Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 National Priorities and NAPCC 2

1.3 Mapping state development issues and Priorities with NAPCC 4

1.4. Baseline assessments 4

1.5. Past and on-going climate change trends and risks 6 Chapter – 2 : National Action Plan on Climate Change 9-12

2.1. Introduction 9

2.2. Approach to Climate Change 9

2.3. Domestic Action 9

2.4. Other Initiatives 11

2.5. Institutional Mechanism 11 Chapter - 3 : Agro-climatic Zone Level Assessment of Climate Change Impact 13-16 Chapter - 4 : Process of Preparation of Climate Change Action Plan in Mizoram 17-22

4.1. Formulation of SAPCC 17

4.2. Methodology 17 Chapter – 5 : Sustainable Agriculture 23-38

5.1. Sectoral Overview 23

5.2. Facts about agriculture & horticulture in Mizoram 23

5.3. Facts about the Animal Husbandary: 24

5.4. Key Issues 25

5.5. Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture and allied sectors of Mizoram 25

5.6. Adaptation Pathways in Agriculture 26 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

5.7. Key Priorities 29 Chapter- 6 : Sustainable Himalayan Mission 39-46

6.1. Introduction 39

6.2. Key Facts 39

6.3. Mountain river system 40

6.4. Climate 40

6.5. Biodiversity 40

6.6. Key Issues 41

6.7. Key Priorities 42 Chapter – 7 : Green Mission 47-56

7.1. Introduction 47

7.2. Key Facts about urban areas in Mizoram 47

7.3. Key Issues 48

7.4. Climate Change Adaptation in forestry sector of Mizoram 49

7.5. Key Priorities 51 Chapter – 8 : Sustainable Habitat 57-68

8.1. Introduction 57

8.2. Key Facts about urban areas in Mizoram 58

8.3. Key Priorities 62 Chapter – 9 : Health 69-88

9.1. Introduction 69

9.2. Key Facts about the Sector 72

9.3. Infrastructure 73

9.4. Key Issues 75

9.5. Projection Scenario 77

9.6. Weather Variability 77

9.7. Activity Undertaken 79

9.8. Gaps 80

9.9 Strategic Framework 80

9.10. Enhanced exposure to Water Borne Diseases 80

9.11. Enhanced exposure to Cardio –Respiratory Problem 82 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

9.12. Thermal Extremes 82

9.13. Enhanced chances of Malnutrition and Food Security 82

9.14. Key Priorities 83 Chapter -10 : Solar Mission & Renewable Energy Sector 89-102

10.1. Introduction 89

10.2. Key Facts about the Solar and other Renewable Energy sector 89

10.3. Concerns Due to Climate Change 93

10.4. Key Priorities to address climate change concerns 94 Chapter-11 : Energy Efficiency 103-118

11.1 Introduction 103

11.2. Key Facts about the Energy Sector 104

11.3. Concerns Due to Climate Change 108

11.4. Key Priorities to address climate change concerns 109 Chapter-12 : Water 119-128

12.1. Introduction 119

12.2. Key Facts about the Sector 120

12.3 Key Issues 123

12.4. Adaptation Pathways in Water Sector 124

12.5. Key Priorities 124 Chapter – 13 : Strategic Knowledge Mission 129-134

13.1. Introduction 129

13.2. The mission objective 129 Chapter – 14 : Analysis and Synthesis 135-138

14.1. Introduction 135

14.2 Findings 135

14.3. Financial budgets 136 Chapter – 15 : Implementation Arrangement 139-142

15.1 Implementing the priority Action 140

15.2 Measuring the results of the actions taken 140

15.3 Communicate the Results 140

15.4. Establish attention and review of the apex decision makers 141 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter – 16 : Conclusions 143-146

16.1. Significance of climate change 143

16.2. Addressing both adaptation and mitigation 143

16.3. Information on climate change implications 143

16.4 Awareness and capacity-building 143

16.5. Overall approach 143

16.6. Involve stakeholders 144

16.7. Going beyond environmental & climate change professionals 144

16.8. Dynamic document 144

16.9. Integrate climate change in new initiatives 144

16.10. Monitoring of CAP 144

16.11. Budget 145

16.12. Recommendations for future CAPs 145 17. Minutes of Stakeholder consultation programme on Mizoram Climate Change Action Plan 147-156 18. Annexure – 1 : Key Priorities 157-174 19. Annexure – 2 : Comprehensive list of Activities Considered 175-200 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Climate Change Strategy Moreover it also has a very low adaptability due to the socio-economic and bio- One of the youngest state of Indian Union, physical conditions.A recent report on Mizoram is very much vulnerable to the climate change impact in India highlights impacts of a changing climate and sometimes that “extreme precipitation events may faces wrath of freak weather events due to increase by 5-10 days in all the regions in its geo-climatic condition, making the entire the Northeast, which might cause wide state as one of the most hazard prone states alarm in the region as many parts of the in the country. The state is annually swept region are prone to landslides and flash by cyclonic storms, cloudbursts, hailstorms floods which are only aggravated by heavy and landslides. The valleys are hot and wet rainfall due to steep gradient. during summer and in the upper reaches it stays comfortably cool. However, the effect The main objective of Climate Change of global warming has been experienced here Action Plan is to strategize adaptation with data showing increase in rise in mean and mitigation initiative towards emission and maximum temperature over the last 10 stabilization and enhance the resilience of years. There are also frequent occurrence of the ecosystem. violent storms during March and April that come from North-West Direction. Mizoram Plan Process receives an average rainfall of about 3000mm in a year and this is evenly distributed and Government of Mizoram has taken the it is not drought or flood prone.Although climate change issue very seriously. A the State is enjoying abundance of rainfall detailed roadmap has been chalked out during monsoon period, the dry spell during to develop the climate change action non-monsoon period is really hard for the plan for the state.Climate Change Council people. Due to the steepness of the hillsides, of Mizoram is created to develop state underground water retention is minimal, action plan for assessment, adaptation causing perennial water sources to dry up and mitigation of climate change with an during this period. This had been aggravated objective to monitor the targets, objectives by the tradition custom of jhum cultivation, and achievements of the national missions commonly known as slash and burn. specified by National Action Plan on Climate State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram i Change (NAPCC). The respective missions shall be taken care of and attended to by the individual departments who shall strive to attain the listed objectives within stipulated time frames and ensure their vertical integration with the National Mission. Sl No Designation Position in Council 1 Hon'ble Chief Minister, Chairman Chairman 2 Hon'ble Minister, Rural Development Member 3 Hon'ble Minister, Agriculture, etc. Member 4 Hon'ble Minister, PHE, Tourism, etc. Member 5 Hon'ble Minister, Transport, etc. Member 6 Hon'ble Minister, Revenue Member 7 Hon'ble Minister, Forests Member 8 Vice Chairman, State Planning Board Member 9 Chief Secretary, Govt. of Mizoram Member 10 Principal Secy, PHE, Agri, etc. Member 11 Secretary, Environment & Forests Member 12 Secretary, Tourism Member 13 Secretary, R.D. Member 14 Secretary, Horticulture Member 15 Principal Secy., Planning & Prog. Implementation Member Secretary The operating arm of the Climate Change Council is designated as the Executive Council. Sl No Designation Position in the Council 1 Chief Secretary, Govt. of Mizoram Chairman 2 Principal Secy, Planning & Prog. Implementation Member 3 Principal Secretary, PHE, Agri, etc. Member 4 Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Member 5 Secretary, Rural Development Member 6 Secretary, Horticulture Member 7 Secretary, Tourism Member 8 Principal Adviser Planning Member 9 Chief Scientific Officer, Science & Technology Member Secretary II. Sustainable Agriculture to unfavourable physical conditions and the land holding pattern that prohibits taking The State’s economy is predominantlyagrarian, up initiatives towards facilitating increase with more than 60% of the total work force of yield. As per the present status, the total engaged eitherdirectly or indirectly with annual requirement of rice for Mizoram the sector. Irrespective of the considerable is 19,22,030 Quintals/year but Mizoram dependency of the economy the agricultural produces only 462924 quintals/ year (24% sector in the state is quite under developed of the total requirement) so the deficiency is due to the predominant method of cultivation, 76% which is likely to worsen under negative lack of irrigation facility which is largely due impact of climate change or weather ii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram variability. Adaptation measure if taken up experienced land degradation (total of 20.64 judiciously can offset the negative impacts % of Mizoram) at an alarming rate owing to of climate change on irrigated rice but in the the destructive slash-and-burn system of case of rain-fed rice, growing of tolerant and cultivation. high input efficiency rice varieties with better management and assured irrigation only can From the animal husbandry and fisheries reduce the climate change impacts. point of view the state is facing serious problem due to increase in deficiency of To add on the agricultural issue lies the rainfall. land degradation problem. Mizoram has Key priorities: Agriculture 1. Development of Land (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice 2. Cultivation (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existing Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) 3. Developing data base on genotypes of local crop varieties (mainly rice varieties) and identification of suitable varieties for different agro-climatic zones. 4. Impact assessment of paddy cultivation through agricultural inputs such as crop varities, kharif crops and promotion of rain water harvesting and construction of eco friendly mini check dams for irrigation. 5. Assessment study and demonstration of Systematic Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse effects of climate change 6. Optimization of jhum cultivation through conservation of arable land, water utilization management, parallel cultivation of alternative crops and Alternative jhum Control to Livelihood 7. Construction of Hill Slope terraces for conservation of moisture and cultivation of food grain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 8. Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantation crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patterns. 9. Management of climate change impact on horticulture and Climate risk management studies 10. Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter cultivation practices 11. Promotion of organic farming through usage of compost and vermi compost 12. Adoption of Integrated Pest Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 13. Research study on livestock disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 14. Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous fauna of aquatic ecosystem and open waters 15. Water storage and providing proper diversion channels to the existing ponds for drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 16. Providing extensive support and services to fishermen through establishment of district level training centres 17. Water bodies conservation for fishery sector and establishment of fishery units in reservoirs and riverine area State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram iii III. Sustainable Himalayan Mission IV. Green Mission Mizoram is a fragment of Lower Himalayan The forest cover in Mizoram is around 91.27% range exhibiting a part of Mountain ecosystem of state geographical area, which in highest in comprising 21 moderate hill ranges and the country and is the richest source of carbon forest ecosystem. In between these two sink. However, the major constraints for the dominant ecosystems, lies the freshwater state are higher deforestation rates due to ecosystem. Climate Change impacts coupled jhum cultivation and forest degradation with anthropogenic pressure is most likely caused by anthropogenic pressure. Due to to impart its negative effect on the fragile this the majority of the forests classified Mountain Ecosystem of Mizoram. The under the open and medium dense forest assessment of impact of climate change on category and only 1% of forest cover classified forest ecosystems has clearly demonstrated under the high dense forest with the canopy the possibility of adverse implications on cover more than 40%. Lack of infrastructure, biodiversity and a large decrease in net Market Linkages and sustainable forest primary productivity of forest. Such a policies making under-utilization of potential projected shift or change in forest types likely for development of forest based enterprises leads to large-scale forest disappearance within the state. Almost 2/3rd of the area and loss of biodiversity. Forest ecosystems has already been degraded. These depleted are already subjected to socio-economic and degraded forests could not meet the pressures leading to forest degradation, growing demands of timber and other forest with adverse impacts on the livelihoods of products in the state and cannot provide a the forest-dependent communities. Climate safeguard to the ecological functions like soil change in the projected scenario is like to conservation, protection of land degradation, exacerbate the stress on forest ecosystems. To maintenance of agricultural productivity and add on the possibility of stress development protection of catchment area. of adaptation strategies is constrained by uncertainty in the current projections of climate parameters and impact assessments. Key priorities: Sustainable Himalayan Mission 1. Biodiversity Assessment 2. Research on Wildlife Population and Corridors - Mountain Goats, Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Bear 3. Creation of Biodiversity Park 4. Assessment of climate vulnerability and climate change impacts on state biodiversity and forest resources 5. Documentation and enrichment of biodiversity database through Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) at the JFMC Level 6. Inventorying and Conservation of Medicinal Plants 7. Monitoring of carbon stock and biodiversity at regular intervals 8. Eco-tourism promotion for biodiversity protection and sustainable livelihood 9. Undertaking study on valuation of forest resources 10. Work to establish new systems to support for public awareness building through Establishment of Envis Centre 11. Restructuring land use policy for jhum cultivation and habitation on notified forest lands 12. Policy formulation on transportation subsidy or development of low cost transportation for primary Forest products of the state 13. Protection of forests and forest land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha 14. Conservation and Management of two major Wetlands iv State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Key priorities: Green Mission fact that the towns in Mizoram are overgrown villages, trading centres with some rural development administrative office outfits, 1. Improvement of forest quality and density in degraded lands and which become urban settlements. These abandoned jhum lands outgrowth areas are generally devoid of 2. Improvement of the productivity of basic urban services and are administered Bamboo and promotion of local value through rural growth mechanism. There are addition through establishment of increasing urban problems of overcrowding market linkages and growth of slums, scarcity of water 3. Undertaking studies on climate change supply, inadequacies of public health and impacts on NTFP productivity and sustainable harvesting practices for sanitation system, mismanagement of waste adaptation of climate change materials. The existing urban infrastructure 4. Capacity building of communities/ for service delivery is increasingly insufficient, community forest management even for provision of core urban public institutions for climate change services such as water supply, sanitation adaptation and sewerage, urban roads and solid waste 5. Prevention and control mechanism for management. Sanitation possesses major forest invasive species and its utilization problems with the absence of any sewerage strategies system in urban areas resulting in drainage 6. Promotion of forest based industries of domestic effluent into nearby rivers and 7. Formulation of conservation strategies streams leading to contamination of water for Orchids and establishment of market linkages for value addition sources.Absence of storm water drainage 8. Livelihood improvement Activities for poses problems of water logging and forest dependent communities flooding, causing landslides and soil erosion. 9. Strengthening of Forest Department Indiscriminate developmental activities also 10. GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation add to the problem by obstructing drains of the program and encroaching rainwater flow paths.Solid 11. Strengthening of Local VSS waste is a pressing urban issue for Mizoram 12. Publicity / media and Outreach primarily because of its difficult terrain. Inadequate collection and improper disposal 13. Establishment of Mission Directorate currently lead to spillage and contamination of soil and surface as well as groundwater V. Sustainable Habitat streams.The urban transport sector has been largely neglected in the State, characterised The state has experienced relatively slower by heavy traffic congestion due to narrow economic growth in comparison with rest of roads, rapid growth in number of vehicles India. The state of Mizoram, the smallest state along with highly topographic and concentric in terms of size, is the fifth most urbanized state development.Integrated sewerage and in India with 49% of its population residing drainage system is not available in all cities in urban areas. The level of urbanization in of Mizoram. City development plans are Mizoram is likely to be 99% in 2016. As a underway for construction of the same in result of rapid increase of population within the major cities and district headquarters the state spilling of population outside the of Mizoram. Under the Urban Infrastructure city limits has taken place. It highlighted the Development Scheme for Small and Medium State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram v Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and of the socio economic scenario of the region Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) major that creates a conducive environment for initiatives taken for six district headquarters. occurrence and spread of diseases. The socio economic indicators like education, gender, Key Priorities: Sustainable Habitat poverty, housing, amenities and employment provide a background towards understanding 1. Capacity Building and research of the health scenario of the region. initiatives on Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Transmission dynamics of malaria is highly 2. Improvement in water usage climate sensitive and is severely impacted by management for urban drainage to the climatic conditions. Epidemiological study reduce climate change impacts substantiated the impact of climate change on malaria. Irrespective of the fact that the 3. Development of climate friendly number of malarial death has decreased Waste management systems and across the year the number of malarial improvement of aesthetics incidence and annual parasite incidence has enhanced across the year substantiating the 4. Reduction of disaster risk through increase in the morbidity due to malaria. climate change adaptation 5. Energy efficiency improvement and The State of Mizoram is characterised with promotion of renewable energy poor and unsafe drinking water and sanitation usage in urban sector facilities (9.99% of the rural household and 1% of the urban household in the state lacks 6. Improvement of vehicular pollution toilet- 2001 census). The unavailability of control mechanism for reduction of safe drinking water and improper sanitation GHG emissions facilities in far off and inaccessible area 7. Assessment and inventorisation of enhances the chances of incidence of water climate change impact on urban borne diseases.The situation of quality water sector availability is further worsen during the dry season due to increase of the pathogen loading of the water as well as during the VI. Health over precipitation(water contamination via flooding) period due to increase in microbial One of the youngest states of the union, loading.Of the Water borne diseases the Mizoram lying in the far flung area of the incidence of Diarrhoea and enteric fever are country is extremely vulnerable to the quite noticeable in the state. Although the extremes of climate change due to its rate of the both the diseases has decreased location in the fragile ecosystem and limited in 2010 in compared to 2009 the total access with the rest of the country. Barring number of cases seems to provide additional the scenario profiling of the health condition diseases burden. towards determining the possible impact of climate change on the health status and Assuming current emission level continue modelling the impact reduction framework, it their is high chances for deterioration of is also essential to have a clear understanding air quality in urban region as well increased vi State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram exposure to ozone and other air pollutant VII. Solar Mission and Renewable including particulate matter projecting an Energy Sector increase in cardio- respiratory morbidity and mortality. Certain weather patterns Mizoram is far behind in terms of the enhances the development of urban heat economic and infrastructural growth level of island, the intensity of which is important the nation since last three decades which can for secondary chemical reaction within the easily be depicted from the per capita energy urban atmosphere leading to elevated level consumption , a key indicator of human of some pollutants. development and growth . Availability and access to quality, reliable and affordable The climate change may also alter the seasonal power is critical parameters for promoting distribution of some allergenic pollen species economic and social development of the leading to physiological problem. developing countries. The lowering of yield of food crops due The state which is a power deficit owing to to climatic variability might diminishes minimal in-house power generation capacity dietary diversity and reduces overall food is facing a serious power shortage. The consumption and may therefore lead to change in climate condition and inconsistent micronutrient deficiencies posing impact rainfall pattern in the state is observed in last including death, malnutrition and/or few leading to non-availability of water in micronutrient deficiencies specially among lean period. the vulnerable section of the population with lower economic stability. Food insecurity However to cater the ever increasing power issue may also lead to urban migration. demand due to various factors like population Key priorities: Health Sector 1. Identify extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of malaria and identifying immunity intervention measures towards control of incidence of malaria. 2. Assessment of impact of heat stress on human health and framing adaptation strategy, identification, documentation and awareness creation on temperature related morbidity 3. Evidence based assessment of biophysical determinants of malaria and development of framework for adaptation measures for malaria control. 4. Carrying out of Adaptation study 5. Research initiatives to identify change in pattern of diseases by region due to climate change/ weather variation 6. Study and documentation of diseases caused by water (water borne) and development of institutional mechanism to reduce the incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generation 7. Development of institutional framework and infrastructural facilities for early detection of vector borne diseases, including managing outbreaks 8. Establishment of pathological laboratory with state of art technology for diseases identification 9. Public health system infrastructure development for extreme climate risk management and managing outbreaks of major diseases 10. Capacity building and training for health workers for sensitisation of climate variation and health impacts 11. Research study on malnutrition of vulnerable group due to food security caused mainly due to climatic variation State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram vii VIII. Energy Efficiency Outlook towards linking climate change growth, urbanization and to kick start the and energy sector are usually centred on industrial development and considering mitigation effort because the current fossil the present power crisis in the state, the fuel based energy generation method is state government has begun to explore the a major contributor to climate change. possibility of enhancing the power generation Developing options of low carbon growth by focusing on installation of more number and reducing carbon footprint are important of hydro power plants as the state so as to activities towards limiting the degree of future counter the lower water availability across climate change. Several mitigation initiatives the lean period. The following facts forms the are conceptualized under National Mission basis of the stratigising the actions. for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) with Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) to address climate change concerns and Key Priorities: Solar Mission and attain energy security of the nation. NMEEE Renewable Energy Sector has strategized the following initiatives, in 1. Up scaling Renewable Energy Application addition to the policies and programmes for for meeting up decentralized distributed energy efficiency being implemented by BEE. or Off-grid area energy demand The state of Mizoram has already started 2. Unlocking grid interactive solar power initiation for addressing the climate change generation and supplement the issues, with a focus on reduce of energy conventional grid power under National Solar Mission demand through energy conservation and efficiency improvement measures. However, 3. Reduce anticipated energy and peak demand through promotion and it is essential that, such efforts are in line with implementation of pilot SWH application the National Mission on Enhanced Energy by undertaking installation of 100 Nos. Efficiency. The key elements for the multi - of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various demand pronged strategy of the sector for mitigation segments and adaptation measures were identified 4. Develop RE systems supply chain through after detailed deliberation in the working empanelment of renewable energy groups. technology manufacturers /distributors with ZEDA and support in development of their set-up in the state.  5. Institutional development and strengthening of ZEDA for promotion of Renewable Energy applications 6. Awareness creation and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy application 7. Market Transformation of Renewable Energy applications through policy measures viii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Climate change is likely to impart formidable Key Priorities: Energy efficiency challenge to the water sector and the adversity 1. Awareness creation and manpower development to enhance the energy may increase due to the location of the sate efficiency measures in fragile ecosystem. The impact of climate 2. Market Transformation of Energy change on water sector is likely to be due Efficiency applications through policy to erratic precipitation creating variability in measures - 3. Up-gradation of transmission and river flow and increased frequency/ intensity distribution network for minimization of extremes events including flood. Increased of energy losses frequency and severity of floods may affect 4. Penetration of energy efficient devices groundwater quality in alluvial aquifers. in domestic and public utility systems facilitated by financial, supply chain and Similarly increased rainfall intensity may market incentives lead to higher runoff and possibly reduced 5. Unlocking the energy efficiency activity recharge. in IGEA mode 6. Institutional development and strengthening of Energy departments The other consequence of climate change for Energy Efficiency promotion envisaged is increased evapo-transpiration 7. Increase Hydro-power generation by influencing groundwater recharge and supporting private or public investors in setting up projects and undertake change in rainfall pattern resulting in lower demonstration projects. agricultural productivity. IX. Water National Water mission established under Water is not only the source of sustenance National Action plan on Climate Change is of life the availability of desired quality and designed to ensure Conservation of water, quantity of water is the prime factor for minimizing wastage and ensuring its more economic prosperity, enhancing the quality equitable distribution both across and within of life and contributing to the food security States through integrated water resources of the nation. The assured supply of irrigation management. Promotion of integrated basin water (irrigation is the major consumer of level water resources management (Basin water resources contributing to 83% of the Level management strategies are planned total water consumption) is the primary to be reconsidered to deal with variability function of food grain production and in rainfall and water flows), increasing water contributes towards national food security. use efficiency by 20%, focussing attention to vulnerable areas including over exploited Although the total amount of fresh water areas and water conservation are few available at present is enough to meet up designed initiative under the programme. the current requirement of the state but the The mission will also seek to optimise availability of desired quality and quantity the efficiency of existing irrigation system of water may get strained in some places including rehabilitation of system that has under projected impact of climate changes, been run down and also to expand irrigation, increase in population, lifestyle, economic where feasible with special effort to increase stability, land use pattern, agricultural storage capacity. Initiatives to reduce fresh production, urbanisation and migration of water use in urban areas are also planned population followed by uneven distribution under the mission. Since water is a state of precipitation over space and time. subject the plans and programmes under State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ix the mission to be executed falls under the preview of the state government. It is therefore important that the key priorities proposed under National Water mission are consistent with the state plan. Key Priorities – Water Sector 1. Climate change impact assessment of present status of water resources like river, wetland, streams and lakes 2. Finalisation of plan for conservation and preservation of water resources 3. Formulation of State Water policy 4. Catchment and command area treatment through reverine afforestation 5. Capacity building of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 6. Capacity building of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 7. Expansion of hydrometric network and establishment of micro weather station for regular monitoring 8. Community tank management for combating water borne diseases 9. Promoting zero energy water purification for domestic water supply 10. Renovation and development of traditional water harvesting system with scientific intervention in district level 11. Capacity building of communities on adaptation options required for integrated demand side as well as supply side strategies during climate stressed condition. Impact assessm X. Strategic knowledge mission resources for their livelihoods. Climate variability can fundamentally drive processes Mission on Strategic Knowledge for climate of impoverishment through direct and indirect Change is framed under the National routes: (1) Direct: Severe or repeated climate Action Plan on Climate Change to bridge shocks can push vulnerable households into a up, assimilate and upgrade information and persistent poverty trap when their individual knowledge available on climate variability coping responses involve divestment of and vulnerability with an objective to forecast productive assets such as land or livestock, as well as appraise for strategic development (2) Indirect: Climate uncertainty causes towards low carbon inclusive growth. inability to anticipate when climatic extremes will occur, which acts as a disincentive to Reduction and mitigation of the impact of investment, innovation, and development disasters depend on the coping capacity of interventions. The main aim of the State the vulnerable population; poverty makes mission on strategic knowledge is not only way for hazards becoming disasters. Climatic limited to the reduction of green house changes are expected to severely impact gases (GHGs) but include building the coping those who are mostly dependent on natural capacity of the vulnerable population to x State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram include the challenge of innovation capacity Action implemented across the economy: building for sustainable development among the vulnerable population groups. Given the all-pervading nature of climate change, action will be taken across the state Key priorities: Strategic Knowledge economy. The inter-connectedness of issues 1. Development of Knowledge pertaining to climate change necessitates Management on Climate Change and this approach. Selecting and initiating work facilitating its operation for initial only in some of the sectors will undermine period the effectiveness in an overall sense. 2. To build GHG inventory and identify Integrated perspective imperative: the dominant GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, industries, districts, To be effective in implementing initiatives municipalities in order to enable pertaining to the key priorities, it is vitally selection of mitigation opportunities. important to have an integrated outlook and 3. Capacity Building on Climate Change not work in isolation. This will be required to • Capacity building of personnel in ensure maximum returns to the efforts being the service department made. • Exposure visit for capacity building Low Carbon economic development: Way Forward The various mitigation initiatives being planned across the Missions will ensure Changes in policies, organizations and that Mizoram proceeds on a low carbon practices: development path. Analyzing the key priorities revealed that Biodiversity in addressing livelihoods: climate change orientation needs to be provided at policy, organizational and practice The key adoptive strategy being envisaged levels in different sectors. Policies need to in the climate change action plan will integrate climate change considerations. At facilitate conservation of biodiversity an organizational level, awareness, skills and including restoration and rehabilitation capacity has to be built. which will help vulnerable people, mostly the tribal communities and economically Awareness generation and capacity most backward strata, to cope with climate building a focus: change. Considering that climate change is a relatively Building climate resilience: new challenge, the focus of this CAP will be on generating awareness and building The different adaptation initiatives being capacity. This will be done across all levels planned will ensure better preparedness to of the Government of Mizoram and external climate-induced changes, including extreme stakeholders involved in the different events. sectors. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xi Institutional Arrangements Financial budgets In initiating the preparation of the Climate Each working group put together a budget Change Action Plan the Government of for the initiatives proposed to meet the Mizoram had constituted a committee that key priorities in each sector. There are a delegated the responsibility of Climate Change number of ongoing initiatives, which are also Action Plan preparation subcommittees relevant to climate change; these budgets from line departments to bring greater focus have also been included in determining the on different sectors. These deliberations overall budget for the CAP. The additional revealed that implementation also requires resources required in each sector has also strong inter-sectoral and inter-department been estimated and resources for these will coordination. be sourced from the GoI or external funding agencies. The following table provides the rough budget estimate for the first CAP. S. No. Particulars Approx. Amount (Cr) 1 Sustainable Agriculture Mission 420.627 2 Sustainable Himalayan Mission 131.200 3 Green India Mission 283.600 4 Sustainable Habitat Mission 1314.600 5 Mission on Health 301.500 6 Mission on Solar & Renewable Energy 158.175 7 Mission on Energy Efficiency 581.815 8 Mission on Water 469.740 9 Strategic Knowledge Mission 14.000 Total 3675.257 Mizoram Climate Change Action Plan – Monitoring & Evaluation Framework Areas Key Impacts Targets to Key Programs to Frequ- Feedback to Monitor Monitor Evaluate ency Loop Sustainable Biodiversity Biodiversity Protection of Land 3-5 Adjust Himalayan Land Use Plan Status Land from Soil Erosion Years budgets Mission Water Quality Degradation Biodiversity & Modify Conservation Program programs Wetland Conservation Programs xii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Sustainable Water Stress Water Urban Planning 3-5 Adjust Habitat Waste Collection Waste Management budgets Mission Management Traffic Green highways & Modify GHG Waste Construction programs Emissions Management form the GHG gas Sector reduction Sustainable Changes in Increase Integrated watershed 3 Years Adjust Agriculture yields for key in yield in development program budgets Mission crops watershed Perennials plantation & Modify Frequency of development Program programs crop failures program areas Skilled animal Yields in Adoptions breeding programs aquaculture of improved Early warning system Fish Catch varieties for diseases rates adjusted Targets for for effort Livestock Animal improvement weight and Targets for fish Output catch per year Green India Changes in Reforestation Forest Enrichment 3-5 If program Mission the Forest rates Plantation Programs Years do not Cover Reduction of Fire Management meet Improvement Forests Programs targets in the Forest ANR Coverage Capacity Building modify stocks Areas Programs allocation GHG Removal Enrichment of budgets from Forests Plantation rates Mission Energy Installation of Biogas Promotion 3 Years Adjust on Solar & Security Solar Plants Program programs Renewable Installation Wind and Solar Budgets Energy of Improved Programs Chullas and Biogas Mission Emission of Reduce Awareness creation & 3 Years Adjust on Energy CO2 Transmission Capacity Building programs Efficiency & Distribution State level Budgets Emission Losses entrepreneurs to Intensity become ESCO State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xiii Mission Frequency Accuracy Water supply 3 years Modify onWater of rainfall of flood connection Program program in different forecasting Soil erosion Checkup according seasons Water use program to efficiency Water structure evaluation rates constructed No of harvesting strategies Mission on Incidence of Vector Borne Vector borne diseases 3 years Modify Health Vector Borne Disease programs program diseases impacts Water borne diseases according Incidence of relative to program to Water Borne baseline Heat wave impacts evaluation Diseases Water borne program Frequency of disease Heat Waves impacts relative to baseline xiv State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 1 Climate Profile

1.1. Introduction warming has been experienced here with data showing increase in rise in mean and maximum Description of the state level context; temperature over the last 10 years. There are statement of issues and problems also frequent occurrence of violent storms during March and April that come from North- Mizoram is a beautiful state with rich bio- West Direction. Mizoram receives an average diversity. It is a state of rolling hills with about rainfall of about 3000mm in a year and this is 21 major hill features running through the evenly distributed and it is not drought or flood state; streams, deep gorges evergreen forests prone. form part of the climate sensitive Himalayan eco-system. The region is also very vulnerable A recent report on climate change impact in India to the impacts of a changing climate and highlights that “extreme precipitation events sometimes faces wrath of freak weather events. may increase by 5-10 days in all the regions in the It also has a very low adaptability due to the Northeast, the rise in temperature with respect socio-economic conditions and bio-physical to the 1970s ranges from 1.8°C to 2.1°C. Also, conditions. The state is heavily forested (>70% the number of rainy days is likely to increase by of the geographical area) and has got additional 1-10 days with intensity of rainfall in the region incentive due to the conservation efforts. The to increase by 1-6 mm/day. This may cause forests of the region provide life supporting, wide alarm in the region as many parts of the provisioning, regulating, and cultural ‘eco- region are prone to landslides and flash floods system’ services to millions of local as well as which are only aggravated by heavy rainfall downstream people. The forests are of course due to steep gradient. Flash floods leave very highly susceptible not only to anthropogenic little scope for preparedness and also render activities but also to climate change. crop and pastureland useless. In this context, the state climate change action preparation The valleys are hot and wet during summer has been initiated. The initiative is supported and in the upper reaches it stays comfortably under MoEF-GiZ partnership programme and cool. It has a pleasant climate of 11oC in winter facilitated by knowledge partner CTRAN. and 20 to 30oC. However, the effect of global State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 1

1.2. National Priorities and NAPCC National Missions National Action Plan on Climate Change On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan emphasizes the overriding priority of Singh released India’s first National Action Plan maintaining high economic growth rates to on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing raise living standards of the people and aligns and future policies and programs addressing the measures that promote the development climate mitigation and adaptation. The plan objectives while also yielding co-benefits for identifies eight core “national missions” addressing climate change effectively. running through 2017. The various missions are presented in the following diagram. These missions converge to address issue relating to adaptation and as well as mitigation actions to contain climate change. Figure 1.1: National Action Plan on Climate Change 2 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram The idea of a sub-national action plan emerged initiatives that have positive influence on as it is grounded locally and has high ownership, mitigating the adverse impact of climate better awareness linking experiences of climate change. These include (a) establishment of linked issues to corrective actions, better creation market based instruments in sectors preparedness and also to set strategic priorities that have maximum influence on climate at the sub-National level. These priorities would change ( Perform Achieve and Trade for energy enable the leaders in the states to make plan efficiency and white certificates in renewable in for the resources and also to see the savings in energy sector, air pollutant trading in industry terms of long run cost associated with climate and mining sector, offset instruments in forestry change more closely. sector such as compensatory afforestation (b) encouraging Kyoto market instruments like Clean Other Initiatives Development Mechanism. (c) other initiatives like Bio-Diversity Conservation, Wetland Apart from this there have been several Management, Coastal Zone Management, etc. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3

1.3. Mapping state development issues and Priorities with NAPCC Some of the sectors that have clear relevance with the national missions are mapped below in the following table. Table 1.1: Key Sectoral Issues S l Key Sectors Issues/Priorities at the sub-national level National Missions for No strategic linkage 1 Agriculture More than 2/3rd are dependent on agriculture Sustainable agriculture and allied and climate change has significant impact. Require mission diversification, sustainable land use and pest management as well as input management 2 Energy The state has a shortage of 50% during peak but a clean Enhanced Energy generator due to high potential for renewable and Efficiency Mission, hydel power and high percentage of educated people National Solar Mission can be made aware about energy conservation 3 Forest More than 70% of the state’s geographical area is Green India Mission forested. However, The primitive slash and burn method of cultivation, or jhumming, in Mizoram has led to a massive destruction of forests and innumerable forest fires causing loss of human lives. 4 Health Vector borne diseases like Malaria is increasing the There is no clear state and deterioration of the water quality too has a national mission bearing on the health addressing this, however, sustainable habitat, national water mission, rural health mission would address these issues 5 Sustainable Rapid urbanisation and pressure on urban Sustainable habitat Habitat infrastructure, energy, water, waste handling and mission disposal 6 Water Water scarcity is a major issue in most part of the National Water state and has become a major challenge Mission The sectotal classification also includes: 1.4. Baseline assessments • Agriculture (horticulture, animal The population of Mizoram is 0.89 million husbandry, fishery and sericulture, soil according to 2001 census enhanced to 1.091 water conservation; million (as per 2011 census) and is scattered • Forestry (includes soil conservation and over 8 districts, 26 blocks and 830 villages (as bio-diversity) per 2011 census). The State has the density of 52 persons per sq. km. As against decadal • Habitat includes transport and works, growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the housing and urban development population of the State has grown by 29.18% 4 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram over the period 1991-2001 (22.78% over the Table 1.3: Demographic Data period of 2001-2011). The sex ratio of Mizoram Description Unit Data Data at 970 females to 1000 males is higher than the (2001) (2011) national average of 940. Female literacy of the Population Nos. 888573 1091014 State rose to 89.40% from 78.6% in 1991 (as per Density of Per Sq. 42 - 2011 census). Population km Rural Population % of Total 50.37 48.49 One of the youngest states of union Mizoram Urban Population % of Total 49.63 51.51 commands a special status in terms of the Scheduled Tribes % of Total 94.46 - Constitution of India. Article 371-G of the Total workers to % 52.57 - constitution provides for special safeguards total population to the religious and social practices and also Main workers % to total 40.79 - respects for the customary laws, ownership and transfer of land requires ratification from the Marginal % to total 11.78 - state legislature. There are three autonomous Cultivators % to total 54.90 - district councils (Mara, Lai and Chakma) have Agriculture labour % to total 5.70 - been created. This is significant in the context Household % to total 1.50 - of climate change as issues relating to land use Industry worker change, forest protection, sustainable cultivation and orderly development would require Per capita income of Mizoram is Rs 45,982 (2009- significant understanding and participation of 10) which is higher than the national average. the local community to make it legally tenable, More than 60 per cent depend on agriculture socially acceptable and a driver of change for and industry is virtually non-existent. balanced growth of the state. Key socio-economic and ecological predictors for the climate modelling: Table 1.2: Administrative Setup Description Unit Data Table 1.4: Socio - Economic and Ecological Area Sq. km 21081 Predictors Parameters Mizoram North- India Districts No. 8 Eastern Sub-Districts No. 23 Region Villages No. 830 Area in Sq. km 22,081 2,62,179 32,87,240 Forest area to 79%1 23.572 23.57 Towns No. 23 total area (%) City No. 1 Population in 8.98 389.84 10,287.37 District Councils No. 3 lakh (2001) (Soruce - census of India 2011, Provisional Report) Literacy Rate 88.8 68.5 64.8 % (2001) The state is predominantly agrarian. More Poverty ratio 9.5 13.9 23.6 than 70 per cent of the population depend based on MRP on agriculture for their livelihood but low consumption productivity of the sector its high sensitivity to (2004-05)3 climate remain a matter of concern. These data can be used for a holistic projection of climate change impact. ____________________________ 1 FSI data 2009 2 INCA report 2010 3 INCA report 2010 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 5

1.5. Past and on-going climate change a gradual decline and then a sudden increase trends and risks from 1990 to 1995. Infact, during the span of the 20 years study period, 1995 recorded Due to its geo-climatic condition, the entire the highest rainfall of 3185.98 mm whereas state is one of the most hazard prone states 1994 had the lowest rainfall with a measure in the country. The state is annually swept by of 2278.29 mm only. From here onwards, the cyclonic storms, cloudbursts, hailstorms and trend does not show either a sharp increase or landslides. To make matters worse, the State decrease in rainfall. falls under Seismic Zone V, and thus liable to be hit by strong earthquakes. Small tremors When analyzed on an average monthly basis per are felt every now and then in and around the year, the trend shows a gradual increase from state. Although the State is enjoying abundance January and reaches its peak maximum during of rainfall during monsoon period, the dry July-August and then continues to decrease spell during non-monsoon period is really sharply by the end of the year. Anyway, when hard for the people. Due to the steepness of taken as a whole the average annual rainfall the hillsides, underground water retention is for the studied 20 years accounts to 2793.67 minimal, causing perennial water sources to dry mm which can be credited to the contribution up during this period. This had been aggravated of downpour recorded during the monsoon by the tradition custom of jhum cultivation, seasons. On analysis of the two decades, the commonly known as slash and burn.The habit monthly average rainfall during 1996-2005 of felling trees and foliage of forests and when compared to the previous decade of burning them really destroy natural vegetation, 1986-1995 shows a gradual increase during the thus causing ecological imbalances. Moreover, month of March, May, September and then a this usually led to unwanted spread of fire to remarkable increase during the month of July forests. Thus, it can be interpreted that there is A study by remote sensing center in Mizoram change in the rainfall trend when analyzed and that tracks climatic parameters (namely rainfall, compared between the two decades, but not temperature and humidity) of Aizawl City for a on an extremely large scale which again shows period of twenty years (1986 . 2005) in Aizawal that this trend can further change the pattern city has been summarised below. The data were for the consecutive 10 years rainfall data. If this compared and analyzed for two decades taking usual small scale change in trend continues, an average data for 10 years interval as well as 5 then Mizoram is not expected to experience a years interval to arrive at brief conclusive results sharp decrease in rainfall unless there are other on the overall climate change in Mizoram. climatic elements that unexpectedly alter the usual trend, which is mostly above the 2000 Rainfall pattern mm mark. Pattern of rainfall in Mizoram during the past 20 Temperature years i.e, from 1986 to 2005 follows the usual expected trend in which maximum downpour Temperature data has also been analyzed occurred during the monsoon seasons and using 20 years temperature data collected and declines during the rest of the seasons. However, studied for two decades. The average monthly when analyzed on a yearly basis the trend shows maximum temperature taken during the 6 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram decade of 1996-2005 shows an increase over the end of each year. All the data recorded were the previous decade of 1986- 1995, during the within the wide range of +50% to +90% relative early part (January-February) as well as later humidity, with the highest percentage recorded part (November-December) of the years. during June to August. However, not much increase is observed during Taken as a whole, the average relative humidity the rest of the months on comparison and studied at 5 years interval for a span of 20 years the trend is somewhat parallel to each other. indicated a gradual increase from 73.14% in However when analyzed on a whole, there 1986-1990 to 81.42% in 2001-2005, a marked has been an increase in the average maximum increase of +8.28% during last two decades. temperature during 1996-2005 by +0.28oC over the decade of 1986-1995, which denotes Data that have been used to study climate a trend in increase in temperature during the change in this context are necessarily simplified last decade. The same increase is also reflected representations of the climate system prevailing in the average minimum temperature recorded during 1986-2005. Despite the inevitable for the decade of 1996-2005 which is +0.30oC, limitations, the climate data simulations much higher than that recorded for the previous more or less accurately reproduce the large- decade of 1986- 1995. The rate of increase is scale seasonal distributions of pressure and clearly reflected when the overall monthly temperature. In addition, the large-scale average temperature recorded for both decades structure of precipitation (rainfall) and heat flux shows an increase of +0.29oC. The overall trend (temperature variations) also closely resembles in temperature also shows a gradual increase the observed estimates on a global scale during the 1996-2005 decade. The increase (which was +0.3 and +0.6° C during the last 150 in temperature as per the data indicates that years). there might be further rise in the heat wave in the years to come. Considering all the results obtained from the study, it can be said that the climate parameters Humidity studied, have either direct or indirect relation to increased atmospheric concentrations Humidity is another climatic element that has of the principal anthropogenic greenhouse close relation to temperature and rainfall and gases which have subsequently increased in also plays a key role in affecting the climate of significant amount during the last two decades. a region. Average data on humidity for 20 years Elevated concentrations are predicted to persist was collected and analyzed for a period of 5 in the immediate atmosphere for years to come years each. The results studied for each period if we do not reduce emissions of greenhouse clearly indicated that there was a gradual and gases by the end of the next decade. Moreover, progressive increase in humidity during the the increased atmospheric levels of these entire span of 20 years. In each of the 5 years gases, especially CO2, increase the IR (Infrared) period data that was analyzed, the trend seemed energy absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby to decrease during the month of February but producing a warming influence at the ground then gradually increased till August where it level and sub-surface as a result raising the reached its maximum and then decreased during mean temperatures by a few more degrees. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 7 8 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 2 National Action Plan on Climate Change

2.1. Introduction the per capita GHG emissions of developed countries, despite India’s developmental India released its National Action Plan on imperatives. Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30th June 2008 to outline its strategy to meet the challenge 2.3. Domestic Action of Climate Change. The National Action Plan advocates a strategy that promotes, India’s National Action Plan stresses that firstly, the adaptation to Climate Change and maintaining a high growth rate is essential secondly, further enhancement of for increasing living standards of the vast the ecological sustainability of India’s majority of people of India and reducing their development path. vulnerability to impacts of climate change. Accordingly, the Action Plan identifies

2.2. Approach to Climate Change measures that promote the objectives of sustainable development of India while also The National Action Plan recognises that yielding co-benefits for addressing climate climate change is a global challenge and, that change. Eight National Missions which form it should be successfully overcome through the core of the National Action Plan represent a globally collaborative and cooperative multi- pronged, long term and integrate effort based on the principle of equity. The strategies for achieving key goals in the Action Plan expresses India’s willingness to context of climate change. The focus is on play its role as a responsible member of the promoting understanding of Climate Change, international community and to make its adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency contribution. In this effort, every citizen of and natural resource conservation. While, the planet should have an equal share of the several of these programmes are already planetary atmospheric space. The Action Plan a part of the current actions, the Action suggests that the long-term convergence of Plan seeks to enhance them in scope, and per capita GHG emissions is the only equitable effectiveness and implement them in an basis for a global agreement to tackle accelerated manner through time bound climate change. The Action Plan assures the plans. international community that India’s percapita GHC emissions would not exceed State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9 Solar Mission Water Mission This mission aims at promoting the This mission aims to increase water use development and use of solar energy for efficiency by 20 percent through pricing and power generation and other uses, as well regulatory measures, including the recycling as to render solar energy competitive with of wastewater, increases in irrigation fossil- based energy options in urban areas, efficiency, and incentives to promote water- industry, and commercial establishments. neutral or water-positive technologies and Its goal is to generate at least 10,000 groundwater recharge. megawatts of solar power and to create a Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan solar research center, among other things. Ecosystem Mission for Enhanced Energy This mission seeks to promote the Efficiency conservation of biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan This mission seeks to yield savings of region to help stop the retreat of glaciers, 10,000 megawatts by 2012 through the implementation of certain initiatives, such as they constitute a major source of India’s as energy incentives (including differential water supply. taxation on energy- efficient appliances); Mission for a “Green India” setting up financing platforms for public- private partnerships to reduce energy The mission plans to expand forest cover in consumption through demand- side India by 10 percent through afforestation of management programs; and establishing a 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands. system for large energy-intensive industries and facilities to trade energy-savings Mission for Sustainable Agriculture certificates so that they can meet government- The mission will foster adaptation in the mandated reductions in energy consumption, agricultural sector by supporting the as per the Energy Conservation Act. development of climate-resilient crops Mission on Sustainable Habitat and the expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, among other measures. This mission seeks to promote energy efficiency in urban planning through Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate measures such as putting more emphasis Change on urban waste managementand recycling, This mission will promote “a better strengthening the enforcement of automotive understanding of climate science, impacts fuel economy standards, using pricing and challenges.” It calls for the establishment measures to encourage the purchase of fuel- of a new Climate Science Research Fund, efficient vehicles, and providing incentives improved climate modeling, and increased for people to make greater use of public international collaboration. It will also transportation. foster private sector initiatives aimed at 10 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram developing adaptation and mitigation reduction into infrastructure project design, technologies through venture capital funds. strengthening communication networks and disaster management facilities at all

2.4. Other Initiatives levels; protection of coastal areas, provision Apart from the eight National Missions, the of enhanced public health care services, and National Action Plan also envisages other assessment of increased burden of disease initiatives aimed at enhancing mitigation due to climate change. The Action Plan also and adaptation. These include research highlights the role of Central Government, & development in the area of ultra super State Governments and local Bodies in putting critical boilers in coal-based thermal plants; in place appropriate delivery mechanisms and integrated gasification combined cycle building adequate capacity and knowledge technology to make coal based power in the relevant institutions for effective generation efficient; setting up more adaptation and mitigation actions. combined cycle natural gas plants; promotion of nuclear energy through adoption of fast

2.5. Institutional Mechanism breeder and thorium-based thermal reactor The National Missions are to be technology in nuclear power generation; institutionalized by the respective Ministries adoption of high-voltage AC and high-voltage and will be organized through inter sectoral DC transmission to reduce technical losses groups. Appropriate mechanisms including during transmission and distribution; small public- private partnership and civil and large scale hydro power; promotion of society actions, will be devised, as suited, renewable energy technologies such as bio- for effective delivery of each individual mass combustion and gasification-based Mission’s objectives. Comprehensive Mission power generation; enhancements in the documents detailing objectives, strategies, regulatory/tariff regimes to help mainstream plan of action, timelines and monitoring renewable-based sources in the national and evaluation criteria of all eight Missions power system; and renewable energy and Other Initiatives are to be developed by technologies for transportation and industrial December 2008 and submitted to the Prime fuels. In addition, the Action Plan envisages Minister’s Council on Climate Change. The effective disaster management strategies work is to be coordinated by the Ministry of that include mainstreaming disaster risk Environment & Forests. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 11 12 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter-3 Agro-climatic Zone Level Assessment of Climate Change Impact The State of Mizoram enjoys a typical climate of Mizoram, the prioritization of Mitigation with variations ranging from Sub-tropical and Adaptation option has been carried to temperate conditions in hilly areas. The out in a three stages. 1) Categorization, quick changes in topography of Mizoram 2) semi-quantitative approach (to assess consequences a significant climate changes the magnitude and likelihood of risks and within a short distance. According to the opportunities), 3) prioritized according Rainfall assessment of last five years, it is to their combined magnitude-likelihood seen that the precipitation is decreasing with scores. respect to the average rainfall of last five years. Through assessment of Agro climatic The analysis also refers a time-frame; zones of Mizoram, Risks and opportunities therefore the suggested adaptation and were also identified in relation to projected mitigation options are projected risks and impacts of climate change. Climate change opportunities within this period. But, due projections were used to define agro- to the lack of quantified information on climatic zones, which served to distinguish uncertainty in climate change scenarios in the priority risks and opportunities and Mizoram, a detailed time-frame analysis is latter we can prioritize the adaptation not carried out. Our findings are given below options. According to Agro Climatic Zones in a tabular from. Table 3.1: Problems and Potentials with respect to Agro-climatic region in Mizoram Agro- State Problems Typology Potential Potential climatic Agricultural Horticultural crops: region crops: Eastern Mizoram toxicity and soil Fragile Rice (kala Potato, ginger, Hima- acidity, Soil land; Low joha), Rabi cauliflower, layan erosion and floods, produ- maize, rape cabbage, Region- ctivity; seed & mushrooms, II shifting and Fragile mustard turmeric, Black cultivation, low ecology and pulses pepper, cardamom, SRRs, non availability prone to medicinal & of electricity, poor soil erosion aromatics road, poor Input with low (Cinchona, level of Chiryata, Himalayan delivery system and irrigation & Yew, Bhumi Communication recurrent aonla & Tejpat) infrastructure. floods. & ornamentals (orchids). State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 13 Table 3.2: Agro Climatic features of Sub-Regions of Mizoram NARP Zone Agro Climatic Features of the Sub Regions Sub Region Rainfall(in Climate Soil Crop mm) 1) Humid Himalayan 2441 Per humid to Brown Hills Rice, maize, Sub-Tropical Hills humid Ragi, potato Hill Zone North-East 3528 Per humid to Red sandy Rice, rapeseed, Hills humid laterite maize 2) Humid Temperate Upper 2809 Humid to per Alluvial, red Rice, jute, Sub-Alpine Brahmaputra humid loamy rapeseed, wheat Zone Southern Hills 2052 Per humid to Acidic soils Rice, maize, humid sesame, 3) Humid sugarcane Sub-Tropical Lower 1840 Per humid to Alluvial, red Rice, rapeseed, Hill Zone Brahmaputra humid loamy, tarai wheat, jute, soils potato Figure 3.1 14 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 3.3: District wise rainfall comparison in Mizoram Sl.No. District Average Rainfall of Rainfall in 2009 upto Less % from last five years (in 24th July (in mm) normal mm) 1. Aizawl 1680.4 951.1 43.4 2. Champhai 1132.5 802.1 29.14 3. Kolasib 1398.1 1078.2 22.8 4. Lawngtlai 1337.5 944.8 29.3 5. Lunglei 1353.5 759.6 43.8 6. Mamit 1772.3 1052.3 40.6 7. Saiha 1628 1151 29.3 8. Serchhip 1276.5 675.2 47.1 Average Mizoram 1447.3 926.7 35.9 Table 3.4: Sector wise Climate Vulnerability and key Interventions in Mizoram Modules Climatic Vulnerabilities Key Interventions NRM • Water scarcity • Polythene mulching in vegetables during Rabi season • Rainwater harvesting structure (farm pond) • Poor soil health • Percolation pond for recharging ground water • Soil test based nutrient application Crop • Water scarcity • Introduction of adapted high yielding varieties production during Rabi season of new crop • Poor soil health • Appropriate inter-cropping systems • Micro-irrigation systems – sprinkler, drip Livestock & • Mortality and • Prophylaxis of livestock fisheries morbidity losses due • Mitigation of mineral deficiencies in livestock to biotic and abiotic • Production and supply of seedlings of fodder stresses trees/ grasses and Azolla • Fodder scarcity Institutional • Low seed • Seed bank/ seed production of seeds through replacement rate farmers groups & poor access to • Community managed farm machinery custom improved seeds hiring centre • Poor access to farm • Training 2-3 rural youth as livestock service implements providers for prophylaxis • Poor access to live- • Agro advisory based on IMD weather forecast stock services and village weather observatory • Losses due to highly • Training 2-3 rural youth for maintaining micro- uncertain weather irrigation systems and farm machinery State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 15 16 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter : 4 Process of Preparation of Climate Change Action Plan in Mizoram

4.1. Formulation of SAPCC Table 4.1 S l Designation Position in Objective of SAPCC No Council 1 Hon’ble Chief Minister, Chairman The main objective of Climate Change Action Chairman Plan is to strategize adaptation and mitigation 2 Hon’ble Minister, Rural Member initiative towards emission stabilization and Development enhance the resilience of the ecosystem. 3 Hon’ble Minister, Member Agriculture, etc. This exercise helps serving as a platform to take 4 Hon’ble Minister, PHE, Member the climate change agenda of the state forward Tourism, etc. which in future could be a combination of 5 Hon’ble Minister, Member advocacy, knowledge deepening, policy analysis Transport, etc. and operational work. However, there is also the 6 Hon’ble Minister, Revenue Member need for putting forward actions where public 7 Hon’ble Minister, Forests Member investment would be needed to make the state 8 Vice Chairman, State Member and community more climate resilient. Planning Board 9 Chief Secretary, Govt, of Member

4.2. Methodology Mizoram 10 Principal Secy, PHE, Agri, Member Government of Mizoram has taken the climate etc. change issue very seriously. A detailed roadmap 11 Secretary, Environment & Member has been chalked out to develop the climate Forests change action plan for the state. 12 Secretary, Tourism Member 13 Secretary, R.D. Member Institutional Framework 14 Secretary, Horticulture Member 15 Principal Secy, Planning M e m b e r Climate Change Council of Mizoram will &Prog. Implemtn. Secretary coordinate state action plan for assessment, Objective: The overall objective of the Council adaptation and mitigation of climate change. would be to monitor the targets, objectives and The composition of the Council on Climate achievements of the national missions specified Change is as follows: by National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The respective missions shall be State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 17 taken care of and attended to by the individual Objective:The objective of the executive Council departments who shall strive to attain the will be to monitor the directions and other listed objectives within stipulated time frames related matters of the Climate Change Council. and ensure their vertical integration with the National Mission. Roadmap for the development of the climate change action plan The operating arm of the climate change council shall be the executive council. The composition Required institutional arrangement has been of the council shall be as follows: put in place for the co-ordination of the Table 4.2 preparation of the climate change action plan S l Designation Position in with the support from GiZ and CTRAN consulting No the Council acting as the knowledge partner. The following 1 Chief Secretary, Govt, of Chairman process will be followed: Mizoram 2 Principal Secy, Planning Member &Prog. Implmtn. 3 Principal” Secretary, PHE, Member Agri, etc 4 Principal Chief Member Conservator of Forests 5 Secretary, Rural Member Development 6 Secretary, Horticulture Member 7 Secretary, Tourism Member 8 Principal Adviser Member Planning 9 Principal Scientific Officer, M e m b e r Science & Technology secretary • Drafting Committee to produce the drafts (each 1 department nodal officers will coordinate) • Respective Secretaries/Head of the Working 2 Groups will deliberate and approve • Moderation by Nodal Department before 3 presenting to Council • Wider stakeholder consultation 4 • Finalisation 5 Figure 4.1: Way forward for the preparation of the Climate Change Action Plan 18 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Process of Prioritisation of the options Adaptation and mitigation options will be generated within the working groups and prioritised. This will be based on the state specific barriers. The prioritisation framework has been given below: Generating the options Figure 4.2: Generation of options While generating the options it will be seen that, there is no strategic disconnect with the national policy with respect to stated positions, no further need to reinvent the wheel and also proposing workable approaches without having extra-emphasis on theoretical issues. The process will be participative and inclusive. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 19 Prioritisation Framework The process of prioritisation shall be as below: Figure 4.3: Prioritisation of Sectoral Issues This will give basket of options sectorally and also can later be linked to budgetary and extra- budgetary resources. Enabling framework A low carbon development requires an enabling policy and institutional framework. This has been given below. 20 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 4.4: Tools to develop an enabling framework for CCAP This tool will be used to analyse and develop a plan for carbon conscious development strategy for the state. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 21 22 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 5 Sustainable Agriculture o

5.1. Sectoral Overview varies from 8oC to 17 C. Due to high rainfall during May to September the soil is Acidic The State’s economy is predominantly ranging from 4.5-5.6 ph. In Mizoram, due to agrarian, with more than 60% of the total limited availability of irrigation, agriculture work force engaged either directly or is entirely dependent on the rainwater indirectly in agriculture. Only 5% of the total from the driving monsoon downpours. The area is under cultivation and about 11% of unfavourable physical conditions do not the total cultivated area is under irrigation. facilitate irrigation. The uneven terrains in However, agriculture still remains under- Mizoram are not favourable for the cultivation developed and the primitive method of jhum of crops. The distribution of rainfall that varies (shifting cultivation) predominates. Both between 1900 mm and 3000 mm and the production and productivity are relatively fertile temperate soil smooth the progress low. As per the Agriculture Census (1995-96), of extensive jhum cultivation. This primeval there were 65,919 operational holdings with practice of Jhum cultivation is carried out by a total operated area of 85,000 hectares. Out a large number of people living in rural areas of the total of holdings 42.04% is marginal, of Mizoram. A number of crops like paddy, 39.0% small, 17.83% semi medium 1.11% beans, cucumber, maize, arum, sesame, medium and 0.01% large holdings. Small mustard and cotton are grown by practicing holdings make adaptation planning far more jhum or shifting cultivation. complicated as compared to the larger ones.

5.2. Facts about agriculture & Mizoram enjoys wonderful blend of climatic horticulture in Mizoram conditions ranging from tropical, sub-tropical to temperate conditions. The hill ranges run in In Mizoram, Paddy is one of the most North – south direction with varying altitude important crops, and after the completion with an average height of 920m above sea of the of paddy harvesting, the seeds of the level, coupled with high mean annual rainfall other crops are sown. (Paddy occupies almost of 2500 mm and high relative humidity upto 50% of the total cropped area and more than 90%. Mizoram has primarily sand-loamy and 88% of the total area under food grains.) The clay-loamy soil rich in organic carbon and sowing commences from the end of April, moderately rich in available potash. The close to the occurrence of the full moon. In temperature during summer season varies Mizoram, two types of paddy are sown: 1) from 20oC to 34oC and during the winter season early paddy (short duration) and 2) principal State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 23 paddy (long duration). The two crops are about 75,000 MT. The major fruit crops are, grown side by side in the same field. Although, orange, pineapple, Passion fruit, banana, the initial production of early paddy is poor, it mango, papaya, guava, jack fruit, grapes, pear, ripens quickly and is a means of subsistence litchi and apple. The major vegetables grown till the verdant golden crop of principal in Mizoram are tomato, brinjal, beans, peas, paddy is collected. Besides agriculture, the squash, mustard, cabbage, etc. Among tuber cultivation of crops like sugarcane, cotton, crops, potato, sweet potato and colacasia are tapioca, oilseeds, mustard, sesame, soybean major ones grown. The climate in the State is and pulses like cowpea, french and rice beans suitable for the cultivation of spices. Ginger, also contribute towards the economy of turmeric, chilly, pepper, cinnamon and large Mizoram. Horticulture also adds substantially cardamom grow very well in the State. At to the state’s economy. present ginger, turmeric and chillies are commonly cultivated. Table 5.1: Area and Production of Important Crops of Mizoram Name of 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 crop Area Produ- Area Produ- Area Produc- Area Production Area Produc- (ha) ction (ha) ction (ha) tion (ha) (MT) (ha) tion (MT) (MT) (MT) (MT) Paddy 59196 114630 57085 107661 55754 99021 52847 42091 54541 15688 Maize 10481 20282 10505 19788 11742 22703 10775 20969 7328 729 Pulses 4892 4313 6741 7971 2972 2737 5054 5833 5048 2632 Oil seeds 7532 5478 5817 5321 4816 5429 4075 3755 3755 748 Sugarcane 1393 36174 1357 13565 1383 45953 1340 12187 12187 826 Source: Statistical handbook, Mizoram 2008 Since the use of fertilizer and pesticides in 5.3. Facts about the Animal agriculture and horticulture fields is almost Husbandary: non-existing in Mizoram, so the agricultural and horticultural products are mostly organic, The population of cross breed & Indigenous and the products have very high value in the cattle have increased by 16.60% and 3.88% national and international product market. To respectively during the interval between the motivate and encourage the organic farmers, 16th and the 17th Census. The buffalo and and also to raise awareness, 2 Nos. of Market goat population have also increased by 6.84% Outlet have been established at Aizawl and and 5.88% respectively, signifying the lower Dartlang. growth in this type of livestock. Mithun & Pig population has increased by 33% and 33.09% Agro-climatic conditions in Mizoram are found respectively. Pig is the most populous and to be very much suitable for growing a wide popular livestock in Mizoram. While the cross range of horticulture crops covering fruits, breed population make up for 90% of the total vegetables, ornamental crops, and spice population, the indigenous pig accounts for crops. About 1600 Hectare has been covered only 10% of the total population. It is further for fruit plantation with the total yield of 24 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram observed that as compared to the last census, due to changes of any of these parameters. there is a 44.00% decrease in the indigenous Failure of rains and occurrence of natural population of pigs. disasters such as floods and droughts could lead to crop failures, food insecurity, famine, The Mizo tribes of north east India developed loss of property and life, mass migration, and and practiced different types of fishing negative national economic growth within methods since time immemorial. The people the state. of Mizoram use locally available materials and apply indigenous ideas and skills (indigenous As per the present status, the total annual technical knowledge, ITK) for fishing. Various requirement of rice for Mizoram is 19,22,030 fishing techniques depend on various Quintals/year but Mizoram produces only behavioural pattern and microhabitat type of 462924 quintals/ year (24% of the total fishes. requirement) leaving a deficiency in range of 76%. Climate change might change the gap

5.4. Key Issues further leading to production security issues. In the last two decades significant changes 5.5. Climate Change Adaptation in in the climatic variables has been seen Agriculture and allied sectors of due to increasing nature of anthropogenic Mizoram activities. It is estimated that an average area of 2.00 lakhs acres of Forest cover are Adaptation measured can offset the negative annually destroyed by slashing and burning impacts of climate change on irrigated rice but of trees for Jhum land in Mizoram. 3.50 lakhs in the case of rain-fed rice, growing of tolerant hectares are still utilized for the devastating and high input efficiency rice varieties with and unproductive jhumming (Shifting) better management and assured irrigation cultivation of Paddy. This deforestation only can reduce the climate change impacts. is due to mainly the change in land use in With such adaptation strategies, the positive which shifting cultivation or jhum cultivation impacts can be improved further. is at the centre. Mizoram has experienced land degradation at an alarming rate owing Meteorological report (Guwahati,2009) to the destructive slash-and-burn system depicted deficiency in rainfall which is of cultivation. Mizoram Remote Sensing increasing every year (in 2005 deficiency was Application Centre (MRSAC) has identified a 22% and in 2006 deficiency was 25%). Due total of 20.64% of Mizoram as degraded land, to low rain fall Mizoram is facing a drought which scientists said is alarming. situation affecting fish, agriculture and livestock. Like all other North Eastern states of India-, Mizoram is also facing the prediction and The year 2005, saw extended dry periods in consequences of global climate change. Mizoram. Many springs and streams dried Temperature is generally considered as the up accompanied by large scale landslides first variable assessments of climate change. (ICIMOD, 2008). Improper rainfall (earlier Followed by other parameters like rainfall and or later) adversely affected sowing and humidity. Agriculture is highly dependent on harvesting of crops, because of which there these three parameters and the production was a heavy damage in harvestable grains. and yield of Agriculture is likely to change Moreover, it is also seen that natural wetlands State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 25 are dwindling in many parts of Mizoram. climate change but influence the agriculture Some of the ecologists have argued that more of the state. Suitable agronomic management number of invasive species have appeared and options can act as one of the important distribution pattern has changed in Mizoram. adaptation strategies to face climate change. Out break of more number of diseases and pests occurring in citrus species are also 5.6. Adaptation Pathways in reported. One significant impact which many Agriculture plant scientists agree to is the changes taking place in the phenological phases in plants Effective and result-based measures should (ICIMOD, 2008). be supported for the development of approaches at all levels on vulnerability and For working out the comprehensive impacts, adaptation, as well as capacity-building for there is a need to link other influential the integration of adaptation concerns into biophysical and socio-economic driving sustainable agriculture development strategy forces those which are indirectly impacted by in the state. 26 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 5.2 Issues Impact Pathways Warm and Humid Erratic cropping season, Local weather monitoring stations for summer and cold crop loss data and timely predictions, temperature winters tolerant crop varieties Heavy and erratic Crop damage due to Stress tolerant varieties, water harvesting, precipitation prolonged submergence or mini-check dams and reservoirs lack of timely precipitation Traditional Jhum Deforestation, reduction in Jhum optimisation through catchment cultivation carbon sinks, soil erosion area protection, plantation crops, soil and land degradation, conservation livelihoods affected Use of fertilisers Reduction in carbon sink Organic farming, Using sustainable fertilizer and tillage practices (improving soil drainage, no-till, etc) Increase in vector- High mortality of farm Vaccination, breeding of climate resilient borne diseases animals breeds The following are the overview of the sectors the working groups and is not yet final. A and how they are likely to be impacted due snapshot of discussions has been presented to climate change. The sheaf of options in the following table. for adaptations now being mulled over by State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 27 Table 5.3 Sectors Possible adaptive options Agriculture Develop new crop varieties including hybrids to increase the tolerance and suitability of plants to temperature, moisture and other relevant climatic conditions Diversify crop types and varieties, including crop substitution, to address the environmental variations and economic risks associated with climate change Soil and moisture conservation practices through activities like: contour ploughing, check dams and bunding, organic manuring, mulching etc. Develop water management and conservation innovations, including irrigation, to address the risk of moisture deficiencies and increasing frequency of droughts Develop early warning systems that provide daily weather predictions and seasonal forecasts Change timing of farm operations like sowing and harvesting to address the changing duration of growing seasons and associated changes in temperature and moisture Encourage organic farming practices Conservation of agrobiodiversity to provide specific gene pools for crop and livestock adaptation to climate change. Selection of crops and cultivars with tolerance to pests and diseases to generate greater genetic variability (FAO) Developing resilient rice crops to heat stress Use of genetic markers for speeding up breeding process Geographical analysis of vulnerable regions Site-specific adjustment in crop management (e.g. shifting planting dates and improved water management) Regional climate modeling to identify future “tilting points” of rice production (e.g. the temperature level or CO2 levels above which major yield losses are experienced) Developing newer crop management trends (e.g. diversification from rice-rice to rice-maize systems) to alter crops’ budgets of carbon and nitrogen and thus significantly attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Animal Breeding livestock for greater tolerance and productivity. Changes in livestock Husbandry practices may influence future spread/distribution of vector borne diseases Breeding livestock for greater tolerance and productivity Improving pastures and grazing lands management Preservation and conservation (in-situ and ex-situ) of existing animal genetic diversity Technological developments, such as the development and promotion of new crop varieties, improvements in water and soil management, and improved animal health Planting species with higher tolerance to changing climate 28 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

5.7. Key Priorities The following action points have resulted out of several rounds of discussions between the working group members Table 5.4 Key priorities: Agriculture 1. Development of Land (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice 2. Cultivation (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existing Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) 3. Developing data base on genotypes of local crop varieties (mainly rice varieties) and identification of suitable varieties for different agro-climatic zones. 4. Impact assessment of paddy cultivation through agricultural inputs such as crop varities, kharif crops and promotion of rain water harvesting and construction of ecofriendly mini check dams for irrigation. 5. Assessment study and demonstration of Systematic Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse effects of climate change 6. Optimization of jhum cultivation through conservation of arable land, water utilization management, parallel cultivation of alternative crops and Alternative jhum Control to Livelihood 7. Construction of Hill Slope terraces for conservation of moisture and cultivation of foodgrain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 8. Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantation crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patterns. 9. Management of climate change impact on horticulture and Climate risk management studies 10. Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter cultivation practices 11. Promotion of organic farming through usage of compost and vermicompost 12. Adoption of Integrated Pest Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 13. Research study on livestock disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 14. Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous fauna of aquatic ecosystem and open waters 15. Water storage and providing proper diversion channels to the existing ponds for drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 16. Providing extensive support and services to fishermen through establishment of district level training centres 17. Water bodies conservation for fishery sector and establishment of fishery units in reservoirs and riverine area State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 29 • Development of Land (Levelling, evolution and global changes in climate bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice and soil. Such collections typically contain Cultivation (WRC) on available lands plant samples per species, usually termed having 0-10% slope and Improvement accessions, and in some cases contain some of Existing Wetland Rice Cultivation distinct lines or accessions. The collection (WRC) depends partly on the species of the sample In Mizoram, the cultivation method has and the collection in which it is maintained. remained primitive (jhum). The main reasons Extensive documentation systems will be are(i) lack of suitable land for Wetland Rice put in place to maintain and allow the use of Cultivation (WRC) and (ii) lack of adequate these collections efficiently in plant breeding resources. programs state-wide. These are currently evolving to incorporate developments in According to Department of Agriculture, information management, such as the use of Government of Mizoram (2007-08) about formal ontology. Government of Mizoram will 9560 families are practicing WRC under use global positioning satellite systems used an area of 11,000 hectares. It is seen that by plant collectors which has made available more than 90% of them have no irrigation precise geographic location information for facilities. In the context of environment, new collections, which in turn means that household food security and eco-regional climatic and edaphic information can be imbalances, new directions are required more precisely associated with genotypic in planning and transfer of technology to and phenotypic information for a given plant meet future challenges of growing demand line. of food. Shifting Cultivation is destructive for environment, back breaking and less This systematic approach of documentation remunerative for the cultivators. Government includes the development of concepts of Mizoram has taken an initiative to increase and procedures for efficient Gene Bank and improvement of existing WRC as an management, such as reducing the number alternative farming system. Improvement of duplicate accessions and establishing of WRC will decrease emission of CO2 from representative ‘‘core collections’’ The goal of forest fire (Process of Jhum). these efforts is the efficient management and utilization of the resources by plant breeding • Developing data base on genotypes programs of local crop varieties (mainly rice varieties) and identification of • Impact assessment of paddy suitable varieties for different agro- cultivation through agricultural climatic zones. inputs such as crop varities, kharif crops and promotion of rain water Government of Mizoram has taken initiatives harvesting and construction of to establish and maintain genetic resource ecofriendly mini check dams for collections of the state’s major crop species irrigation. and their close relatives. These collections are the repository of millions of years of natural About 21% of the total agricultural area is selection and contain the genetic diversity put on the paddy/seasonal crop cultivation necessary for plant breeding efforts to cope within the state. Overall 63% of the total crop with the recurring pressure of pathogen 30 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram area is under jhum cultivation. According to of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) the departmental figure of 2007- 2008 total cultivation and Capacity building to production of paddy stood at 15688 lakhs train farmers in latest rice cropping MT. Settled agriculture on terraces and valley techniques specially evolved to lands is dominated by rice cultivation. Paddy counter adverse effects of climate cultivation has declined by 30% during 2008- change 09. Due to uneven distribution of rainfall Use of quality seeds and adoption of System over different seasons, irrigation facility is of Rice Intensification are the promising required by most of the crops viz. field crops and one of the best practices for raising like Paddy, Maize, fodders etc., plantation production and productivity of crops in the crops like orange, Assam lemon, mulberries, State. Rice cultivation is concentrated in 5 etc. and other cash crops like tea, coffee, red districts of Mizoram. Out of which one district Oil palms, etc. Along with Minor Irrigation falls under medium productivity group, 3 facilities there is an urgent need of water districts are under medium-low productivity harvesting system to support NLUP. group and one district comes under low productivity group. Triennium average area Check Dams/Earthen Dam can be suitably of medium productivity group (yield 2,000- constructed to collect and store surface 2,500 kg/ha) in one district was 0.173 lakh water from small streams and rivulets. A hectares, which was 32.3% of triennium water body of a reasonable size will augment average area (0.536 lakh hectares) under rice moisture retention and strengthen the water in the State. Triennium average production recharging system at the sub soil level. In was 0.349 lakh tonnes, which was 37.4% of spite of plenty of rains, at present, due to triennium average production (0.933 lakh hilly terrain rivers and other water sources tonnes) of rice in the State. Triennium average are usually dry, in winter leaving no scope for productivity of medium productivity group in irrigation. one district was 2,017 kg/ha as against 1,741 kg/ha triennium average productivity of the A better water management system needs State. Low productivity is attributed due to to be introduced to harvest rain water. In adoption of old traditional varieties and lack Mizoram there are numerous positive benefits of irrigation facilities. for harvesting rainwater. The technology is low cost, highly decentralized empowering SRI is a simple but very effective approach individuals and communities to manage to the current food crisis. System of Rice their water. It has been used to improve Intensification (SRI) cultivation has just been access to water and sanitation at the local introduced in the state and can contribute level. In agriculture rainwater harvesting has to significant reduction of green house gases demonstrated the potential of doubling food emission from rice cultivation. production by 100% compared to the 10% • Optimization of jhum cultivation increase from irrigation. Therefore Mizoram through conservation of arable Government has proposed to put up water land, water utilization management, harvesting system in each of 750 villages. parallel cultivation of alternative crops and Alternative jhum Control • Assessment study and demonstration to Livelihood State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 31 Jhum cultivation is the predominant land use (above 1000m) in Mizoram, climate and system in the upland areas of Mizoram where rainfall, the tree flourishes in this area grow 19 to 45% of the forest area is under jhum fast and provide yielding of huge quantities of cultivation. In the hills of Mizoram, agricultural firewood. The ashes of burnt alder twigs can operations are carried out up to a maximum be mixed with the soil to increase its fertility. elevation of 5000 m with ‘slash and burn’ No part of the tree is wasted. The wood method. More recently, attempts have been can be used for firewood, building houses, made to optimize the productivity of jhum making furniture and carving. The leaves fields. There is a gradual shift in focus from have medicinal properties and are generally earlier campaigns to eliminate the practice used to stop blood flow. Alder trees if planted of jhum to increasing its productivity and in terraces at bench level can prevent run-off livelihood potential. But these efforts have of topsoil. not yet been systematic. In order to offset and improve traditional Jhum cultivation, • Construction of Hill Slope terraces to prevent forest degradation and loss of for conservation of moisture and top soil, the state is likely to emphasise on cultivation of foodgrain, vegetable, conservation measures in arable land (such pulses and oilseed crops as contour bound, improvement of existing Tribals of Mizoram are expert in cutting paddy fields, bench terracing), creation of beautiful terraces along mountain slopes. This water bodies / up scaling and upgrading system of cropping is beneficial in retaining of existing water bodies, catchment area fertility of soil; preventing landslides and protection and encourage parallel cultivation checking soil erosion. Secondly, it is helpful in of plantation crops like rubber, cashew nuts retaining the moisture of soil and conserving etc. Vegetable cultivation to be taken up as a water, also. The Mizoram Government part of Horticutural development Programme. understands the benefits of these farming The important species like Turmeric and methods and proposes to implement a Ginger will be cultivated in Bench terraces to programme that will lead to permanent avoid soil erosion. Proper capacity building cultivation of the land by a transition to and training will be provided to the farmers of terrace farming by construction of terraces Mizoram for optimizing the production from on the moderate slopes. their jhum fields by cultivating alder trees, which regenerate the soil and check erosion. • Increasing the area under perennial The root nodules of these trees improve fruit plantation crops and high value fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the low volume crops to help cope with soil. uncertain weather patterns. With a combination of the desired altitude The agro-climatic attributes of the state have 32 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram since been found highly congenial for growing variable climate poses challenges for variety of horticultural crops particularly horticulture, given the sector’s dependency on gentle slopes. These are not only highly on natural resources, especially water for remunerative land use option but also help in irrigation. The horticulture sector in Mizoram preventing soil erosion, improving soil fertility is still vulnerable to predicted changes to thereby maintaining ecological balance. The rainfall and temperature that will have a State Govt. has also laid emphasis on the negative impact on, plant growth, pest and development and expansion of a high market disease risk breakout and product quality. To potential fruits like passion fruit, orange, this effect, it is being proposed to carry out grape, papaya, chow chow (Sechiumedulis), a detailed study on the impact of climate Arecanut (Areca catechu), Hatkora, banana, change on horticulture sector. etc. Passion fruit is cultivated in Mizoram by almost every household as a garden fruit. • Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops In the context of climate change, there is a and winter cultivation practices need to increase the area of plantation for perennial fruit and high value low volume Market infrastructures have not been crops. Promotion of fruit plantation will well organized or built up in the state so also help in enhancing carbon sinks. It is far. Storage facilities need to be created essential to encourage horticultural activities as well as transportation facilities for in the state and minimise the impacts of agricultural commodities need to be climate change on horticultural products improved. The district also offers scope for by increasing the area under perennial fruit development of post harvest management and plantation crops, increase in the area for many economically viable agricultural in respect of low volume- high value crops and horticultural commodities. Training under protected condition, improvement in for different technologies on post harvest post harvest management such as cold chain may be organized in selected areas. Lack of for perishable crops and encouraging winter storage facilities, transportation bottleneck, cultivation to increase double and multiple inadequate grading, packing & drying are the cropping. main constraints. Cold storage facilites are available in fisheries sector. Rural godown • Management of climate change and market sheds in potential areas may be impact on horticulture and Climate created. risk management studies Processing and preservation of value added The state of Mizoram is gifted with natural products are required as part of the climate growing conditions for several economically change adaptation strategy. There is a important horticulture produce like Pineapple, need to develop quality control measures, Oranges, Banana, Ginger, Cashew Nut, etc. adequate packing and storage techniques. Climate change will impact the agronomy, The post harvest loss negates all the efforts economics, and environmental aspects of that have been made to produce the crop. horticultural production. Under conditions Thus it is crucial to focus the research and of changing water availability, growers need development of post harvest protection to consider both short-term and long-term method on economically less demanding and coping strategies. Mizoram’s increasingly consumer friendly alternatives for ensuring State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 33 food security to people of Mizoram. The State have been established by giving assistance should focus on training for growers on post @ Rs. 15,000/- per unit to each individual harvest crop management, establishment of farmer in the previous year and another good go-downs and cold storage centres with 120 units already distributed to the Farmers grading facilities, market linkages, etc. during 2010-11 under various District. • Promotion of organic farming • Adoption of Integrated Pest through usage of compost and Management for improved crop vermicompost yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and Mizoram being declared an Organic State is capacity building for stakeholders all ready to follow a well guided systematic approach towards a uniform development Integrated pest management is a broad in Organic Farming. Organic farming is a ecological pest control aiming at best mix production system that largely excludes of all known pest control measures to keep the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides the pest population below the economic and growth regulators. As large scale use threshold level. The major pest found in the of fertilizers and pesticides pose a number state are Leaf folder, Stem borer, Caseworm, of environmental hazards and imbalances Rice gundhi bugs, Leaf hoppers, Rodents, Pink in soil nutrient level, organic farming borer, Striped borer, White grub, Heliothis, has been highly encouraged. The uses of Maize Aphid etc. The multiple impacts of Farmyard manure, compost, bio-fertilizer, bio climate change could significantly reduce pesticides, etc. are used instead of synthetic the effectiveness of current IPM strategies fertilizers and chemical pesticides etc. Crop leading to higher crop losses. rotation, growing of green manureing crops viz. Dhaincha, Sunhemp, etc. and different It is economically justified and sustainable cultural practices are followed. system of crop protection that leads to maximum productivity with the least possible The state realises the need to continue and adverse impact on the total environment. In expand traditional organic farming to reduce crop production technology integrated pest use of fertilisers that would lead to reduction management is a schedule of practices which of green-house gases in the atmosphere. starts from field selection till harvest of crop. The Department has established 35 Nos. of The major components in this approach are to Vermiculture and a large number of the Organic advocate cultural, mechanical, biological and farmers were assisted by distributing them chemical methods of insect pests, diseases, Vermi-Mother Culture and Vermicompost weeds and rodent control compatibly. harvested from these Vermiculture pits. Government of Mizoram is taking steps in Promotion of compost /vermicompost Motivating farmers to minimize the use of requires mass awareness among the farmers pesticides and to control the environmental and growers which is also economically viable population with the adoption of Integrated and has greater opportunity all over the state. Pest Management. An area of 1567 ha will Small Vermiculture Units have been set up at be taken up for adoption of Integrated Pest Farmers field in each District. In all 666 Units Management as pilot. 34 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram • Research study on livestock disease systems have been increasingly threatened, and establishment of early warning directly and indirectly, by human activities. In system and Capacity building to addition to the challenges posed by land-use Stakeholders change, environmental pollution, and water diversion, aquatic systems are expected to Mizoram although being an agrarian economy soon begin experiencing the added stress still imports a large quantity livestock like pig, of climate change. The effect of climate cattle, goat, and poultry essentially required change on fisheries mainly due to increase for the overall food supply of the people. temperature and may lead to early maturity Pork consumption in particular is very high. and breeding of fishes. However this requires The traders who organize import sell the further analysis. Climate change is stress same in the local market. Particular policy sensitive to freshwater of Mizoram, which are attention should be paid to the health risks already adversely affected by a variety of other posed by the rapid worldwide growth in meat human impacts, such as altered flow regimes consumption, both by exacerbating climate and deterioration of water quality. In Mizoram change and by directly contributing to certain 14 major rivers and 6 lakes are the major diseases. water sources. Wetlands are a critical habitat for many species that are poorly adapted for Temperature and rainfall variations have other environmental conditions and serve as increased the incidence of vector-borne important components of fisheries. Aquatic diseases. To minimize the impact of climate ecosystems have a limited ability to adapt change on animal health and reduce the to climate change. Government of Mizoram vector borne diseases, the state plans to has taken an initiative to undertake research carry out a study on impact of climate work on climate change impact on aquatic change in livestock, piggery and poultry, ecosystem so as to conserve and aquatic ensure vaccination of farm animals against ecosystem. contagious diseases, de-worming and early disease warning system, develop a breeding • Water storage and providing proper policy and use biotechnology to breed diversion channels to the existing genetically climate resilient breeds of farm ponds for drainage of catchment animals, and increase the availability of and runoff during sudden heavy rains access to vaccines. Mizoram has 24,000 hectares of potential • Study of impact of Climate Change area available for fish farming. Due to lack on the indigenous fauna of aquatic of infrastructure it has not been possible ecosystem and open waters to exploit the potential. So far only 2,640 hectares of water area has been brought Aquatic ecosystems are one of the critical under pond fish culture. There are another components of environment. It is essential 400 hectares under paddy-cum-fish culture contributors to biodiversity and ecological integrated farming with wet rice cultivation. productivity; they also provide a variety of Besides the area, 6,000 hectares of water services for human populations, including area are also available in the riverine sector water for drinking and irrigation, recreational in the form of rivers and streams. opportunities, and habitat for economically important fisheries. However, aquatic The demand for fish is likely to further increase State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 35 with the increase of State population and the impacts of climate change and of the earning capacity of the people. This in itself interacting contribution of fisheries and justifies a major investment for the required aquaculture to food and livelihoods security. development of fisheries in the state to Climate change will increase uncertainties in bridge the gap between the demand and the supply of fish from capture and culture. supply, besides generating self and regular Such uncertainty will impose new challenges employment. for risk assessment, which is commonly based on knowledge of probabilities from According to 2007-08 State report, Mizoram past events. Data for determining effects of gets an average annual rainfall of more than past climate change at best cover no more 2445mm and that too in a concentrated than a few decades, and may no longer be an period of 6 months resulting in restricting adequate guide to future expectations. the working season in a year. During the heavy rain or uneven rainfall, Government A serious need is felt for developing seed would take initiative to develop diversion farms along with the capacity building channels to avoid flash flood. At the same of fishermen communities in the private time, surface sub-soil being highly absorbant, sector to meet the present and future fish- its retention capacity of water is low. seed requirement from the state itself. Consequently, Mizoram faces the unique Department is planning to establish district paradoxical problem of scarcity of water in level training centres which can provide the midst of plenty. To increase the storage technical support for water and soil analysis of water, government of Mizoram would along with identifying training needs, promote water resource conservation and providing training and capacity building of enhance water-use efficiency for irrigation; the fishermen communities and fish farmers on the other hand the government would for adoption of advance and sustainable also create and development of new water pisciculture techniques. The existing fishing bodies for fish farming and integration of methods mostly adopted can be modified and Giant freshwater prawn in feasible areas. improved with enhancement of the capacity building and training procedures along with • Providing extensive support and support services through the district level services to fishermen through training centres. establishment of district level training centres • Water bodies conservation for fishery sector and establishment of fishery Mizoram has about 3,000 hectare of water units in reservoirs and riverine area area under fish culture. About 7,000 families are engaged in fish farming while another It is estimated that Mizoram has a potential 2,000 are involved in riverine (capture) area of 24,000 hectares available for fish fishery. An age old method of fishing followed farming, out of which only about 10.5 percent in Mizoram is to put a barrier in the flow of a has been exploited so far. Due to change river or stream by putting stones, felled trees, in temperature and uneven rainfall fish bamboos etc. and catch fish through cages breeding is hampered and earning capacity put in the openings. The existing demand, of fisherman is reduced. The demand for fish and anticipated challenges in the state, will will further increase the earning capacity require better multi-scale understanding of of the people. This in itself justifies a major 36 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram investment for the required development of Mizoram as wasteland of different categories. fisheries in the state to bridge the gap between This translates into 4469.88 Sq. km as total the demand and supply, besides generating wasteland in Mizoram. Shifting Cultivation self and regular employment. Government of (current) forms the main chunk of such Mizoram has identified some water bodies for wasteland and next comes the abandoned fishery sector. As per the Government report jhum land. Due to deforestation and 2007-08, the existing water bodies under uncertainty in rainfall, there is a direct impact fish farming in the state was 2840 hectares. on the growth of palatable grass species. Government has taken initiatives for water Regeneration of fodder species (herbaceous body conservation and to setup new fisheries species), in pastures and forest land is also unit in reservoirs and riverine area for fishery decreasing. As a consequence, there is sector development. shortage in quantity of livestock fodder. This will also affects livelihoods of local people • Greenery development of the through decreased production of milk and Devastated Barren Wasteland for milk products. Fodder Cultivation In this regards Government of Mizoram wants Mizo or Zo indigenous people depend to reclaim wasteland and develop some on jhuming type of cultivation since time fodders for livestock through Napier, Stylo etc. immemorial. In Mizoram, The State mainly This action will enhance the food security of has non-forest wasteland which are classified the cattle during extreme climatic conditions as abandoned jhum land/current jhum land. and on the other hand the devastated barren The National Remote Sensing Agency in lands will be utilized with greenery and some its Publication ‘Wastelands Atlas of India’ amount of carbon sequestration will take 2005, has indicated that 21.20 % of the place. total geographical area of 21,081 Sq. km, in State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 37 38 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter- 6 Sustainable Himalayan Mission

6.1. Introduction 6.2. Key Facts Mizoram is a fragment of Lower Himalayan Mizoram is mainly a hilly territory with range with altitude ranging from 500 m. altitudes varying from 500ft to 3000 ft to 3000 m. The hills are steep and are above sea level. At the ecosystem level, separated by the rivers which create deep the State exhibits a part of Mountain gorges between the hill ranges. There are ecosystem comprising 21 moderate hill 21 major hill ranges with average height ranges and forest ecosystem. In between of 1000 ft to 2000 ft spreading across the these two dominant ecosystems, lies state. The average height of the hills is about the freshwater ecosystem. The state has 900 meters with highest forest cover in the different forest types belonging to 4 groups eastern region. Tropical Semi Ever Green, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Subtropical Broadleaved Hill and Climate Change impacts coupled with Subtropical Pine Forests (Champion & Seth’s anthropogenic pressure has its negative Classification System 1968). Around 70.43% effect on the fragile Mountain Ecosystem of Forest belongs to Tropical Evergreen of Mizoram. It faces problems of Jhum forest and 28.91% belong to Tropical Moist cultivation, Soil erosion, siltation, deciduous Forest. The state of Mizoram is a degradation of top soil etc. which affect the part of Indo-Myanmar bio geographic region, forest quality and biodiversity. This requires which is one of the rich biodiversity regions special attention to combat the situation by of the world. Wildlife Sanctuaries and a way of policy action and sustainable land large number of sacred groves were found use systems etc. The immense variety of the in the different parts of the state, these climatic, edaphic and altitudinal variations are the main preserves of biodiversity. The have resulted in a great range of ecological floral diversity of Mizoram is quite rich and habitats in Mizoram. also harbours about 35 species of Bamboo belong to 8 genera. Besides, a wide variety of wild cultivable plants, edible fruits, leafy vegetables and orchids are found in the natural forests of Mizoram. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 39 Table 6.1: Forest Type Altitude zone Very Dense Forest Medium Dense Forest Open Forest Total 0-500 m 1 1,813 6,791 8605 500-1000 m 34 2,921 4520 7475 1000-2000 m 98 1,516 1544 3158 2000-3000m 1 1 0 2 Total 134 6251 12855 19240 (Based on SRTM Digital Elevation Model) Primarily very dense forest are found in 6.5. Biodiversity 1000-2000 m altitude range and also partly in 500-1000 m altitude range. Moderately Mizoram is categorized under sub-group- dense and open forests are present mainly IB Northern Tropical wet evergreen forests. in low altitude area of 0-500 m and 500 m to Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests cover the 1000 m (State Forest Report 2009). major central bio-geographic zone and the coverage is approximately 70% of the total

6.3. Mountain river system geographical area. Sub-Tropical Hill Forests come in the Eastern fringes bordering The rivers of Mizoram constitute a major part Myanmar approximately extending from of the topography and are perennial in nature. 1500-2158 m mean sea level (MSL). The These rivers are aided by heavy rainfall in hilly area constitutes about 24% of the total ranges in monsoon and occasional rainfall geographical area. The state has 2 National throughout the year. The northern part of Parks and 7 wildlife sanctuaries covering the state comprises of important rivers like an area of 990.75 sq. km which constitutes the Tlawng or Dhaleshwari, Tuirial or Sonai 4.69% of the state’s geographical area. etc. Rivers like Mat, Tiau, Tuichang, and Tuipui fall in the southern part of Mizoram. Flora: The floral diversity includes a large The rivers of Mizoram are the main source variety of Phanerophytes which includes of water for the people of the state. The variety of trees and shrubs, Parasites and perennial rivers of the state feed the lush Epiphytes and succulent plants. Apart from green vegetation of Mizoram these, Mizoram offers plants that offer rich timber such as teak and sal woods, plants

6.4. Climate with medicinal values such as Cinchona, Taxus baccata, etc, and plants that offer fruits and The climate in Mizoram displays vegetables. But the most significant flora of characteristics that are typically of the hilly Mizoram is the orchids. and mountainous region. The change in the topographical features of the region can also Fauna: The forest of Mizoram hold many cause a change in the climatic conditions in threatened animal species including the Mizoram. Tiger, Asian Elephant, Clouded Leopard, Gaur, Goral, Hoolock Gibbon, Stump-tailed 40 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Macaque, Binturong and many others. The of the total area of the state (21,087 sq. km) avi fauna diversity in Mizoram includes is covered by forest. However, due to the many rare and threatened species which traditional practice of shifting cultivation include Mrs Hume’s Pheasant (State bird), called ‘jhuming’, uncontrolled fire, Blyth’s Tragopan, Green Peafowl, White- unregulated felling and arbitrary allotment cheeked Partridge, Blyth’s Kingfisher, Blue of land to individuals, two-third of the area Pitta, Moustached, Striped, Rufous-vented, is reported to have been partly depleted Brown-capped and Spot-breasted Laughing and degraded. thrushes, Crested Finchbill, Olive and Flavescent Bulbuls, Oriental Hobby, Wedge- Climate Change Impacts on the Forest billed Wren-babbler and Purple-throated Ecosystem Sunbird etc. The assessment of impact of climate

6.6. Key Issues change on forest ecosystems has clearly demonstrated the possibility of adverse Soil Erosion implications on biodiversity and a large decrease in net primary productivity of The common rocks found in Mizoram are forest. Such a projected shift or change in sandstone, shale; silt stone, clay stone and forest types is likely result in large-scale slates. The rock system is weak and unstable, forest degradation and loss of biodiversity. prone to seismic influence. Soils vary from Forest ecosystems are already subjected to sandy loam and clayey loam to clay, generally socio-economic pressures leading to forest mature but leached owing to steep gradient degradation and loss, with adverse impacts and heavy rainfall. The soils are porous with on the livelihoods of the forest-dependent poor water holding capacity, deficient in communities. Climate change will exacerbate potash, phosphorous, nitrogen and even the stress on forest ecosystems. humus. Development of adaptation strategies is Table 6.2: Different Types of Land Cover in constrained by uncertainty in the current Mizoram projections of climate parameters and impact assessments. Further, there is a Type of Land Cover Area (in sq. km) need for models where adaptation can be 1. Closed (good) forest 4,190 incorporated into impact models. However, 2. Closed forest affected 13,520 given the general accepted knowledge in by shifting cultivation the sector, certain priorities can be chalked 3. Forest degraded by 2,600 which will have a positive effect on the shifting cultivation sustenance of the Eco System. 4. Non-forest 640 5. Water bodies 140 Adaptation Pathways Total 21,090 Source: Forest Department, 2003 Considering the ecological fragility of the region, the concept of ‘Sustainable According to the report of Department of Himalayan Ecosystem’ requires promotion. Environment and Forests (2003), 83 percent This would include formulation and State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 41 implementation of holistic plans at the people and citizens in general about their watershed level to transform human habitats natural heritage. by catalyzing the innate aspirations of local communities towards greater sustainability • Research on Wildlife Populations and habitat conservation. Such efforts and Corridors - Mountain Goats, would also include functional consolidation Burmese green Peacock, Malayan of land for promotion of natural resources Bear based employment generation in the region. The forest of Mizoram holds many threatened Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Mission mammals species like Mountain Goats, would also include adequate representation Burmese green Peacock, and Malayan Bear. of regions cultural diversity and prevailing However, the population of these species indigenous knowledge. have decreased over the years. The proposed Table 6.3 study will focus on the population distribution and threats. The study will also focus on the Issues Impact Pathways connecting corridors and habitat of these Soil Erosion Top Soil Loss Affores- lead to tation , endangered species and the impacts of human Barren Hill Prevention activities (such as roads, infrastructural Ranges of Soil development, or logging) on these wild life Flash floods Conser- Water Scarcity vation species. The research outcomes of these Adverse Micro measur- populations will contribute in policy actions Climate ement which will facilitate migration of individuals Impacts Floral Conser- between populations, issues of inbreeding on the Distribution vation and Biodiversity & Regener- Manag- & reduced genetic diversity (via genetic ations ement drift). The study helps in re-establishment of populations that have been reduced or

6.7. Key Priorities eliminated due to random events (such as fires or disease). • Biodiversity Assessment • Creation of Biodiversity Parks Biodiversity Assessment and mapping is an activity to contribute to the establishment The Mizoram state has 2 National Parks and 8 of a biodiversity hotspot and to improve wildlife sanctuaries covering an area of 1241 the management plan of the protection of sq km, which constitutes 5.89% of the state’s forests within the state. There is a general geographical area. Mizoram forest has rich lack of information and knowledge regarding floral biodiversity with rare species of orchids biological diversity and of the urgent need to and medicinal plants. The department is develop scientific, technical and institutional proposing to establish Biodiversity Park in capacities to provide the basic understanding the state for the conservation of rare and on which to plan and implement appropriate threatened floral species in line with National measures. The primary objective of the Biodiversity Conservation Act, 2001 study will include an inventory of fauna and flora; identification of unique features in the • Assessment of climate vulnerability area; ethno-botanical data; this will help and climate change impacts on state in increasing the awareness among local biodiversity and forest resources 42 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram In Mizoram, Forests are among the most People in Mizoram are continued to depend important natural resources, which have on biodiversity and bio-resources for their played a fundamental role in supporting the livelihoods. Such populations are directly livelihood of the people. Due to its sheer dependent on local biological resource and importance, the Working Group decided have keen sense of observation, practices. to have a comprehensive study on Climate This is passed on from generation to change Impacts on the Biodiversity and generation. Working Group recognized Forest Resources in the with changing climatic importance of the documentation and to conditions so as to preserve and enhance publish the list of rare, endangered and the resilience of the forest ecosystem. In threatened species in their territory and to Mizoram, human activities are triggering the launch special programmes for conservation. biodiversity loss at alarming rates through Local bodies will be entrusted with the task land use change, forest cover loss, soil of preparing, maintaining and validating and water pollution, and degradation due people’s biodiversity register (PBR) in to forest fires, habitat fragmentation and consultation with local people. The registers selective exploitation of species. will have details of the access to biological resources and traditional knowledge. The In the context of climate change these PBRs would be digitized and patents will be vulnerability of eco systems will be further filled in the future. stressed. The impacts of climate change will vary with respect to population and • Inventorying and Conservation of composition of species. Species with limited Medicinal Plants climatic ranges and restricted habitat requirement or small population are typically Mizoram has one of the oldest, richest & the most vulnerable to extinction such as most diverse cultural traditions associated endemic mountain species and biota. Infra- with use of medicinal plants. There are large specific variation in select species is also number of traditional herbal medicines proposed to be taken up as a part of the practitioners who have traditional study. knowledge of herbal home remedies of ailments & nutrition. The herbal medicines This study will act as a precursor for the used by rural people including tribals have future planning of Mizoram forest sector not yet been documented. Compiling an for conservation of forest resources. This exhaustive inventory of medicinal plants in study will necessarily focus on the impact the State is the need of the hour. Although of climate Change on Biodiversity, Forest these medicinal plants are less popular but Resources and adaptation measures to be possess a surprising breadth of knowledge taken in the Planning for minimization of on medicinal plants and the specific Climate Change Impacts. ailments that they cure. Many of these plants grow in the wild and have never been • Documentation and enrichment cultivated. Extensive forest degradation of biodiversity database through has made several specimens rare and Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) hard-to-find. Conserving them ensures at the JFMC Level their availability for scientific investigation State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 43 and serves to propagate this ancient art, sustainable livelihood to the rural tribal thereby enriching indigenous knowledge communities whose primary dependency in medicine. Documentation of medicinal is Jhum cultivation. The alternative income plants will follow the National Medicinal source through such initive with reduce the Plants Board (NMPB), guidelines on Good extent of Jhum cultivation. The alternate Agriculture Practices (GAPs) on the pattern income source through such initiative will of Good Agriculture and Field Collection reduce the extent of Jhum cultivation. Practices (GACPs) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for medicinal For promotion and development of eco- plants. tourism in forest areas small degraded or barren land may be put to use along with • Monitoring of carbon stock and the landscaping, plantation, regeneration biodiversity at regular intervals and protection components which would be jointly managed by the Department of Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Tourism and Department of Forest with the Degradation (REDD) is a climate change help of local community for which no specific mitigation mechanism that could be adopted diversion may be required. Sacred Groves in to compensate Mizoram for keeping their Mizoram has vast amount of tourist potential forests standing and also conserve more to be realized. Sacred Groves are the loose habitat and ensure greater ecosystem ends of relict virgin forests which are quite services functions. To implement the REDD a different from the surrounding degraded monitoring mechanism for carbon stock and forests. Thus these can serve as micro-level biodiversity at regular intervals is necessary. biodiversity hotspots. The monitoring carbon stock includes above and below ground biomass, soil organic To secure the necessary funding for the carbon and also removals from the forest. This Forestry Administration and to manage the monitoring mechanism also helps in taking protected area in future, the development scientific management of bio resources and of ecotourism as a financing mechanism to plan for adaptation strategies. can be one of the best options for Mizoram. Mizoram Government might develop and • Eco-tourism promotion for promote conservation of natural resources biodiversity protection and and ecotourism initiatives in collaboration sustainable livelihood with local communities, with the aim of protecting the landscape and generating Mizoram has wide varieties of hilly terrains, new & alternative job opportunities for luxuriant valleys, rivers, lakes and rich local people to replace Jhum cultivation and flora & fauna in the eastern part of India commercial logging that threaten the forest. and also shares international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar. The mild climate • Undertaking study on valuation conditions in Mizoram throughout the year of forest resources (Non traded) and types of the forests ranging from the and climate change impacts on the moist tropical and moist sub-tropical have vulnerable ecosystems great eco-tourism potentials nationally and internationally. Eco-tourism can provide The forests of Mizoram provide some 44 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram tangible benefits in the form of food, fuel, thematic workshops will be organized to fiber, timber and other forest products sensitize the public and generate awareness and also some intangible benefits like soil in the line of conservation and effect of conservation, watershed management, climate change on local ecosystems. ground water recharge etc. There are many uses of forest that are directly or indirectly • Restructuring land use policy for consumptive and durable or non-durable. jhum cultivation and habitation on These are conservation, recreational benefits, notified forest lands the commercially available benefits (i.e. newsprint, cardboard, building materials, Jhum or Shifting Cultivation, a traditional edible fruits, woods, fuel woods etc.), eco means of agriculture based on indigenous services (i.e. bio-diversity, climate regulation knowledge system as the major form of service, soil erosion control, etc.) livelihood for Mizoram farming community was a viable proposition in the past. About Till date the Total forest valuation has not 80 per cent of farmers in Mizoram still been conducted in Mizoram. Considering the depend on jhum cultivation that involves natural forest in Mizoram, the commercial clearing forests and burning trees, weeds and direct value of forest is not sufficient and bamboos and is believed to have for evaluation of the forest resources. It caused considerable loss of forest cover in has some indirect values, which cannot be the species-rich tropical rainforests of the determined from the market. But at present, region. Jhum burning also accounts for a estimation procedure of non- marketed very high percentage of gas emission when forest products, indirect values and non- every year huge amount of land in rain forest use values of forest do not properly appear are cut down and burnt. in the state accounts. Forest valuation is required in the state to identify the actual New Land Use Policy focused on eco-friendly forest revenue and its contribution to state activities, preserving green forest and GDP. Climate Change Action Plan working through programme of bamboo plantation group recognized the importance of the would aim at increasing forest cover from the total valuation forest resources to measure present 49% to 60% of the total land area. the loss of GDP through climate change. The area between Tuilut to Dampa-Rengpui is dominated and extensively used for • Work to establish new systems jhuming. Restructuring of the present land to support for public awareness use policy is required for control of jhuming building through Establishment of in notified forest area. The proposed policy Envis Centre will address the issues related to the Innerline Reserved Forest Notification of 17thOctober The present thrust of forest department 1878 and Riverine Reserved Forests Gazatte is around creating awareness of forest Notification of ADC on 19 May 1965 which ecosystems. The Climate change action plan notified the majority of the catchment area will emphasize on the creation of public of the Rivers as Reserved Forest, These awareness and greater involvement of people policy actions will take measure to reduce in climate change mitigation and adaptation the soil erosion, water conservation and programmes through this center. Periodic would encourage the forestation on a large State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 45 scale with the benefit of environmental also play regulatory role in water quality of protection and over a period time opening rivers and act as watersheds. However the up scope for carbon economy. jhum cultivation in the Mizoram has degraded nearly 2/3 rd of forest land. Hence Soil • Policy formulation on transportation conservation methods such as construction subsidy or development of low cost of check-dams, gully plugging, terracing, transportation for primary Forest Agrostology methods, soil–stabilization products of the state plantations etc will be taken in Mizoram State. These measures are also useful for re- Unfortunately, the infrastructure facilities charging ground water reserves, to provide in Mizoram are very poor and the industrial employment and livelihood support systems. sector has equally been the victim of To stop the soil erosion; measures such infrastructural bottlenecks especially in as plugging of gullies will also restore and transportation. The high transportation cost rejuvenate the soil fertility status. of Bamboo and NTFPs from Forest area to consumer market makes it uneconomical. • Conservation and Management of Subsidy and alternative trade route two major Wetlands development for Bamboo is very important aspect of bamboo market development. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2007 report on Wetland The state will provide transport subsidy on conservation indicates that local people’s plant & machinery, raw materials transport involvement in wetland management can to attract perspective entrepreneurs in to contribute significantly to maintaining this sector. The main objectives of both the or restoring ecological integrity and policies are ; the enrichment of industrial community wellbeing. Building upon this growth potentials lying in the sectors co-management of two major wetlands like agriculture, horticulture, forest and viz Palak Dil Lake (Proposed for Ramsar establishment of proper linkage amongst site) and Tamdil Lake were selected for the the industries based on resources available conservation. Proposed activity involves in in these sectors. Mizoram Government will mapping of vital parts of hydrological cycle, restructure the existing transport policy catchment area development, water quality to introduce subsidy for transportation of monitoring, and conservation of biological forest based products. diversity to support wide range of ecosystem services such as waste assimilation, water • Protection of forests and forest land purification and livelihood improvement of from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha local communities. This exercise will also help in flood mitigation, ground water recharge Forests play an important role in Mizoram for and micro climate control in Mizoram State. preventing soil erosion and landslides. They 46 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 7 Green Mission

7.1. Introduction and degraded forests could not meet the growing demands of timber and other forest The forest cover in the Mizoram is 91.27% products in the state and cannot provide of state geographical area, which in highest a safeguard to the ecological functions in India (Forest Survey of India (FSI), 2009). like soil conservation, protection of land Forests and Mountains constitute dominant degradation, maintenance of agricultural feature of the state’s landscapes, economy productivity and protection of catchment and environment. The State enjoys different area. types of evergreen forests and waterfalls as well as areas of unique floral and faunal National Mission for Green India under the varieties. The majority of the forested land National Action Plan for Climate Change lies in notified forest and also significant recognized the forestry sector as one of forest cover lies under the management the most effective carbon sinks to mitigate of communities and individuals. Mizoram and adapt to the Climate Change and its has the most variegated hilly terrain in the indispensible role in the conservation eastern part of India. of ecological balance and biodiversity restoration. Mizoram Climate Change However, the major constraints for the state Forestry Green Mission Action Plan is are higher deforestation rates due to jhum prepared as per the guidelines of National cultivation and forest degradation caused Green Mission. by anthropogenic pressure. Due to this the majority of the forests classified under the 7.2. Key Facts about urban areas in open and medium dense forest category Mizoram and only 1% of forest cover classified under the high dense forest with the canopy cover The recorded forest area of the state is more than 40%. Lack of infrastructure, 16,717 sq. km out of this reserved forest Market Linkages and sustainable forest constitutes 47.31%, protected forest policies making under-utilization of potential constitutes 21.34% and Un-classified Forests for development of forest based enterprises constitutes 31.35% of the total forest area. within the state. Almost 2/3rd of the area About 80% of the state geographical area is has already been degraded. These depleted under recorded forests. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 47 Table 7.1: District wise forest cover in 2005 (Area in km2) District Geographical Very Mod Open Total % of Change* Scrub Area Dense dense Forest G.A Forest Forest Aizawl 3575 32 1013 2278 3323 92.95 196 0 Champhal 3185 58 1180 1519 2757 86.56 175 0 Kolasib 1,382 0 210 1090 1300 94.07 32 0 Lawngtlai 2557 0 699 1681 2380 93.08 53 0 Lunglei 453 0 1586 2698 4284 94.44 38 Mamit 3025 41 568 2137 2746 90.78 105 0 Saiha 1400 0 629 703 1332 95.14 -4 0 Serchhip 1421 3 366 749 118 78.68 45 0 Total 21081 134 6251 12855 19240 91.27 640 1 *Change compared to 2005 assessment (revised) : Forest Survey of India, 2009 Report The state has about 134 sq. km of very for 70% of the total population in the dense forest area covering Aizawl, Mamit Mizoram. However, most of the Geographic and Champhai districts, while Serchip having terrain of the Mizoram is not conducive to the lowest amount of very dense forest the sustainable agriculture practices due to cover and other districts doesn’t have any the slope of the terrain which made them to very dense forest cover. More than half of opt for Jhum cultivation. Jhum cultivation on the moderately dense forest can be found forest lands has been responsible for habitat in Aizawl, Champhai and Lunglei Districts. fragmentation, destruction and degradation Open forest constitutes 66% of total forest of the forests in the state. Almost the entire cover spreading across the Mizoram State. state is influenced by age-old practice of Jhum Cultivation, except some pockets of Traditional Community Forest Management valley bottomlands. Forest Fires, High rainfall has adopted long way back by the local and hilly terrain have further accentuated communities in Mizoram by forming village the impact of human activities on the forest. safety and village supply reserve for their daily use of Forest Resources. However, Table 7.2: Land Use Pattern in Mizoram Mizoram forest department has adopted Category Area(ha) Percentage the Joint Forest Management in the year (%) 1998, which envisaged in involvement of the Forest 1,593700 75.5 local communities and voluntary agencies Not 1,34050 6.2 in planning, protection, regeneration and Available for development of forests. Already there are Cultivation 593 JFM committees being formed and Other 7,209 3.4 managing more than 26000 ha of forest area Uncultivated Land till date. Fallow Land 2,10,928 10 Cropped 1,02,903 4.9

7.3. Key Issues Area Agriculture and allied sector is the mainstay Source: Forest Statistical Handbook 2009 48 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Limited Cultivable land availability for the enforced, overexploitation of ornamental rural population, land tenures and soil and medicinal plants, animal products, erosion are promoting the age old tradition conversion of forests areas into agricultural of the Jhum Cultivation. Around 1,20,000 lands and habitat destruction. Even the family’s dependent on the Jhum Cultivation. sacred forests maintained as community Annually about 50000 hectors forest land forests, are rapidly vanishing. been diverted for the Jhum cultivation. This practice destroys the protective and 7.4. Climate Change Adaptation in productive vegetation in preference to a very forestry sector of Mizoram brief period of immediate crop production. Mizoram has about 91% forest cover of the In order to earn their livelihood people total land surface. Hence forestry sector are practicing shifting cultivation and over- plays key role in building adaptive capacities exploiting forest resources, which leading of the local communities. to the serious damage to the forest and biodiversity. Mizoram State Government has The life cycles of forests range from decades initiated New Land Use Policy (NLUP) from to centuries. Adaptation to climate changes 2008 to divert Jhum cultivators towards refers to adjustments in ecological, social, other income generation activities. and economic systems in response to the effects of changes in climate. Adaptive Second reason for the Forest degradation management of forests will contribute to is from the Forest fires. NLUP estimated sustaining the livelihood of forest dependent around 50% of the forests estimated to be communities in Mizoram. Many existing highly vulnerable to the both manmade forests within the state and most newly and natural forest fires. This threat further established stands will experience climatic intensifies in the case of Bamboo forests in conditions that deviate from conditions Mizoram, which constitutes around 32% of today. In Mizoram 67.7% of reserved forests the total forest area and close to the human are intensely managed by state department. habitats. The other proportion managed by different district councils which fulfils multiple Some of the emerging problems for Mizoram functions at lower management intensity; Forestry sector are increasing number of the remainder is managed at low intensity landslides due to loss of forest cover and or for protection, conservation or social soil erosion, reserved forests are constantly services. over-exploited in unsustainable way, laws applicable to these forests are too weakly State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 49 Table 7.3: Adaptation Pathways in Forestry sector Issues Impact Pathways Warmer and drier Reduced growth rates, Identification of suitable summer conditions Increased disturbance through genotypes through provenance fire and insects, Changes in trials, Development of wood quality and quantity, technology to use altered wood Reduced regeneration success, quality and size, Inclusion of Increased competition from climate variables in growth and exotics (vegetation, insects, yield models, Development of and diseases) “fire-smart” landscapes Higher precipitation Landslide, Forest fire and flood Disaster risk reduction, Socio- long dry spell and more economic adjustment (water extreme weathers allocation management) Rainfall inhibition Draught like situation and Conservation measures and loss of vegetation, impact on policy formulation for forestry food security and community livelihood Jhum Cultivation/ Slash Increased degradation/ GHG Better dialogue and and burn technique for Gas Emissions diversification of agro-forestry agriculture and agri-sylvicultural system Outbreak of forest fires Loss of Forest Cover/ GHG Gas Awareness Generation, Emissions Alternative Income Generation, Fire management Strategies Adaptive management of forests contributes planning can be formulated state-wide. in sustaining the livelihood of forest Intensifying assessment and monitoring, dependent communities in Mizoram. Many establishing new tools and indicators to rate existing forests within the state and most vulnerability and targeting research efforts newly established stands will experience appear most promising to cope with climate climatic conditions that deviate from change in these forests. conditions today. Compared to agriculture, decisions taken today for managed forests While this might be seen as primarily aimed (e.g. tree species choice) remain irreversible at mitigating climate change, it has an for decades or even centuries. On the other adaptive component of preserving species hand, selection of seed provenances for richness, continuity of forest ecosystems altered climatic conditions will require time. and resilience. It is estimated that adverse climate change impacts will contribute to the Preliminary review indicates that concepts destruction of forests and thereby promote and contingency plans for adapting forests the emission of greenhouse gases, which in are rarely included in state plans. Several turn will enhance global warming. Mizoram management options for intensively managed formulated the key priorities in line with forests in regeneration, tending, harvesting, National mission. The following section will protection, conservation and management focus on the key priorities. 50 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

7.5. Key Priorities • Improvement of forest quality and density in degraded lands and The following action points have resulted out abandoned jhum lands of several rounds of discussions between the working group members Mizoram Forest sector has highest Forest cover in India; however it is facing Key priorities: Green Mission challenges in terms of forest crown density • Improvement of forest quality and quality. The Jhum practice in Mizoram and density in degraded lands and destroys the protective and productive abandoned jhum lands vegetation in preference to a very brief • Improvement of the productivity of period of immediate crop production. After Bamboo and promotion of local value addition through establishment of the crop production these Jhum cultivation market linkages areas are abandoned. Jhum cultivation • Undertaking studies on climate has been responsible for fragmentation, change impacts on NTFP productivity destruction and degradation of the forests and sustainable harvesting practices in the Mizoram state. Annually about 50000 for adaptation of climate change hectors forest land has been diverted for • Capacity building of communities/ the Jhum cultivation. Forest survey of India community forest management Report, 2009 reported 91% total forest cover institutions for climate change adaptation of its Geographical area under tree cover • Prevention and control mechanism however the very dense forest constitutes for forest invasive species and its less than 1% of total forest area. This is utilization strategies clearly indicating the need for the increasing • Promotion of forest based industries the tree cover enrichment activities to • Formulation of conservation strategies promote the forest density. Ecological for Orchids and establishment of restoration in terms of reforestation and market linkages for value addition afforestation of degraded lands will reduce • Livelihood improvement Activities the ill effect of climate change. The practice for forest dependent communities of ecological restoration will develop • Strengthening of Forest Department through block plantation, agro-forestry, farm • GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation forestry, reforestation of urban and peri- of the program urban institutional lands and soil moisture • Strengthening of Local VSS conservation measures. • Publicity /media and Outreach • Establishment of Mission Directorate Table 7.4: Fire Incidences (2009 - 2010) Sl. No. of No. of Extent of Area Estimated Value Causes of Fire No. Forest Occurrences Effected by of Forest Wealth Divisions Fire Lost 1 15 1,277 29022.15 Rs. 22,76,900 Jhum Burning 53,600 Nos. of &Ground Fire Seedlings Source: State Statistical hand Book 2010 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 51 • Improvement the productivity of Bamboo and promotion of local value addition through establishment of market linkages Table 7.5: Bamboo Production in Mizoram Product Unit 2008-09 2009-10 Quantity Revenue Quantity Revenue Extracted Generated Extracted Generated Bamboo Nos 182 177 23.44 46.89 Source: State Statistical Handbook, 2010 Over the centuries the clearly feelings for action plan. Jhum cultivation has resulted in to the large tracks of pure Bamboo forest in Mizoram. Bamboo based industries in cottage, small It alone contributes 14% of the country’s and medium sectors will be established within growing stock of bamboo with about 9210 the state. An investment friendly framework sq. km (49.10%) of the geographical area will be designed for implementation financial of 21018 sq. km of the state. However the mechanisms to support the Bamboo productivity of Bamboo production per hector industries in terms of associated incentives is quite lower than international production and subsidy. To improve the quality of the per hector. To increase productivity proper bamboo products, new technologies will be Bamboo management techniques need to adopted to enhance the market outreach be developed and applied. & Linkages. Proper rotation will also ensure sustainable harvest. The bamboo even at lower productivity levels represent vast untapped major • Undertaking studies on climate resource of Mizoram, whose full ecological change impacts on NTFP productivity and economic potential reminded and Sustainable harvesting practices underutilized. The eco-friendly Bamboo for adaptation of climate change crop have immense potential in improving rural economy, industrial development and In Mizoram,people are dependent on the sound economic base for the state on the forests resources that are directly or indirectly sustained basis. The latest growth stock of consumptive and durable or non-durable. Bamboo estimated to be 24 Million MT. This These are NTFP Products, conservation, implies the need to encourage enterprise recreational benefits, the commercially activities that will add value to its forest available benefits (i.e. newsprint, cardboard, products like Bamboo to generate more building materials, edible fruits, woods, fuel income and employment for its generally woods etc.). However, the climate change poor population. Mizoram government will impacts on these resources may adversely provide enterprise development support affect the productivity of the NTFP resources which will include the provision of business in terms of harvesting amount and quality of development and financial services and the NTFPs. Dwindling availability of forest- policy support for forest based sustainable produce- food, fuel, medicinal herbs, etc. will livelihood promotion under climate change deprive the rural poor from a supplementary 52 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram source of both income and food. Non- The objective of proposed activity is timber forest products are likely to be more to building adaptive capacity among vulnerable to changes in the climate system Panchayat Raj Members Community Forest than timber production. These products Management Institutions and communities have indirect and incremental impacts on towards Climate Change Adaptation for local economies, food security and health. increasing the forest cover, protection and Studies have shown that there is a high to reduce the climate change impacts. percentage of population below the poverty These activities will be planned under JFM line in forested areas, varying from 47.15% in for better capacity building and training of south Orissa to 37.43% in Madhya Pradesh, the stakeholders and JFMCs. as against 26.10% being the national average. This clearly indicates that the local • Prevention and control mechanism population is not being benefited by the for forest invasive species and its revenue generated by forest as a natural utilization strategies resource. However, baseline of the current NTFP production and the potential impacts The propagation of invasive species in of climate change yet to be quantified for Mizoram is aided by the habitat degradation the state of Mizoram. Hence research studies due to deforestation, developmental on these issues will be undertaken and also activities, shifting cultivation and illegal on developing & promotion of sustainable harvesting. The main invasive species harvesting practices. considered in the forestry area of Mizoram are Mikaniamicrantha, Eupatorium • Capacity building of communities/ serotinumm, Musa sp. (wild banana), community forest management Ageratum conyzoides etc. Wild banana is institutions for climate change predominant in the hilly slopes of Mizoram adaptation and hindered the natural biodiversity of these areas. However inadequate research Mizoram adopted the practice of Joint Forest is available on the invasive species potential Management (JFM) from 1998-99 onwards impacts on the biodiversity. One of the and made it essential part of plantation potential cost effective strategies considered programs. Currently Forest & Environment for containing the invasive species is through Department registered 593 (Joint Forest promotion of usage of invasive species. Wild Management Committees) JFMCs and banana will be promoted to utilize as fodder 19Forest Development Agencies (FDA) for the livestock and the fibre for local dress constituted in 15 Forestry Divisions across materials. State forest dept. will formulate the State. JFMC Members are supporting a control mechanism for these invasive conservation activities around 26000 species in the forest lands and also develops hectares of forest. The impact of JFM on utilization plan of these invasive species protection, conservation and regeneration especially the wild banana of forests cannot be quantified now as the scheme is initiated only a few years back. • Promotion of forest based However FSI, 2009 report suggesting a industries fairly regeneration of forest due to the JFM activities. Mizoram has highest literacy level in the India State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 53 however most people are dependent on the of the state are well acquainted about the natural resources for their livelihood due to medicinal properties of Orchids growing in lack of infrastructure development, remote their surroundings. The knowledge gained location, poor market linkages, inadequate through their experience and on from power supply, difficult topography and generation as a guarded secret. Mizoram is a limited flat terrain (Just around 3%). Hence, small state but quite rich in orchid diversity. the promotion of forest based industries in Mizoram has a vast potential for employment However these orchids are not properly generation and effective usage of its natural conserved and developed to a sustainable resources. Currently forest based industries utilization level due to lack of eco-scientific in Mizoram are very limited; Policy Action management. These orchids have domestic and Economic incentive are required to and international potential in cut-flower and create enable platform to encourage setting medicinal markets. There is great export up NTFP Processing Units , plywood industry, potential for exotic orchid species found other timber-based units, plantain fibre and in Mizoram. Till date there are no such hill broom units. Forest department will marketing potential explored in Mizoram. give special efforts for promotion of wood The markets are mostly operated by village based industries by enhancing plantation in councils though constructed by Department abandoned jhum land. of Trade and Commerce. Forest dept. is planning to establish a sustainable cultivation • Formulation of conservation and establishment of market linkages of local strategies for Orchids and orchid species which have high demand establishment of market linkages outside the state. for value addition • Livelihood improvement Activities Within the hills of Mizoram about 246 orchid for forest dependent communities taxa in 74 genera were recorded. Out of these, 67 taxa (including saprophytes) are terrestrial Climate change impacts are already being and 179 are epiphytic. Bulbophyllum parryae observed, signaling an urgent need for and Sterogynelushaiensis are endemic. response measures that minimize current Dendrobium, with 41 species and one vulnerabilities. By protecting and enhancing variety, is the largest genus. Forty genera, 3 the natural services that support livelihoods, being monotypic, are represented by a single vulnerable communities can maintain local species. About 55% of the total taxa appear safety nets and expand the range of options to be endangered. The habit, phenology, for coping with disruptive shocks and trends. distribution frequency and conservation The forest dependent communities are status, and phyto-geographical affinities are mainly economically fragile and rely on forest discussed for all taxa. Apart from these the resources for a range of basic needs like food, commonly found species are Vanda coerules shelter, clothing and heating. Promotion of (Blue Vanda), Renantheraim schootiana alternative livelihood improvement activates (Red vanda), Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum, such as Rubber plantation, Bee Keeping, P. Villosum which are prohibited from Poultry and engagement in protection export. Conservation measures for those activities will motivate the communities endangered are also suggested. Local people to protect the forest and to gain economic 54 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram benefits. The people get gainful employment and wildlife resource center (with library, in collection of bamboo and minor forest documentation, map room, GIS and MIS produce and selling them in the market cell facilities). GIS-based framework helps and other ancillary activities such as value in gaining a scientific understanding and additions. This adaptive measure will help to make informed decision making on in improvement of livelihood of the forest Deforestation analysis and implementing dependent communities and also encourage successful reforestation programs and forest conservation which will ultimately sustainable forest management. result in GHG sequestration. Teams of Subject Matter Specialists at Range • Strengthening of Forest and Division level (on contractual basis) will Department bring in new knowledge and skills. There include: Information and Communication Capacity building measures shall be Technology (including RS/GIS capabilities), undertaken for personnel in forest and community mobilization, watershed/ environment sector to improve their skills Soil moisture /water harvesting; finance, and professional competence keeping in view ecological restoration / REDD issues etc. the arduous nature of their duties, often in remote and inhospitable places. For effective • Strengthening of Local VSS implementation of forest and environmental laws, regular trainings on legal aspects of Given the fast changing rural scenario forest and environmental issues need to be with increase in the number of educated conducted for forest personnel. Adequate unemployed/underemployed youth, the infrastructure and professionals need to be Mission would support development of provided to meet the training requirements youth cadres to lead the charge at the of all levels of forest staff keeping in view the local level. Support of research institutions, current needs and future trends in forestry universities/colleges from local area, Forest management and administration. Department and NGOs would help develop this cadre as Self Employed Change Agents • GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation (SECA). The cadre of community youths of the program will help Mission activities at the local level with active support of Forest Department Global information system is also an and other agencies. This will also augment important tool to digitize the evaluation and capacity of Forest Department to facilitate scientific management of the resources. It Mission activities with existing regular staff. plays a great role in monitoring, creation or demarcation of reserve forests, creation of • Publicity /media and Outreach National parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries including afforestation /reforestation areas. In order Land use policies, regulation policies and to ensure an integrated approach at village/ measures in respect of climate change can cluster/sub-landscape/sub- watershed encounter inertia, passive resistance or active level, the forest department will need new opposition, particularly from the indigenous capacities. The Mission would support up- communities. To providing information gradation of the Range Office into a forest and explanations is therefore vital for State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 55 generating public and stakeholder support • Establishment of Mission Directorate for government policies and regulations. Public outreach can also encourage voluntary Department of Forest, Government of Mizoram changes in habits, address the arguments of wants to establish a mission directorate, for those who oppose specific actions and help Monitoring and Evaluation of forest development to prepare the younger generation for living program of Mizoram. The body will coordinate in the climate-change world. all forest development issues to achieve the desired target. 56 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 8 Sustainable Habitat

8.1. Introduction 91 persons per sq. km). Aizawl town alone accommodates 56.26% of the total state The climate of Mizoram is neither very hot urban population followed by Lunglei with nor very cold, but moderate throughout 31.11%, whereas Mamit shows the lowest the year. The whole state falls under the Urban Population of 16.96%. direct influence of south-west monsoon and receives an adequate amount of rainfall. The unique geology and geographical The climate of the state is humid-tropical, conditions of Mizoram makes the State characterized by short winter, long summer vulnerable to various natural disasters. The with heavy rainfall. main hazards in the State are Earthquake and Landslides. High winds and floods damage Urbanisation is a process, rather than a houses and properties during the monsoon product by which a group of people start season. The problem of flash floods are also living in towns and cities dominated by being witnessed in some parts of Mizoram, industrial and service functions. It is a especially in low lying areas causing damage process by which the population migrates to house, property and crops. The speed of from rural areas to towns and cities which windstorm in the whole State is 55m/s (198 are major commercial and industrial km/h) which is the highest value specified centres in the economy. Mizoram became in the country. In such events weak houses a state in 1987 and Aizawl the state capital made of wood, bamboo etc. are the most which has been experiencing rapid socio- vulnerable. The damages which occur in economic growth. With an 11% growth at such high winds usually are localised in two urban centres of Aizawl and Lunglei in nature. 1971 the state claimed to have higher urban population growth in the country (over 36%) Mizoram, being a hilly terrain is prone with 22 towns according to 2011 census. to landslides. Every year a number of The population density of Mizoram in 2011 landslides have been reported from various Census is 52 persons per sq. km against 42 localities. This causes a lot of misery to the persons per sq. km recorded during 2001. public resulting in loss of life and property, Among all 8 districts, Aizawl district occupied disruption of communication network and the highest density of population with 113 also economic burden on the society. This is persons per sq. km which is 22 persons more primarily attributed to high slope and relief, than the figure recorded during 2001 (i.e. immature geology, neo-tectonic activity, State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 57 heavy rainfall and unplanned and improper with 3,12,837 people living in the city while land use practice in the state. (Source : Mamit district has seen the lowest urban Environmental studies of Aizawl City using Remote population at 14,809. Sensing And GIS, A project report, 2005, Mizoram State Remote Sensing Centre, S&T, Planning Dept’ Lawngtlai district in southern Mizoram has Mizoram). seen the highest rural population with 96,555 people living in villages while Saiha district

8.2. Key Facts about urban areas in also in south has the lowest rural population Mizoram at 31,301. The population of Mizoram is 10,91,014. It shows that the state’s total population has increased by 201,441 persons during last 10 years (Census 2011). The state has experienced relatively slower economic growth in comparison with rest of India. The state of Mizoram, the smallest state in terms of size, is the fifth most urbanized state in India with 49% of its population residing in urban areas. As a result of rapid increase of Figure 8.1: Population distribution of Mizoram population within the state and spilling of Around 5 % of the rural households enjoy population outside the city limits has taken water supply within their premises and place. about 57 % of the households get water Table 8.1: Population Statistics of Mizoram from near their premises. For majority of the households (47 %) the main source of water Description 2011 2001 is spring water. Approximate 10.91 Lakh 8.89 Lakh Table 8.2: Distribution of Household by Population source of Drinking Water Actual Population 1,091,014 888,573 Male 552,339 459,109 Source of Total % Rural % drinking Female 538,675 429,464 water Population 22.78% 29.18% Tap 51386 31.9 15352 19.3 Growth Hand-pump 3108 1.9 1174 1.5 Source: Census 2011 Tube-well 3394 2.1 2357 3 Well 3213 2 1425 1.8 It highlighted the fact that the towns in Tank, Pond, 6490 4 3682 4.6 Mizoram are overgrown villages, trading lake centres with some rural development River, canal 18379 11.4 14368 18.1 administrative office outfits, which become Spring 65363 40.6 37625 47.4 urban settlements. These outgrowth areas Any other 9633 6 3379 4.3 are generally devoid of basic urban services Total 160966 100 79362 100 and are administered through rural growth mechanism. The state capital district Aizawl Absence of storm water drainage poses has registered the highest urban population problems of water logging and flooding, 58 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram causing landslides and soil erosion. The decline and then a sudden increase from damages caused to roads, lanes, houses, 1990 to 1995 (Fig 1). In fact, during the properties and even lives by heavy rains span of the 20 years study period, 1995 during rainy season are almost annual recorded the highest rainfall of 3185.98 phenomenon in Mizoram (especially within mm where as 1994 had the lowest rainfall urban areas like Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai, with a measure of 2278.29 mm only. Thus, Serchhip, Kolasib, Mamit, Saiha & Lawngtlai). it can be interpreted that there is change Construction of Retaining Wall drains etc. in the rainfall trend when analyzed when to prevent calamities, rehabilitate disaster compared between the two decades, but victims as well as for restoration and repair not on an extremely large scale which again works necessitated by natural disasters is shows that this trend can further change the required each year in the urban areas of pattern for the consecutive 10 years rainfall Mizoram. Due to rapid urbanization owing data. If this usual small scale change in trend to movement of rural population to urban continues, then Mizoram is not expected areas in view of the incidence of increasing to experience a sharp decrease in rainfall poverty in rural areas, there has cropped up unless there are other climatic elements that a serious problem as a large number urban unexpectedly alter the usual trend, which is poor are not having any suitable place for mostly above the 2000 mm mark. habitat. There are increasing urban problems of Key Issues overcrowding and growth of slums, scarcity of water supply, inadequate public health The state of Mizoram is located in a highly and sanitation system, mismanagement seismic zone (Zone V) as per the seismic of waste materials. The existing urban zoning atlas of India and is prone to frequent infrastructure for service delivery is earthquake shocks and subsequent hazards. increasingly insufficient, even for provision The state also lies in the ecologically sensitive of core urban public services such as water region of the northeast India. Although supply, sanitation and sewerage, urban temperature is usually the first variable roads and solid waste management. considered in assessments of climate change, it is important to consider other data that Sanitation poses major problems with the integrate the state of the climate system over absence of any sewerage system in urban space and time. These include such climate areas resulting in drainage of domestic parameters like rainfall and humidity. effluent into nearby rivers and streams leading to contamination of water sources. As per the present status, there has been a Indiscriminate developmental activities also prediction in the change occurring which has add to the problem by obstructing drains been experienced even by the common man and encroaching rainwater flow paths. either in the form of rise in temperature or increase or decrease in rainfall. Also Solid waste is a pressing urban issue for frequent rainfall makes urban living highly Mizoram primarily because of its difficult vulnerable to climatic impacts such as floods terrain. Inadequate collection and improper and landslides. However, when analyzed disposal currently lead to spillage and on a yearly basis the trend shows a gradual contamination of soil and surface as well as State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 59 groundwater streams. Integrated Solid waste Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) major Management facility is being implemented initiatives taken for six district headquarters. in the capital city of Aizawl with the support The Housing and Urban Development from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Corporation Limited has been appointed as consultant to prepare Detailed Project The urban transport sector has been largely Report (DPR) to provide services to the poor neglected in the State, characterised by in Aizawl under the Integrated Housing and heavy traffic congestion due to narrow Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) roads, rapid growth in number of vehicles programme. along with highly topographic and concentric development. Often there are days when There has been an increase in the average some areas remain inaccessible due to maximum temperature during 1996-2005 by blockage of roads by landslides or other +0.28°C over the decade of 1986-1995, which damages caused by heavy rains. Public denotes a trend in increase in temperature transport is limited due to inadequate road during the last decade. The same increase network, poor infrastructure and scattered is also reflected in the average minimum demand. Except for the National Highways temperature recorded for the decade of and a few leading roads, much of the road 1996-2005 which is +0.30°C, much higher length in Mizoram is unusable for load bearing than that recorded for the previous decade heavy vehicles. The vehicle population was of 1986-1995. The rate of increase is clearly recorded during 2007-08 was 61000 which is reflected when the overall monthly average 7.53% more than that of previous year. temperature recorded for both decades shows an increase of +0.29°C. The overall Integrated sewerage and drainage system trend in temperature also shows a gradual is not available in all cities of Mizoram. increase during the 1996-2005 decade. In City development plans are underway for fact, the global temperature increase for 50 construction of the same in the major cities years (1951-2000) was 0.5°C (source: NASA and district headquarters of Mizoram. Under GISS) whereas Aizawl is warming at the rate the Urban Infrastructure Development of 1.22°C in 20 years only. It may be noted Scheme for Small and Medium Towns that the 20 years data may be too little to (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and base upon. Figure 8.2: Rainfall Variation of Aizawl City 60 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 8.3: Temperature Variation In addition, poor management of solid and In addition, the large-scale structure liquid waste, traffic congestion and vehicular of precipitation (rainfall) and heat flux pollution, clearance of green areas due to (temperature variations) also closely indiscriminate construction, and fossil-fuel resembles the observed estimates on a energy consumption in city infrastructure global scale (which was +0.3 and +0.6°C contribute to climate change through during the last 150 years).In order to increase in GHG emissions and reduction combat these odds through a sustainable in carbon sinks in urban areas. Various strategy for climate resilience, the state has features of urban agglomerations in the envisaged the following key priorities in the state interact with the climate and enhance urban sector. the vulnerability of the city population. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 61 Table 8.3: Adaptation Pathways in Cities Issues Impact Pathways Warm and Humid Increased demand for Create awareness to retrofit building summer and cold cooling with green design; policy incentive for winters usage star rated HVAC products Heavy and aberrant Increased storm-water Development of storm water precipitation runoff management plan and investment in sewerage; re-assessment of master plans/land use plans of urban agglomerations, policy incentive use of permeable surfaces and incorporation in the PWD codes Enhanced waste Health hazards, soil Awareness for waste segregation and generation due to contamination through policies for landfilling of waste urban agglomeration leaching, odour pollution by population influx Transport system Congestion and higher GHG Phase out of old vehicles, integrated congestion and ageing emission traffic study and congestion reduction plan Energy Usage Higher concentration and Utility DSM measures in street higher use lighting, solar water heating Decline in the forest Decrease Planting heat tolerant trees, city wide cover inbiosequestration of programmes for tree watering and atmospheric carbon maintenance, roadside plantation dioxide, incur significant programme, development of parks adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.

8.3. Key Priorities being in the neighbourhood of Bangladesh, Mizoram is situated in hilly terrain and one of the most vulnerable countries in the one of the most vulnerable state with world in respect of natural calamities is in respect to climate change such as warmer unique situation unlike any other state of India temperatures, unusual rainfall, landslides. and requires special attention in initiatives on At the same time, better urban planning and mitigation and adoption measures under the policies can reduce energy use and Green sustainable habitat mission. House Gas emissions and improve the resilience of urban infrastructure to climate Within the identified key priorities with change, thus shaping future trends. Lack of high importance four actions are adaptation suitable livelihood and employment facilities activities and three actions are mitigation further add to the unsustainable exploitation activities. The high priorities identified based of natural resources. Moreover, the region on the basis of cost effectiveness, cost-benefit, 62 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram feasibility, ease of implementation and and carry out cost-effective actions. overall sustainability. Within the Sustainable Habitat six key priorities are under the urban The following action points have resulted sector, one key priority under transport out of several rounds of discussions between sector. The total budget proposed for the the working group members. seven key priorities along with sub activities is 1314.6 Crore INR. Key Priorities: Sustainable Habitat There are multiple opportunities for the mitigation activities to explore the carbon 1. Capacity Building and research markets with several mechanisms like Clean initiatives on Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Development Mechanism (CDM), Voluntary Carbon Standards etc. The revenue 2. Improvement in water usage management for urban drainage to generated from the mitigation activities can reduce climate change impacts be used for the effective operation of the 3. Development of climate friendly activities. Involvement of State Government Waste management systems and through “climate-conscious” urban planning improvement of aesthetics and management can help achieve national 4. Reduction of disaster risk through climate goals and minimise tradeoffs climate change adaptation between environmental and economic 5. Energy efficiency improvement and priorities at local levels. Local authorities promotion of renewable energy usage can help achieve national climate goals in urban sector through urban policies to reduce energy 6. Improvement of vehicular pollution control mechanism for reduction of demand and improve resilience to climate GHG emissions change National governments can help 7. Assessment and inventorisation of create a sound institutional foundation and climate change impact on urban knowledge base to support local decision sector makers engage with stakeholders to identify State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 63 • Capacity Building and research initiatives as comprehensive knowledge initiatives on Climate Change base is required for better understanding Impacts and Preparedness and better implementation of the initiatives. Department of Urban Development will be The state emphasises the need to enhance the primary responsible department for this capacity of the officials on climate change key priority action and its sub activities. issues and possible adaptive and mitigating measures so that they can include climatic • Improvement in water usage considerations in their departmental management for urban planning as well as day to day operational drainage to reduce climate and monitoring activities. Beginning with a change impacts training needs assessment for all relevant departments and agencies, training modules The water supply in urban areas of Mizoram especially on solid waste management, water is inadequate. In order to provide for management and efficient distribution of unforeseen climatic extremes such as floods supply and delivery and urban management in urban design, build provisions for storm would be conducted and training imparted. water flow, and prevent contamination of Capacity building would also be extended water streams due to flooding, these aspects for awareness generation of residents on would be incorporated into the urban design. good practices such as source segregation of The local spring like sources is considered to waste and energy efficiency. be converging to the drainage system while its utility to drinking water system remains The key priorities identified based on the cost beyond the normal scope of consideration. effectiveness, feasible options, sustainable In order to provide for unforeseen climatic and easy to implement with respect to the extremes such as floods in urban areas, present condition of state. New or reformed storm water flow and contamination of water institutions are needed to enable state streams due to flooding, these aspects would governments to facilitate capacity building be incorporated into the urban design. More and decision-making on climate change at frequent rainstorms will also overload the the local level. A comprehensive capacity capacity of sewer systems and wastewater building programme on climate change is treatment plants more often. Saving of 1 MW necessary which will help to build awareness energy will reduce GHG emission of 6000 ton and increase in knowledge base of the officials CO2 equivalent per annum. It would also lead responsible. This action is necessary before to energy conservation by reducing energy implementing any climate change mitigation consumption at pumping stations, wastewater 64 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram treatment plants and other relevant facilities. subsequently Lunglei town solid waste It would include installation of liquid waste management will be developed. It will treatment facilities, provision of new consist of construction of composting sewerage system, including the sewerage plant, procurement of household bins and treatment plant, collection network, outfalls provision of door-to-door waste collection and sewer cleaning equipment, both for the same, construction of sanitary landfill rehabilitation of the existing water supply and transfer station, purchase of collection and distribution systems and construction vehicles and equipment and construction of of new systems, constitution of water use parking facility for collection vehicles, survey societies for regular monitoring of services, in context of urban development. The Urban leak detection and water quality monitoring. Development Department had drawn a Water conservation and enhanced efficiency comprehensive plan for compost production would help in adapting to water shortage from Municipal Solid Waste and implement during climate induced dry spells. It would the project through ADB financing sources. also lead to energy conservation by reducing MSW projects are also highly suitable to energy consumption at pumping stations, attract CDM benefits. Measures to reduce wastewater treatment plants and other greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to relevant facilities. Activities will include bulk expected climate change impacts will put and household water metering and capacity additional pressure on city budgets and building exercises. increase the need for additional public resources. These mitigation activities will • Development of climate reduce significant amount of GHG emissions friendly Waste management and the revenue flow from the sale of systems and improvement of emission reductions will help in sustaining aesthetics the projects. Composting of 490 TPD MSW will avoid methane emission which will be Solid waste management subprojects about 3.61 lakhs ton CO2 equivalent in next include construction and upgrading of 5 years. landfill sites, transfer station, storage and parking facilities for the collection vehicles • Reduction of disaster risk and procurement of collection and disposal through climate change equipment, as eligible under the subproject adaptation selection criteria for the Investment Program. The activity is proposed to establish an Climate change and urban disaster risk are the integrated waste management plan for cities two biggest challenges to Mizoram today, as including measures to improve efficiency it faces the consequences of unprecedented of existing solid waste and sewerage rates of population growth, urbanisation, management systems, and incorporate a economic development and GHG emissions. plan for management of construction and Most of the towns and the capital city lies demolition (C&D) waste, biomedical waste, in a mountainous high terrain region where and domestic hazardous waste. natural hazards strike. Therefore all the towns will be considered for appropriate As high priority, The Aizawl city solid waste measures to reduce its vulnerability. Due management project will be initiated and to the lack of preparedness, emergency State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 65 response and post-disaster recovery lighting system for reduction of energy usage plans, natural disaster destroyed schools, and mitigating GHG emissions. This can be housing and cultural environment of urban promoted as a Public-Private-Partnership areas, which consequently have serious (PPP) basis on selected urban areas. Once impacts on efforts towards the sustainable established and proven a state-wide development. programme will be launched. Master plan will be prepared for increasing renewable energy Urban Department will formulate building supply and energy efficiency measures in the guidelines with provision for disaster selected city and towns along with awareness resistance construction, design and materials generation and capacity building activities and will promote traditional environment- will be conducted. friendly & energy-efficient and disaster resistant housing and buildings in urban and • Improvement of vehicular rural areas for different agro-climatic zones, pollution control mechanism flood plains and consideration of seismic for reduction of GHG emissions vulnerability of the state. Climate responsible master plans for selected cities/towns will Aizawl is linked by the National Highway be developed considering the disaster risk of No. 54 which runs from west to east from the zones. Understanding the function of the Sairang to Zemabawk and passes through land management and revenue department the city at Bawngkawn saddle the goose neck to protect land from encroachment; land point of Aizawl. At present Mizoram is solely revenue code, ownership titles as provided dependent on its road network to meet its in the present Land Law of Mizoram and transportation needs. Most of the prime reformulation of land tenure policy to areas are in the top ridges and saddle areas. It enable sustainable urban development is leads to the increase in vehicular movement necessary. within the state and the connecting cities and towns. • Energy efficiency improvement and promotion of renewable Vehicular emission is one major source energy usage in urban sector of pollution as there is no significant industrialization. The steady increase Urbanization and economic development in in number of vehicles in the state is Mizoram are leading to a rapid rise in energy contributing to the deterioration of ambient demand in urban areas in our country air quality. The records by the Motor vehicle leading to enhanced Green House Gas (GHG) Inspection Wing, Transport Department, emissions. The capital city of Aizawl and Govt of Mizoram, for the past 11 years show other towns are experiencing rapid growth continual trend of increase in vehicular in the peak electricity demand. The local population. This steady increase of number governments and the electricity utilities are of vehicles year after year shows that finding it difficult to cope with this rapid rise vehicles shall continue to be one of the main in demand and as a result most of the cities/ sources of air pollution in the state especially towns are facing electricity shortages. In the in the city. Shift towards public transport or state a policy mechanism will be formulated Mass Rapid Transit system, improved urban for promotion of solar water heating and infrastructure, building concepts of mass 66 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram rapid transit, low emission vehicles, electric health and ecosystems. Similarly, accurate vehicles in Aizawl city and appropriate urban estimates of emission rates and patterns of planning are essential steps to go towards pollutants are necessary to support effective low carbon economy unless the emissions air quality management strategies. Emission are controlled through better efficient inventories are typically constructed through vehicle or introduction of electric vehicle. a data aggregation process that accounts for CNG vehicles are most appropriate for emission rates, activity levels, and source Aizawl city & other small Towns. Considering distributions. Emission rates are often these facts, implementing this mitigation derived from laboratory measurements action considered as high priority and (e.g. vehicle dynamometer studies), activity additional revenue from the sale of emission levels can be obtained from traffic counts or reduction will help in sustaining the activity. surveys of sources and source distributions Mizoram Government plans to improve may come from roadway maps, aerial the enforcement to control the vehicular photographs or estimated from population pollution which leads to air pollution and density. However, the propagation of errors GHGs with the help of State Pollution Control associated with this data process can result Board (SPCB). in large uncertainties that reduce the utility of emission inventories and consequently • Assessment and inventorisation impede the air quality management of climate change impact on process. urban sector For regular monitoring of the city Estimation of emissions load is an essential environment, it is essential to conduct an step in order to quantify the share of Urban environmental and emissions profiling Sector in the pollutant levels in the city/ of the towns by collecting baseline data towns. The sources of emissions include on environmental parameters, including vehicles, domestic fuel burning, DG sets, emissions, establishing benchmarks for solid waste dumping, liquid waste discharge, periodic monitoring, checking environmental energy consumption etc. Accurate and degradation and identifying scope for comprehensive emission inventories are mitigation in the relevant areas. This would needed as a foundation for determining require setting up of monitoring stations the geographic distribution of pollutants, across the towns and capacity building of the evolution of their chemical and physical personnel on monitoring techniques. properties and their impact on human State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 67 88 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 9 Health

9.1. Introduction The possible climate related health impacts envisaged are1: Accrued empirical evidence has already 1. Progressively increased health burden established climate- disease relationship. because of increased proliferation Public health which is highly dependent of climate sensitive diseases and upon the availability of adequate quantity premature death (high confidence) and quality of food, safe drinking water, decent home protected against disasters, 2. Altered distribution of some infectious a reasonable income and good social disease vector that might proliferate and community relations (WHO, 2003) is due to climate change (medium projected to be affected by climate change confidence) (Rahman A, 2008). Climate changes is 3. Altered distribution of some allergenic expected to profoundly catalyses the pollen species (high confidence) propagation of infectious, communicable 4. Increased heat wave related death as well as life threatening vector borne (medium confidence) diseases (as some of the vectors are highly 5. Projected trends in climate change climate sensitive as regards to temperature related exposures of importance to and rainfall). Impact of climate related human health stress due to increased heat, air pollution, malnutrition, increased incidence of water a. Increased malnutrition (due to borne diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, deterioration in nutritional health typhoid and gastreoenteritis, and vector arising from crop failure, which is borne diseases such as malaria will result caused by droughts and especially in increased morbidity and mortality. by high night temperatures that Mizoram has already a combination of many result in reduced cereal yields) and of this human health related issues. Climate consequent disorders, including changes may impart an additional pressure those relating to child growth and on the public health system that is already development highly linked with burdened to cope with the existing level of the economic conditions (high health issues including communicable and confidence) non communicable diseases.. 1 4th Assessment Report IPCC State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 69 b. Increase the number of people transmission window for the vector borne suffering from death, diseases, diseases, increased incidence of water borne injury from heat waves, flood, and communicable diseases, malnutrition/ storms, fires and drought (high deterioration of nutritional health and confidence) consequent disorder (including those related to child growth and development), c. Increase burden of vector and food security (resulting from reduced crop water borne diseases yield), increase in poverty/economic decline, population displacement and even loss d. Increased cardio respiratory of livelihood due to outbreaks of natural morbidity and mortality associated disaster. The impact would however vary with ground level ozone. depending on number of factors like adaptive The possible health related adverse impact capacity of the population, level of exposure, is likely to damage human well-being and sensitivity, demographic and socio economic prosperity substantially and especially factors like population growth, urbanisation, among the population having lower capacity poor health condition of the populace, water to combat the impacts and access to medical scarcity and inadequate sanitation condition, facilities. The direct impact because of preparedness and awareness among the climate change can be in form of heat strokes population on general health related issues. which might enhance the morbidity or Climate Change and Health: Pathways from mortality principally amongst the older age driving force to potential health impacts group and urban poor. The indirect impact (WHO, 2003) can vary widely including enhancement of 70 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 9.1 One of the youngest states of the union gender, poverty, housing, amenities and Mizoram lying in the far flung area of the employment provide a background towards country is extremely vulnerable to the understanding of the health scenario of the extremes of climate change due to its region. The socio economic scenario of 1.09 location in the fragile ecosystem and limited million Mizo population distributed across access with the rest of the country. Barring 719 villages and 23 towns in 8 districts is the scenario profiling of the health condition represented in terms of socio-economic towards determining the possible impact indicator like literacy rate (Mizoram’s has of climate change on the health status and one of the highest literacy rate in the modelling the impact reduction framework, it country 2ER of 91.58%2), population density is also essential to have a clear understanding lower population density of 52 persons per of the socio economic scenario of the region sq. km, economic status (12.6% percent of that creates a conducive environment for total population lying below poverty line3) occurrence and spread of diseases. The and employment (total employment of 0.41 socio economic indicators like education, lakhs4). 2 http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mizoram/Provisional%20Population%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf 3 http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mizoram/Provisional%20Population%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf 4 http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mizoram/Provisional%20Population%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 71 Though National Action Plan on Climate 9.2. Key Facts about the Sector change does not identify human health as separate National Mission, Govt of Mizoram The section intends to present and overview focused on health sector envisaging the of the health status of the state that possible impact of climate change on human has formed an integral part of strategy health. development. The parameters include overall health scenario, diseases outburst (incidence The action plan is strategized in order and prevalence of both communicable and to reduce the impact of climate change non communicable diseases), morbidity related direct and indirect human health and associated mortality, health risk and relevant exposure, combat the incidence available infrastructure. Although the fact of diseases and promotion of sustainable remains that trends of diseases over years development. The strategy is framed on the are not exclusively driven by the impact of basis of assessment of the scale of impact at climate change but the issue persists that the regional level, determining the priority and existing health scenario might deteriorate scale of actions and strategising adaptation under weather variability and overall human measures towards reducing vulnerability health impact may escalate with respect of climate change. Such strategy broadly to their virulence and spread to hitherto includes enhancement of awareness and diseases free area. uptake of effective clinical and public health intervention in high need regions for reduction of impact. Demographic Characteristics5 Table 9.1: Birth Rate Category India Mizoram 2008 2009 2008 2009 Combined birth Rate (Birth rate Per 1000 22.8 22.5 17.8 17.6 population ) Table 9.2: Death Rate Category India Mizoram Male Female Total Male Female Total Death Rate (death rate Per 8.0 6.8 7.4 6.3 3.9 5.1 1000 population ) in 2009 Table 9.3: Infant Mortality Rate Category India Mizoram Male Female Total Male Female Total Infant Mortality Rate (death 49 52 50 33 38 36 rate Per 1000 population ) in 2009 5 http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/Demographic%20indicators.pdf 72 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Health Status : Communicable Diseases Table 9.4: Malaria Cases Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2006) 1785129 1707 10650 120 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2007) 1508927 1311 6563 75 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2008) 1526210 1055 7361 91 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2009) 1563574 1144 9399 119 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2010) 1373317 678 15626 31 Table 9.5: Diarrhoeal Diseases Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Diarrhoeal Diseases (Reference period Dec 2009) 11984490 1818 21841 17 Diarrhoeal Diseases (Reference period Dec 2010) 10112845 1388 16142 12 Table 9.6: Enteric Fever Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Enteric Fever (Reference period Dec 2009) 1099331 436 1163 4 Enteric Fever (Reference period Dec 2010) 1034642 379 1115 0 Table 9.7: Acute Respiratory Infection Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Acute Respiratory Infection (Reference period Dec 28240346 3043 41078 16 2009) Acute Respiratory Infection (Reference period Dec 24720144 2612 25665 18 2010) Table 9.8: Viral Hepatitis Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Viral Hepatitis 124085 600 476 7

9.3. Infrastructure The health care infrastructure of the Health is a state subject in India where the state comprises of network of hospitals, policies and infrastructure are planned Community health Centre (12 CHCs – and developed by the state government. Community Health Centres are designed to State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 73 provide all assured services which includes adequate infrastructure including shortage routine and emergency care in addition to all of medical and Paramedical staff ’s absence national Health Programme and all support of medicines and supplies due to limited and service to fulfil national programmes), financial resources. Primary Health Centre (57 PHCs – Public Health is the first port of call for routine, Apart from the health care facilities preventive, promotive, curative and rendered in the state, the department has emergency care in addition to all national also provisioned to improve the general health programme) and sub-centres (370 health of school going children under School sub-centre and 60 sub centres clinic –Sub health programme through all PHC and centres is the most peripheral and the first CHC. The program is conducted with an contact point between the primary health objective of promotion of positive health, care system and community care system). of school children, prevention of diseases, Despite of the expansion of health care early diagnosis and treatment along with facilities in the state till the last plan period awakening of health consciousness and the health care facilities and access to improving hygiene and environment. quality health services need improvement in The health department in the state is the state especially in the rural areas where bifurcated into two directorates viz, there is no public health providers. Rural Directorate of health service and Directorate health care services in the state lacks the of hospital and medical education. The 74 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram organogram for the health and family welfare department is presented below: Figure 9.2 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 75

9.4. Key Issues The minimum temperature required for development of P. Vivax and P. falciparum Increase in morbidity/mortality due parasite in anopheline mosquitoes is 14.5 to increased incidence of Vector Borne –16.5oC and 16.5 –180C respectively (Martens diseases et al. 1995) which increases due to decrease Transmission dynamics of malaria is highly in temperature till 320C where after there climate sensitive and is severely impacted by is high mortality in mosquitoes (Martens, the climatic conditions. Epidemiological study 1997). substantiated the impact of climate change on malaria. The study revelled decrease A relation between the temperature and in the duration of sporogony in anopheles duration required for the completion of mosquito with increase in temperature from sporogony of the parasite in anopheles 20 to 25oC. Since the anopheline mosquito mosquito is presented in the table below7 : are cold blooded the development of Table 9.9 parasite in their body are effected by climatic condition like temperature, rainfall, relative Parasite No. of Days required for humidity, frost and wind velocity. At increased Species sporogony at different temperature temperatures the rate of digestion of blood o 20 C 25oC meal in mosquito increases which in turn P.falciparum 22-23 12-14 accelerates the ovarian development, egg laying, reduction in duration of gonotrophic P.vivax 16-17 9-10 cycle and higher frequency of feeding on P.malarie 30-35 23-24 hosts thereby enhancing the probability of P.ovale Not known 15-16 transmission as reduction in the duration of gonotrophic cycle and sporogony are related with increased rate of transmission6. Epidemiological Profile (World Malaria Report 2010) The above representation indicates the susceptibility of the states to the incidence of Malaria. 6Martens et al., 1995, Macdonald 1957; Detinova 1962;Molineaux 1988 7WHO 1975 76 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 9.4

9.5. Projection Scenario The baseline scenario indicates that the state of Mizoram has its transmission windows open for 7-9 months in six district will rise to 10-12 months in 4 districts. Table 9.10 TWs of Malaria in Mizoram based on temperature (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 0 1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to Data Not Available 2 12 Baseline 8 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 Projection 8 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 TWs of Malaria in Mizoram based on temperature and RH (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 0 1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to Data Not Available 2 12 Baseline 8 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 Projection 8 0 0 0 0 3 4 1

9.6. Weather Variability8 increase of average temperature in course of last decade in comparison to earlier. There Temperature has been observed increase in average The temperature condition of Mizoram maximum temperature by 0.28oC, average can be described in terms of not so warm maximum temperature by 0.30oC in 1996- summer (20-30oC) and not very cold rain 2005 over 1986-1995 periods. The trends free winter (11-21oC). However Temperature of increase in average temperature across analysed using 20 years temperature data the years revealed a probability of gradual from 1986-1995 and 1996-2005 revelled and increase in temperature. 8R.K. Lallianthanga & Robert Lalchhanhima Sailo, Mizoram Remote sensing Application Centre State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 77 Humidity A study of 20 years humidity data revealed and average increase of humidity from 73.14% during 91986-1990 to 81.42% in 2001-2005. Table 9.11: Scenario Analysis of malarial incidence in the State Year Population BSC/BSE ABER Total Malaria SPR SFR Death due to Cases Malaria 2006 905689 218072 24.07 10650 4.88 3.18 120 2007 980366 154045 15.71 6563 4.26 2.69 75 2008 980366 165441 16.87 7361 4.4 3.73 91 2009 980366 171793 17.52 9399 5.47 4.29 119 2010 1001289 322929 32.25 15626 4.68 4.39 31 Figure 9.5 Table 9.12: Age wise distribution of Malaria Age wise Male Female Pregnant woman 0-4 940 892 Among 15626 malarial 5-15 2036 1949 cases 23 are pregnant 15 years and above 5553 3831 woman Figure 9.6 78 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 9.7 From the Above figure it is well evident 9.7. Activity Undertaken that although the number of malarial death has decreased across the year the number 1. Distribution of Long Lasting insecticidal of malarial incidence and annual parasite Nets in villages where malarial incidence has enhanced across the year incidence is high (in year 2009 and substantiating the increase in the morbidity 2010 around 70,000 and 80,000 due to malaria. numbers of Long Lasting insecticidal Nets were distributed in the villages of Projection of Malarial Transmission Mizoram) Based on the minimum required temperature 2. Indoor Residual spray for ensuring transmission of malaria and 3. Increase awareness to the population projected climatic condition a projection is regarding the curative and preventive provided for transmission in the year 2030 measures under NVBDCP as against the baseline (1960-1990). 4. Training, orientation, reorientation Transmission Window’s of Malaria in North- and refreshers course is conducted Eastern region based on temperature and from FTD/ASHA, NGO, Medical officer RH (Baseline (1960-1990) and projected and specialists. scenario by 2030) Table 9.13 State No. Of District No. of months open for Malaria Transmission 7-9 10-12 Data not Available Mizoram 8 Baseline 6 1 1 Projection 3 4 1 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 79 5. Surveillance within the state boundary 9.10.Enhanced exposure to Water Borne to take blood smear of any fever cases Diseases suspected for presumptive dose. Water borne diseases are classified as water

9.8. Gaps borne (ingested) and water washed (caused by lack of hygiene). Several factor like water a. Requirement of man power and availability, household access to safe water decentralisation of funds and material and impact of temperature plays vital role in for malaria control in far off and incidence of water borne diseases. inaccessible area. b. Funds for vehicle hiring and treatment The State of Mizoram is characterised with of people living under below poverty poor and unsafe drinking water and sanitation line and inaccessible areas. facilities (9.99% of the rural household and 1% of the urban household in the state lacks c. Infrastructure for transfer of slides from toilet- 2001 census). The unavailability of sub-centres to PPP microscopy centre safe drinking water and improper sanitation or Government microscopy centre. facilities in far off and inaccessible area enhances the chances of incidence of water d. Lack of adequate facility for identifying borne diseases. extrinsic and intrinsic drivers towards devising

9.9 Strategic Framework Figure 9.8 80 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 9.14 Category India Mizoram 1991 2001 1991 2001 Household having Safe Drinking water 62.30% 77.90% 16.21% 36.00% Facilities (in %) The situation of quality water availability is Of the Water borne diseases the incidence further worsen during the dry season due to of Diarrhoea and enteric fever are quite increase of the pathogen loading of the water noticeable in the state. Although the rate of as well as during the over precipitation(water the both the diseases has decreased in 2010 contamination via flooding) period due to in compared to 2009 the total number of increase in microbial loading. cases seems to provide additional diseases burden. Figure 9.9 Figure 9.10 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 81

9.11. Enhanced exposure to Cardio 9.12. Thermal Extremes –Respiratory Problem High temperature may also lead to the higher Assuming current emission level continue level of urban pollution and humidity or their is high chances for deterioration of exacerbate pre existing respiratory problems air quality in urban region as well increased (Gaffin and Ross 1998; Gawith, Downing and exposure to ozone and other air pollutant Karacostas 1999). Other direct impact including particulate matter projecting an increase in cardio- respiratory morbidity 9.13. Enhanced chances of Malnutrition and mortality. Certain weather patterns and Food Security enhances the development of urban heat The lowering of yield of food crops due island, the intensity of which is important to climatic variability might diminishes for secondary chemical reaction within the dietary diversity and reduces overall food urban atmosphere leading to elevated level consumption and may therefore lead to of some pollutants. micronutrient deficiencies posing impact The climate change may also alter the including death, malnutrition and/or seasonal distribution of some allergenic micronutrient deficiencies specially among pollen species leading to physiological the vulnerable section of the population with problem. lower economic stability. Food insecurity issue may also lead to urban migration. Table 9.15: Adaptation Pathway Climate change Impact Pathway Issues Surface temperature Expected to face an increase Development of adaptation frame is projected to incidence of malaria due to work towards reducing the incidence increase between increase in temperature of malaria and enhancing the 0.8-2.10C infrastructural facilities towards facilitating prompt and complete treatment of vector borne diseases Decrease in winter 1. Lower crop yield in winter 1. Management of Malnutrition and Precipitation 2. Damage of crop due to addressing food security issues Increase in intensity higher precipitation 2. Loss of employment and adverse of summer 3. Increased pest incidence effect on health precipitation 4. Increase runoff and landslide during summer precipitation Increase in night 5. High night temperature time temperature reducing cereal yield Climate change 1. Damage to agriculture 1. Planning effective disaster Extremes like flood, leading to Increased Poverty management programme landslide and malnutrition, population 2. Increased surveillance for displacement evidence malnutrition including 2. Population displacement micronutrient deficiencies adversely impacting social 3. Addressing the specific needs cohesion and health of the community thereby preventing migration 82 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Adaptation measures are strategized in order are vulnerable to occasional outbreaks. to offset and reduce the negative impact of Many of the intervention like indoor residual climate change and utilising the positive spray is not operationally feasible as the impacts towards enhancement of overall human settlements are scattered in hilly sustainable development. Adaptation in terrain and are also not accepted among the the context of health includes interventions community. that may be defined as “Actions that involve making changes to natural or human The quantum of transmission in the region environment or to human behaviour that is governed by two entomological indices have the beneficial impacts (or prevent i.e. vectoral capacity and Entomological adverse impacts) on health of humans” Inoculation Rates (EIR) per person/night. (Hutton 2000). These indices are directly affected by the density of vectors in relation to number of Adaptation can be defined according to humans in a given local situation, daily survival the purpose (autonomous and planned), rate, feeding rate of vector mosquitoes and the timing (preventive and reactive), the the duration of the sporogonic cycle which temporal scope (short and long term), the are sensitive to environmental conditions. spatial scope (localised and spread), the form (legal, technical, advisor and behavioural), Although the environmental and eco- the function (structural and non structural) climatic factors are assisting in enhancing and valuation of performance (effectiveness the breeding of mosquitoes but such – feasibility) (EEA 2007). parameters cannot be varied. It is therefore highly essential to identify the other extrinsic For working out the comprehensive strategy and intrinsic factor based on the local the socio economic driving forces are conditions through detailed entomological also linked those are indirectly impacted investigation in malaria endemic pocket. by the climate change but influence the overall health scenario which forms the The studies can include identification of fundamental and integral part of socio vectors and parasite prelevence region economic development. wise, their breeding time and places, bionomics concerning their breeding, in

9.14. Key Priorities addition to other parameters like geographic distribution, seasonal prevalence and Identify extrinsic and intrinsic drivers host feeding preference and other related of malaria and identifying immunity issues. intervention measures towards control of incidence of malaria. Based on the identified extrinsic and intrinsic factor the immunity intervention measures Mizoram is a hardcore malarious area with towards control of incidence of malaria will around 7-9 months of open transmission be strategized including variety of options window. The weather condition (hot and like distribution of LILN, Insecticide treated humid for around 9 months) in the region is bed nets, antimalarial drug, introduction conducive for both mosquito proliferation and of larvivorous fishes in stagnant water, active malaria transmission. Mostly pockets introduction of residual spray, clinical cure in forest, forest-fringe and foothill villages and awareness creation through training located along inter country/interstate border programme. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 83 Initiatives outlined above are planned as Initiatives outlined above are planned as a key priority under state climate change a key priority under state climate change action plan. action plan. Assessment of impact of heat stress on Evidence based assessment of biophysical human health and framing adaptation determinants of malaria and development strategy, identification, documentation and of framework for adaptation measures for awareness creation on temperature related malaria control. morbidity To frame up the adaptation measures it is The rise in temperature due to climatic essential to undertake multi-disciplinary, change is likely to intensify the summer multi- institutional and multi- locational study conditions with heat waves poses risk of to generate evidence for impact of climate deaths from heat strokes, diseases (skin and change on malaria. Such study is essential eye diseases) and injury. The risk is higher for developing a framework for adaptation among the vulnerable group which includes measures for addressing the adverse impacts infants, elderly persons, pregnant woman, of climate change on malaria. Such study urban poor and labourers. should include field survey in vector and parasite prelevence pockets, surveillance of In order to reduce the impact of heat stress entomological indices and malaria. on human health it is essential to quantify the heat effect on human health including The adaptation measures towards control the identification of medical, social, and outbreak of vector borne diseases environmental and other factors that modify includes both proactive initiatives towards the temperature–mortality relationship reducing the incidence of diseases and in line with the local factors like climate, reactive measures including preparedness topography, heat-island magnitude, income, for undertaking prompt and complete and the proportion of elderly people. treatment. Based on the assessment the appropriate infrastructure can be developed which Development of proactive framework includes setting up of intensive therapy units includes in existing health care facilities for prompt • Enhanced surveillance of suspected treatment. fever cases which is the cardinal Since the climate change and its impact on symptom of malaria the health related issues are expected to be widespread, strengthening awareness, • Supply of LLIN to population at knowledge and skills at all levels across the higher risk of malarial incidence states is highly essential. Such initiatives • Supply of Insecticide treated bed includes advocacy and sensitization of nets policymakers, massive general awareness campaign, sensitization of the health service • Residual spray providers (ASHA, AYUSH, Doctors), health workers and paramedic staff, strengthening • Chemoprophylaxis - community resilience. 84 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chemoprophylaxis is recommended complications for management of for travellers, migrant labourers severe malaria and military personnel exposed to malaria in highly endemic Initiatives outlined above are planned as areas. Use of personal protection a key priority under state climate change measures like insecticide-treated action plan. bed nets should be encouraged Carrying out of Adaptation study for pregnant women and other vulnerable populations. Adaptation activity is needed to be implemented in order to counter and reduce • Assessment of malaria related the vulnerability to climate change that has knowledge, practices and already occurred and health risk projected to behaviour of the community in occur over coming decades. Current levels of malaria endemic areas to develop vulnerability are due to non performance of behavioural change for developing traditional public-health activities, including strategy towards prevention and providing access to safe water and improved control of malaria sanitation to reduce water borne diseases, and implementing surveillance programmes • Increased awareness level and to identify and respond to outbreaks of enhancing community participation malaria and other infectious diseases. Weak in control of malaria public-health systems and limited access to • Monitoring and supervision of primary health care contribute to high levels activities to ensure carrying out of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity of Malaria Control Programme in amongst the people. effective and judicious manner In order to reduce the burdens of climate- which is most often jeopardized sensitive health, determinants and outcomes due to lack of funding and lack of may need to be revised, reoriented and adequate professional support. in some regions expanded to address the Development of reactive frame work additional pressures of climate change. To includes this context an assessment is required to be carried out to determine the degree to which • Early diagnosis followed by Prompt, the existing health programmes is need to effective and complete treatment be augmented depending on factors such as the current burden of climate-sensitive • Development of adequate health outcomes, the effectiveness of infrastructure towards diagnosis of current interventions, projections of where, severe malaria cases negative on when and how the burden could change with microscopy changes in climate and climate variability, access to the human and financial resources • Strengthening of present health needed to implement activities, stressors care set-up that could increase or decrease resilience to impacts, and the social, economic and • Development of adequate political context within which interventions infrastructure for management of State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 85 are implemented. Given the importance of Climate-change-related alterations in these types of assessments, further research rainfall (enhancement of precipitation- flood is proposed under the state climate change situation), surface water availability and action plan. The assessment will also include water quality (increased contamination) the cost of adaptation. could affect the burden of water related diseases. Extreme summer and lower rainfall Initiatives outlined above are planned as is envisaged to enhance the pathogen loading a key priority under state climate change whereas extreme rainfall and runoff events action plan. may increase the total microbial load in water courses and drinking water reservoirs. So it is Research initiatives to identify change in vital that a research study being is carried out pattern of diseases by region due to climate to find out the possibility of outbreak. change/ weather variation Institutional development involves There is high probability that Climate change strengthening the surveillance with an might enhances the chances of newly integrated approach for management of emerging infectious diseases, re-emergence water borne diseases including water source of diseases previously under control and contamination and determining possibility redistribution of diseases in new areas/ of outbreaks of water borne diseases diseases free area. Since the overall health including developing of infrastructure condition is vital element in determining towards facilitating prompt treatment of the the adaptive capacity there is a high chance diseases. that the burden of disease and disability are likely to be more severe than otherwise in Initiatives outlined above are planned as light of change in climatic conditions. The a key priority under state climate change degree of emergence of diseases and climate action plan. change related vulnerability in the future, will depend not only on the extent of socio- Development of institutional framework and economic change, but also on how evenly infrastructural facilities for early detection of the benefits and costs are distributed, and vector borne diseases, including managing the manner in which change occurs (McKee outbreaks and Suhrcke, 2005). Given the importance of these types of assessments, further research Vector-borne diseases such as malaria is proposed under the state climate change enhance the morbidity and mortality leading action plan. to social disruptions within the community. Besides ecological parameters which Initiatives outlined above are planned as influence the disease incidence other local a key priority under state climate change factors such as socioeconomic, socio-cultural action plan. and behaviour patterns of the community play a major role in disease transmission. Study and documentation of diseases caused This objective of early detection and by water (water borne) and development managing outbreaks can be accomplished of institutional mechanism to reduce the by compilation of generated dataset and its incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along integration within spatial infrastructure (SI) with awareness generation and introducing a geographical information 86 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram system (GIS) for analysis and management Judging the necessity on the basis of above of diseases outbreaks. scenario well equipped labs are proposed in the state at malaria endemic pocket and also As a part of GIS infrastructure development at remote areas that are not well connected thematic layers including PHC/CHC locations, to the main part of the sate having well geomorphological parameters, land use, soil equipped laboratory. type, water bodies, drainage network, forest cover and settlement is to be considered to Initiatives outlined above are planned as form the basis of analysis towards describing a key priority under state climate change the primary risk factor within the PHC/CHC’s. action plan. Thematic maps of ecological parameter when overlaid on Malarial API map can Public health system infrastructure guide towards information on malarial development for extreme climate risk epidemiology including early detection management and managing outbreaks of and framing up strategy towards managing major diseases outbreaks. Climate changes posses’ high risk of Initiatives outlined above are planned as extreme climate events like enhanced a key priority under state climate change precipitation leading to flooding, drought action plan. and landslide. A disaster management plan and emergency preparedness measures Establishment of pathological laboratory needs to be facilitated in order to reduce with state of art technology for diseases the impact of climate change extreme identification events. The infrastructural facilities need to be strengthened including strengthening Climate change is expected to enhance of the current health care facilities to burden on the existing health care system respond during natural disaster. Actions and specifically the diseases detection centre such as community resilience, disaster in the far off, remote and inaccessible areas preparedness, extending psychological or even in malaria endemic pockets where aid to victims, retrofitting of vulnerable microscopy cannot be conducted within 24 infrastructure, strengthening surveillance hrs of sample collection or does not have including traditional knowledge and cultural RDT facilities or facilities of storing of RDT plan is proposed under the initiatives. under recommended conditions. Such areas call for increase in the test centre for early Initiatives outlined above are planned as detection of malaria. a key priority under state climate change action plan. Moreover some patient may not respond to treatment due to drug resistance or Capacity building and training for health treatment failure or happened to be the workers for sensitisation of climate case of severe malaria where microscopic variation and health impacts evidence may examined to be negative. In such cases there is a requirement of well Since the degree, dynamics and intensity equipped lab. of the vector and water borne diseases are changing with changing of time it is highly State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 87 essential that training should be imparted Climate change variations are expected to to the existing man power on the treatment lead to consequential decline in agriculture procedures. The training is to be carried out and increased malnutrition and food security. among the different categories of health Given the importance of these types of care service provider after understanding assessments, further research is proposed the training requirement, development of under the state climate change action plan to module in consultation with state health assess the increased impact due to climate department, undertaking training of local change and develop nutritional status of trainers and imparting of training among vulnerable population. the community through the identified and trained trainers. Monitoring and managing migration and psychological impacts of food security on Initiatives outlined above are planned as the vulnerable rural poor is also planned as a a key priority under state climate change part of the study. action plan. Initiatives outlined above are planned as Research study on malnutrition of vulnerable a key priority under state climate change group due to food security caused mainly action plan. due to climatic variation 88 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter -10 Solar Mission & Renewable Energy Sector

10.1. Introduction is strategized in line with the National Climate Change Action Plan objective of promoting Energy is a key indicator and input to the country’s development objectives while achieve the desired economic growth. yielding co-benefits for addressing climate The development growth of a country or change effects. The solar mission and state or a region is measured in terms of renewable energy action plan is developed technological development, industrialization by following the approach of adaptation and socio- economic growth. The entire fabric measures which will help to cope-up with of developmental goals is webbed around a climate change effects and also the mitigation successful energy strategy. Human’s quest for measures to portray the pathway of reducing leading a better and comfortable life and with the carbon emission intensity and achieving the present era of massive growth in all the the sustainable development. spheres of life, it has compelled him/her to use all available energy sources irrespective 10.2. Key Facts about the Solar and of the involved cost and environmental other Renewable Energy sector degradation. Mizoram is far behind in terms of the Climate change is admittedly a serious issue economic and infrastructural growth level of and must be a key consideration in any energy the nation since last three decades which can policy, but ensuring diversity of energy supply easily be depicted from the per capita energy and providing affordable energy options are consumption1, a key indicator of human also important issues. The action plan on solar development and growth2. Availability and mission and renewable energy is presented access to quality, reliable and affordable to enable communities to understand the power is critical parameters for promoting uncertainty of future climatic conditions and economic and social development of the engage effectively in a process of developing developing countries. The per capita energy adaptation and mitigation programmes. The consumption of the state in all demand climate change action plan for energy sector segments – domestic consumers, industrial 1Per capita electricity consumption of Mizoram as 185 kWh is very low compared to the national average of 566 kWh (World Bank Data for 2008). 2According to Human Development Index (HDI), coined by UNDP. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 89 consumers, agriculture consumers, etc. is Mizoram which is a power deficit state owing one of the lowest in the country. to negligible in-house power generation capacity is facing a serious power shortage4. Though population of the state has increased The change in climate condition and at around 22.78% during 2001 -2011 and inconsistent rainfall pattern in the state is achieved 1,091,0143 numbers. With the observed in last few years. Around 64% of overall population increase in the state and total rainfall of Mizoram occurs in monsoon further increase in urban population from period of June to September of every that of during 2001, the demand of electricity year. Almost all the hydro power plants of is also increasing day by day being electricity Mizoram have seasonal operation due to is a key factor to have a high aspiration to non-availability of water in lean period. achieve better standard of living. Table 10.1: Population distribution scenario of Mizoram Sl. No State/ District Population 2011 Total Rural Urban 1 Mizoram 1091014 529037 561977 2 Mamit 85757 70948 14809 3 Kolasib 83054 36358 46696 4 Aizawl 404054 91217 312837 5 Champhai 125370 77153 48217 6 Serchhip 64875 32894 31981 7 Lunglei 154094 92611 61483 8 Lawngtlai 117444 96555 20889 9 Saiha 56366 31301 25065 3Source: Provisional population Data of Census 2011 4Source: Zoram Energy Development Agency, August 2009 90 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 10.2: Demand Mix Restricted Peak Demand5 100 MW Restricted Off Peak Demand 50 MW Electricity Consumption Pattern Domestic Consumers 68% Commercial 13.65% Public Lighting 4.95% Agriculture 0.001% Public Water Works 28.14% LT Industrial 2.40% Bulk Supply (HT) 12.02% Figure 10.1 Majority of electricity demand is of LT by virtue of geographical disadvantages like consumers as high as 94% of total electricity steep hills; the division of hills by deep gorges consumed out of which 68% is consumed by and numerous streams and rivers. Moreover, the domestic sector only. power sector of the state is experiencing problems in the electric utilities like capacity The power demand of the state is met through addition, power evacuation, T&D losses, its own generation from small hydel, diesel poor PLF, etc. The one of the feasible solution and thermal power stations maintained by to overcome this situation is to explore and the Power & Electricity Department and utilize the renewable energy. Promotion and through import from other NE Grid. Grid use of renewable based option will not only electricity penetration in remote hilly areas of reduce the strain on the existing forest but Mizoram is techno-economically un-feasible will also promote low carbon growth. 5Source: Annual Report on Energy Conservation Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 91 The state’s own generation is insufficient to meet the peak demand. The hydro power potential of the state is estimated at 2425 MW, out of which only about 1.5% is presently harnessed. Table 10.3: Power Sector in Mizoram Year Energy Consumption Energy Generation (in Million Units) (in Million Units) Hydel Total 2004 - 05 125.65 5.92 6.58 2005 - 06 134.51 8.66 11.47 2006-07 151.22 11.14 14.22 2007-086 179.44 16.30 18.92 2008-097 169.86 8.2 10.8 2009-10 190.70 13.48 17.48 The state is yet to attain the target set by is the predominant energy source for rural the Govt. of India policy under Rajiv Gandhi lighting reported by 86% of the households Grameen Vidyotikaran Yojana (RGGVY) of all and remaining households are dependent villages to be electrified by 2009-10 and all on kerosene, gas and other sources as well households to be electrified by 2012. Out as the urban lighting energy scenario is also of 732 inhabited villages, more than 20% almost same with 99.5% of the households Mizo villages are still un-electrified and have using electricity and remaining 0.5% are no access to electricity as per the definition using gas and other sources9. of Electrified Village from Government of India8. Lower electrification in the village Firewood and chips,a predominant cooking level is the result of difficult terrain, unevenly fuel of rural Mizoram is used by around 70% dispersed population and high incidence of of total households whereas around 29% rural poverty. of them are using LPG and remaining 1% is consuming other sources of energy. But, the The conventional primary sources of urban scenario is significantly different with energy in Mizoram are firewood and chips, LPG as main fuel for cooking at around 88% petroleum products and electricity. Mizoram of households whereas 11% of households has been depending mainly on electricity are using firewood and rest of them are using imported from Central sector generation/ kerosene, dung cake, etc. other states through grid lines. Electricity 6Ref: Economic Survey of Mizoram -2008-09 7Ref: Annual Report of Energy Consumption Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram. 8Ref: NEDFI Databank 9Ref: National Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by National Sample Survey Organization, Govt. of India April 2007. 92 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram To cater the ever increasing power demand degree or others including non-consumptive due to various factors like population transfer of river flow in case of hydro power growth, urbanization and to kick start the or consumptive use of water in thermal plant industrial development and considering and bio fuel plantation. The envisaged climate the present power crisis in the state, the change could impact different components state government has begun to explore the of the electricity sector as outlined below: possibility of enhancing the power generation by focusing on installation of more number The projected impact of variation in of hydro power plants as the state has huge precipitation level due to climate change will hydro potential and the power generation severely impact the hydropower generation will be less costly and also decided to which in turn will change the energy supply encourage power generation from other scenario at the state level where hydro- non-conventional energy sources. In spite of generation has a lion’s share. the fact, that generation capacity addition is highly essential for the socio economic On demand side, regions that will face growth of the state, the point also crucial for warmer temperature and lower precipitation addressing that increasing of large hydro10 level will result in increase of electricity or coal based power plant will contribute demand because of higher use of electric to GHG emission. Promotion and use of gadget resulting to knock on effect on energy renewable based option will not only reduce consumption and will thereby enhance the the strain on the existing forest but will also pressure on electricity distribution network promote low carbon growth. through increased seasonal demand.

10.3. Concerns Due to Climate Impact of extreme events due to climate Change change on energy sector can damage economic and social infrastructure because Outlook towards linking climate change of the fact that centralised power plants tend and energy sector are usually centred on to serve large catchment of population and mitigation effort because the current fossil are also sensitive to climate change. fuel based energy generation method is a major contributor to climate change. Biomass still dominates the state energy Developing options of low carbon growth profile e.g. fire wood, dung, etc. are more and reducing carbon footprint are important vulnerable to adverse effects of water cycle activities towards limiting the degree of changes on river catchment affecting the future climate change. poorest segment of the society. Energy and water sector are closely and The envisaged climate change could impact dynamically linked. All human devised different components of the electricity sector energy system have water footprint to one as outlined in below. 10Review of Greenhouse gas emission from creation of hydro power reservoirs in India, Background paper: Strategies for Low carbon growth, World Bank 2008 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 93 Table 10.4 Possible Climate Change Impacts on the Energy Sector Climate Change Indicators Impacts on Energy Sector Hydrological Variability (Greater Seasonal and • Variability in Hydropower generation year to year variability in precipitation, more • Variability in water availability for Thermal frequent and prolonged extreme events like Generation drought or heavy rainfall) • Biomass availability vulnerable to water cycle impacts affecting household energy security • Could impact renewable generation potential, especially solar thermal • Threat of damage to infrastructure from extreme events Increased Temperature • Impacts Hydropower generation in summer months • Increased requirements of water for cooling in Thermal generation • Increased need of energy in household sector for cooling • Could impact renewable generation potential, especially solar Assessing the vulnerability of energy supply The priorities are in line with the concerns to climatic events and longer term climate raised due to impact of the climate change change needs to be formulated with tailor and the states response. made. A strategic approach is therefore required to be framed up to ensure that 1. Up scaling Renewable Energy timely and effective adaptation measures are Application for meeting up taken, ensuring coherence across different decentralized distributed or Off-grid sectors and governance to reduce the area energy demand sectors vulnerability to the impact of climate change. The promotion and use of off-grid or decentralized renewable energy generation

10.4. Key Priorities to address climate will reduce greenhouse gas emission by both change concerns direct and fugitive emission due to substantial decline in fossil fuel or non-renewable The key elements for the multi - pronged biomass usage. In general rural consumers strategy of the sector for mitigation and of entire India is not well conversant adaptation measures were identified after with the use of electricity and electrical detailed deliberation in the working groups. devices. Hence, they should be educated in 94 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram conservation of electrical measures, such as supporters and empanelment of the use of efficient devices and of alternate them with ZEDA energy resources like solar energy, biogas plants etc. v. Installation of 100 such systems in the approved sites. • Maximizing use of stand-alone solar power packs of 250 Wp for vi. Training to users on operation and decentralized power generation maintenance support. through pilot scale implementation of • Promotion and facilitate installation of 100 systems under JNNSM scheme. stand-alone off-grid solar power plant with capacity range below 100 kW Providing electrical energy will empower the with targets of 0.80 MW by 2016-17 people residing at one of the most difficult and 1.60 MW by 2021-22 terrain or far- flung area in the country with the option to sustain under severe Providing electricity in the off-grid areas or to impact of climate change be it the increase the small entrepreneurs in the state is a key in temperature or unavailability of water.To step towards achieving the socio-economic cater the power demand and maximize the development of any backward or remote judicious utilization of renewable energy areas. A typical 100 kWp solar power project resources for meeting up household and will reduce GHG emission of around 140 tCO2e other dedicated consumer’s requirement, annually. Complying with the National Solar use of solar photovoltaic power packs will Mission to reduce green-house gas emission, be promoted. The systems can be designed the activity is planned through following sub according to the power requirement variation activities:i. Undertaking study for solar for the day with alternative source of back up power feasibility and identification of project of solar photovoltaic to avoid power shortage location where necessity of decentralized during lean time. Due to use of each unit power plant exists. of electrical energy generated from power packs around 0.8 kgCO2e emission will be ii. Preparation of Detailed Project mitigated. Report i. Awareness creation and capacity iii. Land acquisition and transfer; building for incremental usage of iv. Creation of energy evacuation solar power packs. infrastructure ii. Identification, evaluation and v. Undertake implementation - approval to 100 consumers for Reduce the conventional energy 250 Wp SPV power pack systems. dependency for meeting the decentralized or captive power iii. Design of solar power pack demands and also power demand systems according to the user for commercial/ revenue earning need. activity by installing standalone Solar Photovoltaic Power iv. Identification of technology State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 95 plants. Facilitating installation ii. Develop project proposal, DPR. of standalone solar photovoltaic iii. Apply for Financial closure, land power plants within 100 kWp acquisition and transfer, capacity with following targets- iv. Infrastructure Creation for • Up to 2016-17 is 0.80 MW energy distribution network. • 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 0.80 MW v. Undertake implementation of total 100 kWp standalone Solar • Electrification of un-electrified villages Photovoltaic Power plants in 10 and hamlets by non-conventional numbers of villages to meet the energy sources and undertake pilot power demand of the villagers. electrification of 10 villages through solar and other renewable energy The pilot initiative of electrification of remote systems to meet the power demand of villages will contribute in approximate 1400 the remote villages. tCO2e Greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The household energy requirement in the 2. Unlocking grid interactive solar state is met through the use of firewood power generation and supplement obtained from forest resulting in increase the conventional grid power under in the strain over the existing forest. This National Solar Mission not only reduces the carbon sink but also enhances the vulnerability of the area in light The state of Mizoram is highly dependent on of the proposed impact of climate change import of power from other state grids. Even like top soil denudation in case of flood or though hydro power potential of the state other impact. Providing electricity to rural is explored through already implemented household or rural enterprises is a key step projects; still the grid interactive solar power towards reducing the vulnerability of this generation option is unexploited in the state. particular section of the society who will be The objective is to harness solar energy more impacted due to changes in climatic sources available in the state by creating and condition. Reduce the conventional energy enabling policy interventions for diffusion of and firewood dependency for electrification zero polluting RE technology and deploying by electrifying remote un-electrified villages solar power projects across the state in a through non-conventional energy sourcesto near future and thereby reducing the power meet the power demand and provide constant import. The following steps will help in source of power to the inhabitants of villages achieving the compliance: or dispersed area where comparatively concentric population situated and power • Undertake a demonstration project demand for commercial activity or revenue of install 1 MW grid interactive solar earning activity persists. The sub- activities to power plant at Lengpui, Aizwal by be undertaken are 2013 i. Undertaking study for electrifying The state has initiated solar photo voltaic remote villages in decentralized power project in a pilot mode with mode. implementation of 37 number SPV pumps, 315 number of solar street lighting system, 96 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3045 number of solar home lighting system, ii. Develop project proposal, DPR 5812 solar lanterns, 110 number of solar and apply for financial closure cookers, 109 kWp solar photovoltaic power plants11. With an objective to explore the iii. Land acquisition and transfer grid interactive solar power generation in the state which is still untapped following actions iv. Infrastructure Creation for will be taken - energy evacuation to the grid i. Survey and investigation to v. Facilitating installation of grid identify appropriate sites interactive solar power plants of capacity 100 kWp - 2 MWpwith ii. Develop project proposal, DPR following target- and apply for financial closure • 2 MW Up to 2021-22 iii. Land acquisition and transfer iv. Infrastructure Creation for The installation of 1 MW solar power plant energy evacuation to the grid can contribute in 1400 tCO2e of greenhouse gas emission reduction annually. v. Facilitating implementation of pilot project of 1 MWp grid 3. Reduce anticipated energy and interactive solar PV power plant peak demand through promotion under JNNSM scheme at Lengpui, and implementation of pilot SWH Aizawl. application by undertaking installation of 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 The renewable power generation from Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various the solar power plant will thus mitigate demand segments. greenhouse gas emission of around 1400 tCO2e annually. Use of Solar Energy for Water Heating has tremendous opportunity in Mizoram. A large • Facilitate in installation of 2 MW grid amount of energy is consumed for heating connected solar plant of capacity 100 water in hotels, hostels, guest houses, kW - 2 MW by 2022 nursing homes, hospitals etc. Solar hot water plants can meet this requirement without With an objective of achieving the target set any fuel and with zero emission. Besides out in National Solar Mission and increase the this option, solar driers can be used for state renewable power share, the state has small scale as well as medium scale drying planned to explore and set up grid interactive applications like agro processing units etc. power generation from solar energy – Solar Water Heater may be used in place of electric geyser. There is a tremendous i. Survey and investigation to opportunity to replace these geysers with identify appropriate sites solar water heaters under National Solar 11Source: MNRE as on 31st March 2007 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 97 Mission. Though few demonstration projects vii. Promoting SWH application has been undertaken in the state whereas by installing pilot projects majority of the solar water heating potential of 100 systems of 100 LPD is still untapped as it has not explored by the and 100 systems of 200 LPD commercial and residential segments till now. capacity across various demand With an objective of reducing dependency segments over conventional fuel for meeting the hot viii. Training to users on operation water requirement in Govt. establishments and maintenance of the system of the state and consequential mitigation of green-house gas emission; the activities The activity will enhance the solar water planned are – heater market in the state and contribute in GHG emission mitigation. The action is i. Declaration of the target action chosen as priority considering its importance, by the State Govt. through policy as it is line with the Govt. of India’s initiative mechanism. under National solar mission, enormous ii. Developing project proposal, GHG mitigation opportunity and feasible DPR and apply for financial option. A solar water heater of 100 litres can assistance. prevent 1.5 tCO2e12 GHG emission reductions annually use of 1000 no. SWH of 100 litre iii. Inviting applications for pilot capacity each can contribute to a peak load demonstration projects to saving of 1 MW. promote SWH applications. iv. Developing SWH supply chain 4. Develop RE systems supply-chain involving SWH manufacturers, through empanelment of renewable distributors, installers, etc. energy technology manufacturers / distributors with ZEDA and support v. Awareness creation and capacity in development of their set-up in the building for promotion of solar state. water heater use for water heating purpose across the state. To maintain the quality of the equipment, Raising awareness amongst better and ease of project implementation, the probable users of various adequate support on operation and demand segments. maintenance of the equipment for specific vi. Create conducive environment time period, reduce the cost of equipment, for development of SWH ZEDA will empanel the RE technology technology supply chain and provider, implementing agencies. Apart from promotion of manufacturing and this, the state govt. will provide support in supply of SWH systems in the setting -up of assembling and distributing state. set up through land allocation and providing 12 Source: FAQ_MNRE 98 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram other necessary clearances, tax rebate, etc. • Institutional development of ZEDA to to few early entries of the manufacturer or carry out capacity building and training distributing agencies. of local entrepreneurs and O&M personnel on setting up of solar, bio- 5. Institutional development and gasifier and other renewable energy strengthening of ZEDA for promotion systems at household / community of Renewable Energy applications level. The State of Mizoram is facing a formidable • Training of the working group members challenge in reform of power sector in terms and their representatives from ZEDA of functional reorganization and institutional and other concerned departments development of the departments to achieve and organizations on sector specific efficient functioning and implementation of climate change issue and enhance renewable energy applications. The option the knowledge about the policy includes – measures. • Restructure and functional re- 6. Awareness creation and manpower organization including increase of development for enhancement of the human resource strength at ZEDA renewable energy application to achieve efficient functioning and increase implementation of renewable The govt. of India with its several energy projects. promotional programmes and schemes for renewable energy implementation has To achieve high share of renewable power supported in development of renewable in the state grid, it is needed to have better energy technologies market and number of support system in the state nodal agency with manufacturers is now in the sector but still adequate human resource. The following the country is lagging behind to provide actions are planned to achieve the above technical support in terms of proper and objectives – adequate installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy systems due to i. Recruitment and retaining of insufficient or technical competency. The technical or engineering officials state of Mizoram being located in north –east in ZEDA. of India where almost no renewable energy technology manufacturer has set up is facing ii. Training of existing staffs on serious problem in the above-mentioned recent technology development aspect. Therefore, to operationalize national solar mission and other ongoing • Supporting state level entrepreneurs programmes of GoI in the state to become RESCOs, Channel Partners and to enhance the knowledge under JNNSM scheme and renewable about the policy and procedure energy device manufacturers, to implement the policy. distributors, installers, etc. iii. Upgrading the office The ZEDA will support the entrepreneurs infrastructure State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 99 to become RESCO, channel partner under the state on renewable energy applications, JNNSM in order to maximize solar technology about the benefit of RE systems, durability, implementation in the state and also to and also diffusion of renewable energy in increase renewable energy promotion and infrastructure projects is a key element for reduce the cost of project implementation. promotion. Complying with the national mission action plan is to be done through • Curriculum or technical course following sub activities: development with ITIs and other technical institutions in the state for i. Identification of Agencies for production, engineering, installation taking up awareness generation and maintenance activities of renewable activity. energy systems– ii. Undertaking Training Need The introduction of training course in Analysis Study for the all ITI’s will be beneficial for successful department, preparation of implementation and operation of the manual and carrying out pilot renewable energy projects. workshop. i. Development of course iii. Carrying out awareness structure campaign on use of renewable energy applications. ii. Training of the teaching staffs and special training will be provided • Support schools, education institutions by national and international in preparing and introducing, curriculum sectoral experts on renewable energy applications and preparation of book. • Awareness creation among the citizens on the need and benefit of new and A paper or subject will be introduced in school renewable energy systems and also on level where basic background of renewable wider dissemination of opportunities energy technology and need of same will be for diffusion of renewable energy taught. The ZEDA will help in preparing the in infrastructure and other socio- study material or book on renewable energy economic sectors through all feasible applications. routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic 7. Market Transformation of media, State Nodal Agencies, Village Renewable Energy applications panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. through policy measures - The objective of awareness creation amongst The renewable energy technology the sectors, present and future end users implementation in the state level is still in about the benefit and necessity of using very pilot scale and to promote and make renewable energy technology is a pathway of the technology marketable and viable in the achieving the solar mission target. Apart from state, following actions to be undertaken – that awareness creation among the citizens in 100 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram • Modification of existing power Solar Water Heating Market Transformation policy particularly power generation and Strengthening Initiation: India Country to investment friendly policy for Programme. Capital grant and soft loan will be promotion of solar thermal and other available for implementation of the scheme renewable energy application in PPP, where minimum installed capacity of solar IPP mode and other options. Inclusion water heating system should be 2500 Sq. m. of climate change and CDM aspects in The State Government can take advantage of the State Power Policy. this programme wherein adequate financial resources are available. The activities planned • Development of fiscal instrument to for this action are- promote renewable energy systems and preparation of operation plan for i. Amendment of building bye-law power trading. considering state demographic profile for mandatory use of An incentive programme will be worked out solar water heating systems in for renewable energy implementation for all commercial buildings and in mainly solar photovoltaic and thermal, hydro private houses with considerable and biomass technology options. large area. ii. Declaration of amendment of • Declaration of tariff policy for solar building bye-laws and awareness and other renewable power purchase of public through notification or and incorporation of zero transmission advertisements. /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid. iii. Enforcement of incentives / rebate on property tax for use of • Modification of building bye- law solar water heaters in buildings. according to state profile for mandating use of solar water heater and iv. Designing of simplified renewable energy systems for lighting compliance procedures for state in the common or open space of govt. and local bodies. and commercial establishments. v. Commencement of check testing through independent agency In line with the objective of national solar and publication of results. mission the state govt. will promote and mandate use of solar energy based water vi. Market transformation in favor of heating and/or lighting by amendment of solar water heating equipment’s building bye-laws suitable to state condition. and appliances. Apart from the JNNSM, the State could vii. Awareness campaign to educate take benefit of other Mission schemes of consumers and regulators – The GoI. For instance the Ministry of New and awareness creation amongst the Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. of India, is consumers and encouragement implementing a United Nations Development of potential consumers’ to Programme (UNDP/Global Environment implement the law can be taken Facility (GEF) assisted Project on Global through awareness campaigns State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 101 and workshops. As a requirement 2004 therefore, the enforcement of amended of the awareness campaign the building bye-laws according to state scenario preparation of training material is a feasible, ease of implementation. in the form of User Guide and distribution to the consumers. • Create demand for renewable The training programmes may energy services through pilot scale be conducted for the regulators demonstration projects in state to implement the policy in the government and public sector state and achieve the objective establishments of National solar mission. i. Develop guidelines for renewable The enforcement of building bye – laws is energy applications in govt. and already implemented in few states of India and public sector establishments is a part of National solar mission. Moreover, the state has mandated SWH usage during 102 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter-11 Energy Efficiency

11.1. Introduction 3. Judicious use of energy and thereby energy conservation Climate change is recognized both as threat and challenge. Climate has a significant The accumulated evidence depicts that, the role in the economic development of India. power inequalities affect environmental Even though energy is a basic infrastructure outcomes in a range in any country where for economic development of a country; poor people and other disadvantaged groups yet, around 1.5 billion people worldwide disproportionately suffer due to the effects lack electricity1. The forecast based on the of environmental degradation. The energy recent analysis in around 100 countries2 sector is of course, a major contributor of confirms that, the greater the equity in GHG emissions with 1100.06 million tonnes power distribution, better the environmental of CO2e emission in 2007 by Indian energy outcomes, including better access to water, sector. Hence, addressing climate change is less land degradation and fewer deaths due a key consideration in energy policy while to indoor and outdoor air pollution and dirty ensuring diversity of energy supply and water. The current pattern of conversion and providing affordable energy options. The utilization of energy cannot be sustained and National Action Plan for Climate Change the options to address this issue are – (NAPCC) emphasises the need of large scale investment of resources in infrastructure, 1. Energy efficiency through technological technology and access to energy, towards innovation and process modification attainment of India’s development goal which to reduce energy intensity and also seeks eradication of poverty and improved increased generation capacity thereby standard of living. The climate change action abating the requirement of fossil fuel plan for energy sector is developed in line with the National Climate Change Action 2. Efficient generation of electrical energy Plan. through Combined cycle, super-critical technology, IGCC, etc. The energy efficiency action plan is developed 1Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP 2Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 103 in the approach of adaptation measures Table 11.1: Demand Mix which will help to cope-up with climate change effects and also the mitigation Restricted Peak Demand5 100 MW measures to portray the pathway of reducing Restricted Off Peak Demand 50 MW the carbon emission intensity and achieving Electricity Consumption Pattern the sustainable development. Domestic Consumers 68%

11.2. Key Facts about the Energy Commercial 13.65% Sector Public Lighting 4.95% Despite having a rich potential in hydro, Agriculture 0.001% Mizoram is not having its own power Public Water Works 28.14% generation worth mentioning3 and facing LT Industrial 2.40% a serious power shortage and financial Bulk Supply (HT) 12.02% constraints as the majority of power Till now Mizoram is not exposed to any requirement is procured from other states large industrial activities as a result the HT at an average rate of Rs. 6.33 /unit including industrial electricity consumption is observed wheeling charges whereas the state as nil. Majority of electricity demand is of LT government sold power to the public at an consumers as high as 94% of total electricity average subsidised rate of Rs. 1.75/ unit4. consumed out of which 68% is consumed by Electrical Energy Requirement and Peak the domestic sector only. Load Demand are important elements of the grid management. The electrical energy The power demand of the state is met through demand represents the productive element own generation from small hydel, diesel and which goes into the capital buildings of the thermal power stations owned by the Power state while peak demand is the operational & Electricity Department and through import parameter for utilization of electrical energy. from other NE Grid. The installed capacity However, the energy requirement of various of 52.77 MW6 of power generation in the consumers is different for different season, state is majorly Hydro based which results in time, place and process and energy peak around 13.48 million units during 2009 -10 demand changes accordingly. and remaining 3.3 million units from Heavy Fuel Oil based power plant in Bairabi. Owing to high generation cost, diesel, HFO and thermal power plants are kept as standby for emergency requirements. The state’s own generation is insufficient to meet the peak demand. The hydro power potential of the state is estimated at 2425 MW, out of which only about 1.5% is presently harnessed. 3Per capita electricity consumption of Mizoram as 185 kWh is very low compared to the national average of 566 kWh (World Bank Data for 2008). 4Source: Zoram Energy Development Agency, August 2009 5Source: Annual Report on Energy Conservation Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 6Ref: Tariff Order of 2010-11 by Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission for Manipur & Mizoram. 104 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 11.2: Power Sector in Mizoram Year Energy Energy Generation (in Million Units) Consumption (in Million Units) Hydel Thermal Diesel Total 2004-05 125.65 5.92 0.59 0.07 6.58 2005-06 134.51 8.66 2.43 0.38 11.47 2006-07 151.22 11.14 3.05 0.03 14.22 2007-087 179.44 16.30 2.59 0.03 18.92 2008-09 169.86 8.2 - 2.6 10.8 2009-108 190.70 13.48 - 4.0 17.48 At present only 8% of the total energy demand almost same with 99.5% of the households of the State is met through own generation using electricity and remaining 0.5% are and the remaining 92% is imported mainly using gas and other sources10. from Central Sector (NEEPCO, NHPC) and TSECL. The daily peak shortage at normal Considering the present power crisis, the state condition accounts for about 34% to 40%. government with a view of catering the ever Around 20% of Mizo villages are still un- increasing power demand due to population electrified and have no access to electricity as growth, urbanization and to kick start the per the definition of Electrified Village from industrial development; has begun to explore Government of India9. Lower electrification the possibility of enhancing the power in the village level is the result of difficult generation by focusing on exploitation and terrain, unevenly dispersed population and installation of state’s hydro power potential high incidence of rural poverty. and also decided to encourage reduction of energy demand through energy conservation The conventional primary sources of energy measures. In spite of the fact, that generation in Mizoram are fuel-wood and chips, capacity addition is highly essential for the petroleum products and electricity. Mizoram socio economic growth of the state, the point has been depending mainly on electricity also crucial for addressing that increasing of imported from Central sector generation/ large hydro11 or coal based power plant will other states through grid lines. Electricity contribute to GHG emission. is the predominant energy source for rural lighting reported by 86% of the households An estimated 38.9%12 of the total power and remaining households are dependent available for Mizoram is lost through on kerosene, gas and other sources as well Aggregated Technical and Commercial (AT&C) as the urban lighting energy scenario is also during 2008-09. The losses are extremely 7Ref: Economic Survey of Mizoram -2008-09 8Ref: Annual Report of Energy Consumption Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram. 9Ref: NEDFI Databank 10Ref: National Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by National Sample Survey Organization, Govt. of India April 2007. 11Review of Greenhouse gas emission from creation of hydro power reservoirs in India, Background paper: Strategies for Low carbon growth, World Bank 2008 12Ref: Tariff Order for 2010-11 by JERC for Manipur and Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 105 higher when compared with all India average power to all the villages. and much higher than the average T & D losses d. Lack of funds for further enhancing of other developed nations. It is estimated of power generation capacity, that, loss may be in tune of 50% but due to rehabilitation and modernisation inexistence of 100% metering facility, actual of transmission and distribution loss could not be estimated. The losses are infrastructure due to factors like inadequate T&D facility, lack of proper distribution planning, defective e. High AT&C losses, lack of metering metering, unmetered supply and pilferage. f. Unscheduled and prolonged outages Modernisation and renovation of exiting Table 11.3: T & D Loss electricity network and addition of Year T & D Losses Percentage transmission and distribution network in the in Million Losses state to reduce the degree of losses and meet units13 the demand-supply gap is an immediate 2004-2005 79.4 39% action. The stability of power sector in the 2005-2006 76.47 36% state is confronted by the factors like: 2006-2007 82.32 35% a. Lower installed capacity in respect of 2007-2008 92.48 34% existing demand 2009-2010 33.06% 14 b. Peak demand shortage and energy Energy conservation can be a vital tool for demand shortage reducing the current demand but it is still at c. Lack of proper transmission and infancy owing to lack of infrastructure. The distribution infrastructure both for sectors however has considerable scope of evacuation of power from upcoming energy saving. power projects and also distributing 13Source: Economic Survey of Mizoram, 2008-09 14Source: Annual Report 2009-10 by Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram 106 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ENERGY CONSUMPTION SUMMARY The annual energy consumption in 2009-1015 across different demand sectors is as below - Figure 11.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL According to the energy study conducted by the National Productivity Council (NPC), there is remarkable opportunity in energy saving. The study summary is as below- Table 11.4 Sector Sectoral Energy Projected Sectoral Energy Emission Reduction Consumption Saving Potential Potential (tCO2e)17 (MU) (MU)16 Agriculture Nil NA NA Commercial sector 9.42 1.8 1620 Municipalities 39.26 8.38 7542 Domestic Sector 115.91 23.18 20862 Industries 1.68 0.12 108 Total 166.3 33.5 30,150 15Source: Annual Report of 2009-10 by Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram 16Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservation Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 17Emission factor is considered as 0.90 tCO e/ MWh from Central Electricity Authority: CO Baseline Database, Ver. -6.0 2 2 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 107

11.3. Concerns Due to Climate will severely impact the cooling process of Change thermal power project. Power station other than hydro project that bank on availability of Outlook towards linking climate change water for its operation (for cooling and also and energy sector are usually centred on as heat transfer fluid) may have to shut down mitigation effort because the current fossil if water level or availability gets too low. fuel based energy generation method is Higher ambient temperatures may affect the a major contributor to climate change. efficiency and capacity ratings of fossil-fuel- Developing options of low carbon growth powered combustion turbines. In addition, and reducing carbon footprint are important electricity transmission losses may increase activities towards limiting the degree of due to higher ambient temperatures. future climate change. On demand side, regions that will face Energy and water sector are closely and warmer temperature and lower precipitation dynamically linked. All human devised level will result in increase of electricity energy system have water footprint to one demand because of higher use of electric degree or others including non-consumptive gadget resulting to knock on effect on energy transfer of river flow in case of hydro power consumption and will thereby enhance the or consumptive use of water in thermal plant pressure on electricity distribution network and bio fuel plantation. The envisaged climate through increased seasonal demand. change could impact different components of the electricity sector as outlined below: Impact of extreme events due to climate change on energy sector can damage The projected impact of the variation in economic and social infrastructure because precipitation level due to climate change will of the fact that centralised power plants severely impact the hydropower generation tend to serve large catchment of population which in turn will change the energy supply and are also sensitive to climate change. scenario at the state level where hydro- generation has a lion’s share. Also the The envisaged climate change could impact lower availability of water and enhanced different components of the electricity sector temperature level resulting from heat waves as outlined in below. Possible Climate Change Impacts on the Energy Sector Climate Change Indicators Impacts on Energy Sector Hydrological Variability (Greater Seasonal and • Variability in Hydropower generation year to year variability in precipitation, more • Variability in water availability for frequent and prolonged extreme events like Thermal Generation drought or heavy rainfall) • Threat of damage to infrastructure from extreme events Increased Temperature • Impacts Hydropower generation in summer months • Increased requirements of water for cooling in Thermal generation • Increased need of energy in household sector for cooling 108 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Assessing the vulnerability of energy supply savings options. to climatic events and longer term climate  Framework for Energy Efficient change needs to be formulated with tailor Economic Development (FEEED), made. A strategic approach is therefore or developing fiscal instruments to required to be framed up to ensure that promote energy efficiency. timely and effective adaptation measures are taken, ensuring coherence across different The implementation plan of NMEEE seeks for sectors and governance to reduce the upscale of the efforts to create the market sectors vulnerability to the impact of climate for energy efficiency, which is estimated to change. be about Rs. 74,000 crore. The mission would create conducive regulatory and policy regime

11.4. Key Priorities to address climate to foster innovative and sustainable business change concerns models for unlocking this market. As a result Several mitigation initiatives are of implementing NMEEE, it is estimated that, conceptualized under National Mission for by the end of five years, about 23 million Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) with tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) of fuel will be Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and Energy saved, capacity addition of over 19,000 MW Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) to address avoided, and emissions of carbon dioxide will climate change concerns and attain energy be reduced by 98.55 million tonnes annually. security of the nation. NMEEE has strategized The state of Mizoram has already started the following initiatives, in addition to the initiation for addressing the climate change policies and programmes for energy efficiency issues, with a focus on reduce of energy being implemented by BEE: demand through energy conservation and  Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), a efficiency improvement measures. After market-based mechanism to make detailed deliberation in the working groups; improvements in terms of energy key action points are configured in line with efficiency at energy-intensive the National Mission on Enhanced Energy large industries and facilities. A Efficiency and new initiativesof Tax incentives, more cost-effective approach by Energy efficiency financing and fiscal certification of energy savings that incentives under the mission. Since saving could be traded. of biomass through introduction of cleaner and low carbonfuel option does not comes  Market Transformation for Energy under direct preview of the National Mission Efficiency (MTEE) by accelerating of Energy Efficiency but is highly essential the shift to energy-efficient from low carbon inclusive growth and black appliances in designated sectors carbon initiatives point of view and hence through innovative measures included as a part of the action plan under that make the products more medium prioritisation. Efficient cooking affordable. practice in rural areas and conservation of  Energy Efficiency Financing forest wood- Around 70% of rural Mizoram Platform (EEFP), a mechanism to are using firewood and chips as cooking fuel finance DSM programmes in all which leads to black carbon emission (Black sectors by capturing future energy carbon has detrimental effect on climate State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 109 due to warming of atmosphere and reducing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), Energy albedo when deposited on snow and ice), Audit firms and Energy Manager & Auditors forest degradation (lowering sequestration and supporting in terms of technology potential), indoor air pollution, drudgery of development and creating manufacturing woman and children. Only 29% of the rural base but, still the country is lagging behind to population in the state are using LPG..In provide technical support in terms of proper above context and on recommendationof and adequate installation, maintenance, the technical committee it is proposed to repair of energy efficient devices due to reduce fuel wood consumption and facilitate insufficient or technical competency and switching to LPG. The steps considered are – energy efficient devices at affordable price due to less market penetration. The state of i. Policy action for acceleratingand Mizoram being located in north–east of India enhancing penetration of clean cooking where almost no energy efficient device practice in rural areas. manufacturer has set up is facing serious problem in achieving the Govt. of India’s ii. Introduction of efficient cooking objective. Therefore, Govt. of Mizoram has practice through use of gas (LPG) based planned to take up following activities – cooking and replacing fire wood usage. • Supporting state level entrepreneurs iii. No cost LPG cylinder connection to rural to become ESCO. households for cooking usage. The commercial sector itself is consuming iv. Increase of subsidy amount for LPG around 13.65%18 of total energy consumption cylinders to promote LPG usage for in the state. Introduction of energy intensive domestic cooking. technologies in commercial buildings e.g. The high priority actions are - primarily air conditioning, more intensive indoor and outdoor lighting drives the rapid 1. Awareness creation and manpower growth in the commercial sector. The addition development to enhance the energy of these energy intensive technologies in efficiency measures existing buildings undoubtedly contributes to greater productivity of the people working The Govt. of India (GoI) with BEE has in those buildings but, as studies show, started several promotional programmes these energy intensive applications are not and schemes for promote energy efficiency integrated optimally in buildings and are more through awareness generation, training often than not, operated inefficiently as well. programmes on project implementation, Energy conservation in such buildings can be pilot demonstration projects, infrastructure achieved through well- known interventions, development for undertaking energy which are cost effective as well. However, efficiency measures, etc. The BEE is conducting the implementation of these interventions various training programmes, empaneling is not achieved till date due to institutional, 18Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservation Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 110 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram procedural, process barriers, particularly, the diffusion of energy efficiency measures inability of building managers to assess and in infrastructure and other socio- economic sectors through all feasible guarantee the energy savings due to these routes, viz. awareness campaign interventions. To address this institutional and workshop, print and electronic barrier, following the NMEEE, the Govt. of media, State Nodal Agencies, Village Mizoram has planned to institutionalizing Panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. energy efficiency services and promoting energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, such The objective of awareness creation amongst as the development of a market for Energy the various energy consumer sectors, present Service Companies (ESCOs), which address and future end users about the benefit and the risks perceived by building owners. necessity of using energy efficient technology and energy conservation requirement is a The SDA of Mizoram will support the pathway of achieving the NMEEE target. entrepreneurs to become ESCO in order to Apart from this, awareness creation among implement energy efficiency projects within the citizens in the state on energy efficiency the state at affordable price. This will also applications - benefit of energy efficient – assist in awareness generation amongst the star rated devices, durability, and application public. of energy efficient devices in infrastructure projects is a key element for promotion. • Curriculum development for Complying with the NMEEE, action plan is to production, engineering, installation be done through following sub activities: and maintenance activities of energy efficient devices with ITIs and other i. Identification of agencies for technical institutions in the state. undertaking Training Need Analysis Study for the department, The introduction of training course in all preparation of manual and carrying ITI’s and other technical institutions will be out pilot workshop on awareness beneficial for successful implementation and generation. operation of the energy efficiency projects. ii. Undertake training programmes, i. Development of course structure awareness workshops. and study material iii. Advertisements in print and ii. Training of the teaching staffs electronic media. to undertake these courses on installation, operation, • Support schools, education institutions maintenance and repair of energy in preparing and introducing, curriculum on energy efficiency efficient devices. The training measures and preparation of book. programme to teachers will also include special training by national A paper or subject will be introduced and international sectoral experts. in school level where overview, need of energy efficiency technology and energy • Awareness creation among the citizens on the need of energy efficiency conservation measures will be taught. The measures, use of star rated devices SDA will help in preparing the study material in everyday life as also for wider or book on energy efficiency applications. dissemination of opportunities for State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 111 2. Market Transformation of Energy new and upcoming buildings. The following Efficiency applications through policy sub-activities will be undertaken – measures - i. Preparation of ECBC code according The energy efficiency project implementation to state profile for mandating in the state level is still in very pilot scale. building design as per the code To promote and make the technology and to build green buildings. marketable and viable in the state, following ii. Declaration or enactment of actions to be undertaken – new ECBC code for the state and awareness of public through • Development of fiscal instrument to notification or advertisements. promote energy efficient systems iii. Enforcement of incentives /rebate An incentive programme may be worked for establishing green buildings. out for promoting energy efficiency implementation through reducing the Govt. iv. Designing of simplified compliance tax on energy efficient devices, providing procedures for the state and local energy efficient devices at low or no cost bodies. and/or rebate on energy conservation in v. Commencement of check testing commercial sector or small industries. Apart through independent agency and from these the state govt. may support the publication of results. manufacturer/ distributor for establishing their set up to either manufacture / assemble vi. Awareness campaign to educate or distribute energy efficient devices in terms builder, promoter, architects of providing land at low or no cost, tax rebate and regulators – The awareness for initial years, fast clearance or permission creation amongst the builder, in setting up, providing network to scale up promoter, architects and the business, etc. encouragement of potential promoters’ to implement the law • Enactment of ECBC according to state can be taken through awareness profile for mandating building design campaigns and workshops. As a in line with ECBC and to build green requirement of the awareness building. campaign the preparation of training material in the form of User The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 empowers Guide and distribution to builder, the Government to prescribe the ECBC promoter, architects. The training (Energy Conservation Building Code) for programmes may be conducted efficient use of energy and its conservation for the regulators to implement in buildings or building complexes. The ECBC the policy in the state and achieve sets minimum energy performance standards the objective of NMEEE. for design and construction of non-residential buildings. The state govt. will re-draft the ECBC • Create demand for energy efficiency considering the state socio-economic profile activities through pilot scale retrofit and demographic condition. The revised projects in state government and ECBC code will be enacted in the state for all public sector establishments. 112 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram There is a clear and urgent need for promotion green-house gas emission reduction. 1000 and wide spread adoption of energy unit of energy saving through these processes efficient practices which would contribute will result in 0.9020 tCO2e of green-house in energy savings in end use like - lighting, gas emission reduction. Complying with the cooling, ventilation, etc. The state govt. has energy efficiency mission, the action plan is undertaken energy saving potential study in planned through following activities – few govt. buildings. Realizing the potential of energy efficiency improvement in the govt., • Assessment of T & D infrastructure public sector and commercial buildings, Govt. and development of action plan for of Mizoram is planning to implement pilot improvement of T & D network and scale retrofit projects through implementing setting target for AT&C loss reduction. energy conservation measures. The sub-activities which will be undertaken i. Develop guidelines for energy for assessing the scope of AT&C losses efficiency projects in the govt. and reduction are- public sector establishments i. Undertake detailed reconnaissance ii. Identification of Agencies for taking study for assessment of present up pilot activity. T&D infrastructure, AT&C loss measurement, identification iii. Undertaking sectoral and scoping of loss areas and suggest on study of the possibility of energy improvement. efficiency across above mentioned areas and barrier of taking up the ii. Prepare an investment plan for energy efficiency initiatives. improvement of T&D network in the state. 3. Up-gradation of transmission and distribution network for iii. Development of an operational minimization of energy losses plan for targeted reduction losses due to pilferage and outdated The Aggregated Technical and Commercial systems. (AT&C) losses in Mizoram is very high in comparison with all India level with estimated • Up-gradation of HT & LT lines 38.9%19 of the total power available for and replacement of Distribution Mizoram. Reduction of T&D losses is prime Transformers with star rated focus of the energy sector as reduction of transformers. energy losses is actually reduction of energy i. Up-gradation of HT & LT lines to generation and address energy security. reduce losses. Use of energy efficient technology and total monitoring of power generation, transmission ii. All old distribution transformers and distribution system will lead to energy of capacity up to 200 kVA and conservation and thus directly contribute in 19Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservation Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 20Source: Central Electricity Authority: CO2 Baseline Database, Ver. -6.0 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 113 transformers of above 250 kVA ii. Identification of Agencies for will be replaced with star rated taking up franchisee. transformers. iii. Allocate the distribution systems • Reduction of AT & C losses by 100% on franchisee mode to the consumer metering of the consumers identified agencies. with a connected load of 20 kW and above and introduction on-line remote 4. Penetration of energy efficient monitoring. devices in domestic and public utility systems facilitated by i. 100% consumer metering through financial, supply chain and market SCADA system will be introduced incentives for consumers with a connected load of 20 kW and above. • Introducing energy efficient lighting in domestic sector by supply and ii. Introduction of metering installation of CFLs lights and arrangement for on-line remote replacement of incandescent lamps in monitoring right from grid sub- 1.5 Lakhs domestic consumer station to the consumer- end. Majority of the power consumption in • Introducing franchisee model the state is consumed by domestic sector in distribution system to reduce with 68% of total energy consumption and commercial losses & better most of the energy consumed is for lighting management of the distribution requirement only. Under the Bachat Lamp system. Yojana (BLY) scheme of Govt. of India, good quality & long-life CFLs to be distributed to The objective of introducing franchisee the grid-connected residential households of model is to deploy effective and efficient the state in exchange of an incandescent lamp management system for the sector towards (ICL) and INR 15. Therefore, the State Govt. achieving higher billing and collection has planned to implement energy efficiency efficiency. In pursuance of the Provision 7 to measures in 1.5 Lakhs domestic households Section 14 of the Indian Electricity Act -2003, through replacement of incandescent lamps incorporation of Revenue Based Distribution with CFLs which will reduce anticipated Franchisee will help in improving technical, energy and peak demand of the state and also operational and commercial efficiencies. the demonstration initiative will encourage The aim of this initiative is to design and the consumers to incorporate the similar implement an institutional arrangement for activities in future. Each household will get 4 ensuring sustainability of electricity supply, nos. of CFLs on replacement of Incandescent qualitative transformation of the electricity lamps. The SDA, Mizoram will provide data distribution system and facilitation of superior base of households in the project area, assist social and economic outcomes by appointing in the selection of Project Sample Group franchisees in these areas. (PSG), Project Sample Buffer Group (PSBG), i. Develop guidelines for franchisee and Project Cross-check Group (PCCG) as model in power distribution required in the scheme. The SDA will also system. provide information available with it for 114 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram smooth implementation of BLY in the state. gas emission reduction in each pole will be achieved through this measure. i. Identification of domestic households for pilot demonstration i. Undertaking IGEA project ii. Identification of implementing ii. Strengthening of technology agency supplier and manufacturer iii. Process of receiving Financial database at SDA level through assistance identification and empanelment of technology partners in the state iv. Taking up pilot implementation of for recent and future projects. 90W energy efficient LED in 5500 electric poles and replacement of iii. Implementation of pilot energy existing 250W HPSV lamps. efficiency measures in 1.5 Lakhs domestic households through 5. Unlocking the energy efficiency replacement of incandescent activity in IGEA mode lamps with 4 Nos. of CFLs. The objective of the pilot initiative in demand • Deployment of energy efficient lighting side management for energy efficiency is to in public systems by replacing existing demonstrate the possibility and benefit of 250W of HPSV lamps with 90W LED energy efficiency through implementation street lights in 5500 no. of electric of energy efficiency measures. Such action poles. will enhance the capacity of the state nodal agency to undertake similar initiative in the Around 5% of the energy consumed by the future and also promote taking up such state is for public lighting though more than activity amongst the sector. Compliance of 137 villages are still un-electrified. According the action plan is planned through following to the energy audit study carried out by activities: National Productivity Council under the BEE program, it is estimated that around 8.4 • Implementation of energy efficiency million units can be saved in municipality measures through demonstration activities only which is around 7560 tCO2e projects in 7 Nos. government buildings of green- house gas emission reduction. in Mizoram under IGEA mode where Further, it is estimated that, around 3.21 energy audit is already carried out by MU of electricity is consumed annually for the Nodal Department. public lighting purpose and thus contributing The state designated agency as a part of in green- house gas emission by 2900 tCO2e National Mission on Enhanced Energy annually. The SDA, Mizoram has planned Efficiency with support from BEE, has to reduce electricity consumption in public conducted energy audit to identify the energy lighting by replacing Conventional 250 W efficiency improvement opportunities and High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) Street thereby reducing energy consumption of major lights with90W LED based street lighting Government and public sector buildings in system in 5500 Nos. of electric poles. Mizoram. To reduce the energy consumption Therefore, annually 0.6 tCO2e of green-house in such buildings, implementation of pilot State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 115 Energy Efficiency measures will be carried The state govt. with a target of achieving the out in 7 buildings. Implementation of energy objective of NMEEE in the state level and efficiency measures will result in energy reduce the energy consumption found the consumption reduction and thereby green- necessity of having better support system house gas emission reduction. Considering in the state nodal agency with adequate the state is falling under North-East-West- human resource. The following sub-activities North East (NEWNE) grid, the emission is planned to achieve the above objective – reduction of 0.9 tCO2e will be achieved by i. Support power sector officials saving 1 MWh of electricity. in preparation for national The sub-activities that are planned to be accreditation exams of BEE for undertaken to achieve the aforesaid objective energy efficiency activity. is – ii. Up gradation of the Nodal officer i. Identification of Energy Auditors of SDA to provide adequate human for Investment Grade Energy resources and authority for taking Audits in the state necessary actions towards energy efficiency measures. ii. DPR Preparation iii. Recruitment and retaining of Energy iii. Sourcing of Fund Auditor and Energy Manager to iv. Project Implementation support the Nodal Officer (for 3 years period) of SDA in achieving 6. Institutional development energy efficiency in the state. and strengthening of Energy iv. Upgrading the office infrastructure. departments for Energy Efficiency promotion • Empanelment of Energy Auditors, Energy Services Companies (ESCO) for The State of Mizoram is facing a formidable taking up energy efficiency activities challenge in reform of power sector in terms in the state. of functional reorganization and institutional development of the departments to achieve • Training of the working group members efficient functioning and implementation of and their representative from different energy conservation, promotion of energy departments and organizations on efficient systems, promotion of renewable sector specific climate change issue energy applications, improved transmission and enhance the knowledge about and distribution network. The option the policy measures. includes – i. Capacity building of the state • Restructure and functional re- designated agencies, existing staff organization including enhancing of the energy departments to the human resources of the energy operationalize energy conservation departments including SDA to achieve act in the state and to enhance efficient functioning, promotion and the knowledge about the policy implement energy efficiency activity and procedure to implement the in the state. policy. 116 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ii. Training of the members of iv. Risk Assessment of hydro power the working group or their infrastructure in climate change representative of different situations including extreme events. departments and organizations on sector specific climate change v. Projection and risk assessment of issue. All of these have a direct energy demand. and indirect bearing on the carbon vi. Conducting detailed feasibility study and emission of the sector. identify viable hydro power project 7. Increase Hydro power generation by vii. Promoting micro hydro projects supporting private or public investors in setting up projects and undertake viii. Awareness programmes and demonstration project capacity building of nodal agency on technological and regulatory aspect Around 56% of the state power generation is hydro based whereas remaining part is ix. Creating conducive scenario for through fossil fuel based, a more carbon investment in pilot micro hydro intensive power generation option. To projects the extent the use of stand-alone or grid interactive renewable based power • Promotion & facilitation of hydro generation option will be promoted and the power project implementation by extent of greenhouse gas emission both direct providing adequate support from the and fugitive emission due to use of fossil fuel state government in terms of clearance, for the purpose of power generation will land acquisition, power transmission reduce substantially. network development. • Detailed reconnaissance study on i. Declaration of tariff policy for hydro water availability and hydrology power data evaluation for identification of new hydro projects and demarcation ii. Facilitating private and public sector of hydro power sites with specific participation in hydro power generation capacity mapping. by selection of investors, land clearance and acquisition, other support activities To identify the hydro power potential through Single window clearance following actions will be undertaken - process i. Identification of agency for study iii. Establishment of evacuation corridor and strengthening of transmission & ii. Study on water availability for energy distribution network for 6 no. of new generation in the state for demarcation hydro power projects in next 3 years of hydro potential map. • Declaration of water policy and iii. Risk Assessment of hydro power sources mandate of siltation and pollution in anticipated climate change situations control in water bodies of hydro power (variable rainfall, temperature, extreme projects. events) State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 117 The state will prioritize the control of siltation focus of the state government since long as and pollution in water bodies of existing the investment is low and easy construction. and upcoming hydro projects by taking Therefore, the state government has necessary steps and mandate it through planned to undertake implementation of water policy. In order to promote this activity pilot projects through state and central the state government will undertake two government funding which are- demonstration projects in existing hydro projects. i. Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuinching river which is located in • Demonstration of hydro project in north of Champai District. already identified project sites - ii. Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel Grid interactive micro hydro projects in the project in Tuiriza River which is located catchment area of perennial streams is prime in Aizwal district. 118 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter-12 Water

12.1. Introduction of precipitation over space and time. Water is the prime natural resource and Climate change is likely to impart indispensible component for sustenance of formidable challenge to the water sector all forms of life in the earth. Precipitation and the adversity may increase due (including snowfall) is the source of all to the location of the state in fragile water on the earth. Part of this precipitation ecosystem. The impact of climate change received in an area enhances the ground on water sector is likely to be due to erratic water storage, a part is lost as evapo- precipitation creating variability in river transpiration and the remaining portion flow and increased frequency/ intensity of appears as surface water. Not only the extremes events including flood. Increased sustenance of life the availability of desired frequency and severity of floods may affect quality and quantity of water is the prime groundwater quality in alluvial aquifers. factor for economic prosperity, enhancing Similarly increased rainfall intensity may the quality of life and contributing to the lead to higher runoff and possibly reduced food security of the nation. The assured recharge. supply of irrigation water (irrigation is the major consumer of water resources The other consequence of climate change contributing to 83% of the total water envisaged is increased evapo-transpiration consumption) is the primary function of influencing groundwater recharge and food grain production and contributes change in rainfall pattern resulting in lower towards national food security. agricultural productivity. Determining the degree of aforesaid impact will however Although the total amount of fresh water require research at basin level but available at present is enough to meet the considering water as a finite source and current requirement of the state but the current scenario of scarcity of water at availability of desired quality and quantity national level (the per capita availability of water may get strained in some places of water for the country as a whole has under projected impact of climate changes, decreased from 5,177 cubic metres per increase in population, lifestyle, economic year (m3/year) in 1951 to 1,654 m3/year stability, land use pattern, agricultural in 2007 to as low as about 1,140 m3/yr in production, urbanisation and migration of 2050) it becomes essential to strategise for population followed by uneven distribution water conservation, adaptation of better State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 119 management practices with emphasise on that the key priorities proposed under optimal utilisation and artificial recharging. National Water mission are consistent with the state plan. National Water mission established under National Action plan on Climate Change is The key priorities are therefore strategized designed to ensure conservation of water, considering the national plan and state minimizing wastage and ensuring its more policies towards meeting up the overall equitable distribution both across and objective of the Climate Change Action within States through integrated water Plan. resources management. Promotion of integrated basin level water resources 12.2. Key Facts about the Sector management (Basin Level management Mizoram unlike others areas of the country strategies are planned to be reconsidered has experienced the weather variability. to deal with variability in rainfall and water Although air temperature is usually felt as flows), increasing water use efficiency by the first variable in assessment of climate 20%, focussing attention to vulnerable areas change, it is important to consider other including over exploited areas and water factors like rainfall and transpiration. conservation are few designed initiative under the programme. The mission will also Rainfall seek to optimise the efficiency of existing irrigation system including rehabilitation of The pattern of Rainfall has shown a gradual system that has been run down and also decrease during 1986-1990, followed by to expand irrigation, where feasible with gradual increase from 1990-1995.When special effort to increase storage capacity. analysed on an average monthly basis the Initiatives to reduce fresh water use in trend of rainfall shows a gradual increase urban areas are also planned under the from January till it reaches the peak mission. Since water is a state subject the maximum during July – August and then plans and programmes under the mission to continues to decrease sharply by the end of be executed falls under the preview of the the year. state government. It is therefore important Figure 12.1: Rainfall Pattern 120 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram FIGURE 26 TRENDS OF AVERAGE RAINFALL Figure 12.2: Average Rainfall during last 10 years Ground Water folded in a series of anticlines and synclines. Ground water occurs under confined and The ground water is the dynamic resource unconfined conditions in sandstones, which is replenished each year. The Annual sandy shales, etc. In the northern and Replenishable Ground Water Resource is north western part of the State, the relief contributed by two major sources – rainfall is much subdued. Mizoram is an abode of and other sources that include canal seepage springs. These springs are widely utilized by return flow from irrigation, seepage from people for domestic needs. Recent study water bodies and artificial recharge due to suggests that there is good scope of tapping water conservation structures. Geologically, ground water in the riverbeds with sumps the state is underlain by sedimentary rocks connected to infiltration galleries. of Tertiary age, which have been tightly Table 12.1: Ground Water Potential Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource 0.04 BCM Net Annual Ground Water Availability 0.04 BCM Annual Ground Water Draft 0.0004 BCM Stage of Ground Water Development 0.90% Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Feasible AR structures: 500 check dams, 1000 weirs, 1000 gabion structures, 300 roof top harvesting, 200 development of springs. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 121 State Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource Natural Net Annual Discharge Ground Monsoon Season Non-monsoon Total during Water Recharge Recharge Recharge Recharge non- Availability from other monsoon from from other from season rainfall source rainfall sources Mizoram 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.004 0.04 State Annual Ground Water Draft Projected Ground Stage of Irrigation Domestic Total Demand for Water Ground Water and Domestic Availability Development (%) industrial and for future uses Industrial irrigation Mizoram 0.00 0.0004 0.0004 uses 0.0008 0.04 0.90 Surface Water Koldoyne (Chhimtuipui) which originates in Myanmar, is an important river in the Surface water resources in the state south Mizoram. It has four tributaries and comprises of the 1395 km of rivers and the river is in patches.) The Western part is cannels (The most important and useful drained by Karnaphuli (Khawthlangtuipui) rivers in the state are the Tlawng (also and its tributaries. and 0.02 lakhs hectare known as Dhaleswari or Katakhal), Tut of tanks lakes and ponds. The state lack (Gutur), Tuirial (Sonai) and Tuivawl which reservoir, flood plain lakes &Derelict water flow through the northern territory and and Barkish water reservoir. eventually join river Barak in Cachar. The 122 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

12.3. Key Issues Change in Evapo-transpiration Change in Precipitation Studies revealed a projected increase in the level of evapo-transpiration in 2030 Studies revealed an annual increase in the scenario. Increment of evapo-transpiration level of precipitation (barring some small might lower water yield in the region. pocket). An increase in precipitation will Enhanced level of evapo-transpiration might result in increase in water yield. Increase increases soil moisture stress or enhances in precipitation may also lead to climate the chances of drought conditions. extremes like flood leading to loss of agricultural crops and even lives. Figure 12.3: Percentage Change in Precipition State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 123

12.4. Adaptation Pathways in Water 12.5. Key Priorities Sector • Climate change impact assessment The impact of climate change on the of present status of water resources freshwater system and their management like river, wetland, streams and lakes (management includes conservation and optimum utilisation) are mainly due The climate change projects possible impacts to the projected rise in temperature, like flood, higher evapo- transpiration, increased level of precipitation and lower water yield which may lead to severe evapotranspiration, lower water yield, consequence of climate extreme event like land use pattern. Adequate availability of flood or even scarcity of fresh water. It is water is the prerequisite for sustainable therefore essential to carry out assessment socio economic development. There are of current availability of water from ground perceived conflicts towards availability, and surface water bodies and asses the usage, distribution, allocation of water possible impact of climate change on the both sectorally and inter-sectorally. The availability of water to suffice the demand anticipated impacts of climate change will in the projected scenario. The study is exacerbate the challenges and further hereby proposed to establish gauging imperil poverty reduction efforts. station in all the major rivers and tributaries Table 12.2 Issues Impact Pathways Higher Precipitation and Climate change extremes Improvising Disaster management Evapo transpiration like flood, impact on technique, capacity building of agricultural production the communities Higher variability in Landslide, affecting Diversification of cultivars, monsoon systematic crop planning improved soil-water management practices, Exacerbated flash floods Variability in water flow Identification and development/ and landslides in upland regimes may also affect promotion of water-resistant areas hydropower production, varieties and their yield of major crops and transport Reduction water quality Water-logging, uneven Integrated water resource due to heavy siltation hydrology and diseases management; Payment for downstream and pest incidence eco-system services or lost bio- diversity, requisite compensation mechanism and green cover in buffer areas of the mines and sustainable mine closure plan 124 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram for collection of hydrological data for water situation with wash away of the top soil. resource planning and management. It is therefore essential to undertake special programmes for forest plantation • Finalisation of plan for conservation to increase the run off infiltration ratio in and preservation of water resources identified regions. Considering water scarcity it is essential As a part of the above plan a collaboration that appropriate water conservation should be sought with the forest department technique be planned to provide for afforestation at source and in the adequate and equitable supply of water catchment area of the plant. to the communities. The Plan proposes construction of check dams, counter • Capacity building of Water Resources trenches recharge pit and sub surface dykes department/ Mizoram PHED for the purpose of conservation of water. for integrated water resources management • Formulation of State Water policy As outlined in the National water mission, The state of Mizoram is not having water promotion of integrated water resources use policy. The water use policy is required management will get an additional focus to promote judicious and equitable as an effective response to climate change. management of water resource in the context Integrated water resource management of climate change. Water stress is already leads to conservation of water, minimising high, improved management is critical to waste and ensuring equitable distribution ensure sustainable development. Water of water for various application. resources management affects almost all aspects of the economy, in particular health, Capacity building is proposed to make food production and security; domestic operational integrated water resources water supply and sanitation; energy and management practices across different industry; and environmental sustainability. river basins in the state. If addressed inadequately, management of water resources will jeopardize progress on • Expansion of hydrometric network poverty reduction targets and sustainable and establishment of micro weather development in all economic, social and station for regular monitoring environmental dimensions. Hence, such Presently there is no such hydrometric policy initiative will address and involve the station run by the state . However the practitioners and policymakers of water hydrometric data pertaining to water resources management, sectoral decision- resources becomes important as variations makers as well as those who shape policy in availability are caused due to climate regarding climate change change. This will provide a better assessment • Catchment and command area of water availability and extreme events and treatment through reverine information for effective water resource afforestation planning. As planned weather station will be installed at all divisions and subdivisions Heavy precipitation may lead to flood of the state to obtain meteorological State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 125 information. Under this initiative, selected • Promoting zero energy water locations will be identified and hydrometric purification for domestic water stations installed to expand the network. supply This network will process raw data received from its own and other sources to provide Access to safe drinking water is now for analysis by different users. regarded as a universal right and millennium development goal. However few of the • Community tank management for remote areas in the state face lack of supply combating water borne diseases of safe drinking water. Climate change might also bring about adverse impact on In water scarce areas, there is a potential for the availability of drinking water. In light of climate change to make water availability the above context it is proposed to set up even more acute. There is high possibility zero energy water purification for domestic of pathogen loading in the water available water supply to provide safe drinking water during the water scare scenario leading to the communities. to emergence of water borne diseases. In order to reduce the impact of water • Renovation and development of borne diseases it is highly essential that traditional water harvesting system fresh water source be maintained properly. with scientific intervention in district There should be proper identification of level areas for new creation as well as renovation and protection of water bodies. Ground Groundwater is the major source of water recharge options to take care of both freshwater that caters to the demand of domestic and agriculture options in the ever growing domestic, agricultural and region. industrial sectors of the country. Rapid 126 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram urbanization and land use pattern has development in many parts of the country resulted in reducing natural infiltration / has resulted in depletion of ground water recharge of aquifers. This has lead to levels and availability of the resource. The various problems related to quantity and pristine ground water quality too became quality and issues like the decline in water its victim. Though, for the State as a whole levels, depletion of groundwater resource the availability of ground water resources and quality deterioration. There is thus appears quite comfortable but localised an imperative need for augmenting the areas have shown the deleterious effects of valuable ground water resource. Artificial excessive ground water development. recharge and roof top rainwater harvesting is one such method that can revive this Capacity building is thus planned for precious resource. communities on adaptation options required for integrated demand side as It is therefore proposed to undertake well as supply side strategies during climate renovation and development of traditional stressed condition. water harvesting system to facilitate water harvesting. • Impact assessment study of climate change on aquatic ecosystem • Capacity building of communities on adaptation options required for The climate change might impact the integrated demand side as well as aquatic ecosystem , it is therefore essential supply side strategies during climate to determine the possible impact and stressed condition degree of impact. The study is also planned to focus on estimating the adaptation path The speedy and uncontrolled usage of way for reducing the impact and restoration ground water has also created many of the aquatic eco system. problems. The intensive ground water State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 127 128 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 13 Strategic Knowledge Mission

13.1. Introduction formulating the proposals for vulnerability assessment and measures for adaptation Mission on Strategic Knowledge for climate and mitigation, this approach demands the Change is framed under the National development of strategic knowledge not only Action Plan on Climate Change to bridge for monitoring and assessment of vulnerability up, assimilate and upgrade information and but also for assessment of alternatives knowledge available on climate variability becoming available in respect of technology and vulnerability with an objective to forecast systems and for promotion of decentralized as well as appraise for strategic development capacity for management of development, towards low carbon inclusive growth. adaptation and mitigation. Thus, the state mission on strategic knowledge for climate Reduction and mitigation of the impact of change would be required to plan for feeding disasters depend on the coping capacity of into the peoples plan processes for the the vulnerable population; poverty makes development, adaptation and mitigation way for hazards becoming disasters. Climatic measures to be formulated in an integrated changes are expected to severely impact way. those who are mostly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Climate 13.2. The mission objective variability can fundamentally drive processes of impoverishment through direct and indirect • To monitor climate variability and make routes: (1) Direct: Severe or repeated climate climate change projections for the shocks can push vulnerable households into a state. persistent poverty trap when their individual coping responses involve divestment of • To build GHG inventory and identify the productive assets such as land or livestock, dominant GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, (2) Indirect: Climate uncertainty causes industries, districts, municipalities in inability to anticipate when climatic extremes order to enable selection of mitigation will occur, which acts as a disincentive to opportunities. investment, innovation, and development interventions. The main aim of the State • To model and plan for the climate mission on strategic knowledge is not only sensitive sectors and regions, assess limited to the reduction of green house the impacts of climate change, analyze gases (GHGs) but include building the coping the vulnerability of regions/districts, capacity of the vulnerable population to sectors and population groups and include the challenge of innovation capacity evaluate the traditional adaptation and building for sustainable development among coping practices to climate variability the vulnerable population groups. While and extremes. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 129 • To integrate the processes of assessment accumulated experience and wisdom must of vulnerability, knowledge and data be utilized and made a part of the strategic of natural resources, institutions and knowledge that the state of Mizoram needs capacities with the bottom up approach to create in order to deal with climate to enable the planning of adaptation change. While undertaking actions for the and mitigation projects for the benefit building of coping capacity of the people the of climate sensitive sectors, regions and formal knowledge producing sector would population groups. also be gaining if the activities and linkages developed are also conscious of the use value • To enable government including its of local knowledge. The formal knowledge policymaking bodies in the policy- producing sector will have the chance to formulation function. pursue the collection of ground truth and practice triangulation. In the implementation • To inform and assist the development of the state action plan the people as a whole agencies to evolve suitable management would not be passive agents and be better of adaptation and mitigation involved in the actions under planning for measures. adaptation and mitigation. • To empower and upgrade the capabilities Constraints in respect of generation of of people to take appropriate steps strategic knowledge are: at their own level for the reduction of risk. • Insufficient observational and • To strengthen regional cooperation scientific information data base. through the establishment of • Weak and fragmented mechanisms for exchanging information knowledgebase for impact with regions sharing the borders and assessment and selection of ecology of the state. technology choices. As the actions required to be taken for climate • Knowledge gaps in respect of change induced disaster risk reduction would the impacts of climate change in need to be undertaken in collaboration with different sectors of economy. the people and their own state of knowledge and capabilities must also be upgraded. • Absence of a system of technology The state mission on strategic knowledge watch. should not be interpreted just as limited to the generation of knowledge. It should • Lack of institutional mechanisms for also include the challenge of building of the collating, synthesizing and delivering coping capacity of the people of the state as knowledge products for decision a whole. Steps are required to be planned making. and taken for the development of their own anticipatory and response capacity in all parts • Lacking in organized multidisciplinary of the state at all levels. research capabilities Further, it is also necessary to realize that the Approach and Strategies to address the gap formal knowledge producing sector would areas benefit from the local knowledge available to the people in respect of the management Some level of relevant competencies seem to of natural resources and the reduction of already exist in the Government departments, climate change induced disaster risks. The State level public sector organizations, advantage that they possess on account of research institutions, university and 130 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram colleges, local self government institutions, 7) Use extramural research system to mass organizations and trade unions. While undertake the widening of activities of drawing this mission document some of knowledge generation and delivery. these competencies have been mobilized in a preliminary way. There are also some 8) Create new knowledge institutions by S&T based non-governmental organizations leveraging and supplementing existing working on climate change which can be strengths as far as possible when mobilized to document and assimilate the needed. local knowledge available with the people. It is also recognized that planning would need 9) Develop and provide knowledge and to be consciously undertaken at all the levels information services and products for for the upgrading of competencies in respect use at specific and different levels, for of all the identified tasks and challenges. example, develop internal knowledge alert system, risk assessment reports, The proposed approach for addressing the regular reports on base line information knowledge gaps and mobilization of strategic and indicators, policy briefs, discussion knowledge in the areas related to climate papers on scenarios and choices, etc. change are as follows: For the realization of the above described approach to mobilization of strategic 1) Strengthen and prioritize ongoing and knowledge including the implementation of planned programmes in respect of the mission it is proposed that the mission developing adaptation and mitigation office should be built as an organization activities. which is designed to promote sharing of data and knowledge, ensuring the flow of 2) Increase the spatial and temporal resources to all the linked organization for coverage and resolution of regional climate change risk management activities, impact of climate change in the state. pro-actively designing programmes and 3) Develop the state level capacity in activities to partner with and assist the linked distributed form but networked organizations in the management of resources through the activities and programmes and risk and enabling the institutions and identified as a part of the mission. agencies, irrespective of the level at which they work, to assimilate, develop, use and 4) Widen the scope and activities of act on the new knowledge and information knowledge generation for observation, becoming available to the mission office monitoring, assessment and actions through the knowledge networks. relating to the management of climate changed induced risk. A legislation to establish a new authority with the representatives of all the different 5) Use existing delivery structures stakeholders / agencies as members of for knowledge dissemination and the council governing its activities can be application. brought out. The S&T department should be vested with the necessary executive powers 6) Create knowledge networks with to operationalise and develop the state level selected core knowledge generating action plan on climate change. The Mission and applying institutions as nodes Office of the state mission on strategic that are linked and involved in the knowledge for climate change would be development of activities through a under this authority and be responsible wide range of knowledge partners. for the design and implementation of this mission as well. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 131 Activities and programmes development of benchmarked baseline data which would be available to all As state mission on strategic knowledge for departments and organizations; climate change sees its objectives to be arising out of the aim of need to build the human and e) studies are required to be formulated knowledge, organizational and institutional, and implemented in a collaborative evidence-based policy implementation, manner in the state level research continuous learning and pro-active designing institutions for the conduct of research capacities for vulnerability assessment and on basic phenomena, measurements risk reduction, it is proposed that in the state of key climate and biogeochemical as a part of the time bound (short, medium variables including changes in eco- and long term) programmes and continuing systems and land use change & activities the followings are to be included in land cover change, and the possible the state mission on strategic knowledge of feedbacks on climate change, climate climate change: science with region specific modeling, effects of climate change on different a) Activities aimed at mapping of the types of ecosystems; knowledge base and data resources relevant to climate change for the f) programmes are required to be initiated mobilization of state specific strategic for the assessment of vulnerability of knowledge are required to be most sensitive populations / occupation implemented, and identification of the groups and areas in the state of Mizoram institutional support to be provided for to climate change; the formation of state wide knowledge g) state specific exercises are required network and networking of the state to be formulated for an assessment level institutions. of various technological scenarios and b) Activities aimed at the identification alternatives for meeting the objectives of the knowledge gaps that need to be of sustainable development; filled at the state level are required to h) Studies aimed at design of the be undertaken with regard to the areas improvements and changes in of climate change impacts on important the policies, strategies, plans and socio-economic sectors like agriculture, programmes of development of the health, natural resources, eco-system, state are required to be undertaken; health, biodiversity, etc i) Activities and programmes are required c) Activities aimed at the generation to be initiated with the objective to and development of knowledge actively gain from and contribute to base needed for the development of the activities being planned under the foresight, assessment and decision national action plan on climate change making activity with a view to undertake (NAPCC) for sustaining the eastern and the improvement in and elaboration of North-Eastern Himalayas eco-system sustainable development pathways in and development of the north-eastern the light of responsible climate change region as a whole; related actions j) Initiatives are required to be formulated d) Interventions aimed at bringing for the strengthening of the state level about a significant improvement activities for disaster risk reduction in the observations of key climate with a view to leverage the plans and biogeochemical variables and under development at the national 132 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram level for international cooperation with at the various levels including Bangladesh and Southeast Asia; establishment of a nodal institution k) Activities are required to be identified n) Programmes and activities are required and undertaken for ensuring that to be undertaken for strengthening the practical knowledge gaps in respect knowledge infrastructure and research of risk management are also bridged base capable of undertaking climate in collaboration with the expertise changed related research, observational, and knowledge available with the monitoring and assessment activities, vulnerable groups; creating dedicated centers for the generation and application of relevant l) Activities and programmes are required robust knowledge, encouraging the to be implemented for enabling participation of the individuals working the people to plan and undertake in the state level organizations in the decentralized actions for coping with knowledge networks that are now the vulnerabilities of their own area of under formation at the national level; reach o) Schemes to be formulated and initiated m) Activities and programmes are required for the building of the state- level human to be developed for the creation of capacity through a climate change institutional and knowledge capacity research and fellowship programme aimed at capacity building interventions State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 133 134 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 14 Analysis and Synthesis

14.1. Introduction new challenge, the focus of this CAP will be on generating awareness and building This chapter outlines the findings from capacity. This will be done across all levels the analysis and synthesis of the previous of the Government of Mizoram and external chapters. The analysis in each sector stakeholders involved in different sectors. provided a set of key priorities. Certain cross This strong drive towards building capacity cutting areas were also identified. These will result in empowering people and were synthesized to arrive at findings, which organizations to be able to address, manage describe what the CAP will achieve. The case and respond to climate change concerns. is made for new institutional arrangements. This institutional framework has been Action implemented across the economy: described. The independent monitoring Given the all-pervading nature of climate and evaluation required to ensure effective change, action will be taken across the state implementation is then described. Finally, the economy. The inter-connectedness of issues chapter concludes with the financial budget pertaining to climate change necessitates this for the Climate Change Action Plan (CAP). approach. Selecting and initiating work only

14.2. Findings in some of the sectors will undermine the effectiveness in an overall sense. Therefore, Changes in policies, organizations and progress will be made across all the identified practices: sectors in a parallel and simultaneous manner. Analyzing the key priorities revealed that climate change orientation needs to be Climate-intrinsic sectors distinguished: provided at policy, organizational and practice levels in different sectors. Policies need to Broadly, different sectors can be classified as integrate climate change considerations. At climate-intrinsic and climate add-on sectors. the organizational level, awareness, skills Climate-intrinsic are sectors that are so and capacity has to be built. heavily associated with climate change that every action within these sectors have a Awareness generation and capacity strong bearing or relation to climate change. building a focus: These include forest, water, agriculture and Energy. Climate add-on sectors are those Considering that climate change is a relatively sectors wherein the climate dimension is State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 135 additional, e.g. health and urban. While the ensuring livelihoods especially amongst rural key priorities across all these sectors will be populations and indigenous communities. met, Government of Mizoram will recognize The climate change adaptation so planned that every activity particularly any new will aim at integrated management of policies, organizations and initiatives - in the biodiversity, thus immensely facilitating the climate-intrinsic sectors will have a strong poverty reduction and food security planning association with climate change. in the state. Integrated perspective imperative: Building climate resilience: To be effective in implementing initiatives The different adaptation initiatives being pertaining to the key priorities, it is important planned will ensure better preparedness to to have an integrated outlook and not work climate-induced changes, including extreme in isolation. This will be required to ensure events. For a climate sensitive state such as maximum return to the efforts being made. Mizoram, climate change adaptation is an integral part of sustainable development. Low Carbon economic development:

14.3. Financial budgets The various mitigation initiatives being planned across the Missions will ensure Each working group put together a budget that Mizoram proceeds on a low carbon for the initiatives proposed to meet the development path. key priorities in each sector. There are a number of ongoing initiatives, which are also Biodiversity in addressing livelihoods: relevant to climate change; these budgets have also been included in determining the The key adoptive strategy being envisaged overall budget for the CAP. The additional in the climate change action plan will resources required in each sector has also facilitate conservation of biodiversity been estimated and resources for these will including restoration and rehabilitation be sourced from the GoI or external funding which will help vulnerable people, mostly agencies. The following table provides the the tribal communities and economically rough budget estimate for the first CAP. most backward strata, to cope with climate change. Biodiversity plays a central role in Table 14.1: Budget for SAPCC S. No. Particulars Approx. Amount (Rs. in Crore) 1 Sustainable Agriculture Mission 420.627 2 Sustainable Himalayan Mission 131.200 3 Green India Mission 283.600 4 Sustainable Habitat Mission 1314.600 5 Mission on Health 301.500 6 Mission on Solar & Renewable Energy 158.175 7 Mission on Energy Efficiency 581.815 8 Mission on Water 469.740 9 Strategic Knowledge Mission 14.000 136 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 14.2: Mizoram Climate Change Action Plan – Monitoring & Evaluation Framework Areas Key Impacts Targets to Key Programs to Frequency Feedback to Monitor Monitor Evaluate Loop Sustainable Biodiversity Biodiversity Protection of Land 3-5 Years Adjust Himalayan Land Use Plan Status from Soil Erosion budgets Mission Water Quality Land Biodiversity & Modify Degradation Conservation programs Program Wetland Conservation Programs Sustainable Water Stress Water Collection Urban Planning 3-5 Adjust Habitat Waste Traffic Waste budgets Mission Management Waste Management & Modify GHG Management Green highways programs Emissions GHG gas Construction form the reduction Sector Sustainable Changes in Increase in yield Integrated 3 Years Adjust Agriculture yields for key in watershed watershed budgets Mission crops development development & Modify Frequency of program areas program programs crop failures Adoptions Perennials Yields in of improved plantation Program aquaculture varieties Skilled animal Fish Catch Targets for breeding programs rates adjusted Livestock Early warning for effort improvement system for diseases Animal Targets for fish weight and catch per year Output Green India Changes in Reforestation Forest Enrichment 3-5 Years If program Mission the Forest rates Plantation do not Cover Reduction of Programs meet Improvement Forests Fire Management targets in the Forest ANR Coverage Programs modify stocks Areas Capacity Building allocation GHG Removal Enrichment Programs of budgets from Forests Plantation rates Mission Energy Installation of Biogas Promotion 3 Years Adjust on Solar & Security Solar Plants Program programs Renewable Installation Wind and Solar Budgets Energy of Improved Programs Chullas and Biogas Mission Emission of Reduce Awareness creation 3 Years Adjust on Energy CO2 Transmission & Capacity Building programs Efficiency Emission & Distribution State level Budgets Intensity Losses entrepreneurs to become ESCO State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 137 Mission on Frequency Accuracy of Water supply 3 years Modify Water of rainfall flood forecasting connection program in different Water use Program according seasons efficiency rates Soil erosion to No of harvesting Checkup program evaluation strategies Water structure constructed Mission on Incidence of Vector Borne Vector borne 3 years Modify Health Vector Borne Disease impacts diseases programs program diseases relative to Water borne according Incidence of baseline diseases program to Water Borne Water borne Heat wave impacts evaluation Diseases disease impacts program Frequency of relative to Heat Waves baseline 138 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 15 Implementation Arrangement The implementation of the climate change coordinating roleon climate change issues. action plan has been accorded highest This Committeewill formulate a Nodal priority from the Prime Minister’s office at Agency which willbe a single-window contact the national level as well as Honourable for dealing withthe Government of India Chief Minister’s office at the state level. The (GoI) and otherexternal funding agencies state climate change action plan has laid in issues pertainingto climate change. out the institutional and policy structure, However, the Agency’srole will include and including specific policy proposals or planning involve all sectors andall departments. It is processes, that a state can use to develop envisaged that thisAgency will function in and implement a climate change adaptation an independentand autonomous manner strategy dovetailing with the state’s own so that it canexecute its various roles, planning and budgeting strategy. Additional responsibilitiesand duties in a smooth, quick resource over and above the business as usual and effective manner. This will be headed by have to come from centre, developmental a senior officer having adequate exposure aid from bi-lateral and multi-lateral sources. to technical, managerial and administrative issues relating to climate change. The Agency In initiating the preparation of the will be equipped withappropriate quality ClimateChange Action Plan, the Government manpower, resourcesand infrastructure that ofMizoram had constituted a committee are commensurate with the requirements and (name of the committee and GO when it was challengesfaced. The Agency’s functioning constituted) thatdelegated the responsibility style willbe collaborative and inclusive notonly of Climate ChangeAction Plan preparation within Departments of theGovernment but to subcommitteesfrom line departments to also with the differentexternal stakeholders. bring greater focus on different sectoral issues and options. These deliberations revealed The structure should not be heavy. It should that implementation also requiresstrong be headed by senior officer and should have inter-sectoral and inter-departmental an officer having experience in adaptation coordination. (NRM issues) and an officer on mitigation (on energy issues) and one officer for M&E and To meet this need, a State Level Committee one for finance and accounts (check with Dr on Climate Change will be put in place Zara) and support staff. during the first year of implementation. This will have anadvisory, supervisory and The steps should be to develop annual action State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 139 plan based on the climate change action plan if funded want to see what are the sectorally in consultation with respective outcomes) departments. The primary focus shall be the • Impact(s) of interest key priorities identified during the climate • Time constraints change action plan in each sector. • Cost

15.1 Implementing the priority • Data requirements/availability Action • Internal staff expertise For each priority this should be the process of implementation: The agency/state can either conduct the evaluation itself or hire consultants. • Define program objective and Regardless of who conducts the analysis, scale (relative magnitude or the agency should understand the methods comprehensiveness): and assumptions used in the analyses as they dramatically affect the results of the • Set a time frame for roll out, delivery, analyses. and reporting results

15.3 Communicate the Results • Set a spatial boundary: any location or state-wide or area specific Climate policies and programs require broad public and political support to be effective. • Define a baseline and data collection Successful programs eventually require requirements an outreach strategy to engage the target audience to take actions that will lead to the • Establish a budget in context of broader projected adapation and mitigation targets. policy objectives Any outreach campaign requires a well • Identify evaluation and reporting designed multi-step strategy, whose approaches components typically include the following • Select who (department/agency) will (although not always in this exact order): run the program • Establish a Team – Involve the team in

15.2 Measuring the results of the each step of the development process. actions taken • Try to get people on your team from The tools and approaches available for both environmental and education evaluating the impacts of climate change backgrounds (e.g., technical staff from priority actions range from basic screening your department and outreach staff methods to sophisticated dynamic simulation from the public relations department). models. In selecting the most appropriate Involving external stakeholders on tools or method, states can consider many your team as well can add valuable factors, including: perspectives. • Purpose of analysis: (who is the user), • Identify Goals – Identify a cohesive set whether they are willing to fund or of realistic goals that serve the overall 140 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram objectives of your outreach campaign • Develop Outreach Materials (e.g. and function as achievable milestones. newsletter, website, etc.) – Demonstrate The goal of an outreach campaign to your intended audience how the typically falls within one of the following content of the material meets their three categories: needs. • Raising awareness about the issue, • Remember to ensure that the materials idea, or program (e.g., increasing include messages that will resonate with understanding of the benefits of the your audience’s current viewpoints, not ENERGY STAR brand, publicizing a new necessarily what would resonate for green power purchase program). you (you’re the expert already). • Educating your audience about the 15.4 Establish attention and review impacts of their decisions (e.g., providing of the apex decision makers a climate calculator to understand their emissions profiles). The council should be convened twice in a year and to be headed by the chief minister • Working with a multi–stakeholder and meetings to be held every quarter to be team can often allow for leveraging of headed by the chief secretary to take stock of resources. the progress of implementation. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 141 142 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 16 Conclusions The CAP is strategized and planned to implications for the state, Government of lead Mizoram to move towards a carbon- Mizoram will adopt a dual approach, i.e. top- conscious, climate resilient development down approach through the downscaling of path. The following are the key conclusions global models as well as a bottom-up approach of this Climate Change Action Plan: through collecting empirical evidences of climate change at grassroots level.

16.1. Significance of climate change

16.4. Awareness and capacity- The nature, scale and magnitude of the building climate change impacts are likely to be high on the State due to its positioning in Awareness and capacity building to face this a fragile ecosystem. In addition, Climate new challenge will be the primary focus; this Change impacts on neighboring states and will be undertaken across different sectors across neighboring countries can magnify and the state economy as a whole. the migrations to the Mizoram. Therefore, Mizoram will be a focus of both national 16.5. Overall approach and international attention in the context of climate change. A multidisciplinary, integrated and co- ordinated convergence approach is required

16.2. Addressing both adaptation and and will be adopted in implementing this mitigation Climate Change Action Plan. Government of Mizoram will adopt a proactive, preventive The state Climate Change Action Plan will and preparedness- oriented approach rather address both mitigation and adaptation than a reactive approach. issues in a holistic manner by implementing all the activities in the action plan. It has Different sectors have different key priorities been recognized that adaptation is of much to be addressed through different initiatives greater significance. over different timeframe. Each sector will implement its initiatives relevant to their

16.3. Information on climate change key priorities within themselves and in close implications integration with different departments and stakeholders involved. In terms of assessing the climate change State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 143 During this Climate Change Action Plan encouraged to contribute towards resolving implementation, Government of Mizoram climate change problems in a structured will demonstrate, promote and encourage way. different initiatives through policy changes and implementation actions as a response to 16.8. Dynamic document climate change. Approaches to responding climate change

16.6. Involve stakeholders are fast changing based on the numerous researches being done across the world. Government of Mizoram will involve Given this situation, this 5-year Climate stakeholders, particularly community, Change Action Plan is seen as a dynamic in a more proactive way in the Climate document rather than a fixed in time or Change Action Plan implementation. This static one. The key priorities provide the involvement will relate to (i) promoting much guidance and direction that Government of greater climate change awareness within Mizoram wishes to take. Keeping these key community, (ii) identifying problematic issues priorities, flexibility will have to be exercised relevant to climate change, (iii) support in in implementing the proposed initiatives monitoring of climate-induced problems and so that these are in line with the latest and (iv) ensuring greater accountability to the uptodate developments in this fast-changing people on climate change issues. Stakeholder discipline. involvement will be an effective tool with stakeholders, who play an important part 16.9. Integrate climate change in new in bringing out the solutions. If stakeholder initiatives involvement as described here is not initiated, then stakeholders are bound to look at This Climate Change Action Plan was prepared Government of Mizoram as an adversary and taking into account the current development not as a partner. activities and the need to integrate climate change considerations in those proposed set

16.7. Going beyond environmental & of activity. Since new development activities climate change professionals would arise in each of these sector, utmost care would be taken to ensure that climate From the range of issues / concerns, it is change considerations are integrated with quite clear that even though climate change these as well. is an environmental challenge, the response requires non- environmental professionals. 16.10. Monitoring of CAP Resolving climate change issues cannot be done in isolation by the environmental or Climate change is relevant to most sectors climate change fraternity alone. The issues/ and departments within the Government problems are so fundamental and deep of Mizoram. As activities across all sectors in the sectoral context that the respective and departments are identified and planned sector professionals have to address these through state planning processes, the problems. Policy-makers, economists, monitoring and evaluation of this CAP will planners, engineers, scientists, development be done in close co-ordination with the program specialists and others have to be monitoring of the state planning activities. 144 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Over a period of 1-2 years, the process of levels as well as those of the external monitoring the CAP will be streamlined stakeholders will be considerably with the monitoring of activities under the higher. Once built, this capacity state planning framework with half yearly should be collectively and gainfully monitoring of priority actions in respective used in a consultative, participatory sector. Those would be compiled and reported and inclusive manner in determining to the highest levels of Government. the focus areas of attention in the next version of the Climate Change

16.11. Budget Action Plan. Any estimation for implementation of Climate • With regard to the Sector working Change Action Plan will only be a rough group as initiated for the first estimate. However the budget for climate Climate Change Action Plan, a similar change response actions has been estimated group should be created within to be Rs. 3675.257 Crore for a 5-year period the Government of Mizoram to between 2012 and 2017. This estimate prepare subsequent CAPs as well. includes both existing / already earmarked The ownership and commitment resources and additional resources required of the Government of Mizoram in to shift Mizoram towards carbon-conscious, implementing this Climate Change climate-resilient development path. Parts of Action Plan gets a substantive boost the Action Plan can be implemented with the if there is an active involvement and available resources of the departments and engagement of the Government of additional funds may have to be provided Mizoram staff in preparing these for certain activities. As the implementation plans. A similar multi-sector and proceeds, the picture will be clearer. integrated approach should therefore be adopted for future Climate Change

16.12. Recommendations for future Action Plan preparations. CAPs • While all sectors were directly or From the experience of preparing this indirectly covered in preparing the Climate Change Action Plan, the following are CAP Climate Change Action Plan, the recommendations for preparing future there were some departments of the Climate Change Action Plan in the state: Government of Mizoram that were not proactive, e.g. Education, Disaster • Following the implementation of Management departments. In the this first Climate Change Action next version of the Climate Change Plan, awareness and knowledge on Action Plan, those Departments that climate change issues / concerns were not directly engaged should be would have developed across the encouraged for involvement so that state. Therefore, the overall capacity new perspectives and approaches of both Government staff across all emerge. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 145 146 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram MINUTES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROGRAMME ON MIZORAM CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN Date : 20th October, 2011; Venue : Aijal Club, City Centre, Aizawl, Mizoram Members Present : 43 Nos. (Attached as annexure) The meeting started at 10:00 a.m. with a warm welcome address given by Dr. Vanlalzara, Principal Scientific Officer, Directorate of Science & Technology, Mizoram. He then presented a brief overview of the workshop through power point presentation whereby he mentioned that in line with the National Plan on Climate Change released on June 30, 2008, the Mizoram Council of Climate Change was constituted on 17th June 2010 under the Chairmanship of the Hon’ble Chief Minister and that the Executive Council was also created under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. He apprised the members that the initiative for preparation of State Action Plan on Climate Change in Mizoram is executed by the Department of Science & Technology with financial support from MoEF-GIZ partnership programme and that CTRAN Consulting, based in Bhubhaneshwar, Orissa is the knowledge partner. The inaugural address was given by Shri Lalkhama, IAS (Rtd.) and Vice Chairman, State Planning Board. In his speech, he mentioned that the modern day scientists and intellectuals should be more concerned about the influence on climate by humans, and the manner how the land and its resources are used or misused. Under the New Land Use Policy adopted by the State Government, it is intended to keep a large percentage of the state land area under rain forests, and progressively reduce areas under jhum cultivation which is now around 2 lakhs acres annually. He anticipated that the consultation workshop will help in adopting suitable action plan to preserve the natural rhythm of life in the natural environment of cycles of oxygen and other chemical elements in this mysterious universe. After this, Dr. Vanlalzara extended his appreciation and gratitude to the members attending the workshop who spare their valuable time to share their views and experiences for the success of the workshop. The technical session of the workshop was divided into three main subjects viz. Technical Session-1 : Agriculture & Allied, Forestry; Technical Session-2 : Energy, Health; Technical Session-3 : Strategic Knowledge Mission, Water, Urban. The Coordinators for each Technical Sessions were: State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 147 Technical Session-1 : Mr. T.V. Fambawl, Secretary, Agriculture Department Technical Session-2 : Er. Dunglena, Engineer-in-Chief (Rtd.) Technical Session-3 : Er. Valbuanga, Project Director, SIPMIU The views and feedback shared by the members in the various technical sessions/ subjects are as below: 1) Sector-Sustainable Agriculture :- i) No data on allocation of human work force in different agriculture & allied activities based on their demand and availability of workforce and also willingness. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Type and systems of agriculture practices and their compatibility with each other activities. (Mr. Arulrajan, IFS, E&F Department) iii) Inclusion of more research works in development of traditional indigenous rice varieties e.g. Phulbuh which have been found to acclimatized climate change by retaining beneficial genes and enhancing the yield, if possible. Promotion of fodder for animals through agro-forestry models is also suggested. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department) iv) Rice genotype (local species) should be propagated and utilized for effective cultivation. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) Concentrate on paddy and orange only (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vi) Social history claims that after 20 years of NLUP and MIP, people find it difficult to abandon jhum. So, instead of the current 1-2 years cycle, 7-10 years cycle system may be introduced with modified traditional system. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vii) No more exotic species. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). viii) Shifting cultivation/jhuming is the most primitive method of agriculture and therefore should be replaced by settled agriculture in any forms. While selecting the agriculture/utmost care should be taken: it should be in conformity with agro-climatic conditions, soil and geomorphic characteristics of the area/agricultural land. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ix) Shifting cultivation should not be stopped completely. It has an important place in the culture and way of life of the rural people. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) x) Research on the alternative plans should be done before implementation in place of jhum cultivation. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) 148 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xi) Quite sufficient, shifting cultivation system may not be abandoned, so instead if this system can be improved and scientific input may be incorporated to a cultivated area as a pilot project. (Dr. Lalnundanga, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xii) The proposed strategies of agriculture and allied Departments for Climate Change mitigation and adaptation need more specific strategies. I feel that area-wise specific technologies/models needs to be identified and adopted for uphill and slopelands which consists of more than 80% of landscape in Mizoram. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) xiii) If the low-lying areas called plains are well irrigated so as to be able to yield double cropping in a year, sustainable agriculture may be achieved, so as to lessen the slash and burn type of cultivation practice elsewhere in the state. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xiv) Emphasis may be put on organic farming. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xv) Control of shifting cultivation by converting the jhum land for permanent cultivation. Jhum land can be used for fodder cultivation, NWFP cultivation. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvi) Rainfall predictive models should be developed based on the analysis of past climate data in order to adopt alternative agricultural practices for the sustainable development. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xvii) Agricultural practices should be concentrated along the fertile river valleys and valley plains as the terrain is purely sedimentary and can yield good quantities of water from uplands. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 2) Sector-Sustainable Forestry :- i) Inter-Departmental co-ordination is needed. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Awareness on policy and programme of environmental concern should be given to all people and department because people (all) are part of ecosystem. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iii) De-reservation must be revised. If unavoidable EIA should be done and 1-2 riverine areas may be identified and serve as experiment for at least 10 years. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iv) Education and awareness to the public may be conducted with educational institutions. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) The forest policy of Mizoram needs certain amendment in regard to riverine forest, village safety forest etc. The good land i.e. arable land may be given for agricultural activities and the unfavourable land may be devoted for forest cover and for development of recreational centres. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 149 & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). vi) Mitigation measures should be more (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) vii) Agroforestry may be added. (Dr. Lalnundanga, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). viii) Incentives and support needs to be given for establishment and maintenance of social forestry. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). ix) Bamboo and tree based agro-forestry systems needs to be introduced in degraded lands. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). x) Environment & Forest Department may co-ordinate with agriculture and allied Departments for introducing agro-forestry system in slope-lands. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Member, MIPOGRASS) xi) Serious steps should be taken in preventing forest fires and allied destruction. No land in our state is totally or permanently a wasteland, they can be regenerated within 5 years or so. Use of LPG may also be in introduced to preserve the forest. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xii) The Government of Mizoram may come up with a kind of legislation to improve ‘Greenery’ by making it compulsory for every citizen of the state to ‘plant & nurture’ a tree - in line with Kenya Government. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xiii) Urban Forestry may be promoted & given priority. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xiv) Need for ‘Trees outside forests’ be kept in mind while making developmental projects; quantification of TOFs may be undertaken. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xv) Farmers practicing ‘Homegardens’ may be evaluated for ‘carbon credits’ and incentives may be arranged suitably to promote these indigenous home gardens/ agroforestry. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xvi) Livelihood improvement activity for forest dependent communities. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvii) Riverine forests (reserve) to be protected as it is rich with bamboo. Bamboos are good plant for carbon sequestration. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xviii) Massive afforestation programmes should be implemented at higher elevations and steeply sloping areas as it checks/prevents soil erosion and also keeps the water-table at higher levels. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xix) Plantation programmes should be implemented within urbanized areas as they act as carbon sinks. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 150 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3) Sector-Energy:- i) Non-conventional energy (biomass gasification) should be made available to all remote locations where power grids are not possible. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Instead of efficiency, availability should be ensured. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iii) Self-reliance is better than feeding from outside. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iv) Mention is made that about 20 villages are not yet electrified. This has to be taken care of to ensure that all those villages are electrified. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department) v) The objective to create power plants in all major rivers should be abandoned. Large projects like Kolodyne may be completed first before small projects. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vi) If all major rivers are converted to HEP it will affect rainfall, agriculture etc. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vii) Distribution and installation of efficient CFL bulbs to BPL families. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). viii) Hydel power plant may be given priority for power generation. In that, so many small/minor hydel project plant should be minimized, rather one river valley hydel project plant which can meet the energy requirement of the state may be completed so that environment system as a whole may not be disturb. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ix) Hydro power and solar energy generation is a must. Mini hydropower plants at many places will have an impact on local ecosystem and many life forms that adds to the rich biodiversity of the state. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) x) More developmental approach needed. (Dr. Lalnundanga,, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xi) Energy sector needs to be touched up. There is no write-up on how the proposal will be affecting the climate change. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). xii) Major stress/thrust towards adopting renewable energy sources like solar energy/ wind energy etc. (Er. N.L. Jaisi, Assistant Engineer-Investigation, PHED) xiii) There has to be a limitation in setting up/construction of hydro-electricity project in Mizoram. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) (Member, MIPOGRASS) xiv) Production and sell of power energy at the cost of forest biodiversity and the affected communities may not be recommended. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 151 xv) Concerned departments should take utmost interest in producing related energy, whether it is electrical energy, heat energy, so and so forth. Public are still ignorant and lack awareness of our burning topic. They need to be made aware. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xvi) Southern and eastern rivers of the state to be used for harnessing hydro-potential energy for the entire state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvii) At village level (rural region) solar energy and biogas energy to be encouraged and implemented by the Government. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xviii) Energy and its management as curriculum to be studied at school and college level. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xix) Solar water heaters should be produced on subsidized rate in order to save energy. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xx) Awareness programmes should be conducted to save energy as energy saved is energy produced. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xxi) As Mizoram is rich in coal reserves to some extent minor thermal power generation stations can be established within the limits of low carbon emissions. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xxii) Hydel projects should be developed to meet our immediate needs. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 4) Sector-Health:- i) Climate change increases the risk of malaria and to suppress malaria we are relying on DDT. In developed countries, use of DDT has been banned or restricted due to its adverse impacts on environment. Can we incorporate in our plan to conduct research on impacts of DDT applications on natural environment. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department). ii) The whole process of malaria control measure must be revised. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iii) Rural health management system should be developed. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iv) Biotechnology Research Centre may be established. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) Regarding health, it is to be noted that Global warming resulted into various diseases like skin cancer, skin diseases and even blindness. Climate change can cause many more and therefore we should take care of all these factors which can add carbon emissions. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). 152 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram vi) Health seems to be irrelevant to be included in the action plan for Climate Change. If at all it is included certain data(s) needs to be changed as pointed out at the discussions relating to malaria. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). vii) Study and documentation of diseases caused by water and insect borne vestors at different regions of the state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) viii) Poverty, malnutrition due to poverty & extreme climate change. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) ix) Rapid urbanization has great effect on health rather than climate change which is mostly due to pollution. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 5) Sector - Sustainable Habitat :- i) Recycling plant of paper and rubber/plastic should be proposed. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). ii) Creation of eco-friendly roads (Plastic waste & tar). (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iii) Promotion of solar water heating system and lighting of buildings should be done by having a separate ECBC which should match with the socio-economic status of the state. Inclusion in the building bye-law is not practical seeing the socio-economic status of the population. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). iv) Planning infrastructure like road, drainage, energy, transportation, vehicular pollution, check population rise in all the urban areas, rural areas of the state including the city Aizawl. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) 6) Sector – Water :- i) Water resources availability is very much related to how we use our land resources as well as forest resources. Water management should be incorporated with proper planning. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ii) As our water resources get more and more depleted then our infrastructure itself will not be able to provide adequate water to the public. Hence we have to go in for large water storage projects where conjunctive use of water is possible i.e. power generation, irrigation needs and water supply needs. (Er. N.L. Jaisi, Assistant Engineer-Investigation, PHED) iii) Meteorological and hydrological data useful for management of water resources of the state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iv) Study on the hydrological cycle of different rivers (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) v) Water harvesting system to be developed in urban and rural centres. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 153 vi) Check dams to be constructed which can be used for domestic, cultivation, fishery and allied. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) vii) Proper measures should be taken to explore ground water in addition to utilization of rainwater and river water. Rain water harvesting reservoirs should be made at eah locality. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 7) Sector – Strategic Knowledge Mission :- i) It is highly advisable that a definite goal in terms of CO2 emissions, methane emissions, be made in terms of figures/numbers. This would serve as a steering force for the smooth execution of the draft plans. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Member, MIPOGRASS) ii) Knowledge mission to be used for all people. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iii) Inventory of entire profile of GHG of the state to be developed. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iv) Technological design to meet the local need. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) After a long day of lively discussion coupled with several presentations from different concerned Departments, the meeting was ended with a brief wrap up from Dr. Vanlalzara, Principal Scientific Officer, Department of Science & Technology. He once again expressed his gratitude to all the members present for their kind presence and contribution, and at the same time invited them for further cooperation in future towards the success of Climate Change Action Plan in Mizoram. (Dr. VANLALZARA) Principal Scientific Officer, Dept. Of Science & Technology 154 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure LIST OF MEMBERS PRESENT ON MIZORAM CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP AT AIJAL CLUB, CITY CENTRE, AIZAWL ON 20TH OCT., 2011 Sl.No. NAME DESIGNATION & DEPARTMENT 1. Arulrajan IFS, Dept. of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Mizoram 2. Lalduhthlana ACF (P), Dept. of Dept. of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Mizoram 3. Dr. Ramachandra Laha Head, Dept. of Botany Mizoram University 4. Dr. Udaya Bhaskara Rao Assistant Professor Dept. of Geography & Resource Management, MZU 5. Dr. P. Rinawma Dean, School of Earth Sciences & N.R.M., MZU 6. Dr. U.K. Sahoo Dept. of Forestry Mizoram University 7. Vanramliana Dept. of Zoology, Pachhunga University College 8. Yograj Chhetri Principal Adviser, Planning Department 9. Dr. F. Lalnunmawia Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University Member, Mizo Post Graduate Science Society (MIPOGRASS) 10. Lalhmingliani Hmar EE, P&E Dept., Govt. of Mizoram 11. N.L. Jaisi AE (I) PHE., Govt. of Mizoram 12. Dunglena Consultant, Engineer-in-Chief (Rtd.) 13. Lalnunsiama Colney Exe. Committee Member Mizoram Science Society 14. Dr. R.K. Lallianthanga Project Director, Mizoram Remote Sensing Application Centre (MIRSAC) 15. Edward Lalzuithanga Scientist, MIRSAC 16. Dr. Ramfangzauva Joint Director Health & Family Welfare Dept. Mizoram 17. K. Lalrammuana Exe. Committee Member Mizoram Science Society 18. Samuel Lalmalsawma Exe. Committee Member Mizoram Science Society 19. K. Guite Chief Engineer Power Department 20. David C. Zahmuaka Director, ZEDA 21. T. Thangzagin S.E. P&E, Govt. of Mizoram 22. Dr. Thangzadinga VD (VE) AH&Vety Department 23. Saihlira Adviser, Planning Department 24. Dr. H. Saithantluanga Dy. Director (P) Agriculture Department 25. Lalnunmawii IPRO, Directorate of Information & Public Relation 26. Dr. David Sailo Dy. Director AH & Vety 27. C. Lalduhawma Gen. Secretary, Mizoram Science Society 28. Valbuanga Project Director SIPMIU 29. Lalnundanga Dept. of Forestry MZU 30. Dr. A.C. Shukla Associate Professor Horticulture & MAPs Mizoram University 31. Awadhesh Kumar Research Scholar Mizoram University State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 155 32. Dr. John Zothanzama Asst. Professor, MZU & Member, Mizo Post Graduate Sailo Science Society (MIPOGRASS) 33. T.V. Fambawl Secretary, Agriculture, Govt. of Mizoram 34. Vanlalremruati Scientist, MIRSAC 35. Rosy Lalremruati Scientist, MIRSAC 36. C. Lalzawngliana Asst. Scientist, MIRSAC 37. F. Lalramchuana Scientific Officer MIRSAC 38. H. Lalsawmliana Scientific Officer, Dept. of Science & Technology 39. Lalnuntluangi Senior H.O.Dept. of Science & Technology 40. Lalmuanpuii Sailo Senior H.O. Dept. of Science & Technology 41. L.H. Lalnunpuia Scientist MIRSAC 42. F. Lalthenlova Dept. of Science & Technology 43. Lalrothanga Director, CCDU PHED 156 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure - 1 Key Priorities Agriculture Sl. Key Priorities Depart- Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. ments/ funding Organi- State Other Total sation Source Source 1 Development of Land Dept. Of 42.0 42.0 Govt. Of India, (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Agriculture External funding Wetland Rice Cultivation Agencies (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existing Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) 2 Developing data base on Dept. Of 0.25 0.25 Govt. Of genotypes of local crop Agriculture India, Govt. varieties (mainly rice Of Mizoram varieties) and identification External funding of suitable varieties for Agencies different agro-climatic zones. 3 Impact assessment of Dept. Of 7.5 7.5 Govt. Of paddy cultivation through Agriculture India, Govt. agricultural inputs such Of Mizoram, as crop varieties, kharif External funding crops and promotion of Agencies rain water harvesting and construction of eco- friendly mini check dams for irrigation. 4 Assessment study Dept. Of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of and demonstration Agriculture India, Govt. of Systematic Rice Of Mizoram Intensification (SRI) External funding cultivation and Capacity Agencies building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse effects of climate change 5 Optimization of jhum Dept. Of 4.93 4.93 Govt. Of India, cultivation through Agriculture, External funding conservation of arable Dept. Of Agencies land, water utilization Animal management, parallel Husbandry cultivation of alternative crops and Alternative jhum Control to Livelihood State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 157 6 Construction of Hill Slope Dept. Of 31.75 31.75 Govt. Of terraces for conservation Horticulture, India, Govt. of moisture and cultivation Dept. Of Of Mizoram of food grain, vegetable, Agriculture External funding pulses and oilseed crops Agencies 7. Increasing the area under Dept. Of 72.40 72.40 Govt. Of perennial fruit plantation Horticulture, India, Govt. crops and low value high Dept. Of Of Mizoram volume crops to help cope Agriculture External funding with uncertain weather Agencies patterns. 8. Management of climate Dept. Of 148.40 148.40 Govt. Of change impact on Horticulture India, Govt. horticulture and Climate Of Mizoram risk management studies External funding Agencies 9. Improving post harvest Dept. Of 85.92 85.92 Govt. Of India, management such as cold Horticulture, Govt. Mizoram chain for perishable crops Dept. Of External funding and winter cultivation Agriculture Agencies practices 10. Promotion of organic Dept. Of 3.0 3.0 Govt. Of farming through Horticulture, India, Govt. usage of compost and Dept. Of Of Mizoram vermicompost Agriculture External funding Agencies 11. Adoption of Integrated Pest Dept. Of 6.925 6.925 Govt. Of Management for improved Horticulture, India, Govt. crop yield, Preparedness to Dept. Of Of Mizoram, tackle emerging scenarios Agriculture external funding of pests and capacity agencies building for stakeholders 12. Research study on livestock Dept. Of 7.597 7.597 Govt. Of disease and establishment Animal India, Govt. of early warning system Husbandry Of Mizoram and Capacity building to External funding Stakeholders Agencies 13. Study of impact of Climate Dept. Of 0.05 0.05 Govt. Of Change on the indigenous Fisheries India, Govt. fauna of aquatic ecosystem Of Mizoram and open waters External funding Agencies 14. Water storage and Dept. Of 1.5 3.75 5.25 Govt. Of providing proper diversion Fisheries India, Govt. channels to the existing Of Mizoram ponds for drainage of External funding catchment runoff during Agencies sudden heavy rains 158 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 15. Providing extensive support Dept. Of 0.06 0.45 0.51 Govt. Of and services to fishermen Fisheries India, Govt. through establishment Of Mizoram of district level training External funding centres Agencies 16. Water bodies conservation Dept. Of 1.65 0.875 2.525 Govt. Of for fishery sector and Fisheries India, Govt. establishment of fishery Of Mizoram units in reservoirs and External funding riverine area Agencies 17. Green the Devastated Dept. Of 1.12 Govt. Of Barren Wasteland for Agriculture India, Govt. Fodder Cultivation (7000 Of Mizoram, Hectares) External funding Agencies Total 3.21 416.297 420.627 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 159 Himalayan Mission Sl. Key Priorities Departments/ Other Total Source of No. Organisation Source (Rs. funding (Rs. Crore) Crore) 1 Assessment of climate vulnerability Department of 2.1 2.1 Govt. Of and climate change impacts on Forest India, Govt. state biodiversity and forest Of Mizoram, resources External Agencies 2 Undertaking study on valuation Department of 0.8 0.8 Govt. Of India, of forest resources (Non traded) Forest External Agencies and climate change impacts on the vulnerable ecosystems 3 Ecotourism promotion for Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, biodiversity protection and Forest, Dept. Govt. Of sustainable livelihood Of Tourism Mizoram 4 Work to establish new systems Department of 1 1 Govt. Of India, to support for public awareness Forest, SPCB Govt. Of building through Establishment of Mizoram Envis Centre 5 Restructuring land use policy for Department of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of India, jhum cultivation and habitation on Forest, Dept. Govt. Of notified forest lands Of agriculture Mizoram 6 Policy formulation on Department of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of India, transportation subsidy or Forest, Dept. Govt. Of development of low cost Of Transport Mizoram transportation for primary Forest products of the state 7 Monitoring of carbon stock and Department of 1.3 1.3 Govt. Of India, biodiversity at regular intervals Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 8 Protection of forests and forest D e p a r t m e n t 81 81 Govt. Of India, land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 of Forest and Govt. Of Ha Deptt SMC Mizoram 9 Conservation and Management of Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India, two major Wetlands Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 10 Inventorying and Conservation of Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, Medicinal Plants /Orchid Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 11 Research on Wildlife Populations Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India, and Carridors - Mountain Goats, Forest Govt. Of Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Mizoram Bear 12 Biodiversity Assessment Department of 5 5 Govt. Of India, Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 13 Creation of Biodiversity Park Department of 5 5 Govt. Of India, Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 14 Documentation and enrichment Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, of Biodiversity database through Forest Govt. Of Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) Mizoram at the JFMC Level Total 131.2 160 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Green India Mission Sl. Key Priorities Depart-ments/ Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. Organi-sation State Other Total funding Source Source 1 Improvement of forest quality Department of 200 200 Govt. Of and density in degraded lands Forest, Dept. Of India, and abandoned jhum lands agriculture External Agencies 2 Improvement the productivity Department of 2.5 2.5 Govt. Of of Bamboo and promotion of Forest India, Govt. local value addition through Of Mizoram establishment of market linkages 3 Undertaking studies on climate Department of 8 8 Govt. Of change impacts on NTFP Forest India, Govt. productivity and sustainable Of Mizoram harvesting practices for adaptation of climate change 4 Capacity building of Department of 0.7 0.7 Govt. Of communities/community forest Forest India, Govt. management institutions for Of Mizoram climate change adaptation 5 Prevention and control Department of 0.65 0.65 Govt. Of mechanism for forest invasive Forest India, Govt. species and its utilization Mizoram strategies 6 Promotion of forest based Department of 0.75 0.75 Govt. Of industries Forest, Dept. Of India, Govt. Industries Of Mizoram 7. Formulation of conservation Department of 2 2 Govt. Of strategies for Orchids and Forest India, Govt. establishment of market Of Mizoram, linkages for value addition external agencies 8. Livelihood improvement Department of 36 36 Govt. Of India Activities for forest dependent Forest communities 9. Strengthening of Forest Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India Department Forest 10. GIS based Monitoring and Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India Evaluation of the program Forest 11. Strengthening of Local VSS Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India Forest 12. Publicity /media and Outreach Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India Forest 13. Establishment of Mission Department of 9 9 Govt. Of India Directorate Forest Total 283.6 283.6 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 161 Sustainable Habitat Sl. Key Priorities Depart- Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. ments/ funding Organi- State Other Total sation Source Source 1 Capacity Building and research Dept. of 1.3 1.3 Govt. Of initiatives on Climate Change Urban & India, Impacts and Preparedness PA, Power, External 1. Awareness generation Transport Agencies and capacity building in Dept., PHE climate change impacts and preparedness 2. Capacity building for departments on advance solid waste management 3. Capacity building on Water management and efficient distribution of supply and delivery 4. Capacity building on Urban Management 2 Improvement in water usage PHE, Dept. 600.0 600.0 Govt. Of management for urban drainage of Urban & India, to reduce climate change impacts PA Govt. Of 1. Liquid waste management Mizoram, through improved sewage External design for addressing climate Agencies change impacts 2. Developing models of urban storm water flows and capacities of existing drainage system 3 Development of climate friendly Dept. of 701.0 701.0 Govt. Of Waste management systems and Urban & PA, India, improvement of aesthetics Municipal Govt. Of 1. Developing a climate friendly council Mizoram, waste management system External 2. Landfill gas recovery from Agencies closure landfills 3. Reduction of vector borne diseases from unmanaged dumping grounds 4. Improvement of collection efficiency and resource recovery 162 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 4 Reduction of disaster risk through Dept. of 5.8 5.8 Govt. Of climate change adaptation Urban & PA India, 1. Formulation of building Govt. Of guidelines with provision of Mizoram promoting traditional houses for different agro-climatic zone, flood plains and in consideration of the seismic vulnerability of the state 2. Developing climate- responsible master plans for selected city/towns (CDP) 3. Reformulation land tenure policy to enable sustainable urban development 5 Energy efficiency improvement Dept. of 0.15 0.15 Govt. Of and promotion of renewable Urban & PA India, energy usage in urban sector BEE/ 1. Promotion of solar water MNRE, heating and lighting in External buildings through policy Agencies mechanisms 6 Improvement of vehicular Transport 6.0 6.0 Govt. Of pollution control mechanism for Dept., Dept. India reduction of GHG emissions of Urban & 1. Improve enforcement to PA control vehicular pollution 7 Assessment and inventorisation Dept. of 0.35 0.35 Govt. Of of climate change impact on Urban & PA India urban sector 1. Quantitative assessment of the impact of climate change Total 1314.6 1314.6 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 163 Health Sl. Key Priorities Departments/ Budget Source of funding No. Organisation (Rs. Crore) 1 Identify extrinsic and intrinsic Health dept, 3.5 Govt of Mizoram, drivers of malaria and identifying Research Govt of India, External immunity intervention institute source of funding from measures towards control of Multilateral agencies incidence of malaria. 2 Assessment of impact of heat Health dept, 5 Govt of Mizoram, stress on human health and Research Govt of India, External framing adaptation strategy, institute source of funding from identification, documentation Multilateral agencies and awareness creation on temperature related morbidity 3 Evidence based assessment Health dept, 3 Govt of Mizoram, of biophysical determinants Research Govt of India, External of malaria and development institute, source of funding from of framework for adaptation Mizoram Multilateral agencies measures for malaria control. Remote sensing Application Centre 4 Carrying out of Adaptation Health dept, 10 Govt of Mizoram, Govt study Research of India institute 5 Research initiatives to identify Health dept, 7 Govt of Mizoram, change in pattern of diseases by Research Govt of India, External region due to climate change/ institute source of funding from weather variation Multilateral agencies 6 Study and documentation Health dept 35 Govt of Mizoram, of diseases caused by water Govt of India, External (water borne) and development source of funding from of institutional mechanism to Multilateral agencies reduce the incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generation 7. Development of institutional Health dept 10 Govt of Mizoram, framework and infrastructural Govt of India, External facilities for early detection of source of funding from vector borne diseases, including Multilateral agencies managing outbreaks. 8. Establishment of pathological Health dept 15 Govt of Mizoram, laboratory with state of Govt of India, External art technology for diseases source of funding from identification Multilateral agencies 164 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9. Public health system Health dept, 200 Govt of Mizoram, infrastructure development Govt of India, External for extreme climate risk source of funding from management and managing Multilateral agencies outbreaks of major diseases 10. Capacity building and training for Health dept, 8 Govt of Mizoram, health workers for sensitisation NGO Govt of India, External of climate variation and health source of funding from impacts Multilateral agencies 11. Research study on malnutrition Health dept, 5 Govt of Mizoram, of vulnerable group due to food Research Govt of India, External security caused mainly due to institute source of funding from climatic variation Multilateral agencies Total 301.50 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 165 Solar Mission Primary Dept: ZEDA & Power & Electricity Dept. Line Dept.: Minor Irrigation Dept., JERC, Soil & Water Conservation Dept., Directorate of School Education, Urban Development Dept., PHE, PWD, Revenue Dept., Local Administrative Dept. Sl. Key Priorities Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Up scaling Renewable Energy Application for meeting up decentralized distributed or Off-grid area energy demand

1.1 Maximizing use of stand-alone solar power packs 0.675 Govt. of India and Govt. of 250 Wp for decentralized power generation of Mizoram, Users, through pilot scale implementation of 100 systems Funding Agencies under JNNSM scheme.

1.2 Promotion and facilitate installation of stand- 64.000 Govt. of India, Govt. of alone off-grid solar power plant with capacity Mizoram, REC, Users, range below 100 kW with targets of 0.80 MW by Funding Agencies 2016-17 and 1.60 MW by 2021-22

1.3 Electrification of un-electrified villages and 27.000 Govt. of India, Govt. of hamlets by non-conventional energy sources and Mizoram, REC, Users, undertake electrification of 10 villages through Funding Agencies solar and other renewable energy systems to meet the power demand of the remote villages. 2 Unlocking grid interactive solar power generation and supplement the conventional grid power under National Solar Mission

2.1 Undertake a demonstration project of install 1 25.000 Govt. of India and Govt. MW grid interactive solar power plant at Lengpui, of Mizoram, Pvt. Or Aizwal by 2013 Public Investor, Power Utilities, Funding Agencies

2.2 Facilitate in installation of 2 MW grid connected 40.000 Govt. of India and Govt. solar plant of capacity 100 kW - 2 MW by 2022 of Mizoram, Pvt. Or Public Investor, Power Utilities, Funding Agencies 3 Reduce anticipated energy and peak demand 0.800 Govt. of India, Govt. of through promotion and implementation of pilot Mizoram, Pvt. Or Public SWH application by undertaking installation of Investor, Users, UNDP/ 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 GEF - GSWH, Funding LPD systems across various demand segments. Agencies 166 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 4 Develop RE systems supply chain through 0.00 Govt. of India, Govt. empanelment of renewable energy technology of Mizoram, Solar manufacturers /distributors with ZEDA and and other Renewable support in development of their set-up in the Energy Technology state. Manufacturer's Association, Funding Agencies, 5 Institutional development and strengthening of ZEDA for promotion of Renewable Energy applications

5.1 Restructure and functional re-organization 0.250 Govt. of Mizoram and including increase of human resource strength at Govt. of India ZEDA to achieve efficient functioning and increase implementation of renewable energy projects.

5.2 Training of the working group members and their 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, representative from ZEDA and other concerned Govt. of India, Funding departments and organizations on sector specific Agencies, climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 6 Awareness creation and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy application

6.1 Supporting state level entrepreneurs to become 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, RESCOs, Channel Partners under JNNSM scheme Govt. of India, Funding and renewable energy device manufacturers, Agencies, distributors, installers, etc.

6.2 Curriculum or technical course development 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, with ITIs and other technical institutions in the Govt. of India, Funding state for production, engineering, installation Agencies, Govt. or and maintenance activities of renewable energy Private colleges and systems institutions

6.3 Awareness creation among the citizens on the need 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, and benefit of new and renewable energy systems Govt. of India, Funding and also on wider dissemination of opportunities Agencies, NGOs for diffusion of renewable energy in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs.

6.4 Support schools, education institutions in preparing 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, and introducing, curriculum on renewable energy Govt. of India, Funding applications and preparation of book. Agencies, 7 Market Transformation of Renewable Energy applications through policy measures State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 167

7.1 Modification of existing power policy particularly 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, power generation to investment friendly policy for promotion of solar thermal and other renewable energy application in PPP, IPP mode and other options. Inclusion of climate change and CDM aspects in the State Power Policy.

7.2 Development of fiscal instrument to promote 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, renewable energy systems and preparation of operation plan for power trading.

7.3 Declaration of tariff policy for solar and other 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, renewable power purchase and incorporation of zero transmission /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid.

7.4 Modification of building bye- law according to state 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, profile for mandating use of solar water heater and renewable energy systems for lighting in the common or open space of govt. and commercial establishments.

7.5 Create demand for renewable energy services 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, through pilot scale demonstration projects in state Govt. of India and government and public sector establishments Funding agencies Total 158.175 168 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Energy Efficiency Primary Department: SDA and Power & Electricity Dept. Line Department: Directorate of School Education, Urban Development Dept., PWD. Sl. Key Priorities Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. in Crore) 1 Awareness creation and manpower development for enhance the energy efficiency measures

1.1 Supporting state level entrepreneurs to become ESCO. 0.050 Govt. of India and Govt. of Mizoram, Funding Agencies

1.2 Curriculum development for production, engineering, 0.200 Govt. of India and installation and maintenance activities of energy Govt. of Mizoram, Pvt. efficient devices with ITIs and other technical institutions Institutions, Funding in the state. Agencies

1.3 Awareness creation among the citizens on the need 0.250 Govt. of India, Govt. of energy efficiency measures, use of star rated of Mizoram, Funding devices in everyday life as also for wider dissemination Agencies, NGOs of opportunities for diffusion of energy efficiency measures in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs.

1.4 Support schools, education institutions in preparing and 0.100 Govt. of India, Govt. introducing, curriculum on energy efficiency measures of Mizoram, Funding and preparation of book. Agencies, 2 Market Transformation of Energy Efficiency applications through policy measures

2.1 Development of fiscal instrument to promote energy 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, efficient systems Funding Agencies

2.2 Enactment of ECBC code according to state profile for 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, mandating building design in line with ECBC code and Funding Agencies to build green building.

2.3 Create demand for energy efficiency activities through 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram and pilot scale retrofit projects in state government and Govt. of India public sector establishments 3 Up-gradation of transmission and distribution network for minimization of energy losses

3.1 Assessment of T&D infrastructure and development 0.500 Govt. of Mizoram, of action plan for improvement of T & D network and Govt. of India, Funding setting target for AT&C loss reduction. Agencies, Power Utilities, State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 169

3.2 Up-gradation of HT & LT lines and replacement of 45.000 Govt. of Mizoram Distribution Transformers with star rated transformers. and Govt. of India, Funding Agencies, Power Utilities

3.3 Reduction of AT & C losses by 100% consumer metering 5.000 Govt. of Mizoram, of the consumers with a connected load of 20 kW and Govt. of India, Funding above and introduction on-line remote monitoring Agencies, Power Utilities,

3.4 Introducing franchisee model in distribution system to 0.250 Govt. of Mizoram, reduce commercial losses & better management of the Govt. of India, Funding distribution system. Agencies, Power Utilities, 4 Penetration of energy efficient devices in domestic and public utility systems facilitated by financial, supply chain and market incentives

4.1 Introducing energy efficient lighting in domestic 10.800 Govt. of Mizoram, sector by supply and installation of CFLs lights and Govt. of India, Funding replacement of incandescent lamps in 1.5 Lakhs Agencies, domestic consumer.

4.2 Deployment of energy efficient lighting in public systems 13.750 Govt. of Mizoram, by replacing existing 250 HPSV lamps with 90W LED Govt. of India, Funding street lights in 5500 no. of electric poles. Agencies, 5 Unlocking the energy efficiency activity in IGEA mode

5.1 Implementation of energy efficiency measures through 0.104 Govt. of Mizoram, demonstration projects in 7 No. of government Govt. of India, buildings in Mizoram under IGEA mode where energy Funding Agencies, audit is already carried out by the Nodal Department. User Organizations 6 Institutional development and strengthening of Energy departments for Energy Efficiency promotion

6.1 Restructure and functional re-organization including 1.000 Govt. of India and enhancing the human resources of the energy Govt. of Mizoram, departments including SDA to achieve efficient Funding Agencies functioning, promotion and implement energy efficiency activity in the state.

6.2 Empanelment of Energy Auditors, Energy Services 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, Companies (ESCO) for taking up energy efficiency activities in the state.

6.3 Training of the working group members and their 0.100 Govt. of India, Govt. representative from different departments and of Mizoram, Funding organizations on sector specific climate change issue and Agencies enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 7 Increase Hydro power generation by supporting private or public investors in setting up projects and undertake demonstration project 170 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

7.1 Detailed reconnaissance study on water availability 0.300 Govt. of India, Govt. and hydrology data evaluation for identification of new of Mizoram, Funding hydro projects and demarcation of hydro power sites Agencies with specific capacity mapping.

7.2 Promotion & facilitation of hydro power project 500.050 Govt. of India, Govt. implementation by providing adequate support from the of Mizoram, Pvt. state government in terms of clearance, land acquisition, Or Public Investor, power transmission network development. Funding Agencies

7.3 Declaration of water policy and mandate of siltation 0.500 Govt. of Mizoram and and pollution control in water bodies of hydro power Govt. of India projects. Two demonstration projects to be undertaken in existing hydro projects.

7.4 Demonstration hydro project in already identified 3.761 Govt. of Mizoram, project sites - Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel project Govt. of India, Funding in Tuiching river which is located in north of Champai Agencies, Power District. Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Utilities, Tuiriza River which is located in Aizwal district. Total 581.815 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 171 Water Sl. Key Priorities Department Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Climate change impact assessment Water 2.64 Govt of Mizoram, of present status of water resources Resources Govt of India, External like river, wetland, streams and Dept/ source of funding from lakes Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 2 Finalisation of plan for conservation Water 160 Govt of Mizoram, and preservation of water Resources Govt of India, External resources Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 3 Formulation of State Water policy Water 0.1 Govt of Mizoram, Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 4 Catchment and command area Water 22 Govt of Mizoram, treatment through reverine Resources Govt of India, External afforestation Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED/forest Department 5 Capacity building of Water Water 10 Govt of Mizoram, Resources department/ Mizoram Resources Govt of India, External PHED for integrated water resources Dept/ source of funding from management Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 6 Expansion of hydrometric network Water 3 Govt of Mizoram, and establishment of micro weather Resources Govt of India, External station for regular monitoring Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 7 Community tank management for Water 100 Govt of Mizoram, combating water borne diseases Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 8 Promoting zero energy water Water 80 Govt of Mizoram, purification for domestic water Resources Govt of India, External supply Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 172 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9 Renovation and development of Water 80 Govt of Mizoram, traditional water harvesting system Resources Govt of India, External with scientific intervention in Dept/ source of funding from district level Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED 10 Capacity building of communities Water 10 Govt of Mizoram, on adaptation options required Resources Govt of India, External for integrated demand side as well Dept/ source of funding from as supply side strategies during Mizoram Multilateral agencies climate stressed condition PHED 11 Impact assessment study of climate Water 2 Govt of Mizoram, change on aquatic ecosystem Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multilateral agencies PHED Total 469.74 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 173 Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science & Technology Sl. Key Priorities Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Development of Knowledge Management 10.00 Government of India, on Climate Change and facilitating its Government of Mizoram operation for initial period and External Agencies 2 Capacity Building on Climate Change 3.00 Government of India, • Capacity building of personnel in the Government of Mizoram service department and External Agencies • Exposure visit for capacity building 3 To build GHG inventory and identify the 1.00 Government of India, dominant GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, Government of Mizoram industries, districts, municipalities in and External Agencies order to enable selection of mitigation opportunities. Total 14.00 174 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure - 2 Comprehensive list of Activities Considered Agriculture Sl. Activities Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Development of Land H None H S AD PA PS, LT (Levelling, bundling, etc) for DP - Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existing Wetland Rice Cultivation (WRC) 2 Developing data base on H Medium H S AD CB - ST genotypes of local crop varieties (mainly rice varieties) and identification of suitable varieties for different agro-climatic zones. 3 Impact assessment of H None H S AD RS ST paddy cultivation through agricultural inputs such as crop varities, kharif crops and promotion of rain water harvesting and construction of eco-friendly mini check dams for irrigation. 4 Assessment study and H None H S MI RS - CB ST demonstration of Systematic - Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse effects of climate change 5 Optimization of jhum H None H S MI PA, PS - MT cultivation through conservation of arable land, water utilization management, parallel cultivation of alternative crops and Alternative jhum Control to Livelihood State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 175 6 Construction of Hill Slope H None H S AD , PS LT terraces for conservation of moisture and cultivation of foodgrain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 7. Increasing the area under H Medium H S AD PAPS - ST perennial fruit plantation crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patterns. 8. Management of climate H None H S AD RS - ST change impact on horticulture and Climate risk management studies 9. Improving post harvest H None H S AD PS ST management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter cultivation practices 10. Promotion of organic farming H Low H S MI PA ST through usage of compost and vermicompost 11. Adoption of Integrated Pest H Low H S AD PA ST Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 12. Research study on livestock H Low H S AD RS ST disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 13. Study of impact of Climate H None H S AD RS ST Change on the indigenous fauna of aquatic ecosystem and open waters 14. Water storage and providing H Low H S AD RS -, LT proper diversion channels PA -, to the existing ponds for PS - drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 15. Providing extensive support H None H S AD , CB LT and services to fishermen through establishment of district level training centres 176 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 16. Water bodies conservation H None H S AD PA, PS LT for fishery sector and establishment of fishery units in reservoirs and riverine area 17. Green the Devastated H Low H S AD PA - ST Barren Wasteland for Fodder Cultivation (7000 Hectares) Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance; Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 177 Himalayan Mission Sl. Activities Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Inventorying and H None H AD S PA/IP LT Conservation of Medicinal Plants /Orchid 2 Protection of forests and H None H AD S PA LT forest land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha 3 Research on Wildlife H None H AD S RS/PA LT Populations and Carridors - Mountain Goats, Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Bear 4 Conservation and H None H AD S RS/IP LT Management of two major Wetlands 5 Biodiversity Assessment H None H AD S RS LT 6 Assessment of climate H Nil H AD S RS ST vulnerability and climate change impacts on state biodiversity and forest resources 7 Monitoring of carbon stock H M H AD S ROM MT and biodiversity at regular intervals 8 Policy formulation on H None H AD R PA/IP LT transportation subsidy or development of low cost transportation for primary Forest products of the state 9 Documentation of the H None H AD S RS ST People’s Biodiversity Registers 10 Undertaking study H None H AD S RS ST on valuation of forest resources (Non traded) and climate change impacts on the vulnerable ecosystems 11 Ecotourism promotion for H None H AD S IP LT biodiversity protection and sustainable livelihood through Pre-investment feasibility study, DPR preparation, pilot implementation in 2 regions 178 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 12 Work to establish new L High M AD S IP ST systems to support for public awareness building through Establishment of Envis Centre 13 Documentation of H None H AD S RS ST Medicinal Plant resources in Tripura 14 Restructuring land use H None H AD S PA ST policy for jhum cultivation and habitation on notified forest lands 15 Consider unique mountain L None M M S PA LT spaces as entities with “Incomparable Values”, in developing strategies for their protection 16 Assessing threats to L None M AD S RS/PA LT biodiversity and wildlife 17 Creation and management M None M AD S IP LT of community and conservation reserves for economic welfare of local communities and conservation of biodiversity. 18 Capacity building of JFM M None M AD R CB ST committees and Panchayati Raj Institutions to adapt to climate change 19 Assessment and M None M AD S RS LT quantification of the changes in the Himalayan eco system attributable to the climate change as a result of global emissions and human activities in the region and model for future projections 20 Exploration of linking of M None M AD S CB LT traditional and formal knowledge systems through strategic mechanism of formalization for mutual benefit and value for the sustainability of the Himalayan ecosystem State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 179 21 Adaptive species M None M AD S RS ST identification for effective plantation through establishment of Permanent Nursery 22 Sequestering carbon L None M M S IP ST through avenue plantations 23 Study on dependence L High M AD S RS ST of ecosystem people on forestry resources. 24 Promoting community- L High M AD S PA/IP ST based management through developing mechanisms for incentives for protection and enhancement of forested lands. 25 Building human and L High L AD S PA/IP LT institutional capacities in the different existing / new Institutions in the Himalayan region. 26 Identification of most- L High L AD S RS/PA LT desirable Adaptation Policies to Improve Regional Sustainability. 27 Creation of Biodiversity H High H AD S IP LT Park 28 Documentation and H High H AD S CB LT enrichment of Biodiversity database through Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) at the JFMC Level 180 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Green India Mission Primary Department: Department of Forest Sl. Action Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Improvement of forest H None H S MT Impleme- LT quality and density in ntation degraded lands and Program abandoned jhum lands 2 Improvement the H None H S AD Capacity LT productivity of Bamboo Building/ and promotion of local Impleme- value addition through ntation establishment of Program market linkages Impleme- ntation Program 3 Undertaking studies on H None H S AD/ Research LT climate change impacts MT Study / on NTFP productivity Implem- and sustainable entation harvesting practices for Program adaptation of climate change 4 Capacity building H None H S AD/ Capacity LT of communities/ MT Building community forest management institutions for climate change adaptation 5 Prevention and control H None H S MT/ mechanism for forest AD invasive species and its utilization strategies Implementation LT Program 6 Formulation of H None H S AD Impleme- LT conservation strategies ntation for Orchids and Program establishment of market linkages for value addition 7 Strengthening of Local H None H S AD Research LT VSS Study State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 181 8 Publicity /media and H None H S MT Implem- LT Outreach entation Program 9 Strengthening of H None M S AD Capacity LT Forest Department Building 10 GIS based Monitoring H None H S Implem- LT and Evaluation of the entation program Program 11 Strengthening local H None H S MT Implem- LT level institutions about entation Forest Management Program Climate Change Adaptation 12 Livelihood H None H S AD Capacity LT improvement Activities Building 13 Establishment of H None H S -MT/ Implem- LT Mission Directorate AD entation Program 14 Increasing plantation M None M S AD/ Implem- LT activities on outside MT entation forest land ( Plantation Program Activities and Supporting natural Regeneration in 5000 Ha) 15 Enhancing the M High M S AD Research ST Resilience and Ability Study of vulnerable Species / ecosystems to adapt to climate change 16 Enabling adaptation M High M S AD Research ST of forest dependent Study local communities In the face of climatic variability 17 Assessing Fire M None M S AD/ Implem- LT management MT entation Strategies Program 182 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Sustainable Habitat Sl. Activities Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Awareness generation H Nil H AD S CB LT and capacity building in climate change impacts and preparedness 2 Capacity building for H Nil H AD S CB LT departments on advance solid waste management 3 Capacity building on Water H Nil H AD S CB LT management and efficient distribution of supply and delivery 4 Capacity building on Urban H Nil H AD S CB LT Management 5 Liquid waste management H Low H AD/ S PA, CB, MT through improved sewage MI OM design for addressing climate change impacts 6 Developing models of urban H Low H AD S RS ST storm water flows and capacities of existing drainage system 7 Developing a climate friendly H Nil H AD/ A RS, PA LT waste management system MI 8 Landfill gas recovery from H Low H MI A RS, IP LT closure landfills 9 Reduction of vector borne H Nil H AD A CB MT diseases from unmanaged dumping grounds 10 Improvement of collection H Nil H AD/ A IP, LT efficiency and segregation at MI ROM source 11 Formulation of building H Nil H AD A IP LT guidelines with provision of promoting traditional houses for different agro-climatic zone, flood plains and in consideration of the seismic vulnerability of the state 12 Developing climate- H Nil H AD A PA MT responsible master plans for selected city/towns (CDP) State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 183 13 Reformulation land tenure H Nil H AD S PA LT policy to enable sustainable urban development 14 Promotion of solar water H Low H MI S IP MT heating and lighting in buildings through policy mechanisms 15 Improve enforcement to H Low H MI S PA LT control vehicular pollution through certification of PUC 16 Quantitative assessment of H Nil H AD S RS LT the impact of climate change 17 GHG Emissions foot printing M Large M AD/ A RS, MT for all urban bodies including MI OM upcoming satellite townships 18 Improvement of Water Use M Large M AD S PS, LT Efficiency and conservation OM through leak reduction, reuse and recycle in Urban Areas 19 Urban poor Mapping to M Large M AD S RS LT Identify vulnerable urban population 20 Improvement of Pumping M Low M MI A IP MT energy efficiency in Water supply system 21 Assessment of carbon M Large M AD/ S RS ST emissions from the transport MI sector 22 Replacement of more M Large M MI S IP LT polluting old vehicles with advance low emission vehicles 23 Piloting low carbon highways M Large M AD S IP LT 24 Energy efficient Street L Low L MI A PS, PA MT Lighting Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance; Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 184 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Health Sl. Activities Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Identify extrinsic and H AD S RS, PS MT intrinsic drivers of malaria and identifying immunity intervention measures towards control of incidence of malaria. 2 Assessment of impact of H AD S RS, PS, MT heat stress on human health CB and framing adaptation strategy, identification, documentation and awareness creation on temperature related morbidity 3 Evidence based assessment of biophysical determinants of malaria and development of framework for adaptation measures for malaria control. H AD S RS,CB,IP ST 4 Carrying out of Adaptation H AD S RS MT study 5 Research initiatives to H AD S RS ST identify change in pattern of diseases by region due to climate change/ weather variation 6 Study and documentation H AD S RS,CB,IP ST of diseases caused by water (water borne) and development of institutional mechanism to reduce the incidence/ outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generation State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 185 7 Development of H AD S RS, IP MT institutional framework and infrastructural facilities for early detection of vector borne diseases, including managing outbreaks. 8 Establishment of H AD S DP, IP ST pathological laboratory with state of art technology for diseases identification 9 Public health system H AD S RS, PS LT infrastructure development for extreme climate risk management and managing outbreaks of major diseases 10 Capacity building and H AD S CB ST training for health workers for sensitisation of climate variation and health impacts 11 Research study on H AD S RS,IP ST malnutrition of vulnerable group due to food security caused mainly due to climatic variation 12 Up gradation of state M AD S PA MT health policy through incorporation of health impact due to climate change 13 Capacity building and M AD S RS,CB ST training of the health sector practitioners for psychological or physical trauma due to the impact of extremes climate event 14 Establishment of mobile M AD S DP,IP MT health centre to provide medical facilities in far off areas during extreme climatic events 186 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Solar Mission Sl. Action Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Up scaling Renewable Energy Application for meeting up decentralized distributed or Off-grid area energy demand

1.1 Maximizing use of stand- H Low H MI S PS, DP MT alone solar power packs of 250 Wp for decentralized power generation through pilot scale implementation of 100 systems under JNNSM scheme.

1.2 Promotion and facilitate H Low H MI S PS, IP LT installation of stand-alone off-grid solar power plant with capacity range below 100 kW with targets of 0.80 MW by 2016-17 and 1.60 MW by 2021-22

1.3 Electrification of un- H Low H MI S PS, IP MT electrified villages and hamlets by non-conventional energy sources and undertake electrification of 10 villages through solar and other renewable energy systems to meet the power demand of the remote villages. 2 Unlocking grid interactive solar power generation and supplement the conventional grid power under National Solar Mission

2.1 Undertake a demonstration H Low H MI A PS, IP ST project of install 1 MW grid interactive solar power plant at Lengpui, Aizwal by 2013 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 187

2.2 Facilitate in installation of H Low H MI S PS, IP LT 2 MW grid connected solar plant of capacity 100 kW - 2 MW by 2022 3 Reduce anticipated H Nil H MI S PS, IP ST energy and peak demand through promotion and implementation of pilot SWH application by undertaking installation of 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various demand segments. 4 Develop RE systems supply H Nil H AD S RS, PA MT chain through empanelment of renewable energy technology manufacturers / distributors with ZEDA and support in development of their set-up in the state. 5 Institutional development and strengthening of ZEDA for promotion of Renewable Energy applications

5.1 Restructure and functional H Low H AD S PA, IP ST re-organization including increase of human resource strength at ZEDA to achieve efficient functioning and increase implementation of renewable energy projects.

5.2 Training of the working H Nil H AD S CB MT group members and their representative from ZEDA and other concerned departments and organizations on sector specific climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 188 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 6 Awareness creation and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy application

6.1 Supporting state level H Low H AD S PA, CB MT entrepreneurs to become RESCOs, Channel Partners under JNNSM scheme and renewable energy device manufacturers, distributors, installers, etc.

6.2 Curriculum or technical H Nil H AD S CB, MT course development with ITIs and other technical institutions in the state for production, engineering, installation and maintenance activities of renewable energy systems

6.3 Awareness creation among H Low H AD S CB MT the citizens on the need and benefit of new and renewable energy systems and also on wider dissemination of opportunities for diffusion of renewable energy in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs.

6.4 Support schools, education H Nil H AD S CB ST institutions in preparing and introducing, curriculum on renewable energy applications and preparation of book. State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 189 7 Market Transformation of Renewable Energy applications through policy measures

7.1 Modification of existing H Nil H AD S PA ST power policy particularly power generation to investment friendly policy for promotion of solar thermal and other renewable energy application in PPP, IPP mode and other options. Inclusion of climate change and CDM aspects in the State Power Policy.

7.2 Development of fiscal H Low H AD S PA ST instrument to promote renewable energy systems and preparation of operation plan for power trading.

7.3 Declaration of tariff H Nil H AD S PA ST policy for solar and other renewable power purchase and incorporation of zero transmission /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid.

7.4 Modification of building H Nil H AD S PA ST bye- law according to state profile for mandating use of solar water heater and renewable energy systems for lighting in the common or open space of govt. and commercial establishments.

7.5 Create demand for renewable H Low H AD & S PA, DP LT energy services through pilot MI scale demonstration projects in state government and public sector establishments 190 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 8 Improved and geographically H Large M AD S RS, PS, MT focused assessment of energy potential from solar, biomass, etc. particularly solar radiation to be undertaken 9 Engage with bilateral H Large M MI S RS, PA, LT and multi-lateral fund PS managers for project report preparation for funding in pilot implementation project and also undertake CDM activities 10 Installation and promotion of M Large M MI S PS, DP MT solar pumps for agriculture practice in hilly and remote areas as a demonstration project 11 Promotion of use of L Large L MI S PS, DP MT Community based solar cooker system at schools/ education centers State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 191 Energy Efficiency Primary Department: SDA & Power & Electricity Dept. Line Departments: JERC, Directorate of School Education, Urban Development Dept., PHE, PWD. Sl. Activities Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Awareness creation and manpower development for enhance the energy efficiency measures

1.1 Supporting state level H Low H AD S PA MT entrepreneurs to become ESCO.

1.2 Curriculum development H Nil H AD S CB, PA MT for production, engineering, installation and maintenance activities of energy efficient devices with ITIs and other technical institutions in the state.

1.3 Awareness creation among the H Low H AD S PS, CB, MT citizens on the need of energy PA efficiency measures, use of star rated devices in everyday life as also for wider dissemination of opportunities for diffusion of energy efficiency measures in infrastructure and other socio- economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs.

1.4 Support schools, education H Nil H AD S PA, CB ST institutions in preparing and introducing, curriculum on energy efficiency measures and preparation of book. 2 Market Transformation of Energy Efficiency applications through policy measures

2.1 Development of fiscal H Low H AD S PA ST instrument to promote energy efficient systems 192 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

2.2 Enactment of ECBC code H Low H AD & S PA, CB ST according to state profile for MI mandating building design in line with ECBC code and to build green building.

2.3 Create demand for energy H Low H AD & S PA, CB, MT efficiency activities through MI DP pilot scale retrofit projects in state government and public sector establishments 3 Up-gradation of transmission and distribution network for minimization of energy losses

3.1 Assessment of T&D H Low H AD S RS, PS, ST infrastructure and PA development of action plan for improvement of T & D network and setting target for AT&C loss reduction.

3.2 Up-gradation of HT & LT H Low H MI S PS, IP MT lines and replacement of Distribution Transformers with star rated transformers.

3.3 Reduction of AT & C losses H Low H MI S PA, MT by 100% consumer metering PS, IP, of the consumers with a RO&M connected load of 20 kW and above and introduction on-line remote monitoring.

3.4 Introducing franchisee model H Low H MI S PS, PA, MT in distribution system to CB, IP reduce commercial losses & better management of the distribution system. 4 Penetration of energy efficient devices in domestic and public utility systems facilitated by financial, supply chain and market incentives.

4.1 Introducing energy efficient H Low H MI S PS, CB, MT lighting in domestic sector IP by supply and installation of CFLs lights and replacement of incandescent lamps in 1.5 Lakhs domestic consumer State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 193

4.2 Deployment of energy efficient H Low H MI S PS, CB, ST lighting in public systems by IP replacing existing 250 HPSV lamps with 90W LED street lights in 5500 no. of electric poles. 5 Unlocking the energy efficiency activity in IGEA mode

5.1 Implementation of energy H Low H MI A PS, CB, ST efficiency measures through PA, DP demonstration projects in 7 No. of government buildings in Mizoram under IGEA mode where energy audit is already carried out by the Nodal Department. 6 Institutional development and strengthening of Energy departments for Energy Efficiency promotion

6.1 Restructure and functional H Nil H AD A PA, CB, ST re-organization including RO&M enhancing the human resources of the energy departments including SDA to achieve efficient functioning, promotion and implement energy efficiency activity in the state.

6.2 Empanelment of Energy H Nil H AD S PA, CB ST Auditors, Energy Services Companies (ESCO) for taking up energy efficiency activities in the state.

6.3 Training of the working H Nil H AD A CB MT group members and their representative from different departments and organizations on sector specific climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 7 Increase Hydro power generation by supporting private or public investors in setting up projects and undertake demonstration project 194 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

7.1 Detailed reconnaissance study H Low H AD S RS, ST on water availability and hydrology data evaluation for identification of new hydro projects and demarcation of hydro power sites with specific capacity mapping.

7.2 Promotion & facilitation H Low H AD S RS, PA MT of hydro power project implementation by providing adequate support from the state government in terms of clearance, land acquisition, power transmission network development.

7.3 Declaration of water policy H Nil H AD & S RS, PA, ST and mandate of siltation MI DP and pollution control in water bodies of hydro power projects. Two demonstration projects to be undertaken in existing hydro projects.

7.4 Demonstration hydro project H Low H MI A PS, IP ST in already identified project sites - Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuiching river which is located in north of Champai District. Setting up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuiriza River which is located in Aizwal district. 8 Life cycle analysis of existing H Large M AD A RS, PS, LT hydro power plant and IP implementation of R&M measures. 9 Survey and investigation of M Large M AD A RS, PS MT seven hydro projects namely – Ngengpui, Hnahthial&Piva, Marlui, Tuisalui, Ngengrual III, Tuiphai and Sekulhlui State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 195 10 Deployment of Improved M Low M MI S PS, IP MT chulha in rural households for efficient energy consumption and reduce deforestation through enabling policy and subsidy framework. 11 Engage with bilateral and H Large M AD & S PA, CB, LT multi-lateral fund managers for MI PS project report preparation for funding in pilot implementation project and also undertake CDM activities. 12 Promotion and implementation H Large M MI S PA, IP MT of energy efficient pumps in agriculture and urban sector for drinking water supply through introduction of comprehensive scheme. 13 Enactment of mandatory use H Large M MI S PA, CB, MT of energy efficient lights by PS reviewing standards & rules for public lighting, bill boards or hoardings for advertisement, commercial area lighting such as shopping malls, shops, etc. 14 Formulation of Demand Side M Large M AD & S PA, IP LT Management projects in P&E MI Dept. 15 Efficient cooking practice in M Large M AD & S PA, IP, LT rural areas and conservation MI OM of forest wood Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance; Time frame ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large 196 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Water Sl. Action Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Climate change impact High None High AD S RS, PS ST assessment of present status of water resources like river, wetland, streams and lakes 2 Finalisation of plan High None High AD S RS MT for conservation and PS, DP, preservation of water IP resources 3 Formulation of State High None High AD S PA MT Water policy 4 Catchment and command High None High AD S DP MT area treatment through IP reverine afforestation 5 Capacity building High None High AD S CB ST of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 6 Expansion of High Minimal High AD S IP ST hydrometric network and establishment of micro weather station for regular monitoring 7 Community tank High Minimal High AD S DP ST management for IP combating water borne diseases 8 Promoting zero energy High Minimal High AD S DP ST water purification for IP domestic water supply 9 Renovation and High Minimal High AD S OM ST development of IP traditional water harvesting system with scientific intervention in district level 10 Capacity building High Minimal High AD S CB ST of communities on adaptation options required for integrated demand side as well as supply side strategies during climate stressed condition State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 197 11 Impact assessment study High Minimal High AD S RS ST of climate change on aquatic ecosystem 12 Assessment of climate Medium Medium AD S RS ST change impact on food security due to water stress 13 Assessment of Ground Medium Medium AD S RS MT water availability in usage and conservation plan 14 Mandating water Medium Medium AD S PA MT harvesting and artificial recharge in water stressed area 15 Enhancement of recharge Medium Medium AD S DP MT of the source and recharge IP zone of deeper ground OM water aquifers 16 Institutional development High High Medium AD S CB MT of ground water board 17 Capacities (Storage) High High Medium AD S DP MT through multipurpose MI IP hydro projects and integration of drainage with irrigation infrastructure 18 Awareness generation Low Low AD S CB ST of local communities on importance of aquatic ecosystem Priority: H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type: MI - Mitigation, AD – Adaptation; Scale: S – State-wide, A – Particular / Focused Area; Nature: RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Action, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstration Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operation & Maintenance; Timeframe: ST – Short-term, MT- Medium Term, LT – Long term 198 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science & Technology Sl. Action Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Knowledge Building on H NIL H AD S PA/CB ST Climate Change 2 To build GHG inventory H NIL H MT S RS ST and identify the dominant GHG/CO2 emitting sectors, industries, districts, municipalities in order to enable selection of mitigation opportunities. 3 D e ve l o p m e nt H NIL H AD S RS ST of Knowledge Management on Climate Change and facilitating its operation for initial period State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 199 200 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram