National Action Plan For Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Indonesia in Accordance with the Minamata Convention on Mercury

3.6.1. National Level Stakeholders 38 LIST OF TABLES iii

3.6.2. Subnational Level Stakeholders 40 LIST OF FIGURES iv

3.6.3. Determination of a Mining Area (WP) 41 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iv

3.6.4. Allocation of a Small-Scale Mining Area (WPR) 41 CHAPTER I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

3.6.5. Spatial Planning Stakeholders 42 CHAPTER II. INTRODUCTION 12

3.6.6. Environmental Documents 42 CHAPTER III. NATIONAL OVERVIEW OF ARTISANAL AND 14 SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING IN INDONESIA 3.6.7. Barriers to Formalization 42

3.1. Previous Experiences in Addressing ASGM 14 3.6.8. Miners Cooperatives 42

3.1.1. Donor-Led Projects in the ASGM Sector (2000- 14 3.7. Mercury Trade and Demand 44 2020)

3.7.1. Mercury Procurement 44

3.1.2. Aims and Approaches of Donor-Led Projects in 14 the ASGM Sector 3.7.2. Mercury Trade and Export 45

3.1.3. GOI-Led Projects in the ASGM Sector 15 3.8. Economic Aspects 46

3.1.4. Aims and Approaches of GOI-Led Projects in the 18 3.8.1. Legal Financial Entities 46 ASGM Sector

3.1.5. Donor-Led Research Projects in the ASGM Sector 19 3.8.2. Economic Benefits of ASGM 46 (2000-2020) 3.9. Demographic and Social Information 47

3.1.6. GoI-Led Research Projects in the ASGM Sector 20 (2000-2020) 3.9.1. Estimated Number of Active Gold Miners in 47 Indonesia

3.2. Geographic Distribution 20

3.9.2. Level of knowledge about Environmental and 48

3.2.1. National Overview of ASGM 20 Health Risks

3.2.2. High Priority Provinces 22 3.9.3. Social Ills 48

3.2.3. Ranking System 22 3.9.4. Conflicts and Resolutions Between ASGM 49 Communities and Mining Companies

3.3. Mining and Processing 25 3.10. Environmental Information 50

3.3.1. Primary Gold Deposits 25 3.10.1. Impact Mapping 50

3.3.2. Secondary Gold Deposits 32 3.10.2. Environmental Degradation 55

3.3.3. Cinnabar Deposits 34 3.10.3. Gaseous Emissions to the Atmosphere 57

3.4. Baseline Estimates of Mercury Used in ASGM 34 3.10.4. Bioaccumulation in the Food Chain 58

3.5. Legal and Regulatory Status 35 3.11. Health Information 61

3.5.1. Overview of National Laws and Policies 35 3.11.1. Exposure Through Air 61 Surrounding ASGM

3.5.2. Overview of the Formalization Process 36 3.11.2. Exposure Through Water 61

3.5.3. Determination of a Small-Scale Mining Area 37 3.11.3. Exposure Through Food 61

3.5.4. Environmental Protection Measures 37 3.11.4. General Health Status of ASGM Communities 61

3.5.5. Changes in Formalization Procedures 38 3.11.5. Studies of ASGM Communities, Issues and 66 Approaches by Ministry of Health ii NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

3.12. Towards Decision Making Processes 67 REFERENCES 103

3.12.1. Short- and Medium-Term Strategies 67 ANNEXES 110

3.12.2. Long Term Strategies 68 Annex I. Stakeholders Involved in the Preparation of the 110 NAP ASGM

3.12.3. Implementing Actions and Interventions in the 68 ASGM Sector Annex II. Estimation of Mercury Used in ASGM Locations 112 in Indonesia CHAPTER IV. NATIONAL OBJECTIVE AND TARGET OF 70 MERCURY REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION Annex III. National Baseline Analysis Details 119 CHAPTER V. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 71 Annex IV. Status of Implementation of RAN-PPM for ASGM 209 Priority Sector in Year 2019 and 2020

5.1. Strategy and Activities 71 Annex V. Procedures for Monitoring of Implementation 226

5.2. Work Plan 80 of National Action Plan for Reduction And Elimination of Mercury for ASGM Priority Sector CHAPTER VI. EVALUATION MECHANISM 99 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Activities Conducted by P3KLL in Relation to 17 Table 3.14 Hg concentration in Hair in ASGM Locations in 6 64 Perpres No. 21/2019 (Six) Regencies Table 3.2 Total Mercury Used (Lost to the Environment) in 25 Table 3.15 Hg concentration in Urine in ASGM Locations in 65 ASGM by Category 6 (Six) Regencies Table 3.3 Number of Miners in National Inventories 47 Table 4.1 Target for Achievement of Mercury Elimination 70 Table 3.4 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 52 Table 5.1 National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small- 82 Lebak Regency Scale Gold Mining according to the Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 (RAN-PPM) Table 3.5 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 52 Mandailing Natal Regency Table 5.2 Allocation of State Budget of MOEF for ASGM and 94 Mercury Management Activities Table 3.6 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 53 Tasikmalaya Regency Table 5.3 Recommendations for Action Plan for the ASGM 95 Sector from the MIA Document Table 3.7 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 53 West Sumbawa Regency Table 5.4 Work Plan for Output 1 96 Table 3.8 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 54 Table 5.5 Work Plan for Output 2 97 Bolaang Mongondow Regency Table 3.9 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in 54 Table 5.6 Work Plan for Output 3 97 Murung Raya Regency Table 5.7 Work Plan for Output 4 98 Table 3.10 Recapitulation of Inventory Data on Mercury- 55 Contaminated Land Table 6.1 National Objective/Target, Strategy and Success 100 Indicators in Mercury Elimination for ASGM as a Priority Table 3.11 Location of Mercury-Contaminated Land in 56 Sector Indonesia Table 6.2 Successful Implementation of Mercury 102 Table 3.12 Hg concentration in Fish and Biota in ASGM 60 Elimination Activities in The ASGM Sector Locations in 6 (Six) Regencies Table 3.13 Hg concentration in Nail in ASGM Locations in 6 64 (Six) Regencies NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Distribution of ASGM Activity in Indonesia 20 Figure 3.9 Government-assisted Mercury-free Gold 31 Processing Facility Figure 3.2 Map of National Overview of Mercury Used in 21 ASGM by Province Figure 3.10 Process of Separating Bullion from Mercury 31 Figure 3.3 Estimation of Mercury Used (Lost to the 23 Figure 3.11 Cyanidation Equipment 32 Environment) in ASGM by Province Figure 3.12 ASGM in Secondary Gold Deposits in Tahujan 33 Figure 3.4 Regencies/Cities with Highest Mercury Used in 24 Ontu River, Murung Raya Regency ASGM Figure 3.13. ASGM in Secondary Gold Deposits in Logas 33 Figure 3.5 Trommels in Operation in Seloto (left) and 26 Village, Kuantan Sengingi Regency Lamunga (right) Villages Figure 3.14 Socio-economic sampling through interview 49 Figure 3.6 Burning Gold in a Gembosan (Mandailing Natal 26 with respondents Regency) Figure 3.15 Map of Mercury-contaminated Land in 56 Figure 3.7 Steps of Gold Processing Using Amalgamation 27 Indonesia Methods in Mangkahui, Datah Kotou, and Konut Villages (Murung Raya Regency) Figure 3.16 Health Examination and Collection of Urine, 66 Nails, Hair Samples, and HBM Data of Respondents Figure 3.8 Example of a Trommel Used in Lebaksitu Village 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS μg Microgram BLH Environmental agency AGC Artisanal Gold Council BLHD Regional Environmental Agency Amdal Environmental Impact Assessment BLK Job Training Center ANTAM Aneka Tambang Company BPOM National Agency of Drug and Food Control ANU Australian National University Agency for the Assessment and Application BPPT of Technology APBD Local Government Budget BPS Statistical Bureau APBN State Budget BRI Biodiversity Research Institute APRI Association for Community Miners Indonesia Basel and Stockholm Conventions Regional BSCRC-SEA As Arsenic Centre for Southeast Asia ASGM Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining BUMDes Village Owned Enterprises Au Aurum (Gold) Chindwin Biodiversity and Ecosystem CBES Services B3 Hazardous Substances CDU Charles Darwin University Bapedal Environmental Impact Control Agency CIL Carbon in leach BAPPENAS Agency for National Planning Canadian International Resources and BCR Benefit Cost Ratio CIRDI Development Institute Basel Convention Regional Centre for BCRC-SEA COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 Southeast Asia Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und cm Centimeter BGR Rohstoffe CN Cyanide iv NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA CSR Corporate Social Responsibility IMA Indonesian Mining Association Cu Copper INCAM Indonesian Center for Artisanal Mining DANIDA Danish International Development Agency INSW Indonesia National Single Window DED Detailed Engineering Design IPEN International Pollutants Elimination Network DELH Environmental Evaluation Document IPR Small-Scale Mining Permit DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Integrated Sound Management of Mercury ISMIA in Indonesia’s ASGM DI Yogyakarta Special Region of Yogyakarta ITB Bandung Institute of Technology DKI Jakarta Special Capital Region of Jakarta IUP Mining Business Permit dL Deciliter IUPK Special Mining Business Permit DJBC Directorate General of Customs and Excises JATAM Mining Advocacy Network DLH Local Environmental Agency Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food DPLH Environmental Management Document JECFA Additives House of Representatives of the Republic of DPR-RI kg Kilogram Indonesia ESP3 Environmental Support Programme, Phase 3 L Liter LIPI Indonesian Institute of Sciences EU European Union m3 Meter cubic FAO Food and Agriculture Organization mg Milligram FGD Focus Group Discussion MeHg Methylmercury FS Feasibility Study MIA Minamata Initial Assessment g Gram mm Millimeter GAHP Global Alliance on Health and Pollution MoCI Ministry of Communication and Informatics GEF Global Environment Facility Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Global Environment Facility – Global MoEF GEF-GOLD Republic of Indonesia Opportunities for Long-term Development Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale MoEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources GIZ Zusammenarbeit MoF Ministry of Finance GOI Government of Indonesia MoH Ministry of Health Global Opportunities for Long-term GOLD MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs Development Global Opportunities for Long-term MoI Ministry of Industry Development – Integrated Sound GOLD-ISMIA Monev Monitoring and Evaluation Management of Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal and Small-scale MoT Ministry of Trade GR Government Regulation MT Metric tonne GTIS Global Trade Information Service NAP National Action Plan ha Hectare National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small- NAP ASGM Scale Gold Mining HBM Human Biomonitoring ng Nanogram Hg Hydrargyrum/ Mercury NGO Non-governmental organization HP Horse Power NPV Net Present Value ICEL Indonesian Center for Environmental Law NTB West Nusa Tenggara IDR Indonesian rupiah NTT East Nusa Tenggara ILO International Labour Organization OPK Special Production Operation NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA v Centre for Research and Development for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & P3KLL SWOT Environmental Quality and Laboratory Threats Pb Plumbum/Lead tekMIRA Mineral and Coal Technology PDAM Water Supply Agency THg Total mercury concentration Perpres Presidential Regulation TLV Threshold Limit Value Prosperous People Gold Program (Program UB Brawijaya University PERS Emas Rakyat Sejahtera) UHO Haluoleo University Posyandu Integrated health center Environmental Management Efforts and UKL-UPL ppb Parts Per Billion Environmental Monitoring Efforts ppm Parts Per Million UN United Nations PUPR Public Works and Spatial Planning Office Undana Nusa Cendana University Puskesmas Public Health Centre UNDP United Nations Development Program PT. PPLI PT. Prasadha Pamunah Limbah Indonesia UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme PTSP One Stop Service United Nations Industrial Development UNIDO Organization Center for Standardization of Environmental PSIKLH Quality Instruments US United States PTFI Freeport Indonesia Company USA United States of America PTWI Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake USD United States dollar RAD Local Action Plan United States Environmental Protection USEPA Agency Local Action Plan for Mercury Reduction and RAD-PPM Elimination WALHI Indonesian Forum for the Environment RAN National Action Plan WHO World Health Organization National Action Plan for Mercury Reduction WP Mining Areas RAN-PPM and Elimination WPR Small-Scale Mining Area RED Regional Economic Development WUP Mining Business Areas RTRW Regional Spatial Planning XRF X-ray Fluorescence SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol YEAI Yayasan Emas Artisanal Indonesia SIP Specific International Program Yayasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sumbawa YPESB SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises Barat Yayasan Tambuhak Sinta/Tambuhak Sinta Statement of Capability in Environmental YTS SPPL Foundation Management and Monitoring vi NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA CHAPTER I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Indonesia has ratified the Minamata Convention on Mercury The NAP ASGM document is expected to support the through Law No. 1l of 2017 concerning Ratification of implementation and achievement of RAN-PPM targets in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. As a follow-up to ASGM priority areas and to provide input if the RAN-PPM is the ratification, Indonesia issued Presidential Regulation to be revised or updated based on the results of literature Number 21 of 2019 concerning the National Action Plan for studies and field visits. Mercury Reduction and Elimination (Rencana Aksi Nasional Pengurangan dan Penghapusan Merkuri, RAN-PPM). In Practices in ASGM and Processing addition, the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.81/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/10/2019 has also been Processing of gold with mercury in ASGM is still widely carried stipulated for the implementation of the RAN-PPM. out, only a small number of operations have switched to processes that do not use mercury such as the use of cyanide, Article 7 of the Minamata Convention requires each Party borax or physical separation by panning (sifting). The gold to develop and implement a national plan of action in processing that uses mercury traditionally uses rod-mills accordance with the provisions of Annex C to the Convention (trommels) which are a tool to grind rock to be mixed with if at any time the Party determines that artisanal and small- mercury (Marwiani, n.d). Worst practices include whole- scale gold mining and processing in its territory is more than ore-amalgamation, open burning of amalgam, burning insignificant. of amalgam in residential areas, cyanidation of mercury- contaminated tailings, and tailings dumping. These worst The activity “Development of Minamata Initial Assessment practices are the norm, rather than the exception, at most and National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold hard-rock processing sites (Haris, 2014). Mining in Indonesia” is a collaboration between UNEP as the implementing agency in partnership with the Ministry of Baseline Estimates of Quantities of Mercury Used Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia (MoEF) as the in ASGM executing agency with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Basel and Stockholm Conventions Regional In 2019, a national inventory study performed as part of the Centre for Southeast Asia (BSCRC-SEA) assisted MoEF in the MIA and NAP project identified ASGM sites in 29 provinces implementation of this activity. out of the total number of 34 provinces. Moreover, a more detailed geographic breakdown was also performed at the The expected outcome of this activity is the development of level of individual regencies and cities. The total mercury a Minamata Initial Assessment (MIA) and a National Action used/lost from all existing ASGM activity in Indonesia has Plan (NAP) for the artisanal and small-scale gold mining been estimated by the national inventory to be approximately (ASGM) sector and endorsed by the national government 345.5 metric tonnes per annum (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019). and key stakeholders facilitating early implementation of the This figure is based primarily on the magnitude of the releases Minamata Convention in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the objective at a number of very prominent sites in the country. of the activity is the early implementation of the Minamata Convention in Indonesia which contributes to the protection Information Obtained from Field Visits of human health and the environment from the risks posed by unintentional and intentional emissions and releases, and In 2010, BaliFokus estimated that there are 163,710 artisanal unsound use and management of mercury in Indonesia. and small-scale gold miners in Indonesia. The National Overview of Indonesian ASGM (2020) estimated this number to be 179,200. This more recent estimate of miner numbers was made based on information available from locality studies, and by establishing the number of districts with ASGM activity in each regency and city. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 1 Currently, the number of women involved in ASGM is 30% of North Sumatra Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency in the total number of workers in ASGM in Indonesia. Another North Sulawesi Province, West Sumbawa Regency in West fact is that women get lower wages even though they work as Nusa Tenggara Province, and Murung Raya Regency in Central hard as men and face severe health and safety risks (Ratnawati, Kalimantan Province. 2021). From the study, Hg concentrations in environmental There is currently no nationwide estimation of number of samples such as tailing sludge exceeded the threshold children involved in ASGM in Indonesia although there limit value (TLV) in Lebak Regency, Tasikmalaya Regency are some research assessments that provide estimates of and Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Hg concentration in numbers of children involved at some ASGM locations. It samples of garden/consumption crops/plants and local rice was estimated that 300-350 children worked at three gold also exceeded TLV in Lebak Regency, Tasikmalaya Regency, mining sites in Long Iram District, West Kutai Regency, East West Sumbawa Regency, Bolaang Mongondow Regency and Kalimantan Province (ILO, 2004a). The ILO also conducted Mandailing Natal Regency. Hg concentration in samples of research in Batu Sopang District and Muara Komam District, plantation or paddy field soil or soil around rod-mill (trommel) Paser Regency and Tering District, West Kutai Regency, East sites exceeded TLV in all 6 (six) regencies. Hg concentration Kalimantan Province on the number of child laborers aged 10 in samples of biota exceeded the TLV in Mandailing Natal to 17 years old. In Batu Sopang and Muara Komam District Regency and Tasikmalaya Regency. in 10 sites, there were 17 children working in illegal mining units. Seven (7) of them were found in the Batu Sopang Hg concentrations in the nails, hair and urine of respondents District and ten in the Muara Komam District. Furthermore, were generally still below the threshold value in Lebakgedong there were 52 children working outside of the mining units. District, Lebak Regency. In the ASGM location in the Hutabargot In the Kelian Dalam Village of the Tering District, there were District, Mandailing Natal Regency and Karangjaya District, 29 children working full time at mining units, and 23 other Tasikmalaya Regency, the Hg levels in the nails, hair, and urine children who were seen carrying out additional work (ILO, of respondents were generally close to the threshold and 2004b). Observation and interviews by Jember University some even exceeded it. In Taliwang District, West Sumbawa showed that there were 6 (six) children aged 13-17 years old Regency and Lolayan District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, who directly worked at ASGM in Blang Leumak Aceh Jaya the Hg levels in the nails, hair, and urine of the respondents Village, Beutong District, Nagan Raya Regency, Aceh Province were generally still below the threshold but there was one (Sari & Sanova, 2020). sample in Taliwang District and some in Lolayan District that exceeded it. In Murung Raya Regency, the Hg levels in The national inventory study conducted by MoEF and BSCRC- the respondents’ nails and hair were still below the TLV, but SEA (2019) also estimates that the total gold production from several individuals had very high Hg levels in the urine, which ASGM using mercury is 53.8 tonnes per year. This study also reflected a disorder in their kidneys. shows the average ratio of Hg (lost) to Au (produced), namely 10 parts of mercury with 1 part of gold for primary gold HBM score analysis was already at the moderate level reserves (hard rock) and 1.3 parts of mercury to 1 part of gold in Lebakgedong District, the moderate to high level in for secondary gold reserves (alluvial and placer). Karangjaya District, the high level in Hutabargot District, the alert level in Taliwang District and at chronic levels in Lolayan The study conducted by MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the field District. HBM medical scores in Murung Raya Regency were in survey team in 2021 for the development of the MIA and NAP the moderate category, and some individuals fell in the high ASGM documents also carried out an inventory, laboratory category. analysis of environmental samples and human biomonitoring in selected ASGM locations to provide a basic estimate for Considering that mercury can bioaccumulate and that some the “Report on ASGM Studies in Indonesia.” The study was respondents have high mercury concentrations in their nail, conducted in Lebak Regency in Banten Province, Tasikmalaya hair and urine, in addition to some samples of plants, rice Regency in West Java Province, Mandailing Natal Regency in and biota that have exceeded the TLV, particular concern is needed for the health of the communities with the higher mercury concentrations (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). 2 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA National Objective and Target for Mercury simplification in granting Small-Scale Mining Permits (Izin Reduction and Elimination Pertambangan Rakyat, IPR) and Small-Scale Mining Area (Wilayah Pertambangan Rakyat, WPR) with the availability of Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 concerning clear data and not overlapping with licensed gold mining the RAN-PPM contains strategies, activities and targets for data and drafting a regulation that clearly prohibits cinnabar reducing and eliminating mercury. The elimination target is mining in Indonesia. 100 (one hundred) percent of the amount of mercury emitted and released before the RAN-PPM policy in 2025 for the ASGM a. Actions to eliminate worst practices priority sector. The strategies and activities to eliminate the above-mentioned The RAN-PPM is to be implemented in the period from 2018 worst practices under RAN-PPM are as follows: to 2030. The target of mercury elimination in the ASGM sector is to use location indicators. The location as referred to in • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 is the location of cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial the regency/city. Based on baseline data on ASGM locations government agencies: spread across Indonesia in 2018, there were 180-220 ASGM - Conducting monitoring and evaluation on locations, to be precise 180 cities/regencies spread across the implementation of the MoEMR Regulation 30 provinces with details as listed in Annex II to Minister of concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 81 of 2019. The Using Amalgamation. baseline data for the year 2018 is the basis for calculating the success of the RAN-PPM. • Strengthening community involvement through communication, information and education: Implementation Strategy and Work Plan - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold processing in the content of the national formal To implement the target of 100% mercury elimination by education curriculum; 2025 in the ASGM priority sector, various strategies have been - Development of a community approach to established as stated in the RAN-PPM. These strategies have increase knowledge and awareness about the been described in various activities and activity descriptions, health hazards of mercury; namely in Annex II of the Presidential Regulation Number 21 - Development of participatory approaches to of 2019 Part II. Mercury Elimination point a. Small Scale Gold communities in ASGM locations that aim to Mining Priority Area (Please see Chapter V Table 5.1). The increase knowledge about the health impacts elaboration of the activities and activity descriptions of the of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior RAN-PPM strategies are in accordance with the strategies set change in the community; out in Annex C to the Minamata Convention. - Increasing the understanding of good mining practices for business actors regarding Small- In the Minamata Initial Assessment document, there are Scale Mining Permits (IPR). several recommendations for proposed activities related to ASGM. In addition, based on literature reviews and field • Application of alternative technology for mercury-free visits under the NAP project, several recommendations are gold processing: proposed to assist in the implementation of the RAN-PPM to - Development of further research and studies meet the achievement of the mercury elimination target in on alternative technology for mercury-free gold the ASGM priority sector. The recommendations considered processing; to be of highest priority are, among others, revising the - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and Minister of Environment Regulation Number 23 of 2008, Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing without mercury; - Construction of gold processing facilities without mercury. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 3 • Transfer of local community livelihoods: • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between - Development of a social study on the impact of central and local governments: mercury use on ASGM activities; - Increasing the understanding of local - Development of an economic study of the government officials related to licensed small- impact of mercury use; scale mining. - Social and economic transformation of illegal miners using mercury; • Establishment of an information system: - Fostering business opportunities; - Identification of hotspots, populations at risk, - Facilitating the issuance of permits for and vulnerable populations due to mercury cooperatives and SMEs. exposure through cross-sectoral cooperation. • Strengthening law enforcement: • Strengthening community involvement through - Control of illegal ASGM using mercury. communication, information and education: - Development of a community approach to Recommendations increasing knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury; • There needs to be a different approach for provinces with - Development of participatory approaches to predominantly alluvial mining vs. hard rock mining. In this communities in ASGM locations that aim to case, the focus needs to be on gold shops and amalgam increase knowledge about the health impacts burning. It is very difficult to monitor amalgamation sites, of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior but the presence of amalgam can be traced in gold shops. change in the community. Regarding environmental damage, it is necessary to have other regulations governing it. Therefore, the cases of • Strengthening law enforcement: provinces with dominant whole ore amalgamation are - Control of illegal ASGM using mercury. different from those that are predominantly alluvial. Recommendations • It is proposed to involve the mining community at the start of mercury-free technology development, introduction, • Problems in ASGM are multi-dimensional, and therefore training and in the provision of assistance. require a high level of coordination between relevant ministries/agencies if they are to be solved. Although the • The RAN-PPM is proposed to also cover other hazardous NAP aims to protect human health and the environment, substances (Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, B3) it is also necessary to pay attention to the emerging management used in ASGM, although not in as much technological, social, economic and institutional issues. detail as for mercury. • MoEF needs to establish a pilot demonstration area b. Steps to facilitate the formalization or regulation of the for gold processing without mercury that is successful, artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector runs well and operates within the WPR/IPR system implemented by community groups/cooperatives to The strategies and activities to facilitate formalization of the serve as a reference project for other regions. In this informal or illegal ASGM sector are as follows: regard, MoEF and BPPT has initiated The GOLD-ISMIA project (https://www.goldismia.org/) which is part of the • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and global PlanetGOLD programme (https://www.planetgold. cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial org/indonesia) which is supported by the United Nations government agencies: Development Program (UNDP) and funded by GEF. The - Conducting monitoring and evaluation on project is supporting 6 ASGM communities (Yogyakarta, the implementation of the MoEMR Regulation West Nusa Tenggara, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, North concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Maluku and Riau) in Indonesia, through introduction of Using Amalgamation. mercury-free gold processing equipment. 4 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA • The central government can provide further government agencies: encouragement by providing incentives to local - Development of guidelines for storage and governments that provide guidance to local ASGM handling of mercury and waste containing communities. On the other hand, disincentives should mercury; be handed down to local governments that do not pay - Development of guidelines for remediation of attention to the ASGM communities in their areas. mercury- contaminated land. • MoEF, MoEMR and BPPT need to provide assistance • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between in terms of carrying out mentoring activities related central and local governments: to the transfer of gold processing technology to local - Conducting regular monitoring on governments as well as by assisting in the application of environmental quality (multimedia). WPR and IPR and facilitating NGO assistance. • Increasing leadership, institutional and human resource • Simplifying the process of granting IPR and WPR by making capacities for the elimination of mercury: clear data available on land availability and by having data - Development of a national mercury research that does not overlap with licensed gold mining data. and monitoring laboratory; - Conducting Mercury Research. • Provincial action plans also need to be flexible enough to accommodate local customs. Based on traditional • Establishment of an information system: land claims, gold resources must be handed over to - Mapping the impact of mercury emissions and communities based on customary rights, especially if releases on the environment around ASGM they have been working there for some time, such as in locations. Gorontalo. Traditionally, mined areas should be zoned for WPR. • Strengthening community involvement through communication, information and education: • Proposals for the determination of WPR areas are only - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold recommended for areas with gold deposits of between 3 processing in the content of the national formal g/tonnes to 10 g/tonnes. Areas with a gold concentration education curriculum; of < 3 g per tonnes are not suitable for exploitation and - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact are recommended as social forest areas. of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a campaign for gender mainstreaming; • Miners must apply for permits in groups, and local - Conducting outreach and increasing the and central government should help simplify the capacity of health workers about health risks licensing mechanisms and procedures and the required due to mercury exposure; environmental documents. - Development of a community approach to increase knowledge and awareness about the c. Strategies for promoting the reduction of emissions health hazards of mercury; and releases, and the risk of exposure to mercury - Development of participatory approaches to communities in ASGM locations that aim to The strategies and activities to reduce mercury emissions, increase knowledge about the health impacts releases and exposures in ASGM are planned in the RAN-PPM of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior as follows: change in the community; - Increasing the understanding of good mining • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and practices for business actors regarding Small- cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial Scale Mining Permits (IPR); - Conducting outreach regarding the guidelines for remediation of mercury-contaminated land. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 5 • Application of alternative technologies for mercury-free • The central government needs to allocate a special gold processing: allocation fund for the environmental sector, both - Development of research and studies on physical and non-physical, to the implementing areas of alternative technology for mercury-free gold RAD-PPM for the ASGM sector to finance environmental processing; monitoring activities, namely sampling of water, soil, and - Remediation of land contaminated with food media so that the mapping of mercury pollution mercury and land rehabilitation due to gold levels can be carried out to the maximum and used as a mining activities; source of materials for advocacy, awareness raising and - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and policy making in the regions. Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing without the use of mercury; • The local government and central government to assist - Construction of facilities for gold processing pilot facilities for processing gold without mercury outside without the use of mercury; residential areas. - Development of FS and DED for the provision of mercury storage facilities; • Establish special zones for gold processing areas for ASGM. - Provision of mercury storage facilities. • Prohibit the sale of tailings or slurry from the dumped • Transfer of local community livelihoods: slurry and its utilization to become products or other - Development of a social study on the impact of uses, especially for building materials or additional land in mercury use on ASGM activities; agricultural land and rice fields. - Development of an economic study of the impact of mercury use; • Applying garden land remediation technology for food - Social and economic transformation of illegal crops (clean-up). miners using mercury; - Fostering business opportunities; • Processing can be done centrally, within a WPR or - Facilitating the issuance of permits for within an adjacent Mining Business Permit (Izin Usaha cooperatives and SMEs. Pertambangan, IUP) owned by a company. To facilitate cleaner processing, companies need to be permitted • Strengthening law enforcement: to buy ore mined within the WPR area from mining - Supervising and controlling illegal/unpermitted communities. Due to the many legal requirements that primary mercury mining (cinnabar mining) miners must meet before they can legally process the ore, activities; it is preferable for the company to buy the ore, as long as - Control of illegal ASGM using mercury. they can process it in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. It would also be good if a company like Recommendations ANTAM could create a clean artisanal gold brand based on that relationship. • Revise Minister of Environment Regulation Number 23 of 2008 concerning the Technical Guidelines for the d. Strategies for managing trade and preventing Prevention of Pollution and/or Environmental Damage diversion of mercury and mercury compounds from Due to Small-Scale Gold Mining. both foreign and domestic source to use in ASGM and processing The strategies and activities to manage trade and prevent mercury use in ASGM under RAN-PPM are as follows: 6 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and e. Strategies for involving stakeholder in the cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial implementation and continuing development of the government agencies: plan - Development and revision of regulations regarding the trade system for imports, exports The following strategies and activities are planned to involve and and domestic distribution of mercury. increase cooperation among relevant stakeholders to implement and continue development of the national action plan: • Establishment of an information system: - Development of a national database system • Strengthening commitment, coordination and related to the trade, distribution and use of cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial mercury; government agencies: - Development of a map information system ﹣ Conducting policy outreach to provincial for the distribution of cinnabar and mercury- governments. bearing ores in Indonesia; - Conduct an inventory and mapping of sources, • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between procurement supplies, distribution, and use of central and local governments: mercury. - Increasing the understanding of local government officials related to licensed small- • Strengthening law enforcement: scale mining; - Increasing import and export supervision of - Developing and conducting cooperation to mercury as a commodity; reduce and eliminate the use of mercury and - Supervising and controlling primary mercury mitigate the impact of mercury with non- mining activities (cinnabar mining) without governmental organizations, donor agencies, permit/illegal; and other countries (bilateral); - Supervising domestic mercury circulation; - Conducting regular monitoring on - Control of illegal mercury trade systems. environmental quality (multimedia). Recommendations • Increasing leadership, institutional and human resource capacities in the elimination of mercury: • It is proposed that a draft regulation be issued that clearly - Development of a national mercury research prohibits cinnabar mining in Indonesia. and monitoring laboratory; - Conducting mercury research. • Prevention of the existence of cinnabar smelters as they are very dangerous contaminated areas due to the very • Strengthening community involvement through large volumes of mercury produced. communication, information and education: - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold • Control of mercury traders and distributors needs to be processing in the content of the national formal continued. Mercury needs to be confiscated and this will education curriculum; require short- and medium-term storage solutions in all - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact seven regions of Indonesia. of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a campaign for gender mainstreaming; • It is necessary to encourage the strengthening of the - Conducting outreach and increasing the implementation of supervision and control of mercury capacity of health workers about health risks circulation as carried out by the Police, TNI and the due to mercury exposure; Prosecutor’s Office in the regions. • Prevention of the free trade of mercury online. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 7 - Development of a community approach to • Strengthening community involvement through increasing knowledge and awareness about the communication, information and education: health hazards of mercury; - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold - Development of participatory approaches processing in the content of the national formal towards communities in ASGM locations in order education curriculum; to increase their knowledge about the health - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact impacts of mercury exposure and to create of mercury use on vulnerable communities and sustainable behavior change in the community; a campaign for gender mainstreaming; - Increasing the level of community understanding - Conducting outreach and increasing the about good mining practices, and especially capacity of health workers about health risks for business actors holding Small-Scale Mining due to mercury exposure; Permits (IPR); - Development of a community approach to - Conducting outreach on guidelines for increasing knowledge and awareness about the remediation of mercury-contaminated land. health hazards of mercury; - Development of participatory approaches to Recommendations communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase their level of knowledge about the There needs to be further assistance from the central health impacts of mercury exposure and to government to local governments for the development, create sustainable behavior change in the implementation and monitoring of RAD-PPM implementation. community; In addition, the government can also collaborate with various - Increasing the understanding of good mining relevant stakeholders, such as NGOs, with the government practices for business actors regarding Small- acting as the coordinator. Scale Mining Permits (IPR). f. A public health strategy on the exposure of artisanal Recommendations and small-scale gold miners and their communities to mercury • It is proposed that health workers be involved in the following activities: (1) local capacity building, including The strategies and activities to prevent mercury exposure of doctors and medical personnel at public health centers ASGM miners and their communities are as follows: (puskesmas) and integrated health services (posyandu) in monitoring and updating health data; (2) providing • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and medical care or services to patients poisoned by mercury, cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial (3) monitoring the health conditions of infants and government agencies: mothers who are detected as contaminated by mercury; - Development of a standard method for (4) reporting to the central and local governments on measuring mercury exposure covering nodes 1 diseases that are indicated to be due to contamination - 3 (source, media and receptors) and consisting by mercury. With this information system, it can be used of sampling and analysis methods. as material for policy making for the prevention and treatment of mercury contamination. • Establishment of an information system: - Identification of hotspots, populations at risk, • Conducting health promotion for all levels of society by and vulnerable populations due to mercury suggesting to reduce the intake of local fish and looking exposure through cross-sectoral cooperation; for alternative water sources to irrigate rice fields and - Identification and improvement of national gardens. standards for threshold limit values for mercury exposure to human health. 8 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA g. Strategies to prevent the exposure of vulnerable - Development of a community approach to populations, particularly children and women of child- increase knowledge and awareness about the bearing age, to mercury used in ASGM health hazards of mercury; - Development of participatory approaches to The strategies and activities to prevent the exposure of communities in ASGM locations that aims to children and women to mercury in ASGM are as follows: increase community knowledge about the health impacts of mercury exposure and create • Strengthening the commitment, coordination and sustainable behavior change in the community. cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial government agencies: • Application of alternative technology for mercury-free - Development of guidelines for storage and gold processing: handling of mercury and waste containing - Remediation of land contaminated with mercury; mercury and land rehabilitation due to gold - Development of guidelines for remediation of mining activities; mercury-contaminated land; - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and - Carrying out efforts to protect at-risk populations, Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for gold especially children and women, and controlling processing without mercury; the health impacts of mercury exposure through - Construction of facilities for gold processing the development of guidelines for controlling without the use of mercury; risk factors and health impacts due to mercury - Development of an FS and DED for the provision exposure in the environment and guidelines for of mercury storage facilities; handling cases of mercury poisoning. - Provision of mercury storage facilities. • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between Recommendations central and local governments: - Conducting regular monitoring on • It is recommended that women are provided with relevant environmental quality (multimedia). information on the dangers of mercury and regarding preventive measures, for example by cleaning the house • Establishment of an information system: such as by sweeping and mopping in the morning and - Mapping the impact of mercury emissions and afternoon, conducting well water analysis, bathing and releases on the environment around ASGM self-cleaning after work, drinking coconut water, and locations; other actions. - Identification of hotspots, population at risk, and vulnerable populations due to mercury • Trainings for women working at illegal ASGM so that they exposure through cross-sectoral cooperation; can change profession such as be sewing, selling food, etc. - Identification and improvement of national standards for threshold limit values for mercury • It is recommended that public health centers conduct exposure to human health. health checks for children and women or mothers with mercury concentrations above the standard level in their • Strengthening community involvement through body, at minimum twice a year. communication, information and education: - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold processing in the content of the national formal education curriculum; - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a campaign for gender mainstreaming; NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 9 h. Strategies for providing information to artisanal and i. Additional strategies including market-based small-scale miners and affected communities mechanisms or marketing tools To disseminate relevant information and increase the An additional strategy to achieve the mercury elimination target awareness of ASGM miners and affected communities, the for ASGM as a priority sector under the RAN-PPM is the transfer strategy under the RAN-PPM is to strengthen community of local community livelihoods through the following activities: involvement through communication, information and - Development of a social and economic study on education, through the following activities: the impact of mercury use on ASGM activities; - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold - Social and economic transformation of illegal processing in the content of the national formal miners using mercury; education curriculum; - Fostering business opportunities; - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact - Facilitating the issuance of permits for of mercury use on vulnerable communities and cooperatives and SMEs. a campaign for gender mainstreaming; - Development of a community approach to Recommendations increase knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury; • Livelihood transfer programs need to provide social and - Development of participatory approaches to economic benefits for men, women and children. communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase knowledge about the health impacts • It is proposed to (1) provide incentives to ASGM in the of mercury exposure and create sustainable form of eco-labeling, promotion and convenience of behavior change in the community; buying and selling; (2) for environmental management, - Increasing the understanding of good mining local governments allocate 10% of the cost of selling gold practices for business actors regarding Small- from ASGM activities; and (3) increase community income Scale Mining Permits (IPR). through skills training and innovation in environmentally friendly gold jewelry products and access to capital and Recommendations markets. • For the establishment of an information system, data should • The local government also provides assistance include WPR mapping, health assessments conducted opportunities for gold artisans to make jewelry and other at ASGM sites, guidance on good mining practices, products in their local area. developments in mercury-free gold processing technology and integrated waste management, information on In 2019, UNDP and GEF in collaboration with the MoEF and environmental and health hazards of mercury, and Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology mechanisms for formalizing ASGM. This information system (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT), launched a must be accessible to relevant stakeholders, including local project to support Indonesia’s efforts to reduce mercury use in governments and the ASGM community, both online ASGM called GOLD-ISMIA. GOLD-ISMIA is Global Environment and conventionally. Periodic updating is required for Facilities - Global Opportunities for Long-Term Development information systems. (GOLD) Integrated Sound Management of Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) which is part of • Educational and outreach materials to communities and the global PlanetGOLD programme (https://www.planetgold. health workers also include ways to protect miners, families org/indonesia). and communities from mercury exposure. It is proposed that the material for outreach, especially for students, also includes information on the importance of education so that they do not work in the ASGM sector. 10 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The duration of the project is five years and will support ASGM The mechanism for evaluating the implementation of the communities in the provinces of Yogyakarta, West Nusa RAN-PPM and the RAD-PPM is regulated in Article 7 to Article Tenggara, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, North Maluku and Riau 13 of Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 concerning to reduce mercury use by at least 5 tonnes per year starting in RAN-PPM and Chapter III of MoEF Regulation Number P.81/ the third year of the project so that at the end of the project it Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/10/2019 concerning Implementation will reduce mercury releases by at least 15 tonnes. of Presidential Regulation No. 21 of 2019 concerning RAN- PPM. The evaluation mechanism of the RAN-PPM as the In 2020-2021, the Ministry of Health received a grant from National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold the Minamata Convention Specific International Program Mining will assist in fulfilling Indonesia’ reporting obligation (SIP), namely “Improving Health Risk Control of Mercury under the Minamata Convention. Exposure in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) and Surrounding Areas by Developing the “Participatory Evaluation of the monitoring results of the RAN-PPM and Approach” Model.” The objective of the activity is to develop the RAD-PPM implementation is carried out by the Minister a participatory approach model in controlling health risks of Environment and Forestry, ministers and/or heads of non- from mercury exposure that is carried out holistically at all ministerial government agencies, governors, and/or regents/ levels of society involving the community and local health mayors in accordance with their respective authorities. The workers. Beneficiaries of the activities are cross-program and evaluation is carried out by comparing the realization with cross-sectoral at the central and local levels, professional the target achievement of reducing and eliminating mercury organizations, universities, community and community and knowing the implementation barriers. Evaluation is to be organizations. carried out at least 1 (one) time every 3 (three) months (Article 13 and Article 15 of MoEF Regulation Number 81 of 2019). Institutions conducting the activity are the Directorate of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and BSCRC-SEA. The As for the ASGM priority sector, the achievement of mercury locations of the activity are Lebak Regency, Banten; Banyumas elimination is measured by the amount of mercury use in Regency, Central Java and West Lombok Regency, West Nusa ASGM businesses and/or activities as well as the success in Tenggara. implementing mercury elimination activities. Evaluation Mechanism Monitoring and evaluation are coordinated by the Minister of Environment and Forestry for the implementation of the The Minamata Convention, under Article 21, obligated each RAN-PPM and the governor for the implementation of the Party to report to the Conference of the Parties, through the provincial RAD-PPM. Secretariat, on the measures it has taken to implement the provisions of the Convention and on the effectiveness of such measures and the possible challenges in meeting the objectives of the Convention. The reporting should include information as called for in Article 7 of the Convention on ASGM. Indonesia has submitted its complete reports for the first reporting period, of 16 August 2017 to 31 December 2019. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 11 CHAPTER II. INTRODUCTION The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global agreement Indonesia has ratified the Minamata Convention on Mercury to protect human health and the environment from through Law No.11 of 2017 concerning Ratification of anthropogenic mercury and mercury compounds emissions the Minamata Convention on Mercury. As a follow-up to and releases. This Convention was adopted in October the ratification, Indonesia issued Presidential Regulation 2013 in Japan and entered into force in 2017. Mercury is a Number 21 of 2019 concerning the National Action Plan for global pollutant that is toxic, corrosive, persistent and can Mercury Reduction and Elimination (Rencana Aksi Nasional accumulate in a way that is harmful to human health and the Pengurangan dan Penghapusan Merkuri, RAN-PPM). In environment. Mercury occurs naturally in nature and is found addition, the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation in many everyday items and is released into the air, soil and Number P.81/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/10/2019 has also been water from various sources. stipulated for the implementation of the RAN-PPM. Controlling the anthropogenic release of mercury throughout This NAP document supports the implementation and its life cycle is a key factor in determining the obligations achievement of Indonesia’s RAN-PPM targets in the priority under the Convention. The main provisions of the Minamata area of ASGM and further inputs, revisions and updates will Convention include banning new mercury mines, phase- be made to the RAN-PPM, based on the results of further out of existing mines, prohibiting and reducing the use of literature studies and field visits over time. mercury in a number of products and processes, measures to control emissions to the air and release to soil and water The “Development of Minamata Initial Assessment and and regulation of informal artisanal and small-scale gold National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining mining (ASGM). The Minamata Convention also regulates the in Indonesia” has been a collaborative activity between temporary storage and disposal of mercury after it becomes UNEP as the implementing agency in partnership with the waste, and also addresses mercury-contaminated land and Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia health problems (UNEP, no year). (MoEF) as the executing agency with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Basel and Stockholm Conventions The Minamata Convention regulates artisanal and small-scale Regional Centre for Southeast Asia (BSCRC-SEA) have assisted gold mining and processing in which mercury amalgamation MoEF in the implementation of this activity. is used to extract gold from ore: Article 7 and Annex C on ASGM. Article 7 that requires each Party having significant The outcome of this activity has been the development of the artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing within Minamata Initial Assessment (MIA) and the National Action its territory shall take steps to reduce, and where feasible Plan (NAP) for the artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) eliminate, the use of mercury and mercury compounds in, and sector and this has been endorsed by the national government the emissions and releases to the environment of mercury and key stakeholders facilitating early implementation of the from, such mining and processing. Minamata Convention in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the objective of the activity is the early implementation of the Minamata Furthermore, each Party shall notify the Secretariat of the Convention in Indonesia which contributes to the protection Minamata Convention if at any time the Party determines of human health and the environment from the risks posed that artisanal and small-scale gold mining and processing in by unintentional and intentional emissions and releases, its territory is more than insignificant. If ASGM is determined unsound use and management of mercury in Indonesia. to be significant, the Party shall develop and implement a national action plan in accordance with Annex C of the The NAP ASGM document is expected to support the Minamata Convention. implementation and achievement of RAN-PPM targets in ASGM priority area and to provide input if RAN-PPM is to be revised or updated based on the results of literature studies and field visits. 12 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The preparation of the NAP ASGM document involved • Training for Survey Team of Minamata Initial relevant stakeholders as can be seen in Annex I. Data Assessment (MIA) and National Action Plan for and information were collected through desk studies, Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Indonesia, questionnaires, interviews and field visits. The consultation Jakarta, 9 February 2020. and review process with various stakeholders to obtain input • Field surveys to obtain samples and data to ASGM for the NAP ASGM document was carried out through face- locations as follows: to-face meetings, workshops and focus group discussions - Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera as well as through written inputs. Due to the ongoing global Province (October 2020 & March 2021); coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, meetings since - Lebak Regency, Banten Province (November March 2020 have also been held online. Field surveys to ASGM 2020 & March 2021); locations which were originally planned to begin in early 2020 - Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province could only be carried out at the end of 2020. (December 2020 & April 2021); - Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Workshops and meetings as well as field surveys that have Province (March 2021); been carried out for the development of the NAP ASGM - West Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara document are as follows: Province (April 2021); - Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan • Inception Workshop “Development of Minamata Province (June 2021). Initial Assessment and Updating of National Action • Coordination meetings of the BSCRC-SEA reporting Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in team, coordination meetings with the field survey Indonesia,” Jakarta, 4-5 December 2017. team from the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) • Focus Group Discussion “Development of and consultation meetings with the Ministry of Minamata Initial Assessment and Updating of Environment and Forestry. National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Indonesia,” Jakarta, 8 May 2018. • National Steering Committee Meeting “Development of Minamata Initial Assessment and Updating of National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Indonesia, Jakarta, 10 April 2019. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 13 CHAPTER III. NATIONAL OVERVIEW OF ARTISANAL AND SMALL- SCALE GOLD MINING IN INDONESIA

3.1. Previous Experiences in Addressing ASGM The Sustainable Development of Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining in Indonesia Project (2015-2020) or ‘Program Previous and current national projects and initiatives are Emas Rakyat Sejahtera’ (PERS) as it is called in Bahasa Indonesia, discussed in the following sections. was developed by AGC-YTS as a project that aims to improve incomes, health, and the environment of the vulnerable and

3.1.1. Donor-Led Projects in the ASGM Sector marginalized men and women dependent on the artisanal (2000-2020) and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) economy in targeted areas in Indonesia (https://pers.no-hg.org/welcome/). The Global Mercury Project (2002 – 2007) was a multi-country project funded by GEF and implemented by UNIDO which The Global Environment Facility – Global Opportunities focused exclusively on reducing mercury emissions from for Long-term Development of Artisanal and Small-scale ASGM. The project was implemented in 6 (six) countries: Gold Mining (ASGM) Sector (GEF-GOLD): Integrated Sound Brazil, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Lao PDR, and Indonesia. Management of Mercury in Indonesia’s ASGM (ISMIA) project In Indonesia, this project examined both hard rock mining which is part of the global Planet GOLD programme (https:// practices with intensive mercury use in North Sulawesi www.planetgold.org/indonesia) is a partnership between Province and alluvial mining practices in Central Kalimantan UNDP and the Government of Indonesia (GOI) which seeks Province. to address the issue of ASGM formalization in Indonesia. The project aims to support six ASGM communities in Indonesia to In 2011-2013, a collaborative project between USEPA/UNEP/ reduce mercury use by at least 5 metric tonnes/year starting Blacksmith Institute/YTS went on to implement a further in year three (3) of the project, which over the five-year (2018- project in Central Kalimantan Province to mitigate mercury 2023) life-span of the project should result in a mercury emissions from ASGM in Indonesia. release reduction of at least 15 tonnes. In 2013-2015, the GAHP/YTS project focused on action research Reducing Mercury Use and Releases in Indonesia’s ASGM into appropriate technology alternatives to mercury use for Sector: Restrict Supplies and Secure Storage of Mercury is a processing hard rock, leading to the discovery and application relatively new project which is funded by the US Department of the Manado Method, a low-cost gravity concentration of State and implemented by the Biodiversity Research method that captures very fine gold. The project was focused Institute (BRI) and Balifokus. The goal of this project is to in West Sumbawa Regency, in West Nusa Tenggara Province, reduce the supply and availability of mercury in Indonesia. and Banyumas Regency, in Central Java Province.

3.1.2. Aims and Approaches of Donor-Led In 2015, UNEP/YTS conducted a further pilot demonstration Projects in the ASGM Sector project in Pacitan Regency, East Java Province, on mercury- free processing techniques, and wastewater management. Previous donor-led projects have not only performed technical The project also worked on policy analysis and reform by interventions, but have also examined health, environmental, establishing a forum for discussion at the national level, socio-economic, and policy aspects. Some projects have also working with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. considered gender perspectives in their implementation, as A review was done on the implementation of Ministerial shown by activities such as health awareness campaigns that Decree No. 23 of 2008 on the technical guidance to prevent have also framed women and children as the most vulnerable environmental contamination and/or destruction due to target groups. Donor-led projects have had slightly different artisanal gold mining. 14 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA approaches, and each donor has had different regional In 1992-1993, the Government of Indonesia had a programme priorities. Regional selection can be influenced by various funded by the State Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan things, including the areas that have been determined in Belanja Negara, APBN) to reduce mercury releases from ASGM agreements between the Government of Indonesia and by using retort technology. The design of the retort followed donor governments. For example, Central Java Province is the model of retort from ASGM in Brazil. The programme one of the priority target areas in the agreement between the was conducted by Bapedal (Environmental Impact Control Government of Indonesia and DANIDA/ ESP3. Agency) together with the Metal Industries Development Centre, Bandung at locations in 3 (three) provinces namely

3.1.3. GOI-Led Projects in the ASGM Sector Lanut Village (North Sulawesi), Cineam Regency (West Java) and West Kalimantan. The main focus of the programme Responsible Ministries: at the national level, there are 3 (three) was the amalgamation processing which used a lot of drums ministries that play the main role in the management of ASGM (trommels) powered by a diesel generator to crush and grind in Indonesia: The Ministry of Environment and Forestry; the the gold ore mixed with mercury. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; and the Ministry of Health. In addition, it is expected that the Agency for the In 2012, MoE conducted monitoring activities on mercury Assessment and Application of Technology (Badan Pengkajian concentration in ambient air and river flow at Sekotong (West dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT) will provide alternative gold Nusa Tenggara), Dharmasraya (West Sumatera) and Krueng processing techniques that are environmentally friendly. Sabee (Aceh) and river flow, sediment, soil and fish tissue from Kahayan River in Gunung Mas Regency (Central Kalimantan). Ministry of Environment and Forestry The monitoring results carried out by MoE in 2012 for ambient air quality samples and river water for Sekotong, Dharmasraya With support from UNEP, the MoEF (in collaboration with and Krueng Sabee still met the quality standard according to BSCRC-SEA) has taken responsibility for developing the Government Regulation (GR) No. 41 of 1999 for ambient air Minamata Initial Assessment: an inventory of emissions quality and GR No. 82 of 2001 for water quality standard. and mercury releases in Indonesia. The results of the MIA are intended to be used as the reference point for the The analysis results of the samples with significant improvement of the NAP for Mercury Elimination in ASGM concentrations of mercury showed indication of pollution of which is expected to be completed in 2021. MoEF has also the surrounding environment in ASGM areas. Monitoring was conducted other activities, such as performing an inventory also conducted by analyzing mercury content in hair and by of degraded lands resulting from ASGM, with consideration interviewing 171 respondents of gold processors and non- towards the future rehabilitation and remediation of mercury- gold processors around ASGM areas. The hair analysis was contaminated sites. carried out in the laboratory of Chemistry Affiliation, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia In addition to the regulatory sector, the MoEF has also (MoE, 2012). prioritized technological solutions, including the construction of mercury-free gold management facilities at legal ASGM In 2017, MoEF created non-mercury gold processing facilities sites. and performed ASGM surveys in 3 (three) locations. In addition, MoEF built a pilot mercury-free gold processing Bapedal (which became MOE and is now MoEF) has also facility in a small-scale mining area in Lebaksitu Village, Lebak undertaken various activities related to mercury use in ASGM Regency, Banten Province. In 2018, MoEF originally planned long prior to the ratification of the Minamata Convention such to build a pilot mercury-free treatment facility in Paningkaban as introducing technological solutions to reduce mercury Village in Central Java. However, in the end, MoEF elected to vapor and the MOE has long conducted monitoring activities. conduct a pilot for alternative livelihoods instead, together In the 1990s, at the Central Facility for Environmental Pollution with an education center (Kampung Ilmu). The learning center Control, the MOE had conducted mercury monitoring in is expected to provide pathways to alternative employment to Pongkor. gold mining, especially for young people and women. In the same year, a pilot mercury-free treatment facility was built at NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 15 a WPR in Kebonsari Village in East Java and Palu City in Central The above study data is expected to be used by local Sulawesi. MoEF also plans to restore mercury-contaminated governments or party/parties who will meet to formulate land at the former ASGM location in Wamsait Village, Mount effective strategies and thus encourage further remediation. Botak, Buru Regency (MoEF, 2017a). Identification and inventory have been carried out in some In order to implement the RAN-PPM, the Directorate of areas but this has not yet reached 50% of all contaminated Contamination Remediation and Emergency Response on land as many areas are scattered through the landscape. Hazardous Wastes, MoEF, has developed a program and Part of this land is ASGM and some is not ASGM. Considering provided funds to carry out several activities, including: the large cost of excavating, transporting and treatment methodologies, other methodologies are also carried out • Remediation of mercury contaminated land in Ciladaeun by planting plants that can absorb mercury and are not Village, Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency in 2019 with consumption crops, including bamboo and banyan trees. the following implementation results: People are warned not to not consume these plants and not to use them as animal feed. Remediated land area : 3,014 m2 Volume of conaminated soil remediated : 1,720 m3 Currently, there are still several spots of ex-mining land with Weight of contaminated soil remediated : 2,2699.9 tonnes ex-tailings waste with mercury concentrations reaching Method of contaminated soil hundreds of ppm. However, most of the tailing wastes are management : Stabilization/ extracted again for gold using mercury or cyanide, but then solidification and dumped on community lands over an area that is often many then landfilling in PPLI’s landfill facility times greater than the area of the original waste dumps. The concentration is not too high, around > 0.3 ppm-30 ppm, • Development of a study on the remediation of mercury but the amount is estimated to be more than 50% of the contaminated land in Lebak Regency, Banten Province. contaminated land. In 2019, the remediation of contaminated land in Lebak, For this reason, it is necessary to think further about handling Banten was carried out using the methodology of these lands with relatively low mercury concentrations, which excavation, transportation and treatment at a licensed are around tens of ppm but have a large area and are large in hazardous waste treatment service and then landfilled number, given the high costs involved. using standard procedures. The processing cost in 2019 was around IDR 4 million per tonnes including The RAN-PPM targets four contaminated land locations for transportation costs. remediation. These locations are Sekotong, Poboya, Mount Botak (replacing Palu which was hit by disaster) and Lebak • In 2021, a large ex-gold mine was restored in Mandor (already done). District, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. As a green open space, phytoremediation is being applied Baseline Studies by Ministry of Environment and using plants that are not for consumption. To develop Forestry the community’s economy, the context is integrated with tourism and crafts. The Centre for Research and Development for Environmental Quality and Laboratory (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan • Directorate of Remediation of Contamination and Kualitas dan Laboratorium Lingkungan, P3KLL), a unit within Emergency Response of Hazardous Wastes, Ministry the Ministry of Environment and Forestry that is tasked to do of Environment and Forestry has planned to conduct research and development in environmental management, Development of a Feasibility Study Document of Mercury- has undertaken the following activities to implement Perpres Contaminated Land in Mount Botak, Waelata. No. 21 of 2019 concerning the National Action Plan for Mercury Reduction and Elimination. 16 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table 3.1 Activities Conducted by P3KLL in Relation to Perpres No. 21/2019 No. Activity Type Sample Type Year Location Funding 1. Gathering Baseline Data River water, soil 2017 Romang Island, Southwest APBN Maluku Regency, Maluku 2. Gathering Baseline Data Paddy rice soil, water, plants, biota, river 2018 • Sukabumi Regency, West APBN water Java • Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java • Lebak Regency, Banten Province 3. Gathering Baseline Data Air, soil, water, plants, biota, river water, 2018 • Wonogiri Regency, Central APBN hair, blood, socio-economic studies Java • Merangin Regency, Jambi Province • Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatera • West Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan • West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) • East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi • North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi 4. Gathering Baseline Data River water, soil 2018 • Mount Botak, Buru Island, APBN Maluku 5. Gathering Baseline Data Hair, socio-economic study 2019 Sukabumi, West Java APBN 6. Gathering Baseline Data Paddy rice, soil, water, plants, biota, river 2019 • Kulon Progo Regency, DI APBN water Yogyakarta Province, • Pacitan Regency, East Java • East Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi 7. Gathering Baseline Data Paddy rice, soil, water, plants, biota, river 2020 • Bogor Regency, West Java APBN water • Sukabumi Regency, West Java • Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java • Bandung Regency, West Java 8. Gathering Baseline Data Air, soil, water, plants, biota 2020 • Tatelu, North Sulawesi World Bank • Mandor, West Kalimantan • Sekotong, NTB 9. Increasing Institutional - 2020 • Manado UNDP GOLD- Capacity • Gorontalo ISMIA • Pekanbaru • DI Yogyakarta • Mataram • Ternate Source: MoEF, 2020. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 17 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources implementation of non-mercury-based gold processing pilot projects and their management (in collaboration with MoEF, MoEMR, the Sub- During 2014-2016, the MoEMR took some initial steps by National Government and ASGM): Lebak Regency; and (5) Collaborate conducting awareness raising (West Sumbawa Regency and with UNDP and MoEF to support the implementation of the GEF GOLD- Wonogiri Regency), preliminary surveys and sampling (West ISMIA project (BPPT, 2017). Along with the non-mercury ore-processing Sumbawa Regency and Kapuas Hulu Regency), coordination technology, BPPT also recommends integrated waste treatment that meetings (Buru Island), and training on alternative technology complies with the environmental standards. (Banyumas Regency, Lebak Regency and Pacitan Regency) for selected ASGM communities (MoEMR, 2017). 3.1.4. Aims and Approaches of GOI-Led Projects in the ASGM Sector Ministry of Health To date, GOI-led projects have mainly focused on three goals: The MoH has issued Ministerial Regulation No. 57 of 2016 the formalization of target communities; the introduction of concerning the National Action Plan (NAP) of Health Impact mercury-free gold processing techniques; and community Control Due to Mercury Exposure in 2016-2020. This NAP is awareness-raising campaigns on the dangers of mercury. intended to control the risks and impacts of mercury on health Government has also examined the question of how to restrict in the context of eliminating mercury in Indonesia, including the availability of mercury for ASGM - including primary the effects of mercury from the ASGM sector. Through Circular mercury mining and mercury trading and circulation in No. HK.02.02/B.III/2535/2017 concerning the Control of Health Indonesia - as well as related issues: such as the rehabilitation Impacts from Mercury Exposure, the MoH has encouraged the of land damaged by ASGM, mercury storage, and alternative participation of Local Governments in conducting awareness livelihoods. raising, and provided an understanding of the dangers of mercury for health. Meanwhile, to facilitate the implementation In addition to the regulatory sector, the MoEF has also phase, the MoH has published ‘Guidelines for Controlling prioritized technological solutions, including the construction Health Impacts from Mercury Exposure’ and ‘Guidelines for of mercury-free gold management facilities at legal ASGM sites. Controlling Environmental Health Impacts Due to the Use of Mercury in ASGM by Participatory Methods’. Guidelines are During awareness raising activities carried out at various provided for health workers and the public to recognize the ASGM locations, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources dangers of mercury and find ways to prevent it (MoH, 2019). has provided material on the applicable regulations related During April-May 2017, the MoH conducted awareness raising to ASGM formalization and mining best practices, whereas on the impact of mercury on health workers and the public in MoEF (the National Focal Point of the Minamata Convention 18 (eighteen) provinces and 28 (twenty-eight) regencies. on Mercury) has provided material on government programs that show the commitment of the GOI to implementation Agency for the Assessment and Application of of the Minamata Convention. The Ministry of Health has Technology (BPPT) provided material on the impact of mercury on health, and BPPT has provided material on environmentally-friendly gold BPPT has shared responsibility to implement the NAP (2014-2018) on processing techniques. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Mercury Removal in ASGM in Indonesia by carrying out the following Resources has also invited NGOs to share experiences about activities: (1) Construction of laboratories and mineral characterization ASGM projects that are being carried out in other locations. workshops and metallurgical tests; (2) Characterization of gold deposits Government stakeholders have also cooperated in developing in several ASGM locations: Lebak Regency, Banyumas, Pacitan, environmentally friendly gold processing pilots, for example in West Sumbawa, Ketapang (West Kalimantan Province), and Buru Lebak, Banten Province, involving MoEF and BPPT. Island; (3) Non-mercury-based gold processing design and gold processing impact management process design; (4) Support for the 18 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

3.1.5. Donor-Led Research Projects in the ASGM German-Funded Research Projects: In West Nusa Sector (2000-2020) Tenggara province (NTB) the GIZ-RED (Regional Economic Development) program has been developing local handicraft Canadian-Funded Research Projects: From 2015 - 2018, a industries, including the jewellery sector in Mataram. The research project funded by CIRDI provided technical assistance project estimated the total ASGM sector employment in to the Indonesian government at the regency, provincial and Lombok to be 22,446 direct jobs, and that although there national levels to improve the design and implementation of have been many changes to social structures in the affected environmental policies for the ASGM sector. communities, many of these changes have been positive: reflecting increased employment opportunities and incomes Australia-Funded Research Projects: From 2013, the (Krisnayanti & Anderson, 2012a). Australian Government (DFAT) supported three years of research into ASGM in the regency of Bombana through the NGO Initiatives and Research Projects: BaliFokus, a local ‘Government Partnerships for Development of Artisanal and NGO headquartered in Bali and affiliated with IPEN, has Small-scale Mining in Eastern Indonesia’ project. The project conducted a variety of mercury-related programs in recent was a collaboration between Charles Darwin University (CDU), years, focusing mainly on mercury trading, mercury inventory, Australian National University (ANU), Universitas Haluoleo mercury in ASGM, and mercury-free health services, and (UHO – South East Sulawesi), Universitas Nusa Cendana mercury-free dental care. BaliFokus has conducted studies (Undana – West Timor), Environmental Agency of East Nusa on the production of gold from the ASGM sector, mercury Tenggara (Balai Lingkungan Hidup (BLHD) Nusa Tenggara release and inventory, mercury trade and distribution, and Timur) and the Association for Community Miners Indonesia the environmental and health impacts of mercury use. A (APRI). The research project culminated in a conference recent study of environmental impacts on health due to the entitled: “Small-Scale Mining in Indonesia - Minimising harm, use of mercury in ASGM included work in four provinces: maximising benefits” which was held in Jakarta and hosted by Southeast Sulawesi, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and APRI (Hobgen et al., 2016). West Java. Through the Nexus3 Foundation, BaliFokus has studied the health of children affected by mercury-polluted Denmark-Funded Research Projects: Development environments. agencies or bilateral organizations, such as DANIDA and GIZ, have also extended assistance to the GoI to study ASGM The health impact of ASGM activities also received attention issues. In 2014, DANIDA/YTS did a very detailed baseline and from the Medicuss Foundation: an NGO centered in the city of feasibility study in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province, Bandung, consisting mainly of health professionals. Medicuss seeking to introduce alternative practice and technology have conducted health studies at many ASGM locations, to substitute mercury in ASGM. In addition to the technical including in the Sekotong District of West Lombok Regency, side, the study conducted in Jendi Village also examined the Bombana Regency, the Sukabumi Regency and the Mount ASGM in terms of the overall legality surrounding mining Botak site on Buru Island. activities, the nature of the social framework, as well as the main actors and stakeholder groups involved. In terms On November 27, 2015, the Indonesian Community Miners of legality, the study examined the possibility of mining Association (APRI) announced the “Mercury-Free Declaration companies holding IUP collaborating with ASGM. The study Towards the Formalization of Gold Mining in Indonesia” which also produced recommendations that the government and was a highly significant statement regarding the desire to end the mining community in Jendi Village collaborate to develop mercury use in ASGM from the largest community miner’s a mercury-free treatment model for similar ASGM villages in association in Indonesia. Indonesia. The proposed model included the construction of ore-processing facilities to be managed by small-scale mining associations, a health awareness campaign, and monitoring and reporting of the facility constructed. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 19

3.1.6. GoI-Led Research Projects in the ASGM Sector 3.2. Geographic Distribution (2000-2020)

3.2.1. National Overview of ASGM For the ASGM sector, in 2018 the Ministry of Environment and Forestry conducted a mapping of the impact of mercury on Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands, and primary and health, environment and socio-economics in collaboration secondary gold deposits occur in all of the country’s seven with the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and Brawijaya major geographic regions. As a result, artisanal and small-scale University (UB). The study was conducted in Wonogori gold mining (ASGM) is a widespread economic livelihood Regency in Central Java Province, West Kotawaringin Regency activity across the nation. ASGM sites are found in all seven in Central Kalimantan Province, Dharmasraya Regency in West of the major geographical regions of Indonesia: namely, Sumatra Province, Merangin Regency in Jambi Province, North Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Minahasa and East Bolaang Mongondow Regencies in North and Papua. Sulawesi Province, and West Lombok Regency in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Due to the earthquake and tsunami that According to data from the MoEMR in 2017, ASGM locations hit the city of Palu in Central Sulawesi Province in September can be found in 32 provinces and 197 regencies/cities, with 2018, the study planned for Palu was cancelled. an estimated 850 ASGM hotspots spread out throughout (MoEF & UB, 2018). The distribution of ASGM activity locations For the development of the MIA and NAP ASGM documents, in in Indonesia is shown in the figure below. A map of ASGM 2020-2021, MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the survey team conducted distribution can also be seen on the website of Geoportal- inventory, laboratory analysis of environmental samples and ASGM mercury by MoEF at this link: https://sitkb3.menlhk. human biomonitoring activities in 6 (six) ASGM locations go.id/merkuri/index.php. namely in Lebak Regency Banten Province, Tasikmalaya Regency West Java Province, Mandailing Natal Regency North Sumatra Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency North Sulawesi Province, West Sumbawa Regency West Nusa Tenggara Province, and Murung Raya Regency Central Kalimantan Province. Figure 3.1 Distribution of ASGM Activity in Indonesia Source: MoEMR, 2016 20 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA In 2019, a national inventory study identified ASGM sites in 29 The national map below summarizes the level of mercury provinces out of the total of 34 provinces (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, pollution from ASGM in each of the 29 affected provinces; 2019). Moreover, a more detailed geographic breakdown was using a relative scale of impacts that applies three orders also performed at the level of individual regencies and cities. of magnitude to the problems faced, according to the total The results are presented here, together with prioritization quantity of mercury used1 each year, as a result of ASGM of the most important sites based on total mercury used in activities within each province. ASGM. Figure 3.2 Map of National Overview of Mercury Used in ASGM by Province Provinces in red and orange colour are estimated to be mainly primary Provinces in yellow colour are estimated to be only secondary Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019 1 Whereby “mercury used” denotes mercury lost to the environment NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 21

3.2.2. High Priority Provinces 3.2.3. Ranking System The provinces that are shown in red are affected by extreme Rank of Annual Mercury Lost to the Environment levels of mercury pollution, mainly from hard rock mining of per Province primary gold deposits. The provinces that are shown in orange are also heavily affected by the same type of activity, but to a This chart, based on the results of the national inventory, lesser extent. All of the provinces in red and orange are known provides a comparison of the situation in each province and to host primary gold deposits. The provinces shown in red all a relative ranking. Here, we can see that 24 provinces are have high numbers of miners, and high mercury-utilization responsible for 99% of mercury lost to the environment from rates. The provinces shown in yellow have only alluvial and ASGM in Indonesia, as follows. placer mining of secondary gold deposits. Lastly, there are five provinces with no significant ASGM activity. These provinces are DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Bali, Bangka Belitung Islands, and the Riau Islands. 22 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure Figure 3.3Error! No text Estimation of of specified Mercury Usedstyle (Lostin document..1 to the Estimation Environment) in ASGMofbyMercury Province Used (Lost to the Environment) in ASGM by Province Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019 Primary Gold Mining Districts The national inventory study shows that there are primary respective provinces in Annex II. They are also color coded in gold mining districts within 70 regencies and cities in 13 the same way, according to the magnitude of the estimated provinces. These 70 regencies and cities are listed under the mercury used. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 23 Highest Priority Regencies and Cities The ten regencies/cities listed in the chart below have the Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and highest levels of emissions and releases from ASGM and all fall Nusa Tenggara. Only one geographic region is not included, into the Extreme Category: Hg >10 MT per annum. These ‘top and that is because no ASGM sites with high-intensity mercury ten’ regencies are spread across six of the major regions of use have been identified in Papua to date. Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1 Regencies/Cities with Highest Mercury Used in ASGM Figure 3.4 Regencies/Cities with Highest Mercury Used in ASGM Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019 Secondary Gold Mining Districts Ranking by Orders of Magnitude In addition to the 70 regencies and cities listed above, there The national inventory study ranks the 34 provinces from are also 62 regencies and cities with no primary gold mining highest to lowest priority in terms of the total quantity of districts, but having secondary gold mining districts that are mercury that is used (lost) to the environment in the formal mined for alluvial and placer gold. These 62 regencies and and informal ASGM operations. Importantly, this study cities are listed under the respective provinces in Annex II. enables the relative importance of the key gold districts to They are also color coded in the same way, according to the be compared on the basis of the magnitude of their mercury magnitude of the estimated mercury emissions. emissions. The ranking of provinces has been done using 24 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA three ‘Orders of Magnitude’ to separate the categories. • Category 3 = High: there are five provinces in this category, each having mercury emissions and • Category 1 = Extreme: there are thirteen provinces releases from ASGM in the range of 0-1 tonnes per in this category, each having mercury emissions annum. The total quantity of mercury that is lost to and releases from ASGM in the range of 10-100 the environment from ASGM in these five provinces tonnes of per annum. The total quantity of mercury has been estimated to be 3.4 tonnes per annum. lost to the environment from ASGM operations in these thirteen provinces has been estimated to be • Category 4 = Low: this is the least important 301.7 tonnes per annum. category, listing five provinces that do not have any significant ASGM activity. The total mercury • Category 2 = Very High: there are eleven provinces emissions and releases from gold mining can in this category, each having mercury emissions and therefore be said to be low, although there may also releases from ASGM in the range of 1-10 tonnes per be significant mercury pollution in these provinces annum. The total mercury lost to the environment resulting from sources other than artisanal and from ASGM in these further eleven provinces has small-scale gold mining. been estimated to be 40.6 tonnes per annum. Table 3.2 Total Mercury Used (Lost to the Environment) in ASGM by Category Category (1 – 4) No. of Provinces Mercury Use (Lost to the Environment from ASGM) 1 = Extreme Provinces = 13 301.7 (t) of mercury lost per annum 2 = Very High Provinces = 11 40.5 (t) of mercury lost per annum 3 = High Provinces = 5 3.3 (t) of mercury lost per annum 4 = Low Provinces = 5 Not applicable (N/A) Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019

3.3. Mining and Processing ore amalgamation and cyanidation to recover gold. Gold extraction is inefficient, and a high concentration of gold remains

3.3.1. Primary Gold Deposits in the waste after processing. Today, tens-of-thousands of miners extract fine gold from primary ore deposits using mercury Worst Practices in Hard Rock Mining and amalgamation, which has become the most widely used Processing technique, regardless of the type of ore, due to its simplicity and versatility. Worst practices include whole-ore-amalgamation, ASGM throughout Indonesia relies on basic technology and open burning of amalgam, burning of amalgam in residential limited understanding of mining engineering and mineral areas, cyanidation of mercury-contaminated tailings, and tailings extraction. Primary gold deposits are exploited by hand-dug dumping. These worst practices are the norm, rather than the tunnels, with rock carried in sacks from the mine site to the exception, at most hard-rock processing sites, therefore it is processing area. The rock is ground in and subjected to whole- imperative that government can identify successful strategies NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 25 to eliminate these improper practices if they are to enforce the identified the distribution of hard rock mining locations in at current regulations (Haris et al., 2014). The study conducted by least 70 regencies/municipalities in 22 provinces in Indonesia. MoEF and BSCRC-SEA (2019), as part of the Minamata Initial The figures below show some processing techniques from the Assessment and National Action Plan for ASGM in Indonesia, field visit (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). Figure 3.5 Trommels in Operation in Seloto (left) and Lamunga (right) Villages Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Figure 3.6 Burning Gold in a Gembosan (Mandailing Natal Regency) Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 26 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure 3.7 Steps of Gold Processing Using Amalgamation Methods in Mangkahui, Datah Kotou, and Konut Villages (Murung Raya Regency) Hard rock is crushed manually using a hammer or crusher machine. After the rock is smaller in size, the rock is put into a boulder unit, then added a quantity of water and mercury as much as 1000-2000 g, for each trommel with a capacity of 50 kg. After being extracted for 12-24 hours, the amalgam is separated and then squeezed into a bulb-shape. The bullion is “cooked” to obtain precious metal oxides (Au, Ag, Cu). Mercury released from the bullion is captured in a water-box for further reuse (up to 95% efficiency) if retort is used. The precious metal nuggets are then re-cooked in a strong acid solution to separate the elemental gold from the mixture. Once separated, then the gold is burned to become pure gold. The pure gold produced is weighed and then sold Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 27 Further information on Hard Rock Processing The amount of mercury added to the smelting process can and Whole Ore Amalgamation vary according to the type of rock and the experience of the miners. To speed up the crushing and mixing, the trommels Processing of gold with mercury in small-scale gold mining are also filled with a number of steel or tungsten bars/rods (PESK) is still widely carried out, only a small number have that serve to grind the ore. The rotation time of the drum switched to processes that do not use mercury such as the use is also adjusted to the type of rock being processed, if the of cyanide, borax or physical separation by panning (sifting). treated rock is soft/alluvial, it is enough to rotate it for 3-5 This causes mercury to exist in the environment around the hours, while if the rock type is hard, the rotation can be up to activity as the residue of the process or just wasted into the 24 hours. environmental media. After finishing the grinding, the trommels are opened and ASGM or commonly referred to as traditional gold miners the slurry mixture is removed to a container (tub), then the usually carry out their activities using simple equipment, to residues that are still attached to the inside of the drum are look for mining rock or exploration and exploitation using cleaned out by pouring water into the drum using a hose. hoes, crowbars, hammers, shovels and simple conveyances. During this cleaning process, there is excess water runoff The rock obtained will be distributed to a number of miners in and floured mercury is carried out into the tailings collection the group and the owner of the hole/and will also get a share ponds. Some tailings ponds are watertight but some are not according to the initial agreement. so excess water can seep into the ground. The gold processing that uses mercury traditionally uses The next process is to obtain the mercury from the container trommels (gelundung) which is a tool to grind rock to be mixed filled with slurry which is again done by carefully washing with mercury. The sequence of these processes is as follows: the slurry. Once the mercury has been obtained it is carefully squeezed through cloth to obtain a ball of hard mercury-gold 1. Hard Rock Refining Process amalgam within the cloth. Hard rock obtained from mining pits or called ore before being 3. Squeezing Process processed in trommels is refined by means of pounding/ crushing to get a smaller size by manually pounding it using a To separate out the amalgam, the mercury is squeezed hammer or other pounding tool. through a cloth. The squeezing results in the formation of a solid ball of gold amalgam within the cloth while the liquid 2. Amalgamation Process mercury that moves through the cloth is kept and will be reused for the next process. The amalgam usually consists The crushed rock is then put into cylindrical grinding drums/ of an equal ratio of mercury and gold unless much silver is rod-mills (trommels) and a variable quantity of mercury is then also present in the ore. Minor quantities of copper and other added into the grinding drum either at the start of grinding, metals may also be present in the amalgam. or, once a slurry has already been achieved. Different ASGM areas use drums of different sizes. One example is 50 cm long 4. Amalgam Burning and 32 cm in diameter which will be filled with fine rock (ore) with an amount between 9-11 kg and approximately 20 liters Burning of amalgam is then carried out to separate the gold of water. Mercury is added with the aim of binding the gold from the mercury that is still attached. Open burning is usually into an amalgam (the amalgamation process). There are also carried out so that the mercury still contained in the amalgam certain areas that add a handful of cement with the intention will simply evaporate into the air if there is no system to of binding other metals in the soil. capture the mercury vapor such as a steel retort or chimney with a water-box condenser system attached. 28 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Burning amalgam results in a gold product (sponge gold) with The process of cyanidation of mercury-contaminated tailings some impurities as there are still other metal contents such as is as follows: silver or copper. The miner will weigh and sell the sponge gold 1. The mercury-contaminated tailing sludge from the at a gold shop where it will be further purified at the gold shop trommels is collected in a pond; location (Marwiani, n.d). 2. Contaminated tailing sludge is put into sacks to be lifted; 3. Contaminated tailing sludge is put into a leaching vat Cyanidation of Amalgamation Tailings for cyanidation; 4. Waste from the leaching vat is contaminated with both Many gold-ores in Indonesia are characterized as having only mercury and cyanide and pollutes the surrounding fine or very fine gold grain-size distribution and are therefore environment when released. poorly suited to gravity concentration. However, such ores are well-suited to cyanidation. Gold recovery using cyanide can Tailing sludge from the trommels is usually put in sacks be as high as 90% for such ores; compared to initial recovery to facilitate the transport process to cyanide drums. The rates of only 40% using mercury amalgamation. Knowledge cyanidation process is carried out in a large vat and waste in of cyanide’s effectiveness is not new: cyanidation has been the form of water and sludge from the cyanidation process is applied for more than a decade in Indonesian artisanal mining released and pollutes the environment (GOLD-ISMIA, 2020). and this has led to the widespread adoption of cyanidation in leaching tanks (tong) across Indonesia. The environmental There is no mechanism for waste management in Indonesian safety of cyanide is a main concern of the GOLD-ISMIA project ASGM. At the end of the processing cycle, the mine waste (Planet Gold, 2020). (tailings) is discharged to rivers, land, rice paddies or the sea. Heavy metal contaminants in the waste become mobile in the Due to the low efficiency of the mercury amalgamation environment, and transfer to water, plants, fish and seafood process, the waste, also referred to as tailings, from this (Haris et al., 2014). process still contains high gold values, and are therefore usually reprocessed by the owner of the rod-mill a second In Mandailing Natal, the tailings were reprocessed several time or third time using mercury. Following this reprocessing times before being sold to other entrepreneurs for the to obtain residual gold values, the tailings may also be cyanide process. Because mercury is dispersed deeply during purchased and transported for further processing by a the milling process, there are residual microscopic mercury cyanide leaching tank operator. The tailings will contain high grains (called also mercury flour) in the tailings. If there is levels of mercury as a result of the amalgamation of whole ore no containment, the wastewater that is contaminated with in trommels. Cyanide leaching in tailings to which mercury mercury flows directly into the groundwater, into ditches, or has been added without first removing the mercury is one of rivers so that contamination spreads. Estimates of mercury the worst practices because it leads to generation of mercury- lost during this process vary, depending on the amount of cyanide complexes that are highly mobile in the environment mercury poured into each drum, the type and volume of ore and bioavailable. that is processed, how many runs are performed each day, and the worker’s level of experience (Sulaiman, 2015). Cyanide waste is very dangerous if it does not go through several slow stages of waste treatment processing before In NTB province, the tailings slurry is discharged into the area being released into the environment. A special storage around the mine site including into agricultural land such as pond is needed to contain the tailings from the cyanidation rice fields, or further processed at a cyanidation plant. Final process so as not to harm the surrounding environment. If the cyanide leaching of the amalgamation tailings will usually cyanidation is carried out directly, without prior processing recover more gold, before the cyanidation tailings are with mercury, then there will be no mercury contamination in disposed of again to land or water (Krisnayanti, 2018). the cyanidation process. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 29 Direct Cyanidation as an Alternative to Mercury Use continuously for > 2 weeks. The treatment process that produces rich a pregnant solution (containing gold) is Amalgamation can be very inefficient, and the mercury included in a closed-circuit process. The gold-rich water from can cause detrimental effects to public health and the rock leaching is then drained into an activated carbon filter to environment. In fact, BPPT has conducted comparative collect the gold-cyanide compound (AuCN) and then stored studies of processing methods, finding amalgamation to in a holding tank to be pumped back into a tank containing a be only half as effective (41%) as direct cyanidation (82%) pile of gold ore. Other business actors apply the CIL technique when recovering gold from the same primary ores. For this for tailings amalgamation. The treatment process begins by reason, BPPT is now promoting the use of direct cyanidation putting the tailings into a leachate tank and mixing it with a as a viable economic alternative to mercury use in ASGM KCN or NaCN solution, lime, and catalyst for one day. After (Brotokusumo in Hobgen et al., 2016). In North Sulawesi, one day of the leaching process, activated carbon is added Whitehouse et al. (2006) found that a successful shift from to the slurry to absorb gold-cyanide (AuCN) compounds for Hg amalgamation to gravity separation plus cyanidation another day. After the absorption process is complete, the could be accomplished by miners with only a relatively activated carbon is separated from the slurry using a filter and small capital investment and continued use of existing then burned to ashes and melted to obtain gold bullion. The processing equipment. But he also found that more effective slurry that no longer contains activated carbon is channeled tailings management systems still needed to be developed into simple tailings storage tanks built from piles of sacks filled and enforced (Whitehouse et al., 2006). In fact, in some with tailings (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). districts in Indonesia, mercury is gradually being replaced by the direct use of cyanide as the primary gold recovery In December 2018, MoEF granted a small-scale non-mercury technology, and thereby preventing mercury pollution, gold processing facility at the small-scale mining area in WPR although the widespread use of cyanide is also creating new Kampung Sampay, Lebaksitu Village, Lebakgedong District to environmental challenges (Haris et al., 2014). the Lebak Regency government. The facility had a capacity of 1,500 kg gold rock per batch (per one time process) using The environmental safety of the cyanide itself is also one of cyanide for three days through five process stages namely the main concerns of the GOLD-ISMIA project, and BPPT (as comminution, leaching, gold recovery, gold smelting and the technology advisor) have found a technology to destroy waste treatment (Bantennews, 2018). free cyanide in wastewater from the leach concentration of 200 ppm to as low as 1 ppm in four hours. To achieve environmental standards for discharge from ASGM the cyanide concentration in wastewater must be reduced to 0.5 ppm (Planet Gold, 2020). ASGM locations from the Study of MoEF, BSCRC- SEA and Field Survey Team (2021) Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province In Lebaksitu Village, Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, the amalgamated tailings waste is processed by the leaching method using a mixed solution of KCN or NaCN and lime. There are two leaching techniques applied in Lebaksitu Village, namely heap leach (soaking) and carbon in leach (CIL/“tong”). Heap leach is a leaching technique, whereby gold ore that has been crushed and ± 1 cm in size is stacked up to ± 50 cm then doused with a cyanide mixture solution 30 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure 3.8 Example of a Trommel Used in Lebaksitu Village Figure 3.9 Government-assisted Mercury-free Gold Processing Facility Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province One of the tributaries that flow in Karang Layung Village is many trommels where tailings waste flows directly into the the Cikurawet River. With the spread of the trommel locations Citambal River through irrigation canals or drainage. Many in almost all districts, the tailings wastewater flows into the people in the community do not yet have a tailings water Cikurawet tributary, merging with the Citambal River flow. reservoir (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). Apart from the tributary of the Cikurawet River, there are also Figure 3.10 Process of Separating Bullion from Mercury Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 31 Figure 3.11 Cyanidation Equipment Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021

3.3.2. Secondary Gold Deposits Alluvial gold miners generally use large water pumps and high population density, public exposure to mercury gas is a pressure hoses to excavate pits by spraying water jets at soil serious concern (Esdaile & Chalker, 2018). Veiga et al. (2006) surfaces in order to access gravel beds where gold may have estimated that approximately 1-2 grams of mercury is released been deposited. A second water pump is used in the bottom to the environment for each gram of gold produced by alluvial of the pit, to pump the slurry out of the pit, and through a mining of secondary gold deposits. The study conducted by sluice which has been lined with carpet to capture the gold MoEF and BSCRC-SEA (2019), as part of the Minamata Initial particles. When the carpets are cleaned, the heavy mineral Assessment and National Action Plan for ASGM, identified the concentrate that is obtained will then be processed by distribution of alluvial mining locations in at least 64 districts/ adding mercury to collect the gold particles. The mercury- municipalities in 21 provinces in Indonesia. The figure below gold amalgam is usually then brought to a local gold shop shows an example of secondary gold deposits in Tahujan (buyer) where it is burned to release the mercury. Because Ontu River, Murung Raya Regency and Logas Village, Kuantan gold shops are typically located in villages, cities and areas of Sengingi Regency. 32 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure 3.12 ASGM in Secondary Gold Deposits in Tahujan Ontu River, Murung Raya Regency Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Figure 3.13. ASGM in Secondary Gold Deposits in Logas Village, Kuantan Sengingi Regency Source: GOLD-ISMIA, 2019 (https://www.goldismia.org/gallery/photos) NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 33

3.3.3. Cinnabar Deposits checked against a very substantial volume of information now available online, in order to verify the locations provided Indonesia has known cinnabar mining sites not only in the national data sets, and to create a more detailed and in Seram Island (Maluku) but also in West Kalimantan, more comprehensive dataset, based upon the existence of Southeast Sulawesi, and in Aceh. In West Kalimantan recent scientific publications, project reports, site studies, Province (where the local government issued a mercury news reports, articles, websites, video productions, and other trade prohibition in 2007) the regency government issued media. a permit to mine cinnabar in the Kapuas Hulu Regency for a 1,000 ha site, without having any environmental permit Firstly, a geographic analysis was performed to identify all or Environmental Impact Assessment study (Balifokus, of the regencies and cities in Indonesia that have ASGM 2017). The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) activity within their jurisdiction. A total of 132 regencies and has since cooperated with the Directorate General of cities were identified as having ASGM of both primary and Environmental and Forestry Laws Enforcement to close secondary gold deposits that are responsible for the mercury down the sites where mining and processing of cinnabar pollution arising from ASGM. was taking place in three provinces affected: Maluku, West Kalimantan, and Aceh (MoEF, 2017b). In December Secondly, the type of mining was identified for each mining 2017, the police and the military joined forces to curb district. It should be noted that the differentiation between illegal mining of the cinnabar deposits at Mount Hitu in primary gold mining districts and secondary gold mining West Seram, in Maluku province which has been the major districts is a highly important aspect of this study, as can be source of cinnabar production in Indonesia in recent seen in Figure 3.2. This is due to the fact that the quantity of years (MoEF, 2018). It is estimated that domestic mercury mercury lost during the processing of hard rock (primary gold production stemming from cinnabar mining in Seram is mining) is one order of magnitude greater than is lost during approximately 350 tonnes per annum (MoEF & BSCRC- processing of alluvium (secondary gold mining). SEA, 2019). Thirdly, estimates of miner numbers were entered for each

3.4. Baseline Estimates of Mercury Used in ASGM type of mining. Estimates of miner numbers were made based on the information available in locality studies, and by As can be seen in the Table 3.2, mercury used in ASGM activity establishing the number of sub-districts with ASGM activity in in Indonesia has been estimated by the national inventory each regency and city. to be approximately 345.5 metric tonnes per annum (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019). This overall estimate was reached by Fourthly, three multipliers (variables) were applied using applying standardized metrics to all of the sites included in standardized estimates to represent the nation as a whole. the geographic database. This figure is based primarily on the The multipliers used are as follows: magnitude of the releases at a number of very prominent sites 1. The average number of working days per year. In this in the country. study, 300 working days per year is considered to be the national average. The National Inventory study as part of MIA and NAP project 2. The average gold production per miner per working day. conducted by MoEF and BSCRC-SEA (2019) has estimated total In this study, 1 g of gold produced per miner per working gold production from ASGM using mercury to be 53.8 tonnes day is considered to be the national average. per year. This study has used a systematic and comprehensive 3. The average ratio of mercury lost to gold produced (for approach to data collection and collation. The primary data each type of mining). In this study, 10:1 (10 g of Hg lost sets were provided by MoEF and MoEMR. This data was per 1g of Au produced) is considered to be the national average for primary gold mining. And 1.3:1 (1.3 g of Hg lost per 1 g of Au produced) is considered to be the national average for secondary gold mining. 34 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The result of applying these multipliers was the estimated total • Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and quantity of mercury used in ASGM (lost to the environment), Management. Chapter VII of the Law regulates on calculated for each regency/city. Estimation of miner numbers, hazardous substances (B3) and hazardous wastes (B3 gold production and mercury used in ASGM for each province wastes) management. Article 58 states that each person and for each regency/city according to primary gold mining importing into the territory of Indonesia, generating, districts and secondary gold mining districts are shown in the transporting, distributing, storing, using, disposing, tables in Annex II. treating and/or piling B3 is obliged to conduct B3 management. Article 59 obliges each person generating

3.5. Legal and Regulatory Status B3 waste to conduct B3 waste management he/she generates. Law No. 32 of 2009 also obliges each business

3.5.1. Overview of National Laws and Policies and/or activities having major impact to the environment Surrounding ASGM to have an Environmental Impact Assessment (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup, Amdal). National Laws • Law No. 11 of 2020 or the Omnibus Law on Job Creation • ASGM is considered in Law No. 3 of 2020 concerning which was passed on 5 October 2020 revised several laws, Amendments to the Law No 4 of 2009 on Minerals including Law No. 32 of 2009. Several provisions regarding and Coal Mining, GR No. 22 of 2010, and GR No. 23 of Amdal in Law No. 32 of 2009 was revised and provision on 2010 which mandates that all mining activity must obligation to have environmental permits was changed be conducted within an area that has already been into environmental approvals which are integrated with designated for mining purposes. Law No. 3 of 2020 business permits. states that small-scale mining area (WPR) is a part of the mining areas (Wilayah Pertambangan, WP) designated • Law No. 11 of 2017 on Ratification of the Minamata for the artisanal mining. Upon consultation with the the Convention on Mercury. The Minamata Convention put House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia special attention on ASGM as laid out in Article 11. (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, DPR-RI), the Provincial Government designates WPR for determination Government Regulation by the Central Government. Designation of WPR should refer to the provincial or regency spatial plans. • Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and • Law No. 3 of 2020 allows for three different types of Management states that every waste containing mercury permits to be provided to gold miners: namely, a Mining must be environmentally sound managed. GR No. 22 of Business Permit (IUP), a Special Mining Business Permit 2021 also states that every business plan and/or activity (Izin Usaha Petambangan Khusus, IUPK), or a Small-Scale that has an impact on the environment is required to Mining Permit (IPR). Area for 1 (one) IPR which can be have an Amdal, Environmental Management Efforts and granted to individual are maximum 5 (five) hectare or for Environmental Monitoring Efforts (Upaya Pengelolaan cooperative maximum 10 (ten) hectare. IPR is granted for Lingkungan dan Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan, UKL-UPL) a maximum period of 10 (ten) years and can be extended or Statement of Capability in Environmental Management 2 (two) times for 5 (five) years each. Under the law, ASGM and Monitoring (Surat Pernyataan Kesanggupan may be interpreted as a legitimate small-scale mining Pengelolaan dan Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup, SPPL). activity if it is conducted within a small-scale mining area (WPR). In reality, very few ASGM operators hold a mining • Government Regulation No. 74 of 2001 concerning permit. Therefore, almost all ASGM is classified as illegal Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management states that mining activity. mercury is classified as a hazardous and toxic material the use of which must be limited. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 35 Presidential Decrees and Instructions 3.5.2. Overview of the Formalization Process • Presidential Decree No. 21 of 2019 concerning the National Establishing a Small-Scale Mining Area (WPR) Action Plan for Mercury Reduction and Elimination. Here, it is clearly stated that a strategy to reduce and eliminate If an area is designated as a mining area (WP), then a small- mercury must be carried out through the strengthening scale mining area (WPR) may be established within the mining of governmental and non-governmental institutions, area: WP Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) in Province coordination and communication between national RTRW in Regency WPR. Referring to Article 1 number 1 of and sub-national levels, with public and private sector Law No. 3 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Law No. 4 of participation, and by developing information systems 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, Small-Scale Mining and the adoption of environmentally friendly technology. Areas, hereinafter referred to as WPR, are part of a Mining Area Government at sub-national level is required to develop (WP) where people’s mining business activities are carried a Local Action Plan, within a maximum of 1 year after this out. Article 9 Paragraph 2 Law No. 4 of 2009 as amended by regulation is issued, that refers to the National Action Law No. 3 of 2020 states that the WPR is determined by the Plan to Reduce and Eliminate Mercury with assistance Central Government after being designated by the Provincial from the Central Government. (Minister of Environment Local Government in accordance with its authority and in and Forestry Regulation No. P.81/MENLHK/SETJEN/ KUM. consultation with DPR-RI. WPR is intended to provide a space 1/10/2019). for the community to operate a business in the people’s mining sector. • The Presidential Instruction on 9 March 2017 included: (1) mercury use in ASGM should be banned; (2) mercury UNDP is currently collaborating with the Indonesian use should be managed and monitored; (3) control over government through the project GOLD-ISMIA as part of mercury source, including mercury import that is used the global planetGOLD programme to ensure that ASGM in ASGM; and (4) that the general public needs to be governance is improved in order to fulfil community rights in informed about the mercury hazard, especially to children. the mining sector. This is done by ensuring a more equitable regulatory framework at the national level for small- and Ministerial Regulation and Decrees large-scale mining, and assisting mining communities to practice good mining practices. On the formalization aspect, • Minister of Health Regulation No. 57 of 2016 concerning the GOLD-ISMIA project is supporting the establishment of the National Action Plan to Control Health Impacts due WPR and issuance of IPR and Mining Business Permit (IUP) for to Mercury Exposure, 2016-2020, indicates that the costs Special Production Operations (Operasi Produksi Khusus, OPK). needed for implementation of the National Action Plan IUP-OPK for processing and/or refining for miner’s small-scale should be taken from the National Budget, Local Budget, gold or ASGM. On an institutional basis, the miners will be and other legitimate funding sources in accordance with facilitated to organize themselves into miners’ cooperatives. existing regulations. The concept of advocacy based on community rights is aimed at marginalized and/or weak community groups, in order • Minister of Trade Regulation No. 47 of 2019 as the to strengthen their access to social, political and economic Third Amendment to the Trade Minister Regulation resources. Community rights-based advocacy aims to create No. 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 concerning Procurement, development that is fair to all levels of society and give an Distribution, and Control of Hazardous Materials, in order optimal impact on achievement of successful development. to further control the distribution of mercury. On the issue of small-scale mining, there are many instances in which ASGM is facing conflicts with large companies. This is • Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. usually caused by seizure of land and or overlapping activities. 1827K/30/MEM/2018 concerning Implementation Hence, the presence of government is very important to carry Guideline of Best Mining Practices Annex V Implementation out its function as a regulator and facilitator. The government Guideline of Environmental Management in Mineral and needs to ensure that in addition to fulfilling the rights and Coal clearly states that mercury is prohibited to be used in obligations of each party, they also need to ensure there is gold processing and refining. justice for small or weak people to be able to do business in the mining sector. 36 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Obtaining a Small-Scale Mining Permit (IPR) 3.5.3. Determination of a Small-Scale Mining Area IPR is a permit to carry out mining business in a small-scale mining area with a limited area and investment. Referring to Legal Definition Law No. 3 of 2020 which amended Article 67 paragraph 1 and 2 of Law No. 4 of 2009, an IPR is given by the Minister of Energy In Article 1 paragraph 29 of Law No. 4 of 2009, Mining Zone, and Mineral Resources to an individual who is a local resident hereinafter called a “WP,” means a zone that has potential or cooperatives whose members are local residents. In order minerals and/or coal and is not bound by governmental to obtain an IPR, the applicant must submit an application administrative boundaries as part of the national spatial to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. IPR criteria planning. In Article 1 Paragraph 30, Mining Business Area, are based on Article I number 53 of Law No. 3 of 2020 and hereinafter called a “WUP,” means a part of a Mining Zone that Government Regulation No. 23 of 2010. already has data, potential, and/or information about geology available. In Article 1 paragraph 32, “Small-Scale Mining Area,” For small-scale mining, licenses for small-scale business hereinafter called a “WPR,” means a part of a Mining Zone activities that include gold refining can also be obtained by where small-scale mining activities are carried out. application for a Mining Business Permit (IUP) for Special Production Operations (OPK). This is a business license Spatial Planning at Provincial and Regency/City Levels granted for buying, transport, processing, refining and selling mineral commodities. The granting of Small-Scale Mining Areas (WPR) must refer to the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) in the regencies and This refers to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources provinces. In GR No. 21 of 2021 concerning Spatial Planning, No.11 of 2018 concerning Procedures for Granting Areas, it is stated that spatial planning is a system of processes for Licensing and Reporting on Mining Activities. In Article 47 it is spatial planning, space utilization and spatial use control. stated that the IUP-OPK for processing and/or refining of metal Spatial planning includes the preparation and stipulation mineral, non-metal mineral and coal mining commodities can of spatial planning in accordance with the provisions of only be granted to a business entity, therefore cooperatives statutory regulations. The provincial spatial plan is prepared are excluded from the right to process and refine under the by the provincial government and refers to, among other IUP-OPK scheme. With IUP - OPK miners can use machines things, the national spatial plan and becomes a reference with a capacity of more than 25 HP but are obliged to prepare for, among other things, the preparation of the spatial plan an Amdal. for regencies and cities. The spatial planning for regency/city areas is prepared by the regency/city local government and As mentioned in Section 3.5.1, the Omnibus Law on Job refers to, among other things, the spatial planning for the Creation revised the obligation of having environmental national and provincial regions. The preparation of spatial permit for each business and/or activities which is obliged planning for provincial, regency and municipal areas is further to have Amdal or UKL-UPL as stated in Law No. 32 of 2009 regulated in a Ministerial Regulation. to having environmental approval which is integrated into business permit. To further regulate the revision of Law No. 32 3.5.4. Environmental Protection Measures of 2009, GR No. 22 of 2021 was issued. Environmental Documents In GR No. 22 of 2021, every business and/or activity that has an important or insignificant impact on the environment is required to have an environmental approval, as a prerequisite for issuing business permits or government approval. Environmental approval is carried out through the preparation of an Amdal and an Amdal feasibility test or the preparation of a UKL-UPL form and an examination of the UKL-UPL form. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 37 Every business plan and/or activity that has an impact on the 3.6. Leadership and Organization of ASGM at environment is required to have an Amdal, UKL-UPL or SPPL. National and Subnational Levels The person in charge of a business and/or activity that has carried out a business and/or activity prior to the enactment 3.6.1. National Level Stakeholders of this GR and meets the criteria of Article 86 of this GR, is obliged to prepare an Environmental Evaluation Document For the implementation of the Minamata Convention on (Dokumen Evaluasi Lingkungan Hidup, DELH) or Environmental Mercury, there are several laws and government regulations Management Document (Dokumen Pengelolaan Lingkungan that mandate ministries or non-ministerial government Hidup, DPLH). agencies as in the following. Law Enforcement a. Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoFF) According to prevailing laws and regulations in the The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) is the focal environmental sector, supervision of B3 as well as B3 waste point for the Minamata Convention. Law No. 32 of 2009 in including mercury is to be carried out by the supervisor of Article 63 paragraph (1) letter h, as amended by Law No. 11 of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and provincial/ 2020 states that MoEF coordinates and carries out control of regency/city governments. In the mining process, according pollution and/or environmental damage and in paragraph (1) to Law No. 4 of 2009 as amended by Law No. 3 of 2020, the letter k, establishes and implements policies on B3, wastes, as supervision is carried out by mine inspectors. According to well as B3 wastes. In addition, this authority is also regulated Law no. 32 of 2009, in the framework of law enforcement in Government Regulation No. 74 of 2001 and GR No. 22 of against perpetrators of environmental crimes, integrated 2021. law enforcement can be carried out between civil servant investigators, the police and the prosecutor’s office under b. Ministry of Trade (MoT) the coordination of the Minister. In recent years, several law enforcement activities have been carried out in the ASGM The mandate for import, export and product trade activities sector, one example was when the Ministry of Environment is stipulated by Law No. 7 of 2014 concerning Trade. Related and Forestry in collaboration with the local government and to the scope of trade arrangements are described in Article police carried out the closure and prosecution of illegal ASGM 4 of the Law. Several provisions of Law No. 7 of 2014 are on Mount Botak in 2018. amended by Law No. 11 of 2020. For the export and import of mercury, it is mandated by Government Regulation No. 74 of

3.5.5. Changes in Formalization Procedures 2001 in Article 7 paragraph (3) and Article 8 paragraph (3). This mandate is described in detail in MoT Regulation 47/2019. In line with Law No.3 of 2020 which states that WPR is approved by the Central Government on areas designated by c. Ministry of Indsutry (MoI) the Provincial Government upon consultation with DPR-RI, there is also Local Government Law No. 23 of 2014 Article 14 Law No. 3 of 2014 concerning Industry as amended by Law that regulates mining issues. concerning Job Creation accommodates environmental management into a green industry concept that harmonizes In the Law on Job Creation Article 176, Article 402 A is industrial development with the preservation of environmental added to the Law on Local Government which states that functions and provides benefits to society. The Minister of the concurrent division of governmental affairs between Industry prepares and sets green industry standards (Article the central and provincial governments and regency/city 79). Regarding mercury management, in Law No. 11 of 2017 regions as stated in the Annex to Law 23 of 2014 must be read concerning Ratification of the Minamata Convention on and interpreted in accordance with the provisions which is Mercury, it is explained that regulating the use of mercury regulated in the Law on Job Creation. or mercury compounds and controlling mercury emissions is one of the references for the government in preparing green industry standards which contain provisions regarding raw materials, auxiliary materials, energy, production processes, products, enterprise management and waste management. 38 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA d. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MoEMR) Regulation No. 102 of 2018 concerning Budget Classification, the Minister of Finance stipulates the Central Government’s MoEMR’s authority in mineral and coal mining management is B3 waste system development activities as one of the based on Law no. 3 of 2020 which amended Article 6 of Law No. Function Classification Codes in determining the amount 4 of 2009 which includes, among others, establishing national of the budget for environmental functions. The Minister of mineral and coal management plan, national mineral and coal Finance establishes general guidelines and allocations of policy, laws and regulations, national standards, guidelines funds for special allocations in the environmental sector and criteria, conduct mining investigations and research in all each year. With regard to mercury management, the Ministry mining jurisdictions, determine the WP after being determined of Finance is one of the lead agencies within the Indonesia by the provincial government in accordance with their authority National Single Window (INSW) created by the government and in consultation with the DPR-RI, issuing Business Licensing, to streamline the import process, which is a national system providing guidance and supervision to the implementation that allows for single and synchronous submission of data of mineral and coal mining business activities carried out by and information, as well as single decision making to grant holders of Business Licenses, etc. customs permits, and dispensing of goods. Therefore, industries or manufacturers who wish to import B3 from e. Ministry of Health (MoH) abroad must register through INSW. The Minister of Health has a mandate based on Law no. 36 h. Ministry of National Development Planning of 2009 concerning Health, wherein the government, local government and the community must ensure the availability The Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas of a healthy environment that does not pose a bad risk has the task of carrying out government affairs in the field to health. A healthy environment is one that is free from of national development planning to assist the President elements that cause health problems, including hazardous in carrying out the state administration, as regulated in chemicals, polluted water, polluted air, and contaminated Presidential Decree No. 65 of 2015 concerning the Ministry of food (Article 163). National Development Planning. It is expected that Bappenas encourage the preparation of program plans at the MoEF, MoH f. Ministry of Manpower and related ministries to increase human resource capacity, supervision, use of mercury-free technology and handling The Ministry of Manpower has the task of carrying out mercury waste as well as restoring mercury contaminated government affairs in the manpower sector to assist the land, especially in ASGM locations. President in administering the state government, as regulated in Presidential Regulation No. 95 of 2020 concerning the Ministry i. Ministry of Communication and Informatics of Manpower. Article 3 of Law No. 1 of 1970 concerning Work Safety, stipulates conditions for work safety, including providing The related regulation is Presidential Instruction No. 9 of personal protective equipment to workers and obtaining 2015 concerning Public Communication Management. In this harmony between labor, work tools, environment, work Presidential Instruction, the Ministry of Communication and methods and processes. Information can act as a coordinator for the management of national public communications to promote a particular issue. g. Ministry of Finance (MoF) j. Agency for the Assessment and Application of In accordance with the mandate of Article 8, Law No. 17 of Technology (BPPT) 2003 concerning State Finance, one of the duties of the Minister of Finance is to compile a draft of the State Budget BPPT is a non-departmental government institution that is (APBN) and draft changes to the APBN and to approve budget directly responsible to the President, based on the Presidential implementation documents. In the elucidation of Article 11 Decree No. 103 of 2001 concerning Position, Task, Function, paragraph (5), the environment is included in the details of Authority, Organizational Structure and Work Procedures of state expenditure by function. In Annex II, Minister of Finance Non-Departmental Government Institutions which had been amended several times, the last time with the Presidential NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 39 Regulation No. 145 of 2015. BPPT has the task of carrying out the environment, health, agriculture, energy and mineral government duties in the field of assessment and application resources and trade and industry. Furthermore, in the Law of technology in accordance with the provisions of the on Job Creation, several provisions in Law No. 23 of 2014 prevailing laws and regulations. have been amended, among others, regarding the division of concurrent government affairs between the central and BPPT has carried out various activities, including in provincial governments as well as regency/city regions. collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the focal point for the national program, in preparing The Law on Job Creation which amends Article 59 of Law technology designs for non-mercury-based gold processing no. 32 of 2009, in Article 22 states that hazardous waste pilot-scale projects. A non-mercury-based gold processing management must obtain a business license or approval from pilot plant has been built in Lebak Regency, in collaboration the central government or local government. The central with the Lebak Regency government. BPPT has provided government or local governments are obliged to include training and demonstrations on non-mercury gold processing environmental requirements that the B3 waste manager must at several ASGM locations. BPPT plans to make a Detailed comply with in the business license or approval of the central Engineering Design in 4 (four) other ASGM locations to or local government. support the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in building the same pilot plant, and build a non-mercury-based gold As mentioned above, Law no. 3 of 2020 amended Article 9 processing pilot plant in the ASGM group in the Kulon Progo of Law No. 4 of 2009 into a mining area is determined by the Small-Scale Mining Area (WPR), Yogyakarta. Furthermore, central government after being designated by the provincial BPPT and MoEF plan to build non-mercury gold processing local government in accordance with its authority and in facilities in 14 (fourteen) districts. BPPT and its partners have consultation with the Indonesian Parliament. also initiated the establishment of the Indonesian Center for Artisanal Mining (INCAM), which consists of a research and b. Associations technology center and a training center. Mining-related associations in Indonesia include the k. Ministry of Transportation Indonesian Mining Association (IMA) and the Indonesian People Miners Association (APRI). With regard to mercury, The Ministry of Transportation has the authority to issue IMA has made efforts, including approaches to civil servant business licenses in the sector of B3 waste transportation investigators to curb illegal coal and gold mines in Indonesia after receiving recommendations for the transportation of B3 that use hazardous substances such as mercury. APRI’s waste from the Minister of Environment and Forestry (GR No. activities related to mercury include collaborating with 22 of 2021 Article 313). The Minister of Transportation receives the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in surveying and a copy of the report on the implementation of transporting B3 inventorying ex-mining open land throughout Indonesia, waste from the transporter which is submitted to the Minister holding an International People’s Mining Conference of Environment and Forestry (Article 314). in 2016 which was attended by more than 1000 miners and representatives from 10 friendly countries, initiating

3.6.2. Subnational Level Stakeholders (negotiation process) of cooperation with several parties, including universities, tekMIRA Research and Development a. Local Government Center, business associations, banks, and several other private parties. In addition, APRI is also working with tekMIRA and Local governments have the authority to carry out concurrent MoEMR of West Java Province in determining the most optimal government affairs as mandated in Law No. 23 of 2014 processing system with mercury-free and environmentally concerning Local Government which has been amended by friendly technology and equipment to get maximum recovery, Law No. 2 of 2015, Law No. 9 of 2015 and Law concerning which is above 90%. In 2018, APRI has pledged that it will no Job Creation. Concurrent government affairs submitted longer use mercury in gold mining activities. to the regions form the basis for the implementation of regional autonomy. As per Article 12, government affairs which fall under regional authority include, among others, 40 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA c. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) House of Representatives. Thus, in the context of selecting and establishing a new mining area, the central and local Several NGOs in Indonesia are involved in mercury governments must work together to carry out research on management, including BaliFokus, Pure Earth/Blacksmith an area, including an investigation and inventory of gold Institute, Medicuss Foundation, Tambuhak Sinta Foundation resources, and mining exploration. Part of the authority of (YTS) and Artisanal Gold Council (AGC), Mining Advocacy the National Government can be delegated to the Provincial Network (JATAM), Indonesian Forum for the Environment Government. Stakeholders basically consist of four parties: (WALHI), the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) National and Provincial Governments; the Local Government; and Lentera Kartini. the DPR RI; and Mining Entrepreneurs at large, medium, and small scales. d. Universities

3.6.4. Allocation of a Small-Scale Mining Area Various universities in Indonesia have collaborated in capacity (WPR) building and providing knowledge for activities carried out by associations, NGOs, government and local governments Stakeholders include provincial governments, regency/city related to mercury management. Activities carried out include governments, entrepreneurs, and mining communities. Areas research and studies related to mercury, including mapping of authority and responsibility are as follows: the impact of mercury on the environment, and health and socio-economics around the ASGM locations such as that • The most important task is for the provincial government carried out by the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and to submit recommendations regarding the location of Brawijaya University in collaboration with the Ministry of the WPR to the central government for approval by the Environment and Forestry in 2018. This activity was carried Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. out by taking and testing samples in the laboratory as well as interviews and health checks of miners in 8 (eight) ASGM • The Regency/City government must facilitate the process locations to determine the impact of mercury on health and of formalizing the people’s mining business to obtain the environment. an IPR. An IPR may be granted based on an application submitted by local residents, either by individuals, Apart from the government, there has also been cooperation community groups, or cooperatives. The Sub-National between universities and mining-related associations in Government should oversee the implementation of Indonesia, including a collaboration between APRI and the IPR, while the National Government (Mining Inspector) University of Nusa Cendana Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara), is responsible for technical and environmental aspects. Halu Oleo University (Kendari Southeast Sulawesi) and Technical guidance on business, mining techniques Pattimura University (Ambon Maluku). and environmental management is provided by the Directorate General of Mineral and Coal. Based on

3.6.3. Determination of a Mining Area (WP) Article 73 of the Mining Law, the obligations of regency/ city governments are: firstly, to carry out coaching in It is the National Government’s authority to determine mining the mining community; secondly, to be responsible for areas (WP). However, Article 1 number 4 of Law No.3 of 2020 the technical security of the people’s mining business; stipulates that the determination of a mining area may only thirdly, to appoint a mining inspector; fourthly, to record be carried out after the National Government coordinates production results and report these to the minister and with the Provincial Government. This is to be based on governor. data held by both parties, and submitted in writing to the • Mining communities must meet a number of requirements to obtain an IPR, including administrative requirements, technical requirements, and financial requirements. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 41

3.6.5. Spatial Planning Stakeholders as the subnational and national government must first make sure that the area is free from any conflicting issues and has no Stakeholders in spatial planning are as follow: (1) Institutionally, overlapping permits. the provincial government is represented by Public Works and Spatial Planning Office (Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Existing mining communities may propose that a small-scale Ruang, PUPR); (2) city/regency governments (3) companies mining area be established for them, by making a proposal to or investors, especially those who need a business location. the Regent. The legal foundation for this is in Article 24 of Law At the level of regencies and cities, the stakeholders are: (1) No.4/2009 which states: “an area or location where small-scale the regency or city government as represented by the PUPR mining already takes place but is yet to be designated as WPR service; (2) the business world that will operate in the regency/ should have priority to be designated as WPR”. city area; (3) the central government; and (4) the provincial governments. Article 67 paragraph (1) Law No. 4 of 2009 is amended in Law No. 3 of 2020 to be as follows, “IPR is granted by the Minister

3.6.6. Environmental Documents to individuals who are local residents or cooperatives whose members are local residents.” Stakeholder roles and responsibilities are dependent upon the level of paperwork required. Article 68 paragraph (1) of Law No. 4 of 2009 is amended by • For Amdal: (1). Person responsible for business and/or Law No. 3 of 2020 to be: (1) size of area for 1 (one) IPR that may activities. (2). Directly affected communities which include be authorized to individuals shall be at most 5 (five) hectare vulnerable community groups, customary communities or cooperatives shall be at most 10 (ten) hectares; (2) IPR and/or groups of men and women with attention to shall be granted for a period of at most 10 (ten) years and are gender equality. (3) Amdal drafting team. (4). Minister of extendable twice for 5 (five) years each. Environment and Forestry, governors or regents/mayors in accordance with their authority. (5) Environmental The long approval process from the ministry is often a problem Feasibility Test Agency established by the Minister of for the provincial and regency governments, because small- Environment and Forestry (6). Environmental Feasibility scale mining activities will usually continue in the meanwhile. Testing Team established by the Environmental Feasibility However, any mining activities that are carried out outside Test Agency (7). Ministries/non-ministerial government of the WPR are considered illegal. Under these conditions, agencies in charge of the business sector and/or activities it is difficult for the regency and provincial governments to which are required to conduct Amdal. provide guidance or business formalization assistance, as the WPR has not yet been established. Unfortunately, there are • For UKL-UPL: (1). Person responsible for business and/or only a handful of ASGM sites in Indonesia that have satisfied activities. (2) The Minister, governors or regents/mayors in all of the legal requirements above, which are very difficult accordance with their respective authorities. to achieve. Almost all ASGM in Indonesia can therefore be classified as illegal or informal at this time. • For SPPL: (1). Responsible for business and/or activities. (2). The Minister, governors or regents/mayors in accordance 3.6.8. Miners Cooperatives with their respective authorities. The establishment of a miner’s cooperative is the main

3.6.7. Barriers to Formalization requirement for small-scale mining. Cooperatives can be ideal business institutions, as they are protected by government The Mining and Energy Law No. 4 of 2009 states that any kind laws which allow indigenous organizations and leaders of small-scale mining activity must be licensed. However, an to develop the economic resources of the community. IPR can only be granted within an area that has been already been designated as a small-scale mining area (WPR). In reality, very few small-scale mining areas have been established for gold miners, and it is difficult to designate an area as WPR, 42 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Cooperatives run by indigenous peoples should therefore IPR requirements are based on Article no 48 verse (2) of GR be empowered to organize their use of natural, human, and No. 23/2010 which states: “in order to obtain an IPR, the financial resources to build collective strength in accordance applicants should satisfy (a) the administrative requirements, with traditional values (musyawarah dan gotong-royong) such (b) the technical requirements, (c) the financial requirements. as working by consensus and through mutual cooperation To satisfy these three requirements, Article no 3 point (c) of (APRI, 2015). GR No. 23/2010 states: “the administrative requirements as referred to in verse (2) point (a) for a local cooperative, should Access to Financial Resources at least cover the following: (1) an application letter, (2) a tax identification number, (3) a deed of organization with official One of the main management issues faced by indigenous endorsement from relevant authorities, (4) a description of people is the situation in which the utilization of economic the type of commodity to be exploited, and (5) an affidavit resources is done mostly for the benefit of individuals. from the local village officials. As government is supposed to support the interests of communities, it is logical for cooperatives or other Furthermore, the financial requirements should follow community-owned enterprises to exist in order to facilitate the Article no 48 verse (5) of GR No. 23/2010: “the financial their economic independence. There are basically four types requirements as referred to in verse (2) point c should be of financial resources that communities can access to develop provided in a financial report for the previous year, and only a sustainable gold mining business: through a project scheme applies to local cooperatives. with donor funding; through fundraising; through loans, or by way of the Local Government Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan In addition to meeting these requirements, the board dan Belanja Daerah, APBD) or the State Budget (APBN). Public- of the cooperative and its members should have a clear private partnerships can also position indigenous people understanding of and be able to fulfil the obligations after as rights holders, so that they can become shareholders in being granted the license as regulated by Law No. 3 of 2020. enterprises that may generate more financial resources. CSR funding (as regulated in Law No. 40/2007 Chapter V, Article Provisions of Article 70 Law No. 4 of 2009 as amended by Law 74, and Government Regulation No. 47/2012 on CSR, as well No. 3 of 2020 state that IPR holders must: (a) carry out mine as in Government Regulation 93/2010 on Tax Incentives) can activities at the latest 3 (three) months of issue of Small-Scale also be a feasible source of financial resources which will not Mining Permits; (b) comply with laws and regulations in the violate the rights of indigenous communities (APRI, 2015). field of mining occupational safety and health, management of the environment, and meet applicable standards; (c) Requirements to Create a Functional Cooperative manage the environment together with the Minister; (d) pay small-scale mining dues; and (e) submit a report on the Legalization of small-scale mining must follow the stipulations conduct of small-scale mining activities periodically to the in the prevailing laws and regulations, namely (1) social Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. preparation for the indigenous people, (2) establishment of cooperatives, and (3) preparation to complete the IPR Further provisions on procedures for granting Small-Scale requirements. Mining Permits shall be governed by government regulation (Article I number 56 Law No. 3 of 2020). In terms of social preparation, the requirements for forming a cooperative are to ensure that: (1) all members have a strong motivation and objective (2) all members understand the aims and objectives (3) an appropriate business model has been determined by the members, and (4) members agree to pay the capital contribution that allows the cooperative to operate. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 43

3.7. Mercury Trade and Demand Cinnabar Smelting

3.7.1. Mercury Procurement In Sukabumi, in 2016, there were four districts with cinnabar smelters: Parakan Salak; Bojong Genteng; Kelapa Nunggal; and Mercury Imports into Indonesia Parung Kuda. In the village of Kampung Bola (in the Parung Kuda district) there were 30 people that owned cinnabar The UN Comtrade database shows that 2,348 tonnes of smelters. Researchers found that 1.5 tonnes of cinnabar would mercury were exported to Indonesia between 1998 to 2014. yield 600 kg of mercury with a purity of 50-60%. In one village However, the Indonesian UN Comtrade database shows only in Bojong Genteng district alone there were 60 to 70 cinnabar 555 tonnes as having been imported during that period. The smelters (tungku pembakaran). In Parakan Salak district there Ministry of Trade analysed this discrepancy (BPS-Statistics were about 30 cinnabar distilleries operated by local people Indonesia) and found that in 2012 alone, Indonesia imported supported by powerful financiers and individual investors, only 0.99 metric tonnes of mercury, while the Global Trade producing an estimated 36 tonnes of elemental mercury per Information Service (GTIS) data showed the world exported day (Balifokus, 2017). 336 tonnes of mercury to Indonesia. Indonesia first started importing mercury in 1989. Then, from 1989 to 2013, mercury The act of buying, collecting, sending, or doing their own imports grew from 154 to 366 tonnes per annum (Pidani processing by means of distillation carried out by illegal & Mokui, 2017). In 2012, it was estimated that 300 tonnes cinnabar businessmen is very contrary to Law No. 4 of 2009 of mercury entered Indonesia illegally while the imports concerning Mineral and Coal Mining. recognized by the Government of Indonesia only amounted to 2.5 tonnes (DPR-RI, 2017). Cinnabar Trade Prevention Domestic Sources of Mercury Supply On 9 November 2015, the Directorate General of Customs and Excises (DJBC) working with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Cinnabar is the most common source of mercury in nature Resources, Ministry of Finance, and the police, took control of and has been mined for thousands of years (Fritz, Maxson et a shipment of 80 containers filled with illegal minerals, at the al., 2016 as cited in IPEN, 2018). UNEP has noted that “Between Tanjung Priok port in Jakarta. This was the first major action 2011 and 2015, Indonesia and Mexico opened new mercury to prevent mercury exports including cinnabar ore, and the mines, in both cases before they had ratified the Minamata minerals were valued at approximately USD 5.5 million. This Convention,” (Maxson P, n.d). was the biggest case in 2015. The illegal minerals were to be exported to the Netherlands, Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong, Cinnabar Mining India, Singapore and Thailand. Prior to this, in August 2015, Indonesian Customs had also halted 13 tonnes of cinnabar In May 2016, a field team from MoEF collected data at the ore at Tanjung Priok Port that was going to be exported by Mount Tembaga cinnabar mine in Seram through observation 3 companies to Hong Kong and Eritrea. The MoEF officials and in-depth interviews, finding that cinnabar mining had stated that the exporters failed to provide proper paperwork been taking place since December 2012, when there had been on where the cinnabar ore had been mined and could not 3,000 miners, and which number had dropped to 1,900 miners show any permit to mine cinnabar ore (Balifokus, 2017). by March 2016. Most of the miners were immigrants rather than locals. It is estimated that domestic mercury production Although the cinnabar mine was officially closed at the stemming from cinnabar mining in Seram is approximately end of 2017, a shipment of 100 kg of cinnabar was recently 350 tonnes per annum (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019). intercepted by the Yos Sudarso Port Regional Police, in Ambon. A total of 100 kg of neatly wrapped cinnabar ore was transported by an Ambon Post Office car. The ore was planned to be shipped to Bau-bau, in Southeast Sulawasi. The ore was obtained from Luhu Village, Huamual District, West Seram Regency (Muslimin, 2018). 44 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The West Seram Police Criminal Investigation Unit in Maluku 3.7.2. Mercury Trade and Export also secured 170 kilograms of cinnabar in Iha Village, Huamual District, on 6 November 2018. The cinnabar was allegedly Mercury Exports from Indonesia obtained from the Mount Tembaga location although the mine site was closed by the local government in 2017 (Patty, In 2015, Balifokus reported that Indonesia exported 283,767 2018). kg of mercury to 15 countries: namely, China (211kg), Eritrea (3,105 kg), Hongkong (105,053 kg), Malaysia (184 kg), Holland Mercury Trade and Supply in Indonesia (36,896 kg), Papua New Guinea (25 kg), Poland (62 kg), Timor-Leste (450 kg), India (6,417 kg), Singapore (40,828 kg), In 2017, Balifokus published a highly definitive report entitled Vietnam (19,175 kg), Switzerland (63,422 kg), Thailand (24 “Mercury Trade and Supply in Indonesia” in which it lists the kg), Emirates (7,863 kg), and the USA (52 kg). Furthermore, contact details of 71 mercury traders who were found to be Balifokus has reported that in 2015-2016, Indonesia became openly and actively trading mercury online through websites, a mercury exporter (HS code 280540) to some countries, direct selling, delivery services, and online trading platform based on data obtained from the UN Comtrade database by transactions. Cinnabar ore and mercury sales and marketing searching for export notifications that Indonesia reported to were also found to be conducted widely using the popular trading partners in 2015 and 2016 (Balifokus, 2017). B-2-B e-commerce website, social-media platforms such as Alibaba, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram (IPEN, 2018). In 2015-2016, Indonesia became a mercury exporter to some countries, and is now ranked the world’s largest mercury Police Actions on Local Mercury Traders exporter. In 2017, as the mercury export bans in the EU, USA, Colombia and Japan (partial ban) were enforced, the top 5 In 2019, in Sidoarjo, East Java, police disclosed details of illegal major exporters of mercury recorded for 2017 were Mexico, mercury trading that was uncovered by a cyber-patrol team. Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, and India, respectively. In This was because the mercury was mainly being marketed Indonesia, the production of mercury from small- scale and through social media. In addition, the police uncovered illegal cinnabar mining has taken place in Seram Island since processing and refining of cinnabar by a producer from 2012. The cost of locally-produced mercury is about a quarter Southeast Sulawesi. They found purification tools for making of the imported mercury and is sold widely in many ASGM mercury from cinnabar and packaging materials. The cinnabar hotspots (IPEN, 2018). was obtained in Maluku Province, and 500 kg of mercury was made from every 1 tonne of cinnabar ore. This operation had Mercury Prices been running since 2006 (Rinanda, 2019). From 2000 to 2005, the price of mercury was in the range of In Sekotong, it was very easy to find mercury as mercury IDR 1.2 to 1.3 Million rupiah per kilo, while in 2005 until 2010 traders sold it directly at processing locations like ordinary the price of mercury fell to only IDR 0.6 to 0.8 Million per kilo. merchandise. Mercury is now more difficult to obtain because With the decrease in mercury prices, there was an increase of the activities of the “Illegal Mining Task Force” which in the amount of mercury used for mining activities. In 2010, consists of members of the security forces; and because the due to the cinnabar being mined, a significant price reduction government is actively working to cut the mercury supply occurred again, falling into the range of only IDR 0.2 to 0.3 chain. The impact of this tightening has been that mercury Million per kilo (DPR-RI, 2017). prices have increased sharply. Previously the price of one kg of mercury was IDR 550,000, now it is IDR 1.6 million. In addition to curbing the circulation of mercury, the NTB Illegal Gold Mining Handling Task Force also oversees the circulation of fuel oil and cyanide which are suspected of being supplied for the needs of ASGM activities (Rakhman, 2019). NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 45

3.8. Economic Aspects The economic situation in mining and non-mining

3.8.1. Legal Financial Entities communities in Bombana is that the mine workers’ incomes are higher than for the non-mining community. The In Indonesia, financial entities do not commonly provide exploitation of high-quality gold deposits in Indonesia has loans to the ASGM sector as the sector is typified by high and led to an economic boom in the Bombana Regency. However, unmitigated/unmanageable financial risk resulting principally damage to land, agricultural infrastructure, and fisheries has from unproven and/or inconsistent financial returns from caused production levels to decrease, and farmers’ incomes mineral production. This situation has become one of the have dropped dramatically. The higher revenue generated challenges for the Global Opportunities for Long-term in the ASGM sector means that the miners and their families Development – Integrated Sound Management of Mercury now depend on their mining work for the long term, thereby in Indonesia’s Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (GOLD- making it difficult to control both the mining activity and the ISMIA) Project which aims to establish financing lending resultant environmental degradation (Basri et al., 2017). arrangements through which the legalized ASGM miners/ cooperatives can procure/invest in mercury-free processing Based on the results of the study of the impact of mercury equipment. In this context, the project aims to establish on the community’s economy in ASGM locations in North partnerships with finance entities and build their capacity and Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, East Bolaang understanding to develop financial products that would tailor Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province and West to this sector and better assess loan applications from miners Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, ASGM (Planet Gold, 2019). activities in all locations are able to increase the income of miners and create job opportunities and improve the

3.8.2. Economic Benefits of ASGM community’s economy. Conflicts can be reduced because there is institutional interaction, both formal and non-formal, ASGM activities began in the Sekotong District of West in all ASGM locations (MoEF & UB, 2018). Lombok Regency in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) in 2008. Research conducted in two villages found that ASGM ASGM Locations from Studies of MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and contributed to 81.6% of household earnings, and had Field Survey Team (2021) strongly improved both the income earning potential and employment opportunities of the inhabitants (Suhartini et Interview results with respondents working in ASGM locations al., in Hobgen et al., 2016). shows that in Lebakgedong District, Karangjaya District and Lolayan District, miners have income of IDR 1-2 million per In NTB province, Krisnayanti and Anderson conducted month. In Hutabargot District and Taliwang District, majority health and socio-economic surveys with ASGM workers of miners have income of IDR 1-2 million per month and some in Sekotong (Lombok Island) and Taliwang (Sumbawa respondents have income of IDR 2-5 million per month. Island) finding that the overall economic impact of ASGM is positive: leading to jobs, greater income and opportunities The majority of respondents in Murung Raya Regency have an for social development. The ASGM sector in the West average income of IDR 1 million to IDR 2.5 million per month Sumbawa Region was found to have a large migrant worker as workers in the ASGM sector. This amount is sufficient to population, which provides important economic support guarantee to meet the basic needs of the respondents. The to the local community. The average income of the miners income is much higher for those who act as bosses of gold before working in the ASGM was € 2.19/day or less, whereas miners and collectors, which can reach more than IDR 10 their average income as miners was € 31.99/day or more. million per month. The migrant workers stated that they were coming to West Sumbawa Regency to earn more money, and because of In Hutabargot District, Mandailing Natal Regency, North unemployment in their hometown (Krisnayanti et al., 2016). Sumatra Province, the wages earned by miners from mining However, Krisnayanti and Anderson (2013) also concluded activities are quite high. For example, for sack carriers, the that a degraded environment in the ASGM areas of Lombok wages earned for each kilogram of rocks transported are could potentially affect the sustainability of tourism on the valued at IDR 2,000/kg, with an average weight of 60 kg for island, the quality of food produced in ASGM areas, and the health of the mining population. 46 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA each burlap sack. In other words, each stone carrier will get a 3.9. Demographic and Social Information wage of IDR 120,000 for each sack transported. Furthermore, in one day, stone carriers can generally transport the rocks 3.9.1. Estimated Number of Active Gold Miners in three times a round so that in one day, each stone carrier can Indonesia earn IDR 360,000. The value of this wage is quite high when compared to similar professions outside the mining sector. In 2010, BaliFokus estimated that there are 163,710 artisanal and small-scale gold miners in Indonesia. The National Women in Hutabargot District have a similar economic Overview of Indonesian ASGM (2020) estimated this number impact. The women were involved in gold mining activities to be 179,200. This (more recent) estimate of miner numbers as stone breakers. For every 1 kg of rock broken down, female was made based on information available from locality studies, workers can have IDR 1,000. Every day, women who work as and by establishing the number of districts with ASGM activity rock breakers at mining sites can earn IDR 50,000/day. This in each regency and city. But considering that 132 regencies value is well above the average income as a farm worker in have now been identified as having ASGM, the total number the areas around the mine site. of miners could well be higher. The community also gets another economic impact in the form of ‘tax’ money taken from every sack of rock taken from the mining site. For each sack of rock taken, the community quoted the mine managers IDR 20,000/sack. The revenue is used to build facilities and infrastructure for the community, such as schools and public health facilities (MoEF & BSCRC- SEA, 2021). Table 3.3 Number of Miners in National Inventories National Inventory No. of Miners No. of Regencies Avg. per Regency Balifokus (2010) 163,710 76 2,154 miners MoEF & BSCRC-SEA (2020) 179,200 132 1,413 miners Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2020 Currently, the number of women involved in ASGM is 30% of “additional roles” (cook, stone crusher, waste sack washer, the total number of workers in ASGM in Indonesia. Another mercury mixer). Female miners are most directly exposed fact is that women get lower wages even though they work as to mercury which is a major problem for women in ASGM. hard as men and face severe health and safety risks (Ratnawati, Children in ASGM areas have been exposed to mercury since 2021). they were in a woman’s womb (Krisnayanti, 2021). The identification of the current situation regarding women There is currently no nationwide estimation of number of in ASGM is that women are not always identified as miners children involved in ASGM in Indonesia. However, some even though many of them have been doing this work for a research and assessment has been done to estimate the long time. Women as one of the actors in the mining chain are number of children involved at some ASGM locations. For still not recorded, so they rarely get benefits. Women occupy example, it was estimated that 300-350 children worked NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 47 at three gold mining sites in Long Iram District, West Kutai In ASGM locations in Hutabargot Dolok Village, Mandailing Regency, East Kalimantan Province (ILO, 2004a). ILO also Natal Regency and in Bolaang Mongondow Regency, the conducted research in Batu Sopang District and Muara majority of the population consists of miners, processors, and Komam District, Paser Regency and Tering District, West Kutai carriers (men); while stone breaking is the work of women and Regency, East Kalimantan Province on the number of child children. laborers aged 10 to 17 years old. In Batu Sopang and Muara Komam District in 10 sites, there were 17 children working in 3.9.2. Level of knowledge about Environmental illegal mining units. Seven (7) of them are found in the Batu and Health Risks Sopang District and ten in the Muara Komam District. On the other hand, there are 52 children working outside mining Survey results on the perception of gold miners as units. In the Kelian Dalam Village of the Tering District, there respondents regarding the long-term impact of mercury in were 29 children working full time at mining units, and 23 Sekotong, Lombok, showed that 14 respondents (around other children who were seen carrying out additional work 46%) out of the total of 30 respondents interviewed agreed (ILO, 2004b). Observation and interview by Jember University that the use of mercury could cause physical health problems showed that there were 6 (six) children aged 13-17 years old for the miners in the long term. This shows that the mining directly worked at ASGM in Beutong District, Nagan Raya community is quite aware of the dangers of using mercury in Regency, Aceh Province (Sari & Sanova, 2020). gold processing. However, eight respondents (26%) stated that the use of mercury does not affect the physical health of The Indonesian Child Protection Commission in cooperation miners in the long term. In general, the miners who disagreed with Yayasan Emas Artisanal Indonesia (YEAI) and supported were people between the ages of 40 and 60 years and over. by AGC and Global Affairs Canada will conduct mapping Younger miners tend to be more aware of the dangers of using to profile children working in ASGM, with Lentera Kartini mercury because they are more open to new information and as local partner for Central Kalimantan area and Aliansi knowledge (MoEF & UB, 2018). Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) for North Sulawesi area. Initial mapping will be conducted in 3 (three) ASGM locations 3.9.3. Social Ills namely Bukit Harapan Village, East Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, Tetelu Village, North Minahasa There is a recurring rhetoric that informal miners are engaged Regency and Tobongon Village, East Bolaang Mongondow in drugs, and that their ‘hedonic culture’ contributes to a Regency, North Sulawesi Province. Mapping the status of the range of other social ills. However, local discussions in Central children will provide an overview of demographic aspects, Kalimantan with both Dayak and migrant miners identified the education, health, employment, family background and use of mining income to pay for daily living costs, purchasing others as input in fulfilling civil rights, educational rights, and land or a vehicle, building a family house and forming a preventing children from becoming laborers (Coordinating household, or for their children’s schooling. Some miners did Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs, 2020). report that drugs could be used in order to maintain their energy during times when rich gold strikes were identified, According to a recent study by MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the field and work continued through the night. A number of parents survey team in 2021, in Lebaksitu Village, Lebak Regency, gold of young miners also indicated that drugs were an issue in is extracted from ore either by amalgamation or cyanidation ASGM. However, it is not clear that gold miners are making methods. Rocks that have arrived at the gold processing site a highly disproportionate contribution to the province-wide are broken down into smaller sizes manually using a hammer, social ills of drugs, alcohol, gambling and prostitution (Barney, usually done by women and children. The majority of the 2018). diggers in mining are male, and the youngest miners are in their teens. Based on interviews, there are very few female From the SWOT analysis method in the study by MoEF, BSCRC- workers in the mining area. SEA and the field survey team in six ASGM locations in 2021, several important socio-economic issues were identified as can be seen in Annex III.B. 48 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure 3.14. Socio-economic sampling through interview with respondents Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021

3.9.4. Conflicts and Resolutions Between ASGM In Kuantan Singingi Regency, social conflicts were found to Communities and Mining Companies stem from the competing interests between the community and the company. This resulted in a strike by company Cisitu is located within the Halimun-Salak National Park, employees in order to claim their indigenous rights and in in Lebak Regency, in Banten Province. The main economic land disputes between the community and the company. The activities are wet-rice farming, fish ponds, forest-based economic interest of the community was the dominant factor products, and artisanal gold mining. The site is an indigenous in the occurrence of these natural resource management peoples’ territory, located inside a national park, and had conflicts so that even the slightest trigger could lead to a history and conflict with a state-owned gold mining company. wider conflict. Conflict handling in Kuantan Singingi Regency The population of the six Cisitu communities comprises 7,000 was carried out through deliberation for consensus and also people in 1,460 households. Almost 50% of the population is through law enforcement mechanisms (Marta, n.d). involved in gold mining and processing (Medicuss, 2015). In Petapahan Village, Gunung Toar District, Kuantan Singingi The main economic activities in the Bombana regency are Regency, illegal ASGM conflicts often occurred, with both irrigated rice farming, fisheries and gold mining. There are direct and indirect violence resulting from the many more than 10 large mining areas, mostly of alluvial type, some competing interests at the mine site, causing conflict in of which have had conflicts or overlaps within the concession the midst of the village community. Community and NGOs areas of several medium-sized gold mining companies worked together with the government in a collaborative (Medicuss, 2015). approach by providing counseling to workers, entrepreneurs and the community about environmental impacts, as well as A case study in Naga Juang District, Mandailing Natal Regency, the negative impacts of illegal ASGM itself (Zuhri, 2015). North Sumatera Province on conflict resolution between a local ASGM community and a mining company showed that the conflict was generally influenced by competition for management access and the utilization of the gold ores found on Tor Sambung between Naga Juang Disctrict community, Mandailing Natal local government and PT. SMM (Ramadhan et.al, 2014). NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 49 In Bombana, it is the property owner who gives the miners 3.10. Environmental Information the authority to extract the gold under the supervision of the land coordinator, and they will always make an agreement 3.10.1. Impact Mapping on how to divide the profits obtained from the sale of gold. But although the structural work has defined rules, there are The studies conducted by the Bandung Institute of frequent internal conflicts. In workers’ conflicts, a verdict is Technology (ITB) and Brawijaya University (UB) both mapped decided by the landowner with assistance from a local field the impact of mercury on the environment, health, and socio- coordinator. In some cases, conflicts that could potentially economic conditions of communities living around the ASGM lead to riots are handled by the local police. While under this locations. These seven studies all included: (1) Measuring the threat of police intervention, the capital owners and the mine concentration of mercury in mining process wastes (tailings) workers continue to work together, thus creating economic and the natural environment; (2) Analysis of Provisional interdependence (Basri et al., 2017). Tolerable Weekly Intake of Mercury; (3) Measuring the Health of Respondents; (4) Supporting Socio-economic studies. In the province of Central Kalimantan, Barney (2018) finds that while many villagers have taken part in the successive Five of the sites are characterized by hard rock mining resource booms, the majority of profits from large-scale (Wonogiri Regency, Dharmasraya Regency, West Kotawaringin resource development have been transferred out of the Regency, North Minahasa Regency, West Lombok Regency, province. The transition has been too rapid and transformative and East Bolaang Mongondow Regency) and two are mainly for local communities to successfully engage with and adapt alluvial mining districts (Merangin Regency and Dharmasraya to the changes. Unsustainable extraction is also evident, Regency). The study which was originally also to be carried out with the widespread involvement and varied motivations in City of Palu, Central Sulawesi Province had to be cancelled and practices of miners; significant internal tensions within due to the tsunami. communities over regulating mining; accelerating mining- linked ecosystem degradation; and the significant numbers Of the seven study locations, it is only in East Bolaang of migrants drawn from elsewhere in Indonesia into Central Mongondow Regency that the ASGM activities carried out Kalimantan’s new gold-mining rushes. in a WPR with an IPR. The ASGM activities in the other six locations do not take place within a formal WPR area, nor do In Mimika, most conflicts could be resolved by the camp leader. they have a permit. All seven locations are still carrying out Most of the camp leaders are the pioneers of the panning gold processing activities using mercury and this is followed activity in the location. It means almost all camp leaders are by the cyanidation method in 4 (four) of the locations. in the same age category which is between 30-45 years. Camp leaders have privileges and the power to communicate about Mapping was carried out through impact assessments on the issues with terrace owners or site owners. Conflicts in panning environment and human health. The environmental impact sites are divided into two dimensions. The first dimension is assessment was carried out by collecting samples of tailings conflicts within the organizational structure of the panning water, inhaled air, ambient air, river water, sediment, fish, soil, group. The various actors are the site owner, the camp leader, solid waste, plants, biota, drinking water, well water, cyanide and the panners. The hierarchy of power and authority often vat water, and rice. Meanwhile, the health impact assessment creates internal frictions within the panning community. was carried out by collecting urine, hair and blood samples Frictions are manifested in the form of territorial disputes, from adults and children. boundary violations, seizures of sediment, and political struggles to move up to higher levels, such as from Camp In general, highly elevated concentrations of mercury were Leader to Site Owner. The second dimension is conflicts that found in the environment at almost all locations that greatly happen because of ethnic differences (Atma Jaya, 2010). exceeded the safe standards, even in plants growing around ASGM activities in 7 (seven) locations. In rice plant samples taken from 4 (four) locations, the rice grown in 3 locations: namely Wonogiri Regency, Dharmasraya Regency, and North Minahasa Regency, was found to have mercury concentrations above any safe standard. 50 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The study conducted by MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the field Until now, ASGM activities are still ongoing, and mercury is still survey team in 2021 for the development of the MIA and NAP traded illegally in Taliwang District, West Sumbawa Regency. ASGM documents also carried out an inventory, laboratory The concentration of mercury (Hg) in river water did not meet analysis of environmental samples and human biomonitoring the requirements for drinking water, although some could in selected ASGM locations to provide a basic estimate for still be used for agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries. the “Report on ASGM Studies in Indonesia.” The study was The quality of well water, river sediment, and biota were still conducted in Lebak Regency in Banten Province, Tasikmalaya below the TLV and wastewater and tailings sediment in the Regency in West Java Province, Mandailing Natal Regency in traditional mercury treatment process (trommel). However, North Sumatra Province, Bolaang Mongondow Regency in samples of soil, plants, and rice already exceeded the threshold North Sulawesi Province, West Sumbawa Regency in West value. Although the PTWI estimate calculated based on water Nusa Tenggara Province, and Murung Raya Regency in Central intake, rice and biota was still below the TLV, this needs special Kalimantan Province. attention from local governments. Currently, some locations have shifted the use of mercury to cyanide (cyanidation/ In Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, the concentration of watering/soaking vats). The process with this system does not mercury (Hg) in general in the environment in tailings, mud mean that it is free from the threat of environmental damage sediments, and the riverbed had dramatically exceeded the but can cause other adverse impacts to the ecosystem. threshold limit value (TLV) and its levels in plantation soil, garden crops/consumption crops, and local rice. The quality In the ASGM location in the Lolayan District, Bolaang of drinking water was already at the TLV. For surface water, Mongondow Regency, the general concentration of mercury tailings, and wastewater, it was still below the threshold, as (Hg) in the environment in river water, well water and PDAM, was PTWI’s estimate. However, it still needs serious attention and biota were still under TLV. Similarly, in tailings wastewater if the current practice of using Hg continues. in the traditional mercury treatment process (trommel). However, river sediment samples, tailings sediment, soil, In the ASGM location in the Hutabargot District, Mandailing plants, and rice had exceeded the TLV set by the applicable Natal Regency, mercury (Hg) concentrations in general in the rules. Although PTWI’s estimates for water, rice, and biota had environment in river water and well water were still at normal not exceeded TLV, local governments need to be of particular levels, while sediment trommels and soil had greatly exceeded concern in anticipating toxicity. Currently, some locations the threshold limit value (TLV). However, since there was a have diverted mercury into cyanidation. correlation between the distance of gold rock processing activity and Hg levels in well water, the location of the well Until now, mercury is still used in the practice of ASGM in should be the main consideration. Hg metal content in local Murung Raya Regency. In some locations, miners are already food, biota, and rice crops had exceeded TLV. PTWI based on using cyanide (cyanidation barrels, watering, or soaking). total intake for water, biota, and rice was also already above From environmental aspects, the general concentration of TLV, so this condition was very worrying. mercury (Hg) in the environment in the form of river water could no longer be used for drinking water, although it can In the ASGM location in the Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya still be used for other purposes (class II, III, and IV). Total Hg in Regency, the general concentration of mercury (Hg) in the tailings water and tailings sludge, river sediments, river biota, environment in river water and well water was still below and fish was also currently still below the TLV. However, the the threshold limit value (TLV), while for tailings silt and soil total Hg in some plantation soils has shown that the TLV has sediments, it had greatly exceeded. Likewise, the Hg metal been exceeded, as reflected in local consumption crops and content in plantation soil, paddy field soil, food crops, biota, rice (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021) and local rice had exceeded the TLV. PTWI estimates were already worrying. This needs serious attention by the local The summary of Hg concentration in environmental samples government because if the use of Hg metal is still carried out in the ASGM locations in the 6 (six) regencies can be seen in as it is today, it can cause greater damage. the tables below. Further information can be found in Annex III.B. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 51 Table 3.4 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in Lebak Regency Hg Concentration No. Environmental Sample Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.003 mg/L 0.003 mg/L 0.003 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 4.975 mg/kg 3.587 mg/kg 4.281 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 5.897 mg/kg 1.366 mg/kg 3.215 mg/kg 4. River water 0.003 mg/L < 0.0005 mg/L 0.0014 mg/L 5. Garden soil 5.137 mg/kg 1.908 mg/kg 3.3148 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 0.623 mg/kg 0.054 mg/kg 0.2967 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 8. Local rice 0.10 mg/kg 0.10 mg/kg 0.10 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Table 3.5 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in Mandailing Natal Regency Hg levels No Environmental Sample Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.58 mg/L < 0.0002 mg/L 0.14565 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 245 mg/kg 66 mg/kg 139.2 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 0.53 mg/kg 0.27 mg/kg 0.402 mg/kg 4. River water 0.0007 mg/L < 0.0002 mg/L n/a 5. Garden soil 14 mg/kg 0.34 mg/kg 4.5 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 22 mg/kg 0.17 mg/kg 4.633 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water 0.00027 mg/L < 0.0002 mg/L n/a 8. Local rice 0.14 mg/kg 0.12 mg/kg 0.13 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 52 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table 3.6 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in Tasikmalaya Regency Hg levels No Environmental Sample Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.016 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.008 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 6.683 mg/kg 6.683 mg/kg 6.683 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 6.871 mg/kg 1.114 mg/kg 3.011 mg/kg 4. River water 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 5. Garden soil 6.718 mg/kg 1.921 mg/kg 4.3202 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 0.572 mg/kg 0.114 mg/kg 0.3006 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 8. Local rice 0.18 mg/kg 0.18 mg/kg 0.18 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Table 3.7 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in West Sumbawa Regency Hg levels No Environmental Sample Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.0009 mg/L 0.0008 mg/L 0.00083 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 0.27 mg/kg 0.07 mg/kg 0.16250 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 0.24 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg 4. River water 0.004 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.002 mg/L 5. Garden soil 0.41 mg/kg 0.13 mg/kg 0.28 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 0.49 mg/kg 0.01 mg/kg 0.19 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water 0.0004 mg/L 0.0003 mg/L 0.00037 mg/L 8. Local rice 0.07 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg 0.06 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 53 Table 3.8 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in Bolaang Mongondow Regency Hg levels No Environmental Sample Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.0012 mg/L 0.0005 mg/L 0.000925 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 3.278 mg/kg 1.652 mg/kg 2.5215 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 3.211 mg/kg 1.833 mg/kg 2.59725 mg/kg 4. River water 0.001 mg/L < 0.0005 mg/L 0.00086 mg/L 5. Garden soil 2.977 mg/kg 1.764 mg/kg 2.3774 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 0.324 mg/kg 0.118 mg/kg 0.2533 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water 0.0008 mg/L < 0.0005 mg/L n/a mg/L 8. Local rice 0.18 mg/kg 0.16 mg/kg 0.17 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Table 3.9 Hg Concentration in Environmental Samples in Murung Raya Regency Hg levels No Environmental Samples Maximum Minimum Average Concentration Concentration Concentration 1. Tailing wastewater 0.001 mg/L < 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 2. Tailings sediment/mud 0.21 mg/kg 0.03 mg/kg 0.124 mg/kg 3. Riverbed sediments 0.26 mg/kg 0.03 mg/kg 0.1275 mg/kg 4. River water 0.002 mg/L 0.002 mg/L 0.002 mg/L 5. Garden soil 0.37 mg/kg 0.16 mg/kg 0.25 mg/kg 6. Garden/consumption crops 0.29 mg/kg 0.02 mg/kg 0.17 mg/kg 7. Drinking/Well water < 0.001 mg/L < 0.001 mg/L < 0.001 mg/L 8. Local rice 0.16 mg/kg 0.11 mg/kg 0.13 mg/kg Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 54 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

3.10.2. Environmental Degradation Environmental impacts of ASGM include acid mine drainage, widespread deforestation resulting from ASGM, and negative deforestation, soil erosion, river silting, and pollution of soil impacts on soil fertility due to the loss of topsoil from formerly and water with toxic compounds, and this is especially the case productive agricultural or forested land (Sulaiman, 2015). for alluvial mining of secondary gold deposits (Aspinal, 2001). Hydraulic mining operations have high water requirements; The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2018) has received therefore, many sluice operations (dompeng) are located reports from local environmental agencies with regard to sites either in a river, on a riverbank, or adjacent to a small river. contaminated with cyanide and mercury attributed to ASGM Alluvial mining has a major negative impact on rivers due and cinnabar mining as shown in the table below. to accelerated erosion, and suspended sediments which reduce light penetration and oxygen availability in aquatic ecosystems. Landscape-level impacts are also severe, with Table 3.10 Recapitulation of Inventory Data on Mercury-Contaminated Land Estimated Area of Estimated Volume of Location Type of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites Hazardous Wastes Lebak Regency, Banten Province Cyanide & mercury 6,803.71 m2 2,564.65 m3 West Seram Regency, Maluku Province Mercury (from cinnabar mining) 200 ha 150 tonnes North Bolaang Mongondow, North Cyanide & mercury N/A N/A Sulawesi Province North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Cyanide & mercury 7.5 ha N/A Province Gorontalo Province Cyanide & mercury 60 ha N/A Source: Directorate of Contamination Remediation and Hazardous Wastes Emergency Response, MoEF, 2018 Map and Location of Mercury-Contaminated Land Based on the results of the identification and inventory mercury-contaminated land from the ASGM sector covering of land contaminated with hazardous waste, the area of an area of ± 682,000 m2 with an estimated total land area land contaminated with hazardous waste in Indonesia was contaminated with mercury as much as 26,700 tonnes. Of this identified in 2014-2021 as ± 5,200,000 m2. Around 14.94% amount, 2,266.9 tonnes of mercury-contaminated land were of this land is contaminated with B3 waste from non- recovered in Lebak Regency in 2019. The map and location institutional activities (± 777,000 m2) with a waste volume of ± of mercury-contaminated land in Indonesia can be seen in 271,500 tonnes (already managed ± 25,000 tonnes), including Figure 3.15 and Table 3.11. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 55 Figure 3.15 Map of Mercury-contaminated Land in Indonesia Source: Directorate of Remediation of Contamination and Emergency Response of Hazardous Wastes, MoEF, 2021 Table 3.11 Location of Mercury-Contaminated Land in Indonesia No. Province Regency Waste Type Note 1 Central Java Banyumas Regency B416 (tailing), Babakan Village, Gumelar, Report of Local mercury) Enviromental Agency Wonogiri Regency B416 (tailing), Keloran Village, Report of Local mercury) Enviromental Agency 2 DIY Yogyakarta Kulon Progo Regency B416 (tailing), Kalirejo Village, Report of Local mercury) Enviromental Agency 3 Banten Lebak Regency B416 (tailing), A302- Lebaksitu Village Location, FS and DED 7 (mercury sulphide 2017 waste) Cimandiri Village Location, FS dan DED 2017 Cikadu Village Location, FS and DED 2017 Sukasari Village Location, FS and DED 2017 Pasirgombong Village Location, FS and DED 2017 56 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA No. Province Regency Waste Type Note Muncang Village Location, FS and DED 2017 Girimukti Village Location, FS and DED 2017 Ciladaeun Village Location, FS and DED 2018, has been remediated in 2,266.9 tonnes in 2019 4 North Sumatera Mandailing Natal Regency A2268 (mercury), Hutabargot Village Location, Identification B416 (tailing) and Inventory Data 5 Central Kalimantan Gunung Mas Regency A2268 (mercury) Identification and Inventory Data 6 Gorontalo Gorontalo Regency A2268 (mercury) Bumela Village Location, Identification and Inventory Data North Gorontalo Regency A2268 (mercury) West Ilangata Village Location, Identification and Inventory Data 7 North Sulawesi Bolaang Mongondow Regency A2268 (mercury) Identification and Inventory Data Mopuya Village Location, Identification and Inventory Data North Minahasa Regency A2268 (mercury) Tatelu Village Location, Identification and Inventory Data 8 Central Sulawesi Palu City B416 (tailing), Poboya Location, Identification and mercury and cyanide Inventory Data 9 Maluku Buru Regency B416 (tailing), A2268 Mount Botak Location, Delineation Study (mercury) in 2019, FS Study in 2021 10 West Nusa Tenggara West Lombok Regency B416 (tailing), Identification and Inventory Data mercury and cyanide Source: Directorate of Contamination Remediation and Hazardous Wastes Emergency Response, MoEF, 2021

3.10.3. Gaseous Emissions to the Atmosphere Emissions from Amalgam Roasting Gaseous emissions can be hugely reduced through the use of UNDP/UNIDO – Global Mercury Project interventions in simple equipment to prevent the release of mercury during 2006, when local partner Yayasan Tambuhak Sinta (YTS) first the burning process. In the field, miners can use small retorts, introduced mercury condenser technology to gold shops and in residential areas, gold shops can use fume hoods that in the Katingan regency. In 2009, YTS-Blacksmith Institute are fitted with mercury condensers to capture the mercury started to distribute hundreds of retorts to miners and gold gas and prevent it from being released into the air. This has shops in Murung Raya District, Gunung Mas District, Katingan been well demonstrated in Central Kalimantan, where efforts District, Kapuas District, Pulang Pisau District and in the City of to distribute such equipment to miners began with the GEF/ Palangka Raya. This equipment was estimated to have reduced mercury emissions by about 4,750 kg annually in Central NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 57 Kalimantan during 2009-2012 (Blacksmith Insitute & YTS, 3.10.4. Bioaccumulation in the Food Chain 2013). Without the use of retort and condenser technology to prevent emissions, the mercury in the amalgam will be In the Sekotong study area, some fish species from ASGM released directly into the atmosphere. Furthermore, detailed sites had mercury concentrations which were above the scientific studies have shown that once it is released into the maximum permissible mercury concentration for edible fish atmosphere, the mercury can be transported by the air to tissue. The mercury concentration in Pilsbryoconcha exilis a radius of one kilometer from the mine (Kono et al., 2012). tissue was 596 ppb, and it was 721 ppb for Sephia officinalis. Thus, elevated THg concentrations can exist in the vicinity of Furthermore, 50% of the Euthynnus affinis samples had a high ASGM activities, due to the dry deposition of mercury that level of mercury, well above the World Health Organization results from continuous atmospheric fallout (Mallongi et al., (WHO) maximum permissible limit for the sale of fish for 2015). human consumption of 0.5 ppb. Thus, the risks associated with mercury exposure from fish consumption can threaten In locations in the study by MoEF and ITB and UB in 2018, community health (Junaidi, 2019). amalgamation was carried out to recover gold and the results showed that mercury had polluted the air. When compared In 2001, Kambey et al. analyzed whole fish tissues sampled with the exposure to mercury in the ASGM area in Sekotong from an illegal mining region in the Minahasa Peninsula District, ASGM in North Sulawesi experienced the highest of North Sulawesi which contained four times the levels of mercury pollution. Mercury exposure to this environment is mercury recommended by the World Health Organization for known to pollute not only soil and plants, but also the air in consumption restrictions. public areas around gold processing sites. The 2007 GEF-UNIDO-UNDP Global Mercury Project reported Mercury concentrations in the surrounding air in Wonogiri that mercury in fish in Central Kalimantan around the ASGM and Dharmasraya show a measurement of up to 50,000 ng/ site ranged from 0.09 up to 1.6 ppm. Several studies conducted m3, which is 50 times higher than the quality standard set by in Jambi (1997), West Kalimantan (2000), North Sulawesi WHO (1,000 ng/m3). (2002), West Java (2003) and Palu, Central Sulawesi (2008, 2010) have also found high mercury concentrations in the Detection of mercury exposure with concentrations river, soil, and fish, which can affect community and miners’ exceeding the safe threshold value in air, indicates that health. A study conducted by BaliFokus also found mercury in mercury contamination has occurred in Sekotong District, both rice and fish, risking the downstream population’s health West Lombok Regency. as well as that of the community that lives in the area. Mercury in water and sediment in several ASGM sites ranged from 0.6 Emissions from Ball Mills ppm up to 4 ppm which is 600 to 3,000 times higher than the WHO standard of 0.001 ppm (BaliFokus, 2015a). Ismawati et al. (2015) measured the concentration of mercury vapor in Pongkor, West Java, reading the air quality about 15 In 2012, MoE conducted monitoring of mercury concentration m from active ore processing units (trommels) and showing a in fish tissue sample from Kahayan River, Gunung Mas maximum value of 50,380 nanogram/m3, which far exceeded Regency and the result was 1.1 mg/kg, above the limit the safe reference level set by the WHO, which is less than standard according to “Provisional Standard for Mercury in 1,000 nanogram/m3. Furthermore, the average mercury vapor Fish” (Notification for Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan concentration in the village as a whole was 4,150 nanogram/ in July of 1973 as cited in MoE, 2012), which was 0.4 ppm/kg m3. (MoE, 2012). 58 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Ismawati et al. (2015) measured the THg of rice concentrations Regency in order to understand the status of contamination, from ASGM area in Pongkor, West Java with a portable Hg sources and their impacts on human health. They found that vapor analyzer and found that the average THg in rice was mercury concentrations in the sediments along the Wubudu 143 ppb with a minimum value of 101 and a maximum value and Anggrek rivers are already above the tolerable level of 200 ppb, while the Indonesian’s tolerable limit as set by declared safe by the World Health Organization (WHO). They the Decree of the Directorate General of Food and Drugs also found that mercury levels in commonly consumed fish, Surveillance of Indonesia (No. 03725/B/SK/VII/89 dan SNI 01- which were caught in the Sumalata and Anggrek rivers and 2729.1-2006) is 50 ppb. estuaries, had mercury levels above the maximum tolerable limits of the WHO (Arifin et al., 2015). Krisnayanti et al. (2012b) also analyzed samples of paddy-rice grains collected adjacent to the cyanidation tailings ponds, The contamination status of groups of inhabitants who are showing methylmercury concentrations greater than 100 living around the ASGM sites in North Gorontalo (Anggrek ng/g. This is five times above the Chinese permissible level for and Sumalata) and outside the sites (Monano, Kwandang and total mercury in food crops. (Li et al., 2011 cited in Krisnayanti, Tolinggula) is very high, according to HBM levels. (Arifin et al., 2018). 2015). Fish samples taken from around the ASGM locations in The mercury concentrations of the Wubudu river sediments Wonogiri as well as plant samples from around ASGM locations of Sumalata are above the threshold limits set by WHO, and in Wonogiri, Merangin, Dharmasraya, West Waringin City, the distribution is strongly related to the location of ASGM North Minahasa, West Lombok, East Bolaang Mongondow processing sites along the Wubudu riverbanks. The mercury were found to have mercury content that exceeds safe limits concentrations of the Anggrek river sediments are already (MoEF & ITB, 2018; MoEF & UB, 2018). above the threshold limit set by WHO. The mercury levels in commonly consumed fish, which were caught in the Sumalata West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and Anggrek rivers and estuaries, are also reported. The most commonly consumed fish species (Lutjanus synagris and Krisnayanti and Anderson (2014) proved that ASGM activity Ocyurus chrysurus) in the regency have mercury levels above in Sekotong, Lombok and Taliwang, Sumbawa has affected the maximum tolerable limits of the WHO. environmental and human health. In Lombok and Sumbawa, Krisnayanti et al. (2012b) found that ASGM occurs alongside These results suggested that Hg containing wastewater farming, and the agriculture sector is dominated by rice discharged into the Buladu River and the atmospheric fallout production. At many locations, rice paddies can be seen from Hg emission were the major sources of Hg in the areas directly adjacent to amalgamation or cyanidation operations of interest. Consequently, Hg, resulting from Hg released and cyanidation waste is discharged directly into rice paddies from the gold mine that has been operated for 30 years more, which have been informally re-designated as tailings ponds. has gradually accumulated in the aquatic ecosystems of the These ponds were not designated for proper leachate Buladu River and the Sulawesi Sea (Mallongi et al, 2015). containment, and therefore soluble complexed mercury, including mercury cyanide, is free to set in the environment. The village of Buladu is one of the major ASGM gold mining The tailings sampled all exceeded the maximum permissible districts in Gorontalo Province, and is surrounded by the concentration for mercury in soil set by the Indonesian Celebes Sea in the North, Deme I Village in the East, the Government (20 mg/kg). Boalemo District in the South, and Wubudu Village in the West. In his study of the Buladu gold mining district, Mallongi North Gorontalo found highly elevated THg concentrations in water, sediment, shellfish and fish in the aquatic habitats near and adjacent In 2015, Arifin et al. determined mercury concentrations in to the processing area. He concludes that the accumulation the environment (river sediments and fish) and in the hair of of THg in the aquatic habitat is the primary environmental artisanal gold miners and inhabitants of the North Gorontalo and human health concern due to its potential impact to the environment and the human population surrounding the gold mine. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 59 In the study area, local people consume shellfish and fish as Mining activities generate waste containing heavy metals the main source of protein daily and the average daily intake such as mercury (Hg) to contaminate the environment, and for the adult in the region is 350 g shellfish per week and tuna ultimately affect the biota (living organisms). Increasingly fish 700 g per week. Mallongi has found that, in comparison heavy metal pollution causes public unrest because of the with other foods, tuna in the Sulawesi Sea have accumulated issues that have occurred in Buyat Bolaang Regency of North a high elevated concentration of THg as all values for tuna in Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. On the report of research his sample study exceeded the PTWI guideline. carried out by the environmental agency of North Gorontalo regency that traditionally gold miners are indicated mercury The PTWI recommended by JECFA up to the 89th JECFA (June poisoning. 2020) for mercury is 4 μg/kg bw and for methyl mercury it is 1.6 μg/kg bw (WHO, 2020). Although concentrations of mercury may be very low, the methyl mercury accumulation processes in living things will Furthermore, almost all of the fish samples from the stations in continue and enter into the food webs harmful to human the Sulawesi Sea exceeded the Indonesian National Standard health. guidelines for human consumption (0.5 mg/kg) and the WHO recommended limit for vulnerable groups (0.2 mg/kg). The bigger the fish size, the higher the Hg concentration in tuna ASGM locations from the Study by MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and fish. Field Survey Team (2021) This indicates that those people who consume such fish The summary of Hg concentration in fish and biota samples in in the area of concern might be exposed to health risks. the ASGM locations in the 6 (six) regencies can be seen in the Furthermore, all of the aquatic contaminated food sources table below. Further information can be found in Annex III.B. that are consumed by local people are also traded to other provinces. Table 3.12 Hg concentration in Fish and Biota in ASGM Locations in 6 (Six) Regencies Hg in fish and biota No Location (Regency) Maximum Minimum Concentration Average Concentration Concentration (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 1. Lebak 0.383 0.015 0.175 2. Mandailing Natal 6.20 0.22 1.43 3. Tasikmalaya 0.542 0.025 0.193 4. West Sumbawa 0.44 0.04 0.21 5. Bolaang Mongondow 0.332 0.025 0.124 6. Murung Raya 0.28 0.11 0.18 Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Note: BPOM Regulation No. 5/2018: Hg in fish 0.50 mg/kg 60 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

3.11. Health Information A study by Lestarisa (2010) showed that the release of mercury to river water affected the health of miners and the

3.11.1. Exposure Through Air community who used the river as a source of drinking water. The percentage of miners who participated in the study who The Municipality of Palu suffered from mercury poisoning was found to be 80.5%. Symptoms included malaise, headache, shivering/chills, and In Sulawesi, Nakazawa et al. assessed the human health risk stiff joints (Lestarisa, 2010). due to Hg (0) exposure among the general population of the city of Palu, the capital of Central Sulawesi. The area around the city has more than 60 t of gold reserves, and the nearby 3.11.3. Exposure Through Food Poboya area is the most active gold-mining site in Indonesia. The results show that 93% of the sample population overall Cisitu is a small-scale gold mining village in Java. Mercury is at risk of mercury toxicity that could lead to damage to the (Hg) is used to extract gold from ore: heavily polluting air, central nervous system in the city’s population, due to chronic soil, fish and wet rice fields. Rice in Cisitu is burdened with exposure (Nakazawa et al., 2016). mercury. The main staple food of the inhabitants of Cisitu is this polluted rice. Medical examinations were performed of 18 Bombana Regency people with typical signs and symptoms of chronic mercury intoxication (excessive salivation, sleep disturbances, tremor, In the Bombana Regency, the mining sites are spread out in ataxia, pathological coordination tests, proteinuria). Mercury more than 10 sites, are mostly of the alluvial type, and have levels in urine were increased in eight patients (>7 µg Hg/L had conflicts or overlap within the concession areas of several urine) and all 18 patients had increased levels in their hair (>1 medium-sized gold mining companies. The total population µg Hg/g hair). 15 out of the 18 patients exhibited multiple of the ASGM sites in Bombana is about 50,000 people spread symptoms of mercury intoxication and had highly elevated out in several districts. A team from Medicuss measured the levels of mercury in their specimens. These patients were mercury concentration in the ambient air around the houses classified as intoxicated. In Cisitu, rice fields are irrigated with of the people suspected to be ill, by using a portable mercury mercury-contaminated water and villagers consume only vapor analyzer RA-915+. The results varied from place to place. local food, especially mercury-contaminated rice. Villagers The lowest mercury reading was 28 nanograms/m3 in one of were concerned that the severe diseases they observed in the houses of a child suspected to be afflicted with mercury the community might be related to their mining activities, poisoning and 41,000 nanograms/m3 in a gold shop. The safe including high mercury exposure. Severe neurological level and reference guidance of WHO and the US Department symptoms and increased levels of mercury in urine and hair Health and Human Services are below 1,000 nanograms/ support were found to be caused by exposure to inorganic m3. Guidance for mercury concentration is that between mercury in air, and the consumption of mercury-contaminated 1,000 to 10,000 nanogram/m3 – people should prepare for fish and rice (Bose O’Reilly et al., 2016). evacuation, while with concentrations of mercury vapor > 10,000 nanogram/m3, people should be evacuated (Medicuss 3.11.4. General Health Status of ASGM Foundation and BaliFokus Foundation, 2015). Communities

3.11.2. Exposure Through Water Community Exposure In mining areas in Indonesia, cheap mercury has led to Mercury use in ASGM and the high levels of environmental severe exposures, reportedly causing birth defects and pollution were also found to have had a serious impact other detrimental health effects, with mercury in water and on public health. In Wonogiri Regency, 60% of the total sediment at ASGM sites stated to be 600 to 3,000 times the respondents were categorized as having moderate poisoning WHO standard (Ismawati, 2016 cited in Spiegel, 2017). and around 14% -29% were in the severe poisoning category. Severe poisoning was also found in Merangin District (8%), NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 61 Dharmasraya District (2.21%-9.29%) and West Kotawaringin • Out of 270 people studied (who all came from ASGM District (2.6%). Meanwhile, moderate poisoning was also villages in Sekotong in West Lombok Regency for a free recorded in Merangin District (14%-38%), Dharmasraya health check provided by BaliFokus) the results showed District (10.56% -13.42%), and West Kotawaringin Regency that 11% had symptoms of mercury intoxication (25.71%) (MoEF & ITB, 2018). (BaliFokus, 2015b). Mercury levels in the hair of 50 ASGM residents and miners • Medicuss found that 37 out of 140 residents (26.4%) from Tanoyan, Tobongon, and Kotamobagu city have been coming from the villages of Situmulya and Kujangsari in reported. The mean mercury level is about 5 ppm. The highest Cisitu in Lebak Regency (who sought treatment during rates were found in female miners and teenagers in Tanoyan. activities carried out by Medicuss in collaboration Based on the neurological assessment on several inhabitants with BaliFokus) were affected by mercury intoxication. and gold miners, nine symptoms were dominantly observed In addition, they found that the impact of mercury among miners than inhabitants from 12 neurological intoxication generally arose only several years after symptoms, including bluish gum color, stiffness and ataxia, exposure, when most workers had already gone back irregular eye movements, field of vision, and tremors. Babinski to their hometown (Medicuss Group & BaliFokus reflex, labial reflex and salivation and dysarthria, were less Foundation, 2014). frequently observed (Arifin et al., 2020). Elevated Levels in Hair, Urine and Blood Samples Medical Studies in ASGM Community In their study of mercury intoxication of ASGM communities The following results were reported by the Indonesian NGO’s in Sekotong, Ekawanti and Krisnayanti (2015) concluded Medicuss and BaliFokus following a health survey conducted that after five years of constant exposure, both miners at ASGM sites: and non-miners showed proteinuria and low hemoglobin • Medicuss found suspected mercury-intoxicated victims and hematocrit concentrations due to chronic mercury in all three ASGM locations studied: namely, Bombana, intoxication as indicated by high urinary and hair mercury Sekotong, and Cisitu. Severe physical problems were levels in which 61% of the miner’s urine and 81% of the miner’s noted in 28 children, including seizures, heavy salivation, hair content Hg were at ‘alert’ and ‘high’ levels. All participants congenital cataract, skin eruption, vision disorder, (100 people) in the study were directly exposed to mercury, congenital deformities, deafness, impaired renal either as workers (miners) or as family members (non-miners) function, upper motor neuron disorder, hydrocephalus, living in the contaminated atmosphere, including children delayed development, synostosis, muscle weakness, that had direct contact with mercury from mercury panning permanent shortening of muscles or joints, finger after school and/or standing in close proximity to burning deformities, vitiligo, partial paralysis, ear malformation, processes. Most of the women were of reproductive age, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and skin rashes. A few of these which means that their pregnancies were also at risk, as children lived in a neighborhood where the ambient air mercury affects intra-uterine growth development, especially mercury level reached up to 21,985 ng/m3 around their brain development (Krisnayanti, 2018). houses (Medicuss, 2015). Bose-O’Reilly et al. (2016) found miners in Cisitu, West Java • Some mothers admitted that during their pregnancy, to be intoxicated, showing both the typical mercury-related they stayed at home and helped their husbands taking symptoms such as ataxia, tremor and coordination problems, care of the rod-mill operation. Almost every house in as well as having elevated levels of mercury in the urine and the Pangkal Jaya Village, Bogor Regency, has at least hair samples. Results from hair analyses showed the examined one sick family member (child or adult) with health miners exceeded the alert level of 1 mg/g, and five of them problems (Ismawati et al., 2015). had Hg concentrations above the action level of 5 mg/g with a maximum of 25 mg/g. 62 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The health test results showed that there had been mercury HBM score analysis was already at the moderate level in exposure in hair and nail samples of the majority of miners Lebakgedong District, moderate to high level in Karangjaya at ASGM locations in North Minahasa District, North Sulawesi District, high level in Hutabargot District, alert level in Province; East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Taliwang District and chronic level in Lolayan District. Province and West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Exposure to hair and nails indicates long-term In Murung Raya Regency, the Hg levels in the respondents’ exposure, while from blood and urine samples it is known that nails and hair were still below the TLV, but several individuals several miners have been exposed. The human biomonitoring had shown very high Hg levels in the urine, which reflected a (HBM) test in Sekotong District showed that around 44% disorder in their kidneys. Although PTWI estimates for water, of respondents had moderate to high levels of mercury rice, and biota had not exceeded the TLV, this needs special poisoning. In the ASGM location, North Sulawesi Province attention from local government. Moreover, the HBM medical showed levels of mercury exposure, where the majority was score was in the medium category, and some individuals fell low intensity (MoEF & UB, 2018). in the high category. ASGM locations from the Study of MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and Considering that mercury can accumulate and that some Field Survey Team (2021) respondents have high mercury concentration in their nail, hair and urine, in addition to some samples of plants, rice In Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, the Hg levels in the and biota that have exceeded the TLV, particular concern nails, hair and urine of respondents were generally still below is needed for the health of the community with the high threshold value. In the ASGM location in the Hutabargot mercury concentration. (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). District, Mandailing Natal Regency and Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, the Hg levels in the nails, hair, and urine The summary of Hg concentration in nail, hair and urine of respondents were generally close to the threshold and samples from respondents in the ASGM locations in the 6 (six) some even exceeded it. In Taliwang District, West Sumbawa regencies can be seen in the tables below. Further information Regency and Lolayan District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, can be found in Annex III.B. the Hg levels in the nails, hair, and urine of the respondents were generally still below the threshold but there was one in Taliwang District and some in Lolayan District that exceeded it. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 63 Table 3.13 Hg concentration in Nail in ASGM Locations in 6 (Six) Regencies Hg in Nail Tissue Maximum Minimum Average Location No Concentration (Regency) Conc. Age Conc. (mg/kg) Gender Age Profession (mg/ Gender (year) Profession (mg/kg) kg) 1. Lebak 0.782 M 76 Miner 0.054 F 32 Farmer 0.238 2. Mandailing -F - 60 Rock 2.700 0.340 F 25 None 1.445 Natal -F - 25 breaker 3. Not a Not a Tasikmalaya 0.451 M 19 0.022 M 9 0.248 miner miner 4. West -M - 35 - Miner

0.34 M 32 Miner 0.04 0.16 Sumbawa -M - 52 - Miner - Not a Bolaang Not a -M - 16 5. 0.101 F 71 0.011 miner 0.043 Mongondow miner -M - 17 - Miner Child, Not a 6. Murung Raya 0.16 F 48 0.01 F, M 4-62 Miner, not 0.03 miner a miner Note: Quality Standards WHO & UNEP 2008 Hg in nails 1.6 µg/g (= 1.6 mg/kg) Table 3.14 Hg concentration in Hair in ASGM Locations in 6 (Six) Regencies Hg in Hair Samples Location Maximum Minimum Average No (Regency) Concentration Conc. Age Conc. Age Gender Profession Gender Profession (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (year) (mg/kg) (Year) Village 1. Lebak 1.122 M 76 Miner 0.154 M 23 0.424 staff None, Rock Mandailing 2. 2.015 F 45 Miner < 0.500 F, M 12-60 breaker, - Natal Miner 3. Tasikmalaya 0.623 M 62 Miner 0.061 M 9 Not a miner 0.425 West 4. 0.29 F 28 Farmer 0.05 M 30 Miner 0.19 Sumbawa Bolaang Not a 5. 0.897 F 71 0.115 M 16 Not a miner 0.359 Mongondow miner Murung Not a -F - 27 Miner 6. 0.42 F 48 0.01 0.07 Raya miner -F -4 Child Note: Quality Standards WHO & UNEP 2008 Hg in hairs 2 µg/g (= 2 mg/kg) 64 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table 3.15 Hg concentration in Urine in ASGM Locations in 6 (Six) Regencies Hg in Urine Location Maximum Minimum Average No Concentration (Regency) Concentration Age Concentration Age (µg/g creatinine) Gender Profession Gender Profession (µg/g creatinine) (Year) (µg/g creatinine) (Year) -M 6 - Child 1. Lebak 6.41 M 32 Miner 0.13 1.41 -M 10 - Child Mandailing Student/ 2. 7.23 F 49 Rock breaker 0.04 F 4 2.41 Natal child 3. Tasikmalaya 3.53 F 12 Child 0.01 M 12 Child 0.56 West 4. 6.67 M 32 Miner 0.08 M 44 Miner 1.08 Sumbawa Bolaang 5. 6.94 M 48 Miner 2.37 M 40 Miner 4.90 Mongondow Murung - 100.0 -F - 26 - Miner 6. 1.1 M 5 Child 8.85 Raya - 60.0 -M -9 - Child Note: Quality Standards WHO & UNEP 2008: 5 µg Hg /g creatinine Interviews with residents of Lebakgedong District who are In Hutabargot District, Mandailing Natal Regency, interviews active in using the amalgamation method, revealed that some revealed that some of the common direct impacts felt by the residents had respiratory problems, especially those who community were an increase in skin diseases (itching) after burned gold amalgam. The slow growth of nails and hair is using river water that had been affected by gold processing experienced by active workers. waste. This has led to an agreement in the community that prohibits gold processing (trommels) from being carried out in the mountains near the mining pit which is near the river upstream. Another impact that is felt by men who are exposed to direct contact with mercury is the slowing of finger nail growth. From another story, a case was reported of the birth of a deformed baby (born without legs) in Hutabargot Village. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 65 Figure 3.16. Health Examination and Collection of Urine, Nails, Hair Samples, and HBM Data of Respondents Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021 Healthcare facilities are relatively lacking in Karangjaya several studies on public health problems related to mercury District, Tasikmalaya Regency. There is only 1 public health exposure have been performed with ASGM communities: center for 12,520 residents. There is only one hospital in West • In Bogor Regency, West Java, there was an increase Sumbawa Regency, located in Taliwang District. Although the in mercury metal levels in the hair samples of ASGM number of polyclinics and public health center is inadequate, workers, exceeding the normal mercury levels set by WHO the numbers of auxiliary public health centers and pharmacies (Sumantri et al., 2004). are adequate. • In Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan, samples Healthcare facilities in the form of public health centers are taken from ASGM workers (as well as mercury levels in adequate in Lolayan District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, air, water and environmental biomarkers) all exceeded although there are no hospitals, maternity hospitals and the WHO standards for settlements (1.0-2.0 mg/m3) and pharmacies. In particular, there are no maternity hospitals workplaces (0.05 mg/m3) (Inswiasri, 2001). and polyclinics in all of Murung Raya Regency, but only one hospital, which is in Murung District. Regarding the availability • In Central Sulawesi Province, mercury levels in children’s of other health facilities, the population of Murung District on hair were above the threshold value and there was a average received fewer facilities, on the contrary with Tanah correlation between mercury levels in hair samples and Siang District (MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2021). low learning achievement in the junior high school (Sarna et al., 2014).

3.11.5. Studies of ASGM Communities, Issues and Approaches by Ministry of Health • In Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, average levels of mercury in blood samples were above the toxic threshold Studies of ASGM Communities by Ministry of Health set by USEPA for ASGM workers (Aryani et al., 2013). Through the Health Research and Development Agency and the Center for Environmental Health Engineering, the Ministry of Health has conducted a series of studies on levels of mercury in the environment in several regions of Indonesia and has found especially high levels of environmental mercury pollution around ASGM sites (Inswiasri, 2001). In addition, 66 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA ASGM Issues and Approaches Emissions to air from burning amalgam take place primarily in populated areas and are difficult to prevent as can easily Regarding the Minister of Health’s Regulation No. 57 of 2016 be hidden from view. Moving gold trading and amalgam concerning the National Action Plan for Controlling Health burning businesses to non-residential areas can limit impacts, Impacts from Mercury Exposure in 2016-2020, and based especially if retorts or condenser technology is made freely on the Ministry of Environment’s national data collection in available. Immediate technical interventions are the number 2014, it has been noted that the greatest quantity of mercury one priority action. emissions results from the ASGM sector, in accordance with global data (US EPA/Environmental Protection Agency, Training Miner Communities in Better Practices 2015) which shows that ASGM activities contribute greatly to mercury pollution. Thus, the Ministry of Health recognizes Indonesia has a well-regulated large-scale gold-mining that public health impacts from mercury are inseparable from sector, but also an extensive artisanal gold-mining sector environmental pollution. which operates in a vacuum of health and environmental safety protocols. A more sustainable ASGM is threatened by With regard to ASGM, the Ministry of Health has highlighted poor mining infrastructure, inefficient processing technology, the following concerns: and an absence of waste management. Various attempts • the lack of law enforcement regarding the illegal trade of to control ASGM have been attempted, but international mercury and its use; experience has shown that education, rather than the use of force or formalization campaigns, is the most effective route • the lack of concern among some stakeholders due to a (Haris et al., 2014). general lack of understanding and knowledge about the dangers of mercury; The main environmental issue identified by Dr. Telmer and Freeport Indonesia is the potential use of mercury to obtain • the existence of various different regional policies on gold in illegal ASGM. Freeport Indonesia has implemented ASGM due to the regional autonomy system; a number of proposals to educate illegal ASGM participants and local officials about the risks of using mercury. Freeport • the lack of adequate health facilities and the lack of Indonesia is also coordinating with the government authority competency among health workers regarding early in developing plans to improve safety and health related detection and treatment of health problems due to to illegal ASGM activities as well as collaborating with local mercury. governments to increase education and awareness of the dangers of mercury use for urban residents and individual

3.12. Towards Decision Making Processes miners or gold shop owners (PT Freeport Indonesia, 2011).

3.12.1. Short- and Medium-Term Strategies PT Aneka Tambang Tbk Pongkor Gold Mining Business Unit has a CSR program for the ex-illegal ASGM community. In Technical Interventions to Prevent Mercury Pollution addition to the assistance of community and environmental development, the ex-illegal ASGM community receives Provide equipment to miners and gold shops to reduce assistance for alternative economic development such as mercury emissions and minimize the extremely dangerous assistance in establishing or developing business in the levels of mercury emissions that are taking place in nearly service sector, agriculture, fisheries, as well as industry sectors all provinces, in order to reduce the damaging and deadly (Bogor Agricultural University, n.d). impacts on public health and environmental health that are taking place. Different pathways require different strategies to reduce/prevent emissions, and different kinds of controls. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 67

3.12.2. Long Term Strategies • Considering the long processing time and the high cost of formalization, data on gold reserves available at the Formalization of the ASGM Sector WPR location or those that will be proposed as WPR are important. In addition, it is also necessary to hear the Formal, large-scale gold mining does not create significant voices of the local community and mining communities employment in host countries. In contrast, millions of regarding what their problems and needs are, and to livelihoods all over the world depend on artisanal and small- take into account other interpretations of the meaning scale gold mining (ASGM), which constitutes a significant of ASGM and formalization in order to realize the source of income for workers in developing countries’ rural sustainability of ASGM activities, including opportunities economies. Informality is a widespread and long-standing for land rehabilitation and assistance for alternative issue in the ASGM sector, but a shift in government attitudes, livelihood conversion. from using a prohibitive to a facilitative approach, may allow formalization of the ASGM sector to be achieved on a larger- 3.12.3. Implementing Actions and Interventions scale in future. in the ASGM Sector However, the ILO recommends that instead of criminalizing National Action Plan informal ASGM, all governments should work in partnership with civil society to facilitate transitions to formality through Article 7.3 of the Minamata Convention on Mercury stipulates capacity-building initiatives and the promotion of small- that any Party to the Convention that determines that artisanal scale gold mining cooperatives. Formalization of ASGM and small-scale gold mining and processing in its territory is an important entry point for ASGM to get assistance is more than insignificant must develop and implement from government and/or the private sector, including a national action plan in accordance with Annex C to the opportunities to get coaching from the government and/or Minamata Convention. capital assistance from formal financial institutions. Institutional strengthening, research, monitoring, and Overcoming Barriers to Formalization technology, are four key work items that need to be addressed within the National Implementation Plan: However, in Indonesia, formalization of the ASGM Sector remains a long-term challenge. There are serious systemic 1. Legal framework and institutional strengthening – issues to address in governance that need to be overcome developing programmes that will inform policies for before this can have any real possibility of accommodating the gradual ban of mercury trade and use. To support ASGM in the legal framework: the development of mercury trade policy, there is a • Scale challenges and local control issues (there does need need to strengthen the technical capacity of institutions to be a pilot to show the way and having appropriate and ministries to phase out mercury use. Capacity technology that meets miner’s needs is a critical issue). building within institutions is occurring through these programmes. However, solutions to ASGM issues cannot • The capacity of local governments, including formalization come about solely through regulation and enforcement. procedures, roles and responsibilities of each agency, coordination between agencies, and limited financial support for providing assistance to the formalization of ASGM. 68 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 2. Research and development – to assess the risk of mercury 4. Facilitate the transformation of ASGM into a more emissions to public health and the environment. Work responsible small-scale mining - this must be done towards this component incorporates monitoring, through increasing the technical capacity and capability modelling, and inventory of mercury use, and the of community miners to adopt new technology and assessment and implementation of alternative requires both awareness raising and training on how to technology for gold processing. This component safely handle the chemicals used in gold processing, requires: (1) development of a database and (2) database and on mercury-free technology. It must be recognized management. The database will inform strategies to phase that miners are responding to international demand for out mercury use. Research, development, assessment mineral commodities by using technology and techniques and implementation of mercury-free technology for gold that are available to them. The impacts of ASGM are due processing are key work items here. There is also a need to unsafe and unregulated mining systems and a lack of for research into contaminated tailings management. technical knowledge. 3. Awareness and communication – effective communication to ASGM communities will not only help phase out mercury use, but should aim to create long-term positive effects by exploring opportunities for community job training and alternative and more sustainable livelihoods to gold mining. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 69 CHAPTER IV. NATIONAL OBJECTIVE AND TARGET OF MERCURY REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 concerning RAN- The RAN-PPM is being implemented over a period of many PPM contains strategies, activities and targets for reducing years from 2018 to 2030. The geographic targets for mercury and eliminating mercury. Mercury reduction is defined as an elimination in the ASGM sector are now based on specified effort to gradually restrict mercury distribution activities and jurisdictions. These location-specific targets, as referred mercury use, and to control mercury emissions and releases. to in Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 are the The elimination of mercury is defined as an effort to prohibit jurisdictional areas of 180 specific regencies/cities. Based on mercury production, mercury use, and/or replace mercury baseline data on ASGM locations spread across Indonesia in with alternative substances that are friendly to human health 2018, there were 180-220 ASGM locations, to be precise 180 and the environment. cities/regencies spread across 30 provinces with details as listed in Attachment II to Minister of Environment and Forestry The RAN-PPM places a higher priority on targets for the Regulation Number 81 of 2019. The baseline data for the year manufacturing, energy, ASGM and health sectors. Mercury 2018 is the basis for calculating the success of the RAN-PPM. reduction targets have been set for the manufacturing and energy priority sectors, and mercury reduction and elimination The targets for the elimination of mercury in the ASGM priority targets have also been set for the ASGM sector and the health sector are set in Annex II to Presidential Regulation Number sector as high priority sectors. The elimination target for the 21 of 2019 as in the table below. ASGM sector is 100 (one hundred) percent of the amount of mercury emitted and released prior to implementation of the RAN-PPM policy by the year 2025. Table 4.1 Target for Achievement of Mercury Elimination Year Achievement 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 ASGM priority sector (Elimination of mercury use and illegal mining) Baseline (number of regencies/cities having ASGM 180-220 in their territory) Reduction percentage (%) 100 Source: RAN-PPM, 2019 Implementation of the RAN-PPM for the year 2019 and 2020 information on the status of the RAN-PPM implementation for has been carried out by each relevant national institution to the year 2019 and 2020 can be seen in Annex IV. achieve each target with their own internal budget. More 70 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA CHAPTER V. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

5.1. Strategy and Activities - Conducting monitoring and evaluation on the implementation of the MoEMR Regulation To implement the target of 100% mercury elimination in the concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Using ASGM sector by 2025, various strategies have been established Amalgamation. as stated in the RAN-PPM. The strategies and description of activities in the RAP-PPM fulfill those required in Annex C to • Strengthening community involvement through the Minamata Convention. communication, information and education: - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold The Minamata Initial Assessment document also contains processing within the content of the national formal several recommendations for proposed activities related to education curriculum; ASGM. In addition, based on literature reviews and field visits - Development of a community approach to increase under the NAP project, several further recommendations have knowledge and awareness about the health hazards been proposed to assist in the implementation of the RAN- of mercury; PPM to meet the achievement of the mercury elimination - Development of participatory approaches towards target in the ASGM sector. The recommendations considered communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase to be high priority are: revising the Minister of Environment knowledge about the health impacts of mercury Regulation Number 23 of 2008; simplification in granting IPR exposure and sustainable behavior change in the and WPR with the availability of clear data and not overlapping community; with licensed gold mining data; and drafting a regulation that - Increasing the understanding of good mining clearly prohibits cinnabar mining in Indonesia. practices for business actors regarding the Small-Scale Mining Permit (IPR). a. Actions to eliminate worst practices • Application of alternative technology for mercury-free There are four worst practices listed under Annex C of the gold processing: Minamata Convention section 1(b) and these are: whole - Development of further research and studies ore amalgamation, open burning of amalgam, burning of on alternative technology for mercury-free gold amalgam in residential areas and cyanidation of mercury- processing; contaminated tailings. All four of these worst practices are still - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and Detailed commonplace ASGM practices in Indonesia. Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing without mercury; The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. - Construction of non-mercury gold processing 1827K/30/MEM/2018 concerning Implementation Guideline facilities. of Best Mining Practices Annex V Implementation Guideline of Environmental Management in Mineral and Coal clearly states • Transfer of local community livelihoods: that mercury is prohibited to be used in gold processing and - Development of a social and economic study on the refining. impact of mercury use on ASGM activities; - Social and economic transformation of illegal miners The strategies and activities to eliminate the above-mentioned using mercury; worst practices under RAN-PPM are as follows: - Fostering business opportunities; - Facilitating the issuance of permits for cooperatives • Strengthening commitment, coordination and and SMEs. cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial government agencies: • Strengthening law enforcement: - Control of illegal ASGM activities that continue to use mercury. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 71 Recommendations provide guidance or business formalization assistance, as the WPR has not yet been established. Unfortunately, there • There needs to be a different approach for provinces are only a handful of ASGM sites in Indonesia that have with predominantly alluvial mining as opposed to hard satisfied all of the legal requirements, as meeting the full set rock mining. In this case, the focus needs to be on gold of requirements is very difficult. Almost all ASGM in Indonesia shops and amalgam burning. It is very difficult to monitor can therefore be classified as illegal or informal at this time. amalgamation sites, but the presence of amalgam can be traced in gold shops. Regarding environmental damage, The strategies and activities that are proposed in order to it is necessary to have other regulations governing it. facilitate formalization of these informal or illegal ASGM Therefore, the cases of provinces with dominant whole actors are as follows: ore amalgamation are different from those that are predominantly alluvial. • Strengthening commitment, coordination and cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial • It is proposed that mining communities should be government agencies: involved in mercury-free transition projects from the - Conducting monitoring and evaluation on very start of the mercury-free technology development, the implementation of the MoEMR Regulation and throughout the stages of introduction, training, concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Using and provision of assistance. This is because the mining Amalgamation. community will ultimately be held responsible for, and will be affected by, the implementation of the regulations. • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between Furthermore, they will be the ones expected to adopt central and local governments: the environmentally friendly mining techniques that are - Increasing the understanding of local government introduced. officials related to licensed small-scale mining. • Although the NAP focuses mainly on mercury, gold • Establishment of an information system: processing in ASGM also uses other hazardous wastes - Identification of hotspots, populations at risk, and such as cyanide, which can also have a negative impact on populations that are vulnerable to mercury exposure the environment and health. Thus, the RAN-PPM proposes through cross-sectoral cooperation. to cover other hazardous chemical (B3) management as used in ASGM, albeit in less detail than for mercury. • Strengthening community involvement through communication, information and education: b. Steps to facilitate the formalization or regulation of the - Development of a participatory community approach artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector to increasing knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury; Many ASGM activities in Indonesia take place outside of WPR - Development of participatory approaches towards areas and are therefore considered illegal. The main barriers communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase to formalization of these ASGM actors are the onerous and knowledge about the health impacts of mercury lengthy approval processes and the legal conundrum faced exposure and create sustainable behavior change in by those regency/provincial governments wishing to provide the community. guidance or business formalization assistance when no legality exists as the WPR areas have not yet been established. • Strengthening law enforcement. - Control of illegal ASGM activities that continue to use Any mining activities that are carried out outside of the mercury. WPR areas are considered illegal. Under these conditions, it is difficult for the regency and provincial governments to 72 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Recommendations based on customary rights, especially if they have been working there for some time, such as in Gorontalo. • The problems arising from the ASGM sector are multi- Traditionally mined areas should be zoned for WPR. dimensional and therefore require a high level of coordination between relevant ministries/agencies to solve. • WPR determination should only be recommended for areas Although the NAP aims to protect human health and the with a minimum gold deposit of 3 g/tonnes to 10 g/tonnes. environment, it is also necessary to pay attention to other Areas with a gold concentration of < 3 g per tonnes are not emerging technological, social, economic and institutional suitable for exploitation and should be recommended for issues at the same time. use as social forest areas. • MoEF needs to establish a successful pilot area for gold • Miners should apply for mining permits in groups, and processing without mercury, with the WPR/IPR system local and central government should help to simplify the implemented by community groups/cooperatives and licensing mechanisms and procedures and the required this pilot needs to run well in order to serve as a successful environmental documents. reference for other regions. In this regard, both MoEF and BPPT have initiated and taken active role in the GOLD-ISMIA c. Strategies for promoting the reduction of emissions, project (https://www.goldismia.org/) which is part of the releases, and risks of exposure to mercury global PlanetGOLD Programme (https://www.planetgold. org/indonesia) as supported by UNDP and funded by GEF. Both MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the field survey team made field visits The project supports 6 ASGM communities in 6 different to 6 ASGM locations in Indonesia in 2021. The teams conducted provinces of Indonesia (Yogyakarta, West Nusa Tenggara, sampling and laboratory analysis of mercury concentrations Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, North Maluku and Riau) through in the environment of river water and well water, tailings silt, the introduction of mercury-free gold processing equipment. soil sediments, garden soil, food crops, river biota, and local rice. The mercury concentrations in some samples were still • Local governments have a very important role to play in the below the national quality standard while others exceeded or management of ASGM. Therefore, local governments need greatly exceeded the national quality standard. Furthermore, to have a good understanding of formalization, licensing the mapping of the impact of mercury on health, environment mechanisms and environmentally friendly gold mining and socio-economics conducted by MoEF in collaboration with and processing techniques. The central government can ITB and UB in 2018 revealed that in general, highly elevated provide encouragement by providing incentives to local concentrations of mercury were found in the environment at governments that wish to provide guidance to ASGM almost all locations that greatly exceeded the safe standards, communities. On the other hand, it is proposed that even in plants growing around ASGM activities in 7 (seven) disincentives should also be given to local governments that locations. Other studies also reported mercury pollution in do not pay attention to the ASGM communities in their areas. ASGM locations in Indonesia resulting from amalgam burning and tailing discharges to land and water. • MoEF, MoEMR and BPPT need to provide assistance and carry out mentoring activities related to the transfer of gold The strategies and activities to reduce mercury emission, processing technology to local governments as well as releases and exposures in ASGM are planned in RAN-PPM as assisting in the application of WPR and IPR and facilitating follows: NGO assistance. • Strengthening commitment, coordination and • The granting of IPR and WPR should be simplified through cooperation between relevant ministries/ non-ministerial the availability of clear data that is not over-lapping with government agencies: licensed gold mining data. - Development of guidelines for storage and handling of mercury and waste containing mercury; • Provincial action plans need to be flexible enough to - Development of guidelines for remediation of accommodate local customs. Based on traditional land mercury- contaminated land. claims, gold resources must be handed over to communities NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 73 • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and Detailed central and local governments: Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing without - Conducting regular monitoring on environmental mercury; quality (multimedia). - Construction of gold processing facilities without mercury; • Increasing leadership, institutional and human resource - Development of a FS and DED for the provision of capacities in the elimination of mercury: mercury storage facilities; - Development of a national mercury research and - Provision of mercury storage facilities. monitoring laboratory; - Conducting mercury research. • Transfer of local community livelihoods: - Development of a social study on the impact of • Establishment of an information system: mercury use on ASGM activities; - Mapping the impact of mercury emissions and - Development of an economic study of the impact of releases on the environment around ASGM locations. mercury use; - Social and economic transformation of illegal miners • Strengthening community involvement through using mercury; communication, information and education; - Fostering business opportunities; - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold - Facilitating the issuance of permits for cooperatives processing in the content of the national formal and SMEs. education curriculum; - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact • Strengthening law enforcement: of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a - Supervising and controlling primary mercury mining campaign for gender mainstreaming; activities (cinnabar mining) that are taking place - Conducting outreach and increasing the capacity of illegally and without a permit; health workers regarding health risks due to mercury - Control of illegal ASGM using mercury. exposure; - Development of a community approach to increase Recommendations knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury; • Revise Minister of Environment Regulation Number 23 - Development of participatory approaches to of 2008 concerning the Technical Guidelines for the communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase Prevention of Pollution and/or Environmental Damage knowledge about the health impacts of mercury Due to Small-Scale Gold Mining. exposure and sustainable behavior change in the community; • The central government needs to allocate a special - Increasing the understanding of good mining allocation fund for the environmental sector, both physical practices for business actors regarding the Small-Scale and non-physical, for the implementation of the RAD- Mining Permit (IPR); PPM for the ASGM sector and to finance environmental - Conducting outreach on guidelines for remediation of monitoring activities, namely sampling of water, soil, and mercury-contaminated land. food media so that the mapping of mercury pollution levels can be carried out to the maximum level and used • Application of alternative technology for mercury-free as a source of materials for advocacy, awareness raising gold processing: and policy making in the regions. - Development of research and studies on alternative technology for mercury-free gold processing; • The local government and central government are to - Remediation of land contaminated with mercury and assist in the establishment of pilot facilities for processing land rehabilitation due to gold mining activities; gold without mercury outside of residential areas. 74 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA • Establish special zones for gold processing for ASGM. The Indonesian National Police have succeeded in thwarting various attempts by home industries to manufacture • Prohibit the sale of tailings or dumped slurry and its illegal mercury, smuggle and sell mercury, including illegal utilization in products or other uses, especially for building mercury exports. They have also succeeded in arresting the materials or additional land in agricultural land and rice perpetrators of illegal cinnabar mining and processing and fields. selling of the mercury raw material. In 2020, the Maluku Regional Police closed the illegal cinnabar mine at Mount • Applying garden land remediation technology for food Tembaga, Seram Island, Maluku, which is the largest mercury crops (clean-up). raw material mining location in Indonesia. Currently, there is no regulation yet to prohibit cinnabar mining in Indonesia. • Processing can be done centrally, within a WPR or within an adjacent IUP owned by a company. To facilitate cleaner The strategies and activities to manage trade and prevent processing, companies need to be permitted to buy ore mercury use in ASGM under RAN-PPM are as follows: mined within the WPR area from mining communities. Due to the many legal requirements that miners must meet • Strengthening commitment, coordination and before they can legally process the ore, it is preferable for cooperation between relevant ministries/ non-ministerial the company to buy the ore, as long as they can process government agencies: it in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. It • Development and revision of regulations regarding would also be good if a company like ANTAM could create the trade system for imports, exports and domestic a clean artisanal gold brand based on that relationship. distribution of mercury. d. Strategies for managing trade and preventing diversion • Establishment of an information system: of mercury and mercury compounds from both foreign • Development of a national database system related to and domestic sources to use in ASGM and processing the trade, distribution and use of mercury; • Development of a map information system for the Ministry of Trade Regulation Number 47 of 2019 as the third distribution of cinnabar and mercury-rich ores in amendment of the Ministry of Trade Regulation Number 44 Indonesia; of 2009 prohibits the import of elemental mercury for the • Conduct an inventory and mapping of sources, gold mining industry and the distribution of mercury to end procurement supplies, distribution, and use of users engaged in the gold mining industry. Ministry of Energy mercury. and Mineral Resources Decree No. 1827 of 2018 Appendix V prohibits the use of mercury in the gold processing process. • Strengthening law enforcement: • Increasing import and export supervision of mercury In Indonesia, since 2012, the production of mercury from small as commodity; scale and illegal cinnabar mining has taken place in Seram • Supervising and controlling primary mercury mining Island, Central Kalimantan and Southeast Sulawesi. The cost activities (cinnabar mining) without permit/illegal; of locally-produced mercury per kg is about a quarter of the • Supervising domestic mercury circulation; imported mercury and is sold widely in many ASGM hotspots. • Control of illegal mercury trade system. Besides direct selling, delivery services, and online trading platform transactions, cinnabar ore and mercury sales and Recommendations marketing are also conducted widely using the popular B-2-B e-commerce website, social media platforms such as Alibaba, • It is proposed to draft a regulation that clearly prohibits Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram (IPEN, 2018). cinnabar mining in Indonesia. • Prevention of cinnabar smelters because they are very dangerous contaminated areas due to the very large volume of mercury produced. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 75 • Control of mercury traders and distributors needs to be • Strengthening community involvement through continued. Mercury needs to be confiscated and this will communication, information and education: require short and medium-term storage solutions in all - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold seven regions of Indonesia. Monitoring mercury suppliers, processing in the content of the national formal traders and producers is more effective than monitoring education curriculum; ASGM. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage the - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact strengthening of the implementation of supervision and of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a control of mercury circulation carried out by the Police, campaign for gender mainstreaming; TNI and the Prosecutor’s Office in the regions. - Conducting outreach and increasing the capacity of health workers about health risks due to mercury • It is also necessary to prevent the free trade of mercury exposure; online. - Development of a community approach to increase knowledge and awareness about the health hazards e. Strategies for involving stakeholders in the implementation of mercury; and continuing development of the plan - Development of participatory approaches to communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase Many stakeholders already have activities, projects or knowledge about the health impacts of mercury initiatives regarding the mercury issue in Indonesia, which exposure and sustainable behavior change in the involve ministries, non-ministerial government agencies, local community; government, NGOs, associations and universities. The following - Increasing the understanding of good mining strategies and activities are planned to involve and increase practices for business actors regarding the Small-Scale cooperation among relevant stakeholders to implement and Mining Permit (IPR). continue development of the national action plan: - Conducting outreach of guidelines for remediation of mercury -contaminated land. • Strengthening commitment, coordination and cooperation between relevant ministries/ non-ministerial Recommendations government agencies: - Conducting policy outreach to the provincial Coordination and cooperation are very important, including government. in the form of assistance from the central government to local governments in the preparation, implementation • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between and monitoring of RAD-PPM implementation. In addition, central and local governments: the government can also collaborate with various relevant - Increasing the understanding of local government stakeholders, such as NGOs, with the government acting as officials related to licensed small-scale mining; the coordinator. - Developing and conducting a cooperation to reduce and eliminate the use of mercury and mitigate f. A public health strategy on the exposure of artisanal the impact of mercury with non-governmental and small-scale gold miners and their communities to organizations, non-governmental organizations, mercury donor agencies, and other countries (bilateral); - Conducting regular monitoring on environmental As described in Chapter 3, various health surveys at ASGM quality (multimedia). locations in Indonesia revealed that ASGM miners and their communities had symptoms of mercury intoxication such as • Increase leadership, institutional and human resource bluish gum color, stiffness and ataxia, irregular eye movements, capacities in the elimination of mercury: field of vision, and tremors. Sampling and laboratory analysis - Development of a national mercury research and of hair, nail, urine and blood of ASGM communities also monitoring laboratory; showed increased level of mercury concentrations. HBM - Conducting mercury research. score analysis in 6 ASGM locations in Indonesia varied from moderate to high, alert and chronic level. 76 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The strategies and activities to prevent mercury exposure for in monitoring and updating health data; (2) providing ASGM miners and their communities are as follows: medical care or services to patients poisoned by mercury, (3) monitoring the health conditions of infants and • Strengthening commitment, coordination and mothers who are detected as contaminated by mercury; cooperation between relevant ministries/ non-ministerial (4) report to the central and local governments on diseases government agencies: that are indicated to be due to contamination by mercury. - Development of a standard method for measuring With this information system, it can be used as material mercury exposure that covers the nodes 1 - 3 (source, for policy making for the prevention and treatment of media and receptors) consisting of sampling and mercury contamination. analysis methods. • Conducting health promotion for all levels of society by • Establishment of an information system: suggesting to reduce the intake of local fish and looking - Identification of hotspots, populations at risk, and for alternative water sources to irrigate rice fields and vulnerable populations due to mercury exposure gardens. through cross-sectoral cooperation; - Identification and improvement of national standards g. Strategies to prevent the exposure of vulnerable for threshold limit values for mercury exposure to populations, particularly children and women of child- human health. bearing age, from mercury used in ASGM • Strengthening community involvement through Currently, the number of women involved in ASGM is 30% communication, information and education: of the total number of workers in ASGM in Indonesia and - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold they face severe health and safety risks. Female miners are processing in the content of the national formal most directly exposed to mercury which is a major problem education curriculum; for women in ASGM and children in ASGM areas have been - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact exposed to mercury since the time that they were in the of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a womb. Studies and field visits to ASGM locations in Indonesia campaign for gender mainstreaming; revealed that women and children are often exposed to - Conducting outreach and increasing the capacity mercury, as indicated by physical problems and the mercury of health workers about health risks due to mercury concentration in their hair, urine, nail and blood which have exposure. exceeded the international reference value. Cases of birth- - Development of a community approach to increase defects in ASGM locations have also been reported. knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury; The strategies and activities to prevent the exposure of - Development of participatory approaches to children and women to mercury in ASGM are as follows: communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase knowledge about the health impacts of mercury • Strengthening commitment, coordination and exposure and sustainable behavior change in the cooperation between relevant ministries/non-ministerial community; government agencies: - Increasing the understanding of good mining - Development of guidelines for storage and handling practices for business actors in the Small-Scale Mining of mercury and waste containing mercury; Permit (IPR). - Development of guidelines for remediation of mercury- contaminated land; Recommendations - Carrying out efforts to protect at-risk populations, especially children and women, and controlling the health • It is proposed that health workers be involved in the impacts of mercury exposure through the development following activities: (1) local capacity building, including of guidelines for controlling risk factors, health impacts doctors and medical personnel at public health centers due to mercury exposure to the environment and (puskesmas) and integrated health services (posyandu) guidelines for handling mercury poisoning. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 77 • Strengthening coordination and cooperation between Recommendations central and local governments: - Conducting regular monitoring on environmental • It is recommended that women are provided with quality (multimedia). knowledge on dangers of mercury and preventive measures, for example by cleaning the house by sweeping • Establishment of an information system: and mopping in the morning and afternoon, conducting - Mapping the impact of mercury emissions and well water analysis, bathing and self-cleaning after work, releases on the environment around ASGM locations; drinking coconut water, and other actions. - Identification of hotspots, populations at risk, and vulnerable populations due to mercury exposure • Training in alternative livelihoods for women working at through cross-sectoral cooperation; illegal ASGM so that they can change profession such as - Identification and improvement of national standards by sewing and selling food. for threshold limit values for mercury exposure to human health. • It is recommended that public health centers conduct health checks for children and women or mothers with • Strengthening community involvement through mercury concentration above the standard level in their communication, information and education: body, minimum twice a year. - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold processing in the content of the national formal h. Strategies for providing information to artisanal and education curriculum; small-scale miners and affected communities - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a The survey results in Sekotong, Lombok by MoEF and UB in campaign for gender mainstreaming; 2018 shows that the mining community is quite aware of - Development of a community approach to increase the dangers of using mercury in gold processing. However, knowledge and awareness about the health hazards a significant proportion of respondents stated that the use of mercury; of mercury does not affect the physical health of miners in - Development of participatory approaches to the long term. In general, the miners who expressed their communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase disapproval were people between the ages of 40 and 60 knowledge about the health impacts of mercury years and over. Younger miners tend to be more aware of the exposure and sustainable behavior change in the dangers of using mercury because they are more open to new community. information and knowledge. Surveys at 6 ASGM locations in Indonesia by MoEF, BSCRC-SEA and the field survey team in • Application of alternative technology for mercury-free 2021 also found that in several locations, public knowledge gold processing: and awareness of mining actors regarding the negative - Remediation of land contaminated with mercury and impact of mercury use upon the community and environment land rehabilitation due to gold mining activities; is still low. - Development of a Feasibility Study (FS) and Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing without To disseminate good information and increase the awareness mercury; of ASGM miners and affected communities, the strategy - Construction of gold processing facilities that operate under the RAN-PPM is to strengthen community involvement without the use of mercury; through communication, information and education, through - Development of FS and DED for the provision of the following activities: mercury storage facilities; - Including the dangers of using mercury in gold processing - Provision of mercury storage facilities. in the content of the national formal education curriculum; - Conducting a campaign on the risk of the impact of mercury use on vulnerable communities and a campaign for gender mainstreaming; 78 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA - Development of a community approach to increase - Development of an economic study of the impact of knowledge and awareness about the health hazards of mercury use; mercury; - Social and economic transformation of illegal miners - Development of participatory approaches to communities using mercury; in ASGM locations that aim to increase knowledge about - Fostering business opportunities; the health impacts of mercury exposure and sustainable - Facilitating the issuance of permits for cooperatives and behavior change in the community; SMEs. - Increasing the understanding of good mining practices for business actors regarding the Small-Scale Mining Recommendations Permit (IPR). • Livelihood transfer programs which need to provide social Recommendations and economic benefits for men, women and children. • Establishment of an information system begins with • It is proposed to (1) provide incentives to ASGM in the basic data as a baseline for determining the overall form of eco-labeling, promotion and convenience of RAN-PPM target as well as the annual reduction target. buying and selling; (2) for environmental management, The implementation of targets can be used as a tool to local governments allocate 10% of the cost of selling gold measure the effectiveness of the implemented program from ASGM activities and (3) increase community income and make adjustments immediately. Data should include through skills training and innovation in environmentally WPR mapping, health assessments conducted at ASGM friendly gold jewelry products and access to capital and sites, guidance on good mining practices, developments in markets. mercury-free gold processing technology and integrated waste management, information on environmental and • The local government also provides assistance health hazards of mercury, and mechanisms for formalizing opportunities for gold artisans to make jewelry and other ASGM. This information system must be accessible to products in the local area. relevant stakeholders, including local governments and the ASGM community, both online and conventionally. 5.2. Work Plan Periodic updating is required for the information systems. The strategies in RAN-PPM for ASGM priority sector have been • Educational and outreach materials to communities and described in various activities and activities descriptions, health workers also includes ways to protect miners, namely in Annex II. Presidential Regulation Number 21 of families and communities from mercury exposure. It is 2019 Part II. Mercury Elimination point a. Small Scale Gold proposed that the material for outreach, especially for Mining Priority Area. students, also includes information on the importance of education. It is hoped that by having knowledge of the A. RAN-PPM risks and impacts of mining activities, students will pay more attention to education so that they do not work in The National Action Plan for ASGM as a high-priority sector in the ASGM sector. the RAN-PPM can be seen in the following table. i. Additional strategies including market-based mechanisms or marketing tools Additional strategy to achieve the mercury elimination target for ASGM priority sector under the RAN-PPM is the transfer of local community livelihoods through the following activities: - Development of a social study on the impact of mercury use on ASGM activities; NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 79 Table 5.1 National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining according to the Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 (RAN-PPM) Strategy Activity Activity Description Indicator of Achievement c.1 c.1.1 c.1.1.1 Conducting policy outreach Strengthening commitment, Developing and Conducting policy outreach with the with local governments in all coordination and strengthening regulations provincial government 34 provinces cooperation between and policies relevant ministries/ non- c.1.1.2 Monitoring and evaluation ministerial government Conducting monitoring and evaluation with local governments in 34 agencies on implementation of the Ministry of provinces are conducted Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Using Amalgamation c.1.1.3 One Ministerial Regulation is Development and revision of regulations issued regarding the trade system for imports, exports and domestic distribution of mercury c.1.1.4 One Ministerial Regulation is Development of guidelines for storage and issued handling of mercury and waste containing mercury c.1.1.5 Availability of guidance Development of guidelines for remediation documents for remediation of of mercury- contaminated land mercury- contaminated land c.1.1.6 Availability of 1 standard Development of a standard method for method measuring mercury exposure covering nodes 1 - 3 (source, media and receptors) consisting of sampling and analysis methods c.1.1.7 Two guidelines are available Carrying out efforts to protect at-risk populations, especially children and women, and control the health impacts of mercury exposure through the development of guidelines for controlling risk factors, health impacts due to mercury exposure to the environment and guidelines for handling mercury poisoning 80 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Implementation Output During Implementation Period (Number of locations, regulations, guidelines, maps, etc. depending on the Responsible Institution Supporting Institution specific activity and indicator of achievement) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Environment 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 Mineral Resources and Forestry Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Home Affairs 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 Mineral Resources Ministry of Trade Ministry of Energy and 1 Mineral Resources, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Finance Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment 1 and Forestry Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment 1 1 and Forestry, Ministry of Women’s Empower-ment and Child Protection NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 81 Strategy Activity Activity Description Indicator of Achievement c.2 c.2.1 c.2.1.1 Outreach to local government Strengthening coordination Strengthen central and local Increasing the understanding of local officials in all provinces in and cooperation between institutions government officials related to licensed Indonesia Central and Local small-scale mining Governments c.2.2 c.2.2.1 Integrated cooperation is Develop research and Development and conduct cooperation to implemented technology reduce and eliminate the use of mercury and mitigate the impact of mercury with non-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, donor agencies, and other countries (bilateral) c.2.3 c.2.3.1 Monitoring on environmental Monitor emission and release Conduct regular monitoring on quality (multimedia) on a status environmental quality (multimedia) regular basis is conducted c.3 c.3.1 c.3.1.1 Capacity of 5 laboratory human Increase the capacity of Increase the capacity Development of a national mercury resources is increased every leadership, institutions and of laboratory facilities, research and monitoring laboratory year. human resources in the infrastructure and human elimination of mercury resources to support the Research and monitoring of implementation of research mercury are conducted and monitoring Availability of appropriate laboratory equipment for mercury analysis from samples of air, water, soil, foodstuffs, biological/ biomarker monitoring samples, and other materials Mercury parameter proficiency tests are conducted c.3.1.2 Mercury Research is conducted Conducting mercury research c.4 c.4.1 c.4.1.1 Availability of impact Establishment of an Develop database and Mapping the impact of mercury emissions distribution map information system information and releases on the environment around ASGM locations c.4.1.2 Availability of maps of Identification of hotspots, population at areas and populations of risk, and vulnerable populations due to communities vulnerable to mercury exposure through cross-sectoral mercury exposure cooperation. 82 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Implementation Output During Implementation Period (Number of locations, regulations, guidelines, maps, etc. depending on the Responsible Institution Supporting Institution specific activity and indicator of achievement) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Energy and 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment Ministry of Research, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Forestry Technology and Higher Education, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 1 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment Ministry of Health, Ministry 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Forestry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment 3 5 6 5 5 5 5 and Forestry NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 83 Strategy Activity Activity Description Indicator of Achievement c.4.1.3 Availability of mercury Identification and improvement of national exposure threshold values for standards for threshold limit values for human health mercury exposure to human health c.4.1.4 Availability of a national Development of a national database database system system related to the trade, distribution and use of mercury c.4.1.5 Availability of map information Development of a map information system system for the distribution of cinnabar and mercury rocks in Indonesia c.4.1.6 Availability of inventory data Conduct an inventory and mapping of sources, procurement supplies, Availability of maps distribution, and use of mercury c.5 c.5.1 c.5.1.1 Mercury dangers course is Strengthening community Mercury STOP Movement Including the dangers of using mercury included into the national involvement through Campaign in gold processing in the content of the formal education curriculum communication, information national formal education curriculum and education c.5.1.2 Information through mass Conduct a campaign on the risk of the media, social media and other impact of mercury use on vulnerable media is disseminated by communities and a campaign for gender publishing a minimum of 2 mainstreaming. (two) articles per week c.5.1.3 Outreach and trainings in 34 Conduct outreach and increase capacity to provinces are conducted health workers about health risks due to mercury exposure. c.5.1.4 Approach in the community Development of a community approach to and the emergence of public increase knowledge and awareness about awareness are developed the health hazards of mercury along with collective community action not to use mercury and efforts to reduce the impact of mercury on health 84 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Implementation Output During Implementation Period (Number of locations, regulations, guidelines, maps, etc. depending on the Responsible Institution Supporting Institution specific activity and indicator of achievement) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment 1 and Forestry Ministry of Environment Ministry of Trade, Ministry 1 1 and Forestry of Finance Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment Statistics Indonesia, 1 and Forestry Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environment 1 Culture and Forestry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment Ministry of Communication 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 and Forestry and Informatics, the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry of Health Ministry of Home Affairs 17 17 Ministry of Health Ministry of Home Affairs 1 1 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 85 Strategy Activity Activity Description Indicator of Achievement c.5.1.5 Participatory approaches in 34 Development of participatory approaches provinces are developed to communities in ASGM locations that aim to increase knowledge about the health impacts of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior change in the community c.5.1.6 Guidance and supervision of Increasing the understanding of good IPR mining practices for business actors in the Small-Scale Mining Permit (IPR) c.5.1.7 Outreach of guidelines for Conduct outreach of guidelines for remediation of mercury remediation of mercury -contaminated -contaminated land is land conducted c.6 c.6.1 c.6.1.1 Availability of documents on Application of alternative Develop research and Development of research and studies on the results of research and technology for processing technology alternative technology for mercury-free study of alternative technology mercury-free gold gold processing for mercury-free gold processing c.6.2 c.6.2.1 Mercury contaminated land in Remediate mercury Remediation of land contaminated with 4 locations is remediated contaminated land and land mercury and land rehabilitation due to rehabilitation gold mining activities c.6.3 c.6.3.1 Availability of 5 FS and DED Physical construction of Development of Feasibility Study (FS) and documents in 5 locations integrated mercury-free gold Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for gold processing facilities processing without mercury c.6.3.2 Integrated installations in 13 Construction of gold processing facilities locations are constructed without mercury c.6.4 c.6.4.1 Availability of FS and DED Provide mercury storage Development of FS and DED for the documents on the provision of facilities provision of mercury storage facilities mercury storage facilities c.6.4.2 Construction of mercury Provision of mercury storage facilities storage facilities 86 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Implementation Output During Implementation Period (Number of locations, regulations, guidelines, maps, etc. depending on the Responsible Institution Supporting Institution specific activity and indicator of achievement) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Ministry of Health Ministry of Energy and 3 5 6 5 5 5 5 Mineral Resources, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Ministry of Energy and Ministry of Home Affairs 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Agency for the Assessment Ministry of Energy and 1 and Application of Mineral Resources Technology Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 2 1 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Ministry of Research and Technology and Higher Education, Ministry of Home Affairs Agency for the Assessment Ministry of Energy and 2 2 1 and Application of Mineral Resources Technology Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Ministry of Environment Ministry of Research, 1 and Forestry Technology and Higher Education Ministry of Environment Ministry of Research, 1 and Forestry Technology and Higher Education NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 87 Strategy Activity Activity Description Indicator of Achievement c.7 c.7.1 c.7.1.1 Availability of 1 social study Transfer of local community Conduct mapping of Development of a social study on the result livelihoods the social and economic impact of mercury use on ASGM activities conditions of the mining community c.7.1.2 Availability of 1 economic Development of an economic study of the study result impact of mercury use c.7.2 c.7.2.1 Six productive economic Economic and social Social and economic transformation of business models are created empowerment of illegal miners using mercury communities outside the Small-Scale Mining Area (WPR) c.7.2.2 Communities in 5 ASGM Fostering business opportunity locations per year are fostered c.7.2.3 Cooperative and SMEs permits Facilitating the issuance of permits for in 5 ASGM locations per year cooperatives and SMEs are issued c.8 c.8.1 c.8.1.1 Availability of import and Strengthening law Increase Increasing import and export supervision export control reports on enforcement supervision of mercury as commodity mercury as commodity c.8.1.2 There is no cinnabar mining in Supervising and controlling primary Indonesia mercury mining activities (cinnabar mining) without permit/illegal c.8.1.3 100% action taken Supervising domestic mercury circulation c.8.2 c.8.2.1 There is no illegal ASGM using Enforcement Control of illegal ASGM using mercury mercury c.8.2.2 Amount of illegal mercury Control of illegal mercury trade system controlled 10 tonnes per year Source: Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 (RAN-PPM) 88 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Implementation Output During Implementation Period (Number of locations, regulations, guidelines, maps, etc. depending on the Responsible Institution Supporting Institution specific activity and indicator of achievement) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Ministry of Environment Ministry of Village, 1 1 and Forestry Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry of Environment Ministry of Villages, 1 1 and Forestry Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry of Environment Ministry of Energy and 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Forestry Mineral Resources, Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Cooperatives Ministry of Home Affairs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 and SMEs Ministry of Cooperatives Ministry of Home Affairs 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 and SMEs Ministry of Finance Ministry of Environment 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and Forestry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Trade Indonesian National Police Attorney General N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Indonesian National Police Ministry of Trade, Attorney 100% General, National Agency of Drug and Food Control Indonesian National Police Attorney General N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Indonesian National Police Attorney General 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 89 Funding Sources and Budget for RAN PPM Currently, the available information on funding sources and Implementation the budget for implementation of RAN-PPM can be seen in the table below. However, activities to achieve the target have According to the Presidential Regulation Number 21 Year been done by each relevant institution with their own internal 2019, the funding sources for the implementation of RAN-PPM budget for the year 2019 and 2020, as can be seen in Annex IV. are the APBN, APBD and other legal and unbinding sources in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. Table 5.2 Allocation of State Budget of MOEF for ASGM and Mercury Management Activities Allocation Fiscal Year Work Unit Output Target (Thousand Note Rupiahs) 2018 Directorate Elimination of mercury 7 locations IDR 39.291.400 Rupiah Murni (RM) of Hazardous Use Substances Management, MoEF 2019 Directorate Elimination of mercury 3 locations IDR 9.100.000 Rupiah Murni (RM) of Hazardous Use Substances Management, MoEF 2020 Directorate Provision of mercury-free 5 unit IDR 12.000.000 • Rupiah Murni (RM) of Hazardous gold treatment facility in • There is budget Substances ASGM locations refocusing Management, MoEF for COVID-19 countermeasures becoming IDR 5.611.586.000 with 1 target unit 2020 P3KLL, MoEF Construction of 1 unit IDR 73.990.000 SBSN Mercury Laboratory and Environmental Metrology 2021 Directorate Construction of mercury- 2 unit IDR 3.600.000 • Rupiah Murni (RM) of Hazardous free gold treatment • There is budget Substances facility in ASGM locations refocusing for COVID-19 Management, MoEF countermeasures becoming IDR 2.718.100.000 with 1 target unit (refocusing 2) 2022 Directorate Construction of mercury- 2 unit IDR 3.950.000 • Rupiah Murni (RM) of Hazardous free gold treatment • Data record per 16 Substances facility in ASGM locations August 2021 Management, MoEF Source: The Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas, 2021 90 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA B. Recommendations from Minamata Initial Assessment (MIA) In the Minamata Initial Assessment (MIA) document, there are several recommendations for inclusion in the action plan for the ASGM sector as seen in the following table. Table 5.3 Recommendations for Action Plan for the ASGM Sector from the MIA Document Lead Institution or Priority Proposed Action/Activities Timeline Stakeholder 1 Revise MoE Regulation No. 23 of 2008. MoEF 2022 1 Simplify granting of IPR and WPR with the availability of clear data and not MoEMR and local government 2022 over-lapping with licensed gold mining data. 3 To strengthen an environmentally friendly mining system for ASGM, it is MoEF 2025 necessary to provide incentives by providing an “eco-label” for these gold products and for the government to find a market that accepts the eco- labeled gold products at a good price. Thus, ASGM can use its gold sales proceeds for environmental management. Source: MIA, 2021 * Indicate the level of priority for each of the proposed actions/activities using the following indications: 1= very high; 2 = high; 3 = medium; 4 = low; 5 = very low. C. GOLD-ISMIA Project The duration of the project is five years and will support ASGM communities in the provinces of Yogyakarta, West In 2019, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Nusa Tenggara, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, North Maluku and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in collaboration and Riau to reduce mercury use by at least 5 tonnes per year with the MoEF and Agency for the Assessment and Application starting in the third year of the project so that at the end of of Technology (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, the project it will reduce mercury releases at least 15 tonnes. BPPT), launched a project to support Indonesia’s efforts to More information can be seen at https://www.goldismia.org./ reduce mercury use in ASGM called GOLD-ISMIA. GOLD-ISMIA started in 2019 and is ongoing until 2023. The project is assisting to implement the NAP strategies. GOLD-ISMIA is Global Environment Facilities-Global Opportunities for Long-Term Development (GEF-GOLD) D. Work Plan of Ministry of Health and Specific Integrated Sound Management of Mercury in Indonesia International Programme (SIP) Minamata Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) which is part of Convention Project (February 2021-March the global planet GOLD program. The objective of this project 2022) is to reduce or eliminate the release of mercury from the ASGM sector by: (i) Strengthening institutions and policy/regulatory In 2020-2021, the Ministry of Health received a grant from framework for mercury-free ASGM; (ii) Increasing mining the Minamata Convention Specific International Program community’s access to finance for the provision of mercury- (SIP), namely “Improving Health Risk Control of Mercury free processing technology; (iii) Increasing the capacity of Exposure in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) mining communities for mercury-free ASGM through the and Surrounding Areas by Developing a “Participatory provision of technical assistance, technology transfer and Approach” Model.” The objective of the activity is to develop support for formalization; and (iv) Raising awareness and a participatory approach model in controlling health risks disseminating best practices and lessons learned from from mercury exposure that is carried out holistically at all eliminating mercury in the ASGM sector. levels of society involving the community and local health workers. Beneficiaries of the activities are cross-program and cross-sectoral at the central and local levels, professional organizations, universities, community and community organizations. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 91 The institutions conducting the activity are the Directorate Work Plan Activity of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and BSCRC-SEA. The locations of the activity are in Lebak Regency, Banten; Output 1: Assessing the current practice of health service Banyumas Regency, Central Java; and West Lombok Regency, providers in providing health services to populations at risk West Nusa Tenggara. of mercury exposure as well as those affected by mercury contamination in ASGM areas and identifying major service This activity will complement the Integrated Sound problems/gaps from 3 locations. Management of Mercury in Indonesia’s Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ISMIA) supported by the Global Indicators: Environment Facility (GEF) because this project focuses on • Assessment of activities in 3 locations are conducted; managing health risks to mercury exposure. The project will • Relevant cross-sector and cross-program actors in the also complement and leverage the outcomes of the GEF- provinces and districts are involved in the assessment and funded MIA and NAP ASGM projects as they target specific identification of problems. stakeholders at the community level. Table 5.4 Work Plan for Output 1 No. Detail of Activity Indicators Benefits Timeline 1. Development of tools for interviews Instruments/tools for FGD Availability of instruments/tools that March-April and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) organization in collecting initial data can be used to collect initial data for 2021 are developed problem identification and SWOT analysis 2. Training for using the tools Health workers who are able to collect Health workers who are able to April 2021 data using instruments/tools for collect both primary and secondary initial data for problem identification data for problem identification and and SWOT analysis SWOT analysis 3. Coordination meeting with local Coordination meetings with Coordination with relevant cross- April 2021 health agencies at provincial and provinces and districts to prepare for programs and sectors is built regency/city level initial data collection are conducted 4. Conduct interviews, FGD and Interviews, FGDs and secondary Availability of preliminary data as an April-May secondary data collection data collection at the location are initial baseline description of ASGM 2021 conducted locations, so that provinces/regencies can use it as the basis for preparing intervention plans related to ASGM management Source: Ministry of Health, 2021 Output 2: Development of modules for doctors, nurses, Indicators: midwives and public health workers on the most important • Modules are developed; things that must be done to reduce health risks due to mercury • Accreditation process is conducted. use in ASGM communities and to cure and treat patients with mercury poisoning. These modules can be used and applied in other ASGM. 92 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table 5.5 Work Plan for Output 2 No. Detail of Activities Indicators Benefits Timeline 1. Development of modules Two training modules are developed Availability of a module that can be TW 2-3 as follows: used if another location will carry out 2021 • Training modules for community its own training participatory approaches in ASGM locations and conducting environmental health analyzes. • Training module for diagnosis/ early detection of mercury intoxication for doctors and nurses. 2. Printing of modules Hard copies of training modules Availability of hard copies and soft TW 2-3 copies of training modules which can 2021 be used Source: Ministry of Health, 2021 Output 3: Development of a referral system for health services Indicators: and laboratories in health services for those suspected of • Referral health care guidelines are developed. being exposed to mercury. Table 5.6 Work Plan for Output 3 No. Detail of Activity Indicators Benefits Timeline 1. Development of guidelines Referral health care guidelines are Availability of guidelines that TW 2-3 developed can be used as a reference 2021 when developing a public health referral system with mercury intoxication 2. Printing Hard copy of guidelines Availability of a hard copy and TW 2-3 soft copy of the guidelines 2021 that can be duplicated Source: Ministry of Health, 2021 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 93 Output 4: Capacity building training for health workers • Fields of practice required: and public health workers on minimizing and preventing - Practicing the implementation of a participatory mercury exposure, including the steps and procedures approach to increase community knowledge required to prevent, reduce and manage health problems and awareness as well as triggering collective due to mercury exposure in ASGM areas using the modules community action in changing behavior and referral system developed in this project. towards healthier and safer practices that do not use mercury; Indicators: - Practicing early detection/diagnosis of people • Participants have basic knowledge and skills regarding who may be exposed to mercury; treating and caring those exposed to mercury poisoning; - Practicing sampling for biomonitoring; • Participants are health workers in each location; - Practicing advocacy to community leaders and • Location of training: in the regency where the activity is related agencies to establish commitments located; and prepare a referral system for people with mercury intoxication. Table 5.7 Work Plan for Output 4 No. Detail of Activity Indicators Benefits Timeline 1. Training of health workers: Health workers in each location Trained personnel are present in each TW 4 ﹣ Ministry of Health are trained location and can carry out: 2021 (Directorate of - early diagnosis/detection and human Environmental Health), matrix sampling, ﹣ Provincial local health - community empowerment through a agency, participatory approach, ﹣ Regency local health agency/ - conduct an environmental health public health centers analysis with examination data for (environmental health biomarkers and health symptoms, workers, health promotion - carry out advocacy across programs workers, doctors, nurses) and sectors in the local government Source: Ministry of Health, 2021 94 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA CHAPTER VI. EVALUATION MECHANISM Under Article 21, the Minamata Convention obligates each target achievement of reducing and eliminating mercury and Party to report to the Conference of the Parties, through the knowing the implementation barriers. Evaluation is carried Secretariat, on the measures it has taken to implement the out at least 1 (one) time in 3 (three) months (Article 13 and provisions of the Convention and on the effectiveness of Article 15 of MoEF Regulation No. 81 of 2019). such measures and the possible challenges in meeting the objectives of the Convention. The reporting should include As for ASGM as a high-priority sector, the achievement of information as called for in, among others, Article 7 of the mercury elimination is measured by the amount of mercury Convention on ASGM. Indonesia has submitted its complete use that remains in ASGM businesses and/or activities as reports for the first reporting period, running from 16 August well as the success achieved in implementing the mercury 2017 to 31 December 2019. elimination activities. The mechanism for evaluating the implementation of RAN- To find out information about the achievements of mercury PPM and RAD-PPM is regulated in Article 7 to Article 13 elimination, monitoring of RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM of Presidential Regulation Number 21 of 2019 concerning implementation is carried out by the Minister of Environment RAN-PPM and Chapter III of MoEF Regulation Number P.81/ and Forestry, the ministers and/or heads of non-ministerial Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/10/2019 concerning Implementation government agencies, governors, and/or regents/mayors of Presidential Regulation No. 21 of 2019 concerning RAN- in accordance with their respective authorities. Monitoring PPM. The evaluation mechanism of the RAN-PPM as the is carried out at least 1 (once) in 3 (three) months. Further National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining procedures for monitoring of RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM will assist in fulfilling Indonesia’s reporting obligation under implementation are regulated in Annex IV to MoEF Regulation the Minamata Convention. No. 81 of 2019. For ASGM priority area, the procedures for monitoring the RAN-PPM implementation as in Annex IV Evaluation of the implementation of the RAN-PPM and of the MoEF Regulation can be seen in the Annex V to this RAD-PPM is carried out periodically to ensure that the main document. objectives of the RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM are achieved. The number of target achievements, strategies, and actors Monitoring and evaluation are coordinated by the Minister of the activity agencies make an effective and efficient of Environment and Forestry for the implementation of the evaluation very important to do. In general, the fulfillment of RAN-PPM and the governor for the implementation of the achievements is carried out through a process stage so that provincial RAD-PPM. In carrying out the monitoring and periodic evaluations are needed to obtain information about evaluation coordination function, the Minister of Environment obstacles or potential obstacles, so that obstacle management and Forestry forms a RAN-PPM committee consisting of a can be carried out as early as possible. chairman, deputy chairperson, secretary and working group. The membership of the RAN-PPM committee comes from Evaluation of the monitoring results of RAN-PPM and ministries/non-ministerial government agencies that are RAD-PPM implementation is carried out by the Minister of tasked with implementing the RAN-PPM based on Presidential Environment and Forestry, ministers and/or heads of non- Regulation No. 21 of 2019. ministerial government agencies, governors, and/or regents/ mayors in accordance with their respective authorities. The In Annex V of MoEF Regulation No. 81 of 2019 regarding evaluation is carried out by comparing the realization with the procedures for RAN-PPM evaluation, the results of the RAN- NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 95 PPM evaluation are reported to the RAN-PPM committee The evaluation of the RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM through the Minister of Environment and Forestry and the implementation is carried out: results of the RAD-PPM evaluation are reported to the RAN- a. at least 1 (once) in 3 (three) months for evaluation PPM committee through the Minister of Domestic Affairs. conducted by the responsible institution for the RAN- PPM and RAD-PPM; and The evaluation reports of the RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM are b. at least 1 (once) in 6 (six) months for the RAN-PPM subject to further evaluation through: committee. a. benchmarking the achievement of mercury reduction and elimination with planning targets; and A summary table that shows the relationship between the b. implementation barriers. national objective or targets, strategies and success indicators can be seen hereunder. Table 6.1 National Objective/Target, Strategy and Success Indicators in Mercury Elimination for ASGM as a Priority Sector National Objective/Target Strategy Success Indicators Mercury elimination with a target c.1. Strengthening commitment, Policy outreach to local governments in 34 Provinces is conducted of 100% elimination by 2025 coordination and cooperation between relevant ministries/non- Monitoring and evaluation to local governments in 34 provinces ministerial government agencies are conducted. One Ministerial Regulation is issued. One Ministerial Regulation is issued. Availability of guidance documents for remediation of mercury- contaminated land Availability of 1 standard method Two guidelines are available c.2. Strengthening coordination and Outreach to local government officials in all provinces in Indonesia. cooperation between central and local governments Integrated cooperation is implemented Monitoring on environmental quality (multimedia) on a regular basis is conducted c.3. Increase leadership, institutional Capacity of 5 laboratories equipped with appropriate human and human resource capacities in the resources is to be increased every year. elimination of mercury Research and monitoring of mercury is conducted. Availability of appropriate laboratory equipment for mercury analysis from samples of air, water, soil, foodstuffs, biological/ biomarker monitoring samples, and other materials Mercury parameter proficiency tests are conducted Mercury Research is conducted. 96 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA National Objective/Target Strategy Success Indicators c.4. Establishment of an information Availability of impact distribution map. system Availability of maps of areas and populations of communities vulnerable to mercury exposure. Availability of mercury exposure threshold values for human health. Availability of a national database system. Availability of map information system. Availability of inventory data Availability of maps c.5. Strengthening community Mercury dangers course is included into the national formal involvement through communication, education curriculum. information and education Information through mass media, social media and other media is disseminated by publishing a minimum of 2 (two) articles per week. Outreach and trainings in 34 provinces are conducted Approach in the community and the emergence of public awareness are developed along with collective community action not to use mercury and efforts to reduce the impact of mercury on health Participatory approaches in 34 provinces are developed Guidance and supervision of IPR Outreach of guidelines for remediation of mercury -contaminated land is conducted c.6. Application of alternative Availability of documents on the results of research and study of technology for mercury-free gold alternative technology for mercury-free gold processing processing Mercury contaminated land in 4 locations is remediated Availability of 5 FS and DED documents in 5 locations Integrated installations in 13 locations are constructed Availability of FS and DED documents on the provision of mercury storage facilities Construction of mercury storage facilities c.7. Transfer of local community Availability of 1 social study result livelihoods Availability of 1 economic study result Six productive economic business models are created Communities in 5 ASGM locations per year are coached Cooperative and SMEs permits in 5 ASGM locations per year are issued c.8. Strengthening law enforcement Availability of import and export control reports on mercury as commodity There is no cinnabar mining in Indonesia 100% action taken There are no illegal ASGM activities using mercury Amount of illegal mercury controlled at 10 tonnes per year Source: RAN-PPM, 2019 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 97 Evaluation of the success of the mercury elimination activities is seen in Table 6.2. The percentage of implementation success measured by comparing the output targets of the implementation of mercury elimination activities for ASGM as a priority sector is of mercury elimination activities in the 2019 period with the 93%. The strategy for transfer of local community livelihoods has realization of the implementation of mercury elimination had the lowest performance at 23%. activities in the 2020 period. The results of the evaluation can be Table 6.2 Successful Implementation of Mercury Elimination Activities in The ASGM Sector Output Actualized Performance No Strategy Target Number Achievement 1 Strengthening commitment, coordination and cooperation between relevant 14 17 121% ministries/non-ministerial government agencies 2 Strengthening coordination and cooperation between central and local 9 16 178% governments 3 Increase leadership, institutional and human resource capacities in the elimination 6 6 100% of mercury 4 Establishment of an information system 7 3 43% 5 Strengthening community involvement through communication, information and 8 16 200% education 6 Application of alternative technology for mercury-free gold processing 9 11 122% 7 Transfer of local community livelihoods 13 3 23% 8 Strengthening law enforcement 4 4 100% Total 70 65 93% A central achievement from the implementation of the RAN- More information on the status of the RAN-PPM implementation PPM for the ASGM sector in the year 2020 was reducing the for the year 2019 and 2020 can be seen in Annex IV. use of mercury by as much as 9.92 tonnes. 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Annex I. Stakeholders Involved in the Preparation of the NAP ASGM Stakeholder institutions involved in the preparation of the NAP workshops and focus group discussions are as shown in the ASGM by providing input through interviews, questionnaires, table below. presentation submissions and participation in meetings, Table 1. Stakeholders Involved in the Preparation of the NAP ASGM No. Office/Institution 1. Expert Staff of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia on Hazardous Waste Management Assistance 2. Secretary of the Directorate General of Waste, Hazardous, Toxic and Waste Management, MoEF 3. Directorate of Hazardous and Toxic Materials Management, MoEF 4. Director of Directorate Contamination Remediation and Emergency Response on Hazardous Wastes, MoEF 5. Director of Performance Assessment of Hazardous Waste and Non-Hazardous Waste Management, MoEF 6. Directorate of Open Access Land Damage Recovery, MOEF 7. Directorate of Water Pollution Control, MOEF 8. Quality Research and Development Center and Environmental Laboratory (P3KLL), MOEF 9. Head of Center for Environmental and Forestry Standards, MOEF 10. Directorate of Occupational Health and Sports, MoH 11. Directorate of Environmental Health, MoH 12. Directorate of Mineral and Coal Engineering and Environment, MoEMR 13. Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs 14. Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment 15. Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal and Security Affairs 16. Directorate of Imports, MoT 17. Directorate of Supervision of Circulating Goods and Services, MoT 18. Directorate of Production Export of Industrial and Mining, MoT 19. Directorate of Customs Technical, Directorate General of Customs and Excise, MoF 106 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 20. Directorate of Economic Development and Environment, MoFA 21. Directorate of Public Media Management, MoCI 22. Directorate of Manpower Supervision and Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Manpower 23. DKI Jakarta Provincial Environment Agency 24. Lebak Regency Environmental Service 25. Chemical Research Center, LIPI 26. Clean Technology Research Workshop, LIPI 27. Mineral Resources Development Technology Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology 28. Indonesian National Police Criminal Investigation Agency 29. Artisanal Gold Council 30. BaliFokus 31. Indonesian Centre for Environmental Law 32. Medicuss Foundation 33. Pure Earth/Blacksmith Institute 34. Tambuhak Sinta Foundation 35. UN Environment 36. University of Edinburgh 37. Basel and Stockholm Conventions Regional Centre for Southeast Asia 38. PT. Prasadha Pamunah Limbah Indonesia 39. University of Indonesia School of Environmental Science NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 107

Annex II. Estimation of Mercury Used in ASGM Locations in Indonesia Table II.1. Provinces and Estimation of Miner Numbers, Gold Production and Annual Mercury Used in ASGM Secondary Gold Annual Mercury Used Primary Gold Mining Gold Production Mining (Lost to Environment) No. Province Gold Number of Miners Number of Miners Hg (tonne/year) (tonne/year) 1 Banten 12,000 0 3.6 36.0 2 Bengkulu 2,000 0 0.6 6.0 3 Gorontalo 2,500 1,500 1.2 8.1 4 Jambi 0 7,000 2.1 2.7 5 West Java 8,500 0 2.6 25.5 6 Central Java 6,500 0 2.0 19.5 7 East Java 600 600 0.4 2.0 8 West Kalimantan 0 11,500 3.5 4.5 9 South Kalimantan 4,000 2,500 2.0 13.0 10 Central Kalimantan 4,500 20,000 7.4 21.3 11 East Kalimantan 500 2.000 0.8 2.3 12 North Kalimantan 1,000 1,000 0.6 3.4 13 Lampung 1,500 500 0.6 4.7 14 Maluku 7,000 0 2.1 21.0 15 North Maluku 4,500 500 1.5 13.7 16 Aceh 5,000 9,500 4.4 18.7 17 West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) 11,000 1,000 3.6 33.4 18 East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) 0 2,000 0.6 0,8 19 Papua 0 2,500 0.8 1.0 20 West Papua 0 500 0.2 0.2 21 Riau 500 2,000 0.8 2.3 22 West Sulawesi 4,000 500 1.4 12.2 23 South Sulawesi 0 2,000 0.6 0.8 24 Central Sulawesi 16,000 1,000 5.1 48.4 25 Southeast Sulawesi 500 1,500 0.6 2.1 26 North Sulawesi 8,500 0 2.6 25.5 27 West Sumatera 500 2,500 0.9 2.5 28 South Sumatera 0 1,500 0.5 0.6 29 North Sumatera 4,500 0 1.4 13.5 Total 105,600 73,600 53.8 345.5 108 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table II.2. Primary Gold Mining Districts and Annual Mercury Used in ASGM Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASMG on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) Banten Lebak 1 10000 10 0 0.0 3.0 100.0 30.0 Pandeglang 2 2000 2 0 0.0 0.6 20.0 6.0 Bengkulu North Bengkulu 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Lebong 2 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Rejang Lebong 3 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Gorontalo Boalemo 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Bone Bolango 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 North Gorontalo 3 1000 1 1500 1.5 0.75 11.95 3.6 Pohuwato 4 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 West Java Bogor 1 5000 5 0 0 1.5 50 15.0 Garut 2 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Tasikmalaya 3 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Bandung 4 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Sukabumi 5 1500 1.5 0 0 0.45 15 4.5 Central Java Banyumas 1 5000 5 0 0 1.5 50 15.0 Magelang 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Wonogiri 3 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3,0 East Java Bayuwangi 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1,5 Pacitan 2 100 0.1 0 0 0.03 1 0,3 South Kalimantan Banjar 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1,5 Kotabaru 2 2500 2.5 500 0.5 0.9 25.65 7,7 Tanah Laut 3 1000 1 1500 1.5 0.75 11.95 3,6 Central Kalimantan West 1 500 0.5 2000 2 0.75 7.6 2,3 Kotawaringin NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 109 Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASMG on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) East 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Kotawaringin Murung Raya 3 3500 3.5 0 0 1.05 35 10.5 East Kalimantan Kutai Barat 1 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 North Kalimantan Bulungan 1 1000 1 500 0.5 0.45 10.65 3.2 Lampung Pesawaran 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Way Kanan 2 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Maluku Buru 1 7000 7 0 0 2.1 70 21 North Maluku West Halmahera 1 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 South Halmahera 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 East Halmahera 3 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 North Halmahera 4 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Sula Island 5 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Morotai Island 6 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Aceh Southwest Aceh 1 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Aceh Besar 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Aceh Jaya 3 1000 1 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Central Aceh 4 1500 1.5 0 0 0.45 15 4.5 Gayo Lues 5 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Nagan Raya 6 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) West Lombok 1 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 Central Lombok 2 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 Sumbawa 3 5000 5 0 0 1.5 50 15.0 West Sumbawa 4 5000 5 0 0 1.5 50 15.0 Riau Kampar 1 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 West Sulawesi 110 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASMG on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) Majene 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Mamasa 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Mamuju 3 1500 1.5 0 0 0.45 15 4.5 Central Mamuju 4 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 North Mamuju 5 500 0.5 500 0.5 0.3 5.65 1.7 Polewali Mandar 6 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Central Sulawesi Banggai 1 3000 3.0 0 0 0.9 30 9.0 Buol 2 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Poso 3 1000 1.0 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Tojo Una-Una 4 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Toli-Toli 5 1000 1.0 0 0 0.3 10 3.0 Palu 6 10000 10.0 0 0 3 100 30.0 Southeast Sulawesi Bombana 1 500 0,5 1000 1 0,45 6,3 1,9 North Sulawesi Bolaang 1 3500 3,5 0 0 1,05 35 10,5 Mongondow East Bolaang 2 1000 1 0 0 0,3 10 3,0 Mongondow Minahasa 3 2500 2,5 0 0 0,75 25 7,5 Southeast 4 500 0,5 0 0 0,15 5 1,5 Minahasa North Minahasa 5 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Bitung 6 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 West Sumatera Solok 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 North Sumatera Dairi 1 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Mandailing Natal 2 3500 3.5 0 0 1.05 35 10.5 South Tapanuli 3 500 0.5 0 0 0.15 5 1.5 Total 70 319.3 Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 111 Table II.3. Secondary Gold Mining Districts and Annual Mercury Used in ASGM Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASGM on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) Bali - Bangka Belitung - DI Yogyakarta - DKI Jakarta - Jambi Batang Hari 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Bungo 2 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Kerinci 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Merangin 4 0 0 2000 2 0,6 2.6 0.8 Muaro Jambi 5 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Sarolangun 6 0 0 2000 2 0.6 2.6 0.8 Tebo 7 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0,2 East Java Jember 1 0 0 100 0.1 0.03 0.13 0.0 Trenggalek 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 West Kalimantan Bengkayang 1 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Kapuas Hulu 2 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Ketapang 3 0 0 2000 2 0.6 2.6 0.8 Landak 4 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Melawi 5 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Sambas 6 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Sanggau 7 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Sekadau 8 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Sintang 9 0 0 3500 3.5 1.05 4.55 1.4 Singkawang 10 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 South Kalimantan Tanah Bumbu 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 112 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASGM on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) Central Kalimantan North Barito 1 0 0 2000 2 0.6 2.6 0.8 Gunung Mas 2 0 0 6000 6 1.8 7.8 2.3 Kapuas 3 0 0 3000 3 0.9 3.9 1.2 Katingan 4 0 0 3000 3 0.9 3.9 1.2 Pulang Pisau 5 0 0 2000 2 0.6 2.6 0.8 Seruyan 6 0 0 2000 2 0.6 2.6 0.8 East Kalimantan Berau 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 East Kutai 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Paser 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 North Kalimantan Malinau 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Riau Islands - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Lampung South Lampung 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Aceh West Aceh 1 0 0 2500 2.5 0.75 3.25 1.0 South Aceh 2 0 0 2500 2.5 0.75 3.25 1.0 Southeast Aceh 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 North Aceh 4 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Pidie 5 0 0 3000 3 0.9 3.9 1.2 Subulussalam 6 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Lembata 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 West Sumba 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 East Sumba 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 North Timor 4 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Tengah Papua Jayapura 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Mimika 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 113 Annual Annual ASGM on Primary Gold ASGM on Secondary Gold Mercury Gold Mercury Deposits Deposits Used Number Production Used Regencies Per Gold Gold & Cities by Number of Number of Gold Hg Province Production Production Hg (Kg/day) Province Miners Miners (t/year) (t/year) (Kg/day) (Kg/day) Nabire 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Paniai 4 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Kota Jayapura 5 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 West Papua Manokwari 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Riau Kuantan Singingi 1 0 0 1500 1.5 0.45 1.95 0.6 South Sulawesi Barru 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Luwu 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 North Luwu 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Palopo 4 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Central Sulawesi Parigi Moutong 1 0 0 1000 1 0.3 1.3 0.4 Southeast Sulawesi Kolaka 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 West Sumatera Dharmasraya 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Pasaman 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 West Pasaman 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Sijunjung 4 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 South Solok 5 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 South Sumatera North Musi 1 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Rawas Ogan Komering 2 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Ulu South Ogan 3 0 0 500 0.5 0.15 0.65 0.2 Komering Ulu TOTAL 62 25.3 Source: MoEF & BSCRC-SEA, 2019 114 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

Annex III. National Baseline Analysis Details A. Methodology Mercury Inventory and Description of Gold Mining Process The method used for the mercury inventory was based on a quantity was a rough estimate of mercury that is illegal toolkit formulated by the UNEP (United Nation Environmental and inherently confidential but is a helpful starting point Program) entitled “Estimating Mercury Use and Documenting for comparisons or other approaches. Anyone can act as a Practices or Processes in Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM)” mercury seller, from gold traders, community members, or (O’Neill & Telmer, 2017). The method has two major parts: even community leaders who may be involved in mercury the interview process and the calculation process based on trading. the results of the doses or scales in the process carried out by b. Interview with mercury users. The respondent was asked several samples according to local conditions by ensuring that how much mercury they buy each week or month. The the number of samples taken is representative enough for the quantity would be a rough estimate but a helpful starting procedure. At the interview stage, many possible approaches point for triangulation. were taken to estimate the mercury ASGM used. Several c. Estimating gold production and applying mercury:gold approaches and tracing were taken to increase confidence in (Hg:Au) ratio. Gold production is defined as the amount of the final estimate. pure gold (24K/100%) produced in a certain amount (for example, annual gold production). The following were some categories of interviewees for estimating mercury use: In the calculation process, a particular calculation method a. Interview with mercury sellers. If mercury sellers could be was prepared in MS Excel, which uses several equations. found, they were asked how much mercury can be sold in Some of the equations used in estimating gold and mercury a month or year and the mercury price per kilogram. The production were as follows (Telmer & Stapper, 2012): (1) Correcting gross gold to 24K or comparable 100% purity: If gold purity was expressed in carats (Eq. 1): ………………….Eq. 1 (2) Gold produced from ore (Eq. 2): ………………….Eq. 2 (3) Hg used in gold production: b. The mercury weighing that was recovered from the Several steps need to be done, including the mixture ore after the mixture (containing recovered liquid stage and the heating stage. The mixed stage was carried mercury and amalgam), out by: c. Weighing the remaining liquid mercury after kneading a. Liquid mercury weighing that was added to the ore to remove amalgam. before mixing, NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 115 Heating stage: c. Mercury weighing recovered (if applicable). a. Amalgam weighing before heating, b. Mercury weighing recovered (if applicable). Thus, the total Hg used is obtained by Eq. 3, Eq. 4, and Eq. 5: Total Hg used = Hg lost to the soil in the mixed-phase + Hg lost to air ……. Eq. 3 Mercury lost to the soil in the mixed-phase = mass Hg is added - mass Hg is liquid from the juice - Hg evaporates ……. Eq. 4 Hg lost to air = evaporated Hg - the mass of Hg from the retort ……. Eq. 5 (4) Mercury:gold ratio (Hg:Au) b. Calculating the total Hg used by subtracting the Hg The Hg:Au ratio was calculated by: added by the remaining Hg squeezed, a. Converting the mass weight of a gold sponge to a c. Divide the total Hg used by the mass of pure gold mass equivalent to pure gold (multiplied by 24K, produced. 100%), Hg:Au ratio was calculated by Eq. 6. ………………….Eq. 6 Mercury Inventory and Description of Gold Mining Process Measurement of Concentration in Tailings (2) Sampling extraction. The Hg content in tailings water was In this study, samples of tailings wastewater were also taken determined according to the 2007 APHA method. The at the mining sites to determine whether mercury was used procedure was as follows: at the mining process site or not. The tailing wastewater • The sample in the bottle was homogenized, then 100 sampling point was determined in the mining location area mL of sample water was pipetted into an Erlenmeyer, using simple random and grab sample techniques. Tailing then added 2.5 mL of concentrated HNO3 and 1 mL of samples were taken directly in the field, while preparation, H2O2. extraction, and mercury analysis were carried out in the • The sample was heated in microwave digestion to laboratory. completion. • After that, the samples were cooled to room (1) Sampling. Tailing wastewater samples were taken at the temperature and filtered using Whatman Paper No. 42 location of the mining tailing area and put into 100 mL into a volumetric flask. HDPE bottles, then preserved by adding HNO3 until the pH • The sample was homogenized for further analysis became ≤ 2 (APHA, 2005). Water samples were labeled and using the AAS instrument. stored in a cool box at 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. • The complete procedure is given in Figure III.A.1. 116 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.A.1. Flowchart for determination of Hg metal content in water STANDARD PREPARATION SAMPLE PREPARATION For dissolved metal analysis, the sample was The metal standard was prepared according to filtered by means of a 0.45 µm mass and then the sample tested at 1000 mg/L acidified (pH <2). For total metal analysis, the sample was The standard series was prepared according to homogenized and then transferred into 100 mL the concentrations to be determined Erlenmeyer + 2.5 mL concentrated nitric acid + 1 mL H2O2, heated in microwave digestion Wait for the digestion to complete Transferred to a beaker, then filtered and transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask, added sufficient water and homogenized READ BY THE AAS INSTRUMENT Ensure that the required gas supply was installed properly, the instrument was connected to the appropriate electric current, then turned it on Optimized according to the instructions of the instrument, warming up for at least 30 minutes The blank was read, the standard series (r value ≥0.995) and the sample, confirmed that the data quality (RSD/RPD, r, and recovery) met the criteria Figure III.A.1. Flowchart for determination of Hg metal content in water NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 117 (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the obtained in µg/L, which was then calculated to obtain referred quality standard. The extracted tailing sample the final T-Hg concentration. The final concentration of was then analyzed for T-Hg content using AAS at the mercury in the tailing sample was calculated based on SNI laboratory. From the results, the T-Hg concentration was 6989.78-2011 using Eq. 7. Mercury content (µg/L) = (DE) x fp ……. Eq. 7 Mercury levels mg/L = (µg/L)/1000 (1) River water sampling. River water samples were taken at a depth of 10 cm below the water surface (Vieira et al., 2018) Where: and put into a 100-mL glass bottle. Further, the samples D = Mercury levels in the tailing extraction sample from the were preserved by adding HNO3 until the pH became ≤ 2 = reading in the lab (µg/L) (APHA, 2005). Water samples were labeled and stored in E = Mercury levels in blank samples from readings in the lab the cool box at 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. = (µg/L) fp = Dilution factor (2) Sample extraction. The Hg content in river water is determined according to the 2007 APHA method. The The results were then compared with the quality standard of procedure is used as follows: tailings wastewater in the gold mining process, which is not • The sample in the bottle was homogenized then more than 0.005 mg/L based on the Government Regulation transferred 100 mL of sample water into the No. 22/2021 concerning Environment Protection and Erlenmeyer, added 2.5 mL of concentrated HNO3 and Management. 1 mL of H2O2. • The sample was heated in microwave digestion to Concentration Measurement in River Water Samples completion. • After that, the samples were cooled to room The concentration of mercury in the environment was temperature and filtered using Whatman paper No. measured on several matrices, one of which is river water, 42 into a 100 mL volumetric flask. representing the aquatic environment. The type of sample • The sample was homogenized for further analysis taken was a grab sample. The location and the sampling using the AAS instrument (Figure III.A.1). stations of the aquatic environment were determined purposively, based on the existence of ASGM activities (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and or potentially contaminated areas, river use areas, the the referred quality standard. The extracted river water confluence of two rivers, the downstream, and one location samples were analyzed for T-Hg content using AAS. The in the upstream area. results in µg/L unit was then calculated to obtain the final T-Hg concentration. The final concentration of mercury in River water samples to be measured for mercury content and the tailings sample was calculated based on SNI 6989.78- measurement of supporting data such as several chemical 2011 using Eq. 8. and physical environmental parameters were taken directly in the field, while preparation, extraction, and mercury analysis were carried out in the laboratory. Mercury content (µg/L) = (D-E) x fp ……. Eq. 8 Mercury levels mg/L = (µg/L)/1000 E = Mercury levels in blank samples from readings in the lab = (µg/L) Where: W = Sample weight (g) D = Mercury levels in the extraction sample from the reading Va = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) = in the lab (µg/L) fp = Dilution factor 118 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA The results were compared with the water sample quality method of Mercury in Solid or Semisolid Waste (Manual Cold- standards referring to Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Vapor Technique). Sediment and homogenized soil samples

Annex VI concerning the National Water Quality Standard, were weighed (1-2 g) and placed in an Erlenmeyer. A total of which is 0.001 mg/L for class I water quality standards, to be 10 mL of 1:1 HNO3, 5 mL of distilled water, and 5 mL of 3:1 safe as a drinking water source. aqua regia (HCl:HNO3) were added, heated for 2 minutes at 95 ± 3°C. After that, the solution was cooled, 50 mL of distilled Measurement of Concentration in River Sediment Samples water was added and heated 10-15 minutes at 95 ± 3°C then cooled. After chilling, the solution was added with 5 mL of Samples from other aquatic environments were also collected concentrated HNO3, refluxed for 30 minutes then added with 2 from river sediments, taken using the grab sample technique. mL of distilled water and 3 mL of H2O2. The solution was cooled The location and sampling stations were determined then added 1 mL H2O2 until the foam disappeared. Next, 5 mL purposively, based on the presence of ASGM activities or of concentrated HCl and 10 mL of distilled water were added potentially contaminated areas, river use areas, the confluence again, covered with a watch glass, and then refluxed for 15 of two rivers, and the downstream; one site was also located minutes. The solution was filtered using Whatman paper No. in the upstream area. The river sediment sampling location 42 into a 100 mL volumetric flask. The complete procedure is is adjusted to the river water sampling point. River sediment given in Figure III.A.2. samples to be measured for mercury content were taken directly in the field, while preparation, extraction, and mercury Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the analysis are performed in the laboratory. referred quality standard. The river sediment samples that had been extracted were analyzed for T-Hg content using AAS. Sediment sampling. River bed sediment samples were The results were in mg/L units, calculated according to the taken using a shovel. The sampling point was selected in environmental matrix to obtain the final T-Hg concentration conjunction with water sampling. The sediment sample (250 value. g) was put into a 100-mL sample bottle, labeled, and stored in a cool box at 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. The final concentration of mercury in river sediment samples is calculated based on SNI 06-6992.2-2004 using Eq. 9 and Eq. Extraction of river sediment samples. Hg in sediment was 10. extracted according to the US-EPA 7471B (EPA 1998) standard Water content (%) = ((Csb-Cst) × 100%)/Csb ……. Eq. 9 Where: Csb = weight of the test sample before heating (wet weight) (g) Cst = Weight of the test sample after heating (dry weight) (g) Mercury content (mg/kg) = (C × fp × Va × (1 L)/(1000 mL))/(W (1-MC/100)) × (1000 g)/kg ……. Eq. 10 Where: The results were compared with the sediment quality C = Mercury levels in sediment extraction samples from the standard of 0.3 mg/kg based on the Government Regulation = reading in the lab (mg/L) No. 22/2021. W = Sample weight (g) Va = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) MC = Moisture content fp = dilution factor NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 119 Figure III.A.2 Flowchart for determination of Hg levels in soil and sediment using AAS STANDARD PREPARATION SAMPLE PREPARATION The pure metal standard was prepared according Weighed 1-2 ± 0.01 g to the sample tested at 1000 mg/L The standard series was prepared according to + 10 mL HNO3 1:1, covered with a watch glass the concentration to be determined Heated at a temperature of 95 ± 5 oC for 10-15 minutes not boiling. Cooled, + 5 mL concentrated HNO3, refluxed 30 minutes, + 2 mL distilled water + 3 mL H2O2. Cooled. + 1 mL H2O2 until the foam disappear + 5 mL of concentrated HCl + 10 mL of distilled water, covered with a watch glass, refluxed for 15 minutes Transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask, add sufficient water, homogenized, and filtered READING BY THE AAS INSTRUMENT Ensure that the required gas supply was installed properly, the instrument WAs connected to the electric current, then turned the machine on Optimization according to the instructions of the instrument, warmed up for at least 30 minutes The blank was read, the standard series (r value ≥ 0.95) and the sample, it was confirmed that the quality of the data (RSD/RPD, r, and recovery) met the criteria Figure III.A.2 Flowchart for determination of Hg levels in soil and sediment using AAS 120 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Measurement of Concentration in Biota Samples wet weight) was placed in an Erlenmeyer. A total of 9 mL HNO3 and 1 mL H2O2, 1 mL distilled water, 2 mL HNO3 -HClO4 (1:1), Another measurement of mercury concentrations in aquatic and 5 mL H2SO4 were added to the Erlenmeyer containing environments was in freshwater fish. The samples were the sample and heated in microwave digestion over a bath taken as a grab sample. Locations and fish sampling stations at 200-230°C for 30 minutes. The Erlenmeyer, which contains were determined purposively, based on ASGM activities or the mixture, was removed and allowed to stand for a while areas that are potentially contaminated, river use areas, the to lowering the temperature, after which it was filtered with confluence of two rivers and the downstream, and one location Whatman filter paper No. 42, and distilled water was added in the upstream area. Fish samples were taken directly in the until the final volume was 25 mL. field, while preparation, extraction, and mercury analysis were carried out in the laboratory. Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the referred quality standard. The extracted fish samples Collecting fish samples. Fish samples were obtained using were then analyzed for T-Hg content using AAS. In mg/L fishing rods and nets. The samples were put into ziplock units, the analysis results were calculated according to the plastic and preserved using 90% formalin-alcohol, labeled, environmental matrix to obtain the final T-Hg concentration and stored in a cool box at 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. value (Figure III.A.3). Extraction of fish samples. The extraction referred to the The final concentration of mercury in fish samples procedure used by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan was calculated based on SNI 2354.6-2016 concerning (Suzuki et al., 2004). The samples were cut into smaller pieces, Determination of Heavy Metal Mercury (Hg) Levels in Fishery mashed, and homogenized. Furthermore, 0.5g (maximum for Products using Eq. 11. Mercury content (mg/kg) = ((DE) × fp × Va × (1 L)/(1000 mL))/W × (1000 g)/kg ……. Eq. 11 Where: The results were compared with fish quality standards D = Mercury levels in fish extraction samples from the based on National Agency of Drug and Food Control (Badan = reading in the lab (mg/L) Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, BPOM) Regulation No. 5/2018 E = Mercury levels in blank samples from readings in the lab concerning Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination = (mg/L) in Processed Foods for Fish and Fishery Products Including W = Sample weight (g) Mollusks, Crustaceans, and Echinoderm and Amphibians and Va = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) Reptiles, which is 0.50 mg/kg for Hg metal (Food and Drug fp = Dilution factor Control Agency). No. 5/2018 on Maximum Limit of Metal Contamination in Processed Grain Food, 2018). NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 121 Figure III.A.3. Flowchart for determination of Hg levels in plants, fish, and hair using ICP-MS instrument STANDARD PREPARATION SAMPLE PREPARATION The pure metal standard was prepared according Weighed the sample 0.5 ± 0.01 g to the sample tested at 1000 mg/L A standard series was prepared in accordance with + 9 mL HNO3 + 1 mL H2O2 the concentration to be determined Heated in a microwave digestion according to the appliance manual Wait for the digestion to complete Transferred to a beaker, filtered, and transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask, filtered, add sufficient distilled water, and homogenized READ BY THE ICP-MS INSTRUMENT Ensured that the required gas supply was installed properly, the instrument WAs connected to the appropriate electric current, then turned the instrument on Optimize according to the instructions of the instrument, warmed up for at least 30 minutes Read the blank, the standard series (r value ≥ 0.995) and the sample, ensured that the quality of the data (RSD/RPD, r, and recovery) met the criteria Figure III.A.3. Flowchart for determination of Hg levels in plants, fish, and hair using ICP-MS instrument 122 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Concentration Measurement in Soil Samples distilled water was added and heated for 30 minutes at 95 ± 3°C, then cooled. After chilling, the solution was added with 5 Soil sampling. Soil samples were taken using a shovel. The mL of concentrated HNO3, refluxed for 30 minutes, and 2 mL sampling point was selected according to representative plant of distilled water and 3 mL of H2O2. The solution was cooled, sampling. The soil samples were placed into a 100-mL sample added 1 mL H2O2 until the foam disappeared. Then 5 mL of bottle, labeled, and stored in the cool box at temperature concentrated HCl and 10 mL of distilled water were added, 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. Samples were prepared covered with a watch glass, and refluxed again for 15 minutes. before extraction to remove the impurities, homogenized, The solution was then filtered using Whatman paper No. 42 and tested for their mercury content in terms of total Hg (T- into a 100 mL volumetric flask. Hg). Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the Extraction of soil samples. Hg in the soil was extracted referred quality standard. The extracted river sediment according to the US-EPA 7471B (EPA, 1998) standard method samples were analyzed for T-Hg content using ICP-MS AAS. of Mercury in Solid or Semisolid Waste (Manual Cold-Vapor The T-Hg concentration was reported in mg/L units, calculated Technique). Sediment samples and homogenized soil were according to the environmental matrix to obtain the final weighed (1-2 g) and placed in the Erlenmeyer. A total of 10 T-Hg concentration value (Figure III.A.2). mL of distilled water and HNO3 (1:1) and 5 mL of 3:1 aqua regia (HCl:HNO3) were added to the mixture, heated for 2 minutes The final concentration of mercury in river sediment samples at 95 ± 3°C. After that, the solution was cooled, 50 mL of is calculated based on SNI 06-6992.2-2004 using Eq. 12 and Eq. 13. Water content (%) = ((CSB-Cst) × 100%)/Csb .....Eq. 12 Where: Csb = weight of the test sample before heating (wet weight) (g) Cst = Weight of the test sample after heating (dry weight) (g) Mercury content (mg/kg) = (C × fp × Va × (1 L/(1000 mL))/(W (1MC/100)) × (1000 g)/kg .......Eq. 13 Where: Concentration Measurement in Plant Samples C = Mercury levels in sediment extraction samples from the = reading in the Lab (mg/L) Mercury levels in the terrestrial environment were also W = Sample weight (g) measured in plants. The point of taking plant samples was Va = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) determined by a simple random, grab sample. The location MC = Moisture content and the plant sampling station were conjunctions to the soil fp = dilution factor sampling. Plant samples were taken directly in the field, while preparation, extraction, and mercury analysis were carried out The results were then compared with the standard quality of in the laboratory. sediment of 0.3 mg/kg for the total concentration of mercury, in accordance with the determination of soil management Plant sampling. Crop samples were taken using the hand contaminated with B3 waste contained in GR No. 22/2021 sorting method. The sample was put into ziplock plastic and

Annex XIII. made airtightly, labeled, and stored in a cool box at 4°C until analyzed in the laboratory. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 123 Extraction of plant samples. The extraction method referred to volume became 25 mL. the procedure used by the Ministry of the Environment Japan (2004). Fish samples were cut into smaller pieces, mashed, Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the and homogenized. Further, 0.5 g (maximum) samples were referred quality standard. The extracted plant samples were placed in Erlenmeyer. A total of 9 mL HNO3 and 1 mL H2O2, analyzed for T-Hg content using the AAS instrument. The 1 mL distilled water, 2 mL HNO3-HClO4 (1:1), and 5 mL H2SO4 results, reported in mg/L unit, were calculated according to the were added and heated in microwave digestion over a bath environmental matrix to obtain the final T-Hg concentration at 200-230°C for 30 minutes. The Erlenmeyer containing the value (Figure III.A.3). solution was removed and allowed to stand for a while to reduce the temperature, filtered the solution with Whatman The final concentration of mercury in plant samples is filter paper No. 42, and added distilled water until the final calculated based on SNI 2354.6:2016 using Eq. 14. Mercury content (mg/kg) = ((DE) x fp x Va x 1 L/1000 mL) /W x 1000 g/kg .......Eq. 14 Where: with HNO3, then stored in a cool box at 4°C. D = Mercury levels in plant extraction samples from the = reading in the lab (mg/L) Extraction of drinking water samples. The water sample E = Mercury levels in blank samples from readings in the lab extraction method refers to APHA 3113B Year 2007 with the = (mg/L) following steps: W = Sample weight (g) fp = Dilution factor The sample (100 mL) was added with 2.5 mL of concentrated HNO3 and 1 mL H2O2, 5 mL H2SO4, and 2.5 mL HNO3 into an The results were compared to the standard quality of Erlenmeyer, added 15 mL of KMnO4 solution, and let stand up plants, namely 0.03 mg/kg based on BPOM Regulation No. to 15 minutes. If the purple color disappeared, more KMnO4 5/2018 concerning The Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal was added until the solution remains purple. Another 8 mL Contamination in Processed Foods for Cereals and Cereal of K2S2O8 was added and heated on a heating plate for 2 Products, which is 0.03 mg/kg for Hg metal. hours at a temperature of 95°C. Then the sample is heated in microwave digestion to completion and cooled at room Concentration Measurement in Drinking Water Samples temperature. The samples were cooled and filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 42. The filtrate was transferred into In this study, samples of drinking water or clean water a volumetric flask, and distilled water was added until the final consumed by the respective community were taken. The volume of 200 mL. Afterward, the sample was homogenized sampling points were selected by simple random method, and stored in an extraction bottle for further analysis using using grab sampling. The samples were taken directly in the the AAS instrument. field, while preparation, extraction, and mercury analysis are carried out in the laboratory. Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-HG) and the referred quality standard. The extracted drinking water sample Taking drinking water samples. Samples were obtained from was analyzed for T-Hg content, and the results were reported drinking water in the respondent’s house. Water samples in µg/L units, calculated according to the environmental were taken directly from drinking water sources, for example, matrix to obtain the final T-Hg concentration value (Figure tap water, water drums, or depending on the condition of the III.A.1). The final concentration of mercury is calculated based water storage area in the respondent’s house. Water samples on SNI 7387: 2009 with modifications to the liquid sample (250 mL) were stored in HDPE sample bottles and preserved using Eq. 15. 124 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Mercury level (mg/L) = ((DE) x fp x Va x 1L/1000 mL)/Vs .......Eq. 2.15 Where: 2. Rice sample extraction. The extraction was based on the D = Mercury levels in drinking water extraction samples Mercury Analysis Manual (Ministry of the Environment = from the reading in the lab (mg/L) Japan 2004) as follows: E = Mercury levels in the blank from the reading in the lab ﹣ Sampled rice by mashing it with a mortar; = (mg/L) ﹣ A sample of 0.5 g was added to 1 mL of distilled water, Vs = Volume of drinking water sample (mL) 1 mL of HNO3, 1 mL of HClO4, and 5 mL of H2SO4; Va = the final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) ﹣ The sample was heated on a heating plate for 30 fp = Dilution factor minutes at 200-230 °C, cooled at room temperature; ﹣ The cold sample was diluted with 20 mL of distilled The results were compared with drinking water quality water and filtered with Whatman paper No. 42. The standards, namely, 0.001 mg/L based on the Minister of filtrate was transferred into a volumetric flask and Health Regulation No. 32/2017. distilled water was added until the final volume of 50 mL; Measurement of Concentration in Rice Samples ﹣ The samples were homogenized and stored in extraction bottles for further analysis using the AAS In the case study, rice samples were taken as the staple food instrument (Figure III.A.2); of the respondents. The sampling points were selected by ﹣ Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) simple random sampling, as grab sample. The samples were and the referred quality standard. The rice samples taken directly in the field, while preparation, extraction, and that had been extracted were analyzed for the T-Hg mercury analysis were carried out in the laboratory: content using AAS. The results, reported in mg/L 1. Rice sampling. The rice samples taken were only the grain. units, was then calculated to obtain the final T-Hg Rice samples were taken from the respondent’s house, concentration value. which usually came from their harvest or bought from a shop. The sample (50 g) was placed in HDPE plastic to be The final concentration of mercury in rice samples is calculated stored in a 4°C cool box. based on SNI 2354.6:2016 using Eq. 16. 1L (D-E) x fp x Va x 1000mL 1000g Mercury level (mg/kg) = X .......Eq. 16 w kg Where: Measurement of Concentration in Respondent Samples D = Mercury levels in rice extraction samples from the Basics of Sampling = reading in the lab (mg/L) E = Mercury levels in blank samples from readings in the lab In measuring mercury levels in humans and medical = (mg/L) examinations, several important aspects were considered W = Sample weight (g) to achieve an objective, unbiased, efficient, and effective Va = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) measurement. These include: fp = Dilution factor 1. Preliminary survey. During the preliminary survey, an initial description of environmental conditions had been The results were compared to rice quality standards, which is figured out, the potential sources of mercury pollutants 0.03 mg/kg based on BPOM Regulation No. 5/2018 concerning and the number of people exposed to mercury in the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination in Processed study area, and the proper sample size for the study area Foods for Cereals and Cereal Products. been determined. At that time, coordination was also carried out regarding the administrative provisions for licensing and communication to the local government and residents. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 125 2. Determination of the type of sample. Mercury enters the 5. Analysis of the characteristics of the respondents. In this human body in the form of inorganic and organic mercury. activity, interviews were also conducted to assess the The duration of exposure can be acute or chronic. Mercury likelihood of mercury exposure from other sources, habit itself has a preference for deposition sites in the body. patterns, nutrition, and disease, as stated in the interview Based on these various aspects, the following types of format, to determine how these things affect the current samples were selected: health condition. ﹣ In adults in the form of: a. Nails and hair. Both samples were easy to obtain Measurement of Concentration in Adult Urine Samples and represent chronic mercury deposition and exposure. 1. Taking urine samples. Urine samples were taken according b. Urine on time. This sample is non-invasive to the standards of WHO and UNEP (2008). The urine that and easy to obtain. Mercury levels in the urine is taken is urine at a time. Urine samples were taken and represent acute mercury deposition and exposure. put into two sterile urine pots, each of approximately The concentration in urine was measured per 30 mL. The first container of urine was not preserved creatinine unit (protein in urine). Thus, it is because it was tested for creatinine content in urine, while necessary to measure the creatinine concentration the second container of urine was preserved in HNO3 to in urine as well. Measurement of urine protein measure the total mercury content, stored in a cool box could also be an indication of kidney damage. at 4°C. Creatinine levels were tested in the Clinical Health ﹣ In children in the form of urine on time. Mercury Laboratory, while the preparation and extraction of urine concentrations in urine represent acute mercury samples are carried out at the laboratory. deposition and exposure. The parameter is essential, primarily if the father works as a miner and/or burns 2. Urine sample extraction method. Urine was extracted at home or other places that are easily accessible based on the Mercury Analysis Manual (Ministry of the to the children. The concentration in urine was Environment Japan 2004), as follows: measured per creatine unit (protein in urine), so it is ﹣ A preserved urine sample was prepared for analysis. necessary to measure the creatinine concentration in ﹣ 1 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HClO4 were added to the urine. Measurement of urine protein can also be an Erlenmeyer. indication of kidney damage. ﹣ Further, 5 mL of H2SO4 was added to the sample flask, and 2 mL was added to the Erlenmeyer. 3. Determining the type of medical examination. The effects ﹣ All samples were heated on a heating plate for 30 mercury could have on various systems affects the type minutes at a temperature of 200 - 230 °C. of physical examination. From various literature, it can be ﹣ Afterward, the sample was cooled at room seen that the dominant effect that appears is neurological temperature, diluted with 20 mL of distilled water and disorders. Thus, the medical examination was focused on filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 42. various neurological disorders that may arise. However, ﹣ The filtrate was placed into a volumetric flask, and it also checks the condition of the body and respiration distilled water is added to the final volume of 50 mL, because mercury is processed by burning. The level of homogenized, and stored in an extraction bottle, and nerve damage and other diseases was also checked using analyzed using the ICP-MS instrument (Figure III.A.4). an objective and easily measured method, such as HBM (human biomonitoring). 4. Determination of the number of samples. The number of respondent samples determined, taking into account the duration of the study, the size of the area, the selection of groups, and various medical examinations. 126 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.A.4 Flowchart of Hg determination in urine by ICP-MS STANDARD PREPARATION SAMPLE PREPARATION The pure metal standard was prepared according Weighed 2.5 mL of the sample to the sample tested at 1000 mg/L Prepared a standard series in accordance with the + 9 mL HNO3 + 1 mL H2O2 concentration to be determined Heated in a microwave digestion according to the appliance manual Wait for the digestion to complete Transferred to a beaker, filtered, and transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask, added sufficient distilled water, homogenized READING BY ICP-MS INSTRUMENT Ensured that the required gas supply was installed properly, the instrument was connected to the electric current, then turned the instrument on Optimized according to the instructions of the instrument, warmed up for at least 30 minutes Read the blank, the standard series (r value ≥ 0.995) and the sample, ensured that the quality of the data (RSD/RPD, r, and recovery) met the criteria Figure III.A.4 Flowchart of Hg determination in urine by ICP-MS NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 127 (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and Mercury levels were calculated using Eq. 17 based on SNI the referred quality standard. The mercury content was a 7387:2009, which was modified for liquid samples as follows: number of the mercury concentration in the samples sent, reprocessed to obtain the final mercury concentration. (D-E) x fp x Va Mercury level (µg/g creatinine) = : C creatinine .......Eq. 17 Vs Where: nail clippers. The nails were first cleaned for dyed nails D = Mercury levels in the urine sample reading from the lab using acetone before extraction (Sakamoto et al., 2014). = (mg/L) E = Level of blank readings from the lab (mg/L) (2) Nail sample extraction method. Nail samples (10 mg) fp = Dilution factor were inserted into the Erlenmeyer, added 1 mL of distilled Va = Volume of sample extraction solution (L) water, 1 mL of HNO3 and HClO⁴ each, and 5 mL of H2SO⁴, Vs = Total sample volume (L) heated for 30 minutes at 200-230 °C. The heated sample C = Creatinine level (mg / dL) was then cooled and added with distilled water to reach a volume of 50 mL (Figure III.A.5). The results were then compared with the urine sample quality standard referring to the WHO and UNEP of 5 µg/g creatinine (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the (WHO & UNEP, 2008). Prodia’ s laboratory states that creatinine referred quality standard. The mercury reading was the levels in female urine (adult and child) are in the range of 28 number of mercury concentrations in the samples sent. mg/dL and for males (adults and children) are in the range of This data is then reprocessed to obtain the final mercury 39 mg/dL. concentration. Concentration Measurement in Adult Nail The final concentration of mercury was calculated based on Samples SNI 7387:2009 with modifications to the solid sample using Eq. 18. (1) Nail sampling. Nail samples taken had a minimum length of 1 mm. The nails can be fingernails and toes, taken using 1L (D-E) x fp x V x 1000mL 1000 µg Mercury level (µg/g) = X .......Eq. 18 w 1 mg Where: The results obtained were compared with the quality standard D = Mercury levels in the extracted sample (mg/L) from the of nail samples referring to the Guidance for Identifying = reading in the lab Population at Risk from Mercury Exposure published by WHO E = Sample blank level (mg/L) from the reading in the lab and UNEP, i.e., 1.6 µg/g. W = Sample weight (g) V = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) fp = Dilution factor 128 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.A.5 Flowchart for determination of Hg metal content in nails using ICP-MS instrument STANDARD PREPARATION SAMPLE PREPARATION A metal parent standard was prepared according to Weighed 1 ± 0.01 g of the sample the sample tested at 1000 mg/L The standard series was prepared according to the + 8 mL HNO3 + 2 mL HCl concentration to be determined Heated in microwave digestion according to the instrument guide Wait for the digestion to complete Transferred to a beaker, filtered, and transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask, filtered with distilled water, and homogenized READ BY THE ICP-MS INSTRUMENT Ensured that the required gas supply was installed, the instrument was connected to the electric current, then turned the instrument on Optimized according to the instructions of the instrument, warmed up for at least 30 minutes The blank was read, the standard series (r value ≥ 0.995) and the sample, confirmed that the data quality (RSD/RPD, r, and recovery) met the criteria Figure III.A.5 Flowchart for determination of Hg metal content in nails using ICP-MS instrument NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 129 Measurement of Concentration in Adult Hair itself. Based on the Mercury Analysis Manual (Ministry of Samples Environment Japan 2004), the hair sample is taken from the occipital area of the head and should consist of at least (1) Hair sampling. The mercury content in hair is often used 20 hairs 1 cm long, taken using scissors at the roots. Then as a biomarker for methylmercury exposure because the hair samples were placed in a PE bag and stored at the mercury content in hair reflects the concentration room temperature. of mercury in the blood when the hair grows. The (2) Hair sample extraction method. 10 mg of hair samples concentration of mercury in hair is usually around 250- were inserted into Erlenmeyer and added with 1 mL of 300x blood mercury concentration. The exposure that distilled water, 1 mL of HNO3 and HClO⁴ each, and 5 mL occurs for a long time can still be known because the hair of H2SO⁴. Furthermore, the mixture was heated for 30 grows about 1 cm per month. If there is no exposure to minutes at 200-230 °C. The sample was then cooled and inorganic mercury or mercury vapor, almost all of the added with distilled water until a volume of 50 mL (Figure mercury content in hair is in the form of methylmercury. III.A.3). Therefore, the amount of exposure to methylmercury from (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and the food can be determined by measuring the total mercury. referred quality standard. The reading of mercury results However, because people involved in gold mining and from the laboratory was in mercury concentration. gold processing have a high risk of exposure to inorganic mercury and mercury vapors, evaluating methylmercury The final concentration of mercury was calculated based on exposure is only possible by measuring methylmercury SNI 7387:2009 with modifications to the solid sample using Eq. 19. 1L (D-E) x fp x V x 1000mL 1000 µg Mercury level (µg/g) = X .......Eq. 19 w 1 mg Where: was not preserved, while the other was preserved in HNO3 D = Mercury levels in the extracted sample (mg/L) from the and stored in a cool box at 4°C. Creatinine levels are tested = reading in the lab in the Clinical Health Laboratory, while the preparation E = Sample blank level (mg/L) from the reading in the lab and extraction of urine samples were carried out at the W = Sample weight (g) laboratory. V = The final volume of the prepared sample solution (mL) (2) Urine sample extraction method. Urine was extracted fp = Dilution factor according to the Mercury Analysis Manual (Ministry of the Environment Japan 2004), as follows: The results were compared with the quality standard of hair • A preserved urine sample was prepared for analysis. samples referring to the Guidance for Identifying Population • 1 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HClO⁴ were added to the at Risk from Mercury Exposure published by WHO and UNEP, Erlenmeyer flask. i.e., 2 µg/g. • Subsequently, 5 mL of H2SO⁴ was added to the sample flask, and 2 mL of urine was introduced to Measurement of Concentration in Children’s the Erlenmeyer. The mixture was heated on a heating Urine Samples plate for 30 minutes at a temperature of 200–230 °C. • Afterward, the mixture was cooled at room (1) Taking urine samples. Urine samples were taken from temperature, diluted with 20 mL of distilled water, and children aged 6-12 years according to standards from WHO filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 42. The filtrate and UNEP (2008). The urine that is taken is urine at a time. was transferred into a volumetric flask and distilled The child’s urine sample was taken and put into two sterile water was added until the final volume was 50 mL. The urine containers, each of approximately 30 mL urine. The mixture was homogenized and stored in an extraction sample in the first container (for creatinine determination) bottle, and analyzed using the AAS instrument. 130 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA (3) Analysis of the total mercury concentration (T-Hg) and concentration. Mercury levels were calculated using Eq. the referred quality standard. The mercury reading 20 based on SNI 7387:2009, which is modified for liquid from the laboratory was reported as the final mercury samples as follows: (D-E) x fp x Va Mercury content (μg/g) = : C creatinine .......Eq. 20 Vs Where: (2) Ataxia test. The ataxia test is a test to determine the loss of D = Mercury levels in the urine sample reading from the lab muscle coordination. The ataxia test is carried out in two = (mg/L) stages: E = Level blank reading from the lab (mg/L) • First. Respondents were asked to walk on the floor in fp = Dilution factor a straight line with their eyes open, followed by their Va = Volume of sample extraction solution (L) eyes closed. Vs = Total sample volume (L) • Second. Respondents stood with open arms about C = Creatinine level (mg/dL) 45 degrees from the side of the body. The sweeping motion was made by swinging the arm so that the The results were compared with the urine sample quality fingertips almost touch the tip of the nose with the standard referring to the WHO and UNEP of 5 μg/g creatinine eyes open, then after smooth doing it with the eyes (WHO & UNEP, 2008). closed. Adult Health Examination (3) Tremor test. This test was to detect vibrations due to repeated and uncontrolled muscle contractions in the Human Biomonitoring hands, arms, eyelids, and other parts of the body. The respondent stood up, stretched his arms forward with Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a measurement of biomarkers open palms, and then placed a sheet of paper. Movement in humans (Bose-O’Reilly et al., 2016). HBM measures the is repeated with the palms face down. If it vibrates, it concentration level of a substance or chemical compound means that the respondent is experiencing tremors. resulting from exposure to humans. HBM has been used as a tool to measure exposure to chemicals in humans to inform (4) Dysdiadochokinesia test. This test is to determine the public health, risk determination, and risk management disturbance of vibration coordination. In this test, the decisions. HBM can be used as an indicator in determining respondent is asked to stand with his arms raised and intoxication by a specific chemical, such as mercury. The bent at ear level and then asked to rotate his hands on chronic effects of mercury exposure can be measured by the his wrists. Movement is done over and over with the eyes HBM method. open then with the eyes closed. There are several tests carried out on respondents, including: (5) Neuropsychology test. The neuropsychological test is (1) History test. In this test, respondents were asked about carried out in two stages: their general health conditions related to complaints due • First. In the test, an empty matchbox was laid on a table; to mercury exposure. Questions can be in the form of 10 matchsticks were on the left and right of the box, frequently salivating and several other questions related each 15 cm apart. Respondents were asked to enter a to smoking habits, work, activities, and the situation of matchstick alternating left and right into the matchbox. the respondent’s residence. After the respondents were Healthy respondents will be able to complete it in less asked, the respondents were examined on the palate, than 17 seconds. inner cheeks, using amalgam tooth fillings or not, and • Second. The respondent was asked to make as many the color of the gums was checked whether they looked random dots on the paper as possible using a pencil bluish-gray or pink. or pen. Healthy respondents will be able to make > 45 dots in 10 seconds. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 131 After the examination is complete, all test scores are added, (2) Vital sign examination includes: and the total medical score is obtained. Furthermore, mercury • Measurement of blood pressure using a spring concentration in urine and hair was categorized as compared sphygmomanometer. Interpretation of results was to the respective quality standards. Classification of urine and carried out following JNC 7 guidelines, namely normal hair mercury product categories can be seen in Table III.A1. blood pressure when systole < 120 mmHg or diastole < 80 mmHg. Subjects were classified as hypertension Table III.A.1 Threshold values for mercury in urine and hair if systole > 130 and diastole > 80. • The pulse rate was measured manually by counting Hg urine Hg hair the number of radial pulse pulses on the wrist using a (μg/g Remarks (μg/g) creatinine) stopwatch for 1 minute. <HBM I 0-5 0-1 Normal • Respiratory rate was measured manually by counting the pattern and frequency of breaths in 1 minute. HBM 1-HBM II 5-20 1-5 Alert > HBM II > 20 >5 High (3) General awareness and physical condition. The level of consciousness was generally measured using the Glasgow Comma Scale. General health conditions were examined The HBM classification obtained in Table 2.1 is compared throughout the body (head-to-toe examination) (Bickley, with the results of the total media score to get a diagnosis 2020). The examiner looked at the following parts of the conclusion whether the respondent has mercury poisoning or body to check for abnormalities: not. Guidelines for the classification of a diagnosis of mercury • Head area, such as conjunctiva, sclera, pharynx, intoxication can be seen in Table III.A.2. tongue, neck lymph nodes; • The chest area, by the method of inspection and Table III.A.2 Guidelines for the diagnosis of mercury poisoning based on HBM values auscultation of the heart and lungs; • Abdominal area, by a method of inspection, auscultation of bowel sounds and palpation; Total medical score • Limb area, to see any deformities, skin lesions, edema, 0−2 3−4 5−10 and capillary refill time. Mercury in all specimens <HBM I - - - Mercury in at least one of >HBM I - - + (4) Neurological examination. Following the guidelines the specimens (Bickley, 2020), which are adapted to the situation and >HBM II - + + conditions in the study area, a neurological examination Algorithm for the diagnosis of "chronic mercury poisoning" is to evaluate the following: HBM = Human Biomonitoring value • Light and sharp pressure sensory abilities and motor Decision: - = intoxicated, + = toxicated strength in the extremities. Motor power is measured on a scale of 0-4. • Babinski’s pathological reflex. General Health Examination • Cranial nerve I-XII examination. • Movement coordination functions, such as the rapid Respondents’ health is generally checked through the alternate movement test, finger-nose test, finger tap following stages: test, heel-shin test, Romberg test, Gait test, and tremor (1) History. Each subject was asked about recent health test. complaints and history of illness, both suffered by themselves and their families (hereditary diseases). 132 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA • Cognition function using Mini-Mental State • Current socio-economic demographic conditions of Examination (MMSE). The results of the MMSE are the family, interpreted as follows: • Participation and involvement of family/family - Score < 9, there is severe cognitive impairment members in mining, - Score 10-18, there is moderate cognitive • Problems faced and felt by families due to mining impairment activities, - Score 1923, there was a mild cognitive impairment • Family views regarding the impact of mining, both - Score > 24, normal positive and negative, • Family hopes for the improvement of the current conditions. Interview (3) In-depth Interview. In-depth interviews were conducted Respondents were interviewed using standard question sheets with key informants using an interview guide in the form as in Appendix 2 of the field visit reports). The interviewer of a list of important and sensitive data and information filled in the data. The information collected includes: regarding the impact of mining on the socio-economic • Identity: name, age, gender, address, height, body weight, demographic conditions of the family. In-depth interviews • House conditions, were also conducted with several households that had • Conditions of work and income, previously been selected as respondents in the research • Diet and nutrition patterns, village. • Medical history, • History of pregnancy and birth, and (4) Field observation. Field observations were intended • Mercury exposure routes. to observe the visual and actual conditions of mining activities and impacts on the socio-economic demographic conditions of the family. Field observations are equipped Socio-economic Analysis with equipment for audio-visual recording. The data were processed through descriptive and qualitative statistical The data in this survey were collected using several methods, analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was intended namely desk study, interviews with questionnaire guides, to analyze families’ social and economic demographic in-depth interviews, and field observations. Some of these characteristics around the mining area. methods aimed to gain a deeper understanding and enrich the interpretation of various existing phenomena: ASGM impact management strategies are formulated based on the results of previous descriptive and qualitative (1) Literature study (desk study). Data and information were statistical analyzes, tabulated in the SWOT matrix (Strengths- collected through examination and analysis of theories, Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats). The SWOT matrix is data, and information from various sources related to a systematic way to identify environmental factors and an ASGM and its impact on the socio-economic demographic effective strategy for the industry. This analysis assumed conditions of families around the mining area. These that an effective strategy would maximize strengths and sources include textbooks, research reports, development opportunities and minimize weaknesses and threats (Sarsby, report data, and other planning documents. 2016). (2) Interview. Interviews were conducted with households The SWOT matrix is a matching tool for business actors in (head of household or representative) who were selected developing four types of strategies, namely SO (Strengths as respondents. The information collected includes: Opportunities), ST (Strengths-Threats), WO (Weaknesses- • The socio-economic demographic conditions of the Opportunities), and WT (Weaknesses-Threats) (Sarsby, 2018), family before mining in the village, SO uses internal strength to take advantage of external NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 133 opportunities. The WO strategy aims to improve internal influence of internal threats. The WT strategy is a defensive weaknesses and take advantage of external opportunities. tactic aimed at reducing internal weaknesses and avoiding ST strategy uses internal strength to avoid or reduce the external threats. The SWOT matrix can be seen in Table III.A.3. Table III.A.3 SWOT Matrix Strength-S (Strength) Weakness-W (Weakness) Write down Strengths Write Down Weaknesses Opportunities-O (Opportunities) SO strategy WO strategy Write down Opportunities Use strength by taking advantage of Overcome weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities opportunities Threats-T (Threats) ST strategy WT strategy Write down Threats Use force to avoid threats Minimizing weaknesses and avoiding threats Source: (Sarsby, 2016) B. Results of ASGM Study in Six ASGM Locations in Indonesia by MOEF, BSCRC-SEA and Field Survey Team Year 2021 B.1. Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province Figure III.B.1.1. Region map of Lebakgedong District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province 134 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.2. Location of water, sediment and biota sampling in Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.3. Location of soil and plant sampling in Lebakgedong District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 135 Figure III.B.1.4. Location of river water, sediment, fish, soil and plants sampling in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.1. Hg levels in tailings wastewater in Lebakgedong District Location mg/L Sample Location Time Date East South µg/L * Quality code Result Longitude latitude standards Cisoka Trommels rinse water LG-TA1 10:37 17-Nov-20 -6.643 106.409 2.951 0.003 0.005 Remarks: does not exceed the quality standard of tailings wastewater Figure III.B.1.5. Hg Concentration in tailings wastewater in Lebakgedong District 136 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table III.B.1.2. Hg content in tailings sediment/mud in Lebakgedong District Location mg/kg Location Sample Code Time Date East * Quality South latitude Result Longitude standards Trommels Ciladaeun LG-TS1 10:43 18-Nov-20 -6.605 106.410 4.975 0.3 Trommels Cisoka LG-TS2 10:37 17-Nov-20 -6.643 106.409 3.587 0.3 Min = 3.587; Max = 4.975; Avg 4.281 Remarks Exceed Quality Standards Figure III.B.1.6. Hg content in tailings sediment/mud in Lebakgedong District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 137 Table III.B.1.3. Hg level in drinking water in Lebakgedong District Location mg/L Location Sample Code Time Date µg/L *Quality East Longitude South latitude Results Standards Tub water in Mr. LG-AM1 10:55 16-Nov-20 -6.643 106.411 0.786 0.001 0.001 Supra’s house (Ciuluwung Hulu) * Minister of Health Regulation No 32/2017 concerning drinking water, 0.001 mg/L. Table III.B.1.4. Hg level in river water in Lebakgedong District Sample Location Result No Location Time Date Code EL SL Mg/L 1 Cikuwulung Hilir River LG-AS1 14:05 16-Nov-20 - 6.637 106.414 0.003 2 Cilupih River LG-AS2 14:49 16-Nov-20 - 6.637 106.416 0.001 3 Cisoka River LG-AS3 09:35 17-Nov-20 - 6.645 106.405 0.001 4 Ciguha River LG-AS4 11:22 17-Nov-20 - 6.643 106.426 < 0.0005 5 Cihinis River LG-AS5 08:41 18-Nov-20 - 6.619 106.382 0.001 6 Ciladaeun River LG-AS6 10:40 18-Nov-20 - 6.607 106.410 0.002 7 Cinasag River LG-AS7 14:56 18-Nov-20 - 6.601 106.410 0.001 8 Ciberang River LG-AS8 17:33 18-Nov-20 - 6.606 106.409 0.001 Min. < 0.0005; max. 0.03 mg/L Based on GR No. 22/2021, xxx exceeds the quality standard for class I (0.001 mg/L); xxx exceeds class II and III (0.002 mg/L). 138 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.7. Hg level in river water in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.5. Hg Levels in Riverbed Sediments in Lebakgedong District River Sediment Location Sample mg/kg No Location Time Date Code East *Quality South latitude Results Longitude Standards 1 Cikuluwung Hilir River LG-SS1 14:05 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.414 3.131 0.3 2 Ciupih River LG-SS2 14:49 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.416 4.232 0.3 3 Cisoka River LG-SS3 09:35 17-Nov-20 -6.645 106.405 1.366 0.3 4 Ciguha River LG-SS4 11:22 17-Nov-20 -6.643 106.426 2.793 0.3 5 Cihinis River LG-SS5 08:41 18-Nov-20 -6.619 106.382 5.897 0.3 6 Ciladaeun River LG-SS6 10:40 18-Nov-20 -6.607 106.410 1.752 0.3 7 Cinasag River LG-SS7 14:56 18-Nov-20 -6.601 106.410 2.214 0.3 8 Ciberang River LG-SS8 17:33 18-Nov-20 -6.606 106.409 4.336 0.3 The NAV of contaminated soil is 0.3 mg/kg for the total mercury concentration (Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Annex XIII). Exceed Quality Standards NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 139 7,0 6,0 Concentration (mg/kg) 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 LG-SS1 LG-SS2 LG-SS3 LG-SS4 LG-SS5 LG-SS6 LG-SS7 LG-SS8 Sample code TLV Figure III.B.1.8. Hg levels in riverbed sediments in Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.8. Hg levels in riverbed sediments in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.6. Hg content in plantation soil in Lebakgedong District Lokasi mg/kg DW Sample No Location Time Date Code East South *Quality Results Longitude latitude Standards 1 Ciladaeun garden near trommels LG-Soil1 10:43 18-Nov-20 -6.605 106.410 2.361 0.3 2 Cinasag garden LG-Soil2 14:56 18-Nov-20 -6.601 106.410 4.112 0.3 3 Cisoka garden LG-Soil3 09:35 17-Nov-20 -6.645 106.405 2.261 0.3 4 Ciguha garden LG-Soil4 11:22 17-Nov-20 -6.643 106.426 3.654 0.3 5 Ciupih rice field LG-Soil5 14:49 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.416 1.908 0.3 6 Cihinis rice field LG-Soil6 08:41 18-Nov-20 -6.619 106.382 5.116 0.3 7 Cikuluwung Hilir rice field LG-Soil7 14:05 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.414 3.841 0.3 8 Near Ciladaeun River LG-Soil8 10:40 18-Nov-20 -6.607 106.410 2.179 0.3 9 Ciladaeun Garden of Abah Adung LG-Soil9 08:40 19-Nov-20 -6.602 106.409 5.137 0.3 10 Near Ciberang River LG-Soil10 07:40 19-Nov-20 -6.609 106.405 2.579 0.3 * The quality standard of contaminated soil is 0.3 mg/kg for the total concentration of mercury for the determination of the management of soil contaminated with B3 waste as stated in Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Annex XIII. 140 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.9. Hg content in plantation soil in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.7. Levels of Hg in garden/consumption crops in Lebakgedong District Location mg/kg DW No Location Sample Code Time Date East South *Quality Results Longitude latitude Standards 1 Ciladaeun garden near LG-Plant1 10:43 18-Nov-20 -6,605 106.410 0.254 0.03 trommels 2 Cinasag garden LG-Plant2 14:56 18-Nov-20 -6,601 106.410 0.331 0.03 3 Cisoka garden LG-Plant3 09:35 17-Nov-20 -6,645 106.405 0.098 0.03 4 Ciguha rice field LG-Plant4 11:22 17-Nov-20 -6,643 106.426 0.054 0.03 5 Ciupih rice field LG-Plant5 14:49 16-Nov-20 -6,637 106.416 0.321 0.03 6 Cihinis rice field LG-Plant6 08:41 18-Nov-20 -6,619 106.382 0.167 0.03 7 Cikuluwung Hilir rice field LG-Plant7 14:05 16-Nov-20 -6,637 106.414 0.623 0.03 8 Near Sungai Ciladaeun LG-Plant8 10:40 18-Nov-20 -6,607 106.410 0.418 0.03 9 Ciladaeun Abah Adung LG-Plant9 08:40 19-Nov-20 -6,602 106.409 0.339 0.03 garden 10 Near Ciberang River LG-Plant10 07:40 19-Nov-20 -6,609 106.405 0.362 0.03 *BPOM Regulation No: 5 of 2018 Exceed Quality Standards NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 141 Figure III.B.1.10. Mercury content in garden crops and consumption crops in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.8. Hg levels in river and fish biota in Lebakgedong District Lokasi mg/kg Sample No Location Time Date East South Quality Code Results Longitude latitude Standards 1 Cikuluwung Hulu River LG-Bio1 10:55 16-Nov-20 -6.643 106.411 0,.287 0.50 2 Cikuluwung Hilir River LG-Bio2 14:05 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.414 0.322 0.50 3 Ciupih River LG-Bio3 14:49 16-Nov-20 -6.637 106.416 0.142 0.50 4 Cisoka River LG-Bio4 09:35 17-Nov-20 -6.645 106.405 0.071 0.50 5 Ciguha River LG-Bio5 11:22 17-Nov-20 -6.643 106.426 0.015 0.50 6 Cihinis River LG-Bio6 08:41 18-Nov-20 -6.619 106.382 0.214 0.50 7 Ciladaeun River LG-Bio7 10:40 18-Nov-20 -6.607 106.410 0.383 0.50 8 Cinasag River LG-Bio8 14:56 18-Nov-20 -6.601 106.410 0.056 0.50 9 Ciberang River LG-Bio9 17:33 18-Nov-20 -6.606 106.409 0.102 0.50 10 Lebakgedong Public Pond LG-Bio10 08:33 19-Nov-20 -6.698 106.335 0.155 0.50 * BPOM Regulation No. 5/2018 concerning Quality Standards of Metal Pollution in Food for Fish and Fishery Products 142 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.11. Hg levels in river and fish biota in Lebakgedong District Table III.B.1.9. Hg level in local rice in Lebakgedong District mg/kg Location Sample Code Results *Quality Standards Rice Lebaksitu Village LG-BRL1 0.10 0.03 Keterangan: Exceed Quality Standards NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 143 Figure III.B.1.12. Hg level in local rice in Lebakgedong District µg kg^-1 week^-1 TLV Figure III.B.1.13. The PTWI value of mercury in respondents compared with the quality standard for Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.13. The PTWI value of mercury in respondents compared with the quality standard for Lebakgedong District 144 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.14. Mercury/g creatinine concentration in adult urine in Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.15. Concentration of mercury/g creatinine in urine of children in Lebakgedong District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 145 Figure III.B.1.16. Mercury concentration in adults’ nails in Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.17. Mercury concentration in adult’s hair in Lebakgedong District 146 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.1.18. The range of creatinine concentrations in the urine of women (children or adults) in Lebakgedong District Figure III.B.1.19. The range of creatinine concentrations in the urine of men (children or adults) in Lebakgedong District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 147 low; mid Figure III.B.1.20. The score of Human Biomonitoring (HBM) for Adult Respondents in Lebakgedong District 148 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table III.B.1.10. SWOT strategy for the socio-economic management of ASGM in Lebakgedong District Strength(S): Weaknesses (W): 1. It is an area that has abundant potential of 1. Low public knowledge about mercury. gold mineral resources; 2. It is difficult to formalize ASGM. 2. Some areas are the Mount Halimun 3. The supporting facilities for post-disaster Salak National Park areas which is a areas have not been much improved. natural tourist destination; also, a tourist 4. There is no cultivation and processing of destination in the country above the palm sugar. clouds (Citorek). 3. Potential palm sugar production. Opportunity (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. There is a gold company operating in 1. Strive for the integration of small, medium 1. There must be a transfer of standardization Lebak Regency area. and large-scale mining businesses related to mining activities between 2. The government facilitates people's through mutually beneficial partnerships. companies holding Contract of Work that mining activities through WPR and IPR 2. Strive for publication, inventory and have implemented good mining activities permits. sustainable maintenance of tourism and ASGM. 3. The government is actively promoting potential. 2. There needs to be an understanding regional tourism potential. 3. Appropriate efforts are needed to protect between the mining community and the 4. The government is actively improving the natural potential of sugar palm local government regarding efforts to the people's economy and MSMEs. plants by all parties so that the abundant formalize ASGM activities. availability of palm trees and their by- 3. Immediately build and repair tourism products lifts the community's economy facilities and infrastructure. 4. Immediately efforts are made to preserve the potential of sugar palm plants driven by the local government Threat (T): Strategy S-T: Strategy W-T: 1. It is easy to get illegal mercury. 1. Strive to increase law enforcement against 1. Awareness raising activities from the 2. The conversion of agricultural land into elements of illegal mercury abusers. community regarding the dangers of mining. 2. Immediately socialize the non-mercury using mercury should be increased. 3. Low supervision from local agencies. gold processing method that has been 2. Encouraging the creation of WPR and 4. Areas prone to natural disasters initiated by the government. IPR for ASGM communities. Especially 3. It is necessary to increase supervision in setting the layout and function of from the relevant agencies on mining land/areas that can be used for mining activities located in areas prohibited for activities so that there will be no land mining activities. conflicts in the future. 4. It is necessary to increase supervision from 3. Development must adapt to natural relevant agencies on mining activities, by conditions increasing the allocation of supervision budgets for related agencies. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 149 Table III.B.1.11. Local Action Plan Lebak Regent Decree number 660/Kep.573-LH/2017 concerning Mercury Reduction and Elimination Strategic Issues Objective Action Plan Target Regions do not yet have policies Disseminating policies, programs Compilation of the RAD document for the 2017 related to RAD for Mercury Reduction of Mercury Reduction and Reduction and Elimination of Mercury in and Elimination in ASGM. Elimination in ASGM. ASGM. The illegal trade in mercury is still Banning the distribution of No mercury distribution permit issued in Lebak Every Year rampant in Lebak Regency. mercury in Lebak Regency. Regency. There is no communication forum Increase cooperation and Establishment of a communication forum 2018 between stakeholders related to ASGM partnerships at various levels in among stakeholders related to ASGM activities. activities. the context of Mercury Reduction and Elimination in ASGM. The competence of the apparatus Increased performance capacity Implementation of technical guidance/ 2018 and 2019 is still low in explaining the dangers of the apparatus in implementing socialization activities to increase the capacity of mercury to public health and the the Mercury Reduction and of the apparatus in processing non-mercury environment. Elimination Program for ASGM. gold in ASGM. There is no update on the use of Knowledge of the level of Conducted inventory studies/mapping of the 2018-2020 mercury in ASGM. distribution of mercury in distribution of mercury in the environment. environmental media (water, air, soil). There is no update on mercury Knowing the level of mercury Conducted inventory study/mapping of the Every Year contaminants in small-scale gold contamination in the community impact of mercury contamination on humans processing communities. in the ASGM area. (affected communities) at ASGM Locations. Less than optimal supervision and Managed use of mercury as Implementation of supervision and guidance 2018 until 2020 guidance on the use of mercury in hazardous substance in small- on small-scale gold processors. small-scale gold processing. scale gold processing. Lack of understanding of gold The shift of gold processing Implementation of socialization/training/ 2018 until 2020 processing actors in the application technology using mercury to guidance for small-scale gold processing of technology to process non-mercury non-mercury gold processing workers on non-mercury gold processing gold. that is more environmentally technology for health and the environment. friendly. Lack of concern for the younger Fewer gold processors who use The establishment of an environmentally 2018 until generation (links) to succeed in mercury. friendly school in a location around a small- 2020, 2 every processing gold using mercury about scale gold mine, socialization of the dangers of school year the dangers to health. mercury to public health and the environment at educational institutions. Source: (Lebak Regency Regulation No. 2 of 2014 concerning Lebak Regency Spatial Planning 2014-2034, 2014) 150 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA B.2. Hutabargot District, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province Figure III.B.2.1. Region Map of Mandailing Natal Regency and Hutabargot District, North Sumatra Figure III.B.2.2. Sampling Location NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 151 Figure III.B.2.3. Mercury concentration in sample AS-1 water from the Hutajulu River (upstream); AS-2 Simalagi river water (downstream); and AS-3 mine pit water in the Study Location in Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.4. Mercury concentration in SS-1 sample of Simalagi River sediments; SS-2 Trommels A river sediments; SS-3 Trommels B river sediment; SS-4 Trommels C river sediment; and SS-5 Trommels D river sediments in the Study Location in Hutabargot District 152 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.2.5. Mercury concentration in AT-1 sample of Trommels A wastewater; AT-2 Trommels B wastewater; AT-3 Trommels C wastewater; AT-4 Trommels D wastewater; and AT-5 cyanide vat wastewater in the Study Location in Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.6. Mercury concentration in the ST-1 sediment sample Trommels A; ST-2 Trommels B sediment; ST-3 Trommels C sediment; ST-4 Trommels D sediment; and ST-5 cyanide vat sediment in the Study Location in Hutabargot District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 153 Figure III.B.2.7. Mercury concentration in soil TT-1 samples at the Hutajulu mine location; TT-2 ground Trommels A; TT-3 ground Trommels B; TT-4 ground Trommels C; TT-5 ground Trommels D; TT-6 cyanide vat earth; TT-7 rice field land in Saba Padang village; TT-8 Saba Padang Garden land; TT-9 Hutabargot garden land; and TT-10 Hutabargot Dolok rice fields in the Study Location in Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.8. Mercury concentration in samples of TP-1 cyanide cassava plant; TP-2 plant Trommels A; TP-3 Trommels B plant; TP-4 Trommels C plant; TP-5 Trommels D plant; TP-6 rice fields in Saba Padang village; TP-7 garden plants in Hutabargot Dolok village; TP-8 rice fields in Binanga village; TP-9 garden plants in Saba Padang village; and TP-10 rice fields in the village of Hutabargot Dolok in the Study Location in Hutabargot District 154 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.2.9. Mercury concentration in samples of AM-1 community well water and AM-2 private well water in the Study Location in Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.10. Mercury concentrations on BP-1 samples of shellfish in the river around the A trommel; BP-2 shells in the river around the trommel B; BP-3 shells in the river around the C trommel; BP-4 shellfish in the river around the trommel D; BP-5 worms and fish in the Simalagi River downstream; BP-6 catfish in the central Simalagi River; BP-7 Catfish in the upper Simalagi River; BP-8 piri-piri fish in Aek Lobang River; BP-9 inggit-inggit fish in Saba Padang River; and BP-10 aporas fish in Hutabargot Dolok River at Hutabargot District study site NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 155 Figure III.B.2.11. Mercury concentration in BL-1 rice samples from Hutabargot Dolok village and BL-2 rice from Saba Padang village Figure III.B.2.12. The PTWI value of mercury for water, fish, and rice foodstuffs is compared with the quality standard for the Hutabargot District 156 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.2.13. Mercury levels in nail samples of adult respondents in the Study Location in Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.14. Mercury levels in hair samples of adult respondents in the Study Location in Hutabargot District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 157 Figure III.B.2.15. Mercury levels in urine samples of adult respondents in the Study Location Hutabargot District Figure III.B.2.16. The value of HBM (Human Biomonitoring) of adult respondents in the Study Location Hutabargot District (-Mid; - High) 158 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table III.B.2.1. SWOT strategy for the socio-economic management of ASGM in the Study Location in Hutabargot District, Regency Mandailing Natal Strength (S) Weakness (W) 1. There is a gold mining company located 1. Public knowledge is still low about not far from the mine location. the negative impact of mercury, as 2. There are many oil palm plantations that well as the low awareness of mining can absorb labor in the districts around actors regarding the impact of using Hutabargot. mercury on the environment due to low 3. There are many rubber plantations awareness of the dangers of mercury to around the Hutabargot District with a the community. fairly large production value. 2. Weak supervision and enforcement of regulations by local agencies. 3. Easy access for the community to get mercury in the Mandailing Natal area. Opportunity (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. Potential needs for labor in various 1. Optimizing the role of the Vocational 1. Utilizing public awareness of the impact foreign exchange-producing Training Center to channel skilled of mercury so that people stop using companies, such as palm oil and rubber. workers to fill labor posts in plantation it, both for their own use and for other 2. There has been public awareness about companies around the mining location. parties who process gold using mercury. the dangers of using mercury due to 2. Establish communication with related 2. Evaluate policies, and integrate with the negative impact of mining activities parties, especially companies with high existing structures in the community to on the health and quality of life of the labor needs (plantations). prevent indiscriminate use of mercury in community. 3. Disseminate information about other the field. fields of work to the community, along 3. Building a community structure to with factors that can encourage people prevent the use of illegal mercury in to switch, such as monthly income, the field, accompanied directly by the allowance facilities, and the like. government and the authorities. Threat (T): Strategy S-T: Strategy W-T: 1. Mandailing Natal residents' rejection of 1. Providing various trainings according to 1. Regulate gold mining and its the presence of legal mining companies. the work needs of plantation companies implementation mechanism in the field. 2. The low ability of illegal miners to switch so that people leave illegal mining 2. Tighten the supervision of ASGM jobs to the non-mining sector. practices and mining practices that activities. 3. The amount of income obtained by the damage the environment. 3. Raise awareness on the dangers of community through mining activities. 2. Narrowing the space for illegal miners using mercury to the community 4. The presence of illegal miners from and miners who do not follow the and empowering them to be directly outside Hutabargot who still use rules through the establishment of involved in preventing mercury abuse. mercury as a source of energy regulations, supervision of the precious 4. Tighten regulations related to metal supply chain, and tightening population movement to mining areas. civilian access to mercury. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 159 B.3. Karangjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province Figure III.B.3.1. Region Map of Tasikmalaya Regency dan Karangjaya District Figure III.B.3.2. Location of sampling of river water and tailing flow to Cikurawet River 160 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.3.3. Location of sampling of river water and tailing flow to Citambal River Figure III.B.3.4. Location of fish pond and biota sampling NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 161 Figure III.B.3.5. Location of water spring sampling Figure III.B.3.6. Location of river water and community rice field sampling 162 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.3.7. Location of Cisarua River estuary water sampling Concentration Hg (mg/L) TLV Figure III.B.3.8. Hg content in tailings wastewater in Karangjaya District Sample Code Figure III.B.3.8. Hg content in tailings wastewater in Karangjaya District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 163 Hg Concentration, mg/kg RESULT TLV Figure III.B.3.9. HgSample Code content in tailings sludge in Karangjaya District Figure III.B.3.9. Hg content in tailings sludge in Karangjaya District Hg Concentration, mg/L Sample Code Class I water quality Class II & III water standard quality standard Figure III.B.3.10. Hg levels in river water and fish ponds in Karangjaya District Figure III.B.3.10. Hg levels in river water and fish ponds in Karangjaya District 164 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Hg Concentration, mg/kg TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.11. Hg levels in riverbed sediments and fish ponds in Karangjaya District Figure III.B.3.11. Hg levels in riverbed sediments and fish ponds in Karangjaya District Hg Concentration, mg/kg TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.12. Hg levels in garden soil and rice fields in Karangjaya District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 165 Hg Concentration, mg/kg TLV standard Sample Code Figure III.B.3.13. Hg levels in garden crops and consumption plants in Karangjaya District Hg Concentration, mg/kg Sample Code TLV Figure III.B.3.14. Hg levels in river and fish biota in Karangjaya District Figure III.B.3.14. Hg levels in river and fish biota in Karangjaya District 166 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Hg Concentration, mg/L TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.15. Hg levels in drinking water sources in Karangjaya District Hg Concentration, mg/kg TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.16. Mercury concentration in local rice in Karangjaya District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 167 µg kg-week-1 TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.17. The PTWI value of mercury in respondents is compared with the quality standard for the Karangjaya District Hg Concentration, mg/L Figure III.B.3.18. Indicator of mercury accumulation in urine of adult respondents in Karangjaya District 168 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Referral Value Sample Code Figure III.B.3.19. Creatinine levels in urine of male respondents in Karangjaya District Referral Value Sample Code Figure III.B.3.20. Creatinine levels in urine of female respondents in Karangjaya District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 169 µg Hg/g creatinine TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.21. Hg level (µg Hg/g creatinine) in respondent’s urine in Karangjaya District Hg Concentration mg/Kg TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.22. Mercury concentration in adult respondents’ nails in Karangjaya District 170 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Hg Concentration mg/Kg TLV Sample Code Figure III.B.3.23. Mercury concentration in hair of adult respondents in Karangjaya District Sco re Score Sample Code Figure III.B.3.24. Human biomonitoring (HBM) scores of adult respondents in Karangjaya District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 171 Table III.B.3.1. SWOT strategy for the socio-economic management of ASGM in the Study Location in Karangjaya District, Regency Tasikmalaya Strength (S): Weakness (W): 1. There is a gold mining company located 1. Public knowledge is still low about not far from the mining location. the negative impact of mercury, as 2. There are many poultry farms and rubber well as the low awareness of mining plantations around the Karangjaya actors regarding the impact of using District with a fairly large production mercury on the environment due to low value. awareness of the dangers of mercury to 3. There is already a cooperative of miners the community. which can then be fostered in terms 2. Weak supervision of regulation of self-protection and prevention of enforcement by local agencies. environmental damage. 3. Easy access for the community to get mercury in the Tasikmalaya area. Opportunity (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. Potential needs for workers in 1. Optimizing the role of the Job Training 1. Utilizing public awareness of the impact various foreign exchange-producing Center (Balai Latihan Kerja, BLK) to of mercury so that people stop using companies, such as rubber. channel skilled workers to fill labor posts mercury, both for their own use and for 2. The emergence of public awareness in plantation companies around the other parties who process gold using about the dangers of using mercury mining location. mercury. due to the negative impact of mining 2. Establish communication with related 2. Evaluate policies, and integrate with activities on the health and quality of parties, especially companies with high existing structures in the community to life of the community. labor needs (plantations). prevent indiscriminate use of mercury in 3. Raise awareness on other fields of work the field. to the community, along with factors 3. Build community structures to that can encourage people to switch, prevent illegal mercury use in the such as monthly income, allowance field, accompanied directly by the facilities, and the like. government and authorities. Threat (T): Strategy S-T: Strategy W-T: 1. Tasikmalaya residents reject the 1. Presenting various trainings according to 1. Regulate gold mining and its presence of legal mining companies. work needs in plantation companies so implementation mechanism in the field. 2. The low ability of illegal miners to switch that people leave illegal mining practices 2. Tighten the supervision of ASGM jobs to the non-mining sector. and mining practices that damage the activities. 3. The amount of income obtained by the environment. 3. Raise awareness on the dangers of community through mining activities. 2. Narrowing the space for illegal miners using mercury to the community and 4. The presence of illegal miners from and miners who do not follow the rules empowering the community to be outside Karangjaya who still use through setting regulations, monitoring directly involved in preventing mercury mercury as the main gold processing the precious metal supply chain, and abuse. medium. tightening civilian access to mercury. 4. Tighten regulations related to population movement to mining areas. 172 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA B.4. Taliwang District, West Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province Figure III.B.4.1. Region Map of West Sumbawa Regency and Taliwang District, West Nusa Tenggara Figure III.B.4.2. Location of sampling in Lamunga Village (left) and Seloto Village (right) in Taliwang District, West Sumbawa Regency NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 173 Figure III.B.4.3. Concentration of mercury in sample TW-SS1 river sediments in Seloto Village (upstream); TW-SS2 river sediments in Seloto Village (middle); TW-SS3 river sediments in Seloto Village (downstream); TW-SS4 river sediments of Lamunga Village (upstream); TW-SS5 river sediments of Lamunga Village (middle); and TW-SS6 river sediments of Lamunga Village (downstream) in the study site, Taliwang District. Figure III.B.4.4. Concentration of mercury in sample TW-TA1 of trommel wastewater in Seloto Village 1; TW-TA2 wastewater of Seloto Village 2 trommels; TW-TA3 wastewater from Lamunga Village 1 trommel; and TW-TA4 wastewater from Lamunga Village 2 in the study location, Taliwang District 174 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.4.5. Mercury concentration in TW-TS1 sedimentary sediment Trommels Seloto Village 1; TW-TS2 Sediment Trommels Seloto Village 2; TW-TS3 Sediment Trommels Lamunga Village 1; and TW-TS4 sediment Trommels Lamunga Village 2 in the Study Location Taliwang District Figure III.B.4.6. Mercury concentration in TW-soil1 of soil samples at the Trommel 1 processing site in Seloto Village; TW-soil2 of soil at the site of processing trommel 2, Seloto Village; TW-soil3 of the soil at the site for processing trommel 3, Seloto Village; TW-soil4 of the soil at the site for processing trommel 1 Lamunga Village; TW-soil5 of the soil at the location of the trommel processing 2 Lamunga Village; and TW-soil6 of the soil at the trommel 3 processing site in Lamunga Village in the study site, Taliwang District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 175 Figure III.B.4.7. Concentration of mercury in samples of TW-Plant1 plants at the Trommel 1 processing location in Seloto Village; TW- Plant2 plants at the location of processing Trommel 2 Seloto Village; TW-Plant3 plants at the location of processing Trommel 3, Seloto Village; TW-Plant4 plants at the location of processing Trommel 1 Lamunga Village; TW-Plant5 plants at the location of the processing Trommel 2 Lamunga Village; and TW-Plant6 plants at the location for processing Trommel 3, Lamunga Village, in the study area, Taliwang District Figure III.B.4.8. Mercury concentration in the TW-AM1 sample of PDAM water from the Seloto Village community; TW-AM2 well water for the Lamunga Village community; and PDAM water for the people of Lamunga Village in the study location, Taliwang District. 176 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.4.9. Concentration of mercury in samples of TW-Bio1 biota in the upstream river of Seloto Village; TW-Bio2 biota in the middle of the river Seloto Village; TW-Bio3 biota downstream of the Seloto Village river; TW-Bio4 biota in the upstream of Lamunga Village; TW-Bio5 biota in the middle of the river Lamunga Village; TW-Bio6 biota in the downstream river of Lamunga Village; TW-Bio7 Fish pond in Seloto Village; TW-Bio8 Fish Ponds in Lamunga Village 1; and TW-Bio9 pond fish in Lamunga Village 2 in the study area, Taliwang District Figure III.B.4.10. Concentration of mercury in samples of TW-BRL1 rice from Seloto Village and TW-BRL2 rice from Lamunga Village in the study location, Taliwang District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 177 Figure III.B.4.11. PTWI value of mercury for food, drinking water, fish, and rice compared to TLV for Taliwang District Figure III.B.4.12. Mercury levels in nail samples of adult respondents in the Study Location Taliwang District. 178 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.4.13. Mercury levels in hair samples of adult respondents in the Study Location Taliwang District. Figure III.B.4.14. Concentration of mercury/g creatinine in adult urine in the Study Location of Taliwang District NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 179 Figure III.B.4.15. Concentration of mercury/g creatinine in children’s urine in Study Location Taliwang District Figure III.B.4.16. HBM (Human Biomonitoring) scores of adult respondents in the Study Location of Taliwang District 180 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Table III.B.4.1. SWOT Strategy for socio-economic management of ASGM at The Study Location of Taliwang District, West Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province Strength (S): Weakness (W): 1. The existence of natural resources 1. The low impact that Village Owned management companies in West Enterprises can have on the community Sumbawa. due to the low quality of human 2. The availability of Village Owned resources owned. Village Owned Enterprises as a local commodity-based Enterprises only have a save-to-borrow economic institution at the village level program. to build the economy in West Sumbawa. 2. Weak regulatory enforcement oversight 3. West Sumbawa Regency has the of illegal gold mining practices. potential in the form of Village 3. Easy access to mercury for use in the Owned Enterprises that focus on the processing of illegal mines. development of agribusiness and MSMEs with easy credit facilities for the community. Opportunity (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. Potential labor needs in companies 1. Optimization of Village Owned 1. Evaluate policies to prevent the growth managing produce and natural Enterprises to improve the economy of of illegal mines and limit the haphazard resources in the West Sumbawa region. the community through integration with use of mercury in the field. 2. Some official mining companies have local resource development institutions 2. Strengthening the role of communities community development programs such as YPESB, along with related in the society to suppress the growth of that focus on improving people's stakeholders. illegal miners through economic growth welfare and standard of living. 2. Optimizing the role of the Job Training based on local wisdom. 3. The existence of a local business Center (BLK) to form skilled personnel 3. Evaluating the performance of Village development program YPESB that to fill labor posts in natural resources Owned Enterprises and training Village focuses on fostering farmers, farmers, management companies in West Nusa Owned Enterprises executives in the field and the building industry through Tenggara. to improve skills and insights related to cooperation with related parties both business and economic activities. from academics and practitioners in the related industry. 4. West Sumbawa has a high agricultural potential. Threat (T): Strategy S-T: Strategy W-T: 1. Low public awareness of health, both 1. Encourage the Job Center to establish 1. Establish regulations on gold mining in terms of cleanliness and the use of communication with related companies and its mechanisms of application in the mercury without standards. in order to explore the needs of field. 2. Low public concern for the the workforce within the company 2. Tightening regulations related to the environment. (especially in terms of expertise and transfer of residents to mining areas. 3. There is social turmoil in the community expected level of knowledge). 3. Narrowing the wiggle room of illegal due to interactions with migrants and 2. Provide trainings for the community in miners and miners who do not follow the because of dissatisfaction with mining accordance with the needs of work in rules through regulatory determination, companies. the company. supervision on the supply chain of 4. The low ability of miners to switch jobs 3. Optimizing the role of Village Owned precious metals, and tightening civil to non-mining sectors. Enterprises to improve the economy of access to mercury. the community to reduce the potential for horizontal turmoil, as well as build the capacity of the community to engage in broader economic activities. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 181 B.5. Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province Figure III.B.5.1. Region Map of North Sulawesi Province and Bolaang Mongondow Regency Figure III.B.5.2. Sampling location in South Tanoyan Village, Bakan Village and Mopait Village in Lolayan District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency 182 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.5.3. Mercury concentration in TN-AS1 samples of Tanoyan Irrigation River water, TN-AS2 water wells Pak Rais (Tanoyan Village), TN-AS3 water wells Pak Yosi (Bakan Village), TN-AS4 Mopait river water, TN-AS5 Tanoyan River water, TN-AS6 Mopait irrigation river water Figure III.B.5.4. Mercury concentration in TN-SN1 samples of Tanoyan irrigation sediment, TN-SN2 sediment of Tanoyan River, TN-SN3 of Mopait irrigation sediment, and TN-SN4 of Tanoyan River sediment in the Study Location of Lolayan District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 183 Figure III.B.5.5. Mercury concentration in TN-LT1 samples of Mopait trommel tailings water, TN-LT2 water tailing trommel Tanoyan 1, TN-LT3 water tailing trommel Bakan, and TN-LT4 water tailing trommel Tanoyan 2 in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Figure III.B.5.6. Mercury concentration in TN-ST1 samples of Mopait trommel sediment, TN-ST2 sediment trommel Tanoyan 1, TN-ST3 sediment trommel Tanoyan 2, TN-ST4 sediment trommel Bakan, TN-ST5 sediment trommel Tanoyan 3 and TN-ST6 sediment trommel Tanoyan in the Study Location of Lolayan District. 184 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.5.7. Mercury concentrations in TN-TK1 samples of soil around Mopait trommel, TN-TK2 land around trommel Tanoyan 1, TN-TK3 land around trommel Tanoyan 2, TN-TK4 land around trommel Bakan, TN-TK5 land on the banks of the Tanoyan River, TN-TK6 former garden land cyanidation process, TN-TK7 land around trommel Tanoyan 3, TN-TK8 land around trommel Tanoyan 4, TN-TK9 land around trommel Tanoyan 5, and TN-TK10 Mopait village garden land in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Figure III.B.5.8. Mercury concentrations on TN-TM1 samples of soil around Trommel Mopait, TN-TM2 soil around Trommel Tanoyan 1, TN-TM3 soil around trommel Tanoyan 2, TN-TM4 soil around trommel Bakan, TN-TM5 land on the banks of the Tanoyan River, TN-TM6 garden land former cyanidation process, TN-TM7 land around trommel Tanoyan 3, TN-TM8 land around trommel Tanoyan 4, TN-TM9 land around trommel Tanoyan 5, and TN-TM10 Mopait village garden land in the Study Location of Lolayan District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 185 0,001 0,0008 0,0006 0,0004 0,0002 0 Tanoyan Village Bakan Village Figure III.B.5.9. Mercury concentrations in the well water sample of Bakan Village and PDAM water sample Tanoyan Village in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Figure III.B.5.10. Mercury concentration in samples tn-bi1 biota irrigation Mopait river, TN-BI2 biota Tanoyan River, TN-BI3 biota Mopait river, TN-BI4 biota pool Mopait 1, TN-BI5 biota pool Mopait 2, TN-BI6 biota pool Mopait 3, TN-BI7 biota pond residents Tanoyan 1, TN- BI8 biota pond residents Tanoyan 2, TN-BI9 biota pond residents Tanoyan 3, and TN-BI10 biota pond residents Tanoyan 4 in the Study Location of Lolayan District. 186 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.5.11. Mercury concentration on rice sample of TW-BRL1 Mopait Village and TN-BRL2 Tanoyan Village TLV Figure III.B.5.12. PTWI mercury value for drinking water foodstuffs, fish, and rice compared to the quality standards in the Study Location of Lolayan District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 187 Figure III.B.5.13. Mercury levels in nail samples of adult respondents in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Figure III.B.5.14. Mercury levels in a sample of adult respondents’ hair in the Study Location of Lolayan District. 188 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.5.15. Concentration of mercury/g creatinine in adult urine in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Figure III.B.5.16. Concentration of mercury/g creatinine in children’s urine in the Study Location of Lolayan District. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 189 Figure III.B.5.17. HBM (Human Biomonitoring) value of adult respondents in the Study Location of Lolayan District. Table III.B.5.1. SWOT Strategy for socio-economic management of ASGM in the Study Location of Lolayan District., Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province Strength (S): Weakness (W): 1. The existence of a natural resources 1. Weak regulatory oversight of illegal management company in the gold mining practices. Regency. 2. Easy access to Hg use by illegal 2. The amount of economic potential miners in the Regency. spread in the Regency area as well as the market potential in the surrounding areas that have not been utilized optimally. Opportunities (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. Potential labor needs in produce 1. Optimize the role of BLK to channel 1. Evaluate policies and integrate and natural resources management skilled personnel to fill labor posts in existing structures in the community companies in district. produce management companies with regulators to prevent 2. Awareness in the community due around the Regency, thus it is haphazard use of Hg in the field. to the impact of the use of Hg in expected to reduce the number of 2. Build community structures to mining. There are complaints about workers involved in ASGM activities. prevent the use of illegal Hg in the damage to food crop production 2. Raise awareness on the field accompanied directly by the due to exposure to wastewater for environmental impact of ASGM government and the authorities. irrigation. activities to the community. The attention that has emerged about the impact of mercury on the agricultural sector can be used to encourage public awareness. 190 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Threat (T): Strategy S-T: Strategy W-T: 1. Low public awareness of health 1. Encourage BLK to establish 1. Issue regulations on gold mining aspects, both in terms of cleanliness communication with related and its mechanisms of application and the use of Hg without companies to explore the needs in the field. standards. of the workforce in the company, 2. Tighten supervision of mining 2. Low public concern for the especially in terms of expertise and activities, especially in terms of environment. the level of knowledge expected. encroachment of forests and 3. The mining sector is still the 2. Provide training that suits the needs mountains. largest source of GDP and reflects of the work in the relevant company. 3. Tighten regulations related to the economic activity in the Regency. displacement of residents to the 4. Mining activities that have mine area. penetrated the forests and 4. Narrowing the wiggle room of mountains of Bakan and Tanoyan. miners who do not comply with Land transfer is highly calculated. the rules through regulatory 5. The low ability of illegal miners to determination, supervision on switch jobs to non-mining sectors. precious metal supply chains, and tightening civil access to mercury. Table III.B.5.2. Local Action Plan related to ASGM until 2025 (Presidential Regulation No. 21/2019) National strategy North Sulawesi Provincial Government Action until 2025 1. Strengthening commitment, coordination, 1.1. In accordance with the ministerial regulation to be published, adhere to the and cooperation between relevant guidelines for storage and handling of Hg and waste containing mercury. institutions 1.2. Comply with procedures in accordance with mercury contaminated land recovery guidelines documents. 1.3. In accordance with the guidelines to be published by the MoH, seek the protection of at-risk populations, especially children and women, and control the health impacts of mercury exposure. 2. Strengthening coordination and 2.1. Improving the understanding of local government apparatus related to licensed cooperation between the central mining. government and local governments 2.2. Develop and implement cooperation on reducing and eliminating the use of mercury and countering the impact of mercury with non-governmental organizations, NGOs, donor agencies, and other institutions (bilateral). 2.3. Monitor the quality of the environment (multimedia) periodically. 3. Capacity building of leadership, institutional 3.1. Participating in the implementation of mercury research and monitoring. and human resources in the elimination of mercury 4. Establishment of information systems 4.1. Participate in mapping the impact of emissions and mercury release around ASGM location. 4.2. Identifying pollution points (hot spots, at-risk populations, and vulnerable populations due to Hg exposure through sector cooperation. 4.3. Also develop a national database system related to trade, circulation, and use of mercury. 4.4. Also inventory and map the source, supply of procurement, circulation, and use of mercury. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 191 National strategy North Sulawesi Provincial Government Action until 2025 5. Strengthening community engagement 5.1. Campaigning for the risk of the impact of Hg use on vulnerable communities and through communication, information, and gender mainstreaming campaigns. education 5.2. Awareness raising and improving the ability of health workers about health risks due to exposure to mercury. 5.3. Develop an approach to society to increase knowledge and awareness of the dangers of mercury to health. 5.4. Developing a community participation approach at Location ASGM aimed at improving knowledge about the health impacts of mercury exposure and sustainable behavioral changes in the community. 5.5. Improving understanding of good mining practices for IPR businesses. 6. Application of alternative technology of 6.1. Raise awareness on guidelines for the recovery of mercury contaminated land. mercury-free gold processing 6.2. Also restore mercury contaminated land and land rehabilitation due to gold mining activities. 6.3. Provision of mercury storage facilities. 7. Transfer of local people's livelihoods 7.1. Preparing a social study of the impact of mercury use on ASGM activities. 7.2. Preparing an economic study of the impact of mercury use. 7.3. Economic and social empowerment of communities outside WPR. 7.4. Actively transforming the social and economic illegal miners of mercury users. 7.5. Coaching on business opportunities. 7.6. Facilitating the issuance of cooperative and SME licensing. 8. Strengthening law enforcement 8.1. Control of Illegal ASGM using mercury. 8.2. Control of Illegal mercury trading system. 192 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA B.6. MURUNG SUBDISTRICT AND SOUTH TANAH SIANG SUBDISTRICT, MURUNG RAYA DISTRICT, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE Figure III.B.6.1. Regional Map of Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan Province Figure III.B.6.2. Location of environmental sampling in Mangkahui Village NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 193 Figure III.B.6.3. Location of environmental sampling in Kotou Village Figure III.B.6.4. Location of environmental sampling in Konut Village 194 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.6.5. pH of Murung Raya Regency river water compared to Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Figure III.B.6.6. River water temperature of Murung Raya Regency compared to Government Regulation No. 22/2021 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 195 Figure III.B.6.7. TDS of river water in Murung Raya Regency compared to Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Figure III.B.6.8. Electroconductivity of river water in Murung Raya Regency 196 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.6.9. Total mercury of Murung Raya Regency river water Figure III.B.6.10. Total mercury in clean water in Murung Raya Regency NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 197 Figure III.B.6.11. Total mercury in tailings water in Murung Raya Regency Figure III.B.6.12. Total mercury in tailings sludge in Murung Raya Regency 198 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.6.13. Total mercury in river sediment in Murung Raya Regency Figure III.B.6.14. Total mercury in biota and fish in Murung Raya Regency NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 199 Figure III.B.6.15. Total mercury in the soil in Murung Raya Regency Figure III.B.6.16. Total mercury in crops in Murung Raya Regency 200 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.6.17. Total mercury in local rice in Murung Raya Regency Figure III.B.6.18. Total mercury in respondents’ nails in Murung Raya Regency NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 201 Figure III.B.6.19. Total mercury in respondents’ hair in Murung Raya Regency Figure III.B.6.20. Total mercury in respondents’ urine in Murung Raya Regency 202 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Figure III.B.6.21. PTWI value of mercury for water, fish, and rice foodstuffs compared to quality standards for Murung Raya District Figure III.B.6.22. Human biomonitoring (HBM) value of adult respondents in Murung Raya Regency NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 203 Table III.B.6.1. SWOT strategy for socio-economic management of ASGM in the study location of Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan Province Strength (S): Weakness (W): 1. Provincial Goverment's commitment to 1. Weak regulatory oversight of illegal implement the Law on Minamata. gold mining practices. 2. The existence of natural resources 2. Easy access to mercury for use in the management families in Central processing of illegal mines. Kalimantan. 3. West Murung Raya Regency has potential in agriculture and forestry sector. 4. The existence of NGOs focused on ASGM Opportunity (O): Strategy S-O: Strategy W-O: 1. Potential labor needs in natural 1. Optimization of NGOs to improve the 1. Evaluate policies to prevent the growth resources companies in central economy of the community through of ASGM and limit the haphazard use of Kalimantan. integration with local resource mercury in the field. 2. Some official mining companies have development institutions, along with 2. Strengthening the role of communities CSR programs focused on improving related stakeholders. in the community to suppress the welfare. 2. Optimizing the role of BLK to form growth of illegal miners through 3. The development program of YTS skilled personnel to fill labor posts improving the economy based on local focuses on coaching miners through in natural resources management wisdom. cooperation with related parties of companies in Central Kalimantan. academics and practitioners. 4. The potential of the agricultural sector is high. C. Knowledge Gaps Knowledge gaps and problems in the baseline estimates 1. PTWI's calculation does not yet use the latest official data. All assumptions still use old data from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. This method needs to be validated. 2. The source of mercury used by miners is indeed difficult to obtain in the field. 3. Methods of estimating the use of Hg are still diverse, need to be validated. 204 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA

Annex IV. Status of Implementation of RAN-PPM for ASGM Priority Sector in Year 2019 and 2020 Table IV.1. Status of Implementation of RAN-PPM for ASGM Priority Sector in Year 2019 Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.1.1 Develop c.1.1.1 Conducting Policy outreach Responsible In 2019, MoEMR held an outreach on the mercury and strengthen policy outreach to local institution: elimination in ASGM in 6 provinces together with the regulations and to the provincial governments in MoEMR Coordinating Ministry for Maritime & Investment Affairs, policies government 34 provinces is MoEF, MoH and BPPT: conducted Supporting 1. South Sulawesi Province - Makassar City (2/08/2019) institution: 2. Gorontalo Province (29 August 2019) MoEF 3. North Maluku Province (South Halmahera Regency) – Bacan City (18 September 2019) 4. North Sulawesi Province – Manado City (4/10/2019) 5. DI Yogyakarta Province – Yogyakarta city (16 October 2019) 6. Riau Province (13 November 2019) note : 1 (one) outreach related to Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 81 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Presidential Regulation 21 of 2019 concerning RAN-PPM in Lebak Regency, Banten Province. c.1.1.2 Conducting Monitoring Responsible In 2019, MoEMR together with the Coordinating Ministry monitoring and and evaluation person: for Maritime & Investment Affairs, MoEF, MoH and BPPT evaluation on the to local MoEMR have monitored and evaluated the implementation of implementation governments in the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. of the Ministry 34 provinces are Supporting 1827/K/30/MEM/2018 concerning the prohibition of gold of Energy and conducted. institution: processing using mercury in 6 provinces as follows: Mineral Resources MoHA 1. South Sulawesi Province - Makassar City (2/08/2019) Regulation 2. Gorontalo Province (29 August 2019) concerning 3. North Maluku Province (South Halmahera Regency) – the Prohibition Bacan City (18 September 2019) of Gold 4. North Sulawesi Province – Manado City (4/10/2019) Processing Using 5. DI Yogyakarta Province – Yogyakarta city (16 October Amalgamation 2019) 6. Riau Province (13 November 2019) c.1.1.3 One Ministerial Responsible The Minister of Trade Regulation No.47/2019 concerning Development Regulation is person: the third amendment to the Minister of Trade Regulation and revision issued MoT No.44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 has been issued regarding the of regulations procurement, distribution and supervision of hazardous regarding the Supporting materials. trade system for institution: imports, exports MoEMR, MoI, and domestic MoEF, MoF distribution of mercury c.1.1.4 One Ministerial Responsible The draft ministerial regulation related to guidelines for Development Regulation is person: storage and handling of mercury and waste containing of guidelines issued MoEF mercury is available, currently awaiting approval. for storage and handling of Supporting mercury and institution: waste containing MoEMR mercury NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 205 Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.1.1.5 Availability Responsible Guidelines for mercury contaminated land remediation Development of guidance person: guidelines havee been developed. of guidelines documents for MoEF for remediation remediation of mercury- of mercury- Supporting contaminated contaminated institution: land land. MoEMR c.1.1.7 Carrying Two guidelines Responsible Two (2) guidelines have been developed: out efforts to are available person: Guidelines for controlling health effects due to mercury protect at-risk MoH exposure for health workers are available. populations, especially children Supporting Guidelines for controlling environmental health impacts and women, institution: due to the use of mercury in ASGM with the participatory and control the MoEF and method for health workers are available. health impacts of Ministry mercury exposure of Women through the Empowerment development and Child of guidelines Protection for controlling risk factors, health impacts due to mercury exposure to the environment and guidelines for handling mercury poisoning c.2.1 Strengthen c.2.1.1 Increasing Outreach to local Responsible Outreach has been carried out to local government officials central and local the understanding government institution: (EMR Agency Environmental Agency and Health Agency) institutions of local officials in all MoHA from 9 provinces. government provinces in officials related Indonesia Supporting to licensed small- institution: scale mining MoEMR c.2.2 Develop c.2.2.1 Integrated Responsible 1. Implementation of the cooperation agreement between research and Development cooperation is institution: P3KLL-BLI-MoEF with: technology and conduct implemented MoEF a. LIPI Biology research center, December 23, 2019 cooperation PKS.11/P3KLL/PED/HMS.0/12/2019 and B-5067/ to reduce and Supporting IPH.1/KS.02.04/XII/2019 ; eliminate the institution: b. Tambuhak Sinta Foundation, December 23, 2019 use of mercury Ministry of Number: 004/G-MOU/YTS/XII/2019 and Number: and mitigate Research, PKS.12/P3KLL/PED/HMS.2/12/2019; the impact of Technology and c. Nexus3/Bali Focus Foundation, December 23, mercury with non- Higher Education, 2019 Number: 092/04/VIII/BF-NEXUS3/2019 and governmental MoEMR Number: PKS.13/P3KLL/PED/HMS.2/12/2019; organizations, 2. Implementation of a cooperation agreement between donor agencies, MoEF, BPPT, and UNDP in the GOLD-ISMIA project to and other reduce and eliminate the use of mercury in ASGM in 6 countries locations. (bilateral). 3. The implementation of the Artisanal Gold Council (AGC) project cooperation agreement. 206 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.2.3 Monitor c.2.3.1 Conduct Monitoring on Responsible Environmental quality monitoring (multi-media) has been emission and regular environmental institution: carried out in 5 (five) locations (Pacitan Regency, Kulon release status monitoring on quality MoEF Progo Regency and East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, environmental (multimedia) on Sukabumi Regency, and Bayah Subdistrict, Lebak Regency). quality a regular basis is Supporting (multimedia) conducted institution: MoEMR and MoHA c.3.1 Increase c.3.1.1 • Capacity of Responsible 1. The quality of 4 (four) laboratory human resources has the capacity Development 5 laboratory institution: been improved: of laboratory of a national human MoEF a. Mercury workshop activity in Japan on March facilities, mercury research resources is 13-1, 2019 (1 person); infrastructure and monitoring increased Supporting b. Participated in the atmospheric mercury and human laboratory every year. institution: monitoring training workshop on 10-14 July 2019 resources to • Research and MoEMR and MoH in Taiwan (1 person); support the monitoring of c. Participated in the mercury-contaminated site implementation mercury are workshop at ICMGP 14 in Poland on 7-13 Sep of research and conducted. 2019 (1 person); monitoring • Availability of d. Participated in capacity strengthening of multi appropriate media mercury monitoring on 5-30 October 2019 laboratory (1 person). equipment 2. Mercury research and monitoring have been carried for mercury out in the form of hair sampling and socio-economic analysis from studies of the community in ASGM Sukabumi Regency in samples of February - March 2019. air, water, soil, 3. Appropriate laboratory equipment is available for foodstuffs, mercury analysis. (Measurement equipment of mercury biological/ in ambient air and solid samples). biomarker monitoring samples, and other materials. • Mercury parameter proficiency test is conducted. c.3.1.2 Conducting Mercury research Responsible Research has been carried out on the influence of mercury research is conducted institution: socio-economic factors that affect mercury exposure to MoEF communities around ASGM in Sukabumi Regency and 1 (one) research on measuring the amount of mercury used Supporting by ASGM and environmental quality analysis around ASGM institution: locations in Bayah District, Lebak Regency by BPPT. MoH, MoEMR, MoI, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, BPPT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 207 Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.4.1 Develop c.4.1.1 Mapping Availability Responsible • Impact distribution map is available. database and the impact of of impact institution: • In 2019 in 3 locations (Pacitan, Kulon Progo and East information mercury emissions distribution map MoEF Bolaang Mongondow). and releases on • Availability of a map of the distribution of mercury's the environment Supporting impact on the environment and public health in around ASGM institution: 7 (seven) national priority locations (A study of locations MoEMR mercury mapping on the environment, health and socio-economic community in ASGM, collaboration between MoEF and Bandung Institute of Technology and Brawijaya University in 2018). • Indicative map of mercury pollution index scale 1:50,000 in 7 priority locations (Minut Regency, Bomotim Regency, Dharmasraya Regency, Merangin Regency, Wonogiri Regency, Kobar Regency). • Indicative map of mercury pollution index scale 1:10,000 in Keloran Village, Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency and Cibeber Village, Cibeber District, Lebak Regency. c.4.1.2 Availability of Responsible Identification process has been carried out in 2017, where Identification maps of areas institution: there are at-risk populations in 235 regencies/cities in 32 of hotspots, and populations MoH provinces and there are 478 public health centers with population at risk, of communities ASGM working areas. and vulnerable vulnerable Supporting populations to mercury institution: Map of areas and population of vulnerable communities due due to mercury exposure MoEF to mercury exposure is not yet available. exposure through cross-sectoral cooperation. c.4.1.4 Availability of a Responsible • Availability of Hazardous Substances (B3) Import Development of a national database institution: E-Reporting Application Ver 2.0 (http:// sitkb3.menlhk. national database system MoEF go.id/epib3/index.php/user/login); system related • Availability of One Stop Service (Pelayanan Terpadu Satu to the trade, Supporting Pintu, PTSP) and INSW Integrated Hazardous Substances distribution and institution: Registration Database System (http://ptsp.menlhk. use of mercury MoT, MoF go.id/); • Availability of a Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) application integrated with INSW application equipped with PMK for Hazardous Substances (B3) Import Units; • A Mercury Spatial/Geoportal Database System is available; (http://sitkb3.menlhk.go.id/Merkuri/) in collaboration with JIGN Planologi MoEF; • Android application: I-Merkuri Mobile is available. c.4.1.5 Availability of Responsible There is an information system of map of cinnabar Development of a map information institution: and mercury distribution in Indonesia in the following map information system MoEF applications: system for the • The GeoPortal-PESK Mercury application is based on distribution of Supporting a website (http://sitkb3.menlhk.go.id /Merkuri/). The cinnabar and institution: application contains information about: mercury rocks in MoEMR a. Distribution of cinnabar processing activities. Indonesia b. Distribution of mercury usage in ASGM locations per administrative area in Indonesia 208 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.4.1.6 Conduct 1)Availability of Responsible 1. Data on the inventory results of the circulation, use and an inventory inventory data institution: supply of mercury procurement are not yet available. and mapping 2) Availability of MoEF 2. Availability of Mercury inventory data in Lebak Regency. of sources, maps 3. Thematic maps available: procurement Supporting a) Distribution of ASGM locations (coordinates) in 3 supplies, institution: locations where Mercury levels were measured; distribution, and BPS-Statistics, b) Mercury content map compared to use of mercury MoEMR environmental quality standards in environmental media. 4. Availability of the Android-Based Mercury Survey Data Collection Application (I-Merkuri Mobile) as a Mercury data survey tool at ASGM locations for the government and local governments. 5. Availability of acquisition data from UAV Drone mapping Data ortho, DEM and 3D ASGM locations and the use of mercury in Bogor Regency (Bantar Karet/Pongkor Village). 6. The basic framework of the mercury usage database and mercury content in the environment has been created due to ASGM activities. c.5.1 Mercury c.5.1.1 Including Mercury dangers Responsible No information available STOP Movement the dangers of course is included institution: Campaign using mercury in into the national Ministry of gold processing formal education Education and in the content curriculum Culture of the national formal education Supporting curriculum institution: MoEF, MoEMR, MoH c.5.1.2 Conduct a Information Responsible There are 4 articles available on the mercury info portal and campaign on the through mass institution: mercury-related materials have been posted on social media risk of the impact media, social MoEF Instagram of the Directorate of Hazardous Substances (B3) of mercury use media and Management of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. on vulnerable other media is Supporting communities disseminated institution: There are 2 journals and 3 home magazines on mercury and a campaign by publishing a Ministry of available. for gender minimum of 2 Communication mainstreaming. (two) articles per and Informatics week and Ministry of Women Empowerment And Child Protection c.5.1.5 Participatory Responsible MoH has disseminated health impacts to health workers in Development approaches in institution: areas where ASGM activities are carried out in 15 regencies/ of participatory 34 provinces are MoH cities in 12 provinces. approaches to developed communities Supporting in ASGM institution: locations that MoEMR and aim to increase MoEF knowledge about the health impacts of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior change in the community . NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 209 Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.5.1.6 Increasing Guidance and Responsible MoEMR has disseminated the understanding of Good the understanding supervision of IPR institution: Mining Practice to 2 IPR holders in Tatelu Village and of good mining MoEMR Talawaan Village (Batu Emas Cooperative and Batu Api practices for Cooperative), North Sulawesi Province on October 4, 2019. business actors in Supporting the Small-Scale institution: Mining Permit MoHA (IPR) c.6.1 Develop c.6.1.1 Availability of Responsible Research and study on gold processing technology without research and Development documents institution: mercury has been carried out. technology of research on the results BPPT and studies of research on alternative and study of Supporting technology for alternative institution: mercury-free gold technology for MoEMR processing mercury-free gold processing c.6.2 Remediate c.6.2.1 Mercury Responsible The remediation of mercury contaminated land has been mercury Remediation contaminated institution: carried out in 2 (two) locations in Lebak Regency and land contaminated of land land in 4 MoEF rehabilitation due to gold mining activities in one location in land and land contaminated locations is Dharmasraya Regency. rehabilitation with mercury and remediated Supporting land rehabilitation institution: due to gold MoEMR, Ministry mining activities of Research, Technology and Higher Education, MoHA c.6.3 Physical c.6.3.1 Availability of Responsible FS and DED have been developed for integrated mercury- construction Development of 5 FS and DED institution: free gold processing in Lebak Regency, Banyumas Regency, of integrated Feasibility Study documents in 5 BPPT Pacitan Regency, and Kulon Progo Regency. mercury-free (FS) and Detailed locations gold processing Engineering Supporting facilities Design (DED) for institution: gold processing MoEMR without mercury c.6.3.2 Integrated Responsible An integrated mercury-free gold processing plant has been Construction of installations in institution: built in 3 locations, namely Pohuwato, Halmahera, Pulang gold processing 13 locations are MoEF Pisau. facilities without constructed mercury Supporting institution: MoEMR and BPPT c.6.4 Provide c.6.4.1 Availability of Responsible FS and DED Documents are available for mercury storage mercury storage Development of FS and DED institution: facilities. facilities FS and DED for documents on MoEF the provision of the provision of BPPT has designed and made a prototype of a 2 L capacity mercury storage mercury storage Supporting mercury metal container. facilities facilities institution: Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education 210 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.6.4.2 Provision of Construction of Responsible Mercury storage facilities are not yet available. mercury storage mercury storage institution: facilities facilities MoEF Discussions are still ongoing regarding the location for the construction of mercury storage facilities. Supporting institution: Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education c.7.1 Conduct c.7.1.1 Availability of 1 Responsible There has been a social study of the impact of mercury use mapping of Development of a social study result institution: on ASGM activities in Banyumas Regency. the social and social study on the MoEF economic impact of mercury conditions of use on ASGM Supporting the mining activities institution: community Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection. c.7.1.2 Availability of 1 Responsible There has been an economic study on the impact of the use Development economic study institution: of mercury in Banyumas Regency. of an economic result MoEF study of the impact of mercury Supporting use institution: Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 211 Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.7.2 Economic c.7.2.1 Social Six productive Responsible A productive economic business model is available outside and social and economic economic institution: the Small-Scale Mining Area (WPR) in Banyumas Regency. empowerment transformation business models MoEF of communities of illegal miners are created outside the using mercury Supporting Small-Scale institution: Mining Area MoEMR, Ministry (WPR) of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and MoHA c.7.2.2 Business Communities in Responsible Not implemented yet opportunity 5 ASGM locations institution: coaching per year are Ministry of coached Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Supporting institution: MoHA c.7.2.3. Facilitating Cooperative and Responsible Not implemented yet the issuance SMEs permits in institution: of permits for 5 ASGM locations Ministry of cooperatives and per year are Cooperatives SMEs issued and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Supporting institution: MoHA c.8.1 Increase c.8.1.1 Increasing Availability of Responsible Import and export monitoring reports on mercury supervision import and export import and institution: commodities are available (data from Customs). supervision export control MoF of mercury as reports on commodity mercury as Supporting commodity institution: MoEF, MoEMR, MoT c.8.1 Increase c.8.1.2 Supervising There is no Responsible There is no cinnabar mining in Indonesia anymore. supervision and controlling cinnabar mining institution: primary mercury in Indonesia Indonesian mining activities National Police (cinnabar mining) without permit/ Supporting illegal institution: Attorney General 212 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.8.1.3 Supervising 100% action Responsible Prosecution has been taken. domestic mercury taken institution: In 2019: there were 110 cases handled in 23 provinces. circulation Indonesian National Police Supporting institution: MoT, Attorney General, and National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) c.8.2 c.8.2.1 Control of There are no Responsible Control has been carried out in 3 provinces: Enforcement illegal ASGM using illegal ASGM institution: Maluku, West Java and Banten. mercury using mercury Indonesian National Police Supporting institution: Attorney General c.8.2.2 Control of Amount of Responsible Since 2017-2019: 34.9 tonnes of mercury and 36.29 tonnes illegal mercury illegal mercury institution: of cinnabar have been confiscated. trade system controlled 10 Indonesian tonnes per year National Police Supporting institution: Attorney General NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 213 Table IV.2. Status of Implementation of RAN-PPM for ASGM Priority Sector in Year 2020 Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.1.1 Develop c.1.1.1 Policy outreach to Year 2019 - Responsible It has been carried out in 5 provinces and strengthen Conducting local governments 2025 with a institution: (Central Sulawesi, Southeast regulations and policy outreach in 34 provinces is frequency of MoEMR Sulawesi, DIY, Central Kalimantan, policies to the provincial conducted 4-5 provinces North Sumatra) online together government every year Supporting with assistance in the preparation institution: of the Local Action Plan for Mercury MoEF Reduction and Elimination on 11 June 2020. c.1.1.2 Monitoring and Year 2019 - Responsible person: It has been carried out in 5 provinces Conducting evaluation to local 2025 with a MoEMR (Central Sulawesi, Southeast monitoring and governments in frequency of Sulawesi, DIY, Central Kalimantan, evaluation on the 34 provinces are 4-5 provinces Supporting North Sumatra) online together implementation conducted. every year institution: with assistance in the preparation of the Ministry MoHA of the Local Action Plan for Mercury of Energy and Reduction and Elimination on 11 June Mineral Resources 2020. Regulation concerning the Prohibition of Gold Processing Using Amalgamation c.1.1.6 Availability of 1 2020 Responsible Drafting of biomarker guidelines in Development of a standard method (1 success institution: 2019 and finalization to be carried out standard method indicator) MoH in 2022. for measuring mercury exposure Supporting covering nodes 1 institution: - 3 (source, media MoEF and receptors) consisting of sampling and analysis methods c.2.1 Strengthen c.2.1.1 Outreach to local 2019 dan 2025 Responsible The target in 2020 has not been central and local Increasing the government (7 provinces per institution: achieved due to the COVID-19 institutions understanding of officials in all year until 2024 MoHA pandemic. local government provinces in dan 6 provinces officials related Indonesia in year 2025) Supporting to small-scale institution: mining permit MoEMR c.2.2 Develop c.2.2.1 Integrated 2019 -2025 (at Responsible research and Development cooperation is least 1 success institution: • Collaboration with donor technology and conduct implemented indicator per MoEF agencies has been implemented cooperation year) to reduce and Supporting • Already implemented eliminate the institution: cooperation with UNDP with the use of mercury Ministry of Research, GOLD-ISMIA project (Training and mitigate the Technology and for representatives of small-scale impact of mercury Higher Education, gold miners) with non- MoEMR governmental organizations, donor agencies, and other countries (bilateral). 214 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.2.3 Monitor c.2.3.1 Conduct Monitoring on 2019 -2021 Responsible Environmental quality monitoring emission and regular environmental (once per year) institution: (multi-media) has been carried out in release status monitoring on quality MoEF 4 locations (Tasikmalaya, Bandung, environmental (multimedia) on Sukabumi and Bogor). quality a regular basis is Supporting (multimedia) conducted institution: MoEMR and MoHA c.3.1 Increase c.3.1.1 • Capacity of 2019 – 2025 (5 Responsible a.1. In House Training on mercury the capacity Development 5 laboratory indicators per institution: sampling in rainwater. of laboratory of a national human year) MoEF a.2. In House Training on mercury facilities, mercury research resources is sampling in ambient air. infrastructure and and monitoring increased every Supporting a.3. In House Training testing of human resources laboratory year. institution: mercury in ambient air using to support the • Research and MoEMR and MoH Thermal Desorption. implementation monitoring of b.1. Collaborating with Nexus3 in of research and mercury are the context of data collection monitoring conducted. activities for determining • Availability of mercury baseline data in ASGM appropriate areas (World Bank project). laboratory b.2. Evaluation of mercury pollution equipment for data in ambient air in ASGM mercury analysis areas as the basis for compiling from samples national quality standards. of air, water, c.1. Procurement of mercury testing soil, foodstuffs, equipment from rainwater (CV- biological/ AFS). biomarker c.2. Procurement of total mercury monitoring measurement equipment for samples, and water matrix (CV AAS), solid other materials. matrix (CV AAS). • Mercury c.3. Procurement of equipment for parameter measuring methyl mercury proficiency test parameters in various media (GC is conducted. ECD and CV AAS). c.4. Construction of contaminant-free testing facilities. c.5. Verify the sampling method and analysis of mercury in ambient air (gold column method). c.6. Develop the concept of Indonesian national standards for mercury parameters in ambient air. c.7. Conducting a trial of the mercury parameter proficiency test in clean water MoH: • Identification of testing labs for monitoring and training is being carried out for human resources. • Lab maps and identification that need improvement will be prepared. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 215 Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.3.1.2 Mercury Research 2019 – 2025 (1 Responsible • PSIKLH: Bioremediation research Conducting is conducted indicator per institution: has been carried out in the mercury Research year) MoEF context of developing mercury bioremediation techniques using Supporting bacteria. institution: • BPPT: Research on chemicals MoH, MoEMR, MoI, to replace mercury in ASGM Ministry of Research, (2016), research on the use of Technology and mercury inventory in ASGM in Higher Education, Lebak (2019), research on tailings BPPT processing in ASGM (Lombok) (2019), has designed a storage container for elemental mercury (research for raw materials, materials research) (2020). c.4.1 Develop c.4.1.2 Availability of Years 2019 to Responsible Not yet implemented, waiting for database and Identification maps of areas 2025 with an institution: reports from the preparation of RAD- information of hotspots, and populations output of 3-5 MoH PPM. population at risk, of communities provincial maps and vulnerable vulnerable to per year Supporting populations mercury exposure institution: due to mercury MoEF exposure through cross-sectoral cooperation. c.4.1.3 Availability of 2020 (1 success Responsible TLV for drinking water is already Identification and mercury exposure indicator) institution: available, for health not yet available. improvement threshold values MoH of national for human health standards Supporting for threshold institution: limit values for MoEF mercury exposure to human health c.4.1.4 Availability of a 2019 - 2020 Responsible • Availability of Hazardous Development of a national database (1 success institution: Substances (B3) Import national database system indicator per MoEF E-Reporting Application Ver 2.0 system related year) (http:// sitkb3.menlhk.go.id/ to the trade, Supporting epib3/index.php/user/login); distribution and institution: • Availability of One Stop Service use of mercury MoT, MoF (Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu, PTSP) and INSW Integrated Hazardous Substances Registration Database System (http://ptsp.menlhk.go.id/); • Availability of a Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) application integrated with INSW application equipped with PMK for Hazardous Substances (B3) Import Units; • A Mercury Spatial/Geoportal Database System is available; (http://sitkb3.menlhk.go.id/ Merkuri/) in collaboration with JIGN Planologi MoEF; • Android application: I-Merkuri Mobile is available. 216 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.5.1 Mercury c.5.1.1 Including Mercury dangers 2019 (1 success Responsible Not yet implemented. STOP Movement the dangers of course is included indicator) institution: Campaign using mercury in into the national Ministry of Education gold processing formal education and Culture in the content curriculum of the national Supporting formal education institution: curriculum MoEF, MoEMR, MoH c.5.1.2 Conduct a Information 2019-2025 Responsible Mercury-related articles are available campaign on the through mass (2 success institution: on the Sib3pop portal, post 5 mercury risk of the impact media, social indicators per MoEF items on IG – PB3KLHK of mercury use media and year) on vulnerable other media is Supporting communities disseminated institution: and a campaign by publishing a Ministry of for gender minimum of 2 Communication mainstreaming. (two) articles per and Informatics and week Ministry of Women Empowerment And Child Protection c.5.1.3 Outreach and 17 provinces in Responsible Through funding from the SIP Conduct outreach trainings in 34 year 2020 and insitution: Minamata Convention, training on and increase provinces are 17 provinces in MoH participatory approaches and early capacity to health conducted year 2021 detection/diagnosis of mercury workers about Supporting exposure will be carried out to public health risks institution: health centers’ officers in 3 locations due to mercury MoHA (Lebak Regency, Banyumas Regency, exposure. and West Lombok Regency). c.5.1.4 Approach in the 2020 and 2021 Responsible Development community and (1 success institution: • Guidelines for a participatory of a community the emergence indicator per MoH approach to ASGM communities approach of public year) have been developed to control to increase awareness are Supporting mercury exposure. knowledge developed along institution: and awareness with collective MoHA • A training module on a about the health community action participatory approach will hazards of not to use mercury be developed for ASGM mercury and efforts to communities and the reduce the impact implementation of training for of mercury on public health centers’ officers health through funding from the SIP Minamata Convention. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 217 Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.5.1.5 Participatory 2019 until 2025 Responsible It will be implemented in 3 provinces, Development approaches in with target of institution: namely: Banten (Lebak Regency), of participatory 34 provinces are 3-6 provinces MoH Central Java (Banyumas Regency), and approaches to developed per year NTB (West Lombok Regency). communities Supporting in ASGM institution: locations that MoEMR and MoEF aim to increase knowledge about the health impacts of mercury exposure and sustainable behavior change in the community c.5.1.6 Guidance and 2019 until 2025 Responsible It has been implemented for IPR Increasing the supervision of IPR to 1-2 gold IPR institution: holders from North Minahasa, North understanding holders per year MoEMR Gorontalo and Kulon Progo. of good mining practices for Supporting business actors in institution: the Small-Scale MoHA Mining Permit (IPR) c.5.1.7 Outreach of 2020-2025 Responsible Outreach has been conducted in 28 Conduct outreach guidelines for (1 success institution: provinces of guidelines remediation indicator per MoEF for remediation of mercury year) of mercury -contaminated Supporting -contaminated land is conducted institution: land MoEMR and BPPT c.6.3 Physical c.6.3.1 Availability of 2 locations in Responsible In 2019 there were 4 FS DED available construction Development of 5 FS and DED year 2019 and institution: for the construction of mercury-free of integrated Feasibility Study documents in 5 2020, 1 location BPPT gold processing equipment, namely mercury-free (FS) and Detailed locations in year 2021 in Lebak Regency, Banyumas Regency, gold processing Engineering Supporting Pacitan Regency, and Kulon Progo facilities Design (DED) for institution: Regency. gold processing MoEMR without mercury In 2020, there has been 1 FS DED Pilot Project for mercury-free gold processing in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province. c.6.3.2 Integrated 2 locations Responsible Integrated installation has been built Construction of installations in (2019-2024) institution: (1 location in Kuantan Singingi, Riau). gold processing 13 locations are and 1 location MoEF facilities without constructed in year 2025 mercury Supporting institution: MoEMR and BPPT 218 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.6.4 Provide c.6.4.2 Provision Construction of 2019 Responsible Not yet implemented. mercury storage of mercury mercury storage (1 success institution: facilities storage facilities facilities indicator) MoEF Supporting institution: Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education c.7.1 Conduct c.7.1.1 Availability of 1 2019 - 2020 Responsible Not yet implemented. mapping of Development social study result (1 success institution: the social and of a social study indicator per MoEF economic on the impact of year) conditions of mercury use on Supporting the mining ASGM activities institution: community Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection. c.7.1.2 Availability of 1 2019 - 2020 Responsible Not yet implemented. Development economic study (1 success institution: of an economic result indicator per MoEF study of the year) impact of mercury Supporting use institution: Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 219 Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.7.2 Economic c.7.2.1 Social Six productive Each 1 business Responsible Not yet implemented. and social and economic economic business model per year institution: empowerment transformation models are created in the 2019- MoEF of communities of illegal miners 2025 period outside the Small- using mercury Supporting Scale Mining Area institution: (WPR) MoEMR, Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and MoHA c.7.2.2 Business Communities in 2019-2025 (5 Responsible • Fostering business capacity opportunity 5 ASGM locations locations per institution: development and financing coaching per year are year) Ministry of aspects in the ASGM sector (4 coached Cooperatives and locations: Gorontalo, North Small and Medium Sulawesi, South Halmahera, Riau- Enterprises (SMEs), Kuantan Singingi) • Development of technical Supporting capacity in 2 locations (Kulon institution: Progo, DIY and Kuantan Singingi, MoHA Riau) • Fostering and raising awareness about the dangers of mercury in 1 location (West Lombok) c.7.2.3. Facilitating Cooperative and 2019-2025 (5 Responsible Still in the process, the formation of the issuance SMEs permits in locations per institution: a cooperative has been carried out in of permits for 5 ASGM locations year) Ministry of Kulon Progo. cooperatives and per year are issued Cooperatives and SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Supporting institution: MoHA c.8.1 Increase c.8.1.2 There is no 2019-2025 (1 Responsible Import and export supervision reports supervision Supervising cinnabar mining in indicator per institution: on mercury commodities are available and controlling Indonesia year) MoF (data comes from Customs). primary mercury mining activities Supporting (cinnabar mining) institution: without permit/ MoEF, MoEMR, MoT illegal c.8.1.3 100% action taken 2019-2025 Responsible There is no longer cinnabar mining in Supervising (none) institution: Indonesia. domestic mercury Indonesian National circulation Police Supporting institution: Attorney General 220 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Description of Indicator of Activity Year Institution Implementation Status Activities Achievement c.8.2 Enforcement c.8.2.1 Control There are no 2019-2025 Responsible Not yet implemented, there are still of illegal ASGM illegal ASGM using (none) institution: ASGMs that use mercury illegally. using mercury mercury Indonesian National Police Supporting institution: MoT, Attorney General, and National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) c.8.2.2 Control of Amount of illegal 2019-2025 (10 Responsible There is enforcement action. illegal mercury mercury controlled tonnes success institution: trade system 10 tonnes per year indicator per Indonesian National year) Police Supporting institution: Attorney General NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 221

Annex V. Procedures for Monitoring of Implementation of National Action Plan for Reduction And Elimination of Mercury for ASGM Priority Sector A. Scope of Monitoring Based on this scope, the matrix for monitoring the achievement of the implementation of the RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM for the In accordance with the obligations in Perpres No. 21 of 2019 ASGM priority sector can be seen in Table V.1. concerning RAN-PPM, the monitoring scope for ASGM priority sector is the achievement in mercury elimination for ASGM priority sector. Table V.1. Measurement of Achievement in Mercury Elimination Area Sector National Province Regency/City ASGM Amount of mercury used in ASGM Amount of mercury used in ASGM Amount of mercury used businesses and/or activities at businesses and/or activities at in ASGM businesses and/or national level provincial level activities at regency/city level B. Actors in Monitoring of RAN-PPM Implementation RAN-PPM Actors involved in the monitoring activities of RAN-PPM implementation can be seen in Table V.2. Table V.2. Actors and Scope of Monitoring of RAN-PPM Implementation Actor Monitoring Achievement Minister of Environment and Forestry Overall RAN-PPM and RAD-PPM throughout Indonesia Minister/Head of Non-Ministerial Government Agency Overall RAN-PPM Governor Overall Provincial RAD-PPM and Regency/City RAD-PPM Regent/Mayor Overall Regency/City RAD-PPM 222 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA C. Matrix of Monitoring Activities of RAN-PPM Implementation The monitoring activities for ASGM priority sector can be described in the matrix of monitoring of RAN-PPM implementation as shown in Table V.3. Table V.3. Matrix of Monitoring Activities of RAN-PPM Implementation Target/Object Monitoring Instrument Reference Data Source Subject Achievement Target 1. Information System 1. Annex I to Perpres No. 1. Information System for 1. Minister of for Monitoring and 21 of 2019 Monev Environment and Evaluation (Monev) 2. Guidelines for 2. Status of RAN-PPM Forestry 2. Status of RAN-PPM Implementation of Implementation 2. Minister and Head of Implementation Perpres No. 21 of 2019 Agencies Lembaga 3. Random test and field 3. Governor visit 4. Regent/Mayor Success Indicator 1. Information System for 1. Annex II to Perpres No. 1. Information System for 1. Minister of Monev 21 of 2019 Monev Environment and 2. Status of RAN-PPM 2. Guidelines for 2. Status of RAN-PPM Forestry Implementation Implementation of Implementation 2. Minister and Head of Perpres No. 21 of 2019 Agencies 3. Governor 4. Regent/Mayor Continuity 1. Minutes of Committee 1. Guidelines for 1. Minutes of Committee 1. Minister of Coordination Meetings Implementation of Coordination Meetings Environment and 2. Minutes of Working Perpres No. 21 of 2019 2. Minutes of Working Forestry Group Coordination 2. Guidelines for RAD Group Coordination 2. Minister and Head of Meetings Development Meetings Agencies 3. Report of 3. Information System for 3. Governor implementation Monev 4. Regent/Mayor obstacles 4. Report of obstacles D. Method of Monitoring Monitoring activities are carried out through stages as follows: a. Data and Information Collection The first stage in the monitoring activities is collection of data and information on mercury elimination achievement as presented in Table V.4. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 223 Table V.4. Data and Information on Mercury Elimination Achievement Data and Information Required Data and Information Source Method Amount of mercury use in ASGM businesses 1) number of IPR issued for each regency/ 1) conduct inventory of ASGM located in and/or activities city; WPR; 2) report of ASGM formalization activities; 2) collection of data on formalization 3) report of enforcement on illegal ASGM activities; 3) collection of data on enforcement on illegal ASGM; 4) random test and field visit b. Measurement of Activities Achievement One of the requirements for issuing mining permit to an ASGM is a technical provision for gold processing which The second monitoring step is measuring the monitoring prohibits mercury use. With the issuance of a permit, it can indicators. Measurements are important to do to monitor be ensured that ASGM holding a mining permit does not the progress of the RAN-PPM implementation activities use mercury in its gold processing. Monitoring, supervising, numerically so as to make evaluations easier. The unit used and evaluating the reporting of ASGM activities that has a in the measurement is the percentage of activity progress mining permit can prevent the use of mercury in the ASGM. both in comparison to the current year and to the overall ASGM that does not have a permit will be processed through target. The scope of measuring the achievement of activities enforcement activities, so that enforcement data can be used for ASGM priority areas includes measuring the achievement as measurement for amount of mercury used in ASGM. of mercury elimination and management of implementation barriers. Measurement of mercury elimination achievement in the ASGM priority sector is conducted by comparing the b.1 Measurement of Achievement in Mercury Elimination number of locations (regencies/cities) as the results of the formalization with the baseline in 2018 which is 180 locations The measurement of the achievement in mercury elimination (regencies/cities) that have ASGM in their territory. Number is carried out on the amount of mercury use in ASGM of locations (regencies/cities) as a result of formalization are businesses and/or activities. regencies/cities where all their ASGM have obtained mining permits and/or undergone through prosecution process. A Data to measure the amount of mercury use in ASGM location (regency/city) is declared to meet achievement if all businesses and/or activities is obtained from: ASGM in that location already have a mining permit. i) mining permits issued to ASGM; ii) formalization report; and / or iii) report of enforcement on illegal ASGM 224 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA Achievement of year x = number of locations with all formalized ASGM x 100% 180 b.2. Measurement of Achievement in Implementation of • the success of mapping the source, supply, Mercury Reduction and Elimination Activities distribution, and use of mercury must be proven by the existence of an informative map showing Measurement of achievement in implementation of the location of sources, procurement supplies, mercury reduction and elimination activities is conducted distribution and use of mercury. by calculating the achievement of the success indicators listed in Annex II to the Perpres No. 21 of 2019. Provisions for c. Preparation and Updating of RAN-PPM measuring the success of the implementation of activities Implementation Status include: 1) the output data is calculated when it is finished or The implementation status of the RAN-PPM is required so that not in the formulation process; the evaluation can be carried out quickly. The implementation 2) activities that are in process are not considered as status of the RAN-PPM is a summary of the measurement of output data; the achievement in mercury reduction, measurement of 3) output data which is not achieved in the current the achievement of mercury elimination, measurement of year will be the target of output data in the following the achievement of indicators of success, and overcoming year; obstacles. Preparation and updating of the implementation 4) the achievements of the RAN-PPM success indicators status of the RAN-PPM shall be conducted at least 1 (once) are accumulative of the achievements of all fields, in 3 (three) months prior to the working group coordination strategies, activities, and activity descriptions; and meeting. The Chairperson of the Working Group is responsible 5) measurement results are presented in percentage for coordinating the preparation of the implementation of target achievement. status of the Priority Sector RAN-PPM. The Chairman of the Committee is in charge of coordinating the preparation of Examples: the implementation status of RAN-PPM. The content in the • the success of ministerial regulation drafting implementation status of the RAN-PPM can be seen in the activities, must be proven by a ministerial regulation following table. promulgated by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights; • the success in monitoring mercury emissions and releases in the form of a monitoring report document; or NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA 225 Table V.5. Content in RAN-PPM Implementation Status Monitoring Status Content Mercury Elimination Achievement Percentage of achievement in mercury elimination for ASGM sector Success Indicator Achievement Percentage of achievement in success indicator for each activity and strategy. Implementation Obstacles Report of management of RAN-RAD-PPM implementation obstacles E. Monitoring Period of RAN-PPM Implementation Monitoring of RAN-PPM implementation can be seen in the following table. Table V.6. Actors and Monitoring Period of RAN-PPM Implementation Actor Period Minister of Environment and Forestry 1 (once) in 3 (three) months Minister/ Head of Non-Ministerial Government Agencies 1 (once) in 3 (three) months Governor 1 (once) in 3 (three) months Regent/Mayor 1 (once) in 3 (three) months 226 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ASGM INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2022