Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan II, 2014 – 2017

fao agric new.cdr MEDIUM TERM AGRICULTURAL SECTOR INVESTMENT PLAN (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Ministry of Food and Agriculture December, 2015 Republic of Ghana I Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 LIST OF TABLES III ACRONYMS IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VIII FOREWORD IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MANDATE, VISION, MISSION AND FUNCTIONS 1 1.1.1 Mandate and Legal Instruments 1 1.1.2 Vision 1 1.1.3 Mission 1 1.1.4 Functions 1.2 OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE UNDER GSGDA 1 (2010-2013) 1 1.2.1 Introduction 1 1.2.2 General Agricultural Performance Trends 2 1.2.3 Agricultural Sector Performance by GSGDA Components 8 1.3 PROFILE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENT SITUATION 16 1.3.1 Structure of the Ministry 16 1.3.2 Cross-cutting Issues 17 1.3.3 Brief on Agriculture in Ghana 18 1.3.4 Summary of Key Development Issues Identified from the Overview of the Sector Performance 19 CHAPTER TWO 20 PRIORITIZATION OF KEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 20 2.1 INTRODUCTION 20 2.2 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES LINKED TO GSGDA II THEMATIC AREA 3: ACCELERATED 20 AGRICULTURE TRANSFORMATION AND SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 Accelerated Agricultural Transformation 20 2.2.2 Sustainable Natural Resources Management 23 2.2.3 Cross-cutting Issues 25 2.3 KEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN OTHER 25 CHAPTER THREE 27 DEVELOPMENT GOAL, ADOPTED OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 27 3.1 INTRODUCTION 27 3.2 ADOPTED OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 27 3.3 POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES WITH RESPECT TO CROSS CUTTING 31 ISSUES – GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE TABLE OF CONTENT II Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER FOUR 32 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND SUB-PROGRAMMES 32 4.1 INTRODUCTION 32 4.2 PROGRAMMES AND SUB-PROGRAMMES 32 4.2.1 Programme Area 1: Management and Administration 32 4.2.2 Programme Area 2: Food and Nutrition Security and Emergency Preparedness 33 4.2.3 Programme Area 3: Increase Growth in Incomes 36 4.2.4 Programme Area 4: Marketing of Agricultural Products 37 4.2.5 Programme Area 5: Management of Land and Environment 38 4.2.6 Programme Area 6: Science and Technology Applied in Food and Agricultural Development 38 CHAPTER FIVE 39 PROGRAMME OF ACTION 39 CHAPTER SIX 56 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN 56 6.1 INTRODUCTION 56 6.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 56 6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 56 CHAPTER SEVEN 57 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 57 7.1 THE NEED FOR A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 57 7.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATION 57 7.3 TARGET GROUPS, APPROACHES AND CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION 57 7.3.1 Target Groups 57 7.3.2 Approaches and Channels of Communication 58 REFERENCES 60 APPENDIX 1: Organogram of MoFA and Links to Decentralized Levels 61 III Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Real GDP Growth of Agriculture and other Sectors (%) 2 Table 2: Contribution of Various Sub-Sectors to Agricultural GDP (at current market prices). 2 Table 3: Real Growth Rates in Agricultural Sub-Sectors (%), 2010 – 2013 3 Table 4: Production of Selected Food Crops ('000 Mt), 2010 - 2013 3 Table 5: Production of Industrial Crops (Mt) 4 Table 6: Comparison of Yields (Mt/Ha) for Selected Crops, 2010 - 2013 4 Table 7: Domestic Meat Production (Mt), 2010-2013 5 Table 8: Imports of livestock and poultry products (Mt), 2010-2013 6 Table 9: Annual Fish Production by Source (Mt), 2010-2013 7 Table 10: Agriculture Performance by Components, 2010 – 2013 8 Table 11: Staffing Levels of MoFA, 2010 – 2013 18 Table 12: Key Agriculture Development Issues 21 Table 13: Key Natural Resources Development Issues 24 Table 14: Key Gender and Climate Change Development Issues 26 Table 15: Key Agricultural Sector Development Issues in Other Thematic Areas 27 Table 16: Adopted Agriculture Policy Objectives and Strategies for 2014-2017 28 Table 17: Gender and Climate Change Policy Objectives and Strategies 32 Table 18: Programme of Action for the Planned Period (2014 – 2017) 40 Table 19: Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (2014-2017) Cost Estimates (Gh¢) 55 Table 20: Summary of target stakeholders, objectives of communication and means of 60 communication IV Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 ACRONYMS V Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 VI Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 VII Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 VIII Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP II, 2014 – 2017) was prepared through the selfless commitment and involvement of a wide range of sector stakeholders who have contributed immensely to its development. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) acknowledges the contribution and support of all the stakeholders in the agriculture sector, including Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Private Sector, Farmer-Based Organizations (FBOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Development Partners (DPs), Research and Academia and Traditional Authorities, among others for their participation in this exercise. MoFA also acknowledges its partners, both local and international, that provided technical and financial support. This work was made possible by the financial support of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN), the German government through GIZ among other donors. Finally, sincere appreciations are extended to the consultants, Prof. Saa Ditto of the University for Development Studies and Dr. Henry Anim-Somuah of the University of Ghana, Legon for supporting the development of this document. IX Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 FOREWORD The strategic framework that is guiding the Government's effort in its development agenda is the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) II, 2014-2017. The GSGDA aims at leveraging Ghana's natural resource endowments, agricultural potential and the human resource base for accelerated economic growth and job creation through value addition. This will be underpinned by partnership with the private sector through Private Public Partnerships (PPPs) to expand infrastructure by building roads and bridges; increasing electricity supply and reliability to support our economy's needs; expanding access to good drinking water and providing quality healthcare for our growing population; improving sanitation and human security for all, and also transforming schools, colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age with emphasis on mathematics, science, technology and innovation. The agriculture sector, a key to the national development agenda, is expected to lead the growth and structural transformation of the economy and maximize the benefits of accelerated growth. Significant improvements in the productivity of the agriculture sector are required to raise the average real incomes of Ghanaians as a whole. The food and agriculture sector also has direct impact on the attainment of at least five of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) is the lead agency responsible for the agricultural sector within the context of a coordinated Government Programme. To carry out its mandate, plans and programmes are coordinated through policy and strategic frameworks. In this regard, MoFA facilitated the preparation of the Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP II, 2008) and the Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP, 2011-2015). The METASIP II is the investment plan to implement, in the medium term (2014-2017), programmes of the policy. It has been developed in conformity with the Maputo and Malabo declarations of the government expenditure allocation of at least 10 percent of the annual national budget to the agricultural sector, and a resultant GDP growth of at least 6 percent per annum within the plan period. This is consistent with the ECOWAS Agriculture Policy and NEPAD´s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (ECOWAP & CAADP) which provide an integrated framework to support agricultural growth, rural development and food and nutrition security in Africa. The METASIP II is a product of a consultative, technical and budgetary process, which identifies outputs and resource requirements and roles various stakeholders in the sector will play in its implementation. Greater involvement of the Private Sector is envisaged for the transformation of the sector and improvement in service delivery to smallholder farmers, as well as increased investment and management of the sector as a whole. Various types of linkages are outlined to be established between smallholders and agribusiness, to facilitate access to input, research, technology and product markets, as well as other essential services. Also, key to the plan implementation is the engagements between MoFA and other Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA´s) whose policies impact on the agricultural sector. Agricultural sector policies are supported both technically and financially by Development Partners and financial institutions and this forms another level of stakeholder participation and engagement. These engagements reinforce the objectives of coordination of stakeholder participation in the harmonisation of actions of government and partners for synergy of operations and maximum results for accelerated growth. The plan will be implemented by the existing structures of the MDA's, particularly the District Departments of Agriculture (DDAs) which are now departments within the District Assemblies. At the decentralized levels, programmes and activities have to be prioritized according to the comparative and competitive advantages of the respective District Assembly. Through cooperation, coordination and commitment of all sector stakeholders the country can overcome most of the challenges facing the food and agriculture sector to enhance growth, create employment, increase incomes, reduce poverty and achieve food and nutrition security for the people of Ghana within the context of an environmentally sustainable and transformed rural economy. MOHAMMED-MUNIRU LIMUNA (ALHAJI) HON. MINISTER FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE X Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP II) 2014-2017 has been developed using the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA II) guidelines. It is also based on the Maputo and Malabo declarations of government expenditure allocation of at least 10 percent of the national budget into the agricultural sector, and expected GDP growth of at least 6 percent within the plan period. The targets mentioned above are in conformity with the agricultural performance targets of the ECOWAP of ECOWAS, CAADP of NEPAD and is expected to contribute significantly to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. The plan has been developed with a strong emphasis on the Accelerated Agriculture Modernization and Sustainable Natural Resource Management which will transform the agricultural sector to increase productivity and output, create jobs, increase incomes, and ensure food security over the medium term. Innovative interventions have been planned based on the adopted objectives and key strategies that will be systematically implemented under the programme areas to ensure that the goals set for the agricultural sector under the GSGDA II are achieved. The agricultural sector is the highest employer of the country's labour force 44 percent (GSS, 2014). It is the most important sector because of the importance of food for survival. However, the sector performed poorly in the last plan period, 2010 to 2013, with an average annual growth rate of 3.4 percent. The key development issues of the sector have been identified. These include: low average yield of staple crops and high post-harvest losses; poor management along the agriculture value chain; low level of agriculture mechanisation and adoption of appropriate technology; low use of improved planting materials; low productivity of smallholder farms; degraded landscapes; inadequate investments in agriculture business ventures; inadequate access to appropriate finance by smallholder farmers; over-reliance on rain- fed agriculture; and low productivity in the livestock and poultry industry. The key agricultural sector development issues are not to be addressed exclusively by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The mandates of several other ministries, departments and agencies impact significantly on the agricultural sector, hence the need for effective inter-ministerial collaboration, consultation and cooperation. This plan has six programmes with its corresponding sub-programmes. The programmes are: Management and Administration; Food and Nutrition Security and Emergency Preparedness; Increased Growth in Incomes; Marketing of Agricultural Products; Management of Land and Environment; and Science and Technology in Food and Agricultural Development. Cross cutting issues such as climate change and environment, gender, HIV/AIDs, population, decentralization, disasters, vulnerability, culture, security and technological innovations are also taken into consideration in all programmes, projects and activities of stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The plan will be implemented along programme areas that address the key challenges to the modernization and transformation of agriculture in Ghana. It will be implemented by the existing structures of the MDAs, particularly the District Departments of Agriculture (DDAs) which are now departments within the District Assemblies. Complexities of implementation are bound to arise as the Sector Plan will have to be largely implemented together with other stakeholders. It is therefore expected that, the DDA must not only understand the various aspects of the plan but also incorporate relevant aspects into the district assembly MTDP and also be able to convince the district authorities why priority should be given to planned activities in order to receive funding. A communication strategy has been incorporated into the plan. It is to create awareness among all stakeholders and good understanding of all aspects of the Medium Term Development Plan. By so doing, all stakeholders will be informed about the programmes, sub-programmes and activities that are proposed to be implemented during the period 2014-2017. The ultimate purpose of the communication strategy is for farmers, processors, marketers etc. to adopt technological packages, messages and methodologies that will transform Ghana's agriculture as envisaged in this plan. XI Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Very strong collaboration and coordination is required among stakeholders for effective implementation of the plan. MoFA's coordination as well as monitoring and evaluation roles are very critical in the implementation of this Plan. The Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate in collaboration with SRID of MoFA will have the responsibility of coordinating the agricultural sector M&E and lead in the collection, collation and analysis of M&E data. The Policy Coordinating and Monitoring Unit of the Office of the President and the NDPC will play key oversight roles during plan implementation. A summary of the cost estimates of the plan are given in the table below for the various programmes and sub- programmes. They are estimated annual incremental costs of implementation for the four year plan period. A total estimated cost of about GH�1.615 billion is required for the plan period. It must be noted that the estimated cost of the plan is with respect to public funds. The private sector, especially farmers, will have to invest adequately in the sector to achieve the plan objectives. Development Partners, NGOs and Civil Society Organisations will also have to play their expected roles. Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan II (2014 - 2017) Cost Estimates (GH¢ 'million) � 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Programme 1: Management and Administration 2.608 2.807 3.586 2.628 11.630 1.1 General management 0.110 0.131 0.167 0.191 0.600 1.2 Institutional coordination and collaboration 2.498 2.676 3.569 2.536 11.030 Programme 2: Food and N utrition Security and Emergency Preparedness 86.960 168.661 219.271 282.067 757.959 2.1 Promotion of agricultural mechanization 12.013 88.818 69.056 72.673 242.560 2.2 Seed and planting material development 7.857 8.5997 9.899 5.053 31.406 2.3 Irrigation development 52.485 50.925 123.587 182.460 409.457 2.4 Development of selected staple crops 0.348 1.174 1.345 1.209 4.076 2.5 Livestock and poultry development 10.389 15.145 15.385 20.672 61.591 2.6 Nutrition sensitive agriculture 1.523 2.217 1.668 3.459 8.867 Programme 3: Increased Growth in Incomes 10.810 159.060 174.602 201.914 546.385 3.1 Promotion of private sector investment in agriculture 10.734 87.314 44.101 50.710 192.860 3.2 Improvements in agricultural financing 0.050 71.222 130.057 130.599 331.929 3.3 Development of selected cash crops 0.025 0.523 0.444 20.605 21.598 Programme 4: Marketing of Agricultural Products 31.067 33.148 46.982 32.291 160.626 4.1 Improvements in post-production management 29.642 29.984 43.804 29.143 132.573 4.2 Development of an effective domestic market 1.259 1.608 1.764 1.599 6.230 4.3 Expansion of agriculture exports 0.165 1.556 1.414 1.550 4.685 Programme 5: Management of Land and Environment 1.125 4.694 2.228 4.828 12.876 5.1 Sustainable environment, land and water management 1.125 4.694 2.228 4.828 12.876 Programme 6: Science and Technology Applied in Food and Agricultural Development 8.788 16.088 58.493 59.143 142.512 6.1. Science, technology and innovation application 4.336 6.095 42.626 49.992 103.049 6.2. Access to extension services and re-orientation of agriculture education 4.452 9.993 15.867 9.151 39.462 Total 141.357 385.458 505.163 582.872 1,614.85 0 1 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 MANDATE, VISION, MISSION AND FUNCTIONS 1.1.1 Mandate and Legal Instruments The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) is the lead government agency and focal point for the development of the agricultural sector. Its mandate is to develop and execute policies, programmes and strategies for the agricultural sector within the context of a coordinated national socio-economic growth and development agenda. The sector comprises five sub-sectors namely; crops, livestock, fisheries, cocoa, and forestry/logging. MoFA is responsible for the crops and livestock sub-sectors while the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (MoFAD) is responsible for fisheries. Cocoa is under the purview of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) while the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) is responsible for forestry and logging. Other ministries such as Roads and Highways; Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation; Health; and Trade & Industry also undertake activities that impact on the sector. MoFA was set up under the Civil Service Act (CSA) 1960. Other enactments relating to the establishment of the Ministry are: a. The Agriculture Act of 1961; b. Civil Service (Amendment) Decree 1967 (NLCD 134); c. Civil Service (Disciplinary Code Regulations), Revocation Decree 1973, (NRCD 197); and d. Civil Service Law 1993 (PNDC 327). 1.1.2 Vision The Vision for Ghana's agricultural sector is “a modernised agriculture culminating in a structurally transformed economy and evident in food security, employment opportunities and reduced poverty”. 1.1.3 Mission The Mission of MoFA is to promote sustainable agriculture and thriving agribusiness through research and technology development, effective extension and other support services to producers, processors, distributors and consumers for improved food security, nutrition and incomes. 1.1.4 Functions The functions of MoFA are: a. Agricultural policy formulation; b. Sector planning; c. Administration and management of sector programmes and projects; d. Formulation of annual budgets based on planned programmes and projects; e. Generation and dissemination of agricultural technology; f. Delivery of agricultural advisory and extension services; and g. Monitoring and evaluation of the agricultural sector performance. 1.2 OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE UNDER GSGDA 1 (2010-2013) 1.2.1Introduction This performance review assesses the attainment of national and sector targets as set in the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) I and the Medium Term Agricultural (Agriculture) Sector Investment Plan (METASIP), 2011-2015. 2 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 The Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) was developed along the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) guidelines. The plan was also to respond to the third thematic area of GSGDA I which deals with “Accelerated Agricultural Modernisation and Sustainable Natural Resources Management”. Under GSGDA I, projected real growth for the agricultural sector was set at 6.0 percent, 6.7 percent, 6.7 percent and 6.4 percent for 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. The programmes and projects in the agricultural sector were designed to ensure that these targets were achieved. 1.2.2 General Agricultural Performance Trends Growth Rates The agricultural sector GDP growth rate was uneven between 2010 and 2013 with the lowest rate of 0.8 percent being recorded in 2011 (Table 1). The rate increased from 0.8 percent in 2011 to 2.3 percent in 2012 and to 5.7 percent in 2013. The targeted planned growth rates for the period were not achieved. The poor performance in 2011 was partly due to erratic rainfall. Average rainfall in 2011 was 992.9mm compared to 1,208.8 mm in 2010, 994.7mm in 2012 and 1,159.7mm in 2013. Though total precipitation was adequate, that cannot be said of its distribution. According to MoFA's Annual Progress Report (2011), there were intermittent dry spells and floods. Source: Ghana Statistical Service (June, 2015). The agricultural GDP at current market prices increased from about Gh¢13 billion in 2010 to a little above Gh¢20 billion in 2013. The crops sub-sector has been the major contributor to the Agricultural Sector GDP (Table 2). It contributed 68.0 percent followed by forestry/logging (10.0%) and cocoa (9.8%) in 2013. In the same year, fisheries and livestock sub-sectors contributed 6.2 percent and 6.0 percent respectively. Table 2: Contribution of Various Sub-Sectors to Agricultural GDP (at current market prices). Source: Ghana Statistical Service (June, 2015). Table 1: Real GDP Growth of Agriculture and other Sectors (%) ¢ 3 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Table 3 shows the growth rates in agricultural sub-sectors for the period 2010 to 2013 and depicts an uneven growth rate. In 2013, the crops sub-sector had the highest growth rate of 5.9 percent followed by fisheries sub-sector (5.7%) and then livestock sub-sector (5.3%). The forestry/logging and cocoa sub-sectors grew by 4.6 percent and 2.6 percent respectively. Table 3: Real Growth Rates in Agricultural Sub-Sectors (%), 2010 – 2013 Source: Ghana Statistical Service (June, 2015). Performance of Crops Sub-Sector The crop sub-sector may be categorized into five (5) as given below: a. Roots and tubers; b. Cereals; c. Legumes; d. Fruits and Vegetables; and e. Tree/Industrial Crops. The ministry currently reports on 8 main staple food crops and 5 main industrial crops (Tables 4 and 5). Cassava production increased consistently over the period, however, maize and rice were inconsistent. For the other commodities, there was a general decrease in production between 2010 and 2013 except for plantain and yam. Table 4: Production of Selected Food Crops ('000 Mt), 2010 - 2013 Source: SRID, MoFA (2015). * Note: Milled rice was estimated to be 60% of paddy for 2010 and 2011 but was revised to 69% in the case of 2012 and 2013. From Table 5, cocoa production declined between 2010/11 and 2012/13 while oil palm production increased during the period. Data on production of other industrial crops is not readily available. 4 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Table 5: Production of Industrial Crops (Mt) Sources: SRID, MoFA (2015). *n.a: not available Table 6 gives the minimum and maximum yields of some selected crops produced in the country for 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 as well as average yields in 2013 and yields that have been estimated to be achievable in the country. Comparison of maximum, minimum and average yields (in the case of 2013) clearly indicates a tilt towards lower yields. However, the maximum yields indicate possibilities by farmers. Using 2013 information as given in Table 6, it can be observed that it is only the average yields of cocoyam, sorghum and pineapple that are up to 55 percent or more of the achievable yield. Also except for cocoyam, the maximum yields of all other crops have been below the estimated achievable yields during the plan period. Table 6: Comparison of Yields (Mt/Ha) of Selected Crops, 2010 - 2013 5 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Performance of Livestock Sub-Sector Domestic Meat Production Available data indicate that, there has been a steady increase in domestic meat production from 2010 to 2013 (Table 7). Total domestic meat production increased from 111,392 Mt in 2010 to 135,412 Mt in 2013 representing a percentage increase of about 21.57 percent. The share of poultry production has been the highest with an average percentage contribution of 35.7 percent during the plan period (2010 - 2013), followed by beef production (17%). Table 7: Domestic Meat Production (Mt), 2010-2013 Source: SRID, MoFA (2015). Imports of Livestock and Poultry Products Beef and chicken were the most imported meat products in terms of quantity in 2013 (Table 8). The imports of beef increased from 11,175.90 Mt in 2010 to 21,250.80 Mt in 2013, an increase of 27.2 percent. Poultry imports, however, have been declining since 2011 from 87,409.50 Mt to 60,786.3 Mt in 2013. The reduction in imports between 2012 and 2013 for the commodity is 19.1 percent. In general, there has been an increase of 3.3 percent in the importation of livestock and poultry products including milk from 2012 to 2013. Source: SRID, MoFA (2015). 6 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Source: Veterinary Services Directorate (VSD), MoFA, (2014). Performance of Fisheries Sub-Sector Fish is recognized as one of the most important sources of animal protein in the country and it is expected to provide 60 percent of animal protein needs of Ghanaians. National per capita fish consumption is estimated to be 23kg, much higher than the global average of 13kg. The country's total annual fish requirement for 2013 was estimated at 880,000 Mt as against the national production of 434,121 Mt (Table 9). The deficit in 2013 was 445,879 Mt which is partly met by imports. Marine production increased from 2010 to 2012 but decreased significantly in 2013. Inland fish production also increased from 2010 to 2011 but decreased from 2011 to 2013. Cultured fish production (aquaculture) however, has shown consistent increases from 2010 and 2013 (Table 9) due to interventions such as Tilapia breeding programme and training of culture fish producers by government and other stakeholders in the sub-sector. From Table 9, marine fisheries is the highest (74.1%) contributor to annual fish production followed by inland sources (20.8%), with aquaculture contributing the least (5.1%) but has the highest growth rate among the three sources from 2010 to 2013. Table 8: Imports of livestock and poultry products (Mt), 2010-2013 7 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Table 9: Annual Fish Production by Source (Mt), 2010-2013 Source: MoFAD (2014) and SRID, MoFA (2015). 8 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 1.2.3 Agricultural Sector Performance by GSGDA Components The main focus of Ghana's national agricultural development policy, as stated in the GSGDA I and consistent with METASIP, is to accelerate the modernization of agriculture and ensure effective natural resources management and environmental governance regime. Under GSGDA I, the stated agricultural sector development components and policy objectives are broadly divided into (a) Accelerated Agricultural Modernization and (b) Sustainable Natural Resources Management. Discussion of the agricultural sector performance between 2010 and 2013 is based on the former (Table 10) while the performance of the latter will be reported in MLNR performance report. A) Accelerated Agricultural Modernisation Table 10 is a summary of the performance of the agricultural sector under the accelerated agricultural modernisation components for the planned period. Table 10: Agriculture Performance by Components, 2010 – 2013 / Almost all information under this column is from METASIP (2010-2015) This review is from 2010 to 2013 but it is appropriate to keep to what the METASIP proposed. 2 3 9 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 10 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 11 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 12 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 13 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 14 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 i 15 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 16 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 (B) Sustainable Natural Resources Management Several of the activities required under this broad section are within the mandate of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources (MLNR) and the Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI). However, the Directorate of Crops Services (DCS) of MoFA works closely with these Ministries. The performance on this sub-theme is therefore reported by MLNR and MESTI. 1.3 PROFILE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENT SITUATION 1.3.1 Structure of the Ministry National Level: The Directorates of MoFA at the National Level are grouped into line and specified Technical Directorates. MoFA also administers some State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and Sub-vented Organisations. In addition, Councils have been set up to advise the Honourable Ministers on specific issues affecting the development of agriculture. The Line Directorates are Administration Directorate (AD); Finance Directorate (FD); Human Resource Development and Management Directorate (HRDMD); Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate (PPMED) and Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (SRID). The Technical Directorates are Directorate of Crop Services (DCS), Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), Animal Production Directorate (APD), Veterinary Services Directorate (VSD), Agricultural Engineering Services Directorate (AESD), Directorate of Agriculture Extension Services (DAES), and Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD). The SOEs are Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA), Irrigation Company of Upper Region (ICOUR), GLDB and National Food and Buffer Stock Company (NAFCO). A Cotton Development Authority (CDA) has also been set up but its Governing Body and Secretariat are yet to be inaugurated. Regional Level: The Regional Director of Agriculture (RDA) is answerable in the performance of his/her duties to the Regional Minister and the Regional Coordinating Director (Section 28 (2) of PNDCL 327). The RDA at the same time reports on technical matters to the Chief Director (CD) of MoFA. District Level: District Departments of Agriculture (DDAs) are in charge of managing projects and programs and implementing national agricultural policies and decisions in the districts. Under full decentralization, the district offices are departments of the District Assemblies. The District Agricultural Officer (DAO) provides technical backstopping to District officers including Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs). Most of the AEAs provide general extension to farmers in their operational areas while others provide specialized services including animal health, veterinary and fisheries development services. See appendix 1: Organogram of MoFA and Links to Decentralised Levels. PPMED has now been restructured into four, namely Policy, Planning and Budget Directorate; Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, Project Coordination Unit and Agribusiness Unit. 4 5 17 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 For efficient and effective service delivery, districts are demarcated into zones and operational areas. The number of zones per district varies according to land size and population. Each zone is divided into operational areas. Just as the zones, the number of operational areas per zone also varies from one District to the other. An operational area is expected to be manned by an extension agent while specialized duty AEAs operate across the district. The District Director of Agriculture reports directly to the District Chief Executive (DCE) through the District Coordinating Director (DCD) and collaborates with the RDA on technical issues. Human Resource Capacity The staffing levels of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture remained constant between 2010 and 2012 and decreased very significantly in 2013 (Table 11). There has been the need to increase staff numbers especially extension personnel but that has not been feasible as a result of policy on recruitment into the public service. It is estimated that the extension personnel to farmer ratio is about 1: 2000 on the average but it is far worse in many important farming areas. Table 11: Staffing Levels of MoFA, 2010 – 2013 Source: HRDM, MoFA, (2013). 1.3.2 Cross-cutting Issues Issues on climate change and environment, gender, HIV/AIDs, population, decentralization, disasters, vulnerability, culture, security and technological innovations are regarded as cross-cutting in nature. These are taken into consideration in all programmes, projects and activities of stakeholders in the agricultural sector. HIV/AIDS According to MoFA APR 2013, there was a gradual increase in the number of farmers sensitized on HIV/AIDS from 2008 to 2011. The highest increase of 548,386 was recorded in 2011. However, it declined in 2012 by 32.9 percent and then increased again in 2013 to 416,929. The report also indicated that HIV/AIDS awareness creation for women decreased from 51 percent in 2008 to 48.4 percent in 2009. However, there was an increase of 49.7 percent in 2010. In 2013, it further increased to 51.1 percent from the 48 percent recorded in 2012. Gender The sector plan is gender-sensitive through the implementation of the Gender and Agricultural Development Strategy (GADS). To ensure inclusive development, the ministry employs the strategy of affirmative action from time to time. This allows the Ministry to target and support the youth, less privileged women and physically challenged farmers. This was done in 2013, mainly through the supply of inputs including livestock species. Total 7,653 7,653 7,653 6,509 18 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Climate Change Ghanaian agriculture is climate dependent and highly vulnerable to climate change. The national response to addressing the vulnerability is the preparation of the National Climate Change Strategy in 2008. The Strategy specified 10 cross-sectoral programme areas for implementation. However, implementation of these programmes had been ad hoc and not very effective because of insufficient integration into sectoral policies and plans. Despite the setback, the Ministry harnessed the opportunities provided by some of its policy objectives to initiate steps and build capacity of selected staff in the area of climate change. A ministerial climate change task force was established and trained on basic climate change concepts. The training of the staff set the stage for mainstreaming of climate change during the review of FASDEP and METASIP. To improve the effectiveness of the programme implementation and the efforts to address climate change challenges in Ghana, a National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was established in 2010 under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment Science, Technology and Innovation. The NCCC worked to develop the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), which was launched in 2014. The five main policy areas prioritized by the NCCP include the development of climate resilient agriculture and food systems in Ghana. MoFA recognizing the importance of mainstreaming climate change into its policy, partnered with the Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) policy platform to develop the Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Action Plan. The plan is to address the development of climate resilient agriculture in Ghana. The overall goal of the action plan is to operationalize the NCCP for effective integration of Climate Change into the development of the agricultural sector. The specific objectives of the action plan are to: a. Develop climate-resilient agriculture and food systems for all agro-ecological zones; b. Develop human resource capacity for climate-resilient agriculture; and c. Elaborate on the implementation framework and the specific activities to be carried out at the respective levels of governance. Key stakeholders The Ministry has a wide range of stakeholders comprising the Public and Private Sectors, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Development Partners (DPs), Farmer-Based Organisations (FBOs) among others. Critical among these are: a. Public sector - MoFA and agriculture related government agencies and decentralised departments, and the national agriculture research system (academia and scientists); b. Private sector - farmers, land owners, input dealers, traders, exporters, transporters, agro- processors, financial institutions, marketers etc.; c. Civil Society Organisations – NGOs, Think Tanks, Traditional Authorities, FBOs etc.; and d. Development Partners –World Bank, AfDB, FAO, IFAD, WFP, Canadian Government, USAID, GIZ, AFD, JICA etc. 1.3.3 Brief on Agriculture in Ghana Agriculture is predominantly a smallholder activity in Ghana. About 90 percent of farm holdings are less than 2 hectares in size, although there are some relatively large farms and plantations, particularly for rubber, oil palm and coconut and to a lesser extent, rice, maize and pineapples (FASDEP II, 2007). The main system of farming is traditional with hoe and cutlass as the main farming tools. There is little mechanized farming, but bullock farming is practiced in some places, especially in the northern parts of the country. Agricultural production varies with the amount and distribution of rainfall, as well as soil factors. Most food crop farms are intercropped whilst mono cropping is mostly associated with larger-scale commercial farms. 19 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 The agricultural sector is also characterized by low use of fertilizers. On the average, crop producers in Ghana are considered resource-poor and therefore use little inputs such as fertilizer, insecticides, high yielding varieties or irrigation-based cultivation. Fertilizer use in crop production is expensive, hence the inability of smallholder farmers to access the product. Fertilizer use in the country averages about 3.6kg/ha (Dittoh et. al, 2013), which is about half of the rate in the Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the GSS (2013), the livestock sub-sector is dominated by small scale operators who are primarily crop farmers and are keeping livestock to supplement their incomes and/or for security purposes. There are few well organized commercial poultry and pig farms operating in many parts of the country. Estimated livestock population indicates increases over the years, especially in poultry, pigs and goats (MoFA-APR, 2014). This achievement is attributed to productivity improvement interventions in the livestock sub-sector. These include; supply of improved livestock breeds to farmers, sustainability of the credit-in-kind projects after its completion (in both pigs and small ruminants) and the cockerel project. 1.3.4 Summary of Key Development Issues Identified from the Overview of the Sector Performance The agricultural sector is the highest employer of the country's labour force (44%). It is the most important sector because of the importance of food for survival. Despite substantial investments by the public and private sectors as well as the CSOs, and Development Partners, agricultural productivity over the years has been relatively stagnant (see Table 6). Ghana's recent economic growth has been driven largely by gains in the services, oil and industry sectors. Challenges, including institutional and structural inefficiencies, have resulted in a slow rate of transformation of the sector with persistent low productivity and competitiveness in international markets. In spite of these challenges, METASIP has made some modest achievements. Therefore, the need exists for more innovative and revolutionary ideas on how to modernise and/or transform the sector. The following is a summary of the key development issues identified from the overview of the sector between 2010 and 2013: a. Low agricultural productivity; b. Increasing unprofitability of farming and fishing due to high costs of operations; c. Low access to various services along the value chain; mechanisation, inputs including credit, extension services, processing, marketing etc.; d. Non commercially-oriented agricultural production; e. Non-disaggregation of some agricultural statistics; f. Non-availability of agricultural statistics; g. Weak FBO structures for the purpose of assisting in extension service delivery; h. Continued high risk in farming due to erratic rainfall, climate change and limited and poorly functioning irrigation infrastructure; i. Poor and limited rural infrastructure (roads, industries, energy, potable water, storage etc.); j. Very limited market information and intelligence; k. High consumer preference for imported commodities that have local substitutes; l. Weak policy environment for sustainable land and ecosystems management; m. Lack of attention to non-traditional cash crops such as shea, dawadawa, baobab etc.; n. Non consideration of nutrition issues in agricultural development planning and practices; o. Little attention given to livestock and poultry development by programmes and projects; p. Overexploitation of fish stocks leading to declining production; q. Low production of culture fish; and r. Ineffective communication within and between agricultural directorates at the national, regional and district levels as well as between relevant ministries. 20 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER TWO PRIORITIZATION OF KEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 2.1 INTRODUCTION Many of the development issues dealt with during the 2010 – 2013 plan period are still relevant. These include but not limited to low use of improved technologies, limited access to agricultural extension services, and low use of inputs. There are, however, emerging issues that need to be taken into consideration. These include intensification of the effects of climate change, global push for higher sanitary and phytosanitary standards in export of agricultural commodities, among others. The focus of Agriculture in the GSGDA II (Thematic Area 3) is “Accelerated Agriculture Transformation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management”. This chapter discusses the key agricultural development issues identified under various components of the Thematic Area 3. Significant consideration has also been given to cross-cutting issues and issues related to agro-ecologies. 2.2 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES LINKED TO GSGDA II THEMATIC AREA 3: ACCELERATED AGRICULTURE TRANSFORMATION AND SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 Accelerated Agricultural Transformation The key agricultural development issues linked to the broad sub-theme of Accelerated Agricultural transformation are as given in Table 12. Table 12: Key Agriculture Development Issues 6 21 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Issues asterisked are those of high priority. It must, however, be noted that most of the issues are interrelated. 6 22 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 23 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 2.2.2 Sustainable Natural Resources Management The key agricultural-related development issues linked to the broad sub-theme of Sustainable Natural Resources Management are as given in Table 13. These issues are to be addressed by agricultural-related MDAs in collaboration with MoFA. Table 13: Key Natural Resources Development Issues 24 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 25 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 2.2.3 Cross-cutting Issues Three key cross-cutting issues, gender, climate change and nutrition, require special attention in agriculture. Thus, key agricultural development issues that relate to these cross-cutting issues have been identified (Table 14). They affect almost all the components discussed in other sections. Table 14: Key Gender and Climate Change Development Issues 2.3 KEY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN OTHER GSGDA II THEMATIC AREAS The key agricultural sector development issues in these thematic areas may not necessarily be issues to be handled by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The mandates of several other ministries, departments and agencies impact significantly on the agricultural sector, hence the need for effective inter-ministerial collaboration, consultation and cooperation. Table 15 gives some agricultural sector issues in the thematic areas. 26 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Table 15: Key Agricultural Sector Development Issues in Other Thematic Areas 27 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER THREE DEVELOPMENT GOAL, ADOPTED OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES 3.1 INTRODUCTION The goal of the Accelerated Agriculture Modernization and Sustainable Natural Resource Management is to transform the agriculture sector to drive productivity and output, create jobs, increase incomes, and ensure food security over the medium term. Innovative interventions have been planned based on the adopted objectives and key strategies that will be systematically implemented under the programme areas to ensure that the goal set under this thematic area of the GSGDA II is achieved. 3.2 ADOPTED OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES MoFA in its pursuit of the accelerated agriculture modernization goal has adopted 15 policy objectives under the GSGDA II and has developed strategies that will enable the Ministry meet its strategic policy objectives in the medium term, from 2014 to 2017. They are stated according to Key Focus Areas or Components in Table 16. Table 16: Adopted Agriculture Policy Objectives and Strategies for 2014-2017 Adopted Policy Objectives Key Focus Area (Component) Key Strategies 7 Adopted policy objectives on Fisheries and Aquaculture development are contained in MoFAD's MTDP. 7 28 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 29 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 30 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 31 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 3.3 POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES WITH RESPECT TO CROSS CUTTING ISSUES – GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE As indicated earlier, cross cutting issues affect most components and their policy objectives, thus the objectives and strategies stated in Table 17 complement those of the components. They are not mutually exclusive and are usually addressed within the component objectives. Table 17: Gender and Climate Change Policy Objectives and Strategies 9 9 These objectives and strategies are derived from GADS II developed by WIAD This is from the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) of 2014 32 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND SUB-PROGRAMMES 4.1 INTRODUCTION The Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan II (2014-2017) will be implemented through programmes and sub-programmes that build on lessons learnt from the implementation of METASIP (2011- 2015) and GSGDA I to deepen the Value Chain approach. The programmes are developed based on the key development issues identified and prioritized as well as the development policy objectives adopted and the implementing strategies outlined in Chapter 3. The main thrust of the programmes is to ensure complementarity as well as group the policy objectives to enhance their effectiveness and efficient implementation of the various programmes. METASIP II will be implemented along programme areas that address the key challenges to the modernization and transformation of agriculture in Ghana. The current challenges identified under the relevant GSGDA II thematic area, among others, are: a. Low average yields of staple crops and high post-harvest losses; b. Poor management along the agriculture value chain; c. Low level of agriculture mechanisation and adoption of technology, including fertilizer application; d. Low use of improved planting materials; e. Dominance of smallholder farms and over-aged farmers; f. Inadequate investments in agriculture business ventures; g. Inadequate access to appropriate finance by smallholder farmers; h. Overreliance on rain-fed agriculture; i. Low productivity in livestock and poultry industry; and j. Inadequate human resources. 4.2 PROGRAMMES AND SUB-PROGRAMMES The Sector Medium Term Investment Plan will be implemented along six programme areas and their respective sub-programmes. However, details of activities to be undertaken under the sub-programmes are given in Chapter 5 (Table 18). The six programmes are: a. Management and Administration; b. Food Security and Emergency Preparedness; c. Increased Growth in Incomes; d. Marketing of Agricultural Products; e. Management of Land and Environment; and f. Science and Technology Applied in Food and Agricultural Development. 4.2.1 Programme Area 1: Management and Administration The Management and Administration Programme consist of two Sub-Programmes; (I) General Management and (ii) Institutional Collaboration and Coordination for Agricultural Development. 33 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Sub-Programme 1.1: General management It is mainly the technical directorates of MoFA that execute various projects and programmes. MoFA line directorates normally coordinate activities of the Ministry and its agencies and ensure the provision of financial resources and logistics. The line directorates also undertake planning, monitoring and evaluation, ensure the availability of relevant human resources and provide relevant and timely data for policy formulation and decision making. All those activities have been lumped into a Sub-programme (1.1). Sub-Programme 1.2: Institutional coordination and collaboration for agricultural development This sub-programme is concerned with improving institutional coordination and collaboration within MoFA and between MoFA and other sector ministries, departments and agencies as well as several other stakeholders. Agricultural development can only take place if there is effective coordination of all components of the sector. Programmes and projects usually do not perform well if there is ineffective institutional coordination and information sharing. With administrative and fiscal decentralization where the District Departments of Agriculture (DDAs) are now part of the District Assemblies, the issue of effective collaboration and coordination becomes even more important. The agriculture sector also transcends governmental institutions and departments. Non-governmental organizations, DPs, civil society and the private sector are important stakeholders in the sector and effective linkages with them are necessary for agricultural transformation and modernization. Communication among stakeholders in the agricultural sector at all levels (national, regional and district) has been limited despite the increased availability of ICT and other communication enhancing tools. Greater effort is required to ensure that there is adequate information flow within and among stakeholder groups. Agriculture is clearly a private sector activity. The greatest investment in agriculture is by the private sector, and in Ghana, the largest component of the agriculture private sector has been the small holder farmer. For agricultural modernization and transformation to take place, there is the need for effective organization of the small holder farmers, effective linkages to large scale farmers and adequate engagement with other relevant stakeholders such as NGOs and civil society. 4.2.2 Programme Area 2: Food and Nutrition Security and Emergency Preparedness Ghana has done relatively well by meeting the UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 by reducing poverty by over 50 percent. According to the Ghana Living Standards Survey 6 (GLSS 6), poverty in Ghana declined from 51.7 percent in 1992 to 31.9 percent in 2006 and to 24.2 percent in 2013. Extreme poverty also declined from 16.5 percent in 2006 to 8.4 percent in 2013 (GSS, 2013). Poverty is a major cause and consequence of food insecurity. Thus generally, there has been significant reduction in Ghana's food insecurity. It is, however, important to note that the reduction has been varied across geographical areas and that overall, inequality has increased. Ghana's Gini Coefficient rose from 41.9 in 2006 to 42.3 in 2013 (ibid). That is an indication that food insecurity is still a problem. The Food Security and Emergency Preparedness programme aims at increasing productivity and total production and improving food distribution through better agricultural mechanization, irrigation development and the promotion of selected staple crops and livestock. It is also aimed at improving food distribution to vulnerable groups to enhance the food and nutrition security status of poor and disadvantaged groups especially in times of disasters and crisis. There are seven sub-programmes under this programme, namely: a. Promotion of agricultural mechanization; b. Seed and planting material development; c. Irrigation development; d. Development of selected staple and horticultural crops; e. Improvement in storage facilities; f. Livestock and poultry development; g. Early warning systems and emergency preparedness; and h. Nutrition sensitive agriculture. 34 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Sub-Programme 2.1: Promotion of agricultural mechanization Key development issues identified in Chapter 3 include; low access to mechanization services along the value chain (production, processing, etc.), inadequate production (in quality and quantity) of processing equipment and inadequate post-production infrastructure (i.e. storage, processing, transport etc.). There is the need to continue the establishment of more private sector-led agricultural mechanization service centres in all districts of the country. The existing ones also have to be strengthened through provision of equipment and the training of technicians. Machinery have generally not been gender-friendly in the sense that women find some of them difficult to use. Fabrication of equipment must consider gender-related needs. Private sector investment in mechanization centres will only take place if basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity and water at the specific locations are provided. Public investments to support the development of commercial infrastructural facilities and enabling public infrastructures will be provided. Sub-Programme 2.2: Seed and planting material development Highly productive seed and planting materials are important for increased agricultural productivity. Public infrastructure to support seed and planting materials production, processing, storage and marketing by the private sector will be expanded and improved during the plan period. The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) has been pursuing a regional seed and planting material policy and that will continue to be supported and encouraged. The negative effect of climate change on agriculture has been very evident and there is the need for climate- smart agricultural technologies and methodologies. Research centres will therefore continue to be supported financially and technically through WAAPP and other projects to produce climate resilient, high- yielding, disease and pest-resistant, short duration crop varieties suitable for the different ecological areas. There will also be countrywide training of seed growers and seed inspectors to expand the production of certified seeds and planting materials of staple and industrial crops. Sub-Programme 2.3: Irrigation development Given the present recognition of the effects of climate change on agricultural production and productivity and the dwindling water resources, the need for irrigation development in several parts of the country is no longer a debate. The question now is, how to undertake irrigation development in such a way to avoid past pitfalls. Irrigation development will now go beyond building of dams to the development of groundwater resources for irrigation, water harvesting at household levels for irrigation and effective use of wetlands and waste water. Irrigation development will also ensure active involvement of farmers from the inception of projects and the promotion of public-private partnerships and the nucleus farmer-out-growers concept. This will partly be implemented through the World Bank assisted Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project (GCAP). Water harvesting for humans, animals and crops will also be promoted strongly, especially in the northern parts of the country. Sub-Programme 2.4: Development of selected staple and horticultural crops Value chain development of specific staple and horticultural crops in the different ecological zones of Ghana is the thrust of this sub-programme. The horticultural crops of interest are non-traditional vegetables for export. The value chain concept recognizes the complementary role of large and small scale agricultural producers; thus the concepts of nucleus farmer out-growers and agricultural clusters will be promoted in the various ecological zones. Maize, rice, soya beans, cassava as well as tomatoes and other horticultural crops are the emphasis in the medium term. The GCAP is a project that can effectively support the sub-programme. Other MoFA projects such as NRGP, WAAPP and others lay emphasis on these staple and horticultural crops. Safety of peri-urban agricultural crops to support nutrition sensitivity will also be improved. 35 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Sub-Programme 2.5: Improvements in storage facilities Post-harvest losses are still high as a result of poor storage facilities for all types of agricultural produce. It was indicated in METASIP (2011 - 2015) that about 35 percent of maize and 34 percent of cassava produced is lost along the chain (MoFA, 2009). There is no indication that these estimates have changed. It is probably worse for other crops, livestock products and fish. The building of the capacity of agricultural producers in better harvesting, transportation and storage methods, grading methods, linkages between producers and markets will be continued. Also, the provision of storage infrastructures piloted by NRGP will be studied and up-scaled. Processing equipment and facilities at artisanal level will also be improved. Sub-Programme 2.6: Livestock and poultry development Livestock and poultry continue to contribute significantly to household food security and incomes, especially in the rural areas. Small ruminants and poultry (including guinea fowls) in particular are very important for food security and income generation in almost all parts of the rural areas of the country. Guinea fowl rearing is concentrated in the northern savannah areas but the demand for guinea fowl meat has increased very significantly in all parts of the country. The livestock and poultry sectors, however, face many challenges including limited access and high costs of feed and veterinary drugs, meat importation and inadequate infrastructure such as housing and processing facilities. All legal instruments related to livestock and poultry will be reviewed and the necessary amendments initiated to create a more conducive legal framework for livestock and poultry development in the country. The concept of crop-livestock integration will be promoted in rural communities and livestock and poultry value chains will be vigorously developed. Sub-programme 2.7: Early warning systems and emergency preparedness Emergency preparedness is the assessment of the country's readiness to respond to the needs of victims of natural hazards and other calamities including climate change impacts. In the case of food, it is the ability to provide food to affected persons in times of disaster (MoFA, 2007). Droughts and floods have increased over time due to climate change effects. Also, pests and disease incidences have continued to be serious problems. There is the need to build capacity to respond to such emergencies. Timely weather and disease outbreak forecasts are important for effective disaster response. That can be done by effective monitoring and analysis of situations by the relevant ministries, departments and agencies. The Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD) and the Veterinary Services Directorate (VSD) of MoFA will be empowered to undertake these activities. Support will also be given to the Ghana Meteorological Agency to provide more localised and timely weather information to farmers. The National Food Buffer Stock Company (NAFCO) will be revamped and made more functional. Sub-programme 2.8: Nutrition sensitive agriculture The socioeconomic development of every nation is closely linked to the nutrition of its people and this is one of the objectives of the GSGDA II. Worldwide, it is estimated that 12.5 percent of the world's population (868 million people) have low energy intake (FAO, 2013), and those affected most are young children and women, especially pregnant and lactating women. An estimated 26 percent of the world's children are stunted (UNICEF, WHO, & World Bank, 2012). Although the proportion of children under five who are underweight has been nearly halved, less progress has been made in reducing prevalence of stunting among children <5 years of age: 23 percent in 2011 (MICS, 2011) with 7 percent being severely stunted. The prevalence of underweight children in the same survey was 13 percent (3% severely underweight) while wasted children was 6 percent. Anaemia prevalence in children 6-59 months is 78 percent (GDHS, 2008). Other deficiencies of public health importance include vitamin A, iodine and zinc. Undernutrition contributes to low cognitive and physical development which invariably affects productivity. In quantifiable terms, the direct costs of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are estimated at 2–3 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP) (FAO, 2013). 36 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) has a responsibility to facilitate the sustainable production of nutritious foods that would ensure optimum benefit for bodily functions and optimum health. In the review of the METASIP (2011-2015) therefore, MoFA recognizes that the ultimate goal of the food value chain i.e the food production and consumption continuum, is adequate nutrition. Strengthening the linkages between agriculture and nutrition outcomes is indispensable in order to meet overall growth and development objectives. Efforts are also underway to Scale Up Nutrition (SUN) through multi stakeholder engagements. The main aim of this sub-programme is to integrate nutrition into agricultural policies and programmes and thereby reduce stunting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies among children and women of reproductive age. MoFA therefore, seeks to promote the production of nutrient rich foods and through systems that will ensure availability (planting material development, small irrigation schemes, etc). This will be linked to the development of high quality staples through breeding (plant and livestock). MoFA will also intensity Nutrition Education to promote the consumption of micro-nutrient rich foods (e.g. eggs, meat/fish, leafy vegetables, fruits) by children and women of reproductive age especially in rural areas. Promote food enrichment, food safety and processing activities to ensure the intake of food that will promote growth and optimum health. Evidence based research is also crucial and MoFA will support research into the analysis of foods to promote consumption as well as monitor food intake and dietary diversity. The Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD) directorate of MoFA, CSIR-FRI and the Universities in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH) and other nutrition related institutions will be strengthened to reposition nutrition as a cross-cutting issue and facilitate the integration and mainstreaming of nutrition into all national development efforts. 4.2.3 Programme Area 3: Increased Growth in Incomes This programme addresses the need for enhanced growth in incomes in the agricultural sector through diversification into cash crops, livestock and value addition. The programme consists of three related sub- programmes. Sub-Programme 3.1: Promotion of private sector investment in agriculture This sub-programme aims at creating a conducive investment atmosphere in the agriculture sector to attract private investments. Agribusiness information will be generated by ABU with the support of DPs and collaboration will be forged with GIPC and GCAP. The sub-programme will serve as a tool for catalyzing and promoting quality investments into the food and agriculture sector, while systematically ensuring their alignment with GoG strategies and enhancing harmonization with other investments using similar systemic approaches and mechanisms (including institutional arrangements, access to finance, knowledge management along the chain, incentives based risk sharing mechanism). It will facilitate the translation of priority investment areas as specified in the GSGDA II into coordinated coherent implementation-ready quality operations, while working with development partners to align and harmonize stand-alone projects to the Medium Term Investment Plan. Under the investment plan, strategic partnerships will be developed between the public sector (GoG and Donors) and private investors in order to agree on complementary schemes to support value chain development. Sub-Programme 3.2: Improvements in agriculture financing This sub-programme aims at ensuring increased and systematic access to and efficient use of short and long term financing by agri-food enterprises and agribusinesses along commercially viable and competitive agricultural value chains. The sub-programme will harmonize the several guiding principles based on lessons learned by Ghana's value chain finance initiatives and from international best practices in rural finance suitable to the Ghanaian environment. The primary focus will be the articulation of the value chains and the different enterprises with financial institutions which will use various instruments developed under the Agriculture Finance programme area (see Chapter 5). 37 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Sub-Programme 3.3: Development of selected cash crop value chains Diversification in the cash crop sub-sector of the economy has been a long term objective of MoFA and various governments over the years. There is the need to innovatively produce new products from established cash crops such as cocoa and oil palm. There is also the need to pay attention to emerging cash crops such as shea, cashew and others. This sub-programme aims at promoting the production of organic cocoa to capture the organic cocoa niche market and the production of useful products from 'cocoa wastes'. It also aims at encouraging public and private investments to develop oil palm and rubber in southern Ghana; bast fibre in the transitional zone; and cotton, shea and dawadawa in the northern parts of the country. 4.2.4 Programme Area 4: Marketing of Agricultural Products The problems of marketing of agricultural products are very varied. They range from low demand for some products, high post-harvest losses along the value chain and low integration of markets to inadequate volumes and quality for export and for agro-industries. The issue of competition with cheap imported commodities is also a serious problem. This programme area, divided into three sub-programmes, will address post-production management, the development of an effective domestic market for agricultural produce/product and expansion of agricultural commodities for export with emphasis on food safety. Sub-Programme 4.1: Improvements in post-production management The development of product clusters is key to ensuring improvements in post-production management. This sub-programme aims at establishing functional commodity clusters for effective supply chain management. The National Food Buffer Stock Company will also be strengthened. Attention will also be given to the promotion of quality locally processed and well packaged products and cottage agro-processing industries in all parts of the country. Private-led individual and community level storage facilities will be encouraged through the provision of infrastructure and incentives. Sub-Programme 4.2: Development of an effective domestic market The domestic market is largely constrained by poor rural infrastructure. A lot of agricultural produce, especially roots and tubers, bananas and plantains, vegetables and citrus get rotten in remote areas due to lack of all-weather feeder roads. All communities should be linked to district capitals with motorable roads to enhance movement of agricultural produce from producing areas to towns and cities. The domestic market is also not organized. The District Assemblies will be encouraged and facilitated to organize the trading in local markets. The use of ICT, especially the mobile phone, in the marketing of agricultural produce is growing, and is helping to reduce the consequences of poor rural infrastructure. More use of ICT will be promoted to effectively provide market information and improve interaction between buyers and sellers. In addition to the need to improve storage of agricultural produce, there is also the need to ensure effective grading and standardization. Consumers must know what they are buying and what quantity they are buying. Sub-Programme 4.3: Expansion of agricultural exports Ghana has over the years benefitted much from agricultural exports but cocoa has been the main export crop. Export of non-traditional export crops such as fruits and vegetables has faced several problems but there is the need to find solutions to the problems and to continue to expand the export of both traditional and non-traditional export agricultural products. Market information and intelligence is critical in producing what is required in foreign markets. The tastes of people do change with time and access and timely information is required for producers to respond to the changing needs of consumers. Agricultural products destined for export must meet certain sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, and farmers must have very good knowledge of the good agricultural practices (GAPs) necessary to meet those requirements. 38 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 4.2.5 Programme Area 5: Management of Land and Environment Some agricultural practices have had and continue to have serious negative consequences on the environment. Ecosystems have been literally destroyed by some agricultural practices denying the people of important services that the ecosystems provide. It is a fact that the destruction of ecosystems is partly responsible for the kinds of climate change situations we are experiencing. This programme area, which has one sub-programme, aims at promoting the sustainable use of land and water for agriculture and also ensuring better security of land tenure. Some agricultural practices have silted and polluted water bodies and destroyed flora and fauna. Appropriate incentives will be provided to encourage farmers to adopt less exploitative and non-degrading agricultural practices, and also to adapt to climate change impacts and undertake mitigation measures such as promoting Ecological Organic Agriculture (EOA). 4.2.6 Programme Area 6: Science and Technology Applied in Food and Agricultural Development This programme area consists of two sub-programmes; (i) Science, technology and innovation application and (ii) Access to extension services and re-orientation of agriculture education. The modernization and transformation of the agricultural sector has to be based on sound scientific knowledge and empirical evidence. Recommended agricultural practices must be evidence-based. Several interventions in the agricultural sector do not seem to be based on evidence. Sound scientific research must be carried out and the results correctly disseminated to assist the transformation of Ghana's agriculture. Sub-Programme 6.1: Science, technology and innovation application This sub-programme addresses appropriate agricultural research and improvements in research-extension- farmer linkages. Most evidence-based research is largely participatory and more of such needs to be encouraged. The main problem of research in Ghana is funding. Most of the limited funding for agricultural research in Ghana are from donors. There needs to be greater commitment of government to allocation of resources for agricultural research. Sustainable funding mechanisms will be put in place under this sub- programme. Research should solve problems hence demand-driven research is the way to go to meet the numerous agricultural challenges. Also, research is expected to inform policy and there should be capacity for agricultural policy research. There is limited capacity for demand-driven research, food consumtion and agricultural policy research and gender analysis in Ghana. This sub-programme will promote capacity building in these research areas. Sub-Programme 6.2: Access to extension services and re-orientation of agriculture education This sub-programme aims at advocating for increased allocation of resources to districts for agricultural extension service delivery and a comprehensive review and re-orientation of the extension delivery system to include not only technical issues but also business, finance, risk management and market orientation. The real agricultural activities are at the community level and the District Departments of Agriculture are the closest to farmers. They should be resourced adequately if agricultural extension is to have any meaning. Also, agricultural extension will be easier and more effective if farmers are better organized. Capacity building of FBOs into very viable and strong organizations will greatly enhance extension service delivery. Ghana's agriculture education syllabi tend to be theoretical with little emphasis on practice and the business nature of agriculture. Agricultural activities along the whole value chain need to be business oriented for them to thrive or even survive, thus students need to be trained. This sub-programme also aims at initiating and implementing reforms in the agriculture syllabuses of agriculture training institutions throughout the country. The reforms will be more practical and business orientated, and realigned towards Agriculture Technical and Vocational Education and Training (ATVET) schools. 39 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER FIVE PROGRAMME OF ACTION This Chapter outlines the strategies, activities to be undertaken and corresponding indicative budget from 2014 to 2017. It also identifies implementing agencies for the specific activities. Table 18 summarizes the links between the key focus areas, the adopted objectives and strategies, programmes, sub-programmes and key activities. It shows the indicative budgets and implementing agencies by activities. The total budget for the 4-year period is GH₵1.615 billion (Table 19). Table 18: Programme of Action for the Planned Period (2014 – 2017) ¢ 40 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 41 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 42 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 43 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Support livestock farmers with improved breeds and monitor livestock activities in all regions. Also monitor quality of feed and veterinary drugs. 44 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 45 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 46 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 47 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 48 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 49 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 50 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 51 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 52 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 53 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 54 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 Table 19: Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (2014-2017) Cost Estimates (GH¢) 55 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 56 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER SIX MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN 6.1 INTRODUCTION Monitoring and Evaluation of sector performance contributes to increase effectiveness, accountability, transparency, learning of lessons, among others, in programme implementation. There is the need to provide adequate, accurate and timely information on activities by all stakeholders to ensure that plan implementation achieves the desired objectives. This chapter presents a framework for the M&E plan. An elaborate M&E Plan is to be prepared for the planned period. It will follow the Programme of Action and Projections in Chapter Five. 6.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR An M&E system for the agricultural sector has been in place since 2007. Since then, there has been significant improvement in the system as a result of adequate resourcing and capacity building of officers. This has reflected in the quality of data collected, analysis and streamlining of data management procedures. However, the system needs further improvement. The M&E system has been used in undertaking a number of actions at all three administrative levels (National, Regional and District). These include: a. Preparation and dissemination of annual progress reports; b. Conducting and reporting of annual Joint Sector Performance Reviews; c. Supporting programmes and project implementation and policy formulation; d. Generating inputs for NDPC's Annual Progress Reports (APR); and e. Mid-term review of METASIP. Generally, the overall goal of an M&E system is to enable effective tracking of plan implementation and effectiveness, as well as the challenges and constraints faced by stakeholders. The specific objectives of the M&E Plan to be developed are: a. To produce an effective system for collecting reliable, relevant and timely data for evidence- based decision making; b. To provide a structure for the assessment of progress made in the plan towards expected outcomes; c. To manage an effective feedback system that makes information available in usable forms; d. To improve coordination of all stakeholders including the private sector in the plan implementation; and e. To design a holistic approach to M&E which captures all stakeholders including the private sector. 6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS A participatory M&E system is envisaged to enable all stakeholders to identify their roles and responsibilities to participate effectively and efficiently. Monitoring and Evaluation is critical at all levels of governance (National, Regional and District). The main institutions that are responsible for routine M&E under this plan include: MoFA; Office of the President; Parliamentary Select Committee on Food, Agriculture and Cocoa Affairs; NDPC; MoF; GSS; LGSS; other MDAs; Private sector; CSOs; and NGOs. The Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate in collaboration with SRID of MoFA will have the responsibility of coordinating the agricultural sector M&E and lead in the collection, collation and analysis of M&E data. 57 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 CHAPTER SEVEN COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 7.1 THE NEED FOR A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Effective communication is a very important tool in the implementation of a development plan. Stakeholders who had been consulted during the preparation of the plan must be aware of what the plan entails and how it is going to be implemented. The process of getting real time information to and from stakeholders is critical for effective implementation of the plan. Thus, a communication strategy is essential to facilitate information sharing among stakeholders. The implementation of the decentralization policy has made the DDAs part of the District Assemblies under the Local Government Service. Funding of the activities of the departments has to be from the districts' budgets. The DDAs have to submit acceptable proposals to the district assembly authorities for funding. The Districts' Agriculture Departments must not only understand the various aspects of the plan but must incorporate relevant aspects into the district assembly MTDP and also be able to convince the district authorities why priority should be given to planned activities in order to receive funding. All stakeholders in the agricultural sector must be well sensitized with relevant aspects of the plan and that will be done by effective communication at all levels. The ultimate purpose of the communication strategy is for farmers, processors, marketers etc. to adopt technological packages, messages and methodologies that will transform Ghana's agriculture as envisaged in this plan. 7.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY The overall objective of the strategy is to create awareness among all stakeholders and good understanding of all aspects of this plan. By so doing, all stakeholders will be informed about the programmes, sub- programmes and activities that are proposed to be implemented during the period 2014-2017. Specifically, the following are the objectives of the communication strategy: a. To communicate effectively the Vision, Mission, Goal and Objectives of the agricultural sector as outlined in this plan; b. To promote appreciation of the need for a coordinated approach to the implementation of agricultural development interventions by sustaining stakeholder participation, consultation, support, and collaboration in the implementation of this plan; c. To promote coordination among stakeholders, including national and international partners; d. To ensure consistency of messages in the sector; e. To identify, develop and utilize appropriate communication channels, tools and activities to implement this plan; and f. To disseminate achievements and progress to the general public and the world at large. 7.3 TARGET GROUPS, APPROACHES AND CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION 7.3.1 Target Groups The following are the major target groups of the Communication Strategy; they are the key stakeholders for the implementation of the plan: a. Office of the President; b. Ministers, Deputy Ministers, Chief Directors, Directors, Deputy Directors, Heads of Departments and units and staff of MoFA and related MDAs; c. Parliament; 58 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 d. Regional Coordinating Councils; e. Metropolitan, Municipal and District Coordinating Councils; f. Traditional authorities and opinion leaders as well as land owners; g. Private sector operators; h. Financial institutions and input dealers; i. Agricultural research institutions and academia; j. FBOs, NGOs, CBOs and CSOs; k. Development Partners; l. NDPC; and m. Others. 7.3.2 Approaches and Channels of Communication Approaches and channels of communication will vary depending on the target group and whether the group is at the national, regional, district, sub-district or community levels. Several participatory platforms will be used to ensure that all stakeholders will be reached. In many cases existing participatory platforms such as Departmental meetings, District Assembly meetings, farmers' fora, Agriculture Sector Working Groups etc. will be used. New platforms will be established, if necessary. Table 20 is a summary of the target stakeholders of the agricultural sector's communication strategy. Generally, the following means will be used as channels to reach the various target groups: a. Print media: Newspapers, newsletters, briefs, manuals, brochures, etc.; b. Broadcast media: TV and radio, information and audio-visual vans etc.; c. Workshops, seminars, conferences and durbars; d. Focus Group Discussions; e. Consultations; f. Face-to-face discussions; g. Briefings; and h. Digital media (e.g. websites, social media platforms etc.) Table 20: Summary of target stakeholders, objectives of communication and means of communication 59 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 60 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 REFERENCES Benin, S. (2014). Impact of Ghana's Agricultural Mechanization Services Center Program. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01330. Boateng, J.K. and Nyaaba, C.K.K. (2014). Perceptions on the Impact of METASIP on Food Security in Ghana. Developing Country Studies 4 (15) pp. 144-154 Houssou, N., Diao, X., Cossar, F., Kolavalli, S., Jimah, K., & Aboagye, P. O. (2013). Agricultural Mechanization in Ghana: Is Specialized Agricultural Mechanization Service Provision a Viable Business Model? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(5), 1237-1244. Dittoh, S., Omotesho, O., Belemvire, A., Akuriba, M. and Haider, K. 2012. Improving the Effectiveness, Efficiency and Sustainability of Fertilizer Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. GDN Policy Research Paper 3. Global Development Network, New Delhi. Egyir, I. S., Sarpong, D. B., Obeng-Ofori, D. (2011). M&E System for Post-Harvest Losses (Pilot Study). Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Directorate, MoFA. Ghana Statistical Service. (2014). Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) VI Ghana Statistical Service. (2014). Poverty Profile in Ghana (2005–2013): GLSS VI. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2008). Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy (FASDEP II). Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2009). Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan 2010-2015 Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2010). Annual Progress Report, Volume 1. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2011). Annual Progress Report. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2012). Annual Progress Report. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. (2013). Annual Progress Report. National Development Planning Commission. (2010). Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA), 2010-2013. National Development Planning Commission. (2013). Guidelines for the Preparation of Medium Term Development Plans by Ministries, Departments and Agencies 2014-2017. National Development Planning Commission. (2013). Annual Progress Report. National Development Planning Commission. (2014). Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA) II, 2014-2017 Statistics, Research and Information Directorate - MoFA. (2013, 2015). Agriculture in Ghana - Facts and Figures. 61 Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) II, 2014 – 2017 · V ET ER IN A R Y · P LA N · P R O TE C TI O N · S EE D · F ER TI LI ZE R 9 7 8 9 9 8 8 2 2 9 7 0 2 ISBN: 978 - 9988 - 2 - 2970 - 2 Copyright© Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), Ghana, 2015 Published in Collaboration with Agricultural Sector Stakeholders ISBN: 978 – 9988 -2 – 2970 – 2 Text © MINISTRY OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE All rights reserved, no part of publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. 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