical and managerial) and strict and indigenous forest resources guidelines and regulations that will for adaptation of climate change guarantee sustainable operation. It is possible with inter-sectoral The Tripura state is rich in involvement and linkages between forest resources and villagers forest department, India Tourism of forest fringe areas are mostly Development Corporation, private dependent on forest resources. entrepreneurs including travel and For the livelihood improvement of tour operators, hotel and resort forest fringe villagers, government owners, local communities and of Tripura wants to encourage non-governmental organizations. enterprise activities that will add value to its forest products in the The activity is planned through Pre- process to generate more income investment feasibility study, DPR 110 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura preparation and implementation plants. There are large number of eco-friendly and responsible of village based herbal medicines tourism to enable local communities practitioners who have traditional to gain livelihoods, while leveraging knowledge of herbal home remedies financial, technical, and managerial of ailments &nutrition. The herbal capacities of investors. medicines used by rural people including tribal have not yet Take measures to regulate tourist inflows into mountain regions to been documented. Compiling an ensure that these remain within exhaustive inventory of medicinal the carrying capacity of the plants in the State is the need of the mountain ecology hour. So far about 266 species of medicinal plants (68 trees, 39 shrubs, Tripura is known to be a home 71 herbs and 88 climbers) have of scenic beauty since time been identified and documented in immemorial and also hosts a Tripura. Although these medicinal number of ecotourism sites across plants are less popular but possess the State. Unfortunately, most of a surprising breadth of knowledge these places lack adequate facilities on medicinal plants and the specific of transportation, accommodation, ailments that they cure. Many wastedisposal and other amenities. of these plants grow in the wild While promoting the ecotourism, and have never been cultivated. policy makers also need to consider Extensive forest degradation has the carrying capacity of the made several specimens rare and sensitiveness of the ecosystem; hard-to-find. Conserving them otherwise excessive tourist flow ensures their availability for might adversely affect ecosystem. scientific investigation and serves to Hence the proposed policy action propagate this ancient art, thereby will be considered in the planning enriching indigenous knowledge in of the ecotourism projects so that medicine. the inflow of the tourist will be regulated. There is an urgent need So as a part of the proposed action to develop and implement guidelines documentation of medicinal plants for sustainable tourism in the in line with National Medicinal State encompassing the concept of Plants Board (NMPB) guidelines on carrying capacity of the area. Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) on the pattern of Good Agriculture Documentation of Medicinal and Field Collection Practices Plant resources in Tripura (GACPs) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for Tripura has one of the oldest, richest medicinal plants is planned to be & most diverse cultural traditions carried out. associated with use of medical 111 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 112 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Green Tripura Mission Introduction the socio economic development of the Tripura. The State enjoys The state of Tripura, with a different types of evergreen forests geographical area of 10491 km2 and water bodies as well as areas of is predominantly hilly (60%) & is unique floral and faunal varieties. surrounded on three sides by a However, the major constraints for deltaic basin of Bangladesh. The the state are higher deforestation State has 76.95% forest cover rates due to jhum cultivation and of its geographical area as per forest degradation. Due to this the latest Forest Survey of India 2009 majority of the forest area comes report. The majority of the forest under the open forest and medium land lies in notified forest and also dense category; and only 1% of significant forest cover lies under forest cover comes under the highly the management of communities dense forest with the canopy cover and individuals. Forests have been more than 40%. playing a very important role in 113 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The consequences of Climate effective carbon sinks to mitigate Change Impacts on Forest and adapt to the Climate Change Productivity, Water Cycle, and its indispensible role in the biodiversity loss and forest fires are conservation of ecological balance likely to be the maximum for poor and biodiversity restoration. and marginalised people in Tripura Green Tripura is prepared as those depend almost exclusively per the guidelines of National on natural resources. The major Climate Change Action Plan-Green environmental problems result from Mission. population pressure, conversion Key Facts of forest land into agricultural fields, deforestation, urbanization, Tripura forest has rich floral mining and industrialization. The biodiversity with rare species of increasing anthropogenic stresses orchids and medicinal plants. The of various kinds are likely to further recorded forest cover of the State is aggravate the environment in the 8073 km2, which is 76.95% of the future. Climate change impacts State’s geographical area. In terms can be minimized by conservation of forest canopy density classes of forests and biodiversity. Policies the State has 111 km2 very dense will be integrated with the protected forests, 4770 km2 moderately forest management for preservation dense forest and 3192 km2 open of the catchment areas. forest. However, the above given figure clearly shows that more than Under the National Action Plan 50% area of the State is either non- for Climate Change, India there forest or open forest and only 1% is a separate National Mission for of the area is covered by very dense Green India which recognizes the forest. forestry sector as one of the most Table : District Wise Forest Cover in 2007 (area in km2) Districts Geogra- Very Mod. Open Total % of Change Scrub phical Dense Dense Forest Total area Forest Forest area Dhalai 2402 3 1329 671 2003 83.39 -24 11 North 2039 10 925 541 1476 72.39 -32 34 Tripura South 3057 73 1390 1013 2476 80.99 -22 23 Tripura West 2993 25 1126 967 2118 70.77 -22 7 Tripura Total 10491 111 4770 3192 8073 307.54 -100 75 114 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) more effective and to ensure their empowerment, institutions of local self governance would be involved in formation and functioning of JFMCs. Benefit sharing arrangements would be made more explicit and improved such as creation of user group Fig: The distribution of forest cover in Tripura State (Source: FSI 2009) fund to empower the user groups with sufficient resilience against The Joint Forest Management financial crisis and shocks. (JFM): JFM started in the State in 1991. There are 374 JFM Bio-diversity of the state is dwindling Committees managing about 0.10 at an alarming rate. Pursuant million ha of forest area which is to the need for conservation and about 17% of the forest area of the development of bio-diversity in situ, State. More than 33,000 families a network of 4 sanctuaries had are involved in this programme, been established in the state during of which around 17,000 families the last decade. The State is located belong to the Scheduled Tribes (FSI, in the Bio-geographic zone of 9B- 2009). An initial result of progress North-East Hills and is extremely of Joint Forest Management (JFM) rich in bio-diversity, which is getting in the State has shown an overall increasingly threatened. Situated increase in the level of forest in the Indian sub-region of Oriental protection and productivity, but the Zoo-geographic region, local flora results are not consistent with each and fauna bear a very close affinity site. Level of awareness, attitude of and resemblance with floral and forest officers, regular income flows, faunal components of Indo-Malayan clear benefit sharing arrangements and Indo-Chinese sub-regions. with identified communities and Bamboo plays a very vital role in transparent sharing mechanism the economy of the State as it serves have been some of the key factors the artisan & non-artisan users in developing successful JFMCs. of the state. The bamboo forests Keeping in view these factors, of Tripura may be fitted into the Joint Forest management may be following types & sub types as per expanded significantly to cover Champion & Seth classification. all the areas of degraded forests, A total of 19 species of bamboo which can be rehabilitated through are reported in the state primarily protection only or through protection Barak (Bambusa balcooa), Bari plus enrichment planting. To make (Bambusa polymorpha), Mritinga 115 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (Bambusa tulda), Muli (Melocanna There are 266 species of medicinal baccifera), Kai (Bambusa nutans), plants in the State (68 trees, 39 Paora (Bambusa teres), Rupai shrubs, 71 herbs and 88 climbers). (Dendrocalamus longispathus), Maximum value of Plant-Diversity Dolu (Neohuzeaua dullooa), Index (Shannon-Weiner) reported is Makal (Bambusa pallida), Pecha 5.23, which generally ranges from (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii). 3-4, indicating presence of a variety of species uniformly. According to latest estimates, there are 90 mammal species in Tripura from 65 genera and 10 orders. Seven primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15 found in India. Of these primates, slow loris and stumped tailed macaques have become rare. Phayre’s langur (locally known The research on status of flora as ‘Chashma Banar’), has a very identifying 379 species of trees, 320 restricted distribution in India, shrubs, 581 herbs, 165 climbers, and is found in Tripura. Hoolock 16 climbing shrubs, 35 ferns, 45 gibbon is the only ape and found in epiphytes and 4 parasites (Total India and is also found in Tripura, 1,545 taxa) reveal that there are 50 though, its population is on decline plants species restricted to Tripura in Tripura. Ornithofauna comprises and its neighbouring States. Out of 342 reported species in the State, them 7 are endemic and 18 are rare of which about 58 are migratory plants. Angiopteris evecta, a fern species one near threatened species and Gnetum montanum, a giant – the darter. climber belonging to Gymnosperm The State has 10 major rivers are two rare species but occur in running over a total length of 903 profusely in Trishna Sanctuary. km across the State. All these rivers Tree ferns (Cyathia spp.) which are have watershed/catchments areas also primitive and endangered are of over 9400 ha covering 6 major found in South Tripura. There are hill ranges. 24 species of orchids of which and Dendrobium has the highest species Key Issues diversity (14 species). Endangered orchids like Blue vanda (Vanda Shifting agriculture, logging, mining caerulea) and Red vanda (Renunthera and other human activities have imschootiana) are found in the state. been responsible for fragmentation, 116 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura destruction and degradation of the (density 350 per square km., 2011 forests in the state. High rainfall census) in the State, coupled and hilly terrain have further with poor infrastructure and lack accentuated the impact of human of alternative livelihood options activities on the forest. Shifting resulted in mounting pressure on cultivation (jhooming) has been forest and forestland. This has also identified as one of the main human led to reduction in per capita forest impacts influencing biodiversity in area from 0.97 ha to a present level Tripura. Over the last few years a of 0.18 ha and encroachments new class of shifting cultivators and over exploitation of forest has emerged that has adopted non- resources. Forest fires are common traditional forms of jhooming, which and frequent in the plains (around have been responsible for the loss 20% of the total forest area of the of biological diversity in the state State) as the villagers, at the end of (Gupta, 2010). winter, set fire to get flush of new grass for their cattle. (Forest Dept, A significant number of persons 2006) and families in Tripura continue to depend on forests and jhum It is estimated that 60% of this animal cultivation as their main source population graze in the forest area of livelihood. In 1961 there were and cause soil compaction and heavy about 25,000 families dependent damage to the forest plantations on shifting cultivation which rose and natural regeneration areas to 51,265 families in 1999. In the (Forest Dept, 2006). The intensity year 2007, the Forest Department of such disturbances, especially completed a first-ever Census near the habitation, is far beyond enumeration of hard core shifting the carrying capacity of the forests. cultivators and found that 27,278 Improving infrastructural networks families were involved in this most and stop smuggling of forest destructive form of cultivation. As resources are the key concerns of per the Forest department of Tripura the forest departments. the area under shifting cultivation is 840 km2 which is 7.81% of Adaptation Pathways the geographical area covered by Ecological restoration of forests will forests. have a mitigating effect on climate The Forest Department’s document change besides addressing the (2000) noted an alarming rise of concerns of poverty alleviation and incidence of unauthorised felling biodiversity conservation. Therefore, causing an estimated amount of loss forests have to be conserved and of Rs. 18.5 crore in annual revenue. managed in a sustainable manner The fast growth in population with the active participation of 117 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura local communities so as to ensure be conserved and enhanced by a continuous flow of benefits to all reforestation of regeneration stakeholders, present as well as deficient and open forest areas. future. Unutilized areas suitable for tree growth shall be afforested by Afforestation programmes will planting fast growing species to be taken up in the State. Sal, meet the energy requirements of Teak, Gamar Garjan, Koroi, Agar, local population in order to offset Arjun, Bahera, Bamboo, Medicinal use of fossil fuels. Technologies for plants and other miscellaneous efficient conversion of energy from species will be raised further. The biomass may also be developed and productive potential of forests will be popularized. optimized by scientific management in accordance with working plan Key Priorities prescriptions and simultaneously the unique aesthetic value of forest Enabling adaptation of forest landscape of the State will be dependent communities to sustainably managed and utilised climatic variability through eco-tourism or nature The impact of the climate change has tourism. its direct impact on the resources of Adequate infrastructure, trained the State which in-turn can badly manpower and matching financial affect the livelihood and income of resources will be the pre-requisite the local people. The employment for sustainable use of forest potential of the people can be easily resource. In the backdrop of the improved by imparting training in essential need for maintaining a nursery raising, NTFP cultivation healthy forest resource, the valid and harvesting, tailoring, carpentry, concern for its continued depletion masonry, driving, computer and degradation, and, also being applications etc. Emphasis is to aware of the close association be given to capacity building of between people and forests, the the people, to take up alternate Government of Tripura, accordingly employment opportunities. By will adopt this policy. providing awareness and exposure through audio-visual aids and Conservation, sustainable meetings under various rural management of forests and development programmes, local enhancement of forest carbon communities shall be informed stocks should be encouraged to and provided improved technology offset emissions from core sectors in farm sector. Information and of energy, industry and transport. communication technology (ICT) Forest carbon stocks need to offers new opportunities for 118 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura accessing information on emerging community about adaptation technologies and markets in more to climate change. effective ways. ICT enables people • Determine the vulnerability living in far flung rural areas to of forest ecosystems, forest take advantage of the poverty communities and society. reducing opportunities offered by new technologies and marketing. • Develop present and future The potentials for using ICT to cost-effective adaptiveactions. widen access are important and compensate for the constraints • Manage the forest to reduce vulnerability and enhance imposed by poor linkages. recovery. Various other schemes need to be • Monitor to determine the formulated for forest dependent state of the forest and identify workers in order to produce when critical thresholds are industrial raw output and to reached. maintain the desired percentage of forest coverage of about 40% • Manage to reduce the impact of the total geographical area of when it occurs, speed recovery, state. The indigenous people may and reduce vulnerability to also be encouraged to undertake further climate change. cultivation of cash crops like rubber, Linkages between concerned citronellas, pepper etc. The proper department and these organizations distribution of rubber seedlings like Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), and other planting material as well Village Forest Community’s (VFCs) as for implementing some state and and extension wing of state forest Central Government sponsored department is very important. schemes for forest developmental Therefore, the extension activity in works shall be precedence. A areas of agriculture, forestry and close liaison between the Forest horticulture has to be coordinated Development and Plantation by providing technical guidance on Corporation, Panchayats and local management of all natural resources people shall be established to and any adverse climatic effects in treat those forest areas which are this State. having potentiality of income and livelihood generation. The below Promotion of Urban Forestry given adaptive capacity building strategy may be implemented to Urban forests play a significant tackle the situation. role in reducing levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases • Increase awareness and (GHG) in the atmosphere. Urban education within the forestry tree plantation (avenue as well as 119 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura city sub-urbs plantation) reduce works in the Tripura the plantation atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) of suitable tree species are urgently through sequestration and reducing required. Plantation of indigenous GHG emissions by conserving fast growing species including energy used for space heating species with ornamental values will and cooling. Tree shade reduces be given preference. The selection summer air conditioning demand, of the area, extent taken up for but can increase heating energy use treatment and choice of species by intercepting winter sunshine. may be finalized after consulting Lowered air temperatures and wind local inhabitants of the area. speeds from increased tree cover However, plantation in and around can decrease both cooling and the recreational or public parks, heating demand. Air conditioning lakes and water-bodies, colleges and heating savings result in and schools, Government and non- reduced GHG emissions from government offices, along the roads power plants. Reduced emissions and railway strips and around can be substantial, especially in markets/shopping malls shall be regions with large numbers of given due importance. It is also air-conditioned buildings, long important to insure that tree species cooling seasons, and where coal is meet the eligibility requirements, the primary fuel for electric power produce GHG reductions that generation. are additional to a baseline, are sustained for at least 100 years, and Urban forests emerge as an exciting do not detract from management of opportunity to mitigate climate existing trees as well as emissions change, ameliorate air pollution, associated with their maintenance. helps in improving overall water regime and nurture biodiversity in Agro Forestry and Social Forestry urban environment. Urban forests Promotion in Tripura to enhance have been providing environmental Carbon Sinks services along with supply of fuel wood to urban poor. NSSO in 2006 Interest in terrestrial carbon estimated that around 21% of urban sequestration has increased in an households use fuel wood as primary effort to explore opportunities for source of cooking. Increasing trend climate change mitigation. The in urbanisation also has lead to Carbon sinks of forests and wood deterioration of air quality, increase products helps to offset sources of in air temperature, increased carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, noise level, alongwith water and such as deforestation, forest fires land pollution thus emitting more and fossil fuel emissions. Proper GHGs in the atmosphere. Due to design and management of agro- the unprecedented developmental forestry practices can make them 120 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura effective carbon sinks and they can The most practical support to also serve to protect biodiversity forest dependent communities and to different extents. Being the best indigenous people is to ensure that alternative to the shifting cultivation they have secure rights over forests Agro-forestry is able to satisfy a large and other resources, and are able diversity of socio-economic needs in to use those resources to diversify a sustainable way and has a direct and strengthen their livelihoods. impact on the micro-climate of the Planting of trees along roads, area. railway lines, rivers, streams and canals, and other available lands Agro-forestry may contribute under State, institutional or private to human well-being in Tripura ownership is highly encouraged through a number of ways: by in social forestry. Development of providing additional income, by tree crops and fodder species on increasing food security through village and community lands in a higher diversity of agricultural partnership with local people of products (e.g. fruits, nuts, medicinal Tripura should be encouraged. The plants and edible oils), by providing concerned department will provide fuelwood and construction material planting material, guidance about and thus reducing deforestation selection of species, propagation/ and controlling the adverse impacts plantation methods and sustainable of the climate change. Intervention harvesting of the resources to the of site specific Agro-forestry systems local people. In this way development in Tripura state is also necessary to of agro-forestry and social forestry reduce the destruction of resources for improvement of carbon sinks by shifting cultivation practices will help in carbon sequestration which will also help in controlling of about 10 ton CO2 equivalent per the emission levels. Hectare of area. It is well recognized that Social Rehabilitation of shifting Forests and their ecosystems provide cultivators and the restoration of both products and services for local shifting cultivated areas livelihoods. This makes social forestry an invaluable component of climate The huge forest areas burnt every change mitigation and adaptation year for preparation of jhum fields strategies implemented at the local in Tripura not only degrade the soil level. Good forest management by and vegetation but also increase the local communities and indigenous GHG content in the environment. peoples is exactly the type of Exploitation of forests beyond their effective and efficient response that sustainable capacity has resulted will encourage and facilitate other in degradation and thereby severe forms of climate change adaptation. impairment of their ability to 121 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura provide environmental benefits. tree species as they are directly The effects of degradation of forests related to the traditional and ethical are already visible in drying up of values of the people. Sacred Groves perennial water sources at many are the loose ends of relict virgin places in Tripura. It has accelerated forests which are quite different the intensity of soil erosion, flash from the surrounding degraded floods, silting up of reservoirs, loss of forests. Thus these can serve as biodiversity and forest productivity. micro-level biodiversity hotspots. The destructed sites in the Tripura They also in a variety of ways need to be rejuvenated on priority contribute positively in reducing basis. Shifting cultivation can be the impact of the climate change by replaced by suitable agro-forestry creating carbon sinks in the form systems which provide range of of worship and protection of sacred benefits apart from providing trees, sacred forests, sacred ponds environmental and social values. etc. The adaptation of crop rotation to raise wild varieties of short as well Indigenous technical knowledge as long duration crops at the same regarding the conservation of time would be helpful in recovering sacred groves needs to be respected some percentage of crop yields even and community systems need to in the adverse climatic conditions. be incorporated into the social and Land-use system in Tripura Forest area Source: Draft Perspective Plan Tripura 2007-2013 Conservation and promotion of biodiversity management plans of Scared Groves in Tripura the area. While recognizing the social and cultural beliefs of indigenous The sacred groves can play a great communities of forest fringes villages role in conserving several important in Tripura the Working Group has 122 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura decided to support Conservation and of forest land into different other promotion of Scared Groves in Killa, entities. Jampui, Teliamura etc covering an area of approximately 100 acres. It Complete forest valuation has is desired by the Forest Department not been conducted in Tripura till of Tripura to carry out an in-depth date. Considering natural forests in survey and documentation of Tripura, the commercial and direct traditional conservation strategies, value of forest is not sufficient for in collaboration with local societies evaluation of the forest resources. and organizations which can be used The direct annual revenue from to better understand how sacred forests of Tripura State is estimated groves have responded and adapted to be only Rs. 300 lakhs. However to changing climatic conditions. the subsidy that flows to the rural economy on account of free removal Valuation of existing forest wealth of five items of forest produce has of Tripura been conservatively estimated to be Rs. 12,926 lakhs, which is Conventional forest valuation about 5.57% of State Domestic approaches do not account for Product (SDP). This does not take discretions foresters have in making into account edible fruits, tubers, key irreversible decisions, such medicinal plants and many other as when and if to harvest in the non-timber forest produce. The light of uncertain future decision total Forest valuation is required in variables. Furthermore, where they the state to identify the actual forest are sufficiently sophisticated as to revenue and its contribution to make explicit forecasts of future state GDP. Climate Change Action valuation parameters such as log Plan working group recognised the prices at harvest date, as is the importance of the total valuation of case for discounted cash flow (DCF) forest resources to better appreciate analysis, they do so with unavoidable non marketable eco system goods imprecision. These shortcomings &services. - as well of those of even less sophisticated methodologies such The valuation of the forest resources as cost- or transaction-based is one of the most important tasks valuations - become telling when for the proper protection and attempting to assess the impacts of conservation. Survey to assess long-term climate change policies the bio-resources including the on forest values. Climate change forest wealth of the state shall be policies can affect both forest value made following the national and and optimal forest management, international criteria and indicators. as they relate to and affect future There are many uses of forest that are decisions regarding the conversion directly or indirectly consumptive 123 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and durable or non-durable. These The major thrust areas in this are conservation, recreational activity are: benefits, the commercially available benefits (i.e. newsprint, cardboard, 1. Developing multi-product and building materials, edible fruits, multi-tier forest plantations woods, fuel woods etc.), eco services which tend to maximize (i.e. bio-diversity, climate regulation diversity, ecological benefits service, soil erosion control, etc.) and economic benefits accruing to local people. Forest Statistics of Tripura 2006 Year Forest area Major Forest Minor Forest Value of Total (Sq. Km.) Product Product 1994-95 6292.68 98.07 63.80 161.87 1998-99 6292.68 28.40 58.19 86.59 1999-00 6293.68 29.94 78.59 108.53 2000-01 6292.68 60.52 121.33 181.85 2001-02 6292.68 107.22 94.22 201.44 2002-03 6292.68 163.62 120.95 284.57 2003-04 6294.29 89.67 108.26 197.93 2004-05 6294.29 96.48 71.61 168.09 2005-06 6294.29 136.65 78.32 214.97 Source: Draft Perspective Plan Tripura 2007-13 Improvement of Tree Canopy 2. Promoting plantation of covers by enrichment indigenous species which have plantations become endangered or extinct. One of the best tools of improving 3. Increasing the productivity the tree canopy is enrichment of natural forests and plantations in the moderately plantations by providing dense and open forests of the State appropriate research inputs which have a direct impact on the and management practices. climatic conditions of the area. This will increase the productivity of the Development of tree crops and existing forest area and supports fodder species on village and continued eco system goods and community lands in partnership services. This activity will also help with local people. Encouraging in effective implementation of the farm forestry and agro-forestry by Tripura State Afforestation Policy. providing quality growing stock and other technical inputs to farmers 124 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and developing market linkages for on suitable buy back policy or proper sale of their produce is very incentives. Dedicated plantation essential. for such plants should also be tied up. Biomass gassifiers can generate Promoting rural households to power to feed the grid or to cater adopt fuel wood efficiency and the decentralized requirement of improved Chulhas, Biogas Etc. power in villages. Alternative fuels, such as LPG, are easier to use, The state is rich in bio-resources produce fewer emissions and cause and energy derived from these less exposure to pollutants. Cook resources are of low emission as stoves will also have social (e.g. well as sustainable in nature. time-saving), ecological (e.g. tree- Major source of cooking fuel in the conserving) and economic (e.g. fuel- state is yet fuel wood. This is used saving) benefits. The Ministry of in traditional chullahs having an New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), efficiency of the level of 10-12%. Government of India has been According to estimates of the World promoting improved cook stoves (IC) Health Organization, more than 1.6 which could significantly save fuel million deaths and over 38.5 million wood and thus reduce pressure on disability-adjusted life-years can the forests. This activity will reduce be attributable to indoor smoke GHG emission in the State. from solid fuels affecting mainly children and women. Significant Strengthening of Forest improvement in efficiency in this Department (Infrastructure & sector can be achieved through use Capacity Building) of improved challahs thus saving the forest as well as reducing the Capacity building measures shall emission level. The State will take be undertaken for personnel in suitable action plan for introduction forest and environment sector to of improved stoves for family / improve their skills and professional community level at policy level or competence keeping in view the through subsidized cost. These arduous nature of their duties, often interventions to suppress or reduce in remote and inhospitable places. indoor exposure include behavior For effective implementation of forest changes, improvements of household and environmental laws, regular ventilation, improvements of stoves, trainings on legal aspects of forest and, outstandingly, transitions to and environmental issues need to better and cleaner fuels. be conducted for forest personnel. Adequate infrastructure and Biomass gassifiers may be professionals need to be provided to encouraged for installation by meet the training requirements of small entrepreneurs / industries all levels of forest staff keeping in 125 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura view the current needs and future at Range and Division level (on trends in forestry management and contractual basis) will bring in administration. new knowledge and skills. The arenas include: Information and These adaptive measures will help Communication Technology in the proper conservation and (including RS/GIS capabilities), proliferation of forest quality and community mobilization, cover within the state which will watershed/Soil moisture /water help in better carbon sequestration harvesting; finance, ecological in near future. restoration / REDD issues etc. GIS based Monitoring and Forest Fire management Evaluation programme Management of forest fires is Global information system is an important aspect of forest also an important tool to digitise protection. Forest Survey of India the evaluation and scientific (1993) has estimated that forest management of the resources. It fire has led to heavy to moderate plays a great role in monitoring, degradation of around 6.16% of creation or demarcation of reserve the forests. The forests atop all the forests, creation of National parks/ hills in the State get burnt due to Wildlife Sanctuaries including Jhum fire which spreads to nearby afforestation /reforestation areas. forest areas. This cause’s immense In order to ensure an integrated harm as catchments completely approach at village/cluster/sub- wipes out regeneration (natural as landscape/sub- watershed level, well as artificial). It also adversely the forest department will need affects already threatened wildlife new capacities. The Mission would species. The main constraints in support upgradation of the Range control of forest fires are lack of Office into a forest and wildlife communication facility for early resource centre (with library, detection of forest fire and also documentation, map room, GIS and the lack of firefighting equipment. MIS cell facilities). Proper equipment and trained manpower shall be needed for GIS-based framework helps in effective management of forest fires gaining a scientific understanding in vulnerable areas. Involvement and to make informed decision of local communities in prevention making on Deforestation analysis and control of forest fires need to and implementing successful be further strengthened through reforestation programs and incentive based mechanism. sustainable forest management. Removing fire hazards, creating Teams of Subject Matter Specialists fire lines, improving fire monitoring 126 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura systems and quick identification for increasing the forest cover, and reporting systems are very protection and reduce the climate significant for prevention and change impact. This can be planned management of the forest fires in and proceed as component under the state. This action will help in JFM for better capacity building protecting the forest area which will and training of the stakeholders lead to better GHG sequestration in and JFMCs. near future. Livelihood improvement Strengthening local level Activities institutions about Forest Management Climate Change Climate change impacts are already Adaptation including community being observed, signaling an urgent forests need for response measures that Given the fast changing rural minimize current vulnerabilities. scenario with increase in the By protecting and enhancing the number of educated unemployed/ natural services that support underemployed youth, the Mission livelihoods, vulnerable communities would support development of can maintain local safety nets and youth cadres to lead the charge expand the range of options for coping at the local level. Support of with disruptive shocks and trends. research institutions, universities/ The forest dependent communities colleges from local area, Forest are mainly economically fragile and Department and NGOs would rely on forest resources for a range help develop this cadre as Self of basic needs like food, shelter, Employed Change Agents (SECA). clothing and heating. Promotion of The cadre of community youths will alternative livelihood improvement help Mission activities at the local activates such as Rubber level with active support of Forest plantation, Bee Keeping, Poultry and Department and other agencies. engagement in protection activities This will also augment capacity will motivate the communities of Forest Department to facilitate to protect the forest and to gain Mission activities with existing economic benefits. Enhanced outlay regular staff. for developmental works have resulted in creation of 9.83 lakhs Extensive capacity building and mandays during the year 2004-05. training is also required for forest The people get gainful employment communities. These activities are to in collection of bamboo and minor building adaptive capacity among forest produce and selling them Community Forest Management in the market and other ancillary Institutions and communities activities such as value additions. towards Climate Change Adaptation This adaptive measure will help in 127 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura improvement of livelihood of the program of Tripura. The body will forest dependent communities and coordinate all forest development also encourage forest conservation issues to achieve the desired target which will ultimately result in GHG for climate change adaptation and sequestration. mitigation. The establishment of mission directorate will ensure the Increasing plantation activities proper implementation of the key on outside forest land activities which is of prime focus for reducing the climate change The State has a forest cover of its impacts and adaptation strategy 8073 Sq. Km of geographical area formulation by enhancement of the as per the FSI which is around 77% forest quality and cover within the of State’s Geographical area. Out of state. the total forest cover more than 50% of the area constitutes Open Forest, Establishment of Wildlife corridors Non-forest and Scrub forests. It is for wildlife conservation planned to double the area to be taken as a target for next 10 years Maintaining biodiversity in the i.e. the project period envisaged. context of a changing climate will This constitutes total plantation require biodiversity management target of 268,560 ha. This target is strategies beyond those of an proposed to be achieved through individual park or reserve. The enrichment planting within the most important strategy will be forest area, outside the forest leveraging our current system areas, etc. on mission mode as of nature reserves by creating was conceived under this Green corridors of connectivity between India Mission. The interventions protected areas. To help animals needed for the State include survive climate change, setting Assisted Natural Regeneration, aside nature reserves isn’t enough Artificial Regeneration, Pasture to flee habitats made inhospitable Development, Bamboo Plantation, by shifting climes; they also need Mixed plantation of NTFP species “corridors” between wilderness and Energy Plantation on the areas. The protected area network of outside forest land in Social Forestry the Tripura is spread over the four Model wildlife sanctuaries covering an area about 6% of the total geographical Establishment of Mission area of state. There is no designated Directorate National Park in the State however; Department of Forest, Government the Forest Department has proposed of Tripura wants to establish a to constitute one National Park mission directorate, for Monitoring out of about 40 km2 core areas and Evaluation of forest development of the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary 128 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and one more Wildlife Sanctuary related information so that these (Atharamura WLS) especially for are not exported in raw form, and the conservation of elephants. producers get remunerative price for their produce. Therefore, high Wildlife corridors and animal rescue importance will be accorded to centres shall be further developed. making forest policies and strategies Special attention will be given to for the sustainable management address the man-animal interface and marketing of NTFP and the through a joint mechanism between development of the forest fringe agencies such as Forest Department, dwellers, in particular, scheduled Forest, Wildlife Protection tribes, whose livelihood is closely Department, Revenue Department, bound with the issue of sustainable Police, Local Administration and production. local institutions and by creating awareness amongst general public. Sustainability of afforestation activities through income Enhancement of community generation from CDM and livelihood through Biomass and Voluntary Markets NTFPs The Clean Development Mechanism The economic development of (CDM) aims to direct private sector forest dwellers is heavily dependent investment into emissions-reduction on Biomass and NTFP, as these projects in developing countries people live in the forest fringe areas while promoting sustainable where land is inhospitable and development in these countries. agricultural yield is not only low Tripura Forest Development & but also uncertain. Training and Plantation Corporation Limited information related to cultivation, (TFDPC) has implemented and non-destructive harvesting, value also planning to implement vast addition and marketing channels plantation projects on degraded must be provided to the target lands with the participation of groups. Package of practices for rural communities within the state. cultivation of medicinal plants TFDPC efforts in raising plantation shall be developed and farmers of Rubber in more than 11000 will be encouraged to undertake hectors in the degraded forest areas cultivation of such medicinal plants has resulted in to a significant and tree species on non-forest lands increase of forest cover which and private lands. Value addition can compensate in Reducing the and processing of non-timber forest Emission from Deforestation and produce within the State need to be Degradation (REDD) mechanism. encouraged along with development REDD+ is a climate change of market linkages and trade mitigation mechanism that would 129 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura compensate Tripura for keeping their maintenance of biological diversity. forests standing and also conserve Initially pushed by environmental more habitat and ensure greater groups, it quickly evolved as a ecosystem services functions. The potential instrument to promote funding from REDD or REDD+ on sustainable forest management TFDPC Rubber Plantation areas will (SFM). This SFM certification of boost scaling up Rubber Plantation TFDPC Plantation enable premium and promoting increasing market price for the Rubber. This conservation based livelihood in the activity will increase the revenue local communities in Tripura. inflow which will be used for sustainability, conservation of the The objective of this activity is to rubber plantations and livelihood reduce poverty in relation to an improvement of the dependent environment that enables active communities. participation of rural communities in an array of climate change Energy Conservation within mitigation activities. This activity Rubber Processing federation of enables the communities to gain TFDPC carbon revenues for the existing and future plantation programmes A detailed energy audit in under TFDPC. TFDPC Rubber Industry involves data collection, measurement, Certification of Rubber wood comparison of measured data with coming from Sustainably Managed a standard benchmark, analysis Forests of data, identification of losses, identification of energy saving Forest Certification is still in very potentials and recommendation for nascent stage in India. To address reduction in operating cost. The this issue Green India Mission has primary objective of Energy Audit is specially emphasized on promoting to determine ways to reduce energy the Forest Certification. In line consumption and provide the basis with the National Mission, Green for planning a more effective use of Tripura proposed this activity to energy throughout the organization promote Forest Certification for the in accordance to the best practice TFDPC Rubber plantation to fetch benchmark in the sector. This action premium price for its Rubber. will help in reduction of energy consumption in the processing Forest certification was introduced plants and also reduce the GHG in the early 1990s to address emissions to the atmosphere. concerns of deforestation and forest degradation and to promote the 130 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Sustainable Agriculture Introduction 35oC and 24oC respectively. Agriculture is the dominant The pH values of Tripura Soils sector of State’s economy with a vary from 4.05 to 6.05 and more contribution of nearly 30% to the than 90% of the Soils of Tripura Net State Domestic Product (NSDP). pH is below 5.6 and slightly acidic The sector provides employment to in nature. On an average 52.1%, 51% of total work force in the states 22.5% and 25.4% soils are medium, and it is the single largest private low and high in organic carbon sector occupation. Availability of content respectively. About 60.5% cultivable land is one of the main soils are deficient in phosphorous, constraints in the state. Tripura 26.9% soils are medium and 12.6% enjoys a typical monsoon climate are high in available phosphorous with variations ranging from sub- content. Low available phosphorous tropical to temperate conditions in content is related to strongly acidic hilly areas. The climate of Tripura soil condition. In the State as a whole exhibits a strong seasonal rhythm. 67.3% of the Soils are low, 24.7% In Tripura the monsoon period is soils are medium and 8.0% soils are lasting for about 5 months from May high in available potash content. to September which is the longest Shifting cultivation prevalent in the season of the State. The amount region is responsible for removal of of total annual rainfall in the State most fertile top soils from slopes. varies between 1500 mm. to 2500 mm. The maximum and minimum Importance of the climate threat temperatures during winter are to agriculture is now explicit, but 27oC and 13oC and in summer are the exact magnitude is doubtful 1 (http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/agro.htm accessed 3rd November, 2011 ) 2 (http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/agro.htm accessed 3rd November, 2011). 131 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura because of complex interactions change on agriculture through new and feedback processes between research and proper interpretation the ecosystem and the economy. of the accumulated research results Climate-related factors will affect under different agro-climatic productivity of agricultural sector settings. in coming decades are: changes in Three types of Green House Gas temperature, precipitation, carbon (GHG) generates from agriculture dioxide (CO2), fertilization, short- are term weather variability and surface water run-off. Due to change in the 1) Methane (CH4) emissions from climate factors in Tripura there will irrigated rice production, be higher incidence of droughts and 2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions floods which will affect both rainy from the use of nitrogenous (kharif) and winter (rabi) season fertilizers and the release of crops. In Tripura numbers of high- CO2 from energy consumption value crops are grown during the from groundwater pumping for rabi season, so the negative impact irrigation. on farmers’ economy would possibly be higher and since Tripura is Livestock-based Methane emissions agricultural based economy, are also significant in agriculture naturally the GDP will be affected. sector. But from the above three The research on the relationship sources we have huge opportunities between crop yields and changes for cost-effective mitigation of in rainfall, temperature and CO2 GHGs in agriculture sector of concentration and their effect Tripura. Tripura Government on yield changes are very few. So already incorporated some of the some Adaptation and mitigation mitigation activities by which they strategies is urgently needed to can mitigate GHG emission from address the impact of climate agriculture sector. GHG Emission in Tripura Agriculture Region CO2 CH4 N2O PFC HFC SF6 Total World 28,485 6, 408 3286 108 381 60 38,726 (million Mt) India 1222 548 71 3 8 2 18,53 (million Mt) Indian 0 317 58 0 0 0 375 Agriculture (million Mt) Tripura 19 0.04 0 0 0 412 Agriculture (Gg)* Source: WRI, 2009, CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 87, NO. 3, 10 AUGUST 2004* 132 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Source: Maps of India. Key Facts of Agriculture: & plantation crops, tea and rubber cultivation. Paddy is the major crop in Tripura which contributes about 98% of the The year being divisible into three total food grain production. (Annual crop seasons namely pre-kharif, Agriculture Plan 2010-11) The rest kharif and Rabi. Pre-kharif, kharif of the cultivable area are used for is dependent on rainfall of pre- wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, monsoon and monsoon followed potato, vegetables, different fruits by Rabi on irrigation and seepage 133 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura water. Availability of rainfall is one table is giving provisional existing of the most important factors in the crop distribution pattern of Tripura field of agriculture. The following (2009-10*). Source: Approved Annual Agriculture Plan 2010-11, Tripura, *Provisional Total Gross irrigated area in Tripura is 1, 17,000 ha, out of which 51,018 ha are under net irrigated area. Out of net irrigated area maximum land is under West Tripura District. Details of Irrigation activities Sl. Item Unit Tripura No. (2008- 09) 1. Gross Irrigated area Ha 1,17,000 2. Net Irrigated area Ha 51,018 3. Net Irrigated area in West District Ha 21,520 4. Net Irrigated area in South District Ha 18,325 6. Net Irrigated area Dhalai District Ha 2,778 5. Net Irrigated area In North District Ha 8,395 Source: Approved Annual Agriculture Plan 2010-11, Tripura Source: Approved Annual Agriculture Plan 2010-11, Tripura 134 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Land classification of Tripura Sl.No. Category Area in Sq. Percentage to total Km. geographical area 1 High Area 4000 38% 2 Tilla land with moderate 1600 15% steep slopes 3 Tilla land with gentle to 700 6.7% moderate slope 4 Rolling Topography 2149 20.5% 5 Plain land 2042 19.8% Total Geographical Area 10491 100% Source: Approved Annual Agriculture Plan 2010-11, Tripura In the present scenario of Tripura’s SRI method of rice cultivation can Agriculture, the government wants reduce methane emissions from to do some GHG analysis, so that traditionally irrigated rice they can reduce their GHG emissions in Agricultural sector through Within the identified key priorities proper Mitigation and Adaptation with high importance 27 actions are activities. The agriculture sector adaptation activities and 1 action is will have to be ready with its future mitigation activity. The high priorities plan of action against upcoming identified based on the basis of uncertainties of climate change. cost effectiveness, cost-benefit, feasibility, ease of implementation Key Priorities and overall sustainability. Within the 28 key priorities are under the According to the estimate, Agriculture and Allied sector12 key agricultural practices account for priorities are under Agricultural 20% of India’s total emissions; and Horticultural Sector, 8 key thus, cost-effective reductions priorities are under Animal in agricultural emissions could Resource Development Department significantly lower India’s overall (ARDD), 4 key Priorities are under emissions (IFPRI, 2009). Agriculture Department of Fisheries and 4 Key has immense opportunities for cost- Priorities are under Indian Council effective mitigation of GHGs. Through for Agricultural Research (ICAR) discouraging the use of carbon- with Department of Biotechnology. intensive electricity for extraction The total budget proposed for the of groundwater from deep aquifers eight key priorities along with sub we can mitigate CO2 emission. activities is 795.80 Crore INR. 135 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Rapid screening and Tripura is endowed with favourable strategy assessment of State geo-climatic conditions for agriculture policy horticulture. The vulnerability of low-capital horticulture to climate Taking consideration of different change however, depends upon climatic scenario, arising due to the climatic condition. The affected change in rainfall and temperature, farmers can adjust the production lots of uncertainty may affect of horticultural crops to changing the agriculture. So short terms climates. Framers of Tripura as well as long term agriculture depend highly on the agriculture policies related to the inputs for the for their livelihoods and are likely production of crops such as cereals to be most affected by the climate pulses and oil seeds along with change. Government of Tripura irrigation and fertilizers need to wants to determine the appropriate be screened in view of the possible adaptation and mitigation climate changing scenario along strategies for the farmers; so with strategic assessment. Thus they can adapt to climate change the modifications to be required in without getting affected. Therefore, implementation approaches may an understanding of the impact be identified to cope up with the of climate change on horticulture climate change. crops especially coconut and orange in the Tripura is likely to • Climate Change Impact studies on Coconut and be critical for the distributional Orange Production effects of climate change as well as the potential benefits of policies The impact of climate changes on to reduce its harmful effects. So a horticultural sector in particular research is necessary on impact is a matter of concern. Particularly of climate change on horticultural 136 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura crops especially for coconut and arranged so that, they may not orange. reject new initiatives or technology related to climate change. This will • Undertaking capacity- give economic security from the building calamities of climate. Climate change being a new • Breeding studies on major challenge for agriculture/ fishery, crops for tolerance/ precautionary measures are to resistance be undertaken for the better management of land, water & Climate change may cause crops in the context of climate devastation through drought and risk through capacity building and flood like situations resulting into technical support to the farming change in crop physiology and an community of Tripura. Stakeholder’s increase in insect pests and diseases. consultation, training, workshops To combat the situation, breeding and demonstration exercise are strategies are to be under taken to be carried out keeping note of for development of genotypes of agri-climatic information, sharing different major crops having climate & dissemination for the field resistant characteristics to these functionaries of department of multiple stresses. Thrust should agriculture. New technologies related also be given to develop resilient to climate change are also to be crops for better water and nitrogen disseminated by use of information use efficiency which may result in technology with the initiative of the reduced emissions of Green House related department. Regional data Gases. Besides these programme base for the soil, weather, crop for germplasm conservation to genotypes, sustainable land use maintain the species through patterns and water resources are Gene Bank may be under taken also to be developed. which may be exploited as breeding material and also for release of • Risk management in varieties which are suitable under agriculture and allied biotic and abiotic stress conditions sectors due to climate change. New credit and insurance • Establishing an effective mechanism should also have to institutional delivery be devised to facilitate adoption of mechanism to promote best desired practices. Wherever in the practices on climate change event of any risk due to vagaries In the coming days the Agriculture of climate change, compensation Sector of Tripura will be required for farming community is to be to cope up with the impact of 137 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura climate change. Though the nature unavoidable methane emission to & location of impact cannot be the atmosphere. predicted earlier, for that the institutional delivery mechanism in • Developing livelihood – focused, people- centric respect of Agriculture, Horticulture, integrated watershed Soil & Water conservations development in rain-fed along with Research needs to be areas strengthened to cope up with the climate changing scenario. The Climate change is likely to cause department is to analyze weather high variability or rainfall, drought data to identify the trends in and dry spells and flash floods climate variations and its effect during the rainy season. At the on agriculture and horticulture grass root implementation level, the production. This knowledge will integrated watershed approach is the be transferred to the farmers most appropriate way to cope with through cluster level training and these changes. Both agricultural in this way farmers will be able to growth and enhancement of land make suitable decision about their productivity is to be ensured in these cropping pattern. rain fed areas that are vulnerable to climate variations. Livelihoods • Utilization of Bio-resources interventions are to be implemented (Organic wastes, plant in the form of cropping system wastes, leaf fall droppings etc) towards preparation of strategy, Pisciculture, livestock organic manure promotion, non timber forest products collection, marketing Organic wastes, plant wastes, and various other land based leaf litters and droppings will income generating activities. In this be subject to degradation and regard, for ensuring sustainable production of methane in the fishery some measures should atmosphere. Utilisation of these be taken which can also address organic matters for production the climate change concern in the of organic manure is necessary sector. As a part of the livelihoods to mitigate the adverse impact of intervention, steps are also taken methane emission to atmosphere. to improve the quality of life By means of vermicomposting or through improved sanitation and aerobic composting process in a other health interventions. There pit system of 3m X 2M X 1 M will is enough evidence of success in reduce 9 ton of CO2 equivalent per implementing projects under the year. Such small scale decentralized Tripura Watershed Development vermicompost pits will help in Mission. There will be a continued preparation of organic fertilizer investment in integrated watershed and also help in mitigating the development programmes in climate 138 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura sensitive areas and in furthering land farming will have to be under their replications across Tripura. taken to cope up with drought like situations which may arise due to • Development water use- climate change. efficient micro irrigation methods and individual/ • Improving pest monitoring community farm ponds and surveillance technique Water availability is expected to Climate change may influence the become uncertain due to climate present pest scenario by increasing change. This will require the or decreasing insect pest or disease, development of water-use efficient infestation/incidence and severity. micro irrigation methods such as To combat the situation improvement different drip irrigation systems and in monitoring and pest surveillance individual/community farm ponds is required. Appropriate new farming to cater to their water requirements. techniques for plant protection This initiative will be implemented measures will be undertaken on the as a demonstration project in basis of information gathered from selected areas. These adaptive monitoring and surveillance. measures in the agricultural sector • Research study on the will help to cope up with the scarcity Climate Change Impacts of the water which may affect by on the Reproduction of uncertain rainfall within the state. Cattle, worm infestation, It is observed that micro irrigation milk Production and vector borne diseases for domestic methods also help in reducing animals the energy consumption in water pumping activities. Heat stress has been accounted to decrease reproductive performance • Developing sustainable soil, water and crop management in dairy cows. In Tripura there are a practices number of changes in reproductive performance that have been reported. Popularization and implementation The effects on reproduction can be of Integrated Nutrient Management prolonged and impact the animal (INM) along with soil amelioration, for months after the heat stress improved methods to conserve soil exposure. Temperature and rainfall and water and preparation of soil variations have increased the fertility map for the state is required incidence of vector-borne diseases. to be under taken from time to To minimise the impact of climate time. Precision use of available change on animal health and reduce water along with efficient crop the adverse effect of vector borne management practices like System diseases, the state plans to carry of Rice Intensification (SRI) and dry out a study on impact of climate 139 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura change in livestock and poultry, 40 to 50 months and produce 1000 ensure vaccination of farm animals to 2000 litters in lactation and have against contagious diseases, de- a calving interval of 15 to 18 months. worming and early disease warning non descript cattle gives first calve system, develop a breeding policy at an age of 60 months, and produce and use biotechnology to breed about 500 Kgs in a lactation and genetically climate resilient breeds have a calving interval between 20 of farm animals and increase the to 24 months. Non-descript cattle availability vaccines. will be bred with exotic semen to produce cross breed with Holstein Due to heat stress milk production Friesian or jersey and maintain for cows also decreases. This 50% exotic impenitence. In Tripura decrease can be either transitory or Red Sindhi, Tharparkar can also longer term depending on the length used upgrading non-descript cattle. and severity of heat stress. These The cows of these breeds are of high decreases in milk production can milk yields and the male animals range from 10 to 25% or more. If heat are slow or poor work animals. stress lowers milk production in The milk production of milk breeds early lactation dairy cows, potential is on the average more than 1600 milk production for the lactation will kg per lactation. Jersey breed was be decreased. Dairy cows in later developed from the island of jersey lactation may recover slowly from in the English Channel off the coast the effects of heat stress. Two dairy of France. The Jersey is one of the plants have been setup in Tripura. oldest dairy breeds, having been One is at Agartala and another is at reported by authorities as being Dharmanagar with capacity 19000 purebred for nearly six centuries and 4000 liter per day respectively. and the Milk yield is 5000-8000 kg. Holstein Friesian is originated in • Adaptability good milch breed of cattle such as Sahiwal, Gir Holland. This is by far the best diary and Red Sindhi, Jursey and breed among exotic cattle regarding Holstein cross, rearing and milk yield. On an average it gives 25 bio gas production with milk liter of milk per day, whereas a cross chilling plant breed H.F. cow gives 10 - 15 liter per day and Milk yield - 7200-9000 kg. Indigenous animals are strong, These breeds will help in enhance are endowed with quality of heat the economic sustainability of the tolerance, resistance to diseases farm based economic development. and ability to thrive under extreme This adaptive measure will also help nutritional stress. Out of three in the food security and economic breeds Milch breed is one of them. upliftment of the farm sectors of the Milch breeds, like Shaiwal, Red state. Sindhi and Gir which calves between 140 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Generation of biogas is possible but also the fluctuation of the from the degradation of manure temperature. This naturally occurs produced from the cattle. State of during the temperature change from Tripura is having about 10 lakhs daytime to night time. Government of of cattle population. From the Tripura wants to do a research study generated dung up to 100000 m3 on impact of temperature increase biogas can be generated which on Broiler production. The research translates to 50,000 units of energy study will help to understand and or translates to equivalent of 6500 develop better adaptive strategies LPG cylinders every day. This would for poultry production. This activity meet about 25% of the cooking will also help in food security of the energy requirement of the state. state and economic benefit of the This activity will address the energy poultry farms. security of the state and also will mitigate the emission of GHG to the atmosphere. Jersey and Holstein Friesian • Integrated watershed • Study on Performance of management for Fodder and Broiler Production in High temperatures nutritional security High temperatures coupled with Integrated watershed management high humidity can be shocking is the key issue to prohibit land to commercial broilers. Heat degradation, draught and poverty. stress interferes with the broilers Agriculture and water are closely comfort and suppresses productive linked. Agricultural productivity has efficiency. Although increased to be increased significantly within heat is seen as a major problem in the state through development poultry production, egg production. of watershed. This will in one Studies show that it is not only hand reduce the soil erosion in the excessively high temperatures, surrounding area and introduction 141 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura of leguminous species will also overall climate change adaptation enhance the availability of fodder of animal population during the for the livestock and also can natural calamities. enhance the nutritional security of the area. Integrated land and • Adaptability of low input water resources management, technology like Kuroialer, efficient use of water resources Gramapriya and Kalinga and safe reuse of waste water are Brown vital for climate change adaptation. In Tripura the government The organised sector poultry wants to begin adaptation efforts industry has been clocking a now, because institutions and healthy annual growth of nearly the infrastructure will bind the 5.7 per cent in egg production and patterns of water use and behavior 12.5 per cent in broilers output. for years to come. Due to Integrated But the rural poultry sector has watershed Management the average not displayed such dynamism. The productivity of arable land will latest available numbers reveal that increase and can be attributed to chicken population in the rural large area under improved varieties areas has grown from 63 million to and higher cropping intensity. only 73 million in the past 35 years, resulting in static, if not lower, per • Research study on supply capita consumption. The position of animal feedstock and of Tripura is also same. feasibility of rubber seed cake as feedstock in drought seasons The main constraint in Tripura is the lack of suitable birds for Due to increase in summer season rural poultry. Although the native and uncertain rainfall, the state chicken varieties are strong, well- might face shortage of animal adapted to harsh living conditions feedstock. This will lead to the and relatively immune to many of population degradation of the the common diseases of commercial livestock which will lead to the poultry birds but their productivity economic stress. Tripura has huge is low. The birds bred specifically production of rubber seeds which is for commercial poultry farming, underutilised within the state and on the other hand, are unsuitable can be used as alternative feedstock for backyard poultry farming as for animals during draught they cannot survive under those or extended summer season. conditions. Nor is the technology for Government want to conduct a commercial poultry rearing suitable research study on feasibility of for rural areas. It will also not be rubber seed cake as a feedstock of economically viable to try out the animals which might be helpful for modern poultry management in the 142 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura backyard poultry due to high input non-government organizations, costs. private sector and research institutes. Famers’ advisory Therefore, a different kind of poultry systems should be recognized and management technology, besides are important to address climate suitable breeds of chicks, for the change. rural sector is needed. The different types of birds developed for rural • Capacity building and poultry rearing include Vanaraja, welfare activities of fishing Gramapriya and Krishi-bro and communities Kalinga Brown. While Vanaraja is a dual-purpose breed for producing Fish is an important constituent both eggs and meat, Krishi-bro is of daily diet of 95% of Tripura’s meant largely for broiler production. population. The present fisheries Gramapriya is a good egg-laying and aquaculture resources of the breed. State comprise 7,878.76 ha of open water fisheries (1200 km of rivers • Capacity Building and – 4728.96 ha + one reservoir – training of farmers 3049.34 ha + one lake – 100.46 ha) and 22,164.26 ha of aquaculture Some of the known mechanisms waters (Ponds & Tanks – 13,685.33 could contribute to the development ha + Mini-barrages – 8,478.93 ha). of climate-smart agriculture. Some A seven year’s Perspective Plan more knowledge however remains of Deptt. Of Fisheries of Govt. of unknown and needs to be further Tripura, aimed to achieve nutritional studied. Research and development self-sufficiency (availability of 13 of varieties, including livestock, kg/ capita annually, i.e. about 36 which are more robust to drought g/ capita a day), was initiated in and flood. It is also important to October, 2004. By the terminal address knowledge gaps in many year of the Plan (2010-11), the areas of Agriculture and allied total fish production in the State including for example in cost- could be raised to 49,231.32 MT, effective approaches for assessing making available 14.12 kg/ capita soil carbon and more broadly in of fish for its 34.87 lakh fish eating assessment of the greenhouse gas population (95% of total). However, profile of agricultural systems. the actual consumption of fish in Networking and knowledge sharing the State was much higher (18.32 between research and knowledge kg/ capita), requiring import from institutions, synergy in research other states of the country as well activities, and development of joint as neighbouring Bangladesh. This approaches should be supported necessitates further increase in between producers’ organizations, local fish production which has 143 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura been planned during 12th Plan by important requirement for future the State Govt. (to make available development. Department is in the 19 kg/ capita of fish at the end of process of establishing district/ Plan period). block-wise training centres which can provide technical support The existing demand and the for water and soil analysis along anticipated challenges in the State, with required training to fisher/ besides developmental measures, fish farmer communities. The would require better multi-scale existing fishing methods are mostly understanding of the impacts of traditional and can be modified and climate change and the interacting improved with capacity building contribution of fisheries and and training, accompanied with aquaculture to food and livelihood support services, through these security. Climate change will training centres. increase uncertainties in the supply of fish, both from fisheries and The growth of the sector has aquaculture. Such uncertainties ample opportunity to increase the will impose new challenges for risk earning capacity of the people of assessment, which is commonly the State. This in itself justifies a based on knowledge of probabilities major investment for the required from past events. Data for development of fisheries in the determining effects of past climate State to bridge the gap between change at best cover no more than the demand and supply, besides a few decades, and may no longer generating additional employment be an adequate guide to future opportunities. Government of expectations. Tripura has taken initiatives for water body conservation/ reclamation With State being surplus in seed to improve their fish yield besides production (2010-11 production environmental considerations. being 363.8 million as against requirement of 205.8 million) no • Impact assessment of climate specific effort is required for its change on fishery quantitative increase. But with genetic deterioration having set The dominant form of life in all the in in the existing stock, a serious water covering most populace of effort is needed for its qualitative the earth are the fishes, the largest improvement. Capacity building class of vertebrates. However, of the fishers in the private sector during monsoon (June-August) to meet the present and future when the rivers swell enormously qualitative improvement as well as and inundate the adjoining low- adoption of modern technologies lying areas, certain fishes, viz to increase productivity is an cartelagenous and large sized cat 144 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura fishes migrate from major rivers of for fishery sector. Bangladesh into territory. Fishes related to the group cytariophysi, • Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous viz., carps, catfishes and loaches fauna of aquatic ecosystem are also commonly found in almost and open waters all rivers. Small in size but bright and silvery in colour, some of their Aquatic ecosystems are one species like chela, katari, chapkhori of the critical components of (or chapila), etc., are popular among environment. It is essential the common people for their taste contributors to biodiversity and and moderate price. The major ecological productivity and also carps of the subfamily cyprininac helps in lowering the temperature belonging to the species katla, at local level and also provides rui, katibaush, ghania, bhagna, a variety of services for human mrigal, etc., are also raised by the populations, including water for households in their own ponds and drinking and irrigation, recreational tanks. Smaller varieties of the same opportunities, and habitat for origin like sarputi, puti, etc., and economically important fisheries. different varieties of pabda (silvery However, aquatic systems have white fish) belonging to the Siluridae been increasingly threatened, family are also found in abundance directly and indirectly, by human in jheels, tanks and rivers. activities. In the aquatic system, at least 129 species of fishes are The state’s large marshy and water recorded belonging to 32 families, areas offer ample scope for a good and 11 order, the largest number crop of closed-water fishes every of species being from the family year. The State’s fishery department Cyprinidae (49 species, including has taken steps in this direction. Rohu, Katla, Kalbasu, Puthi, Apart from developing new water Mahasheer, Chela, etc.) which has areas for increasing fish production, been recorded that the majority of the Government has made sincere the fishes are common to both Indo- attempts to ensure that the fruits Gangetic drainages and South East of fishery development schemes Asian fish fauna. The occurrence of benefit the fishermen. some marine and estuarine fishes Pisodonophis boro (eel), Tenualosa Freshwaters are rich in aquatic ilisha (Hilsa), Nematolosa nasus biodiversity and a large part of (Bloch) and Johnius coitor (big eyed the indigenous aquatic flora and jewfish) may be attributed with the fauna is under threat of extinction riverine migration to Meghna and due to change in temperature and Gumti system from Bay of Bengal. water stress. The study will help in The fishes of the State include 11 development of adaptive strategies 145 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura vulnerable species three endangered facing serious water deficiency in species and three rare species (Table- summer season. It is anticipated that 42). At 9 species endemic to India depletion of water tables or aquifers are recorded from Tripura (Barman, may be due to rubber plantation. R.P, Pisces, Fauna of Tripura, The government of Tripura wants Vol.–1, Zoological Survey of India). to do a research study on impact of In addition to the challenges posed rubber plantation on fisheries sector. by land-use change, environmental Ground water depletion will lead to pollution and water diversion, water scarcity in the surrounding aquatic systems are expected to area and will also affect the ground soon begin experiencing the added water table. This may lead to the stress of climate change. The effect contamination of the impurities to of climate change on fisheries which surrounding aquatic system. Fish will increase temperature and may population and its productivity may lead to early maturity and breeding get hamper due to this effect. The of fishes this required for further study will help in formulation of analysis. Climate change is stress adaptive measures in near future. sensitive to freshwater of Tripura, which are already adversely • Contingency Crop Planning affected by a variety of other Climatic variability is a major human impacts, such as altered feature of Tripura’s agriculture and flow regimes and deterioration of therefore crop production is greatly water quality. In Tripura 1200 Sq conditioned by climatic risks and Km rivers and 0.05 ha Reserviours variabilities. To develop a healthy and 0.13 ha tanks and ponds are early warning system of spatio- the major water sources. Wetlands temporal changes in weather as well are a critical habitat for many as other environmental parameters, species that are poorly adapted contingency crop planning is very for other environmental conditions much necessary. Due to uncertain and serve as important components monsoon period reservoir levels go fisheries. Aquatic ecosystems have down, shallow wells dry up and a limited ability to adapt to climate tank irrigation has low capacity change. Government of Tripura has to support crops. For efficient taken an initiative to do a research conservation and utilization of rain work on climate change impact on water and in dry season, tactical aquatic ecosystem. approaches to mitigate the adverse • Rubber Plantation Impacts effects of weather aberrations on Fisheries Long-term strategic approaches are necessary. To address impacts Rubber is one of the fast growing of climatic uncertainties on species in Tripura. The state is agriculture sector, Government 146 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura of Tripura has decided to prepare - these are manually observed sustainable land use planning or automatic weather stations for 40 Blocks for agricultural (AWS). Government of Tripura is development, preparation of Block planning to use the satellite remote wise agro-climatic Atlas and crop sensing technology for block wise calendar and Farm health card. agro-meteorological data for its The government also wants to complementary nature to the assess the seasonal soil moisture traditional methods. This activity of the state. This knowledge and will help in better preparedness information will help to strategise before any natural calamities. adaptive measures during climate • Approach to increase stress condition. cropping intensity with diversification options under • Agro-meteorological data Acquisition and variable climatic condition Management The agricultural system has been Agriculture is very much dependent divided into two areas i.e., food on climatic variables such as security and commercialization, temperature stress, rainfall but Crop diversification not pattern, flash floods etc. For only addresses food security formulating proper agricultural and commercialization, but also planning and use of agricultural makes judicious use of land, water technologies, application of and other resources. The crops agricultural meteorology is highly which are commercially feasible needed. Weather and climatic data locally in Tripura and have higher bases are necessary to accelerate comparative advantage that can be the generation of climate reselient taken into account so that there crops, analyses and forecasts that will be an inclusive growth which affect agricultural cropping and contributes to poverty alleviation. management decisions, irrigation Due to changes in temperature and scheduling and other preparedness irregular rainfall the agricultural for natural calamities and ecosystem productivity is hampering. To conservation and management. improve the access to and adoption of water conservation practices Agro-meteorological station water conservation technologies networks are basically designed to are effective ways to maintain observe the data of meteorological cropping intensity and can provide and biological phenomena together opportunities to diversify into high- with supplementary data as value crops, reducing reliance on disasters and crop damages occur. rain-fed field crops. Inter-annual The method of observation can storage of excess rainfall can be be divided into two major classes 147 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura another effective way to maintain of nutrients and inefficient use of cropping intensity and smooth residues and wastes with improper instability in yield caused by climate cropping management systems, is a variability. consequence in plant nutrients loss and which leads to economic loss • Supply of plant nutrients in to the farmer. An inadequate and an eco-friendly way insufficient plant nutrient supply creates an adverse depletion of plant Agricultural intensification requires nutrient stocks on the farm, which is increased flows of plant nutrients also an economic loss for the farmer. to crops. Supporting higher uptake So to increase the crop productivity of nutrients and higher levels of the studies of Microbial Diversity stocks of plant nutrients in soils and Formulation of Effective Bio- is a prerequisite for higher yields. fertilizer Under Variable Climatic This intensification results in Scenario is necessary. Government larger amounts of crop residues, of Tripura also wants to establish of manures and organic wastes from Bio control Unit to Study the efficacy the consumption of agricultural of Various Bio Control Agent for eco- products, which are sources of plant friendly Plant Protection Measures. nutrients. Excessive applications 148 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Strategic Knowledge Mission Introduction causes inability to anticipate when climatic extremes will occur, which In dealing with the formulation acts as a disincentive to investment, of proposals for vulnerability innovation, and development assessment and measures for interventions. adaptation and mitigation, it should be considered upfront The main aim of the State mission in the course of development of on strategic knowledge is not only plans and proposals under State limited to the reduction of green mission on strategic knowledge house gases (GHGs) but include for climate change for the state of building the adaptive capacity of Tripura. Reduction and mitigation the vulnerable population. If we are of disasters depend on the treating the above guiding principle coping capacity of the vulnerable as sacrosanct, then the peoples population; poverty makes way for plan processes of development hazards becoming disasters. should interpret the task of building of adaptive capacity to Climatic changes are expected to include the challenge of innovation severely impact those who are mostly capacity building for sustainable dependent on natural resources for development among the vulnerable their livelihoods. Climate variability population. While formulating can fundamentally drive processes the proposals for vulnerability of impoverishment through direct assessment and measures for and indirect routes: (1) Direct: adaptation and mitigation, this Severe or repeated climatic shocks approach demands the development can push vulnerable households of strategic knowledge not only into a persistent poverty trap when for monitoring and assessment of their individual coping responses vulnerability but also for assessment involve divestment of productive of alternatives becoming available assets such as land or livestock, in respect of technology systems (2) Indirect: Climate uncertainty and for promotion of decentralized 149 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura capacity for management of population groups and evaluate development, adaptation and the traditional adaptation and mitigation. Thus, the state mission coping practices to climate on strategic knowledge for climate variability and extremes. change would be required to plan for feeding into the peoples plan • To integrate the processes of assessment of vulnerability, processes for the development, knowledge and data of natural adaptation and mitigation measures resources, institutions and to be formulated in an integrated capacities with the bottom manner. up approach to enable the The mission challenge planning of adaptation and mitigation projects for the The mission on strategic knowledge benefit of climate sensitive for climate change faces the sectors, regions and population challenge of establishment of state groups. wide knowledge generation and • To enable government utilization capacity in respect of a including its policymaking wide range of themes. Accordingly, bodies in the climate reslient the primary aims of the mission is policy-formulation function. defined here are to develop in a time bound manner a sustainable state • To inform and assist the wide capacity for the generation of development agencies to strategic knowledge with a view: evolve suitable adaptation and mitigation measures. • To monitor climate variability and make climate change • To empower and upgrade the projections for the state. capabilities of people to take appropriate steps at their own • To build GHG inventory level for the reduction of risk. and identify the dominant GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, • To strengthen regional industries (district wise) in cooperation through the order to enable selection of establishment of mechanisms mitigation opportunities. for exchanging information with regions sharing the • To model and plan for the borders and ecology of the climate sensitive regions (urban state of Tripura. under rural local bodies) assess the impacts of climate change, From the above stated primary analyze the vulnerability of aims it is also clear that the state regions/districts, sectors and mission on strategic knowledge for 150 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura climate change is expected to serve for the building of adative capacity not just as support mission for of the people the formal knowledge generating and providing strategic producing sector would also be knowledge for all the other state gaining if the activities and linkages missions with in-built capacities developed are also conscious of the for continuous and mid course use and value of local knowledge. changes in trajectories of transition The formal knowledge producing in development processes. But sector will have the chance to as the actions required to be pursue the collection of ground taken for climate change induced truth and practice triangulation. disaster risk reduction it has to be In the implementation of the state undertaken in collaboration with action plan the people as a whole the people and their own state of would not be passive agents and knowledge and capabilities must be better involved in the actions also be upgraded. The state mission under planning for adaptation and on strategic knowledge should not mitigation. be interpreted just as limited to the generation of knowledge. It should In pursuance of the above discussed also include the challenge of building primary aims the Tripura’s State of the coping capacity of the people mission on Strategic knowledge of the state as a whole. Steps are should aim to build a dynamic required to be planned and taken knowledge system which is capable for the development of their own of anticipatory and response capacity in all parts of the state at all levels. (1) Informing and supporting the State Government agencies Further, it is also necessary to in respect of actions that are realize that the formal knowledge required to be undertaken producing sector would benefit from for responding effectively to the local knowledge available to the climate change in the state of people in respect of the management Tripura, of natural resources and the (2) Undertaking simultaneously reduction of climate change induced action on the objectives of disaster risks. The advantage building of coping capacity that they possess on account of the local bodies and mass of accumulated experience and organizations that are directly wisdom must be utilized and made accessible to the people of a part of the strategic knowledge the state in respect of the that the state of Tripura needs to implementation of adaptation create in order to deal with climate and mitigation measures and change. While undertaking actions 151 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura (3) Practicing interdisciplinary human and knowledge orientation, learn from and capacities which can dialogue with the people, capture, process, store and continuous learning and self- apply knowledge needed for reflection in the process of vulnerability assessment and knowledge generation. risk reduction; Barriers / constraints in respect b) building the state’s relevant of generation of strategic institutional capacities knowledge are: which can nurture long-term repository and organizational • Insufficient observational and structures & system for long- scientific information data term observations, studies, base. understanding and forewarning of likely changes; • Weak and fragmented knowledgebase for impact c) building the state’s relevant assessment and selection of capacities for evidence technology choices. based policy formulation & implementation to meet the • Knowledge gaps in respect of challenge of adaptation & the impacts of climate change in mitigation to have a coordinated different sectors of economy. response in the state of Tripura; • Absence of a system of and technology watch. d) Building the state’s relevant • Lack of institutional capacities for continuous mechanisms for collating, learning and pro-active synthesizing and delivering designing of development knowledge products for strategies that also reduce decision making. risk, enhancement of ecological sustainability and protection of Mission objectives vulnerable sections of society. Coming to the details of actions Key Issues that the state is likely to be taken to realize the above to face said primary aims the detailed objectives of the Tripura State Variation in Weather Conditions Mission on Strategic Knowledge for The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (TSMSKCC) are Climate Change (IPCC) projects recommended as follows: that climate may warm globally a) building the state’s relevant by 1.4 to 5.8 degree centigrade by 152 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the next 100 years and over the events such as cyclone, it can Indian region the warming may be lead to wide spread and severe about 2.1 to 2.6 degree centigrade flooding that can bring the town to in the 2050s and 3.3 to 3.8 degree a standstill for a few days. As the centigrade in the 2080s (Shukla et impact of flooding is likely to grow in al., 2003). As far as the impacts are the time horizon of 2030, the town concerned, the amount of rainfall is needs a comprehensive and effective projected to increase in the north- strategy that invests in both soft east region as a whole. However and hard infrastructure to tackle there would be variations in its flooding problems of Agartala town. spatial pattern, with some pockets The goal of the strategy should be showing increase and some pockets to reduce the percentage of people indicating decrease in rainfall. In affected by flooding and sewage the study entitled “Key findings of related diseases in Agartala. Target a study on Impact & Vulnerability the most vulnerable wards. Profiles of North East Region”, the likely consequences of climate Vulnerability of population due change in the rainfall pattern in to impact on water bodies Tripura are that while there will be a marginal decrease in total annual The likely consequences of climate rainfall and the state of Tripura change in the water front in Tripura would also face an increase in are (i) decrease in total annual extreme weather related events. rainfall, (ii) change in rainfall pattern resulting in crop failure for Vulnerability of population of not getting the rain when required Agartala to climate change related and (iii) sudden bursts of rain over events a small period of time leading to flood. The normal annual rainfall in Urban flooding is a recurring Tripura is 2196.4 mm. In 2008 the phenomenon that Agartala Town actual rainfall amounted to 1,804.8 faces every year during the monsoon mm. In the current year (2010), Period. The local population has Tripura has received over 20% less learned to adopt by developing a rain during the period January- number of coping strategies for August. facing such periodic episodes of flooding. However, climate change The challenge of Sustainability of is likely to intensify this problem Agriculture through a combination of more intense local precipitation, channel The Department of Agriculture flooding, Border area flooding. If has undertaken efforts to collect such intense precipitations are information from the Central accompanied by extreme weather Water Commission offices for the 153 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura major rivers of Gumti, Feni, Haora, any weather reports based on data Khowai, Dhalai, Manu, Juri etc. collected over several years, crop A paper regarding study on water productivity and crop loss if any, system analysis on Haora river cannot be properly correlated to basin at Tripura was published in weather conditions, for ultimate May 2008 by Datta et al of National consideration under the National Institute of Technology, Agartala in Agriculture Insurance Scheme. collaboration with School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur The Department of Agriculture University, Kolkata. The study would like the IMD to impart brings out that even if we take into training to workers to keep records account the scenario of medium and and dispatch to the headquarters low emissions the finding predicts for collation and compilation. decreased water flow in Haora which could affect the availability of The Department of Agriculture has water in West Tripura and Agartala urged that to ensure sustainable in practice. It notes that decreased ecology against the forces of climate peaked flows would be lending change and provide support to short to loss in carrying capacity. The duration crops favoured under the Department notes that information situation, the creation of water regarding the other rivers is being harvest structures on table top of explored from the Central Water tilla land, should be encouraged Commission. It suggests that a to follow the scientific approach. systematic study on a project basis, It also notes that among the which is technically sound and horticultural crops, crop-cutting time bound, has to be undertaken experiments are conducted only on for the preparation of a long term potato, for the rest which include plan strategy for all the seven rivers plantation crops, fruits, vegetables, along with feeding cherras and flowers and spices, there is need rivulets to deal effectively with the to pursue a thoroughly scientific growing problem of sedimentation procedure for regular reporting of which would impede drainage. data and statistics and to monitor the loss or gain caused by biotic The Department of Agriculture and abiotic factors including proposes the establishment of climate change. The Department weather station in each panchayat. notes that in the hilly terrain of the Generation of crop statistics at the state receiving substantial rainfall, panchayat level is a pre-requisite though the land is interspersed with for assessment of crop loss under innumerable rivulets, due to coarse poor environment caused by soil, a very poor humus content and climate change. In the absence of prevalence of unpurified organic 154 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura matter in the forest of land (due to and soil erosion are the most poor microbial population for want pervasive natural problems that of cow dung which acts as a starter) undermine the overall economic or lack of sufficient quantity of and cultural development of the organic manure, any departure hilly tracts of whole Tripura State. from normal rainfall and weather Growing landslide events during becomes limiting to the crop to invite the past few years caused much soil economic crisis for the farmers. The erosion in the state. It reveals that Department notes that the problem vulnerable geological structure, is more challenging in the border steep and unstable slope, porous area of the state where boundary soil, deforestation, unplanned and walls have been constructed unscientific usage of land along impeding drainage outside. The with heavy and concentrated impounded water is a constraint in rainfall are primarily responsible realizing the optimal productivity. for the establishment of such a The Department is of the view that vicious cycle of denudation which the panacea lies in identifying a is assumed to be an annually third party, who under agreement recurring phenomena in the state would work in collaboration with the of Tripura. The nature of rainfall department to undertake panchayat has also been erratic in terms of its level crop-cutting experiments for occurrence period (not total rainfall). final compilation and completing The problems become acute when necessary statistical exercise. The huge amount of rainfall takes place Department is of the view that to within a very short period of time. monitor the changes taking place Both of these hazards generate due to changing environment and huge amount of sediment load. The evaluate the effect through the use areas susceptible to landslides in of new agricultural technology a the state are mostly existing along separate integrated project should the road network, whereas soil be urgently taken up. erosion takes place in and around deforested barren lands, agricultural The growing challenge of geo- lands and along the river banks. hydrological hazards Hence, there exists a crying need to delineate stable and unstable areas From the researchers of Tripura in a realistic manner to arrest such University it is learnt that hazardous phenomena. unscientific and unplanned usage of land together appear to be The only trunk road (NH 44) adding to the impact of the climate which connects the whole state of change and thereby aggravating Tripura with other north eastern different types of geo-hydrological states and treated as the lifeline hazards. It is noted that landslides of Tripura remains closed almost 155 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura during entire monsoon period due Lacking in organized to landslide events. Temporary multidisciplinary research rescue works are carried out by capabilities the local administration to the individual problem areas but long Analysis of these inputs makes it term measures are almost missing. quite clear that vast knowledge Lack of proper data base, literature, gaps exist at the level of the state maps, technical details and planning in respect of the impacts of climate are the main drawbacks of such change. These gaps can be suitably remedy which deserves immediate researched upon and tackled at attention. Sediments produced the state level only through the by such hazards are carried down establishment of teams capable to the lower courses of the major of undertaking multi-disciplinary rivers of Tripura, deposited within research. It is also obvious that the valley bottom and thereby there are many more issues about reduces the depth of the rivers. In which knowledge gaps exist and most of the peak monsoon periods would be identified if the state of high rainfall the lower courses mission on strategic knowledge for of the rivers fail to carry excess climate change is launched and amount of water (discharge) and starts coordinating the processes thereby creates flood and river of knowledge generation and bank erosion causing huge amount dissemination. Efforts would of resource loss. If this situation have to be taken up to involve the continues for a long time, most of researchers and build their capacity the major river will tend to turn to cope with the gaps existing in the into their dying phase and will fail state of knowledge. to serve the society. Thus, it is the high time to take proper measure to It is also understood that in this address the problem scientifically. area of interdisciplinary research This can only be attempted through the capabilities are at the moment the preparation of long term data inadequately established in the base related to changing areas state of Tripura. The scoping of of forest cover, agricultural land, investigational activity is not a one- construction sites, daily rainfall off exercise and has to be treated and temperature, cross-section, as a continuing activity. Adaptation discharge and sediment load of projects require knowledge and data the major rivers, detailed zonation of natural resources, institutions studies, vulnerability and risk and capacities. Long term monitoring analysis those are still lacking in of impacts at the regional level is the state. an important requirement in this area. Capabilities would need to 156 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura be built at the state level in respect mobilized in a preliminary way. of application of known models There are also some S&T based non- and limitations of models and data governmental organizations working would have to be understood. Gaps on climate change in the state of in capabilities have been recorded Tripura which can be mobilized at the level of regular monitoring to document and assimilate the itself. local knowledge available with the people. The Tripura’s state mission To meet the challenge of generation on strategic knowledge needs to and dissemination of strategic plan its activities and programmes knowledge on climate change has in conjunction with the other four outlined the first set of thoughts or five missions under planning and it is understood that much as a part of the state level action learning is going to take place in plan on climate change. It is also regard to even what kind of gaps recognized that planning would exist and how they could be filled need to be consciously undertaken best in the state where the overall at all the levels for the upgrading of knowledge infrastructure is in the competencies in respect of all the need of considerable upgrading. identified tasks and challenges. There are a number of constraints Given the urgency of the challenge that limit at present the ability of on the ground facing the state much the knowledge system available of the competencies that the state of within the state of Tripura to deliver Tripura needs to constitute the state the required and expected outcomes level systems of strategic knowledge for effective action in respect of for climate change would have to climate change on the part of the be accomplished and established government as well as the people. in the course of implementation of the identified tasks and activities Approach and Strategies to for the reduction of climate change address the gap areas based disasters related risks itself. It is also therefore recognized that Some level of relevant competencies a significant part of the mission for seem to already exist in the strategic knowledge would need Government departments, State to be built as well defined units level public sector organizations, working as an integral part of the in- research institutions, university house competencies of the executive and colleges, local self government agencies. But all such units would institutions, mass organizations be required to maintain active links and trade unions. While drawing with the structures and constituents this mission document some of of the state mission on strategic these competencies have been knowledge for climate change. These 157 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura in-house competencies are required 1) Strengthen and prioritize to be constituted in a planned ongoing and planned manner by the executing agencies programmes of the state of in the course of implementing the Tripura in respect of developing state action plan for climate change adaptation and mitigation itself. activities. However, it is also clear that in the 2) Increase the spatial and state of Tripura more, diverse and temporal coverage and higher levels of competencies are also resolution of regional impact of required to be established to manage climate change in the state of the climate change related risks. A Tripura. set of advanced competencies which 3) Develop the state level need to be created with the aim of capacity in distributed form imbuing them with specialized or but networked through the nodal functions in the form of new activities and programmes institutions would be established in identified as a part of the the midst of universities or research mission. institutions to give appropriate environment for knowledge 4) Widen the scope and activities production. It is also suggested that of knowledge generation for the system of strategic knowledge observation, monitoring, for climate change needs to be assessment and actions established as a distributed system relating to the management of among institutions of relevant climate changed induced risk. knowledge domains working in a networked form for the realization 5) Use existing delivery structures of the detailed objectives of the for knowledge dissemination Tripura’s state mission for strategic and application. knowledge. Competence upgrading 6) Create knowledge networks activities would not be limited to the with selected core knowledge state level bodies but also extend generating and applying to all the other levels and made to institutions as nodes that function in a manner of horizontal are linked and involved in networks. the development of activities The proposed approach for through a wide range of addressing the knowledge gaps and knowledge partners. mobilization of strategic knowledge 7) Use extramural research in the areas related to climate system to undertake the change are as follows: widening of activities of 158 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura knowledge generation and A legislation to establish a new delivery. authority with the representatives of all the different stakeholders 8) Create new knowledge / agencies as members of the institutions by leveraging council governing its activities can and supplementing existing be brought out. The Chief Minister strengths as far as possible should head the authority and when needed. the Minister of Environment and S&T should be vested with the 9) Develop and provide knowledge necessary executive powers to and information services and operationalise and develop the state products for use at specific and level action plan on climate change. different levels, for example, The Mission Office of the state develop internal knowledge mission on strategic knowledge for alert system, risk assessment climate change would be under this reports, regular reports on base authority and be responsible for the line information and indicators, design and implementation of this policy briefs, discussion papers mission as well. on scenarios and choices, etc. For the realization of the above Activities and programmes described approach to mobilization As the Tripura’s state mission on of strategic knowledge including the strategic knowledge for climate implementation of the mission it is change sees its objectives to proposed that the mission office be arising out of the aim of should be built as an organization need to build the human and which is designed to promote knowledge, organizational and sharing of data and knowledge, institutional, evidence-based ensuring the flow of resources to all policy implementation, continuous the linked organization for climate learning and pro-active designing change risk management activities, capacities for vulnerability pro-actively designing programmes assessment and risk reduction, and activities to partner with and it is proposed that in the state assist the linked organizations in of Tripura as a part of the time the management of resources and bound (short, medium and long risk and enabling the institutions term) programmes and continuing and agencies, irrespective of activities the followings are to be the level at which they work, to included in the state mission on assimilate, develop, use and act on strategic knowledge of climate the new knowledge and information change: becoming available to the mission office through the knowledge a) Activities aimed at mapping of networks. 159 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the knowledge base and data available to all departments resources relevant to climate and organizations; change for the mobilization of state specific strategic e) studies are required to be knowledge are required to be formulated and implemented implemented and identification in a collaborative manner of the institutional support to in the state level research be provided for the formation of institutions for the conduct of state wide knowledge network research on basic phenomena, and networking of the state measurements of key climate level institutions. and biogeochemical variables including changes in eco- b) Activities aimed at the systems and land use change identification of the knowledge & land cover change, and the gaps that need to be filled at possible feedbacks on climate the state level are required to be change, climate science with undertaken with regard to the region specific modeling, effects areas of climate change impacts of climate change on different on important socio-economic types of ecosystems; sectors like agriculture, health, natural resources, eco-system, f) programmes are required to be health, biodiversity, etc initiated for the assessment of vulnerability of most sensitive c) Activities aimed at the populations / occupation generation and development groups and areas in the state of knowledge base needed for of Tripura to climate change; the development of foresight, assessment and decision g) state specific exercises are making activity with a view to required to be formulated undertake the improvement in for an assessment of various and elaboration of sustainable technological scenarios and development pathways in the alternatives for meeting the light of responsible climate objectives of sustainable change related actions development; d) Interventions aimed at h) Studies aimed at design of the bringing about a significant improvements and changes improvement in the in the policies, strategies, observations of key climate and plans and programmes of biogeochemical variables and development of the state are development of benchmarked required to be undertaken; baseline data which would be i) Activities and programmes 160 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura are required to be initiated knowledge capacity aimed at with the objective to actively capacity building interventions gain from and contribute to at the various levels including the activities being planned establishment of a nodal under the national action plan institution to be located in the on climate change (NAPCC) midst of Tripura University for sustaining the eastern and with the relevant knowledge North-Eastern Himalayas eco- base dedicated to undertaking system and development of the mobilization of strategic the north-eastern region as a knowledge, whole; n) Programmes and activities are j) Initiatives are required to be required to be undertaken for formulated for the strengthening strengthening the knowledge of the state level activities for infrastructure and research disaster risk reduction with base capable of undertaking a view to leverage the plans climate changed related under development at the research, observational, national level for international monitoring and assessment cooperation with Bangladesh activities, creating dedicated and Southeast Asia; centers for the generation and application of relevant robust k) Activities are required to be knowledge, encouraging the identified and undertaken participation of the individuals for ensuring that practical working in the state level knowledge gaps in respect organizations in the knowledge of risk management are also networks that are now under bridged in collaboration with formation at the national level; the expertise and knowledge available with the vulnerable o) Schemes to be formulated and groups; initiated for the building of the state- level human capacity l) Activities and programmes are through a climate change required to be implemented research and fellowship for enabling the people to plan programme and undertake decentralized actions for coping with the Proposed Actions to Address vulnerabilities of their own Objectives and Goals of the area of reach Mission m) Activities and programmes are For an effective implementation of required to be developed for the climate change related activities in creation of institutional and the State of Tripura the government 161 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura needs to strengthen considerably the in the state to galvanize the state existing knowledge base of the state. and its people for an effective First of all, there should be a planned response to the impacts of climate upgrading of in-house competencies change. In order to implement the of the executive agencies involved state level action plan the state of with the implementation of all the Tripura urgently needs an anchor missions. Second, there is also for the production of strategic the need to create an institution knowledge. This anchor should capable of specializing in the have the capacity to anticipate and activities concerning climate change provide support to the government monitoring and assessment and as well as the people. A nodal level coordinating the work of knowledge S&T capacity building institution generation required to be undertaken can alone serve this mandate. 162 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Key Priorities Science, Technology & Environment and should be independent of Formulation of Tripura Institute other administrative duties of the of Strategic Knowledge for department. There should be a Climate Change (TISKCC) facility for both internal and external channels of entry. However, the It is proposed that Tripura Institute subject specialists should be drawn of Strategic Knowledge for Climate on deputation from the concerned Change (TISKCC) has to be set up departments. At the execution to provide for S&T capacity building level at the districts, there should in climate change. It should be be convergence the departmental founded and created in quick and activities, the sectoral activities and well measured steps. The mandate the inter-departmental convergence of coordination of supply of all the should be given particular focus. relevant specialized competencies There is a need to strengthen which are needed in the state for district level activities focusing the execution of sub-missions of on coordination, monitoring of the mission on strategic knowledge activities, reporting & testing for climate change be devolved on facilities as well as an information this specialized institution. The dissemination & campaign. For the Government would nurture this proposed structure of TISKCC refer specialized institution to be developed to Cross Cutting and Implementation as a distributed set of competencies level Issues in Climate Change . This which are networked for the would have an Organic link with the purpose of S&T capacity building departments as well as the various by this organization. The State level centres and field level agencies. nodal institution for S&T capacity building needs to be consciously Establishment of Centre of developed as a knowledge hub for Monitoring and Assessment of the spokes that would also need to Climate Change (CMACC) be strengthened as in-house units for knowledge production in the As a first step, it is proposed departments and agencies of the to the Government to establish state government. The role of S&T immediately nodal Centre of capacity building demands that Monitoring and Assessment of as far as possible its constituent Climate Change (CMACC) to take establishments and competencies the responsibility for observations, should be located and operate from monitoring, modeling, prediction within the environment of research of climate in the state of Tripura institutions or universities. and preparation of reports on the However, the TISKCC per se could possible impact of climate change in be a cell within the Department of respect of extreme weather events 163 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and to bring out possible impact also treat itself as responsible for of climate change in key socio- bringing an improvement in the economic sectors. It is also proposed performance of the state with regard that CMACC to function from the to S&T capacity building in climate environs of TripuraUniversity which change. The S&T capacity building has the supporting knowledge functions implies undertaking domains being already cultivated to teaching and research and acting some extent in the state of Tripura. as a bridging institution for the extension of strategic knowledge to The CMACC would have to be the relevant people for the benefit of nurtured by the Government to development of the coping capacity ultimately spawn a number of of the state. The nodal S&T capacity units / departments / centers in building institution would have the relevant knowledge environs to be developed to operate as a in the state to take up the work of networked system which is capable generation of strategic knowledge of undertaking research, education for the proposed sub-missions on a) and extension in all the domains of climate change impacts monitoring knowledge production and transfer and assessment, b) biomass in a coordinated manner. For the based development initiatives for sub missions to be run which adaptation to climate change, c) require very different disciplines initiatives for the implementation and specializations the nodal units of measures of adaptation and for S&T capacity building could mitigation in the fields of interest to have different physical locations the state, e. g, health, water, forests, and be allowed to take advantage etc., d) energy related technological of some other institutions where innovations, e) assessment of the domain of knowledge is more impacts of responses to climate appropriate and suitable for them. change and f) human capacity building. The CMACC would treat It is expected that this new the mandate of spawning a number institution would be able to build of specialized competencies in the the capacity required for absorbing relevant knowledge environs quite all the relevant data and knowledge seriously. being produced at the national and regional level. The mandate As a networked institution the of this institution is not limited above said larger institutional to the function of S&T capacity setup of TISKCC would be made building of the state agencies and responsible for the coordination of covers the people of the state as a generation of strategic knowledge whole in respect of the challenge for climate change needed by the of development of coping capacity, state and the institution would particularly its S&T capacity 164 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura component. As this new institution the plans and programmes of is also expected to generate the new research, teaching and extension location specific knowledge with in collaboration with the partnering regard to climate change, the CMACC organizations in respect of their will have to put in place the detailed respective areas of knowledge plans for the implementation of the domains. The process of S&T proposed sub missions and their capability building in climate change nodal teams within a period of six is expected to be dominated by the months starting from the approval of collaborative mode of activities. the mission on strategic knowledge for climate change. As there is no effective mechanism to network the climate change related As the planning and implementation knowledge generating institutions of the proposed sub-missions this new nodal institution would of the mission on strategic also have the responsibility to knowledge for climate change benchmark the data and knowledge would be the responsibility of the being generated in the in-house proposed S&T capacity building units of the line departments institution, It is proposed that and developmental agencies. the TISKCC to collaborate with Data sharing policy among the the line departments and all the departments and agencies is other agencies and undertake the critical to climate change modeling handholding activities in respect of and simulation of responses. At knowledge transfer and technology the national level the national implementation for their improved knowledge network (NKN) is performance. expected to serve as the underlying common infrastructure to support The TISKCC should have the data sharing and collaboration. responsibility of preparing 165 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura An outline of the proposed and following up their establishment submissions for which the CMACC is as follows. would be preparing detailed plans Name of the sub-mission Coordinating Leading partnering centre organizations Climate change impacts Tripura IMD, Agartala, Deptt of monitoring and assessment University Agriculture, Department of Water Resources, Department of Forests, Department of Science & Technology& Environment Development of information Agricultural IMD, Department of Agriculture, system for the generation College, Department of Water resources and dissemination of agro- Agartala meteorological knowledge River conservation NIT, Agartala StateRiver Authority Sustainable utilization of Tripura Department of water resources. ground water University Landslides and related NIT, Agartala Municipalities and panchayats hazards Biomass based development Tripura Department of Forests, initiatives for adaptation to Renewable Department of Agriculture, climate change including Energy Department of Industries, horticulture and biomass Development Department of Science & processing industries Agency (TREDA) Technology & Environment Biodiversity monitoring Tripura Department of Forests, Colleges University and Schools Initiatives for implementation Agartala Health department, of the measures of Medical College. municipalities, PHCs and adaptation and mitigation in panchayat bodies the field of public health Town planning, buildings NIT, Agartala. Department of Urban and construction technology Development, town planning units of local self governments, PWD Energy related technological NIT, Agartala Department of Power, innovations for mitigation Transport, PWD, Department of climate change (Biomass of Science & Technology & gasifiers, Chullahs, solar Environment energy utilization) Technology watch, foresight A separate Department of Science and & assessment, climate centre to be Technology change response impact located in NIT, assessment extramural Agartala research, human capacity building, S&T international and regional cooperation and linkages, 166 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Compile a data base of past distribution of precipitation (rainfall) weather related information and surface runoff pattern which is and damage caused by extreme affecting groundwater conditions. weather related episodes and facilitating study to identify the It has been noted that besides possible weather variability and the natural change some man- associated vulnerability made factors are also influencing the groundwater conditions. Loss With the aim to strengthen the of vegetation cover by settlement understanding of the vulnerability growth along with other human of Agartala from weather related interventions in nature will not only events caused by climate change seriously affect on climatic change effects it is required to compile a but also play vital role for changing data base of past weather related the groundwater condition. Status information and damage caused by needs to be monitored in both extreme weather related episodes. temporal and spatial scales. User The State’s existing research friendly preparation of groundwater set up would need considerable maps is necessary to provide strengthening. Research teams regular basic information about soil need to be formed with a view to conditions and water potentiality encourage the scientists working in to the local farmers for sustainable the concerned knowledge domains to agriculture development in remote develop hydrological, hydraulic and hilly villages of Tripura. storm drainage models to identify vulnerable areas and determine The Department of Agriculture has physical damage estimates resulting noted that agricultural statistics from climate change effects, assess compilation and collection remains economic, social and environmental primarily confined to major impacts resulting from such climate agricultural crops. At present, crop change events. Without filling the insurance benefits are extended only knowledge gaps the Government against rice and potato cultivation of Tripura would not be able to to the farmers. The Department is formulate appropriate adaptation proposing that a separate agency proposals to cope with damage for reporting agricultural statistics arising from climate change effects be established immediately. The and explore strategies to mitigate Department of Agriculture is them. concerned about the macro and micro nutrient status of soil and From the proposals of researchers suggests that a planned intervention working in Tripura University it is needed for ensuring an effective is understood that recent climatic nutritional management of different change is influencing widely seasonal crops. It takes note of the latest 167 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura report of National Bureau of Soil in various laboratories within the Survey (NBSS) which has stated state. using remote sensing technology Setting up of weather monitoring and GIS that the entire soil of the stations (AWS) state ranges between slightly acidic situation to highly acidic situation The likely consequences of climate causing fixation of phosphates change in the water front in Tripura and immobilization of several are (i) decrease in total annual micronutrients. It notes that the rainfall, (ii) change in rainfall environmental change is already pattern resulting in crop failure for causing direct and indirect changes not getting the rain when required in the availability of organic matter and (iii) sudden bursts of rain over a and humus in the soil, which small period of time leading to flood. otherwise acts as a buffer to impede Indian Meteorological Department drastic changes in pH. It seeks to (IMD), Agartala is conscious of promote the judicious use of rock the knowledge gaps existing in phosphate etc because of lack of respect of weather related changes organic manure that could help and is proposing to install five to restore equilibrium of available more automatic weather stations nutrient through normal activity of (AWS), four automatic rain gauges beneficial microbes. Further, it has (ARG) and one Agro-AWS. IMD also proposed studies on nutrient is also proposing to install more application and crop uptake in observatories. different land situations, topography and varied soil classifications Capacity Building on Climate in order to understand and Change monitor the influence of edaphic and environmental interaction Climate change is a relatively in relation to climate change. new issue. Awareness within the The Department of Agriculture department of Government of is interested in undertaking a Tripura and the concerned line thorough study for monitoring of department , businesses and civil the status of useful microbes under society associated with different changing environment in traditional sector needs to be strengthened. non-cultivated forest land and Awareness is the first step. The proposes to compare the results next step is to build the capacity- with traditionally cultivated soil knowledge, skills and resources – before and after chemical fertilizer to be able to address the climate application. It notes that there change concern. This is again a is only one central bio-fertilizer need of all the individual sectors. laboratory to monitor the quality The key approach formulized are: 168 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Capacity building of personnel for not getting rain when required. in the service department Further, the State may also get subjected to sudden bursts of rain • Exposure visit for capacity over a small period of time leading to building flood. Although the State of Tripura is fortunate in respect of groundwater To build GHG inventory and resources (only one third potential identify the dominant GHG/ CO2 emitting sectors, industries, has been utilized so far) and there districts, municipalities in order will be no crisis of water in the state, to enable selection of mitigation but the proposed action plan of the opportunities. Department of Water Resources identifies the lack of inventory of While all the individual departments water sources as a knowledge gap. and sectors recognize the climate It states that the second phase of change relevance, there is no data the Action Plan will have to start or information (barring few) to the with identifying and inventorizing extent to their sectors contribute all kinds of water sources existing to the overall emissions. So each in the state. A groundwater status department should formulate a cell map for the entire state will also to monitor the GHG emission and have to be prepared. The water inventories it. Such information can source inventory would also be thereafter be analyzed to formulate focusing on the water quality of the strategy towards reducing the sources. It also states that inclusion emission through technological of water quality data of the identified innovation including technology sources will require some outside transfer and process modification. agency. The Department notes that generation of database for ponds, Identifying and inventorizing all tanks, dighis, lakes and big water- kinds of water sources existing in bodies will be an exercise being the state (include generation of taken up probably for the first time database for ponds, tanks, dighis, and may require engaging some lakes and big water-bodies) with outside agency as well. focus on water quality. In view of large scale development According to the Department of work going on in Tripura, the water Water Resources of Government of resource Department recognizes Tripura, the normal annual rainfall that some crisis of ground water in Tripura is 2196.4 MM. In 2008 may also crop in and around the actual rainfall amounted to Agartala if ground water is lifted in 1804.8 mm. Tripura is also likely huge quantity. In this connection, to experience a change in rainfall it projects that Tripura needs to pattern resulting in crop failure 169 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura obtain more accurate data on maturation of fish, spermatogenesis rainfall and groundwater picture. is seriously affected in males. Once It has been suggested that Tripura the optimum temperature and should have at least some 70 rain rainfall are not available in the fresh gauge stations. water environment, the fertilization will not be occurring in that season Conservation of River Aquatic so it may lead to termination of Resources life of a particular fish species. The researchers noted that in Research study has triggered the this way, a number of fish species concern that climate change would are getting lost in the freshwater result into adverse impact on rivers of Tripura. They propose to water availability due to increase undertake research to find out of atmospheric temperature as well about the trend of occurrence as decrease of rainfall threaten the of CO2, water temperature and livelihoods of population dependent rainfall in different seasons in the on fisheries for their livelihoods. It river ecosystems of Tripura with is pointed out that Zooplanktons a view to identify the male fish being a vital resource of fresh water species where spermatogenesis is are considered as water quality being suppressed due to climate indicator species on the one hand changing features. and nutritious food-organism for the fishes on the other. The increase Development and implementation of atmospheric temperature and of Biomass based initiatives for adaptation to climate change gradual decrease of rainfall and the including horticulture said phenomenon is suppressing the potential reproductive performance Research study has established that in the zooplankton in general and atmospheric pollution and climate in rotifer in particular. It is noted change is likely to present major that this in turn can cause a threats to biodiversity in the state of shortage of natural food resources Tripura and therefore it is essential for the fishes directly and affect the to develop an understanding of the survival potential of the fish larvae nature and extent of their impacts. in the fresh water. Some of the fish In situ monitoring allows changes species are also receiving direct in biodiversity to be detected and threats due to change of climatic quantified and therefore provides features such as atmospheric objective evidence on which to temperature and rainfall. For develop scientific understanding, increasing their population, these policy and management responses. species breed once in a year It is proposed that underlying causes only. Due to gradual decrease of of change in biodiversity must be rainfall during the period of gonad 170 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura identified before an appropriate inappropriate planning systems, response can be made. The impacts unsustainable service delivery of climate change and air pollution models, and lack of focus on the are particularly difficult to identify urban poor - negate the benefits with a high degree of confidence. of agglomeration economies in One of the main reasons for this Indian cities by distorting land and is that air pollution data is rarely housing markets, rendering cities measured on continuous and non-creditworthy, and leaving the coherent basis at different sites. So urban cities with expensive yet potential relationships in between poorly functioning urban services. air pollution and climate change can Such situation is further worsen only be assessed by using correlated by out moded urban management measurements. Only then the use techniques, constraints on water of statistical techniques to compare supplies and natural resources, trends at different monitoring sites lack of urban Infrastructure with contrasting environmental upgradation, finance autonomy conditions would give best results. issues, overlapping and fragmented This would be particularly powerful functions between ULBs and state in a permanent network where sites government and lack of functionaries are strategically selected to maximize and over and above the problem of the contrast in air pollution and urban poverty and slum. climate change regimes. A study is required to understand Study on Biotechnology the current carrying capacity of a intervention for increasing the region and develop effective strategy production of milk towards The climate change is subjected to 1. Quality and provision for impose threat on food security and infrastructure for all areas malnutrition and also may impose (which should limit risks of threat to livelihood of livestock’s. flooding for the whole city Biotechnological intervention is area, not just for the wealthier required to facilitate increase in areas); production of milk. 2. Quality of provision for disaster- Studies on impact of Urban preparedness (including Migration on the resilience of the warnings, measures taken to urban ecosystem limit damage and, if needed, good provision to help people The current urban model is already move to safer areas quickly). constrained due to weak or outdated urban management practices, 3. Quality of planning for and 171 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura coordinating disaster-response poorer groups can buy, build (for instance rescue services or rent “safe” housing in “safe” and appropriate emergency sites. and health care services) and reconstruction (to help those 5. Enhancing the degree to which who have lost their homes local government creates an and livelihoods) which should enabling environment for aim to improve resilience, but local civil society action to seldom achieves this. contribute towards addressing the practical aims identified 4. Improving the extent to which above. 172 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Health Introduction 1. Progressively increased health burden because of increased Accrued empirical evidence has proliferation of climate sensitive already established climate- diseases and premature death disease relationship. Public (high confidence) health which is highly dependent 2. Altered distribution of some upon the availability of adequate infectious disease vector that quantity and quality of food, safe might proliferate due to climate drinking water, decent home change (medium confidence) protected against disasters, a reasonable income and good social 3. Altered distribution of some and community relations (WHO, allergenic pollen species (high 2003) is projected to be affected by confidence) climate change (Rahman A, 2008). Such adverse impact includes 4. Increased heat wave related morbidity and mortality due to death (medium confidence) increased heat, air pollution effect, 5. Projected trends in climate malnutrition, water borne diseases change related exposures of like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and importance to human health gastreoenteritis, and vector borne diseases such as malaria. Tripura a. Increased malnutrition (due already has a combination of to deterioration in nutritional many of this human health related health arising from crop issues. Such issues are likely to be failure, which is caused by exacerbate due to climate change. droughts and especially by high night temperatures that The possible climate related health result in reduced cereal yields) impacts envisaged are1 : and consequent disorders, 1 4th Assessment Report IPCC 173 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura including those relating to The possible health related child growth and development adverse impact is likely to damage highly linked with the economic human well-being and prosperity conditions (high confidence) substantially and especially among the population having lower b. Increase the number of people capacity to combat the impacts suffering from death, diseases, and access to medical facilities. The injury from heat waves, flood, region wise impact would however storms, fires and drought (high vary depending on the adaptive confidence) capacity and strategy configured, c. Increase burden of vector and demography, factors governing water borne diseases microclimatic condition of the region, socio economic condition, d. Increased cardio respiratory preparedness and awareness morbidity and mortality among the population on general associated with ground level health related issues. ozone. 174 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Key Facts about the Sector The section intends to present the overview of the health status of the state that has formed the basis of strategy development. The parameters include overall health scenario, diseases outburst, morbidity and associated mortality, health risk and available infrastructure. Although the fact remains that trends of diseases over years are not exclusively driven by the impact of climate change but Economic Situation the issue persists that the existing health scenario is most likely to Impacts of Climate change on deteriorate under weather variability human health possess a vital and overall human health impact relationship with the economic may escalate with respect to their profile and infrastructure availability virulence and spread to hitherto for the population in the region. diseases free area. It is worthwhile to mention that that higher the financial constrain the population faces the more is it Demographic Characteristics vulnerable to the impact of climate Birth rate Death rate Natural growth rate Infant mortality rate Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban India 22.5 24.1 18.3 7.3 7.8 5.8 15.2 16.3 12.5 50 55 34 Tripura 14.8 15.5 11.6 5.1 5 5.5 9.7 10.5 6.1 31 33 20 change. Tripura is a small state in the country after Goa and Sikkim with an area of 10,491.69 Sq. km surrounded by Bangladesh on its north, south and west sharing an international border of 856 Km (84 per cent of its total border) rest 53 km border with Assam and 109 km border with Mizoram. The economy of Tripura is characterized by high rate of poverty, low per-capita income, 175 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura low capital formation, in- adequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottleneck, inadequate exploitation and use of forest and mineral resources, low progress in industrial field and high un-employment problem. The economy of Tripura is agrarian with more than 50 per cent of its population depends on agriculture Medical Infrastructure for livelihood and contribution of agriculture & allied activities to Health is a state subject in India the Gross State Domestic Product where the policies and infrastructure (GSDP) is 23 percent making the are planned and developed by the state much more susceptible to the state government. Health and variation of climate change. Family Welfare Department Govt of 1972 1978 1998 2010 Tripura's Per Capita annual Income at current prices (in 502 928 11,012 38493 Rs.) Gross State Domestic Product NA 175.34 3298.34 16327.89 at current prices (Rs. in crore) Tripura - annual average 2.57% NA 5.24% 7.90% growth rate National - annual average 2.86% NA 6.50% 8.20% growth rate Tripura leads the health initiative in the state. The department operates through its two directorates namely Directorate of Health Services and Directorate of Family Welfare & Preventive Medicine. Directorate of Health Services looks after State Hospitals, District and Sub-Divisional Hospitals and Ayurvedic & Homoeopathic Hospitals whereas Directorate of Family Welfare & Preventive Medicine are responsible for Community Health 176 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Centres, Primary Health Centres for development of P. vivax and P. and Sub-Centres meant for primary falciparum parasite in anopheline health care services. mosquitoes is 14.5 –16.50C and 16.5 –180C respectively (Martens The health service in the states et al. 1995) which increases due to comprises of 925 State run medical decrease in temperature till 320C institutions in 2009-10 (including where after there is high mortality 20 Hospitals (including Homeo/ in mosquitoes (Martens, 1997). Ayurvedic), 90 Primary Health Centre, 748 Dispensary/Sub A relation between the temperature Centre, 113 family welfare clinic and duration required for the and others). completion of sporogony of the parasite in anopheles mosquito is Key Issues presented in the table below iii: Increase in morbidity/mortality Parasite No. of Days required due to increased incidence of Species forsporogony at Vector Borne diseases: different temperature 200C 250C Epidemiological study has P.falciparum 22-23 12-14 established the linkage between P.vivax 16-17 9-10 climate changes and malaria as the P.malarie 30-35 23-24 development of the parasite takes P.ovale Not 15-16 place in a mosquito which being a known cold-blooded creature is sensitive Epidemiological Profile (World to climatic conditions such as Malaria Report 2010) temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind velocity. At increased temperatures the rate of digestion of blood meal in mosquito increases which in turn accelerates the ovarian development, egg laying, reduction in duration of gonotrophic cycle and higher frequency of feeding on hosts thereby enhancing the probability of transmission as reduction in the duration of gonotrophic cycle and sporogny are related with increased rate of transmission . The minimum temperature required 177 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The above representation indicates the susceptibility of the states to the incidence of Malaria. Projection Scenario: The baseline scenario indicates open for 10-12 months and will that the southern part of Tripura persist in 2030’s, with increase in has its transmission windows temperature. 178 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura TWs of Malaria inTripura based on temperature (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 0 1 to 2 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 Data Not Available Baseline 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Projection 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 TWs of Malaria inTripura based on temperature and RH (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 0 1 to 2 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 Data Not Available Baseline 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Projection 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 State Profile Comparative Analysis of Malarial Incidence Cumulative number of indoor and Although the number of malarial outdoor patient in the four districts incidence cases decreased across of Tripura during 2009-10 was 2010-11 compared to 2009-10 the 30,277 with maximum cases in statistical input has shown a rise in South Tripura the positive case in the first quarter of 2011-12 in compared to the last quarter of 2010-11. 179 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Strategic Framework Enhanced exposure to Water disposal leading to mass casualties’ Borne Diseases condition. Direct impacts can be categorised under incidence like Water borne diseases is subjected diarrhoea, vector-and rodent-borne to be proliferated under the indirect diseases like malaria, leptospirosis; impact of climate change. Such skin and eye infections; and incidence can be classified as water psychological stress. The indirect borne (ingested) and water washed health consequences are usually (caused by lack of hygiene). Tripura owes to damage to water and being situated in flood prone area, sanitation infrastructure, damage most of the times is vulnerable to crops and disruption of food in the aftermath of flood due to supplies, destruction of property unavailability of safe water supply, causing lack of shelter which might hygienic food availability, improper lead to increased exposure to sanitation and improper bio-waste disease-vectors. 180 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Enhanced exposure to Cardio urban migration. –Respiratory Problem The action plan is strategized in Assuming current emission level order to reduce the impact of climate continues there is high chances change related direct and indirect of deterioration of air quality in human health relevant exposure, urban region as well increased combat the incidence of diseases exposure to ozone and other air and promotion of sustainable pollutant including particulate development. The strategy is matter projecting an increase framed on the basis of assessment in cardio- respiratory morbidity of the scale of impact at regional and mortality. Certain weather level, determining the priority and patterns enhance the development scale of actions and strategising of urban heat island, the intensity adaptation measures towards of which is important for secondary reducing vulnerability of climate chemical reaction within the urban change. Such strategy broadly atmosphere leading to elevated level includes enhancement of awareness of some pollutants. and uptake of effective clinical and public health intervention in The climate change may also alter high need regions for reduction of the seasonal distribution of some impact. allergenic pollen species leading to physiological problem. Adaptation Pathway Enhanced chances of Malnutrition Adaptation measures are strategized and Food Security in order to offset and reduce the negative impact of climate change The lowering of yield of food crops due and utilising the positive impacts to climatic variability might diminish towards enhancement of overall dietary diversity and reduces overall sustainable development. For food consumption and may therefore working out the comprehensive lead to micronutrient deficiencies strategy the socio economic driving posing impact including death, forces are also linked those are malnutrition and/or micronutrient indirectly impacted by the climate deficiencies especially among the change but influence the overall vulnerable section of the population health scenario which forms the with lower economic stability. Food fundamental and integral part of insecurity issue may also lead to socio economic development. 181 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Climate change Issues Impact Pathway Surface temperature is Expected to face an Development of projected to increase increase incidence of adaptation frame work between 0.8-2.10C malaria due to increase towards reducing the in temperature incidence of malaria and enhancing the infrastructural facilities towards facilitating prompt and complete treatment of vector borne diseases Decrease in winter 1. Lower crop yield in 1. Management of Precipitation winter Malnutrition and addressing food 2. Damage of crop security issues due to higher Increase in intensity of precipitation 2. Loss of employment summer precipitation and adverse effect 3. Increased pest on health incidence Increase in night time 4. Increase runoff temperature and landslide during summer precipitation 5. High night temperature reducing cereal yield Climate change 1. Damage to 1. Planning Extremes like flood, agriculture leading effective disaster landslide to Increased management Poverty and programme malnutrition, population 2. Increased displacement surveillance for evidence 2. Population malnutrition displacement including adversely micronutrient impacting social deficiencies cohesion and health 3. Addressing the specific needs of the community thereby preventing migration Key Priorities The action for framing of adaptation strategies are conceptualised • Formulating Adaptation with an objective to reduce the strategies to reduce the impact of climate change vulnerability to the climate change issues affecting human that has already occurred and also health to address the health risks projected 182 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura to occur over the coming decades. water and improved sanitation Vulnerability is partly a function of to reduce water borne diseases, the programmes and measures in and implementing surveillance place to reduce burdens of climate- programmes to identify and respond sensitive health determinants and to outbreaks of malaria and other outcomes, and the degree to which infectious diseases. Weak public- the adaptation programmes needs health systems and limited access to be augmented. The strategic to primary health care contribute approaches identified are: to high levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity amongst the • Upgradation of state health people. policy through incorporation of Health Impacts due to Since the overall health condition climate change is vital element in determining the adaptive capacity there is a high Health impacts due to climate chance that the burden of disease change are presently not included and disability are likely to be more in the State Health Policy. The severe than otherwise in light of policy should include climate change in climatic conditions. The implication on human health such degree of emergence of diseases and as occupational health and vector climate change related vulnerability biology. Once the integration is done in the future, will depend not only on at the policy level, it will be easier to the extent of socio-economic change, integrate those at the programmatic but also on how evenly the benefits and other operating levels. and costs are distributed, and the manner in which change occurs • Research initiatives for (McKee and Suhrcke, 2005). changed patterns of diseases by region and by climate Given the importance of these types parameters of assessments, further research is proposed under the state climate There is high probability that change action plan. Climate change might enhance the chances of newly emerging In order to reduce the burdens infectious diseases, re-emergence of climate-sensitive health, of diseases previously under control determinants and outcomes may and redistribution of diseases need to be revised, reoriented in new areas/diseases free area. and in some regions expanded to Current levels of vulnerability address the additional pressures of are due to non performance of climate change. To this context an traditional public-health activities, assessment is required to be carried including providing access to safe out to determine the degree to which 183 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura the existing health programmes is • Identify extrinsic and need to be augmented depending intrinsic drivers of malaria and identifying immunity on factors such as the current intervention measures burden of climate-sensitive health towards control of incidence outcomes, the effectiveness of of malaria. current interventions, projections of where, when and how the Tripura is a hardcore malarious burden could change with changes area with around 10-12 months in climate and climate variability, of open transmission window. access to the human and financial The weather condition in the resources needed to implement region is conducive for both activities, stressors that could mosquito proliferation and increase or decrease resilience to active malaria transmission. impacts, and the social, economic Most pockets in forest, forest- and political context within which fringe and foothill villages interventions are implemented. located along inter country/ Given the importance of these interstate border are vulnerable types of assessments, further to occasional outbreaks. research is proposed under the Many of the interventions state climate change action plan. like indoor residual spray The assessment will also include are not operationally feasible the cost of adaptation. as the human settlements are scattered and are also Health impacts due to drinking not accepted among the water contamination and temperature variation community. Identification of vector borne The quantum of transmission diseases and development of in the region is governed by strategies to combat the impact two entomological indices i.e. vectoral capacity and Under the Dept. Of Health and Entomological Inoculation family welfare a network has to be Rates (EIR) per person/night. established for the control of vector These indices are directly borne diseases. Due to climate affected by the density of change, incidents of vector borne vectors in relation to number diseases are likely to increase and so of humans in a given local is the spread. Therefore the present situation, daily survival set up is required to be strengthened rate, feeding rate of vector with better surveillance, better mosquitoes and the duration diagnosis and control of vector with of the sporogonic cycle which a particular focus on vulnerable are sensitive to environmental group. conditions. 184 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Although the environmental • Evidence based assessment and eco-climatic factors are of biophysical determinants assisting in enhancing the of malaria and development of framework for adaptation breeding of mosquitoes but measures for malaria such parameters cannot be control. varied. It is therefore highly essential to identify the other To frame up the adaptation extrinsic and intrinsic factor measures it is essential to based on the local conditions undertake multi-disciplinary, through detailed entomological multi- institutional and multi- investigation in malaria location study to generate endemic pocket. evidence for impact of climate change on malaria. Such study The studies can include is essential for developing identification of vectors and a framework for adaptation parasite prelevence region measures for addressing the wise, their breeding time and adverse impacts of climate places, bionomics concerning change on malaria. Such study their breeding, in addition should include field survey in to other parameters like vector and parasite prelevence geographic distribution, pockets, surveillance of seasonal prevalence and host entomological indices and feeding preference and other malaria. related issues. The adaptation measures towards control and outbreak Based on the identified of vector borne diseases extrinsic and intrinsic factor includes both proactive the immunity intervention initiatives towards reducing measures towards control of the incidence of diseases and incidence of malaria will be reactive measures including strategized including variety preparedness for undertaking of options like distribution prompt and complete of LILN, Insecticide treated treatment. bed nets, antimalarial drug, introduction of larvivorous Development of proactive framework fishes in stagnant water, includes introduction of residual spray, clinical cure and awareness • Enhanced surveillance of creation through training suspected fever cases which programme. is the cardinal symptom of malaria 185 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • Supply of LLIN to population Development of reactive framework at higher risk of malarial includes incidence • Early diagnosis followed • Supply of Insecticide treated by Prompt, effective and bed nets complete treatment • Residual spray • Development of adequate • Chemoprophylaxis - infrastructure towards Chemoprophylaxis is diagnosis of severe recommended for travellers, malaria cases negative on migrant labourers and microscopy military personnel exposed • Strengthening of present to malaria in highly endemic health care set-up areas. Use of personal protection measures like • Development of adequate insecticide-treated bed nets infrastructure for should be encouraged for management of complications pregnant women and other for management of severe vulnerable populations. malaria • Assessment of malaria related • Study and documentation of diseases caused by knowledge, practices and water (water borne) and behaviour of the community development of institutional in malaria endemic areas to mechanism to reduce the develop behavioural change incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along with for developing strategy awareness generation towards prevention and control of malaria Climate-change-related alterations in rainfall • Increased awareness level (enhancement of precipitation- and enhancing community flood situation), surface water participation in control of availability and water quality malaria (increased contamination) • Monitoring and supervision of could affect the burden of water activities to ensure carrying related diseases. Extreme out of Malaria Control summer and lower rainfall Programme in effective and is envisaged to enhance the judicious manner which is pathogen loading whereas most often jeopardized due extreme rainfall and runoff to lack of funding and lack events may increase the total of adequate professional microbial load in water courses support. 186 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and drinking water reservoirs. and introducing a geographical So it is vital that a research information system (GIS) for study being is carried out analysis and management of to find out the possibility of diseases outbreaks. outbreak. As a part of GIS infrastructure Institutional development development thematic layers involves strengthening the including PHC/CHC locations, surveillance with an integrated geomorphological parameters, approach for management of land use, soil type, water water borne diseases including bodies, drainage network, forest water source contamination cover and settlement is to be and determining possibility considered to form the basis of of outbreaks of water borne analysis towards describing the diseases including developing primary risk factor within the of infrastructure towards PHC/CHC’s. Thematic maps facilitating prompt treatment of ecological parameter when of the diseases. overlaid on Malarial API map can guide towards information • Development of on malarial epidemiology institutional framework and infrastructural facilities for including early detection and early detection of vector framing up strategy towards borne diseases, including managing outbreaks. managing outbreaks Establishment/Upgradation of Vector-borne diseases such as pathological laboratories for disease identification caused due malaria enhance the morbidity to climate variations and mortality leading to social disruptions within the Climate change is expected to community. Besides ecological enhance burden on the existing parameters which influence the health care system and specifically disease incidence other local the diseases detection centre in factors such as socioeconomic, the far off, remote and inaccessible socio-cultural and behaviour areas or even in malaria endemic patterns of the community pockets where microscopy cannot play a major role in disease be conducted within 24 hrs of transmission. This objective of sample collection or does not early detection and managing have RDT facilities or facilities of outbreaks can be accomplished storing of RDT under recommended by compilation of generated conditions. Such areas call for dataset and its integration increase in the test centre for early within spatial infrastructure (SI) detection of malaria. 187 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Moreover some patient may not at all levels across the states will respond to treatment due to drug be required. Capacity building is resistance or treatment failure or strategized to work towards the happened to be the case of severe goal. The training is to be carried malaria where microscopic evidence out among the different categories may examine to be negative. In such of health care service provider cases there is a requirement of well after understanding the training equipped lab. requirement, development of module in consultation with state health Judging the necessity on the basis department, undertaking training of above scenario well equipped labs of local trainers and imparting of are proposed in the state at malaria training among the community endemic pocket and also at remote through the identified and trained areas that are not well connected trainers. to the main part of the sate having well equipped laboratory. From The point of view of capacity building advocacy and sensitisation Initiatives outlined above are of policy makers, massive planned as a key priority under general awareness campaigns, state climate change action plan. sensitizations of the health service providers (ANMs, ASHA, Doctors, Human health infrastructure development and capacity AWW) strengthening the curriculam building for climate change of ANMS, Health workers and adaptation Paramedic staff, recognizing gender issues, promoting health Capacity Building insurance for vulnerable groups, strengthening community resilience Climate change interrelationship and enhancing psychological aid to in health sector is a new area. disaster victims would be a part of Since the degree, dynamics and the exercise. intensity of the vector and water borne diseases are changing The detailed actions framed are with changing of time it is highly as follows: essential that training should be imparted to the existing man power 1. Capacity building and training on the treatment procedures. This for mental and physical health calls for an urgent requirement to treatment during and after develop capacity within the sectoral emergency preparedness institution as the implication of during extreme climate events climate change on health is expected & Capacity building and to be widespread; strengthening training for health workers awareness, knowledge and skills for sensitization of climate 188 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura variation and health impacts development (Support and Logistics for extreme a. State Technicians (2 climate risks) Medicine, Batches of 20 Each) Vaccines(Meningococcal b. Health Workers (15 Meninzitis), Lab Consumer Batches of 40 Each) able c. ASHA (100 Batches of 40 • Mobility Support Each) a. One time expenditure for Infrastructure Development up-gradation of Agartala Medical College Lab and Climate Change posses’ high risk South Tripura District of extreme climate events like Lab) enhanced precipitation leading to b. IEC Materials flooding, drought and landslide. A disaster management plan and Assessment of health impacts emergency preparedness measures due to malnutrition needs to be facilitated in order to reduce the impact of climate change Climate change variations are extreme events. The infrastructural expected to lead to consequential facilities need to be strengthened decline in agriculture and increased including strengthening of the malnutrition and food security. current health care facilities to Given the importance of these types respond during natural disaster. of assessments, further research is Actions such as community proposed under the state climate resilience, disaster preparedness, change action plan to assess the extending psychological aid to increased impact due to climate victims, retrofitting of vulnerable change and develop nutritional infrastructure, strengthening status of vulnerable population. surveillance including traditional knowledge and cultural plan is Monitoring and managing migration proposed under the initiatives. and psychological impacts of food security on the vulnerable rural The detailed actions framed are poor is also planned as a part of the as follows: study. • Public health infrastructure 189 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 190 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Cross Cutting and Implementation Level Issues in Climate Change Multi-stakeholder platform of a coal-fired power plant. Then the environment cost is localised but it Managing climate change requires helps in electrification in the North- multi-sectoral coordination Eastern Region. The state can even and commitment of multiple earn revenue through open access stakeholders. Key stakeholders by exporting power to other regions have to consider the vulnerability, of the country. However, if it has priorities and inter-sectoral to opt for a clean technology like coordination and indicators for a combined cycle plant or capture tracking climate change and its the carbon and store it or to have a impact as well impact of their action supercritical boiler, then the costs at all levels. Although not new, have to be considered and additional collaboration across the sectors— investment need to be negotiated private, public and civil society— from non-local stakeholders. This has traditionally been defined will tie up with the other arguments by a single issue or geography. like equity, flexibility in approach not ‘Convergence’ is a more complex to obstruct anything or everything form of collaboration involving that has an environmental cost. multi-stakeholder coalitions, The state also has to address the seeking to affect systemic change issue of complementarity to avoid on wide-ranging issues, focused duplication of efforts or resource on outcomes rather than inputs deployment. It has to negotiate to deliver scalable and sustainable with multiple players and based change. on the development priority of the state decide on the implementation While looking at the environmental agenda. effectiveness in choosing a key priority one has to see whether The priority actions where such the cost is localised (area specific, dilemma exists have been deliberated state-wide, national or global). In keeping these criteria in mind and this context if we take the example treated as a cross-sectoral issue. 191 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The table below gives some idea about cross-sectoral relevance of the some contemplated actions. Cross- Sectors- Actions Typology Anticipated sectoral Involved of action conflict challenge Containing Agriculture, Change in Adaptation Medium Damage to Water, crop storage the housing Housing structure and and storage raised plinth infrastructure in flood prone areas Containing Food Insecurity Agriculture, Food Adaptation Low during Horticulture,preservation, extreme Rural seed bank, weather Development homestead conditions garden Management Agriculture, Raising the Adaptation Medium of water Rural plinth of tube- scarcity Development, wells Water, PHED, Health Alternate Agriculture, Duck rearing, Adaptation Low livelihood Animal seed storage, during Husbandry, Banana flooding Fishery cultivation conditions Basin/ Water, Integrated Adaptation High Flood Plain Agriculture, water resource Management Industry, management Energy at basin level should determine the apportionment of water different sectors Promoting Agriculture, Prevention of Adaptation High sustainable Rural slash and burn agricultural Development, type shifting practices Forestry cultivation and moving to better agro- sylvicultural pattern 192 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Preserving the Forest, Requires a Adaptation Medium bio-diversity Fishery, holistic action District to preserve the autonomous flora as well councils as the fauna including the aquatic ones of a specific area Institution- Energy, A multi-layered Mitigation Medium alising Energy Industry, approach to use efficiency Works, change the Agriculture mindsets, methods and appliances to improve end- use efficiency and process efficiency Promoting Energy, Green Mitigation Medium green Works, topped road, infrastructure Urban, promotion of Transport renewable and energy saving measures in the housing sector Planning Process integrated at district level planning processes and should be used Under the climate change as entry level activities to kick- programme, there will be sectoral start climate change adaptation programs and under sectoral measures at the village levels. A programs there would be projects multi-stakeholder process at the (around key priorities) and planning stage (including private individual “sub-projects” which industries and policy makers) is will be delivered in two distinctive highly recommended. (b) Regular delivery modes. The projects/ Operational and Maintenance: sub-projects are categorised into efforts should be made to identify (a) investment projects that need the O & M budget in the existing to be elaborated in a participatory projects and how these can be made manner. Involving community, climate resilient (e.g. if the recharge non-village based stakeholders areas can be improved in watershed such as line departments, NGOs, or de-siliting of ponds can help in academia or other groups. de-risking crops due to higher However, where permissible as so recharge and residual moisture called “stand-alone” projects, these availability) (c) Policy research: interventions should eventually be This kind of actions should be very 193 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura targeted and carefully chosen with around the adaptation pathways a simple criteria that it should have defined elsewhere in this report and short to medium term effect as well pool in capacity building budgets in the line of least resistance and from different projects to enhance. fully targeted and tied to a specific climate linked result. (d) Training & Common Cross-cutting needs Capacity Building type of projects and capabilities shall include: Sponsorship for The following are the common cros- training needs (GIS, accounting, scutting needs and capabilities that micro planning, CCA issues), have emerged from the working Carbon monitoring training, Climate group deliberations. Government modelling), Beneficiaries: Exposure of Meghalaya understands the visits & extension common needs that emerge across Enhancement of capacity building sectors and has proposed several and skill development in cross institutional mechanisms to move cutting areas are also needed: A forward. This includes the apex green growth would also require council, building capacity of the green jobs and green entrepreneurs. district councils, an institution of The state has to plan for an Governance, looking at program institutional framework for green monitoring and impact assessment, entrepreneurship development, an entrepreneurship development eco-system governance. It can even institute to promote skill building develop capacity building plans in general with a special emphasis on the green skills. 194 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Geography Local State level Linkages to national Strategies programmes/ missions Awareness Creating Building Participation in local level awareness of national networks, awareness is legislators, policy interface with the a first step, makers on socio- national knowledge e.g. barefoot economic and network and research workers, socio-political cost systems framer field of climate change schools may may promote descaled climate change concerns Capacity Monitoring, Scientific Special regional observation assessment, modeling and Awareness/ measurement, assessments, best assessment at models, with state practices study and level technical state/ district/ resource leveraging community institutions like from various missions levels SPCB, Watershed and mission resource Mission, Regional centres and technical Centres of National secretariates Institution, Universities Generation of Locale specific Research Interface with Knowledge/ databases, networks, IPCC assessments, Information scenarios and Compilation of interfacing with assessment, state level GHG regional/global local inventory and databases, scenarios monitoring input to National and assessments, networks, databases(e.g. technology inventory rapid NATCOM), database assessment scientific and for input to policy models, state inventory statewide and area specific scenarios, technology inventory Institutions/ Community Stakeholders Standardised Climate Partnerships initiatives, networks, public/ impacts assessment Early warning private programs both academic as networks, well more applied Disaster ones for result based management management and teams programming 195 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Policy/ Local specific Science- Adaptation funds, Instruments adaptation policy linkage, Interface with private plans, mainstreaming sector participants for community climate change fund under market based agenda in sectoral mechanisms like adaptation policies of the CDM, REDD+ programs state (agriculture, mining, industry, energy, water, forestry, etc.) economic instruments (e.g. insurance, R&D funds), integration with national development/ planning process Technology Locale specific Targeted R&D, Scientific exchange, technology Technology technology transfer adaptation transfer protocols, demonstration/ pilot projects Knowledge management and change related triggers/indicators skill development in the planning, monitoring and evaluation processes. For example Future actions need to focus if there is a sectoral programme on widening the awareness and like soil water conservation, in the understanding of the issue of climate micro-planning process itself the change in the state, including indicators shall be built in and their contribution to biodiversity actions have to be prioritised. protection and supporting sustainable development, and Knowledge management especially their value to indigenous Climate change related knowledge is peoples and local communities. The very limited at the state level. The apex council shall act as the inter- localised indicators, investments sectoral coordinating body for the in generating local dataset for state to take the process forward. modelling, forecasting and tracking Some of the processes that will will be essential. The data base will be undertaken in the first step: be needed to construct baseline for several sectors to assess the cost Mainstreaming the agenda of and benefit of specific adaptation climate change into the sectoral action. Baseline data would also policies and practices: be necessary for the co-benefit to be harnessed from market mechanism This will involve building in climate like Clean Development Mechanism, 196 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Payment against ecosystem services, features on climate change at the perform achieve and trade, etc. state level, through targeted Opinion Particular emphasis will be placed Editorial Pieces and other media on web-based communication forms will be pursued. A concerted and interaction and websiteswill communication effort focused on the be integrated as part of the state value of sustainable development level climate change Knowledge reduction of GHG emission and low Management System. These carbon lifestyle will be of special websites will be designed as part of interest. Local media persons will the programme to serve the needs be involved in this process. of the key officials and would also reach out to the wider community. Implementation arrangement Climate Change and Media The state has prepared a detailed mechanism for climate governance Popularized publications on the illustrated in the diagram below: values of bio-diversity, issue based 197 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura The nodal agency will be housed implementation of sub-projects, in DSTE department. The agency base-line establishment, O&M will have an advisory, supervisory concepts, monitoring of sub- and coordinating role in climate projects, performance based change issues. The agency will reward schemes); be single window facilitation centre to coordinate with GoI, • Preparation of decision making state departments and external (pre-screen of sub-project funding agencies. It will have its applications; screening criteria; own websites (it can be managed sanctioning of sub-projects, by outsourced providers having etc.); experience in climate change • Project management (activity knowledge management). The schedule, indicators in a success of the implementation participative manner with will be based on the quantum of stakeholders and implementing flexibility and autonomy the agency agencies)& administration. has. It should have access to good quality staff some from open market M & E Framework and some on deputation as well as if support is available from any Without tracking the outcome of external agency. the climate change adaptation and mitigation actions, this elaborate The office shall be responsible for: exercise will be counterproductive. The following schema is proposed • Preparing working documents to monitor each priority action and (manual for design and the efforts made. Sectors Key Vulnerability/ Key Key Targets Remark Impacts to monitor Programmes 198 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura There are some critical areas that impacts and their long-term would need consideration under repercussions will make impact this framework. These are listed assessment difficult. below. (d) Indirect effects of climate (a) Baseline data: there has to be change on health and social attempt to generate baseline situations can equally affect data sector wise the achievements and need due consideration. (b) A set of suitable indicators to be developed for an effective (e) Project impacts on reducing M&E system will have to use vulnerability to unpredictable improved mechanisms of joint weather and extreme events monitoring, social audits and may be difficult to monitor third party evaluations. if such events don’t happen during the project period. (c) However, uncertainty surrounding climate change 199 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 200 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Analysis and Synthesis Introduction levels in different sectors. Policies need to integrate climate change This chapter outlines the findings considerations. At an organizational from the analysis and synthesis level, awareness, skills and capacity of the previous chapters. The has to be built. analysis in each sector provided a set of key priorities. Certain cross Strategic bodies like Tripura cutting areas were also identified. Institute of Strategic Knowledge for These were synthesized to arrive Climate Change (TISKCC) have to at findings, which describe what be established. At a practice level, the Climate Change Action Plan line department’s implementation will achieve. The case is made for initiatives will be required to shift new institutional arrangements towards a more climate- friendly that will be required in the context development path. There are of the proposed initiatives. This significant actions – Marginal/ is introduced and described. incremental actions will not suffice The independent monitoring and and there are significant actions evaluation required to ensure required at all these levels to move effective implementation is then on a climate-friendly development described. Finally, the chapter path. concludes with the financial budget for the Climate Change Action Awareness generation and Plan. capacity building : Findings Considering that climate change is a relatively new challenge, the focus Changes in policies, organizations of this Climate Change Action Plan and practices: will be on generating awareness and Analyzing the key priorities building capacity. This will be done revealed that climate change across all levels of the Government orientation needs to be provided at of Tripura and external stakeholders policy, organizational and practice involved in the different sectors. 201 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura This strong drive towards building climate-intrinsic sectors will have capacity will result in empowering a strong association with climate people and organizations to be able change. to address, manage and respond to Integrated perspective climate change concerns. imperative: Action implemented across the To be effective in implementing economy: initiatives pertaining to the key Given the all-pervading nature of priorities, it is vitally important climate change, action will be taken to have an integrated outlook and across the state economy. The inter- not work in isolation. This will connectedness of issues pertaining be required to ensure maximum to climate change necessitates this returns to the efforts being made. approach. Selecting and initiating Carbon-conscious development: work only in some of the sectors will undermine the effectiveness The various mitigation initiatives in an overall sense. Therefore, being planned under the proposed progress will be made across all the Missions will ensure that Tripura identified sectors in a parallel and proceeds on a carbon-conscious simultaneous manner. development path. Climate-intrinsic sectors Biodiversity in addressing distinguished: livelihoods: Broadly, the different sectors can be The key adoptive strategy classified as climate-intrinsic and being envisaged in the climate climate add-on sectors. Climate- change action plan will facilitate intrinsic are sectors that are so conservation of biodiversity heavily associated with climate including restoration and change that every action within rehabilitation which will help these sectors have a strong bearing vulnerable people, mostly the tribal or related to climate change. These communities and economically include forest, water, agriculture most backward strata, to cope and Energy. Climate add-on sectors with climate change. Biodiversity are those wherein the climate plays a central role in ensuring dimension is additional, e.g. livelihoods especially amongst fisheries, health and urban. While rural populations and indigenous the key priorities across all these communities. The climate change sectors will be met, Government adaptation so planned will aim of Tripura will recognize that every at integrated management of activityparticularly any new policies, biodiversity, thus immensely organizations and initiatives - in the facilitating the poverty reduction 202 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura and food security planning in the formulate a Nodal Agency which state. will be a single-window contact for dealing with the GoI and other Building climate resilience: external funding agencies in issues pertaining to climate change. The different adaptation initiatives However, the Agency’s role will being planned will ensure better include and involve all sectors and preparedness to climate-induced all departments. It is envisaged changes, including extreme events. that this Agency will function in For a climate sensitive state an independent and autonomous such as Tripura, climate change manner so that it can execute its adaptation is an integral part of various roles, responsibilities and good development. duties in a smooth, quick and effective Institutional Arrangements manner. The Agency will be equipped with appropriate quality manpower, .In initiating the preparation of the resources and infrastructure Climate Change Action Plan the that are commensurate with the state Planning Board in its meeting requirementsand challenges faced. on 31-05-2010 had constituted The Agency’s functioning style a committee of State Action Plan will becollaborative and inclusive, on Climate Change under the not only within Departments of Chairmanship of Minister , the Government but also with the Science, Technology&Environment. different external stakeholders. This committee has delegated the responsibility of Climate Financial budgets Change Action Plan preparation Each working group has put to 4 subcommittees from line together a budget for the initiatives departments to bring greater proposed to meet the key priorities focus on different sectors. These in each sector. There are a number deliberations revealed that of ongoing initiatives, which are also implementation also requires strong relevant to climate change, these inter-sectoral and inter-department budgets have also been included in coordination. determining the overall budget for To meet this need, a State Level the CAP. The additional resources Steering Committee on Climate required in each sector has also Change will be put in place during been estimated and resources for the first year of implementation. This these will be sourced from the GoI will have an advisory, supervisory or external funding agencies. The and coordinating roleon climate following table provides the rough change issues. This Committee will budget estimate for the first CAP. 203 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Budget for CAP, 2010-15 S. No. Particulars Approx. Amount (Cr) 1 Sustainable Himalayan Mission 94.70 2 Sustainable Habitat Mission 1196.5 3 Sustainable Agriculture Mission 795.80 4 Green Tripura Mission 591.70 5 Strategic Knowledge Mission 31.00 6 Solar Mission 1085.11 7 Mission on Energy Efficiency 828.35 8 Mission on Water 8005.93 9 Mission on Health 30.48 Total 12659.57 204 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Conclusions This chapter draws the conclusions Plan will address both mitigation from the different key priorities, and adaptation issues in a holistic their analysis and synthesis. manner by implementing all the This chapter also includes activities in the action plan. It has recommendations for preparing been recognised that adaptation is future Climate Change Action of much greater significance. Plans. Information on climate change The Climate Change Action Plan implications: will lead Tripura to move towards a carbon-conscious, climate resilient In terms of assessing the climate development path. The following are change implications for the state, the key conclusions of this Climate Government of Tripura will adopt Change Action Plan: a dual approach, i.e. top-down approach through the downscaling Significance of climate change: of global models as well as a bottom- up approach through collecting The nature, scale and magnitude empirical evidences of climate of the climate change impacts are change at a grassroots level to likely to be high on the state’s. In develop sector specific models. addition, Climate Change impacts on Bangladesh can magnify Awareness and capacity- the migrations to the Tripura . building: Therefore, Tripura will be a focus of both national and international Awareness and capacity building attention in the context of climate to face this new challenge will be change. the primary focus; this will be undertaken across the different Addressing both adaptation sectors and the state economy as a and mitigation: whole The state Climate Change Action 205 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Overall approach: accountability to the people on climate change issues. Stakeholder A multidisciplinary, integrated and involvement will be an effective co-ordinated approach is required tool with stakeholders, who play and to be adopted in implementing an important part in bringing this Climate Change Action Plan. out the solutions. If stakeholder Government of Tripura will involvement as described here is adopt a proactive, preventive and not initiated, then stakeholders are preparedness- oriented approach bound to look at Government of rather than a reactive approach. Tripura as an adversary and not as a partner. Different sectors have different key priorities to be addressed through Tripura Climate Change different initiatives over different Agency: timeframe. Each sector will implement its initiatives relevant To ensure the effective to their key priorities within implementation of the above themselves and in close integration approach, a State Level Steering with different departments and Committee will be put in place stakeholders involved. to provide advisory, supervisory and co-ordination services to the During this Climate Change Action state. This Committee will facilitate Plan implementation, Government dealing with the Government of of Tripura will demonstrate, India and the various external promote and encourage different funding agencies in the context of initiatives through policy changes climate change. and implementation actions as a response to climate change. Once the Tripura Climate Change Steering Committee is established, Involve stakeholders: Government of Tripura will ensure transparency by sharing information Government of Tripura will on all its climate change related involve stakeholders, particularly activities on a public website. community, in a more proactive way in the Climate Change Action Plan Going beyond environmental & implementation. This involvement climate change professionals: will relate to (i) promoting much greater climate change awareness From the range of issues / concerns, within community, (ii) identifying it is quite clear that even though problematic issues relevant to climate change is an environmental climate change, (iii) support in challenge, the response requires monitoring of climate-induced non-environmental professionals. problems and (iv) ensuring greater Resolving climate change issues 206 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura cannot be done in isolation by the changeconsiderations need to be environmental or climate change integrated in all those. As there fraternity alone. The issues/ will be new development activities problems are so fundamental and in each of these sectors, it will also deep in the sectoral context that be ensured that climate change the respective sector professionals considerations are integrated with would have to address these these sectors as well. problems. Monitoring of CAP: Policy-makers, economists, planners, engineers, scientists, Climate change is relevant to most development program specialists sectors and departments within the and others have to be encouraged Government of Tripura. As activities to contribute towards resolving across all sectors and departments climate change problems in a are identified and planned through structured way. state planning processes, the monitoring and evaluation of Dynamic document: this CAP will be done in close co- ordination with the monitoring of Approaches to responding to climate the state planning activities. Over a change are fast changing based period on research being done across the world. Given this situation, 1-2 years, the process of monitoring this 5-year Climate Change Action the CAP will be streamlined with Plan should be seen as a dynamic the monitoring of activities under document rather than a fixed in the state planning framework with time or static one. The key priorities half yearly monitoring of priority provide the guidance and direction actions in respective sector. Those that Government of Tripura wishes would be compiled and reported to to take. Keeping these key priorities, the highest levels of Government. flexibility will have to be exercised in implementing the proposed Budget: initiatives so that these are in Any estimation for implementation line with the latest and up to date of Climate Change Action Plan developments in this fast-changing will only be a rough estimate. discipline. However the budget for climate Integrate climate change in change response actions has been new initiatives: estimated to be Rs. 12659.57 Crore for a 5-year period between 2012 This CAP was prepared taking into and 2017. This estimate includes account the current development both existing / already earmarked activities and how climate resources and additional resources 207 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura required to shift Tripura towards a the CAP. carbon-conscious, climate-resilient development path. Energy, forests, • As was done in the first CAP, Health agriculture, water resources a set of sector working groups and urban are the sectors that were established - should be constitute about 80 percent of created within the Government the overall budget. Parts of the of Tripura to prepare Action Plan can be implemented subsequent CAPs as well.The with the available resources of the ownership and commitment departments and additional funds of the Government of Tripura may have to be provided for certain in implementing this CAP gets activities. As the implementation a substantive boost if there proceeds, the picture will be is an active involvement and clearer. engagement of the Government of Tripura staff in preparing Recommendations for future these plans. A similar multi- CAPs sector and integrated approach should therefore be adopted for The preparation of this CAP was future CAP preparations. undertaken from the commencement of the climate change scoping study. • While all sectors were directly or From the experience of preparing indirectly covered in preparing this CAP, the following are the the first CAP, there were some recommendations for preparing departments of the Government future CAPs in the state: of Tripura that were not actively engaged, e.g. Education, • Following the implementation Disaster Management of this first CAP, awareness and departments. The overall focus knowledge on climate change on capacity building addresses issues / concerns would have an educational goal / target developed across the state. but this is not implemented Therefore, the overall capacity through the formal systems of both Government staff across of the Education department. all levels as well as those of In the next version of the the external stakeholders will Climate Change Action Plan, be considerably higher. Once those Government of Tripura built, this capacity should be departments that have not collectively and gainfully used been directly engaged should in a consultative, participatory be encouraged to be involved and inclusive manner in so that new perspectives and determining the focus areas of approaches emerge. attention in the next version of 208 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura • As climate change has an Climate Change Action Plan all-pervading influence, it should aim to identify only is relevant to most sectors the additional activities and and departments within the budgets required to further move Government. Activities across the sector development plans all sectors and departments towards being more climate- are identified through state responsible. There should be a planning processes and monitoring and advisory group budgets are prepared on comprising Chief Secretary as an annual basis. With the its chair, representatives of implementation of this first line departments, 2 experts Climate Change Action Plan, from the state and 2 NGO the move towards climate- representatives. They should friendly sectoral development meet at least twice in a year will be achieved. Subsequent and take stock. 209 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 210 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Key Priorities 1. Solar Mission & Non-Conventional Energy Primary Department: TREDA Sl. Action Points Total Budget Source of No. (Rs. In Crore) Funding 1 Promotion of grid interactive power generation from Solar and 0.00 other Renewable Energy sources through declaration of State Energy Policy. 1.1 Formulation & Declaration of state energy policy for power generation 1.2 through renewable energy sources. Declaration of Tariff Policy by Tripura Electricity Regulatory 1.3 Commission for Solar and other renewable power purchase. Facilitating private sector participation in solar power generation under JNNSM and/or other schemes of Govt. of India through selection of private investors and other support activities through Single window clearance process. 2 Promotion and facilitation of Off-grid or decentralized renewable energy generation for electrification, cooking and other thermal energy requirement. 2.1 Facilitating deployment of stand alone off-grid solar power plant 900.00 Govt. of within 100 kW for fulfilling the power demand in dispersed locations India, Govt. under National Solar Mission with following target - of Tripura, a) Up to 2016-17 is 10 MW External b) 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 10 MW Agencies c) 2022-23 to 2026-27 is 10 MW 211 2.2 Facilitating deployment of 1000 No. Biogas plant (using cattle waste, 157.50 Govt. of household waste as well as water hyacinth) annually in 12th plan India, Govt. period and setting up of bottling unit at community level to use the of Tripura, biogas in agro based/ rural industries across the state under the Beneficiary/ Govt. of India programme. User 3 Promotion & Facilitation setting up of Solar Water Heater (SWH) 12.11 Govt. of systems in all Govt. establishments under National Solar Mission. India, Govt. 3.1 Declaration of targeted actions by the State Govt. through policy of Tripura, 3.2 mechanism. User or Project Implementation in Beneficiary Public Health Centre's - 86 Department Hospital - 22 Nos. or Govt. Higher Secondary School - 248 Organization, University, College & Engineering College - 26 Nos. External Agencies 4 Harnessing renewable energy potential scenario of the state for power generation through 4.1 Assessment of Biomass potential and availability for energy generation 0.20 Govt. of in the state and demarcation of biomass potential sites in the map. Tripura 4.2 Assessment of Solar irradiation, temperature, wind speed at district 0.30 Govt. of level across the state for solar mapping. Tripura 5 State Govt. by amendment of building bye-laws suitable to state 5.00 Govt. of condition will promote and mandate use of solar energy based Tripura water heating and/or lighting in all commercial buildings and in private houses costs more than Rs. 20.00 lakhs or as may be decided by the competent authority on time to time. 5.1 Amendment of building bye-law considering state demographic profile. 212 5.2 Enforcement of incentives /rebate on property tax for use of solar water heaters in buildings. 6 Strengthening of technical capability of existing renewable energy 10.00 Govt. of technology service providers and develop new service providers as Tripura, per the international standard by introducing training course in Govt. of India all ITI's in the state. Total Budget In Rs. Crores 1085.11 213 2. Mission on Energy Efficiency Primary Department/Departments: TSECL . Sl. No. Activities Total Source of Funding Budget (Rs. In Crore) 1 Conversion of open cycle gas based thermal 455.25 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, power plant to combined cycle systems. External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 2 T & D Loss reduction 341.5 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 3 Development of policy for mandatory use of 0.2 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, efficient light particularly for commercial External source of funding from organizations in the state. Multilateral agencies 4 Conversion of conventional street lights to 10.5 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, solar LED/CFL street lights. External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 5 Encourage use of Solar Gadgets in Industries 0.1 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 6 Policy development for mandatory Energy 0.3 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, Audit in Govt. Building; External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 7 Research study to assess the potential of 0.1 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, energy conservation across all sectors and External source of funding from designated consumers and designing of Multilateral agencies resource estimation and institutional structure required to address the energy efficiency 214 issues. 8 Awareness and implementation for use of CFL 20 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, and replacing incandescent lamp under External source of funding from Bachat Lamp Yojana, and Umbrella program Multilateral agencies of BEE. 9 Development of policy to mandate ECBC 0.15 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, adoption in state. External source of funding from Multilateral agencies 10 Formulation of DSM project for TSECL 0.25 Govt. of Tripura, Govt. of India, External source of funding from Multilateral agencies Total Budget In Rs. Crore 828.35 215 3. Sustainable Habitat Primary Department- Urban Development & Municipal Councils , PWD and Trasport Key Priorities for Sustainable Habitat Sl. Activity Other Source of No. Budget Funding Rs. In Millions Primary Department- Urban Development & Municipal Councils 1 Capacity building and research initiative through improvement of knowledge base for Govt. Of climate change adaptation India, 100 External • Awareness generation and capacity building in climate change impacts and 100 Agencies preparedness 75 • Capacity building for departments on advance solid waste management • Capacity building on Water management and efficient distribution of supply 50 and delivery • Capacity building on Urban Management 2 Water usage management through improved urban drainage, sanitation management Govt. Of and drinking water quality to reduce Climate change impacts India, Govt. Of Tripura, • Liquid waste management through improved sewage design for addressing 100 External climate change impacts Agencies • Improvement of Water Use Efficiency and conservation through leak reduction 50 in Urban Areas 50 • Developing models of urban storm water flows and capacities of existing drainage system 3 Development of climate friendly Solid Waste management systems to mitigate GHG Govt. Of emissions India, Govt. 216 Of Tripura, • Developing a climate friendly waste management system 100 External • Composting and treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in Agartala Town and 100 Agencies other district towns is very important in regard to control of methane emission 100 • Waste management through Sanitary landfill and aerobic composting facilities for reduction of GHG 50 • Reduction of vector borne diseases from unmanaged dumping grounds 200 • Improvement of collection efficiency and segregation at source 4 Disaster risk reduction through from adverse climate change impacts Govt. Of India, Govt. • Formulation of building guidelines with provision of promoting traditional 1000 Of Tripura, houses for different agro-climatic zone, floodplains and in consideration of the 100 External seismic vulnerability of the state Agencies 50 • Urban poor Mapping to Identify vulnerable urban population • Developing climate- responsible master plans for selected city/towns (CDP) 50 • Reformulation land tenure policy to enable sustainable urban development 50 • Disaster risk reduction in Urban sector 5 Promote and facilitate setting up green building for upcoming commercial buildings in 300 Govt. Of the state through policy and regulation measures Tripura, BEE, External Agencies Primary Department- PWD 6 Promotion of eco-friendly road construction methods and capacity building of Govt. Of stakeholders India, Govt. 125 Of Tripura, • Capacity Building on Climate Change Impacts on Construction of Road, 200 NHAI, Bridge and Building to private Engineers, Contracts and Architects and External Bitumen fuel usage 500 Agencies • Promoting eco friendly methods of road construction (Like Using Bitumen 500 without burning) 500 • Recycling and Reuse of the Building and road construction materials 217 • Pilot project on Rubberized Bitumen usage in Road Construction • Constructing Pilot water proof Road (Heavy rain fall, water logging, average Ground water level is only 10 mt) Primary Department- Transport 7 Reduction of direct or indirect GHG emission transport management and vehicular Govt. Of pollution control India, Govt. Of Tripura, • Switching to liquid fuel based vehicle to CNG based Vehicle 3000 External • Promotion of low emission vehicles, electric vehicles Agencies 15 • Introduction to concept of mass rapid transit • Introduction of more public transport 1000 • Quantitative assessment of the impact of climate change 3000 • GHG Emissions foot printing for all urban bodies including upcoming satellite 200 townships • Promotion of Bio-fuel 300 Total Budget 1196.5 218 4. Mission on Water Primary Department: Water Resource Department, PWD(DWS) Sl.No Activities Total budget Source of Funding (Rs. In Crore) 1. Creation of new minor storage/irrigation tanks-400 4000 Government of India and others 2. Protection and Conservation of large wetlands/waterbodies 1000 Government of India (like RudraSagar ) and others 3. Embankment raising in preventing high flood 500 Government of India and others 4. Development of GIS supported Data-base/status maps for all 1 Government of India the existing water sources and others 5. Information on status of runoff, water level, sedimentation 0.5 Government of India during different seasons and others 6. Extensive Awareness Generation Programme about water 0.2 Government of India resource mgt and others 7. River conservation measures and river health monitoring- 500 Government of India sewerage Mgt and others 8. Establish of Basin Authority for river conservation and Mgt 7.5 Government of India and others 9. Anthropogenic activities vs climate change and their impact 1 Government of India on landslide, soil erosion and decaying river courses of the and others major rivers & other major water bodies of Tripura 10. Formation of Ecological monitoring and research cell in WR 7.5 Government of India to coordinate with other research organization for feedback and others 11. Installation of STW/DTW for irrigation 1000 Government of India 219 and others 12. Ground water recharge-position/ scenario for the last 30 0.5 Government of India years in Tripura and ground water modeling and others 13. Impact of recent climatic change on groundwater condition in 0.5 Government of India Tripura: Monitoring and geo- electrical mapping for and others sustainable agriculture development 14. Setting up Iron removal plants to remove excessive presence 141 Government of India of iron in water and State Government 15. Setting up Surface Water Treatment Plant for supplying of 168 Government of India Quality Water and State Government 16. Proper management of rural Solid Wastes and liquid wastes 325.28 Government of India and State Government 17. Assessment of arsenic contaminated water areas 0.385 Government of India /bodies/ground water sources and others 18. Installation of SBTW/DTW /Spot Sources (like OHP,Mark-II, 316.54 Government of India Ring well etc) for drinking Water. and State Government 19. Extensive Awareness Generation Programme about Safe use 8.6 Government of India of drinking water & sanitation. and others 20. Setting up of Block level water testing laboratory for drinking 9.63 Government of India water parameters and others 21. Setting up of Scientific Research Laboratory for drinking 17.8 Government of India water& waste water parameters and others Total budget 8005.935 220 5. Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Primary Department: Forest Department Sl.NO. Activities Total Source of Fund Budget (Lakhs) 1. Protection of existing forest lands from encroachment and 100 Govt of India, Govt of illegal land use Tripura and External Agencies 2. Protection of forests and forest land from soil erosion 2000 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 3. Encourage the cultivation of traditional varieties of crops 1000 Govt of India, Govt of and horticulture by promotion of organic farming, enabling Tripura and External farmers to realize a price premium. Agencies 4. Conservation and Management of two major Wetlands 2000 Govt of India, Govt of RudraSagar and Gumiti Reserve Tripura and External Agencies 5. Grazing Policy on domestic bovine population 130 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 6. Undertaking studies on indigenous (at least five) tree 50 Govt of India, Govt of species to assess their vulnerability to climate change Tripura and External Agencies 221 7. Knowledge Management on climate change and policy 40 Govt of India, Govt of developments Tripura and External Agencies 8. Studies to assess the impact of climate change on the 50 Govt of India, Govt of endangered and vulnerable wildlife species in the state Tripura and External Agencies 9. Monitoring of carbon stock and biodiversity at regular 50 Govt of India, Govt of intervals Tripura and External Agencies 10. Awareness creation on biodiversity conservation and its 100 Govt of India, Govt of relation with the climate change to the Policy makers Tripura and External Agencies 11. Establishing observational and monitoring network to 150 Govt of India, Govt of assess ecosystem health including freshwater systems. Tripura and External Agencies 12. Strengthening regional cooperation through established 100 Govt of India, Govt of mechanisms for exchanging information with countries to Tripura and External share the Himalayan ecology. Agencies 13. Documentation of the People’s Biodiversity Registers and 500 Govt of India, Govt of Biodiversity Conservation Tripura and External Agencies 14. Undertaking studies and investment promotion of NTFP and 500 Govt of India, Govt of indigenous forest resources for adaptation of climate change Tripura and External Agencies 15. Ecotourism promotion for biodiversity protection and 500 Govt of India, Govt of sustainable livelihood Tripura and External 222 Agencies 16. Take measures to regulate tourist inflows into mountain 2000 Govt of India, Govt of regions to ensure that these remain within the carrying Tripura and External capacity of the mountain ecology Agencies 17. Documentation of Medicinal Plant resources in Tripura 200 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies Total Rs 9470 Lakhs ~ Rs 94.70 Crore 223 6. Green Tripura Mission Primary Department: Forest Department Sl.NO. Activities Total Source of Funding Budget in crore 1 Enabling adaptation of forest dependent local 3.4 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and communities In the face of climatic variability External Agencies providing basic needs of the community 2 Promoting Urban Forestry (1000 Hectors Area will be 5 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and taken under planting and after-care) External Agencies 3 Agro Forestry and Social Forestry Promotion ( 3500 15 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and Ha will be taken under Agro/Social forestry to External Agencies enhance Carbon Sinks ) 4 Rehabilitation of shifting cultivators and the 300 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and restoration of shifting cultivated areas (1 Lakh Ha will External Agencies be restored to representative ecosystems through plantation of bio-diverse species mix to supplement natural regeneration ) 5 To support Conservation and promotion of Scared 2 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and Groves Tripura (Killa, Jampui, Teliamuraetc with an External Agencies area of 100 acres) 6 Valuation of existing forest wealth of Tripura 10 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 7 Tree Canopy covering improving by enrichment 150 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and plantations with aim of optimum utility in degraded External Agencies forest areas over 2 lakhs hectors 8 Promoting rural households to adopt fuel wood 6 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and efficiency and alternative RE device like improved External Agencies Chulas , Biogas Etc ( Intervention in 20000 HH ) 224 9 Strengthening of Forest Department (Infrastructure , 40 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and Capacity Building) External Agencies 10 GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation of the program 6 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 11 Forest Fire management 10 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 12 Strengthening local level institutions about Forest 15 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and Management Climate Change Adaptation including External Agencies community forests for 1000 hamlets @ 15000 INR 13 Livelihood improvement Activities 7 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 14 Increasing plantation activities on outside forest land 6 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and ( Plantation Activities and Supporting natural External Agencies Regeneration in 5000 Ha) 15 Establishment of Mission Directorate 15 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and External Agencies 16 Sustainability of afforestation activities through 0.7 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and income generation from CDM and Voluntary Markets External Agencies 17 Certification of Rubber wood coming from 0.5 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and Sustainably Managed Forests External Agencies 18 Energy Conservation within Rubber Processing 0.1 Govt of India, Govt of Tripura and federation of TFDPC External Agencies Total 591.7 225 7. Sustainable Agriculture Primary Responsibility: Agricultural, Horticultural, ARDD &Fisheries Department Sl. No. Activity Other Source of Funding Budget Rs. In Lakhs Primary Responsibility: Agricultural and Horticultural Department 1. Rapid screening and strategy assessment of State agriculture policy 35 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 2. Climate Change Impact studies on Coconut and Orange Production 35 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 3. Undertaking capacity-building 2500 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 4. Risk management in agriculture and allied sectors 15000 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Disease forecasting Tripura, External Agencies Trans boundary Disease Problems Yield Studies Meteorological Data Moisture Measurement Bench Marking Weather Based Insurance Crop Insurance DRR 5. Breeding studies on major crops for tolerance/resistance (Adaptive 1000 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Research-Breeding and Validation through multi location testing) Tripura, External Agencies 6. Establishing an effective institutional delivery mechanism to promote 3600 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of best practices on climate change· Tripura, External 1. Identification Nodal farmers Agencies 2. Demonstration plot 226 7. Utilization of Bio-resources (Organic wastes, plant wastes, leaf fall 5550 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of droppings etc) towards preparation of organic manure Tripura, External Agencies 8. Developing livelihood – focused, people- centric integrated watershed 21600 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of development in rain-fed areas: Tripura, External Agencies 9. Development of water use-efficient micro irrigation methods and 3150 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of individual/community farm ponds Tripura, External Agencies 10. Developing sustainable soil, water and crop management practices: 1250 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of (4000 Ha drip irrigation & Demonstration) Tripura, External Agencies 11. Increasing Cropping Intensity in Traditional Conventional Land (To 12500 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of achieve 300% Cropping Intensity) Tripura, External Agencies 12. Improving monitoring and surveillance techniques including cropping 200 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of cutting measures (Electronic communication System, GPS and CB 40 Tripura, External Training Personnel) Agencies Primary Responsibility : ARDD 13. Research study on the Climate Change Impacts on the Reproduction 330 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of of Cattle, worm infestation, milk Production and vector borne diseases Tripura, External for domestic animals Agencies 14. Adaptability good milch breed of cattle such as Sahiwal, Gir and Red 1250 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Sindhi, Jursey and Holstein cross, rearing and bio gas production Tripura, External with milk chilling plant Agencies 15. Study on Performance of Broiler Production in High temperatures 25 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 16. Integrated watershed management for Fodder and nutritional 1000 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of security Tripura, External Agencies 227 17. Research study on supply of animal feedstock and feasibility of 30 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of rubber seed cake as feedstock in drought seasons Tripura, External Agencies 18. Adaptability of low input technology like Kuroialer, Gramapriya and 25 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Kalinga Brown Tripura, External Agencies 19. Capacity Building and training of farmers 100 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies Primary Responsibility : Department of Fisheries 20. Capacity building and welfare activities of fishing communities 300 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 21. Impact assessment of climate change on fishery 50 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies 22. Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous fauna of aquatic 50 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of ecosystem and open waters Tripura, External Agencies 23. Mono crop Plantation Impacts on Fisheries 50 Govt. Of India, Govt. Of Tripura, External Agencies Primary Responsibility: ICAR with Department of Biotechnology 24. Contingency Crop planning Govt. Of India, Govt. Of • Land use planning in 40 Blocks of Tripura for Sustainable 300 Tripura, External Agricultural Development Agencies • Preparation of Agro-climatic atlas (Block wise ) 200 • Assessment of Seasonal Soil Moisture 150 • Block wise crop calendar 100 • Farm Health Card 200 228 25. Agro-meteorological data Acquisition & management Govt. Of India, Govt. Of • Microclimatological Laboratory 400 Tripura, External • Crop simulation model 150 Agencies • weather based Agro Advisory at Panchayat Level 100 • Setting up of new agro-met observatory at block level and Centralized meteorological data assembling system 200 26. Approach to increase cropping intensity with diversification Govt. Of India, Govt. Of options under variable climatic condition Tripura, External • Crop diversification with options of Intercrops Agencies • Collection and documentation of local Crops and their 450 Adaptability 200 • Development of Suitable Land use systems involving various cropping options in Accordance with Land Topography 5000 • Research in Cropping System in Accordance with climatic Variability 500 27. Supply of plant nutrients in an eco-friendly way Govt. Of India, Govt. Of • Studies of Micro-bial Diversity and Formulation of Effective 1000 Tripura, External Bio-fertilizer to Increase the Crop Productivity Under Agencies Variable Climatic Scenario • Establishment of Bio control Unit to Study the Efficacy of Various Bio Control Agent for Ecofriendly Plant Protection 1000 Measures Total Budget 79580Lakhs ~ 795.80 Crs 229 8. Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science Technology & Environment Sl.NO. Activities Total Budget Source of Funding (Rs in crore) 1 Development of Knowledge Management on Climate Change and 10.00 Government of India, facilitating its operation for initial period Government of Tripura and 1. Formulation of Tripura Institute of Strategic External Agencies Knowledge for Climate Change (TISKCC) 2. Establishment of Centre of Monitoring and Assessment of Climate Change (CMACC) 3. Compile a data base of past weather related information and damage caused by extreme weather related episodes and facilitating study to identify the possible weather variability and associated vulnerability 4. Setting up of weather monitoring stations (AWS) 2 Capacity Building on Climate Change 3.00 Government of India, • Capacity building of personnel in the service Government of Tripura and department External Agencies • Exposure visit for capacity building 3 To build GHG inventory and identify the dominant GHG/CO2 1.00 Government of India, emitting sectors, industries, districts, municipalities in order to Government of Tripura and enable selection of mitigation opportunities. External Agencies 4 Identifying and inventorizing all kinds of water sources existing 1.00 Government of India, in the state (include generation of database for ponds, tanks, Government of Tripura and dighis, lakes and big water-bodies) with focus on water quality. External Agencies 230 6 Generation of Basin level data for all the rivers for the entire 2.00 Government of India, state Government of Tripura and External Agencies 7 Conservation of River Aquatic Resources 0.50 Government of India, Government of Tripura and External Agencies 8 Development and implementation of Biomass based initiatives 5.00 Government of India, for adaptation to climate change including horticulture Government of Tripura and External Agencies 9 Study on Biotechnology intervention for increasing the 5.00 Government of India, production of milk Government of Tripura and External Agencies 10 Studies on ways on means to reduce dependency of people on 2.50 Government of India, Natural Resources Government of Tripura and External Agencies 11 Studies on impact of Urban Migration on the resilience of the 1.00 Government of India, Urban ecosystem Government of Tripura and External Agencies Total Rs 31.00 Crore 231 9. Mission on Health Primary Department: Health Department Sl. Action Points Total Budget Source of funding No. (Rs in Crore) 1. Formulating Adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate Government of change issues affecting human health India, Govt of 1.1 Upgradation of state health policy through incorporation of Health 0.15 Tripura, External Impacts due to climate change Aid, External 1.2 Research initiatives for changed patterns of diseases by region and by 0.30 Funding agency climate parameters 2. Health impacts due to drinking water contamination and temperature variation 2.1 Identification of vector borne diseases like malaria, kala-azar, dengue, 0.09 filarial, encephalitis etc. 2.1 Establishment/Upgradation of pathological laboratories for disease 1.50 identification caused due to climate variations 3. Human health infrastructure development and capacity building for Government of climate change adaptation India, Govt of 3.1 Capacity building and training for mental and physical health 0.88 Tripura, External treatment during and after emergency preparedness during extreme Aid, External climate events & Capacity building and training for health workers for Funding agency sensitization of climate variation and health impacts 1. State Technicians (2 Batchs of 20 Each) 2.Health Workers (15 Batch of 40 Each) 3.ASHA (100 Batch of 40 Each) 3.2 Public health infrastructure development (Support and Logistics for 25.50 extreme climate risks) Medicine ,Vaccines(Meningococcal Meninzitis), Lab Consumerable 3.3 Mobility Support 1.76 1.One time expenditure for up-gradation of Agartala Medical College Lab and South Tripura District Lab) 2.IEC Materials 4. Assessment of health impacts due to malnutrition- Research study on 0.30 Government of 232 malnutrition of vulnerable groups due to food insecurity caused by India, Govt of climatic variations Tripura, External Aid, External Funding agency Total Rs. 30.48 Crore 233 Comprehensive list of Actions Solar Mission & Non-Conventional Energy Primary Department TREDA Sl. No. Action Point Important Constraint Priority Type Scale Nature Time Frame 1 Promotion of grid interactive power H Nil H MI & S PA, CB ST generation from Solar and other AD Renewable Energy sources through declaration of State Energy Policy. 1.1 Formulation & Declaration of state energy policy for power generation 1.2 through renewable energy sources. Declaration of Tariff Policy by Tripura 1.3 Electricity Regulatory Commission for Solar and other renewable power purchase. Facilitating private sector participation in solar power generation under JNNSM and/or other schemes of Govt. of India through selection of private investors and other support activities through Single window clearance process. 2 Promotion and facilitation of Off-grid H Low H MI S PA ST or decentralized renewable energy generation for electrification, cooking and other thermal energy requirement. 234 2.1 Facilitating deployment of standalone H Low H MI A PA, PS, MT off-grid solar power plant within 100 kW IP, CB for fulfilling the power demand in dispersed locations under National Solar Mission with following target - a) Up to 2016-17 is 10 MW b) 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 10 MW c) 2022-23 to 2026-27 is 10 MW 2.2 Facilitating deployment of 1000 No. H Minimal H MI S PS, IP, MT Biogas plant (using cattle waste, CB household waste as well as water hyacinth) annually in 12th plan period and setting up of bottling unit at community level to use the biogas in agro based/ rural industries across the state under the Govt. of India programme. 3 Promotion & Facilitation setting up H Low H MI A PA, PS, MT of Solar Water Heater (SWH) systems IP in all Govt. establishments under 3.1 National Solar Mission. 3.2 Declaration of targeted actions by the State Govt. through policy mechanism. Project Implementation in Public Health Centre's - 86 Hospital - 22 Nos. Govt. Higher Secondary School - 248 University, College & Engineering College - 26 Nos. 235 4 Harnessing renewable energy H Nil H AD S RS ST potential scenario of the state for power generation through 4.1 Assessment of Biomass potential and H Nil H AD S RS ST availability for energy generation in the state and demarcation of biomass potential sites in the map 4.2 Assessment of Solar irradiation, H Nil H AD S RS ST temperature, wind speed at district level across the state for solar mapping. 5 State Govt. by amendment of building H Low H MI S PA, CB ST bye-laws suitable to state condition will promote and mandate use of solar energy based water heating and/or lighting in all commercial buildings and in private houses costs more than Rs. 20.00 lakhs or as may be decided by the competent authority on time to time. 5.1 Amendment of building bye-law considering state demographic profile. 5.2 Enforcement of incentives /rebate on property tax for use of solar water heaters in buildings. 6 Strengthening of technical H Minimal H AD A CB MT competency of the existing solar and other renewable energy technology service providers and develop new service providers of international standard by introducing training course for technicians on RE system 236 installation, O&M, etc. in all ITI's of the state. 7 Maximizing use of solar energy H Large M MI S PA, IP, LT application for meeting up the CB community energy requirement and supplementing grid power demand by 7.1 Installation of grid connected Rooftop H Large M MI S IP, CB LT and small solar plant under National Solar Mission across the state - a) Up to 2016-17 is 5 MW b) 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 10 MW c) 2022-23 to 2026-27 is 10 MW 7.2 Installation of grid connected solar H Large M MI S IP, CB LT power plant of capacity above 2 MW under National Solar Mission - a) Up to 2016-17 is 5 MW b) 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 20 MW c) 2022-23 to 2026-27 is 25 MW 7.3 Promotion of community based solar M Low M MI A PA, PS, MT cooker system use for 200 people at DP schools/education centers through policy mechanism and demonstration project implementation. 8 Creating solar energy technology H Large M AD A PA, PS, MT supply chain by incorporation of Mini IP Solar Park or Solar Valley for production of Solar PV and thermal devices etc. in a SEZ mode by the Government of Tripura. a) Land identification, development and allocation for solar park. 237 b) Development of solar park as a PPP initiative. c) Allocation of area to solar manufacturers under SEZ scheme. 9 Promotion and facilitation for setting M Large M MI S PS, IP MT up of large scale biomass based power plants of capacity 3 MW and above through single window procedure. a) Preparation of Bankable Detailed Project Report b) Arrangement & management of project implementation fund c) Single window clearance for setting up biomass power plant d) Dedicated plantation activity for biomass generation e) Implementation of a pilot power project 10 Establishment and introduction of H Large M AD A RS, IP MT Solar Energy Resource Institute in the state under National Solar Mission for R&D programmes in solar energy 11 Introducing course on Renewable H Large M AD A CB, IP MT energy technology and Energy management at under -graduate level engineering courses to achieve target of National Solar mission by increasing technically qualified manpower. 12 Deployment of Improved chulha in M Low M MI S PS, IP MT 238 rural households for efficient energy consumption and promotion in the state through enabling policy and subsidy framework Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance; Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 239 Comprehensive list of Actions Mission on Energy Efficiency Primary Department/Departments: TSECL Sl.No. Action points Importance Priority Type Scale Nature Time Constraint frame 1 Conversion of open cycle High Nil High MI A IP MT gas based thermal power plant to combined cycle systems. 2 T & D Loss reduction High Minimal High AD S PS,IP MT 3 Development of policy for High Minimal High MI S PA ST mandatory use of efficient light particularly for commercial organizations in the state. 4 Conversion of High Minimal High MI S DP ST conventional street lights to solar LED/CFL street lights. 5 Encourage use of Solar High Minimal High AD S PA ST Gadgets in Industries 6 Policy development for High Minimal High MI S PA, DP ST mandatory Energy Audit in Govt. Building; 240 7 Research study to assess High Minimal High MI S RS MT the potential of energy conservation across all sectors and designated consumers and designing of resource estimation and institutional structure required to address the energy efficiency issues. 8 Awareness and High Minimal High MI S IP MT implementation for use of CFL and replacing incandescent lamp under Bachat Lamp Yojana, and Umbrella program of BEE. 9 Development of policy to High Minimal High MI S PA ST mandate ECBC adoption in state. 10 Formulation of DSM High Minimal High MI S IP MT project for TSECL 11 Development of Medium Large Medium MI S PA, DP MT comprehensive scheme for promotion of energy efficient pumps in agriculture sector. 12 Encouragement for Medium Large Medium AD S RS, PA LT Decentralized generation of power to reduce the T&D Losses by introducing schemes and policy 241 13 Promoting efficient brick Medium Large Medium MI S PA, CB ST manufacturing process leading to fossil fuel conservation, preventing denudation of top soil and GHG emission reduction by mandatory use of efficient brick heating/burning. 14 Promotion of use of star Medium Large Medium MI S PA, CB MT rated domestic appliances may be encouraged. The shops selling TV, Refrigerators or Washing Machines, Fans etc. may be asked to keep only star rated products. Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 242 Comprehensive list of Actions Sustainable Habitat Primary Department- Urban Development & Municipal Councils , PWD and Trasport Sl. Activity Importance Criteria for Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. Prioritisation Frame 1 Awareness generation and capacity H Ease of H AD S CB LT building in climate change impacts implementation and preparedness 2 Capacity building for departments H Ease of H AD S CB LT on advance solid waste management implementation 3 Capacity building on Water H Ease of H AD S CB LT management and efficient implementation, distribution of supply and delivery Cost effective 4 Capacity building on Urban H Ease of H AD S CB LT Management implementation 5 Liquid waste management through H Cost benefit H AD/MI S PA, MT improved sewage design for CB, addressing climate change impacts OM 6 Developing models of urban storm H Ease of H AD S RS ST water flows and capacities of implementation existing drainage system 7 Developing a climate friendly waste H Cost benefit H AD/MI A RS, PA LT management system 8 Composting and treatment of H Cost benefit H M R PIS MT Municipal Solid Waste in Agartala Town and other district towns is 243 very important in regard to control of methane emission 9 Waste management through H Cost benefit H MI A RS, IP LT Sanitary landfill and aerobic composting facilities for reduction of GHG 10 Reduction of vector borne diseases H Incremental vs H AD A CB MT from unmanaged dumping grounds transformative change 11 Improvement of collection efficiency H Cost H AD/MI A IP, LT and segregation at source effectiveness, ROM cost benefit, ease of implementation 12 Formulation of building guidelines H Ease of H AD A IP LT with provision of promoting implementation traditional houses for different agro- climatic zone, floodplains and in consideration of the seismic vulnerability of the state 13 Developing climate- responsible H Ease of H AD A PA MT master plans for selected city/towns implementation (CDP) 14 Reformulation land tenure policy to H Ease of H AD S PA LT enable sustainable urban implementation, development cost benefit 15 Disaster risk reduction in Urban H Cost benefit, AD S CB ST sector Ease of implementation 244 16 Declaration of incentives / rebate H Cost benefit H MT S PA MT on property tax for use of solar water heaters in buildings 17 Capacity Building on Climate H Cost benefit H AD S CB MT Change Impacts on Construction of Road, Bridge and Building to private Engineers , Contracts and Architects and Bitumen fuel usage 18 Promoting eco friendly methods of H Cost benefit H MT S RS/IP ST road construction ( Like Using Bitumen without burning ) 19 Recycling and Reuse of the Building H Cost benefit H MT S RS/IP ST and road construction materials 20 Pilot project on Rubberized H Cost benefit H MT S RS/IP ST Bitumen usage in Road Construction 21 Constructing Pilot water proof Road H Cost benefit H AD S IP ST (Heavy rain fall , water logging, average Ground water level is only 10 mt) 22 Conversion of grid power street H Cost benefit H MT S IP LT lights to solar lamps in important State Highways and National highways 23 Automatic boards to be installed H Cost benefit H MT S IP LT and Solar traffic Signal Powers (Shifting grid power to solar power) 24 Switching to liquid fuel based H Cost benefit H M R IP MT vehicle to CNG based Vehicle 25 Promotion of low emission vehicles, H Cost benefit H M S PA MT electric vehicles 245 26 Introduction to concept of mass H Cost benefit, H M R PIS LT rapid transit Incremental vs transformative change 27 Introduction of more public H Cost benefit, H M S IP LT transport Incremental vs transformative change 28 Quantitative assessment of the H Ease of H AD S RS LT impact of climate change implementation 29 Promotion of Bio-fuel H Cost H M S PA/IP MT effectiveness, Cost benefit 30 Urban poor Mapping to Identify H Ease of H AD S RS LT vulnerable urban population implementation 31 Promote green building concept H Cost H MT S PA ST aggressively through policy and effectiveness, regulation measures Cost benefit 32 Improvement of Water Use M Implementation M AD S PS, LT Efficiency and conservation through will be difficult OM leak reduction in Urban Areas 33 Improvement of Pumping energy M Less cost M MT A IP MT efficiency in Water supply system effective 34 Roof top rain water harvesting M Less cost M AD R PA MT Structures in Buildings effective 35 Growing Vegetation in Urban Areas M Implementation M MT S IP LT and Roadside Plantations not easy, lack of land 246 36 GHG Emissions foot printing for all M Implementation M AD/MI A RS MT urban bodies including upcoming not easy and satellite townships time taking Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 247 Comprehensive list of Actions Mission on Water Primary Department: Water Resource Department, PWD(DWS) SL Activities Importance Constraint Priority Type Scale Nature Time No frame 1. Creation of new minor H None H A State Investment long storage/irrigation tanks-400 2. Protection and H None H A state Investment Long Conservation of large wetlands/waterbodies (like Rudra Sagar ) 3. Embankment raising in H None H A state Investment Long preventing high flood 4. Development of GIS H None H A State Pre- Investment short supported Data- base/status maps for all the existing water sources 5. Information on status H None H A state Pre-invest Short of runoff, water level, sedimentation during different seasons 6. Extensive Awareness H None H A District Capacity building Long Generation Programme about water resource mgt 7. River conservation H None H A State Pre-invest Long measures and river health monitoring- sewerage Mgt 8. Establishment of H None H A State Policy action Short Basin Authority for 248 river conservation and Mgt 9. Formation of Ecological H None H A state Research study Long monitoring and research cell in WR to coordinate with other research organization for feedback 10 Installation of H None H A state Invest STW/DTW for irrigation 11 Impact of recent H None H A State Research study Short climatic change on groundwater condition in Tripura: Monitoring and geo- electrical mapping for sustainable agriculture development 12 Setting up Iron removal H None H A GP Investment Long plants to remove excessive presence of iron in water 13 Setting up Surface H None H A block Investment LONG Water Treatment Plant for supplying of Quality Water 14 Proper management of H None H A Dist investment Long rural Solid Wastes and liquid wastes 15 Assessment of arsenic H None H A State Research study Short contaminated water areas /bodies/ground water sources 16 Installation of H None H A District Capacity building Long SBTW/DTW /Spot 249 Sources (like OHP,Mark-II, Ring well etc) for drinking Water. 17 Extensive Awareness H Minimal H A state Invest short Generation Programme about Safe use of drinking water & sanitation. 18 Setting up of Block H Minimal H A District Capacity building Long level water testing laboratory for drinking water parameters 19 Setting up of Scientific H Minimal H A Block Investment/Research Long Research Laboratory for drinking water& waste water parameters Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 250 Comprehensive list of Actions Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Primary Department: Forest Department Sl. Activities Importan Constr Priori Type Scal Natur Time No ce aint ty e e frame 1 Protection of existing forest lands from H None H AD/ S PA LT encroachment and illegal land use M 2 Protection of forests and forest land from soil H None H AD S PA LT erosion (900 Km ) 3 Encourage cultivation of traditional varieties of H None H AD S PA/ IP LT crops and horticulture by promotion of organic farming, enabling farmers to realize a price premium. 4 Conservation and Management of two major H None H AD S RS/IP LT Wetlands RudraSagar and Gumiti Reserve 5 Grazing Policy on domestic bovine population H None H AD S PA ST 6 Undertaking studies on indigenous (at least five) H None H AD S RS MT tree species to assess their vulnerability to climate change 7 Knowledge Management on climate change H Nil H AD S RS ST science and policy developments 8 Studies to assess the impact of climate change H Nil H AD S RS ST on the endangered and vulnerable wildlife species in the state 251 9 Monitoring of carbon stock and biodiversity at H M H AD S ROM MT regular intervals 10 Awareness creation on biodiversity conservation H None H AD S CB LT and its relation with the climate change to the Policy makers 11 Establishing observational and monitoring H None H AD S IP LT network to assess ecosystem health including freshwater systems. 12 Strengthening regional cooperation through H None H AD R CB LT established mechanisms for exchanging information with countries to share the Himalayan ecology. 13 Documentation of the People’s Biodiversity H None H AD S RS ST Registers 14 Undertaking studies and investment promotion H None H AD S RS ST of NTFP and indigenous forest resources for adaptation of climate change 15 Ecotourism promotion for biodiversity protection H None H AD S IP LT and sustainable livelihood 16 Take measures to regulate tourist inflows into H None H AD S PA LT mountain regions to ensure that these remain within the carrying capacity of the mountain ecology 252 17 Documentation of Medicinal Plant resources in H None H AD S RS ST Tripura 18 Adopt appropriate land-use planning and H None M AD S IP LT watershed management practices for sustainable development of mountain ecosystem. 19 Consider unique mountain spaces as entities L None M M S PA LT with “Incomparable Values”, in developing strategies for their protection 20 Assessing threats to biodiversity and wildlife L None M AD S RS/PA LT 21 Creation and management of community and M None M AD S IP LT conservation reserves for economic welfare of local communities and conservation of biodiversity. 22 Capacity building of JFM committees and M None M AD R CB ST Panchayati Raj Institutions to adapt to climate change 23 Assessment and quantification of the changes in M None M AD S RS LT the Himalayan eco system attributable to the climate change as a result of global emissions and human activities in the region and model for future projections 253 24 Exploration of linking of traditional and formal M None M AD S CB LT knowledge systems through strategic mechanism of formalization for mutual benefit and value for the sustainability of the Himalayan ecosystem 25 Adaptive species identification for effective M None M AD S RS ST plantation through establishment of Permanent Nursery 26 Sequestering carbon through avenue plantations L None M M S IP ST 27 Study on dependence of ecosystem people on L High M AD S RS ST forestry resources. 28 Awareness about climate change and its impact L High M AD S IP ST through 27 Eco-parks 29 Promoting community-based management L High M AD S PA/IP ST through developing mechanisms for incentives for protection and enhancement of forested lands. 30 Building human and institutional capacities in L High L AD S PA/IP LT the different existing / new Institutions in the Himalayan region. 31 Identification of most-desirable Adaptation L High L AD S RS/PA LT Policies to Improve Regional Sustainability. 254 Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 255 Comprehensive list of Actions Green Tripura Mission Primary Department: Forest Department Sl. Activities Importanc Constraint Priorit Type Scal Nature Time No. e s y e frame 1 Provisioning services from forests, particularly H None H AD/MI S IP LT fuel wood, fodder/grass/grazing; timber, cane/bamboo, NTFPs through creating community reserves 2 Enabling adaptation of forest dependent local H None H AD S CB LT communities In the face of climatic variability 3 Promoting Urban Forestry (1000 Hectors Area H None H AD/MI S IP LT will be taken under planting and after-care) 4 Agro Forestry and Social Forestry Promotion ( H None H AD/MI S IP LT 1500 Ha will be taken under Agro/Social forestry to enhance Carbon Sinks ) 5 Rehabilitation of shifting cultivations (1 Lakh H None H MI S IP LT Ha will be restored to representative ecosystems through plantation of bio-diverse species mix to supplement natural 6 To support Conservation and promotion of H None H AD S IP LT Scared Groves Tripura 7 Valuation of existing forest wealth of Tripura H None H AD S RS LT 8 Tree Canopy covering improving by H None H MI S IP LT enrichment plantations with aim of optimum utility in degraded forest areas over 2 lakhs 9 Promoting rural households to adopt fuel H None H MI S IP LT wood efficiency and alternative RE device like improved Chulas, Biogas etc (Intervention in 20000 HH ) 256 10 Strengthening of Forest Department H None H AD S CB LT (Infrastructure & Capacity Building) 11 GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation of the H None H S IP LT program 12 Assessing Fire management Strategies H None H AD/MI S IP LT 13 Strengthening local level institutions about H None H MI S IP LT Forest Management Climate Change 14 Livelihood improvement Activities H None H AD S CB LT 15 Increasing plantation activities on outside H None H AD/MI S IP LT forest land (Plantation Activities and Supporting natural Regeneration in 5000 Ha) 16 Establishment of Mission Directorate H None H MI/AD S IP LT 17 Sustainability of afforestation activities H None H MI A IP LT through income generation from CDM and Voluntary Markets 18 Certification of Rubber wood coming from H None H AD A IP ST Sustainably Managed Forests 19 Energy Conservation within Rubber H None H MI A IP ST Processing federation of TFDPC 20 Enhancing the Resilience and Ability of M High M AD S RS ST vulnerable Species /ecosystems to adapt to climate change 21 Enabling adaptation of forest dependent local M High M AD S RS ST communities In the face of climatic variability Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 257 Comprehensive list of Actions Sustainable Agriculture Primary Responsibility: Agricultural, Horticultural, ARDD &Fisheries Department Sl. Activity Importance Constraints Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. Frame 1 Rapid screening and H None H AD S RS ST strategy assessment of State agriculture policy 2 Climate Change Impact H None H AD S RS MT studies on Coconut and Orange Production 3 Undertaking capacity- H None H AD S CB LT building 4 Risk management H Minimal H AD S IP MT • Disease forecasting • Trans boundary • Disease Problems • Yield Studies • Meteorological Data • Moisture Measurement • Bench Marking • Weather Based • Insurance • Crop Insurance • DRR 5 Breeding studies on major H Minimal H AD R RS S crops for tolerance/resistance (Adaptive Research-Breeding 258 and Validation through multi location testing) 6 Establishing an effective H None H AD S IP LT institutional delivery mechanism to promote best practices on climate change· 1. Identification Nodal farmers 2. Demonstration plot 7 Utilization of Bio-resources H None H AD S IP LT (Organic wastes, plant wastes, leaf fall droppings etc) towards preparation of organic manure 8 Developing livelihood – H None H AD S IP MT focused, people- centric integrated watershed development in rain-fed areas 9 Development of water use- H None H Mi S IP MT efficient micro irrigation methods and individual/community farm ponds 10 Developing sustainable soil, H None H AD S PA MT water and crop management practices: (4000 Ha drip irrigation & Demonstration) 11 Increasing Cropping H Minimal H AD S IP LT Intensity in Traditional Conventional Land (To achieve 300% Cropping 259 Intensity) 12 Improving monitoring and H None H AD S PA, IP LT surveillance techniques including cropping cutting measures (Electronic communication System, GPS and CB 40 Training Personnel) 13 Research study on the H None H AD S RS LT Climate Change Impacts on the Reproduction of Cattle, Vector borne diseases for domestic animals and Climate Change Impacts on the Worm infestation, Milk Production 14 Adaptability good milch H Minimal H AD S IP LT breed of cattle such as Sahiwal, Gir and Red Sindhi, Jursey and Holstein cross, rearing and bio gas production with milk chilling plant 15 Study on Performance of H Minimal H AD S RS ST Broiler Production in High temperatures 16 Assessment of non descript H None H AD S PA MT cattle of Tripura to identify high milk production ability 260 17 Integrated watershed H None H AD S IP LT management for Fodder and nutritional security 18 Research study on supply H Minimal H AD S RS MT of animal feedstock and feasibility of rubber seed cake as feedstock in drought seasons 19 Adaptability of low input H None H AD R PA S technology like Kuroialer, Gramapriya and Kalinga Brown 20 Capacity Building of farmers H Minimal H AD R CB S 21 Capacity building and H None H Mi S CB LT welfare activities of fishing communities 22 Impact assessment of H None H AD S RS LT climate change on fishery and development of watershed vulnerable to climate variations. 23 Study of impact of Climate H None H AD S RS MT Change on the indigenous fauna of aquatic ecosystem and open waters 24 Rubber Plantation Impacts H Minimal H AD S RS MT on Fisheries 25 Contingency Crop planning H Minimal AD S IP, RS ST 26 Agro-met data Acquisition H None H AD S PA,RS ST and Management 261 27 Approach to increase H None H AD S PA, RS ST cropping intensity with diversification options under variable climatic condition 28 Supply of plant nutrients in H None H AD S IP, RS ST an eco-friendly way 29 Water storage and providing L High L AD S PA MT proper diversion channels to the existing ponds for drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains (Pilot) 30 Water bodies/Wetland L High L AD S PA MT conservation for fishery sector Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 262 Comprehensive list of Actions Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science Technology & Environment Sl.No. Activities Import Const Priorit Type Scale Nature Time ance raint y frame 1 Knowledge Building on Climate Change H NIL H AD S PA/CB ST 1. Formulation of Tripura Institute of Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (TISKCC) 2. Establishment of Centre of Monitoring and Assessment of Climate Change (CMACC) 3. Compile a data base of past weather related information and damage caused by extreme weather related episodes 4. automatic weather stations (AWS) 2 To build GHG inventory and identify the dominant H NIL H MT S RS ST GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, industries, districts, municipalities in order to enable selection of mitigation opportunities. 3 Identifying and inventorizing all kinds of water H NIL H AD S RS ST sources existing in the state (include generation of database for ponds, tanks, dighis, lakes and big water-bodies) with focus on water quality. 4 Generation of Basin level data for all the rivers for H NIL H AD S RS ST the entire state 5 Studies on ways on means to reduce dependency of H NIL H AD S RS LT people on Natural Resources 6 Conservation of River Aquatic Resources H NIL H AD S IP ST 7 Development and implementation of Biomass based H NIL H M S IP MT initiatives for adaptation to climate change including horticulture and biomass processing 263 industries 8 Capacity Building on Climate Change H NIL H AD S CB LT 1. Capacity building of personnel in the service department 2. Exposure visit for capacity building 9 Studies on impact of Urban Migration on the H NIL H AD S RS LT resilience of the Urban ecosystem 10 Preparation of ground water status map for the M HIGH M AD S RS ST entire state. 11 Studies on nutrient application and crop uptake in H NIL M AD S RS ST different land situations, topography and varied soil classifications in order to understand and monitor the influence of edaphic and environmental interaction in relation to climate change. 12 Study on impact of climate change on landslide, soil H NIL M AD S RS/IP LT erosion and decaying river courses of the major rivers of Tripura 13 Targeted Monitoring of Air Pollution and Climate L HIGH M AD S RS/IP LT Change Impacts on Biodiversity 14 Development of information system for the M HIGH M AD S RS/CB ST generation and dissemination of agro-meteorological knowledge 15 Ethanobotany (medicinal and Aromatic ) plant cell M NIL M AD S RS LT 16 Studies and establishment of institutional M HIGH M AD S RS/IP LT arrangement for Diseases Forecasting of Animal Health 17 Introduction of Soil Health Card M NIL M AD S PA/IP LT 264 18 Study on Biotechnology intervention for increasing H NIL M AD S RS LT the production of milk 19 Research and development of implementation M NIL M AD S RS/PA LT strategy to combat the impact of climate change on public health 20 Research on development of Climate Resilient Town M HIGH M AD S RS/IP LT planning, buildings and construction technology 21 Development of Energy related technological M HIGH M AD S IP LT innovations for mitigation of climate change (Biomass gasifiers, Chullahs, solar energy utilization) 22 Framing of E - governance related to climate change M HIGH M AD S RS/IP LT action Plan 23 Technology watch, foresight & assessment, climate L NIL L AD S RS/IP LT change response impact assessment extramural research, human capacity building, S&T international and regional cooperation and linkages, Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 265 Comprehensive list of Actions Mission on Health Primary Department: Health Department Sl. Action Points Importance Constraint Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. frame 1 Formulating Adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change issues affecting human health Upgradation of state health policy through H None H AD S PA ST incorporation of Health Impacts due to climate change Research initiatives for changed patterns of H None H AD S RS MT diseases by region and by climate parameters 2 Health impacts due to drinking water contamination and temperature variation Identification of vector borne diseases like H Minimal H AD S RS ST malaria, kala-azar, dengue, filarial, encephalitis etc. Establishment/Upgradation of pathological H Minimal H AD S IP MT laboratories for disease identification caused due to climate variations 3 Human health infrastructure development and capacity building for climate change adaptation Capacity building and training for mental H Minimal H AD S CB LT and physical health treatment during and after emergency preparedness during extreme climate events & Capacity building and training for health workers for sensitization of climate variation and health impacts Public health infrastructure development H Minimal H AD S IP MT 4 Assessment of health impacts due to H None H AD S RS ST malnutrition- Research study on 266 malnutrition of vulnerable groups due to food insecurity caused by climatic variations 4 Identification and documentation of M M M AD S RS ST temperature related morbidity 5 Study and documentation of diseases M M AD S RS ST caused by drinking water contamination Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 267 Minutes Stakeholder consultation workshop – TCCAP The stakeholder’s consultation meeting held on 2nd November 2011 was a second round meeting post to the first consultation programme on state climate change action plan and round of discussion had in between the working group members and CTRAN consulting to have the input on actions identified for each priority sectors with an objective to finalize the State Climate change Action Plan. Post to the inaugural deliberation by Director DSTE on the background of the state climate change action plan the strategic initiative undertaken by the department and the way ahead. Following are the inputs from different stakeholders on the priority action on the state action plan on climate change. State Vulnerability issues 1. The data used in the vulnerability analysis should be based on the current information of the state. 2. The data or information used to arrive at the population and food security issues should be update on the basis of 2010 data. 3. The chapter should be highlighted on the basis of scientific studies or observation with reference to the Tripura 4. The plan should be site specific/state specific 5. There are 15 Nagar Panchayats now instead of 12 Generic 1. Mission & vision statement, outcome & process indicator to be included in the action plan report. 2. Mid-term review of each action points to be included in the report. 3. Picture and graphical representation should be included. 268 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura Forestry sector presentation – Principal Secretary commented on 1. Though Himalayan Ecosystem concept is applicable to the NE region of India but, Tripura and Assam has lots of plane areas and already lots of people are staying in those areas. So, sustainable agriculture practice is most feasible and suitable option instead of sustainable forestry in those areas. Moreover 70% of population in Tripura is sustained by agricultural practices. Therefore, sustainable model for agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry is required in the state. 2. Study should be conducted through premiere institution on the scope, prospect of agro forestry, shifting cultivation 3. The forestry sector should highlight on the scope of medicinal plantation 4. Study should be made to understand the ipact of forestry in magement of microclimatic conditions ICAR representative commented on Agriculture sector – 1. Action points related to Capacity building needs to be detailed up and budgeting also requires to be detailed. Capacity building of 4 Krishivigyan Kendra need to be incorporated under this action point with mentioning the centers names. 2. Budget for this action point is too high and so reduction is needed. 3. Dept. of bio-technology should be in Action point 5 -7. 4. To Identify impacts of climate change on Land use in cropping strategy 5. Land use planning in 40 Blocks of Tripura for Sustainable Agricultural Development 6. Preparation of Agro-climatic atlas (Block wise ) 7. Assessment of Seasonal Soil Moisture 8. Preparation of Block wise crop calendar 9. Formulation of Farm Health Card 10. Technological Interventions to Address the Issues of Climatic Variability- Agro-met data Acquisition and Management 11. Facilitating Microclimatological Laboratory 269 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 12. Development of Crop simulation model 13. Facilitating weather based Agro Advisory at Panchayat Level 14. Setting up of new agro-met observatory at block level and Centralized meteorological data assembling system 15. Undertaking study to options for Crop diversification with options of Intercrops 16. Studies of Micro-bial Diversity and Formulation of Effective Bio-fertilizer to Increase the Crop Productivity Under Variable Climatic Scenario 17. Establishment of Bio control Unit to Study the Efficacy of Various Bio Control Agent for Ecofriendly Plant Protection Measures Energy Sector – Stakeholders consultation 1. For modification of the thermal power plant, technology should be adopted to minimize the use of water for power generation 2. Rain water harvesting and water conservation technique should be promoted to minimize use of ground water 3. Air cooled condenser should be promoted Representative from Bio-technology department commented 1. An action to be included for medicinal plants and hubs as Tripura has a well reserve of these plants which need to be promoted. Member Secretary of Pollution Control Board commented that 2. Action point for river bank plantation needs to be re-drafted and considered as high priorityas the state has seven rivers but none of them has capacity to hold a good quantity of water and soil erosion takes place in very high rate. Solar Mission –CEO & Director, TREDA has commented 1. Renewable energy policy is already drafted and to be declared shortly should be highlighted in the report. 2. Data of un-electrified hamlets and villages as available from TREDA to be included in the report. 3. Generic tariff for renewable power is already drafted by TERC and to be declared shortly. 4. Solar Pump should be promoted in the uphill area 270 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 5. Promotion of micro hydel power plant 6. Study to be conducted to analyze solar radiation potential in the state Representative from transport department commented on Urban sector presentation – 1. Incorporation of cycle track and footpath in urban areas to be considered as action point under transport sector. Water Sector 1. The action points of the water sector related to the basin management should be redrafted as establishment of basin management authority to reduce the ambiguity. 2. Study related to rainfall and other meteorological condition should be made Director, DSTE commented that, 1. Action point for inclusion of Vermi-composting technology should be included. Representative from Dept. of fisheries further commented that- 1. ICAR and College of fisheries to be included in Point no. 24 -26. 2. Please delete Point no. 28 as it is already included in water sector. 3. Point no. 27 should not be linked with Dept. of fisheries. Principal Secretary commented on Strategic Knowledge Mission 1. A specific cell for bio-resource monitoring should be incorporated. 2. Instead of 4 districts, it should be 8 districts as the state has 8 districts. 3. All over India 8 Doppler weather Radar is proposed and out of which 1 is already under implementation in Agartala near Airport. So, please re-draft the relevant action point accordingly. 4. A solar insolation radiation research station is Tripura will be set up very soon so, relevant action point should be omitted. 271 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura 272 State Action Plan on Climate Change : Tripura