Egypt's Second Updated Nationally Determined Contributions

2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for 16 November 2015 to 31st December 2030 implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or Single-year target in 2030 multi-year target, as applicable. 36

3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; Sectoral emission reduction targets are provided compared to the BAU projection of each sector by 2030. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and Sectors covered: pools covered by the nationally Quantitative targets for the following sectors determined contribution, •Electricity (Power Generation, including, as applicable, consistent Transmission, and Distribution) with Intergovernmental Panel on •Oil & Gas Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; •Transport Policies and measures for the following sectors: •Industry •Buildings and Urban Cities •Tourism •Waste Management Agriculture and Land Use sector has not been included under the mitigation actions. Greenhouse gases covered: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (c) How the Party has taken into All major sources of GHG emissions in the consideration paragraph 31(c) and GHG inventory have already been covered in (d) of decision 1/CP.21; this NDC update. Para. 31(c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their Nationally Determined Contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it” Para. 31(d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded” 37

3 Scope and coverage: (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting The adaptation actions with the main from Parties’ adaptation actions mitigation co-benefit potential includes the and/or economic diversification following: plans, including description of •Impact of water conservation, recycling, specific projects, measures and and rainwater harvesting measures on initiatives of Parties’ adaptation energy use. actions and/or economic diversification plans •Use of renewable energy to develop unconventional water sources (i.e. solar desalination). •Increasing the sustainability of natural resources through improved land and livestock management and capacity building for farmers. •Availing data by strengthening the institutional systems for crisis and disaster management through monitoring, forecasting, and analysis and applying strategic operational policies for certain sectors (i.e. agriculture, tourism). •Green city planning, architectural design, and construction of buildings and other establishments. •Diversion dams to direct flows away from roads to avoid traffic congestions. 38

4 Planning process (a) Information on the planning The NDC update is aligned with Egypt’s processes that the Party developmental and climate change policies, undertook to prepare its nationally including Sustainable Development Strategy: determined contribution and, Egypt’s Vision 2030, the emerging Long Term if available, on the Party’s Low Emission Development Strategy 2050 implementation plans, including, (LT-LEDS) and the National Climate Change as appropriate: Strategy 2050 (NCCS), and the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition to sectoral strategies, such as: Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy 2035, National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy, and Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy towards 2030. i Domestic institutional Refer to Section VI (Means of Implementation arrangements, public participation > Policy Mechanisms and Institutional and engagement with local Arrangements) above communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive The National Climate Change Council (NCCC) manner; was founded in 2015 through the Prime Minister Decree No.1912 (later amended by the Prime Minister Decree No. 1129/2019) as the national authority in Egypt concerned with climate change. The members of its Supreme Committee are represented across the relevant line ministries headed by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Ministry of Environment (MoE) was established in 1997 by Presidential Decree no. 275/1997 and its policies are executed by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). 39

4 Planning process i The Climate Change Central Department (CCCD) in the EEAA is the technical secretariat to the NCCC and focal point to the UNFCCC and coordinates climate efforts with relevant ministries and governmental entities. Furthermore, the planning and implementation of climate measures follows participatory approaches through collaboration among government, private sector, civil society, academia, media, international community, and other concerned stakeholders. Consultations with line ministries and workshops with a wide range of sector representatives were held to agree on mitigation and adaptation actions and targets during the preparation of 1st BUR, LEDS, and NDC update. ii Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a National circumstances, such as Refer to Section I (National Context > National geography, climate, economy, Circumstances) above sustainable development and poverty eradication; b Best practices and experience Refer to Section I (National Context > related to the preparation of I n t r o d u c t i o n ) a b ove the nationally determined c o n t r i b u t io n ; Egypt submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in November 2015 to achieve the global targets set out in the UNFCCC’s Paris Agreement. After Egypt signed the Paris Agreement on the 22nd of April 2016 and ratified it on 29th June 2017, the INDC was considered Egypt’s first NDC. Consultations with line ministries and NCC representatives were held to approve the updated NDC. 40

4 Planning process c Other contextual aspirations and Refer to Section I (National Context > priorities acknowledged when Introduction) above joining the Paris Agreement; (b) Specific information applicable Not applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation Not applicable since the Global Stock take has of its nationally determined not yet taken place (planned 2023). contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i How the economic and social Not applicable consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; 41

4 Planning process ii Specific projects, measures and Specific activities and associated indicators activities to be implemented have been identified for adaptation and to contribute to mitigation co- mitigation in Egypt Vision 2030, National benefits, including information on Climate Change Strategy 2050, and the adaptation plans that also yield supporting technical documents prepared as mitigation co-benefits, which may part of this NDC update. cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries

5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological Current approach is in accordance with approaches used for accounting methodologies and common metrics assessed for anthropogenic greenhouse by the IPCC (refer to 5(d) below). gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; (b) Assumptions and methodological Refer to Section VII (Monitoring, Reporting, approaches used for accounting and Verification) above for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; 42

5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (c) If applicable, information on how Refer to 5(d) below the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics IPCC methodologies: used for estimating anthropogenic The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG greenhouse gas emissions and Inventories were applied for the calculation removals; of GHGs in all sectors (utilizing IPCC GHG Inventory software). Default emission factors in IPCC good practice guidance issued in the years 1996 and 2006 have been utilized. Additional Guidance: In addition to the IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, the ‘Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories’ guidelines were used for preparation of the inventories. Metrics: Global Warming Potential (GWP) values for a 100-year time horizon from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995). 43

5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i Approach to addressing emissions Not applicable and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; ii Approach used to account for Not applicable emissions and removals from harvested wood products; iii Approach used to address the Not applicable effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i How the reference indicators, The projected BAU 2030 has been baseline(s) and/or reference simulated with LEAP software under the level(s), including, where applicable, LEDS. The 2015 reference year is based sector-, category- or activity- on Egypt’s GHG Inventory under 1st BUR. specific reference levels, are GHG emissions estimates in Egypt’s GHG constructed, including, for example, Inventory are made using methodologies key parameters, assumptions, outlined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for definitions, methodologies, data National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and sources and models used subsequent IPCC guidelines (refer to section 5(d)). ii For Parties with nationally Not applicable determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 44

5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: iii For climate forcers included in Not applicable nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; iv Further technical information, as Not applicable necessary; (g) The intention to use voluntary Egypt expresses interest for voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the cooperation in emerging international Paris Agreement, if applicable. carbon markets governed by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its Egypt adopts the equity principle of nationally determined contribution common but differentiated responsibilities is fair and ambitious in the light of in accordance with the respective national its national circumstances; capabilities, in accordance with the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. Despite that Egypt’s contribution to global emissions is marginal, but the country is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts (specifically Delta region) that threaten its path to sustainable development. Egypt has set an ambitious target to contribute to reducing GHG emissions. Egypt update of its NDC is ambitious in terms of meeting the long-term goal set by the Paris Agreement including mitigation and adaptation. Leveraging this ambition is directly proportional to the availability of additional sustainable and predictable support to facilitate the means for implementation. 45

6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (b) Fairness considerations, including Refer to 6(a) reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Refer to Section II (Revision Highlights) Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris above Agreement; (d) How the Party has addressed Not applicable Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; (e) How the Party has addressed Not applicable Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.

7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined Refer to 6(a) contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; (b) How the nationally determined Refer to 6(a) contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 46