Fiji’s Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC3.0)

2.1.1 Climate Risk Governance Targets (Enabling Environment) 3 MITIGATION 25 3.1 Economy-wide Emissions Reduction Target 3.2 Energy Sector Targets 3.3 Waste Sector Targets 3.4 Agriculture Sector Targets 3.5 Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Sector Target 4 ADAPTATION 30 4.1 Adaptation Targets and Objectives 4.2 Mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions 4.3 Alignment between adaptation objectives and Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) 5 ADDRESSING LOSS AND DAMAGE 34 5.1 Fiji’s National Definition of Loss and Damage 5.2 Loss and Damage Response Targets and Objectives 5.3 Relationships between Mitigation, Adaptation, and Loss and Damage Response 6 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 38 6.1 Enabling Environment 6.2 Climate Finance Strategy 6.3 Technology Transfer Needs 6.4 Capacity-Building Needs 7 TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY 42 7.1 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) 7.2 Fiji’s GHG Inventory System and ETF Readiness 7.2.1 A Gender Responsive MRV system 8 ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES (MITIGATION TARGETS) 45

8.1 The Foundations of Fiji’s Commitment 8.2 Results 9 FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 50 9.1 The Foundations of Fiji’s Commitment

9.2 The Demonstrable Ambition of Fiji’s Enhanced Commitments 10 ANNEX 53 Annex 1: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding of Fiji’s NDC3.0 (ICTU) Annex 2: NDC3.0 Associated activities and indicators

1.5.1 Mitigation - Activities and Indicators for Energy Sector GHG-Reduction Target

1.5.1 Adaptation - Activities and Indicators

1.5.1 Loss and Damage - Activities and indicators Annex 3: National Communication of Loss and Damage Trends ACRONYMS AF Adaptation Fund EWS Early Warning System AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use FCDCL Fiji Cooperative Dairy Company Limited Approved Methodologies for small-scale AMS FJD Fijian Dollar CDM project activities AR5 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report FOD First Order Decay BAU Business As Usual FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use BTR Biennial Transparency Report FRLD Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Fiji Taskforce on Relocation and BUR Biennial Update Report FTRD Displacement Capacity-Building Initiative for CBIT GCF Green Climate Fund Transparency CBT Climate Budget Tagging GDP Gross Domestic Product Gender Equality, Disability, and Social CCA Climate Change Act GEDSI Inclusion CIF Climate Investment Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Conference of the Parties serving as GGA Global Goal on Adaptation CMA the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement GGGI Global Green Growth Institute COP/CP Conference of the Parties GHG Greenhouse Gas Climate-Resilient and Environmentally CRESHCF Sustainable Health Care Facilities GST Global Stocktake CROC Climate Relocation of Communities GWP Global Warming Potential Comprehensive Risk and Vulnerability CRVAM Assessment and Mapping ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency CSPR Carbon Sequestration Property Rights Information to Facilitate Clarity, ICTU Transparency, and Understanding CVA Climate Vulnerability Assessment IMO International Maritime Organization DoCC Department of Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate IPCC Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone International Organization for ISO Standardisation EFL Energy Fiji Limited Internationally Transferred Mitigation ITMO Outcome EP Equivalent Population LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform Environmental and Social Safeguards ESSF Framework LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas EWMS Early Warning and Monitoring System Ministry of Environment and Climate MECC NSASP Non-Sugar Agriculture Sector Policy Change Minimum Energy Performance and MEPLS PBCF Propeller Boss Cap Fins Labelling Standards MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat Minimum Energy Performance Standards PPP Purchasing Power Parity MEPSL for Appliances and Lighting Ministry of Infrastructure and PRF Pacific Resilience Facility MIMS Meteorological Services Ministry of Natural Resources and PV Photovoltaics MONRE Environment Reducing Emissions from Deforestation MPA Marine Protected Areas REDD+ and Forest Degradation Ministry of Public Works, Meteorological Regional Programmatic Approach MPWMT RPACA Services and Transport to Climate Action Ministry of Rural and Maritime SCCF Special Climate Change Fund MRMDDM Development and Disaster Management MRV Measurement, Reporting, and Verification SDG Sustainable Development Goal MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise SDP Strategic Development Plan NAP National Adaptation Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States NBC National Building Code SOP Standard Operating Procedure National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Pacific Community (South Pacific NBSAP SPC Plan Commission) Secretariat of the Pacific Regional NC National Communication SPREP Environment Program NCCP National Climate Change Policy TNA Technology Needs Assessment NCD Non-Communicable Disease TWG Technical Working Group NCFS National Climate Finance Strategy UN United Nations United Nations Framework Convention NDC Nationally Determined Contribution UNFCCC on Climate Change NDMO National Disaster Management Office USD United States Dollar NDP National Development Plan WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant NELD Non-Economic Loss and Damage NEP National Energy Policy National Expert SDG Tool NEXSTEP for Energy Planning NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIR National Inventory Report NOP National Ocean Policy ©MECC 10 | NDC3.0 INTRODUCTION Fiji submits this third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC3.0) amid the worsening impacts of the climate crisis. Global efforts to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions remain critically insufficient in relation to the reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement's core objective of limiting warming to 1.5°C. For Fiji, a Small Island Developing State on the front lines of this crisis, the potential breach of this agreed and scientifically based guardrail presents an unpreceded threat to our national security. Current climate change projections for Fiji are clear that overshooting the 1. 5°C limit will lead to the dramatic intensification of localised climate impacts on our people, ecosystems, and economy. Rising seas, intensifying cyclones, and changing climate patterns already compound Fiji's socioeconomic challenges, directly threatening communities, livelihoods, and human rights. This reality underpins the ‘Climate Emergency’ declared through the passage of Fiji’s CCA of 2021. It is in this context of acute vulnerability that we present our enhanced and expanded commitments under the Paris Agreement. As a long-standing leader in global climate action-as the first nation to ratify the Paris Agreement, first SIDS to host the UNFCCC COP-Fiji recognises the moral imperative to champion greater international ambition. We welcome the recent advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of states with respect to climate change and call on all Parties to submit and implement NDCs that reflect their fair respective contribution to the global effort to preserve the 1.5°C limit and ensure compliance with the full common but differentiated responsibilities of all Parties under the UNFCCC and it’s Paris Agreement. This NDC has been developed with the rigorous due diligence required to ensure its commitments are both ambitious and achievable. Our mitigation targets are informed by the First Global Stocktake, Fiji’s 2023 National Inventory Report, and the latest sectoral data, aligning our national action with both the requirements of the 1.5°C target and our standing commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century. Simultaneously, our adaptation and loss and damage objectives are grounded in the best available science, current climate trends, and localised multi-model scenarios, fulfilling the State’s duty to protect the rights and freedoms of all Fijians. Through this submission for the 2025-2035 period, Fiji reaffirms its commitment to the Paris Agreement. We continue to strive for a future where all nations can pursue equitable, sustainable, and resilient low- emission development pathways that protect the most vulnerable, preserve our shared environmental heritage, and deliver climate justice. NDC3.0 | 11 ©MECC 12 | NDC3.0 OVERVIEW OF FIJI’S ENHANCED NDC3.0 Key features of Fiji’s revised national contribution to the requirements, objectives, and principles of the Paris Agreement for the 2025-2035 period include the following: The incorporation of commitments for further institutionalising capacity and governance arrangements for long-term climate risk management: Fiji’s 2020 NDC included the commitment to enact national climate legislation and provide a legal framework for climate risk management in Fiji. In 2021, Fiji delivered against this commitment enacting CCA 2021. The CCA 2021 translates relevant elements of the Paris Agreement into national legislation and functions as the domestic legal basis for NDC implementation. Fiji’s NDC3.0, as submitted, not only serves to meet Fiji’s obligations under the UNFCCC and The Paris Agreement, but also as a means of compliance with national law. The NDC3.0 sets out further commitments aligned with the implementation of the CCA which serve to support institutional and systemic reforms required to enable the delivery of Fiji’s sectoral NDC commitments and targets and support Fiji’s long term climate change priorities. Enhanced detail, scope and ambition of Fiji’s mitigation objectives and commitments: Fiji’s revised commitments include: » The reaffirmation of Fiji’s standing commitment to achieving net zero annual emissions by 2050 » Enhancement of Fiji’s 2020 NDC objective to reduce energy sector emissions by 30% relative to the Business-as-Usual scenario (BAU) by 2030 with the revised objective to reduce energy sector emissions by 36% by 2035 and the articulation of the pathway to achieving this reduction through quantified energy sub-sector targets. (with the unconditional contribution to this target increasing from 10% to 12%). » Reaffirmation of Fiji’s objective to achieve close to 100% of electricity (grid-connected) production from renewable sources by 2030 and expansion of our ambition to fully achieve 100% by 2035. » Expanded sectoral scope of Fiji’s mitigation commitments through qualitative emissions reduction targets for Fiji’s waste, agriculture, and forestry sectors » Inclusion of additional mitigation measures that contribute towards improving energy security, access, and equity have been prioritised in keeping with the approach and objectives of Fiji’s National Energy Policy 2020-2030. » Introduction of commitments aimed and improving the long-term enabling environment for decarbonisation in Fiji - such as the commitment to review and amend key legislation and develop a detailed National Transport Decarbonisation Implementation Strategy. Expanded scope, detail, and ambition of Fiji’s adaptation objectives and commitments: In response to Fiji’s acute vulnerability and exposure to the escalating impacts of climate change and the use of the best available science to understand the nature and scale of future climate impacts, Fiji’s adaptation commitments have been significantly expanded and further detailed. Fiji’s revised commitments include: » The presentation of prioritised adaptation commitments across seven key sectors: Agriculture and Food Security; Infrastructure Systems; Human Settlements; Health Systems; Disaster Risk Reduction; Biodiversity and Ecosystems; and Oceans. » Treatment of targets and objectives expanded and designed to leverage cross-cutting objectives and sustainable development priorities through the targeting of systemic reforms, and targeted actions to protect communities and safeguard economic stability. NDC3.0 | 13 » Increased detail and scope of adaptation commitments including through the addition of metrics and indicators for monitoring progress and validating achievement. » Adaptation commitments have been further designed to recognise and leverage mitigation co-benefits as well as utilise nature-based solutions. » Alignment of Adaptation commitments with the SDG’s and Fiji’s SDG priorities. » Alignment of Adaptation commitments with Fiji’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and commitments made under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity The introduction of loss and damage response commitments as the third pillar of Fiji’s climate change response: Fiji’s NDC3.0 introduces commitments to address climate-driven loss and damage response as a third commitment category. Fiji’s new loss and damage related NDC elements and commitments include: » The articulation of Fiji’s approach to loss and damage response and presentation of Fiji’s contextualised national definition of loss and damage » The communication of localised loss and damage trends experienced in Fiji and identification of associated climate change drivers (Annex 3). » Prioritised commitments for building long term national institutional and financial capacity to address loss and damage alongside targeted loss and damage priorities and commitments for the 2025-2030 period. The achievement of Fiji’s NDC3.0 targets and objectives is contingent upon access to new and additional financing. The conditional elements of Fiji’s 2035 mitigation target, as well as broader adaptation and loss & damage commitments illustrate Fiji’s significant reliance on access to increased climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building to deliver this vision. To further clarify Fiji’s needs – four levels of conditionality have been used to illustrate the status of these commitments. 14 | FIJIS NDC3.0FIRST BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT (BUR) 01 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ©MECC FIJIS FIRST BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT (BUR) | 15 NDC3.0 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

1.1 BACKGROUND Fiji is an archipelago in the South Pacific consisting of 332 islands, with a total land area of 18,333 km² and an Exclusive Economic Zone of 1.3 million km² and is home to a population of 924,145 people. Fiji is experiencing severe and widespread localised impacts of climate change and will face escalating and intensified impacts and threats over time. Fiji’s vulnerability to climate change stems from its heavy reliance on coastal resources, a concentration of population and infrastructure in low-lying coastal zones, and an economy reliant on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, tourism, and fisheries. Fiji's economy relies heavily on tourism, which accounts for approximately 40% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs more than a third of the formal workforce. The national unemployment rate stands at 5.4%, with youth unemployment notably higher.1 KEY CLIMATE HAZARDS Sea Tropical Changing Rainfall Coastal Rising Air and Level Cyclones and Patterns (Floods Flooding Sea Surface Rise Storm Surges and Droughts) and Erosion Temperatures Despite its economic progress, Fiji faces developmental challenges, including geographic isolation of outer islands, infrastructure gaps, and a need for continued investment in health and education. The nation’s economic stability and sustainable development prospects are critically and directly threatened by the adverse impacts of climate change, which pose an existential risk to its people, ecosystems, and economic base.

1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN FIJI Climate Change is single greatest threat to our sustainable development, economic stability, and national security. Fiji’s dispersed geography, coastal-based population, and climate-sensitive economic sectors amplify and compound the challenges faced. Therefore, it is a national imperative that climate resilience is fully integrated into every level of policy, planning, and budgeting. Our national response must be proactive, not reactive; it must be holistic, addressing both acute disasters and slow-onset threats; and it must be just, ensuring that the most vulnerable communities are protected. 1 Fiji Employment and Unemployment Survey Preliminary Findings, 2023-2024 16 | NDC3.0 As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Fiji is highly exposed to rising sea levels, coastal erosion, changing rainfall patterns, and intensified hydrometeorological events (cyclones, extreme rainfall events, prolonged droughts) which threaten ecosystems, infrastructure, food security, and human health (IPCC, 2022; Fiji Meteorological Service, 2023). Key climate impacts experienced in Fiji include but are not limited to: » Sea Level Rise: Rates of sea-level rise in the Pacific region exceed the global average, leading to coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion into agricultural land and freshwater lenses, and the displacement of coastal communities. Six communities have already required and undergone planned relocation in Fiji due to the direct impacts of climate change • Fiji is expected to lose between 0.9-2.6% of GDP annually over the 2020-2099 period due to sea level rise alone if significant interventions are not made2. • The cost involved with the ongoing relocation of communities and infrastructure in situations where in-situ adaptation is not possible is estimated to be the equivalent of 0.3% of GDP on an annual basis3. • 41 communities are currently high priority for planned relocation due to a range of climate change impacts and a lack of viable adaptation options. » Increasing Average Temperatures: Increasing average temperatures continue to cause disruption to Fiji’s seasonal calendar, agricultural productivity, and human health. The risk of experiencing extreme heat events in Fiji will rise significantly over the coming decade. Average sea surface temperatures continue to increase while the rate of ocean warming (ocean heat content) is now approximately three times that of the recent global average. Increased sea surface temperatures contribute to the increased frequency and severity of coral bleaching events, and marine heatwaves which devastate marine biodiversity and the tourism and fisheries sectors. » Changing Rainfall Patterns: Fiji is experiencing altered precipitation regimes, including more intense rainfall events leading to flash floods and landslides, as well as prolonged periods of drought that threaten water security and crop yields. Changing rainfall patterns, saltwater intrusion, and an overall changing climate baseline continues to threaten the viability of sugar, rice, and other economically critical crops in Fiji. • Fiji is in the process of major implanting a major flood alleviation project for Nadi town, the main tourism centre and home to Fiji’s international airport in the effort to avoid major relocation requirements due to frequent incidents of major flooding. » Intensification of Extreme Weather Events: Tropical cyclones are becoming more intense, with higher wind speeds and more extreme rainfall due to higher sea surface temperatures and the interaction of climate change with ENSO. Recent severe events in the Pacific serve as stark examples, causing loss of life and setting back national development by years, with damages and losses amounting to billions of dollars • The increased intensity of cyclone events in the Pacific is already associated with unpreceded losses. Fiji face losses and damages equivalent to 30% of national GDP in the wake of Cyclone Winston in 2016. 2 Climate Change And Sea Level Rise: Fiji, IMF, 2025 3 Climate Change And Sea Level Rise: Fiji, IMF, 2025 NDC3.0 | 17 These risks intersect with non-climate stressors (e.g., urbanization, economic shocks), necessitating systemic adaptation. Climate change impacts are not experienced in isolation and have a compounding impact that result in diverse and differentiated implications in different locations and areas of Fiji. Climate change impacts and trends continue to result in loss and damage and increase the imperative for both adaptation and loss and damage response. Analysis of current loss and damage trends that drive the rationale for robust adaptation interventions and loss and damage response is illustrated in Annex 3. Summary of Key Climate Change Indicators and Trends in Fiji CLIMATE VARIABLE OBSERVED TREND KEY IMPACTS & CONSEQUENCES Increased heat stress, impacts on human A significant increase of ~0.2°C per Temperature health, agriculture, and coral reefs (coral decade since 1950. bleaching). Rise of approximately 6 mm per Accelerated coastal erosion, loss of land, Sea Level Rise year since 1990 (global avg: 3.2 saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, mm/yr). and damage to coastal infrastructure. High variability with a slight overall More intense dry spells and an increase in increase in annual rainfall, but with Rainfall the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall significant seasonal and regional events, leading to floods and droughts. changes in distribution.

1.3 CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS AND RISKS The impacts of climate change in Fiji intensify with every fraction of degree of global average temperature rise. The potential for Fiji to effectively adapt to the impacts of climate change and manage the burden of unavoidable loss and damage will be severely eroded if global average temperatures exceed the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold. PROJECTED CHANGES EXPERIENCED LOW EMISSIONS SCENARIO HIGH EMISSIONS SCENARIO IN 2040-2060 PERIOD (The 1.5-degree scenario) (The 1.5-degree overshoot scenario) Based on 1986-2005 Baseline Annual Average Temperature Increase of 0.5°C-1.1°C4 Increase of 0.9°C-1.6°C5 Change in annual average rainfall Change in annual average rainfall Annual Average Rainfall by -10% - +10% by -20% - +10% Sea Level Rise +17-30cm +21-37cm Increased to significantly increased Heatwave risk Increased risk of heatwaves risk of heatwaves Increased to significantly increased Increased to significantly increased Extreme rainfall risk risk of extreme rainfall events risk of extreme rainfall events Intensity and severity of tropical Increased impact (damage Increased impact (damage cyclone and associated impacts severity) from Tropical Cyclones severity) from Tropical Cyclones 4 CSIRO, SPREP, 2021 5 CSIRO, SPREP, 2021 18 | NDC3.0

1.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS PROFILE For the majority of Fiji’s history, Fiji’s GHG emissions have been net negative. Fiji’s economy is understood to have transitioned from net negative GHG emissions (carbon sink) to a carbon emissions source as late as 1995. Today, Fiji’s contribution to aggregate global emissions remains negligible, constituting approximately 0.004% of global emissions. The equivalent of Fiji’s annual emissions is emitted by large developed and developing countries in a matter of hours or over the course of a single day. Fiji’s annual emissions are, in most cases, equivalent to the annual emissions of a mid- sized town in the world’s major economies. Fiji’s energy sector is the largest contributor to national emissions. According to the National Inventory report (NIR), the energy sector's GHG emissions were 1087 Gg of Co2-e in 1994, rose to 1604 Gg of CO2-e in 2013, and finally reached 2128 Gg of CO2-e in 2019. The historical emissions' average annual growth rate is 3.49%, while the compound average growth rate of the energy sector's GHG emissions is 2.72%. Figure X: Fiji’s National GHG Emissions. Data Source: Fiji’s National Inventory Report 2023. NDC3.0 | 19 Based on the 2019 GHG emissions data on Fiji’s energy sub-sectors, it is evident (see Figure Y) that road transport is the most significant contributor (almost 70%) to energy sector emissions in Fiji. Figure Y: Percentage share of GHG emissions from sub-sectors in the Energy sector for the year 2019. Data source: (NIR, 2023)6

1.5 NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT In response to Fiji’s environmental and socioeconomic vulnerabilities and exposure to climate change impacts, Fiji has integrated a central focus on building climate resilience, achieving economic diversification, and improving social inclusion into its National Development Plan (NDP) 2025–2029 and Vision 20507. Key priorities include reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhancing adaptive capacity, promoting renewable energy, and ensuring that climate policies contribute to poverty reduction and equitable growth. Fiji aims to transition toward a greener, climate resilient economy by leveraging international partnerships, fostering private sector involvement, and mainstreaming climate considerations across various sectors, including agriculture, infrastructure, and tourism. This integrated approach underscores Fiji’s role as a climate-vulnerable nation leading by example in the global effort to balance development with environmental sustainability. Through the enactment of Fiji’s CCA 2021 Fiji has achieved a key primary goal set out in Fiji’s 2020 NDC. The enactment of the CCA 2021and the entry into force of 13 of 17 parts of the CCA 2021 in 2025 has led to significant steps in further establishing the legal basis for climate action in Fiji by: » Introducing a legally binding requirement to enhance Fiji’s NDC. » Introducing a long-term regulatory framework for integrating climate change risk and considerations into planning and budgetary processes. » Establishing the National Climate Change Coordination Committee as a cross-ministerial oversight body for guiding CCA 2021 implementation and increasing intra-governmental collaboration. » Enshrining Fiji’s commitment to achieving net zero by 2050 in national law. 6 https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/SubmissionsStaging/NationalReports/Documents/07213546_Fiji-BUR1-1-Fiji_GHG%20NIR%202023_Final.pdf 7 Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 2050 20 | NDC3.0 » Establishing a legal mandate for Fiji’s National Climate Change Policy, National Adaptation Plan, National Oceans Policy, and National Climate Finance Strategy. » Establishing the world’s first legal framework for the planned relocation of climate vulnerable communities inclusive of: 1. legal requirements to guide community consultation, 2. national relocation and displacement guidelines, 3. standard operating procedures for planned relocation and associated climate vulnerability assessment methods, 4. a national trust fund and funding arrangements for planned relocation activities, 5. and introduction of financial management guidelines to ensure the equitable use of resources held for supporting relocation operations. » Establishing the legal mandate to maintain the permanence Fiji’s maritime boundaries irrespective of the impacts of climate change. Over the 2025-2030 period, Fiji has, through the CCA 2021, set out ambitious commitments that will further enhance Fiji’s capacity to mainstream climate risk management into governmental, private sector, and public sector decision-making. Fiji has established the National Climate Change Coordination Committee comprised of all Permanent Secretaries as the platform for cross-ministerial collaboration to address climate change and as the oversight body for the implementation of the CCA 2021. Following the passage of the CCA 2021, Fiji’s environment and climate change portfolios were merged to create the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change in 2024, creating an integrated and standalone Ministry for addressing Fiji’s interlinked climate change and environmental priorities.

1.5.1 PRINCIPLES AND APPROACH » A Human Rights-Based Approach: Fiji places the protection of the rights of its citizens, including the right to life, health, food, water, and housing, at the centre of Fiji’s climate response priorities. » Social Inclusion, Equity, and Gender Responsive Approaches: Climate policies and programmes are designed to be gender-responsive and inclusive and compatible the with the unique capacities of all groups in society. This approach focuses on protecting the most vulnerable, including women, children, persons with disabilities, and those in remote and maritime communities, recognizing their distinct and differentiated vulnerabilities to climate change. » Traditional Knowledge: The wisdom, practices, and innovations of Fiji’s indigenous iTaukei communities and other local knowledge systems are valued, integrated, and safeguarded as a vital component of building Fiji’s adaptive capacity. » Preserving Environmental Integrity: All climate actions, both mitigation and adaptation, are pursued in a manner that protects and enhances Fiji’s rich biodiversity and ecosystem services, which form the foundation of Fiji’s resilience, cultures, and identity. NDC3.0 | 21

1.6 FIJI’S NDC3.0 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Fiji developed its NDC3.0 through an iterative process guided by lessons learned from the updated NDC 2020. To ensure strategic consistency in mitigation and adaptation targets, the process was directed by Fiji’s LEDS and NAP. The NDC3.0 insights were systematically integrated into upcoming national development strategies, thereby securing a whole-of-government commitment.8 Moreover, technical support from development partners was utilized to help develop NDC3.0, maximizing financial resources and expertise. Fiji's climate policy is grounded within a legal framework introduced through Fiji’s CCA 20219. The CCA 2021 translates the Paris Agreement into national law, creating a binding requirement for progressively more ambitious climate action in adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage, that strives to achieve a net-zero economy by 2050. The CCA 2021 provides the mandate for the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP)10, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP)11 and the National Oceans Policy (NOP). Sector-specific policies for energy12, transport, oceans13, biodiversity14, and fisheries15, simultaneously support national-level mitigation and adaptation policies by forming an integrated policy approach to climate-resilient development. MECC’s DoCC has guided the development of Fiji’s NDC3.0 through a multi-stakeholder process. This process has involved the convening of sectoral TWGs, sectoral stakeholder meetings, subnational consultations, multi-stakeholder validation workshops, and ongoing inter-ministerial consultation. Each TWG established included representatives from civil society, academia, government at national and local levels, the private sector, NGOs, media, local communities, youth, elders, and international partners (See Annex 1). Data, feedback, and considerations collected from TWG meetings, regional workshops, and bilateral consultations, was assessed to develop assumptions, baseline scenarios, and consider different emissions reduction pathways, climate risk management, and resilience building strategies. The draft NDC3.0 was validated through a multi-stakeholder workshop and published for public review and feedback. The NDC3.0 process adopted a multi-faceted approach the dissemination of information and differing modes of consultation, using local languages, community- led dialogue sessions (Talanoa), and small group consultations to ensure meaningful localised consultation and facilitate two-way feedback. 8 Forthcoming sectoral policies: National Energy Master Plan, National Transport Sector Decarbonization Implementation Strategy, and Low- Carbon Maritime Transport Roadmap, Fiji Blue Economy Framework 9 Fiji Climate Change Act 2021 10 Republic of Fiji National Climate Change Policy 2018-2030 11 Republic of Fiji National Adaptation Plan, 2018 12 Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-2030 13 Republic of Fiji National Ocean Policy 2020-2030 14 Fiji National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2020 15 Fiji National Fisheries Policy 2024-2028

1.7 SOCIAL INCLUSION AND GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NDC3.0 The development of Fiji's NDC3.0 followed principles of inclusiveness, transparency, and collaboration as required by the CCA 2021, which mandates public participation, including women, youth, persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups, and emphasizes the integration of Traditional Knowledge from Indigenous and local communities. In addition, Fiji’s NDC3.0 mitigation and adaptation measures incorporate the principles of intergenerational equity, gender equality, inclusivity, and social justice16. These measures aim to increase access to information, technologies, and finance for vulnerable groups. Examples include using climate-smart agriculture to institutionalize women's participation, establishing youth-led agribusiness incubators, and empowering communities through reforestation efforts on their land. 16 Policies considered: Fiji’s National Climate Change Policy (2018-2030), National Gender Policy (2014), Gender in Agriculture Policy (2022–2027), Youth in Agriculture Policy (2022-2027), the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (2020–2025), the National Adaptation Plan (2018), and the National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy (2019-2030). 02 NATIONAL COMMITMENTS ©MECC 24 | NDC3.0 NATIONAL COMMITMENTS

2.1 CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE Fiji’s NDC3.0 has Four Levels of Commitment: The unconditional commitment refers to the levels of mitigation and adaptation Unconditional that Fiji can achieve independently, using its available domestic resources, as well as support already secured. Unconditional/Conditional commitments primarily refer to adaptation objectives Unconditional/ which are standing national priorities and continue to be actively pursued but Conditional will not be fully achieved or scaled without further access to finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. Conditional with Commitments deemed Conditional with Unconditional components refer to Unconditional commitments which are conditional but include components that Fiji has pledged Components to achieve unconditionally. Conditional commitments require further access to finance, technology transfer, Conditional and capacity building to be achieved.

2.2 CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE TARGETS (ENABLING ENVIRONMENT) Fiji remains committed to the full implementation of the CCA 2021 and the ongoing effort to improve the enabling environment for climate action in Fiji. The CCA 2021 is a long-term legal framework and as of 2025 13 of the 17 parts of the Act have entered into force. By 2035, Fiji intents to fully operationalise all provisions of the CCA 2021. COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE G1 To improve the enabling environment for climate Unconditional/ Sections Enabling risk governance through the further implementation Conditional 20, 25, 26,31, Environment of the CCA 2021 and the review and revision of key 71,93,96-99 for Climate Risk national legislation Governance » Develop Ministerial guidelines for actions and decisions to ensure climate objectives are integrated into decision making (CCA 2021-Section 20) » Integrate evidence-based learning about climate change into the National Curriculum Framework (Section 25) » Require that National Budget Submissions provide information on the economic implications of climate change including through the inclusion of detail within these submissions on climate relevant expenditure, financial impacts of climate change on the respective sector or state entity, and information on respective capacity building, technology, and financing needs (Section 26) » Develop and implement guidelines and regulations requiring all fossil fuel importers to regularly G1 report on fossil fuel imports (fuel type, volume) in a common format (Section 31) Indicative » Require climate risk and resilience assessments to be conducted for all new infrastructure proposals Roadmap and develop and issue guidelines on how such assessments must be conducted (Section 71) » Develop and issue guidance materials for the purpose of assisting company directors, managed investment schemes, the Fiji National Provident Fund Board, licensed financial institutions, and the Reserve Bank of Fiji to consider and evaluate climate change risks and opportunities (Section 93) » Require company directors, managed investment schemes, the Fiji National Provident Fund Board, licensed financial institutions, and the Reserve Bank of Fiji to disclosure financial risks posed by climate change and measures adopted to reduce them within respective their annual reporting (Section 96-99) » Review and update the Electricity Act and Petroleum Act to improve compliance with the National Energy Policy and CCA 2021 NDC3.0 | 25 03 MITIGATION ©Shutterstock/Mike+Workman 26 | NDC3.0 3. MITIGATION

3.1 ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGET Fiji’s long-term economy-wide emissions reduction target is set out in Fiji’s CCA 2021 and Fiji’s Minister for Climate Change is legally accountable for taking ‘all reasonable steps to promote the achievement’ of this target (CCA 2021 Section 38). COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE M1 To achieve net zero annual emissions by 2050. Conditional Section 38 Cross Sectoral

3.2 ENERGY SECTOR TARGETS Emissions derived from Fiji’s energy sector accounted for 52.74% of Fiji’s total national emissions in 201917. The classification of Fiji’s energy sector is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 energy sector categorization and the methodology applied to produce Fiji’s NIR, and includes the following sub-sectors: Energy Industries; Manufacturing Industries and Construction; Transport, including Civil Domestic Aviation, Road Transportation, Railways, and Domestic Water-Borne Navigation; Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/ Fishing/Fish Farms. The Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), as well as the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sectors, were excluded from Fiji’s NDC3.0 GHG emissions modelling. GHG emissions for the waste sector were modelled exclusively for the Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the Naboro Landfill. The gases covered by Fiji’s NDC3.0 are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O)18. The 100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWP) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) were used, in line with the adopted decision under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement. The following fuel types were considered: Aviation Gasoline (Avigas), Bagasse, Bioethanol, Residual Fuel Oil, Diesel, Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Jet Kerosene, and Firewood. The necessary parameters and emission factors were obtained from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. NDC3.0 modelling presents GHG emissions projections and the impact of intervention measures for the period 2025 to 2035, under the following scenarios: » BAU Scenario » NDC3.0 Unconditional Scenario » NDC3.0 Conditional Scenario The BAU Scenario shows the forecasted path of GHG emissions without new climate policies and interventions beyond those already in place by 2025. It acts as a benchmark for comparing the effects of both conditional and unconditional mitigation measures. 17 National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2023 18 Gases produced in Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), which include Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), are not included due to data limitations. NDC3.0 | 27 Fiji’s NDC3.0 Unconditional Scenario includes climate actions that the Government of Fiji, the relevant sectoral Ministries, and the private sector have committed to carry out using their own resources, capabilities, current national budget, and support already confirmed from development partners. Fiji’s NDC3.0 Conditional Scenario encompasses all the unconditional measures, along with additional measures that will require external financial, technical assistance, and capacity building for their implementation. This scenario assumes long-term mitigation measures stated in national policy documents, such as Fiji’s NDP 2024-2029 and Vision 205019, NEP 2023-203020, SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji21, 2015 Land and Maritime Transport policy22, Fiji LEDS 2018-2050; as well as Fiji’s NDC Roadmap 2017-203023 and the NDC Investment Plan 202224. Reference Points: To ensure consistency and comparability across all mitigation sectors, all targets and objectives are based on the following common basis: » Base Year: 2013. » Baseline Emissions Data: NIR 2023, historical data from 2013 to 2019. » Time Horizon: 2020–2035 with annual tracking and the impact of intervention measures for the period 2025 to 2035. Further detail the methods and assumptions applied is detailed in Section 7. COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE M2 To reduce 36% of the BAU CO2e emissions from the Conditional with Section 38 Energy energy sector by 2035, as an absolute value target. Of this Unconditional Sector 36% reduction, 12% will be achieved “unconditionally” Component using available resources in the country. » M2a, To reach close to 100% renewable energy-based electricity generation (grid-connected) by 2030 with the aim to achieve 100% by 2035, thus reducing circa 11% of the total energy sector CO₂e emissions under the BAU scenario. » M2b, To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 9% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 58% of commercial/ institutional subsector’s BAU emissions. » M2c, To reduce energy sector emissions by 0.4% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of M2 38% of residential subsector’s BAU emissions. Indicative » M2d, To reduce energy sector emissions by 2% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 41% Pathway of industrial subsector’s BAU emissions. » M2e, To reduce energy sector emissions by 7% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 14% of road transport sector’s BAU emissions. » M2f, To reduce energy sector emissions by 6% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 40% of domestic maritime transport sector’s BAU emissions. » M2g, To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 0.1% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 10% of domestic aviation sector’s BAU emissions. For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2. 19 Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 2050 20 Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-2030 21 SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji 22 Government of Fiji 2015 Maritime And Land Transport Policy 23 Fiji NDC Implementation Roadmap 2017-2030 24 Fiji NDC Investment Plan 28 | NDC3.0

3.3 WASTE SECTOR TARGETS Fiji is taking decisive policy action to transform waste management across urban, rural, and maritime regions by advancing the organic waste-to-fertiliser value chain, strengthening the management of e-waste, hazardous waste, and incineration, and introducing a container deposit scheme under the National Solid Waste Management Strategy. Through its third NDC, Fiji commits to substantial methane reductions from its only sanitary landfill and largest wastewater treatment plant, in alignment with the Water Authority of Fiji’s Water Sector Strategy 2050. Fiji’s NDC3.0 sets the following GHG and non- GHG targets for its waste sector. COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE M3 To collect and flare 170 GgCO2e, equivalent to 6 GgCH4 of Waste Unconditional Section 38 the landfill gas generated at Naboro Landfill until 2035. Sector M4 To develop and implement a National Solid Waste Waste Unconditional Section 38 Management Strategy by 2035. Sector To divert organic waste generated across productive M5 sectors from landfill to valorization treatments-primarily Waste Unconditional Section 38 composting and anaerobic digestion-to reduce CH4 Sector emissions by 2035. M6 To collect and flare 350 GgCO2e, equivalent to 12.5 GgCH4 Waste Conditional Section 38 of the landfill gas generated at Naboro Landfill until 2035. Sector To expand wastewater treatmewnt coverage in Suva by M7 implementing energy-efficient wastewater treatment Waste with CH4 capture in Kinoya, aiming to reduce emissions Conditional Section 38 Sector from wastewater treatment by 30 GgCO2e, equivalent to 1 GgCH4 per year by 2035. For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2.

3.4 AGRICULTURE SECTOR TARGETS Fiji is driving a transformative agenda for inclusive and sustainable agriculture by empowering youth and women, enhancing food security, and ensuring the sector delivers multiple SDG co-benefits, including gender equality, resilient livelihoods, and strengthened community well-being. The country’s third NDC sets ambitious mitigation targets for agriculture and reinforces commitments to rigorous research, robust data collection, and Tier 2 tracking to guide evidence-based policy, ensure measurable climate outcomes, and inform future target-setting. Through the Non-Sugar Agriculture Sector Policy 2025–2035 (NSASP), Fiji is advancing innovation, systematic monitoring, and pilot initiatives such as low-emissions dairy farming to build a climate-smart, resilient, and future-ready agricultural sector that safeguards national food security, supports sustainable development, and positions Fiji as a regional leader in climate action. The following non-GHG targets aim at reducing emissions from manure management and enteric fermentation, two of the country’s key sources of agricultural emissions. NDC3.0 | 29 COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE M8 To improve manure management by installing 200 biogas Agriculture Unconditional Section 38 systems for smallholder farmers, between 2025 and 2035 Sector M9 To improve livestock breeds by distributing and monitoring Agriculture 1,500 improved breed livestock to smallholder farms, Unconditional Section 38 Sector between 2025 and 2035 To improve animal feed by continuing to provide annual M10 incentives on supplements and improved pasture to Agriculture Unconditional Section 38 enhance feed quality and milk production to a cumulative Sector of 100 smallholder farmers, by 2035. M11 To improve manure management by installing 1,000 Agriculture biogas systems for smallholder farmers between 2025 Conditional Section 38 Sector and 2035 For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2.

3.5 FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE (FOLU) SECTOR TARGET Fiji continues to pursue an ambitious reforestation plan (as described in Adaptation targets) and has made advancements in improving the sustainability of its forestry sector. Critical to improving national capability to monitor Fiji’s FOLU related emissions profile and improve forestry-related strategy and planning is the ability to further align national legislation and improve coherence between Fiji’s respective laws and policies. COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE To amend Fiji’s Forestry Act to reflect changes to Fiji’s M12 long-term approach to forest protection, improve Forestry and alignment with the CCA 2021, and improve the Unconditional Section 38 Other Land enabling environment for innovative approaches to Use Sector forest protection. For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2. 30 | NDC3.0 04 ADAPTATION ©Shutterstock/rickykresslein NDC3.0 | 31 4. ADAPTATION Despite Fiji’s minimal current and historical contribution to global emissions, the nation bears a disproportionate burden of escalating climate impacts and risks. The impacts of sea level rise, the increasing frequency of intense tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, and ecosystem degradation are already exacerbating existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. This situation requires urgent, integrated, and inclusive adaptation measures that not only build resilience and adaptive capacity but also provide co-benefits for sustainable development and global mitigation efforts. Guided by this imperative, Fiji’ prioritizes adaptation actions that respond to the needs of its most vulnerable segments and seeks to advance measures, approaches, and reporting systems that are fully aligned with the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA).

4.1 ADAPTATION TARGETS AND OBJECTIVES COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE To promote Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices that A1 protect food security and adaptative capacity of vulnerable Food and groups through an integrated approach to the management Conditional Section 43 Agricultural of Fiji’s croplands, livestock, sugar production, forests, and Production fisheries across rural and peri-urban communities. To enhance infrastructure resilience by upgrading, repairing, A2 relocating, and constructing public infrastructure through an Infrastructure inclusive, equitable, risk-informed, and ecosystem-sensitive Conditional Section 71 and Human approach that ensures the continuous operation of essential Settlements services, safeguards community well-being, and promotes environmental sustainability.27 To ensure that community reconstruction and relocation A3 efforts comply with the concept of ‘build back better' and Infrastructure support long-term adaptation requirements, while also Unconditional/ Section and Human supporting adaptation and disaster risk reduction efforts by Conditional 75-78 Settlements supporting rural and outer-island communities to comply with the updated National Building Code. A4 To build a strong climate-resilient health care system, Health Impacts recognising the growing direct and indirect impacts of Unconditional/ Section 67 and Health climate change on human health, by implementing the Fiji Conditional Services Health Adaptation Plan (FHAP). To deliver climate resilient water and sanitation services for all Fijians delivering against the objectives of Fiji's National A5 Development Plan and the Water Authority of Fiji's Water Unconditional Water Supply Section 67 Sector Strategy 2050 ensuring the robust consideration of / Conditional and Sanitation long-term changes to rainfall patterns, island hydrology, and average temperatures. A6 To contribute to Fiji’s national objective to reduce poverty in Poverty all forms by 2030 through targeted adaptation measures Unconditional Section 67 Eradication and that empower vulnerable groups and contribute to enhanced / Conditional Livelihoods social protection. Section 61, A7 To significantly improve and operationalize multi-hazard Unconditional Disaster Disaster Risk early warning systems and increase disaster preparedness / Conditional Management Reduction Act 2024 For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2. 25 This target includes the intent to complete major planned adaptation interventions such as the Nadi Flood Alleviation Project and large-scale flood risk management interventions in the Rewa district 32 | NDC3.0 COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE A8 To prioritize nature-based solutions that directly mitigate the Unconditional/ Disaster Risk impacts of flooding and cyclones, ensuring all high-priority, Section 67 Conditional Reduction high-impact interventions are implemented by 2035. To review and update existing environmental legislation A9 to improve compliance with Fiji's CCA 2021, better reflect Sections 67, Ecosystems current and evolving environmental challenges, and Unconditional 79,81, 110, 112 and Biodiversity promote the conservation of Fiji’s natural environment and biodiversity by 2028. To update Fiji’s National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan and A10 take action to restore 30% of all priority degraded ecosystems Unconditional/ Ecosystems Sections 67, 79,81 in Fiji through prioritised interventions, protection measures, Conditional and Biodiversity and community-led restoration activities by 2035. To continue advancing the national target to plant 30 A11 million trees (inclusive of mangroves) by 2035, to support Ecosystems NDC 2020, the rehabilitation of degraded forest landscapes, forest Unconditional and Biodiversity Target 11 ecosystem restoration, and the sustainable management of (Forests) the plantation forestry sector. A12 To designate 30% of Fiji's internal waters, archipelagic Ecosystems Unconditional/ waters, territorial seas, contiguous zone, and exclusive Section 81 and Biodiversity Conditional economic zone as marine protected areas by 2030. (Oceans) A13 To sustainably and effectively manage 100% of Fiji’s internal Ecosystems waters, archipelagic waters, territorial seas, contiguous Unconditional/ Section 81 and Biodiversity zone, and exclusive economic zone as marine protected Conditional (Oceans) areas by 2030. A14 To increase nationwide capacity and capability to monitor Ecosystems Unconditional/ ocean acidification and coral bleaching to inform and direct Section 86 and Biodiversity Conditional response planning. (Oceans) A15 To further integrate cultural and traditional knowledge and Cultural knowledge systems into the implementation of Fiji's Climate Unconditional Section 27 heritage and Change Policy and the design of adaptation interventions, Knowledge project design, and risk assessments. For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2.

4.2 MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS RESULTING FROM ADAPTATION ACTIONS Food and Agricultural Production - The promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and organic farming minimizes agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers, and enhances soil carbon sequestration, decreasing the sector's contribution to national GHG emissions. Infrastructure and Human Settlements - The revision and enforcement of Fiji’s National Building Code and investments in infrastructure adaptation will support mitigation outcomes through the incorporation of energy-efficient design and sustainable materials reducing the embodied and operational carbon of new and retrofitted public infrastructure. Reconstruction and relocation investments in vulnerable areas will by adhering to 'build back better' principles, ensure the incorporation of energy-efficient designs and renewable energy systems where relevant to leverage further reductions in GHG emissions. NDC3.0 | 33 Health Impacts and Health Services - Efforts to build the resilience of health services include objectives that aim to reduce fuel costs, improve energy security and increase energy efficiency and reliability through the use of renewable energy, building design solutions that allow for natural airflow and cooling. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) - DRR strategies prioritise Nature-based Solutions (NbS) like mangrove and forest restoration, which act as natural carbon sinks, contributing to GHG sequestration while providing protective ecosystem services. Early warning systems reduce disasters, thereby limiting carbon emissions associated with disaster response and reconstruction. Biodiversity and Ecosystems - National efforts to conserve environmental resources and restore habitats and enhance ecosystem services will increase natural carbon sequestration. Ocean-based adaptation measures include commitments to conserving and restoring blue carbon ecosystems, which are significant natural carbon sinks.

4.3 ALIGNMENT BETWEEN ADAPTATION OBJECTIVES AND GLOBAL GOAL ON ADAPTATION (GGA) Fiji’s NDC3.0 adaptation priorities are directly aligned with the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) and its 11 thematic and process targets, contributing to global efforts to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience, and reduce vulnerability. Collectively, Fiji’s adaptation actions operationalize the GGA by translating global adaptation goals into locally grounded, context-relevant, and measurable objectives. ADAPTATION AREAS FIJI’S NDC3.0 FOCUS ALIGNMENT WITH GGA Promotion of climate smart agriculture, agroforestry, Enhances adaptive capacity of AGRICULTURE/ FOOD sustainable fisheries & aquaculture; Specific treatment vulnerable groups, strengthens AND NUTRITION of actions to protect schools, women, youth, and informal resilient food systems, and reduces SECURITY settlements. vulnerability. Targets that focus on Risk-informed design, National INFRASTRUCTURE Builds resilience of critical services and building code reform, and ecosystem-sensitive SYSTEMS reduces systemic climate vulnerability. approaches. “Build back better” principle, inclusive design, relocation, Enhances adaptive capacity and HUMAN nature-based solutions (mangroves, watershed safeguards communities, advancing SETTLEMENTS protection). long-term resilience. Elevation of commitments made through Fiji Health Protects human well-being, reduces Adaptation Plan; climate-resilient health facilities, HEALTH SYSTEMS climate-related health vulnerabilities, workforce training, disease surveillance, service delivery and builds system-wide resilience. improvements. Strengthens anticipatory capacity, Multi-hazard EWS, people-centred warnings, community DISASTER RISK improves preparedness, and reduces disaster committees, NbS such as mangrove restoration REDUCTION (DRR) exposure of the most vulnerable and nature-based seawalls. populations. Strategic review and realignment of Fiji’s National Enhances ecosystem resilience, Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) 2020-202528, BIODIVERSITY AND provides co-benefits for livelihoods 30% degraded ecosystems restored, promotion of ECOSYSTEMS and biodiversity, and reduces climate nature-based solutions, review and realignment of all vulnerability. Environmental legislation by 2035 100% EEZ sustainable management by 2035, 30% Strengthens resilience of marine OCEANS Marine Protected Areas, restoration of blue carbon ecosystems, supports food security, ecosystems, and ocean acidification monitoring. and a climate-resilient Blue Economy. 26 National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) 05 ADDRESSING LOSS AND DAMAGE ©Shutterstock/chameleonseye 5. ADDRESSING LOSS AND DAMAGE Fiji’s existing and evolving loss and damage response needs are significant and complex. Irrespective of current and future efforts to reduce climate change related impacts on human well-being, Fiji faces a reality in which loss and damage is being experienced and will continue to be experienced as climate change impacts intensify (under any and all future climate scenarios). In response to this reality this revised NDC presents the Fiji’s commitments in relation to loss and damage response as well as a framework for articulating trends and issues that will continue to require Fiji’s efforts to address loss and damage to evolve with time. Fiji commits to developing a concrete structure for action to address loss and damage grounded in the lived realities of Fijian communities. This approach acknowledges that despite ambitious efforts to adapt to climate change there exist critical limits to adaptation. When these limits are breached, the resulting losses are not merely statistical; they represent the erosion of livelihoods, the displacement of communities, the loss of ancestral land, and the erosion of the Fijian way of life and national cultural heritage.

5.1 FIJI’S NATIONAL DEFINITION OF LOSS AND DAMAGE Climate-induced loss and damage in Fiji refers to the manifested adverse consequences of climate change that are incurred despite mitigation and adaptation efforts, encompassing both economic and non-economic harm to Fiji’s people, environment, economy and Vanua27 that is either irreversible or requires economically or socially infeasible interventions to reverse or remedy. Economic Loss and Damage: Quantifiable financial damage and losses to infrastructure and assets, lost productivity in key sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and fisheries, and the diversion of financials resources towards emergency response and recovery. Non-Economic Loss and Damage: The irreversible and invaluable losses that are not easily quantified in monetary terms. This includes loss of life, human health, cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. While non-economic loss and damage may not be easily quantified in many cases non-economic loss and as a direct flow on effect to economic loss and damage (i.e. loss of coral reefs leading to fisheries decline and reduced tourism revenue).

5.2 LOSS AND DAMAGE RESPONSE TARGETS AND OBJECTIVES Due to the complexities involved with managing inter-related and multi-sectoral loss and damage issues and in light of the potential scale of loss and damage in Fiji over the mid to long-term, Fiji must integrate loss and damage monitoring and response planning across a range of sector plans and policies. Dedicated capacity is required to expand existing data collection processes in order to track and better understand loss and damage dynamics, as well as climate-related attribution. Developing systems for identifying non-economic loss and designing response to non-economic loss requires expanded surveillance capability and institutional arrangements must be adjusted to better account for and respond to loss and damage trends and needs. 27 Vanua is an iTaukei concept that encompasses the natural environment, the people and all living things (flora and fauna), social bonds, kinship ties, ways of being, stewardship, social institutions and constructs, spirituality, responsibilities, cultural practices and traditions, knowledge and ways of knowing, in a specific ‘place’ 36 | NDC3.0 Fiji aims to expand and develop national systems, funding arrangements, and disbursement channels to ensure that financing to support loss and damage response can be effectively scaled up, utilized, and equitably shared. Annual losses from disaster events and the interaction between long-term climate impacts and hazard events continue to undermine sustainable development progress and exacerbate pre-existing challenges. Agricultural productivity in Fiji is increasingly impacted by changing seasonal patterns and trends as well as by crop loss resulting from extreme events and saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise. While efforts to implement climate-smart agricultural practices continue, loss and damage to agriculture continues and, in many cases, cannot be avoided. In recognition of agricultural loss and damage trends Fiji is committed to exploring approaches and mechanisms for addressing agricultural loss and damage with the objective of buffering farmers from the financial implications of reduced crop yields and agricultural loss. Developing solutions that help alleviate the full burden of loss and damage is critical for ensuring farmers have the resources and capacity to remain engaged in supporting Fiji’s food security and economic productivity. Without the ability to alleviate this burden, there is a risk that agricultural losses will drive urban drift, reduce the size of Fiji’s productive sector, and increase national dependency on imported food. Despite Fiji’s significant advancements in formalising planned relocation as a means to address loss and damage, financial and technical challenges – such as land availability and land tenure complexities- remain. Strengthening Fiji’s Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology (CRVAM) is essential to ensure that the relocation of the 43 communities identified as having high potential need for relocation is evidence-based, culturally sensitive, used only as a last resort, and executed in a timely manner. Fiji’s commitment is clear: planned relocation will only be pursued as a last resort. When deemed unavoidable, Fiji will apply the Standard Operating Procedures for Planned Relocation (SOP) as the means to safeguard human dignity and cultural continuity, while also applying build back better principles to ensure long-term resilience of relocated communities. Non-economic loss and damage (NELD) to cultural heritage sites, cultural practices and traditions is an ongoing challenge in Fiji due to the deep interconnection between society and the natural environment. Fiji commits to increasing national capacity to assess non-economic loss and damage, ensuring the ability to specifically understand potential damage and loss to cultural practices, traditional activities, cultural heritage sites, and traditional knowledge. Fiji will utilise both objective and subjective, quantitative and qualitative, information and data to inform efforts to address loss and damage. COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE L1 To establish the national policy integration, data Institutional systems, analytical capacity, and institutional Unconditional/ Section Arrangements and arrangements required to enable long-term loss and Conditional 5, 65, 67, 69 Analytical Capacity damage response. L2 To establish at least two further dedicated loss Finance and National and damage national funding arrangements and Section Conditional Systems for Addressing disbursement systems for addressing loss and 5,65,67 Loss and Damage damage priorities by 2035. NDC3.0 | 37 COMMITMENT CCA 2021 REFERENCE TARGET TYPE COMPLIANCE L3 Loss and Damage To develop national approaches for addressing Section Conditional (Food and Agricultural agricultural productivity loss by 2035. 5, 65,67 Production) L4 Complete the planned relocation of at least five Loss and Damage Unconditional/ Sections communities assessed as requiring urgent relocation (Land Loss and Damage Conditional 77-78 by 2035. to Human Settlements) L5 Loss and Damage Establish a national methodology and approaches (Disruption and Damage for managing disruption and damage to cultural Unconditional/ Section to Cultural Practice, practices, traditional norms, knowledge, and heritage Conditional 5, 65,67 Traditional Norms, by 2027. Knowledge, and Heritage) For detail on associated activities and indicators see Annex 2.

5.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MITIGATION, ADAPTATION, AND LOSS AND DAMAGE RESPONSE Fiji perceives mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage response activities as part of an interrelated hierarchy as presented below. MITIGATION ADAPTATION LOSS & DAMAGE ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES RESPONSE ACTIVITIES Contributes to Averting Contributes to Averting and Contributes to Addressing Loss and Damage Minimising Loss and Damage Loss and Damage Incurred Can Involve Adaptation Co-Benefits Can Involve Mitigation Co-Benefits Can Involve Adaptation Co-Benefits Supports Sustainable Development Supports Sustainable Development Supports Sustainable Development Loss and damage response activities in Fiji are required in instances whereby: » adaptation measures fail to prevent harm » adaptation limits are reached » there is a lack of feasible adaptation options » feasible adaptation options exist but have not been implemented at the scale required or in time to prevent harm » loss and damage results from an unforeseen and novel climate change related event or impact Fiji’s national communication of current and projected loss and damage trends and drivers in Fiji is included as Annex 3. 38 | NDC3.0 06 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION ©MECC NDC3.0 | 39 6. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Achieving Fiji's enhanced commitments under this NDC is contingent upon the provision of substantial, predictable, and accessible international climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity- building support. The full costing for these actions will be detailed in the forthcoming NDC3.0 Costed Implementation Plan.

6.1 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Fiji’s CCA 2021 provides the long-term structure and ambition for the ongoing improvement of Fiji’s enabling environment for climate risk governance and NDC implementation. The implementation and full realization of the intent of the CCA 2021 will continue to require both external financial resources, technology, transfer, and capacity building.

6.2 CLIMATE FINANCE STRATEGY Fiji’s strategy for financing the implementation of the NDC3.0 is based on a blended finance approach, strategically mobilizing international grant-based and concessional finance and aligning it with domestic resources, as outlined in the National Climate Finance Strategy (NCFS). » International Finance: Fiji’s implementation relies heavily on leveraging finance through the financial mechanisms of the UNFCCC, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Adaptation Fund (AF), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Climate Investment Fund (CIF), and the new Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD). Fiji will continue to actively pursue and coordinate bilateral partnerships and regional financial initiatives to scale up access to the finance required. » Domestic Resource Mobilisation: To complement international support, Fiji will mobilize domestic finance through the national budget, the issuance of thematic bonds, and strategic deployment and management of national funds, including the Climate Action Trust Fund, Climate Relocation of Communities Trust Fund, the Fiji Rural Electrification Fund, and the further establishment of Fiji’s Disaster Management Fund. » Innovative and Sustainable Finance: Fiji is pioneering nationally owned financial vehicles and initiatives such as parametric micro-insurance to ensure finance is aligned with national priorities and can be disbursed with urgency and efficiency. The sustainable capitalization of national financial arrangements and disbursement systems is critical for long-term responsive action. Fiji will continue to advocate for new and additional innovative sources of finance that serve to both incentivise decarbonization and provide new and additional finance streams including through the introduction of international levies and taxes. The inadequacy and unpredictability of global climate finance remains a critical barrier to climate action in Fiji. The complex and lengthy access procedures, frequent co-financing requirements, and the prevalent project-based approach to climate finance hinders Fiji’s ability to respond effectively to urgent and growing needs. Fiji urgently requires more direct budgetary support to enable responsive, flexible and strategic implementation. » Utilization of Article 6 and Carbon Markets: Fiji plans to strategically utilize Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and international carbon markets to finance mitigation actions. Fiji will pursue bilateral cooperative approaches to generate Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs), focusing on large-scale emissions reductions in key sectors like renewable energy and transportation. For community-based projects, Fiji will consider ways to engage with voluntary carbon markets to finance initiatives that support the achievement of Fiji’s NDC targets. 40 | NDC3.0 » Fiji’s engagement with market mechanisms will be guided by Part 10 of Fiji’s CCA 2021, which provides the legal basis for establishing Carbon Sequestration Property Rights (CSPR) and will be utilized to guide project registration, project approval, and for ensuring environmental integrity and the prevention of double counting.

6.3 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER NEEDS In line with Fiji’s Technology Needs Assessment (TNA), successful NDC implementation requires targeted technology transfer across key sectors. While specific needs associated with each of Fiji’s NDC3.0 targets will be further illustrated in Fiji’s NDC Implementation Plan the following examples provide a non-exhaustive overview of existing needs: MITIGATION: » Energy & Transport: For rural electrification, needs include standalone solar PV microgrids with storage and micro-hydro systems. For road transport, requirements are Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, EV repair technologies, and grid modernization systems. For domestic maritime transport, needs include efficient engine replacements and technologies for sail-powered cargo ships and zero-carbon passenger ferries. » Waste & Agriculture: Required technologies include anaerobic digestors, composting equipment, methane capture and flaring technology, weighbridges, and an upgraded water quality laboratory. For agriculture, support is needed for improved livestock breeds, artificial insemination equipment, and specialized equipment for nutrition assessment and methane measurement. ADAPTATION AND LOSS AND DAMAGE RESPONSE: » Agriculture: Prioritized technologies include those for agroforestry, integrated nutrient management, and improved climate-resilient crop varieties. » Coastal Protection Infrastructure: Key needs include technologies for the construction of sea walls with groynes and new methodologies and » Risk Assessment Technologies: Fiji requires technologies to support flood-hazard mapping, geomorphic assessments, LiDAR mapping, access to satellite data, and improved GIS systems to enable technically rigorous risk assessment. » Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems: Specific technologies are required to improve and operationalize an integrated multi-hazard early warning system with national coverage. » Meteorological Data Collection Systems: Expanding technological resources to support meteorological data collection across Fiji is required to improve data collection, forecasting capabilities, and better inform localized climate change projections. » Financial Technologies: Fin-Tech access is required to support the design of innovative cash- transfer and financial deployment systems

6.4 CAPACITY-BUILDING NEEDS Fiji requires enhanced international support to build local capacity and overcome barriers such as high capital costs, regulatory gaps, data constraints, and limited technical expertise. While specific needs associated with each of Fiji’s NDC3.0 targets will be further illustrated in Fiji’s NDC Implementation Plan the following examples provide a non-exhaustive overview of existing needs: NDC3.0 | 41 » There is a critical shortage of local specialists, including microgrid design engineers, hydro engineers, naval architects, environmental scientists, and life cycle assessment practitioners. There is an urgent need to establish dedicated professional courses, "train-the-trainer" programmes, and overseas training to build a skilled workforce for a just and equitable transition, including targeted training for women in male-dominated sectors like transport and energy. » Capacity building is needed to address the lack of technical expertise in agroforestry landscape planning, plant and animal breeding, and integrated nutrient management. » Specialized skills in geo-morphic assessments, hydrology, coastal processes, seawall design, risk modelling and flood hazard mapping, multi-criteria assessment, and integrated risk- scenario analysis continued to be required. » To address national climate finance gaps, technical assistance is required to improve project bankability, develop tailored financial products for MSMEs, build private sector capacity for climate risk assessment, and design policy and fiscal incentives to catalyse private sector investment. Fiji will continue to advocate relentlessly for a fit-for-purpose international financial architecture that responds to the acute needs of SIDS. Further delays in delivering on existing commitments and implementing systemic reforms will jeopardize Fiji’s ability to secure a viable, resilient, and prosperous future for all Fijians. Achieving Fiji's full commitments under the Paris Agreement depends on securing substantial international climate finance. The forthcoming NDC3.0 Costed Implementation Plan will present detailed costing of NDC3.0 actions. 42 | NDC3.0 07 TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ©MECC NDC3.0 | 43 7. TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

7.1 MONITORING, REPORTING, AND VERIFICATION (MRV) Fiji’s institutional arrangements for climate change reporting are based on the CCA 2021. The Director of the Climate Change Division (DoCC) is formally authorized under Part 4, Section 11(2)(b) of the CCA 2021 to prepare reports as required by the Act, the Convention, and the Paris Agreement. Part 7 of the Act explicitly defines the MRV framework, which includes developing the Fijian GHG Inventory, collecting sector-based data from the energy, transport, industrial processes, agriculture, forestry, and waste sectors, mandatory reporting on bulk fuel sales, and voluntary facility-level emissions reporting. The system is designed to promote accuracy, consistency, and transparency in estimating and reporting of GHG emissions and reductions, following IPCC methods and UNFCCC guidelines. The Act requires biennial NIR to be publicly available, supporting government accountability and data access through the Information Platform. This domestic legal structure operationalizes key elements of the ETF under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, ensuring that Fiji’s climate actions and support are reported in a transparent, timely, and reliable manner.

7.2 FIJI’S GHG INVENTORY SYSTEM AND ETF READINESS Fiji is strengthening its climate transparency efforts through a comprehensive and systematic approach that aligns with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement. Transparency refers to the reporting and review of relevant climate information and data, enabling the availability of regular information on GHG emissions, policies and measures, progress towards NDC targets, climate change impacts and adaptation, as well as levels of support needed and received. Fiji has developed a robust National GHG Inventory Report (NIR28), covering a 25-year time series from 1994 to 2019, to support its reporting obligations under the UNFCCC. The NIR was prepared to accompany Fiji’s Initial Biennial Update Report (BUR) officially submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat on 28 July 202529. The NIR marked an important milestone in enhancing the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of Fiji's GHG inventory. Fiji is currently preparing a combined first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1) and fourth National Communication (NC4). This process will further enhance the NIR by incorporating the most up-to-date and best available data, ensuring full alignment with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF). In accordance with the CCA 2021, Fiji is advancing its ETF readiness by strengthening institutional arrangements for sector-based data collection. Fiji is ensuring that sectoral emissions and emissions reduction from across government portfolios are systematically compiled, validated, and integrated into a national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system. This approach adheres to the ETF principles of transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, and consistency (TACCC), while reflecting national circumstances and enabling credible, evidence-based climate reporting that supports informed policy decision making. 28 Biennial Update Report of the National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2024 29 Biennial Update Report of the National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2024 44 | NDC3.0 To complement these efforts, Fiji is developing the Fiji Digital Climate Transparency Tool (FDCTT), supported by the Fiji Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) project. This tool is currently being designed as an IT-based MRV system to support the systematic compilation, validation, and analysis of GHG emissions, tracking NDC progress, and climate finance, further strengthening Fiji’s capacity to meet its transparency commitments. Building on this, Fiji integrates social and gender considerations to monitor whether capacity building, technology transfer, and climate finance reach women and marginalised groups. This approach supports gender-responsive budgeting, informs periodic policy adjustments, and complements reporting on financial, technology, and capacity- building support under Articles 9 and 11 of the Paris Agreement. The BTR transparency framework also includes information on research, systematic observation, education, training, and public awareness, highlighting Fiji’s commitment to evidence-based decision-making and knowledge sharing. Fiji demonstrates a strong commitment to transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, ensuring that climate action is systematically tracked, reported, and communicated at both the national and international levels, supporting effective implementation of NDC3.0.

7.2.1 A GENDER RESPONSIVE MRV SYSTEM Fiji’s MRV framework extends beyond emissions accounting to transparently monitor gendered outcomes and co-benefits. It embeds gender-disaggregated indicators and monitors whether means of implementation and support, such as capacity building, technology transfer, and climate finance, reach women and marginalized groups, thereby informing gender-responsive budgeting and periodic policy adjustments. Institutional arrangements—needs assessments, gender focal points, gender-sensitive procedures, and inclusive feedback mechanisms—sustain meaningful participation across planning, implementation, and oversight. Where necessary, sectoral parity targets are introduced, and all measures integrate safeguards for gender-based violence in line with national standards. This integrated, MRV-anchored approach ensures women and disadvantaged groups are not passive beneficiaries but leaders and drivers of a low-emission, climate-resilient transformation. NDC3.0 | 45 08 ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES (MITIGATION TARGETS) ©Shutterstock/chameleonseye 46 | NDC3.0 8. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES (MITIGATION TARGETS)

8.1 ASSUMPTIONS » Population Growth: Historical and projected population data from 2013 to 2035 were retrieved from the World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN). » National and sectoral GDP projections: Data from 2015-2023 are based on the Fiji Bureau of Statistics August 30, 2024, release. Data from 2024-2027 are based on the Reserve Bank of Fiji Macroeconomic Committee's forecast as of June 2025. The growth rate for Real GDP from 2027 to 2030 is assumed as 3.2% based on information from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook (April 2025), and the growth rate assumed beyond 2030 is 4% in alignment with the Government’s medium to long-term economic growth target. » Average household size: Data from the 2017 Household Census conducted by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics and Data from the 2019-2020 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics. » Urbanization rates: Urbanization rates for 2030 and 2040 are linearly interpolated based on the rate in 2018 (56.9%) and the suggested rate (Government of Fiji, 2017) for 2036 (61%). » Solid Waste generation per capita: A solid waste contribution of 0.46 kg per person per day based on urban waste disposal data is utilised. ENERGY SECTOR The energy sector was modelled using the LEAP (Low Emissions Analysis Platform) modelling tool. In response to the available sectoral activity data, the 2006 IPCC Tier 1 methodology was utilized for the following subsectors: Manufacturing Industries and Construction; Transport- including Civil Domestic Aviation, Railways, and Domestic Water-Borne Navigation; Commercial/ Institutional, and Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing/Fish Farms, while the 2006 IPCC Tier 2 approach was utilized for Energy Industries, Road Transportation, and Residential subsectors. Additional data sources used to model electricity generation include the Energy Fiji Limited (EFL)’s Major Energy Projects Timeline & Costs30, EFL’s 10-Year-Plan for Power Development 2022-2031, and the 2024 EFL’s annual report. WASTE SECTOR Waste sector CH4 emissions captured and flared from the Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) were modelled using the AMS-III.H. The methodology for CH4 recovery in wastewater treatment was used as outlined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2020. The model assumed that the WWTP upgrade project would reach a capacity of 180,000 Equivalent Population (EP) by 2030, with a planned expansion to 270,000 EP after ten years. CH4 capture was modelled to commence by 2030, with emission reductions associated with the flaring of CH4 gas generated in the anaerobic digester within the sludge treatment system. Thus, the modelling focused exclusively on the sludge treatment system, particularly the anaerobic digester, while assuming that all other systems within the wastewater treatment plant would continue to operate in the same manner under both BAU and mitigation scenarios. 30 Fiji's Major Energy Projects, 2025 NDC3.0 | 47 In addition, waste emissions from the Naboro Landfill were estimated using the First Order Decay (FOD) model at a high level, which considers the amount of waste disposed of overtime and its degradation under anaerobic conditions. In line with good practice, CO2 and N2O gases were excluded from solid waste management estimations, as they are considered insignificant. The approach used was consistent with the 2006 IPCC Tier 1 method. The utilized forecasted data on waste disposal is based on a linear interpolation of historical data from 2006 to 2023. The unconditional scenario assumes CH4 capture and flaring from Stages 1 and 2 will commence in 2027. In addition to the unconditional measures, the conditional scenario assumes CH4 capture and flaring from a new landfill Stage 3, which will start in 2028.

8.2 RESULTS ENERGY SECTOR Under the BAU scenario, total energy sector GHG emissions are projected to rise by 181% by 2035, compared to the base year emission (2013). The commercial subsector leads in emissions generation, with a 791% increase from 2013 levels, followed by the transport sector, which has seen a 218% rise. (See Table 1) The transport sector is expected to remain as the primary polluting sector with a 65% share of total energy sector emissions in 2035. Within the transport sector, road transport is expected to generate the most emissions. (See Tables 1 and 2). Table 1. BAU GHG Emissions; Units: Gg of Co2-e Equivalent ENERGY PERCENTUAL 2013 2019 2025 2030 2035 SUB-SECTOR CHANGE '13-'35 Electricity Generation 267 365 137 237 346 30% Residential 29 31 32 33 34 18% Commercial/Institutional 54 85 147 260 484 791% Manufacturing Industries 78 88 98 114 139 78% and Construction Transport 619 828 1,213 1,575 1,967 218% Road Transport and Railways 559 735 952 1,193 1,501 169% Domestic Navigation 45 71 237 355 432 852% Domestic Aviation 15 22 24 28 34 134% Agriculture 24 27 30 33 36 55% TOTAL 1,070 1,423 1,656 2,251 3,007 181% Table 2. Share of GHG emissions per energy subsector in the BAU scenario ENERGY SUB-SECTOR 2013 2019 2025 2030 2035 Electricity Generation 25% 26% 8% 11% 12% Residential 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% Commercial/Institutional 5% 6% 9% 12% 16% Manufacturing Industries 7% 6% 6% 5% 5% and Construction Transport 58% 58% 73% 70% 65% Road Transport and Railways 52% 52% 57% 53% 50% Domestic Navigation 4% 5% 14% 16% 14% Domestic Aviation 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% Agriculture 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 48 | NDC3.0 Under the unconditional scenario, the total GHG cumulative emissions from 2025 to 2035 are estimated at 22,417 GgCO2e, equivalent to a reduction of approximately 2,637 GgCO2e with respect to the cumulative emission of the BAU scenario. In 2035, the unconditional scenario reaches a 12% reduction compared to the BAU scenario in the same year. Under the conditional scenario, which considers Fiji’s unconditional mitigation measures as well as those that require external financial and technical support, the total GHG cumulative emissions (2025–2035) are approximately 19,309 GgCO2e. This results in a reduction of 5,745 GgCO2e with respect to the cumulative emissions of the BAU scenario. In 2035, the conditional scenario reaches a 36% reduction compared to the BAU scenario in the same year. Under both scenarios, the transport sector will achieve the highest GHG emission reductions, achieving a conditional 20% decrease relative to BAU levels by 2035(See Table 3). This is followed by reductions in the Energy sector (98%). In terms of sub-sectoral contribution to overall energy sector emission reduction of 36%, transport sector contributes the most (13%) followed by electricity generation (11%). (See Table 4) Table 3. GHG Emissions in 2035 for all modelled scenarios; Units: Gg of Co2-e Equivalent ENERGY BAU UNCONDITIONAL SCENARIO 2035 CONDITIONAL SCENARIO 2035 SUB-SECTOR EMISSIONS 2035 EMISSION PERCENTUAL EMISSION PERCENTUAL EMISSIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTION REDUCTION REDUCTION REDUCTION Electricity Generation 346 182 -164 -47% 7 -339 -98% Residential 34 30 -4 -13% 21 -13 -38% Commercial/Institutional 484 484 0 0% 201 -283 -58% Manufacturing Industries 139 139 0 0% 83 -57 -41% and Construction Transport 1,967 1,767 -200 -10% 1,574 -393 -20% Road Transport and Railways 1,501 1,415 -86 -6% 1,284 -217 -14% Domestic Navigation 432 320 -112 -26% 259 -173 -40% Domestic Aviation 34 33 -2 -5% 31 -3 -10% Agriculture 36 36 -2 0% 36 0 0% TOTAL 3,007 2,639 -368 -12% 1,923 -1,085 -36% Table 4. Sub-sectoral contribution to the overall energy sector emissions reduction; Units: Gg of Co2-e Equivalent ENERGY EMISSIONS EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTION TO THE REDUCTION SUB-SECTOR BAU 2035 REDUCTION 2035 IN 2035 TO THE OVERALL TARGET Electricity Generation 346 -339 -11% Residential 34 -13 0.4% Commercial/Institutional 484 -283 -9% Manufacturing Industries 139 -57 -2% and Construction Transport 1,967 -393 -13% Road Transport and Railways 1,501 -217 -7% Domestic Navigation 432 -173 -6% Domestic Aviation 34 -3 0.1% Agriculture 36 0 0% TOTAL 3,007 -1,085 -36% NDC3.0 | 49 WASTE SECTOR All the emission reductions under the mitigation scenario from Kinoya WWTP are expected to be conditional. Emissions reductions from Fiji’s only sanitary landfill at Naboro are presented under both unconditional and conditional scenarios. The unconditional scenario reflects the capture and flaring of methane emissions from the existing stages of the landfill, while the conditional scenario entails the development of new infrastructure to extend methane capture to the third stage of the landfill. Table 5. Emission reduction from WWTP; Units: Gg of Co2-e Equivalent KINOYA WASTEWATER CUMULATIVE 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) EMISSIONS '30-35 BAU Scenario 41.78 41.78 41.78 41.78 41.78 41.78 250.7 Mitigation Scenario 12.95 12.95 12.95 12.95 12.95 12.95 77.7 Emission Reductions -28.84 -28.84 -28.84 -28.84 -28.84 -28.84 -173.0 Table 6. EEmission reduction from Naboro Landfill; Units: Gg of Co2-e Equivalent KINOYA WASTEWATER CUMULATIVE 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) EMISSIONS '30-35 BAU Scenario 191 194 196 198 200 202 1,181 Unconditional Scenario 171 177 182 186 190 193 1,100 Conditional Scenario 153 155 157 158 160 162 945 Emission Reductions from -38.21 -38.727 -39.194 -39.62 -40.013 -40.375 -236.139 Conditional Scenario 50 | NDC3.0 09 FAIRNESS AND AMBITION ©MECC NDC3.0 | 51 9. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Fiji presents this updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC3.0) in a spirit of global solidarity and unwavering commitment to the ultimate objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Our enhanced commitments are a testament to our dedication to the Paris Agreement, even as our Nation navigates the profound injustice of a climate crisis we did little to create. This statement outlines why Fiji’s NDC3.0 is both fair, given our national circumstances, and ambitious, representing an ambitious effort to protect Fiji’s stability and prosperity in the face of an existential threat.

9.1 THE FOUNDATIONS OF FIJI’S COMMITMENT The fairness of Fiji’s NDC is grounded in the core principles of international law and equity. » Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC): Fiji fully embraces our common responsibility to address the drivers and impacts of climate change. However, the differentiation of this responsibility is stark. Our cumulative historical emissions are negligible, and our current per capita emissions are a minute fraction of those of developed nations. Acting in accordance with our respective capability, Fiji is committing to a decarbonization pathway that far exceeds our fair share when measured against our minimal contribution to the problem and our limited economic capacity. » Historical Responsibility and the Right to Development: The industrialized world has built its prosperity on a century of high-carbon growth, creating atmospheric carbon debt that now threatens our survival. Fiji, and other developing nations, hold a right to pursue sustainable development and the eradication of poverty. » Special Circumstances of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): As a Small Island Developing State, Fiji is exceptionally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Sea-level rise, intensifying cyclones, and ocean acidification pose direct threats to our territorial integrity, water security, and economic viability. The UNFCCC recognizes the specific needs and special circumstances of SIDS. The fairness of our NDC must be viewed through this lens: we are undertaking ambitious climate action while simultaneously facing severe climate impacts and the associated debilitating economic burden associated with disaster response, adaptation, and climate-driven loss and damage. » The International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change: The recent International Court of Justice (ICJ) advisory opinion powerfully underscores the legal obligations of states to protect the climate system for present and future generations, based on principles and legally binding obligations established under international law. Equity and the prevention of transboundary harm must remain the driving forces that define multilateralism. Fiji’s NDC3.0 is a proactive fulfilment of this ethical and emerging legal duty. We call upon high-emitting nations to demonstrate a commensurate level of ambition and accountability in line with the ICJ's guidance on state obligations.

9.2 THE DEMONSTRABLE AMBITION OF FIJI’S ENHANCED COMMITMENTS Fiji’s NDC3.0 is not only fair but also represents a highly ambitious contribution, pushing the boundaries of what is feasible for a nation given our national circumstances. 52 | NDC3.0 » Mitigation Ambition: We have significantly increased the ambition of our mitigation target, increasing the detail, scope, and coverage of our commitments. Achieving Fiji’s objectives requires a fundamental transformation of our energy, waste and agricultural sectors, representing a monumental challenge for a small island economy with limited access to finance and technology. We are choosing this difficult path to demonstrate leadership and to do our part in the fight to keep the 1.5°C goal within reach. » Pioneering Commitments on Adaptation, Loss, and Damage: Our ambition, must by default extend well beyond mitigation. Fiji’s NDC3.0 integrates detailed and actionable adaptation objectives and, critically, introduces specific commitments to address climate change-driven loss and damage. Fiji is the first nation to embed a framework for the planned relocation of vulnerable communities into national law as a critical means to address loss and damage. Fiji has continued to dedicate our scarce domestic resources to an issue that illustrates a severe and unjust consequence of climate change for our people. » Ambition in the Context of Extreme Vulnerability: For Fiji, climate action is not an abstract policy goal but a matter of national security. Fiji’s ambition is measured against the backdrop of the escalating costs of climate impacts, which drain our national budget and threaten our development gains. The enhanced actions outlined in this NDC are undertaken despite these severe headwinds, representing "survival-driven" ambition. » Accelerated Action in Response to the Best Available Science and the Findings of the Global Stocktake: This enhanced NDC is a direct and timely response to the urgent signals emanating from the first Global Stocktake concluded at COP28. The GST’s outcome, which emphasized the “need for deep, rapid and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions,” and called on Parties to “transitioning away from fossil fuels” is reflected in the increased stringency of our mitigation target. Furthermore, the GST’s critical focus on enhancing adaptive capacity and strengthening resilience, particularly for those on the frontlines of the crisis, is directly addressed through our elaborated and more detailed adaptation objectives. By integrating new, forward- looking commitments on addressing loss and damage, Fiji is also heeding the GST’s recognition of the escalating impacts and the imperative to address them. Therefore, this document is not merely a national plan but a conscious implementation of the global consensus, demonstrating how a SIDS can operationalize the GST’s call for accelerated ambition across mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage in a single, coherent framework. Fiji calls upon all nations to deliver the requisite action to protect the most vulnerable, ensure the timely provision of adequate support to enable climate resilient transitions, and deliver the urgent GHG emissions reductions required to keep global average temperature below 1.5 degrees Celsius. 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) NDC3.0 | 53 09 ANNEX ©MECC 54 | NDC3.0

ANNEX 1: INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY, & UNDERSTANDING OF FIJI’S NDC3.0 (ICTU) a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 2013 Baseline Emissions: 2013 to 2019. Modelling Period: 2020-2035 Time Horizon: 2020–2035 with annual time steps and the impact of intervention measures for the period 2025 to 2035. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period (s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Base-year emissions: Fiji’s total energy sector emissions in 2013 were estimated at 1,070 GgCO2e and projected under a BAU scenario to reach 3,007 GgCO2e by 2035. Fiji’s emissions peak will be demonstrated in the national GHG inventory time series reported in its BTR by 2027. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of NDC where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Fiji has delivered a core commitment of Fiji’s 2020 NDC through the passage and implementation of Fiji’s CCA 2021. This legislation reflects Fiji’s special circumstances as a climate vulnerable small island state and provides the overarching legal requirements, mandates, and national mechanisms for climate risk governance in Fiji. Fiji’s NDC3.0 complies with key requirements introduced and enforced through this legislation. The CCA 2021 in its application ‘applies to all things done in, on, above or below Fiji’s land and airspace’ (Section 3(2)). The CCA 2021 has instituted a long-term reform process due to the fact that the Act has effect notwithstanding any provision of any other written law, and accordingly, to the extent that there is any inconsistency between the Act and any other written law, the CCA 2021 prevails (Section 110). Fiji will continue to utilize the following plans, strategies, and policies to implement Fiji’s NDC3.0: » Fiji National Adaptation Plan 2018-2023 » Fiji National Climate Change Policy 2018-203031 » Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-203032 » Fiji Low Emission Development Strategy 2018-205033 » Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 205034 » Fiji National Oceans Policy (2020-2030) » National Fisheries Policy Fiji will update the following strategies, plans, and policies over the 2025-2035 period: » Fiji National Adaptation Plan 2018-2023 » Fiji National Climate Change Policy 2018-203035 » Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-203036 » Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 205037 » Fiji National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan » Fiji National Oceans Policy (2020-2030) Fiji is committed to developing and implementing the following additional plans, strategies, and policies over the 2025- 2035 period to support and enable the achievement of Fiji’s NDC3.0 targets: » Energy Master Plan. » National Transport Decarbonization Implementation Strategy. » Low-Carbon Maritime Transport Roadmap. » NDC3.0 Costed Implementation Plan. » National Climate Finance Strategy » Fiji Blue Economy Framework (2025 – 2030) 31 Republic of Fiji National Climate Change Policy 2018-2030 32 Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-2030 33 Fiji Low Emission Development Strategy 2018-2050 34 Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 2050 35 Republic of Fiji National Climate Change Policy 2018-2030 36 Republic of Fiji National Energy Policy 2023-2030 37 Fiji National Development Plan 2025-2029 and Vision 2050 NDC3.0 | 55 Through the NDC3.0 Fiji has committed to further policy and legal reforms, required under Fiji’s CCA 2021 that will directly support Fiji’s NDC3.0 Objectives: 1. Develop Ministerial guidelines for actions and decisions to ensure climate objectives are integrated into decision making (Section 20) 2. Integrate evidence-based learning about climate change into the National Curriculum Framework (Section 25) 3. Require that National Budget Submissions provide information on the economic implications of climate change including through the inclusion of detail within these submissions on climate relevant expenditure, financial impacts of climate change on the respective sector or state entity, and information on respective capacity building, technology, and financing needs (Section 26) 4. Develop and implement guidelines and regulations requiring all fossil fuel importers to regularly report on fossil fuel imports (fuel type, volume) in a common format (Section 31) 5. Require climate risk and resilience assessments to be conducted for all new infrastructure proposals and develop and issue guidelines on how such assessments must be conducted (Section 71) 6. Develop and issue guidance materials for the purpose of assisting company directors, managed investment schemes, the Fiji National Provident Fund Board, licensed financial institutions, and the Reserve Bank of Fiji to consider and evaluate climate change risks and opportunities (Section 93) 7. Require company directors, managed investment schemes, the Fiji National Provident Fund Board, licensed financial institutions, and the Reserve Bank of Fiji to disclosure financial risks posed by climate change and measures adopted to reduce them within respective their annual reporting (Section 96-99) 8. Review and update the Electricity Act and Petroleum Act to improve compliance with the National Energy Policy and CCA 2021 These commitments are unconditional in principle however capacity to develop and implement these measures on aggregate within the 2025-2035 timeframe is conditional on access finance, technical capacity building, and technology transfer. Additionally, Fiji has committed to a holistic review of national environmental legislation to increase the compliance of these laws with the principles and objectives of Fiji’s CCA 2021. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example, in percentage or amount of reduction A reduction of energy sector BAU CO2e emissions by 35% by 2035 as an absolute reduction compared to reference year (2035 BAU emissions scenario) emissions. Of the 36% reduction of BAU baseline CO2e emissions, 12% will be achieved “unconditionally” using available resources in the country, and 24% achieved “conditionally”. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The data sources used for the calculation of the target are: » GHG inventory data from 2013-2019 retrieved from the National Inventory Report of Fiji 202338. » Projections of GHG emissions for the period until 2035 based on: • National GDP forecasts prepared by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics up to 2027, and GDP growth rates from the International Monetary Fund up to 2030, and Fiji’s Government medium to long-term economic growth target up to 2035. • Population data from the World Population Prospects, United Nations. • Household data from the 2017 Household Census and the 2019-2020 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics » The assessment of progress made in the implementation of Fiji 2020 NDC based on the data and evidence presented in Fiji’s BUR 202539. » The assessment of emission reduction potential associated with ongoing national and sectoral development strategies, programs, and projects. » To ensure all gases are comparable, total emissions and removals are expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e). The conversion factors used are the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) metrics, as established by the IPCC's 2006 Guidelines. f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Fiji may update the reference indicator to reflect improvements in data collection in its first BTR. 38 National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2023 39 Biennial Update Report of the National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2024 56 | NDC3.0 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Start date: 2025 End date: 2035 b. Whether it is a single- year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target 3. Scope and Coverage a. General description of the target; CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE See section 1(c) MITIGATION Longterm Economy wide target » To achieve net zero emissions by 2050. ENERGY SECTOR Fiji’s NDC3.0 aims to reduce 36% of the BAU CO2-e emissions from the energy sector by 2035, as an absolute value target. Of this 36% reduction, 12% will be achieved “unconditionally” using available resources in the country. As a contribution to the national GHG emissions reduction target, Fiji pledges to “conditionally” achieve the following sub-sectoral targets: » To reach close to 100% renewable energy-based electricity generation (grid-connected) by 2030, and 100% by 2035, thus reducing circa 11% of the total energy sector CO2e emissions under the BAU scenario. » To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 12% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 in electricity demand in households (0.4%), commercial (9%), and industrial (2%). » To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 7% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 14% of road transport sector’s BAU emissions. » To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 6% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reduction of 40% of domestic maritime transport sector’s BAU emissions. » To reduce energy sector emissions by circa 0.1% vs. BAU emissions by 2035 through the reductions of 10% of domestic aviation sector’s BAU emissions. » Fiji reaffirms its commitment to meeting the previously stated policy targets, which will support achieving the NDC3.0 energy sector emission reduction goal: » To achieve universal access to electricity and clean cooking by 2030 through the development and implementation of targeted policy measures, 2030 as stated on SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji40. » To reduce energy intensity to 2.18 megajoules per US Dollar GDP (measured in constant terms at 2011 PPP) by 2030, as stated on SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji41. WASTE SECTOR Unconditional » To collect and flare 170 GgCO2e, equivalent to 6 GgCH4 of the landfill gas generated at Naboro Landfill until 2035. » To develop and implement a National Solid Waste Management Strategy by 2035. » To divert organic waste generated across productive sectors from landfill to valorization treatments-primarily composting and anaerobic digestion-to reduce CH4 emissions by 2035. 40 SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji, 2021 41 SDG7 Roadmap for Fiji, 2021 NDC3.0 | 57 Conditional » To collect and flare 350 GgCO2e, equivalent to 12.5 GgCH4 of the landfill gas generated at Naboro Landfill until 2035. » To expand wastewater treatment coverage in Suva by implementing energy-efficient wastewater treatment with CH4 capture in Kinoya, aiming to reduce emissions from wastewater treatment by 30 GgCO2e, equivalent to 1 GgCH4 per year by 2035. AGRICULTURE SECTOR Unconditional » To improve manure management by installing 200 biogas systems for smallholder farmers, between 2025 and 2035. » To improve livestock breeds by distributing and monitoring 1,500 improved breed livestock to smallholder farms, between 2025 and 2035. » To improve animal feed by continuing to provide annual incentives on supplements and improved pasture to enhance feed quality and milk production to a cumulative of 100 smallholder farmers, by 2035. Conditional » To improve manure management by installing 1,000 biogas systems for smallholder farmers between 2025 and 2035. FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE (FOLU) SECTOR Conditional » To amend Fiji’s Forestry Act to reflect changes to Fiji’s long-term approach to forest protection, improve alignment with the CCA 2021 and improve the enabling environment for innovative approaches to forest protection. ADAPTATION Conditional » To promote Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices that protect food security and adaptative capacity of vulnerable groups through an integrated approach to the management of Fiji’s croplands, livestock, sugar production, forests, and fisheries across rural and peri-urban communities. » To enhance infrastructure resilience by upgrading, repairing, relocating, and constructing public infrastructure through an inclusive, equitable, risk-informed, and ecosystem-sensitive approach that ensures the continuous operation of essential services, safeguards community well-being, and promotes environmental sustainability. Unconditional/Conditional » To ensure that community reconstruction and relocation efforts comply with the concept of ‘build back better', support long-term adaptation requirements, while also supporting adaptation and disaster risk reduction efforts by supporting rural and outer-island communities to comply with the updated National Building Code. » To build a strong climate-resilient health care system, recognising the growing direct and indirect impacts of climate change on human health, by implementing the Fiji Health Adaptation Plan (FHAP) » To deliver climate resilient water and sanitation services for all Fijians delivering against the objectives of Fiji's National Development Plan, the Water Authority of Fiji's Water Sector Strategy 2050 ensuring the robust consideration of long- term changes to rainfall patterns, island hydrology, and average temperatures. » To contribute to Fiji’s national objective to reduce poverty in all forms by 2030 through targeted adaptation measures that empower vulnerable groups and contribute to enhanced social protection. » To significantly improve and operationalize multi-hazard early warning systems and increase disaster preparedness » To prioritize nature-based solutions that directly mitigate the impacts of flooding and cyclones, ensuring all high-priority, high-impact interventions are implemented by 2035. » To update Fiji’s National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan and take action to restore 30% of all priority degraded ecosystems in Fiji through prioritised interventions, protection measures, and community-led restoration activities by 2035. » To designate 30% of Fiji's internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial seas, contiguous zone, and exclusive economic zone as marine protected areas by 2030. » To increase nationwide capacity and capability to monitor ocean acidification and coral bleaching to inform and direct response planning. 58 | NDC3.0 Unconditional » To review and update existing environmental legislation to improve compliance with Fiji's CCA 2021, better reflect current and evolving environmental challenges, and promote the conservation of Fiji’s natural environment and biodiversity by 2028. » To continue advancing the national target to plant 30 million trees (inclusive of mangroves) by 2035, to support the rehabilitation of degraded forest landscapes, forest ecosystem restoration, and the sustainable management of the plantation forestry sector. » To further integrate cultural and traditional knowledge and knowledge systems into the implementation of Fiji's Climate Change Policy and the design of adaptation interventions, project design, and risk assessments. LOSS AND DAMAGE Conditional » To establish at least two further dedicated loss and damage national funding arrangements and disbursement systems for addressing loss and damage priorities by 2035. » To develop national approaches for addressing agricultural productivity loss by 2035. Unconditional/Conditional » To establish the national policy integration, data systems, analytical capacity, and institutional arrangements required to enable long-term loss and damage response. » Complete the planned relocation of at least five communities assessed as requiring urgent relocation by 2035. » Establish a national methodology and approaches for managing disruption and damage to cultural practices, traditional norms, knowledge, and heritage by 2027. b. Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the NDC, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Fiji’s NDC3.0 emissions reduction targets for 2035 focus on Fiji’s energy sector which continues to be the sector responsible for the largest share of Fiji’s national emissions. To clarify the pathway for meeting the emissions reduction target energy subsector emissions reduction targets are presented which are associated with specific mitigation activities. GHG emissions reductions will be achieved through interventions that reduce emissions through: » The reduction of GHG emissions associated with electricity generation and transmission (supply) » The reduction of GHG emissions associated with energy demand associated with: Manufacturing Industries and Construction, Transport, including Domestic Aviation, Road Transport, Railways, Domestic Water-borne Navigation, Other sectors including Commercial/Institutional, Residential, and Agriculture sectors. In this update, Fiji has expanded the NDC scope to include quantitative and qualitative targets to reduce short-lived climate pollutants such as CH4 emissions from the waste and agriculture sectors. The GHG covered by this NDC are CO2, N2O, and CH4. c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; While Fiji has conducted a detailed assessment of mitigation options across all its sectors, it is noted that the data needed to rigorously evaluate the impact of policies and actions on emissions in other sectors needs to be improved over time. Furthermore, the current scope of the NDC3.0 is relevant to the limited capacity to assess and monitor economy- wide emissions. This is partly due to methodological clarifications, including data uncertainty and availability, as well as ongoing efforts to improve the monitoring, reporting, and verification systems. Given Fiji’s national circumstances, data collection, modelling, coordination processes, and capacity building are long-term tasks that need to be undertaken over an extended period with support from national, regional, and international partners. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Fiji’s adaptation actions across key areas provide significant co-benefits in mitigation. These include increased carbon sequestration through climate-smart agriculture, reforestation, and the restoration of blue carbon ecosystems. Mitigation is also achieved by lowering emissions from deforestation, reducing energy use in infrastructure and settlements, decreasing emissions from health sector operations and procurement, and preventing emissions from disaster-related reconstruction through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and early warning systems. NDC3.0 | 59 4. Planning Process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; MECC’s DoCC has guided the development of Fiji’s NDC3.0 through a multi-stakeholder process. This process has involved the convening of sectoral TWGs, sectoral stakeholder meetings, subnational consultations, multi- stakeholder validation workshops, and ongoing inter-ministerial consultation. Each TWG established included representatives from civil society, academia, government at national and local levels, the private sector, NGOs, media, local communities, youth, elders, and international partners (See Annex 1). Data, feedback, and considerations collected from TWG meetings, regional workshops, and bilateral consultations, was assessed to develop assumptions, baseline scenarios, and consider different emissions reduction pathways, climate risk governance, and resilience building strategies. The draft NDC3.0 was validated through a multi-stakeholder workshop and published for public review and feedback. The NDC3.0 process adopted a multi-faceted approach the dissemination of information and differing modes of consultation, using local languages, community-led dialogue sessions (Talanoa), and small group consultations to ensure meaningful localised consultation and facilitate two- way feedback. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; » Fiji is a climate vulnerable small island developing state » Fiji’s annual emissions are negligible and constitute approximately 0.004% of global emissions. » Fiji is a developing country that remains highly dependent on international climate finance, solidarity and aid to maintain progress against the Sustainable Development Goals » Fiji’s development status, economic profile, and climate change and disaster vulnerability, exposure and susceptibility continue to negatively impact national efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. » Fiji’s large informal sector, dispersed population, and ongoing reliance on environmental services as a source of nutrition and livelihoods increase Fiji’s sensitivity to the impacts of climate change. » Fiji’s long term development objectives and the fundamental premise of adaptation measures implemented and under-implementation in Fiji will be significantly undermined in a scenario whereby global average temperatures exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius. » In a scenario whereby global average temperature rise is successfully limited to no more than 1.5 degrees, Fiji will still face significant and intensifying climate change impacts. » The potential to significantly limit and manage climate change induced loss and damage in Fiji is correlated with a scenario under which global average temperature rise is limited to no more than 1.2 degrees Celsius. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC. Fiji developed its NDC3.0 through an iterative process, guided by lessons from its 2020 NDC, informed by the best available data from the NIR, the BUR, and the legal requirements introduced under Fiji’s CCA 2021. The process was strategically aligned with Fiji’s National Development Plan, NCCP, and NAP to ensure consistency and complementarity within and across the targets, objectives, and commitments. The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change led institutional coordination, utilizing existing multi-stakeholder advisory groups to incorporate diverse expertise and foster inclusive dialogue. This approach secured a whole-of-government commitment, with NDC3.0 insights integrated into upcoming sectoral strategies. Technical support from development partners was leveraged to maximize resources and expertise, promoting nationwide awareness and ownership of the implementation. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Fiji is committed to reducing GHG emissions and recognizes that this will require significant capacity building, technology transfer, and finance. Fiji has made steady progress in implementing appropriate strategies to meet its adaptation needs and mitigation ambitions; however, significant challenges remain in mobilizing the resources necessary to implement its planned adaptation and mitigation measures. As a SIDS, Fiji has limited financial resources to invest in climate action and Fiji’s risk context, and circumstances require major cross-sectoral investment to deliver the scale of adaptation required in light of current and projected climate change impacts. This situation is exacerbated by the significant economic losses Fiji continues to incur as a result of the localized implications and impacts of climate change and climate change-exacerbated disaster events. Hence the scale of investments needed for necessary adaptation and mitigation measures outpaces Fiji’s current ability to finance the transformational change envisioned and required for sustainable, inclusive, resilient and low carbon economy. 60 | NDC3.0 d. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not Applicable. Fiji is not party to any agreement with another Party or regional economic integration organization to jointly act under Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement for its NDC. Fiji's NDC3.0 is submitted unilaterally by the Republic of Fiji on its own behalf. e. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the GST, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement. Fiji's NDC3.0 was informed by the outcomes of the first GST, which highlighted the need for enhanced global ambition to keep the 1.5°C goal within reach. In response to the GST's findings, Fiji utilized data on emissions trends and sectoral analysis from its NIR and Biennial updated report (BUR)42 to ensure the updated national targets are not only reflective of its unique circumstances but also consistent with the required global effort. Fiji’s NDC3.0 development process integrated the GST's technical and political guidance, particularly around increasing the share of renewable energy, enhancing adaptation measures, and securing means of implementation. Fiji is positioning its NDC3.0 as a direct and responsive contribution to the global collective effort, transforming a global assessment into actionable national policy. f. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC. Fiji has considered all social, economic, and environmental impacts of its domestic mitigation measures through the development processes of its NDC Implementation Roadmap, the LEDS, and the NAP. These aspects have also been taken into consideration in the development of the NDC Investment Plan and Project Pipelines. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to con- tribute to mitigation co- benefits, including in- formation on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Refer to Adaptation Section 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Fiji has accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Fiji will apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when reporting on various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See 5(a) above. 42 Biennial Update Report of the National Inventory Report of Fiji, 2024 NDC3.0 | 61 d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic green- house gas emissions andremovals; CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 emissions will be calculated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC 2013 Wetland supplement. The methodologies applied will depend on the availability of data. The aggregation of GHG emissions have been estimated, and will be reported, using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; N/A ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; N/A iii.Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; N/A f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s), and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category-, or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed—such as key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources, and models used. The NEXSTEP methodology was adopted in the energy sector for estimating emissions of three primary gases – CO2, N2O, and CH4, expressed as CO2 equivalent (CO2-e). Emissions were calculated using the LEAP tool, where the total fuel consumption (either on the demand side or the supply side) is multiplied by the total environmental loading obtained from LEAP’s Technology and Environmental Database. This database is based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, along with any additional refinements and updates applied to these inventories. The emissions presented use the Global Warming Potential on a 100-year horizon, at the point of emission. Waste sector CH4 emissions captured and flared from the Kinoya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) were modelled using the AMS-III.H. The methodology for CH4 recovery in wastewater treatment was used as outlined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2020 EMISSION PROJECTION This is based on the base year data (in this case, 2013-2019) and growth in GDP, population, and urbanization. See below for the set of assumptions. ASSUMPTIONS » Population Growth: Historical and projected population data from 2013 to 2035 were retrieved from the World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN). » National and sectoral GDP projections: Data from 2015-2023 are based on the Fiji Bureau of Statistics August 30, 2024, release. Data from 2024-2027 are based on the Reserve Bank of Fiji Macroeconomic Committee's forecast as of June 2025. The growth rate for Real GDP from 2027 to 2030 is assumed as 3.2% based on information from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook (April 2025), and the growth rate assumed beyond 2030 is 4% in alignment with the Government’s medium to long-term economic growth target. » Average household size: Data from the 2017 Household Census conducted by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics and Data from the 2019-2020 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the Fiji Bureau of Statistics » Urbanization rates: Urbanization rates for 2030 and 2040 are linearly interpolated based on the rate in 2018 (56.9%) and the suggested rate (Government of Fiji, 2017) for 2036 (61%). » Waste generation per capita: Data from ICAT Phase II Project43, assuming a rate of 0.46 kg per person per day. » Data on the composition of urban solid waste derived through the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) Phase II Project. 43 https://climateactiontransparency.org/country/fiji/ 62 | NDC3.0 ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Energy Generation mix data obtained from Energy Fiji Limited, which can be monitored on an annual basis for the share of Renewable Energy Generation. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N/A iv. Further technical information, as necessary; N/A g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Fiji recognises the importance of international market-based cooperation in facilitating, expediting, and enhancing technology development, transfer, capacity building, and access to financial resources to support low-carbon and climate-resilient efforts. Fiji will explore the potential of bilateral, regional, and multilateral market-based cooperation, including within the framework of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, to support the achievement of its own NDC and to provide additional mitigation outcomes that aid NDC attainment by other countries. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Fiji’s NDC3.0 reiterates its commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 despite its minimal contribution of 0.004% to global GHG emissions. (NIR, 2023) The NDC3.0 increases Fiji’s mitigation ambition with respect to the NDC in 2020. Moreover, it adds non-GHG targets to non-covered sectors such as waste, agriculture, and forestry. Furthermore, it outlines specific actions to achieve its mitigation objectives, demonstrating its commitment to fulfilling its climate action plans and turning an already ambitious goal into tangible, on-the-ground implementation. c. How the Party has ad- dressed Article 4, para- graph 3 of the Paris Agreement; d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; e. How the Party has ad- dressed Article 4, para- graph 6 of the Paris Agreement. Fiji’s NDC3.0 reflects a commitment to economy-wide net-zero emissions by 2050. The NDC3.0 aligns closely with Fiji’s LEDS, which mapped out a low-carbon pathway for each of its sectors. To achieve this core objective, the LEDS has elaborated four possible low-emission scenarios for each sector, including electricity and other energy use, land transport, domestic maritime transport, domestic air transport, AFOLU, coastal wetlands, and waste. The Strategy estimates that Fiji’s emissions would more than double under the “BAU” unconditional scenario, grow incrementally under the BAU Conditional scenario, drop by nearly 31% under the High Ambition scenario, and achieve net negative emissions during the year 2041 under the Very High Ambition scenario. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes toward achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Developing a long-term strategy and vision on sector transformation through the LEDS has helped establish a clear understanding of the options and requirements that define the low-carbon transition pathway towards achieving net-zero by 2050. The LEDS provides an overarching framework for guiding Fiji’s NDCs. Fiji’s CCA 2021 embeds NDC3.0 commitments into national law and requires that Fiji’s NDC is aligned with the objective to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Fiji’s NDC3.0 provides the requisite ambition and mitigation targets to ensure Fiji’s contribution is well aligned with the Paris Agreement’s central objective to limit global average temperature rise to below 1.5 degrees Celsius. NDC3.0 | 63

ANNEX 2: NDC3.0 ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES AND INDICATORS Mitigation - Activities and Indicators for Energy Sector GHG-Reduction Target ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION ON-GRID MEASURES: » Increasing installed capacity of renewable energy technologies between 2026 and 2035: Solar PV (at least ~ 185 MW), Solar PV with grid battery storage, hydro power projects (at least ~ 49 MW), and bioenergy (in line with the waste management targets). » Building new & upgraded transmission lines and deploying Smart Grid Technologies. OFF-GRID MEASURES: » Increasing the deployment of solar home systems, and the installation of pico hydro systems, solar PV-battery storage-diesel, and hybrid minigrids in smaller islands. Providing incentives for the switch to renewable energy sources, such as rooftop solar and biomass-based process heat, upgrading energy-efficient motor systems and automation technologies, implementing waste-heat recovery systems, and fostering fuel- switching from diesel to cleaner alternatives where feasible. ENERGY DEMAND » Strengthening and expanding the Minimum Energy Performance and Labelling Standards (MEPLS): Mandate MEPS for a wider range of appliances critical to the commercial and tourism sectors (e.g., air conditioners, refrigerators, commercial ice makers, pool pumps, and laundry equipment). Implementing more stringent standards, and enhancing compliance and market monitoring, while also raising public awareness. » Strengthening the Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Appliances and Lighting (MEPSL) program by expanding the range of appliances covered » Developing and enforcing energy efficiency building codes as well as establishing Green Building Certificates for new commercial and tourism construction through the provision of incentives or recognition for businesses and hotels that achieve international or national green building standards. » Adopting Energy Management Systems such as ISO 50001:2011 to help businesses continuously monitor, manage, and reduce their energy consumption. » Increasing local knowledge and awareness on energy efficiency through training and certifications. » Increasing access to clean cooking fuels and technologies through the promotion of affordable and accessible alternatives, reducing reliance on traditional biomass fuels, which contribute to poor indoor air quality and deforestation, and increasing the adoption of sustainable energy sources like LPG, electricity, and/ or biogas. » Increasing local capacity on energy efficiency in Fiji's industrial sector through establishing targeted training and certification programs for energy managers and technicians. » Facilitating energy audits to identify key savings opportunities and promoting the adoption of the ISO 50001 Energy Management System to institutionalize continuous improvement. TRANSPORT » Replacing old buses and minibuses with new Euro VI or hybrid models. » Incentivizing the shift of taxis and private cars to hybrid/electric vehicles through scrappage schemes. » Increasing the share of private electric vehicles. » Electrifying public bus fleets and government vehicles. » Managing travel demand through congestion policies. » Promoting a transport mode change, increasing the appeal of public transport, and promoting bicycle and e-bike use through initiatives and the development of adequate infrastructure. » Replacing old cargo vehicles with modern Euro VI standard models. » Increasing the share of electric cargo vehicles where applicable. » Expanding the national network of electric vehicle charging stations » Tightening import standards for used vehicles to a minimum Euro emission level. » Develop and implement Fiji’s National Transport Decarbonization Implementation Strategy. » Transitioning vessels from conventional diesel fuel to low-carbon fuels like biofuels » Replacing old, inefficient outboard motors on small boats with modern models through incentives and scrappage schemes » Piloting fully electric ferries for short-distance routes. 64 | NDC3.0 TRANSPORT (CONT'D) » Designing or retrofitting vessels with rigid sails or kite sails to harness wind power (Sail-powered cargo/passenger ferry) » Aligning mitigation targets with international agreements, emission reduction schemes, and regulations by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) » Develop and implement Fiji’s Low-Carbon Maritime Transport Roadmap. » Improving domestic air traffic management and related infrastructure, allowing for more precise, direct flight paths, reducing flight distances and unnecessary fuel burn during take-off, climb, descent, and landing phases. » Renewing the fleet, phasing out older, less efficient aircraft and replacing them with new-generation models featuring more fuel-efficient engines, directly reducing fuel consumption per passenger kilometre. WASTE » Reduce CH4 emissions by improving final waste disposal technologies in landfills by implementing gas and capture systems. » Reduce CH4 emissions, illegal dumping, encouraging fertiliser uptake and enhanced MRV systems by creating or strengthening technical capacity in different stakeholders involved in waste management activities across Fiji. Greater capacity in planning, project development and implementation, data collection, management and MRV systems can enhance and facilitate the implementation of several actions in the waste sector. Create a value chain for organic fertiliser. » Reduce CH4 emissions, illegal dumping, increased fertiliser uptake and enhanced MRV systems by increasing the amount of organic waste from the rural and maritime households, agribusiness and industrial sectors that is valorized, in order to reduce the volume that needs to be treated in landfills. » Reduce CH4 emissions by improving sludge treatment in Kinoya wastewater treatment plant to include biogas recovery and flaring, avoiding methane release into the atmosphere. AGRICULTURE » Improve the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices by using animal manure to produce methane for cooking fuel and bio-fertilizer, reduce GHGs and improve waste management. » Strengthening the current breeding programme by breeding or introducing livestock with higher productivity and lower emissions per unit of output (e.g., meat, milk). » Improve feed quality to enhance digestibility of feed to reduce methane emissions and improve productivity (e.g., supplements, feed balancing). Continue to provide annually incentives on supplement and improved pasture to dairy farms to enhance feed quality and milk production Adaptation - Activities and Indicators A1 » Boost productivity and food security by transitioning farmers from subsistence to sustainable, commercial, and resilient practices. This includes scaling up organic and agro-ecological methods that open new markets in tourism and exports while improving nutrition outcomes. » Strengthen resilience through soil conservation, water management, and disaster preparedness, while ensuring inclusive participation. CSA creates opportunities for women, youth, persons with disabilities, and outer-island communities through targeted training, access to technologies, safe spaces for decision-making, and tailored livelihood programs that address their unique barriers. » Contribute to mitigation by reducing agricultural emissions, promoting agroforestry, and enhancing carbon sinks in crops, soils, and blue carbon ecosystems. » Reinforce other sectors, including forestry (through tree planting, watershed management, and agroforestry) and fisheries (through sustainable aquaculture, coastal protection, and blue carbon ecosystems), ensuring resilience gains extend across landscapes and communities. 1. Increase knowledge and skills of farmers on sustainable resource management and climate-smart agriculture practices a. % increase in the proportion of farmers who have adopted sustainable resource management and climate-smart agriculture practices [Baseline: 3% of 83,000 farmers in 2024; Target 2035: 13%] b. % increase in the proportion of farms adopting good farm husbandry practices [Baseline: 2% of 70,991 farm holdings in 2024; Target 2035: 10%] c. % increase in the proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture [Baseline: 19%: Target 2035: 50%] NDC3.0 | 65 A1 2. Improve land and water management in farming communities a. % increase in the proportion of communities adopting good land use practices. [Baseline: 2% of the agriculture communities in 2024: Target 2035: 10% of the agriculture communities] b. % increase in the proportion of communities with enhanced resilience to floods. [Baseline: 2% of the agriculture communities in 2024: Target 2035: 10% of the agriculture communities] 3. Improve disaster risk management recovery a. % of vulnerable farming households affected by disaster and supported. [Baseline: 90%: Target 2035: 90%] b. Proportion of agricultural area under irrigation. [Baseline: 5%: Target 2035: 50%] 4. Increase the number of small-scale farm holdings or smallholders transitioned to semi-commercial or medium-scale farming. a. % increase in the average real income of small-scale farm holdings [Baseline: 8000 FJD in 2024; Target 2035: 50%] b. % of smallholder farmers transitioned to semi-commercial farming level [Baseline: 5%; Target: 50%] 5. Increase the quality and quantity of education and training courses related to CSA. a. MAW training plan with pathways for all technical levels [Baseline: MAW Training policy to be developed in 2025; Target: 70% implementation of training policy plan] b. Proportion of youths trained in Navuso and Tutu Training Centre [Baseline: List of youths trained in Navuso and Tutu Training Centre to be obtained in 2025; Target 2035: 50% increase in the proportion of youths trained in Navuso and Tutu from the 2025 baseline] c. Proportion of youth graduates from Navuso and Tutu who are engaged in sustainable commercial farming [Baseline: List of youth graduates from Navuso and Tutu Training Centre adopting sustainable commercial farming to be obtained in 2025; Target 2035: 50% increase in the proportion of youth graduates from Navuso and Tutu adopting sustainable commercial farming from the 2025 baseline] 6. Develop and promote organic farming systems a. Number of farmers provided with organic farming support [Target 2026: 15000; 2027: 20000; 2028: 25000] 7. Expand CSA to fully include livestock through selective breeding, improved feeding, and advanced technologies like embryo transfer and artificial insemination 8. Conduct landscape mapping including saltwater intrusion mapping and nutrient deficiencies mapping 9. Reintroduce backyard gardening in urban communities a. Number of urban households reporting access to fresh vegetables from backyard gardens b. Number of schools, community centres or faith-based groups with demonstration gardens. 10.Promotion and adoption of low carbon Agriculture suited for local context. This includes; silvopastoral for livestock farming, backyard gardening, soil health and soil conservation practices. A2 1. Increase access to training to support building code compliance a. % of firms and builders trained in code-compliant construction 2. Strengthen ‘Government – Community’ partnerships for developing rural and maritime infrastructure and accessibility to entice economic growth 3. Strengthen partnerships with Commissioners and Divisional stakeholders for integrated infrastructure planning. 4. Increase investment in climate-resilient ports, jetties, roads, and drainage systems to enhance connectivity and reduce vulnerability to rural and urban flooding. a. % of ports, jetties, roads and drainage infrastructure upgraded or newly constructed to meet climate-resilient standards. b. Increased % of new retrofitted buildings in rural and maritime areas assessed as compliant with the national building code. c. Adoption of design standards/codes incorporating climate risk (sea-level rise, cyclones, storm surge) in port/jetty infrastructure or % of ports/jetties with integrated drainage, elevated platforms and protective seawalls. 66 | NDC3.0 A3 Mainstream disaster risk reduction planning and implementation at the local level a. Develop disaster risk reduction plans for the four divisions. b. Review and incorporate disaster risk reduction strategies into sectoral plans. c. Develop a community-based disaster risk management policy. 1. Retrofit and rebuild schools, health centers, and evacuation centers to cyclone- and flood-resilient building standards, ensuring accessibility for women, youth, elderly, and persons with disabilities. 2. Provide support to rural and maritime communities to enable compliance with building codes. 3. Define build back better strategies in line with climate and disaster risk priorities Indicators: a. Number of relocated communities with building code compliant infrastructure b. Increased % of rural and maritime communities provided with training/awareness on building codes (including CBDRM related and BBB trainings). c. Increased number of community builders/contractors trained and certified in cyclone-resilient construction in the divisions. d. Establishment and distribution of simplified and community-friendly building code guidelines (translated, pictorial, or adapted for relevant vernacular) e. Increased % of new or retrofitted schools, health posts, and evacuation centers in rural and maritime areas upgraded or constructed to meet building codes A4 Implement the Fiji Health Adaptation Plan focusing on the following objectives: 1. Develop a Climate-Smart Health Workforce 2. Develop a Vulnerability, Capacity, and Adaptation Assessment 3. Integrate Risk, Monitoring, and Early Warning in the Health System 4. Develop Health and Climate Research 5. Build Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Health Infrastructures 6. Improve Management of Environmental Determinants of Health 7. Develop Climate-Informed Health Programs 8. Increase Climate-Related Emergency Preparedness and Management 9. Develop a sustainable climate and health financing Implement the Fiji Health Adaptation Plan focusing on the following objectives.Indicators: a. Coverage of disease surveillance systems by increased % of health facilities reporting climate-sensitive diseases. b. Integration of climate data by the establishment of a national system linking meteorological and epidemiological data for early warnings. c. Increase number of climate-sensitive disease alerts issued per year (e.g. dengue or leptospirosis outbreak warnings). d. Availability of climate-sensitive disease response plans and national and divisional levels. e. Increased number of health care workers trained in climate-sensitive disease surveillance and response. A5 Demonstrate measurable progress towards ensuring reliable (24/7) supply of safe water to meet all domestic, commercial and industrial needs in both urban and rural settings, through integrated water planning and management that ensures resilience to a changing and changing climate. Indicators: a. Develop rural Water Masterplan with attention to climate and disaster impacts on national water systems b. Improve services to the 11% of the population with access to only basic water services and build resilience of water systems currently impacted / exposed to the impacts of climate change. c. Systematically expand access to the 6% of the population that is currently without access to clean water to ensure 100% of the population has access to clean water by 2030 NDC3.0 | 67 A6 To reduce poverty in all forms by 2030 and empower vulnerable households through enhanced social protection. Indicators: a. Incidence of poverty (%): Baseline (24.1%); 2025-2027 (20%); 2025-2029 (18%) b. Poverty Alleviation Projects-Housing (Hart Units): Baseline (800); 2025-2027 (100); 2025-2029 (200) c. Welfare Graduation Program (number): Baseline (0); 2025-2027 (300); 2025-2029 (500) d. Senior citizens assistance (number): Baseline (54200); 2025-2027 (55000); 2025-2029 (56000) Implement Women’s Economic Empowerment National Action Plan [WEENAP] (2025-2030) focusing on the following main areas: 1. Helping women find jobs and build skills; 2. Supporting women in business and entrepreneurship; 3. Improving access to financial services and promoting resilience; and 4. Promoting health, wellbeing, and removing barriers that stop women from working or earning. Indicators: a. Increasing women’s participation in the workforce from 32% to 60% by 2030 b. Growing women’s ownership of registered micro, small, and medium businesses from 19% to 50% by 2029 c. Raising women’s representation in Parliament from 10% to 30%, A7 1. Further integrate climate adaptation and disaster risk management priorities. Indicators: a. Identify and integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation priorities, addressing both fast and slow onset hazard events and long-term climate impacts. b. Co-deliver planned relocation initiatives by DRR and CCA lead and strengthen integrated early warning systems for slow onset risk reduction. 2. Strengthen multi-hazard early warning systems Indicators: a. Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify and understand various hazards, including cyclones, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and other potential threats. b. Consider the vulnerability and exposure of communities and critical infrastructure. c. Prioritise a people centered approach ensuring that warnings are tailored to the needs of different communities, including vulnerable and marginalised groups. d. Establish efficient and reliable communication pathways for the timely dissemination of warnings to the public. Develop protocols for issuing warnings and ensure that information reaches all relevant authorities and communities effectively. e. Empower local communities to take an active role in early warning systems through the establishment of community-based monitoring and response mechanisms. f. Develop and implement evacuation plans and drills in collaboration with local communities. A8 Implement mangrove restoration, watershed rehabilitation, and nature-based solutions (buffer storm surges, flooding, and erosion) while sustaining fisheries and community livelihoods. Indicators: a. # of Nature-based solution projects implemented b. # of Communities involved in leading long-term NbS activities c. # of Critical ecosystems /biodiversity hotspots benefiting from NbS A9 Indicators: a. # of National Environmental Laws reviewed, amended and brought into alignment with the CCA 2021 by 2035 68 | NDC3.0 A10 Indicators: a. # of degraded areas with management plans in place b. Area (ha) under restoration Area (ha) evaluated as being restored c. Area (ha) of cities/towns that is green/blue space for public use for all # of urban areas prioritised for civic restoration d. National Register of introduced and invasive species e. # of companies disclosing their biodiversity-related risks, dependencies, and impacts f. National Food Waste National Baseline Report Endorsed National Plan of Action for Food Waste g. National Environment Capacity self-assessment report h. NBSAP communication strategy plan NBSAP GEDSI Plan A11 Indicators: a. # Trees planted verified through standardised monitoring and reporting process b. # of native tree species saplings planted c. Standard operating procedures for nursery management approved and implemented d. # of new nurseries established e. Forest reserves and parks under long-term conservation (number) [Baseline: 17; 2025-2027: 18; 2025-2029:19] f. Forest area as proportion of total area (%) [Baseline:60; 2025-2027: 63; 2025-2029: 64] g. Restoration of mangrove ecosystem (ha) [ Baseline: 47000; 2025-2027: 48000; 2025-2029: 50000] h. Reforestation of degraded areas ($m) [Baseline:1; 2025-2027: 1.8; 2025-2029: 2.8] Sub-Target: Increase the number of forestry sector businesses owned by Youths and Women by 2% by 2030 A12 Indicators: a. # of new MPA’s established b. Area of Designated Offshore Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) c. # of new MPAs established in Biodiversity Hotspots d. Area of Sustainable Use Zones e. Area of No-Take Zones A13 1. Implement the Sustainable Commercial Fisheries Strategy and Management Plan 2. Implement the Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Strategy and Management Plan » Monitoring Systems » Scientific Research/Biological data collection and Analysis » Stakeholder Engagement » Gear Regulation 3. Expand coverage of active coastal zone management » Ensure all activities in the coastal areas in Fiji comply with relevant environmental policies and legislation. NDC3.0 | 69 A13 (CONT'D) Indicators: a. Sustainable gear monitoring reports b. Target Species Population Trends c. MSC reports d. Catch limits and TAC reports e. Compliance reports f. WPCPFC compliance reports g. Habitat Health Assessments h. Ministry of Fisheries' Official Management Division (OFFDiC) reports i. Data Collection Systems j. Stock Assessment Results k. Observer reports on gear compliance managed by FFA A14 Indicators: a. # of ocean acidification monitoring sites and assessments A15 Indicators: a. # of projects with direct treatment and engagement with traditional knowledge systems b. # of policies which facilitate the project and utilisation of traditional knowledge systems Loss and Damage - Activities and indicators L1 1. Further integrate loss and damage response issues into national institutional arrangements including through the use of the National Climate Change Coordination Committee meetings as a platform for updating key stakeholders on critical loss and damage response priorities, trends and approaches. 2. Further integrate loss and damage monitoring and response considerations and actions into national policy processes, budgetary planning, and strategy development 3. Systematically build national capacity and capability to assess, measure, track and quantify loss and damage through the expansion of mandated data collection requirements, additional data monitoring capacity, and the improvement of existing data on natural assets, biodiversity, infrastructure, demographics, and cultural heritage 4. Harness new and emerging technology to enhance national efforts to address loss and damage including but not limited to the use of satellite imaging for tracking climate impacts, digital platforms for disbursing finance to affected communities, GIS systems for mapping and monitoring loss and damage trends, and the digitization of records documenting cultural practices, traditional knowledge, and other information at risk of loss. 5. Support the enabling environment for the research and attribution science required to broaden the scope, effectiveness, and coverage of loss and damage response solutions through the active engagement with academia, pursuit of research grants, and support to facilitate the engagement of national researchers within loss and damage research programs. L2 1. Diversify, scale up and expand national systems and financial modalities for loss and damage response (inclusive of national funds, risk-transfer schemes, social protection systems). 2. Continue to increase capacity to execute timely loss and damage response through standing national arrangements and targeted funds such as the Climate Relocation of Communities Trust Fund in the effort to disrupt loss and damage trends and alleviate affected communities and sectors from the burden of loss and damage. 3. Continue to explore, assess and advocate for innovative and non-traditional sources of financing to address loss and damage. 4. Continue to invest in the international advocacy and diplomacy required to further develop, evolve, and enhance international arrangements, approaches, and commitments to addressing climate driven loss and damage including through ongoing engagement with the UNFCCC, Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Executive Committee and its Santiago Network, and the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage. 70 | NDC3.0 L2 (CONT'D) 5. Increase the level of financing pre-arranged for disaster response, and diversify DRF instruments to ensure coverage at the micro, meso, and macro level recognising that at least 9 times the pre-arranged financing currently in place is required to adequately finance disaster response (based on historic 10-year annual disaster loss trends) 6. Continue to proactively manage debt levels and seek external funding to support infrastructure reconstruction and the capacity to address residual losses due to historic events and in relation to financing gaps for reconstruction that may arise from future events. Indicators: » Number of targeted national-level loss and damage response arrangements in place by 2035 (funding arrangements/ disbursement channels) » Number of loss and damage finance requests/proposals submitted. » Number of successful loss and damage finance requests/proposals. L3 1. Carry out targeted loss and damage assessment for different climate-affected crops to further improve understanding and attribution of productivity loss to climate change drivers. 2. Increase national level monitoring of crop loss and productivity loss to support climate impact attribution methodologies 3. Explore options for expanding parametric insurance offerings to further suit different agricultural profiles 4. Explore feasibility of establishing a national agricultural protection fund to support farmers and cooperatives impacted by heavy losses with the aim of buffering agricultural industry from losses that reduce the financial viability of re-engaging in agriculture (business continuity). Indicators: a. Number of agricultural loss and damage assessments completed b. Crop loss monitoring arrangements in place by 2035 c. Agricultural loss and damage response arrangements in place by 2035 L4 1. Access resources required to assess 43 at-risk communities and conduct assessments to confirm whether relocation is required 2. Develop supplementary resources to assist with the relocation SOP, including checklists for cultural sensitivity, gender, and child safety, as well as a displacement strategy; 3. Scale up financing for the Fiji CROC Trust Fund to ensure predictable resources for relocation, compensation, and addressing loss and damage. Indicators: a. Number of community relocation assessments completed b. Number of supplementary SOP resources (methodologies, tools) produced c. % increase in CROC Trust fund capital L5 1. Develop methodology(s) for assessing non-economic loss and damage in Fiji based on localised values, place-based considerations, and a clear set of principles that support the definition of the scope of assessment. 2. Integrate non-economic loss and damage assessment methods into the CRVAM 3. Establish platforms of non-economic loss and damage consultations to develop measures and arrangements for addressing them 4. Develop geographic information system (GIS) mapping layer of key cultural heritage sites that can be integrated into new and existing GIS climate and disaster risk maps and products. 5. Utilise existing community consultation and engagement mechanisms to support NELD information gathering Indicators: » Development of proposals for submission to the SNLD aimed at supporting efforts to address NELD » Development and endorsement of NELD assessment methodologies » Number of consultations on NELD issues conducted in Fiji NDC3.0 | 71 Fiji communicates an overview of current and emerging loss and damage trends experienced in Fiji and their associated drivers. This information illustrates the current and potential manifestations of loss and damage in Fiji and further demonstrates both the imperative of adaptation and the ongoing need to further develop national systems for loss and damage response and implement loss and damage response activities. Slow Onset (SO)/Climate Primary Exacerbated Disaster Climate Change Driver Localised Implications Impact Loss and Damage TREND/RISK SDGs Impact (DI)+ REF Impacted Adaptation Dimension: INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Increased Average Temperatures, DI: Response and Intensification of hazard events (cyclones, Increased likelihood of disaster event. Increased Increased disaster response and recovery costs. 1,2,3,6, Increased Average Sea Surface Recovery extreme rainfall, prolonged drought) damage and loss to all sectors Increased risk of injury and mortality. 8,10 (13) Temperatures Damage to critical infrastructure, private Disruption to economic activity and daily life. Increased Average Temperatures, Intensification of hazard events (cyclones, infrastructure, private assets due to high Economic losses to businesses, government, 1,3,8,9, DI: Infrastructure Increased Average Sea Surface extreme rainfall, prolonged drought) winds, flooding, landslides, coastal inundation, and households. Increased reconstruction costs. 11 (13) Temperatures, Sea Level Rise prolonged drought and heatwaves Reduction to GDP. Increased debt burden. Increased upkeep and replacement costs, reduced Accelerated deterioration and reduced lifespan of Increased Average Temperatures, Extreme rainfall, elevated local temperatures productivity of economic systems and disruption SO: Infrastructure roads, energy infrastructure, cement structures, 6,8,9, Increased Average Sea Surface and heatwaves, increased scope and scale of to daily life. Loss of habitable land, disruption to and Human Settlements accelerated corrosion processes, damage to 11 (13) Temperatures, Sea Level Rise flooding and coastal inundation livelihoods, loss of cultural heritage sites, damage to transport system and vehicles social cohesion. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Reduced crop yields, reduce income for commercial, Increased Average Temperatures,

ANNEX 3: NATIONAL COMMUNICATION OF LOSS AND DAMAGE TRENDS Intensification of hazard events/ local weather small holder, and subsistence farmers, reduced 1,2,3,10, DI: Crops Increased Average Sea Surface Damage and Destruction of Crops extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged drought) feasibility of traditional livelihoods, downstream 12,15 (13) Temperatures, Sea Level Rise impact on nutrition Intensification of hazard events/ local weather Impact on health of livestock. Increased livestock extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged drought), 1,2,3,10, DI/SO: Livestock Increased Average Temperatures mortality. Loss of conditions appropriate for Reduced productivity and income from livestock Changing Rainfall Patterns, Increased Average 12,15 (13) livestock rearing temperatures Reduced crop yield, reduce income for commercial, Increased Average Temperatures, Saltwater intrusion, extreme rainfall, prolonged small holder, and subsistence farmers, reduced 1,2,3,10, SO: Soil Damage to arable land, Loss of soil fertility Sea Level Rise drought, increased average temperatures feasibility of traditional livelihoods, downstream 12,15 (13) impact on nutrition ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY, FOOD, LIVELIHOODS Reduction in fish catch, Changes to traditional fishing SO: Fisheries, Ocean acidification, Increased methods, Reduced income from fisheries, Reduced Ocean acidification, Rising sea surface Changing fish migration patterns, Reduced 1,2,3,10, Coral Reefs, Marine Average Temperatures, Increased fish catch potential in traditional fishing grounds, temperatures productivity of fisheries 12,14 (13) Biodiversity Loss Average Sea Surface Temperatures Downstream impact on nutrition and food security. Risk of tourism loss due to reef health decline Slow Onset (SO)/Climate Primary Exacerbated Disaster Climate Change Driver Localised Implications Impact Loss and Damage TREND/RISK SDGs Impact (DI)+ REF Impacted ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY Damage to wetland ecosystems, damage to SO: Ecosystem Damage Increased Average Temperatures, Saltwater intrusion, extreme rainfall, prolonged Increased pressure on threatened and endangered 14,15, endemic flora and forests ecosystems due to soil and Biodiversity Loss Sea Level Rise drought, intensified cyclone events species and habitats (13) degradation and changing climatic patterns WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Reduction of / Loss of freshwater availability 3,6, SO: Water Increased Average Temperatures Changing rainfall patterns, prolonged drought Reduced rainfall in specific locations impacting community health, habitability, and basic 12, (13) human rights CULTURAL HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE Ocean acidification, rising sea surface Ocean acidification, Increased temperatures, Sea level rise and coastal Changes to seasonal calendar, variation in Disruption to cultural practices and the knowledge SO: Traditional Average Temperatures, erosion, Intensification of hazard events/ local climate, erosion of traditional knowledge due to base that informs those practices and activities. 5,10, Knowledge Increased Average Sea Surface weather extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged changes to the weather patterns and long-term Erosion of traditional roles and loss of knowledge 11, (13) and Cultural Practices Temperatures, Sea Level Rise drought), Changing Rainfall Patterns, Increased trends upon which the knowledge is basis and practice Average temperature POVERTY ERADICATION AND LIVELIHOODS / CULTURAL HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE Disruption / loss of potential to utilise traditional Ocean acidification, rising sea surface methods of subsistence due to the localised impact Ocean acidification, Increased temperatures, Sea level rise and coastal Changes to seasonal calendar, variation in of climate change on biodiversity, ecosystem SO: Traditional Average Temperatures, erosion, Intensification of hazard events/ local 1,5,10, climate, damage to reefs and fisheries, changes services, specific habitats and natural assets. Loss Livelihoods Increased Average Sea Surface weather extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged 11, (13) to coastal dynamics of applicability of traditional methods as means Temperatures, Sea Level Rise drought), Changing Rainfall Patterns, Increased of subsistence. Impact on nutrition and culturally Average temperature valuable social activities. Increased urban drift. POVERTY ERADICATION AND LIVELIHOODS Ocean acidification, rising sea surface Disruption to Tourism, reduced employment temperatures, Sea level rise and coastal Increased Average Temperatures, Erosion of economic productivity in sectors and opportunities in rural and maritime areas, reduced erosion, Intensification of hazard events/ local 1,8,10, DI/SO: Livelihoods Increased Average Sea Surface in relation to activities reliant on historic climatic working hours due to heat events, outmigration, weather extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged 11, (13) Temperatures trends damage to informal sector, unemployment. Risk of drought), Changing Rainfall Patterns, Increased increase in poverty rate Average temperature Slow Onset (SO)/Climate Primary Exacerbated Disaster Climate Change Driver Localised Implications Impact Loss and Damage TREND/RISK SDGs Impact (DI)+ REF Impacted HEALTH IMPACTS AND PUBLIC SERVICES Health Impacts arising from water security and safety issues including increased incidence of Ocean acidification, rising sea surface Human exposure to heat, loss of nutritional water-borne diseases, health impacts arising from temperatures, Sea level rise and coastal content due to reduced agricultural and fishing Increased Average Temperatures, climate impacts on food security (lack of nutrition, erosion, Intensification of hazard events/ local productivity, favourable conditions for mosquito 3,5, DI/SO: Human Health Increased Average Sea Surface food-borne diseases), increased drivers of NCDs, weather extremes (extreme rainfall / prolonged breeding, water and sanitation issues post 6, (13) Temperatures Increased vector-borne disease risks, Increase risk drought), Changing Rainfall Patterns, Increased disaster and during period of heavy rainfall and of zoonoses, Increased burden on under-resourced Average temperature drought. health systems. Mental/psycho-social health issues arising from climate-stressors and disaster events ALL DIMENSIONS Loss of intrinsic value of land to landowners, Increased Average Temperatures, Coastal erosion, riverine erosion, sea-level rise Degradation/Loss of Land due to coastal erosion 1,2,3,5,8, damage to landowning systems and traditions, loss SO: Land Increased Average Sea Surface driven inundation, climate change intensified and inundation, saltwater intrusion and changing 10,11,14, of economic potential, loss of biodiversity, increased Temperatures disaster exposure/damage/loss coastal dynamics 15, (13) vulnerability of adjacent land ALL DIMENSIONS Increased Average Temperatures, Coastal erosion, riverine erosion, sea-level rise Degradation/Loss of Land due to coastal erosion Loss of Habitability / Safety, reduced potential for 1,2,3,5,8, DI/SO: Inhabited Land Increased Average Sea Surface driven inundation, climate change intensified and inundation, saltwater intrusion and changing ‘in-situ’ adaptation. Loss of livelihoods. Continuous 10,11,14, Temperatures disaster exposure/damage/loss coastal dynamics, increased landslide risk property damage. Damage to cultural heritage sites. 15, (13) Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Level 3 Bali Tower, 318 Toorak Road Suva, Fiji P O Box 2109, Government Buildings, Suva, Fiji