Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016 -2021

GOVER Minis Depart G M D RNMENT OF BE try of the En tment of Enviro GOVERN Ministry o Departm Ber ERMUDA vironment onment and Na NMENT O of the En ment of En rmud 2 Feed tural Resources OF BERMU vironmen nvironme da Cr 2016 ding Berm 21 st Jul s UDA nt ent and N rop S 202 muda Ou ly 2016 B Natural R Strate 1 urselves ermuda Cro Resource egy op Strategy 2016-2021 es y 1 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 Department of Environmental Protection Agriculture Strategy - Crop Sector – Page1 Bermuda A The Bermuda Agriculture Strategy 2016 comprises three components: The Dairy strategy The Crop strategy The Livestock strategy GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 2 Acknowledgements The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is grateful and acknowledges the considerable support to this project from the Board of Agriculture and the Technical Focus Group participants. Board of Agriculture 2016 Carlos Amaral, Chair Richard Bascome, Jr. Abayomi Carmichael Frances Eddy Roger Pacheco Stephen Dunkley Thomas Wadson Albert Swan Brian Swan Cathy Stovell Patricia Hill Drew Pettit, Director Technical Focus Groups 2012 Head Facilitator Dr Fred Ming (former Director) Land Use Drew Pettit Bobby Baron Brian Franklin Peter Drew Richard Bascome Snr Roger Pacheco Sudell Joseph Taj Jamal Charles Brown Technology and Alternative methods Abayomi Carmichael Eric Peets Carlos Amaral Kim Burch Omari Dill Philip Mason Paget Wharton Francis Eddy Warren Brown Labour and Training Dawn Santucci Wendy Pacheco Fred Ming Norbert Simmons Omari Dill Pandora Glasford Richard Bascome Jnr Joan Blades Cathy Stovell Gina Spence Jodi Virgil Apiculture Claire Jessey Jock Stewart Lewell Woolridge Jnr Mark Wheddon Tommy Sinclair Markets and Economy Craig Simmons Kristine Ferreira Marco Zanol Patty Hill Steven Dunkley Tommy Sinclair Susan Wilson Ian Truran Steven Petty Animal Products Jonathan Nisbett Dane Coombs Tom Wadson Richard Bascome Jnr Norbert Simmons Malcolm Smith David Kendell Kevin Lindell Crop Production Terry Lynn Thompson Claire Jessey Andrew Pettit Geoff Smith Carlos Amaral Manuel Desilva Patty Hill Tom Wadson Walter Saul Jamie Bacon Mark Rowe Allen Bean Snr Gabre Swan (Brian) Frank Machado Horticulture Aaron Lutkin Kim Burch Bobby Baron Dawn Santucci Jeff Sousa E Michael Jones Roger Pacheco Kevin Horsfield Joseph Tavares Amaranth Report Ann Gordon Dietrich Fischer GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 3 Executive Summary One of the most isolated and densely populated island’s in the world Bermuda is often described as a semi‐tropical paradise with conditions that permit the growing of a wide variety of crops. Originally established as a money making venture by the Somers Company in 1610 Bermuda has had an extensive history in agriculture and crop experimentation. Crops included tobacco, maize, mulberries (for an aspiring silk trade), Arrowroot, onions and Easter Lilies were all experimented with mixed success. One of the greatest challenges was the land area available for cultivation was small, especially when compared to the plots granted to the settlers in the establishing colonies in the Americas. Nonetheless food export rose to its height in 1890s through to the 1930s with Bermuda becoming known as the “New York’s Market Garden’. Technological advancements and the enactment of protective tariff legislation in the United States conspired to lead to the down fall of Bermuda’s export market. Modern day transportation and refrigeration allowed southern and western states to provide produce to Bermuda’s main markets on the US eastern coast. These advancements then expanded to afford regular supply to Bermuda, creating further competition to local supply of agriculture produce and led to an increase dependency on the importation of fresh food. In the second half of the 20 th Century Bermuda turned to tourism and then off shore finance as its main economic drivers. As a result the island has enjoyed steady economic prosperity with Bermuda becoming one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. All success comes with a price. Over the last 60 years a significant proportion of prime agriculture land has been lost to tourism and residential development and the infrastructure required to support the new “pillars of its economy”. At its peak Bermuda was farming some 3000 acres. Today there are only 738 acres of protected arable reserve and of that approximately 50% of that is being farmed. This reduced capacity to produce food locally and the “easy” access to food importation continues to have a significant direct bearing on the direction of local agriculture, Today agriculture finds that it must “fit” into an increasingly urbanised society tailored more for residential use rather than more traditional farming activities. As Bermuda moves into the 21 st century a number of factors will likely drive the demand for and needs of local agriculture.  The amount of land available for agriculture will be a guiding influence on traditional crop production. However prime agriculture land will continue to be put under pressure for development of more remunerative land uses.  Exponential global population growth will place demands on food resources which could result in lower quality, higher costs and decreased availability.  Bermuda’s dependency on food importation has often been highlighted as a weakness. With limited storage capacity any disruption to food shipments, be they weather or a GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 4 security event in a critical shipping port, can very quickly impact local food availability.  A need to address global trends towards a reliance on energy dense, nutrient poor foods and increasingly sedentary lifestyles.  An aging farming industry and current lack of interest in agriculture by the youth will jeopardise the sustainability of the sector.  Bermuda will have to adapt to future challenges presented by climate change. Potential impacts could include rising sea levels leading to physical loss and salt contamination of land, changes to weather patterns – more, less and/or more intense rainfall, higher frequency of storm events, wind and drought. Consideration must be given as to how to mitigate the potential damage of such through infrastructure changes and crop choices. These issues translate into a need to improve Bermuda’s food and nutritional security by developing and supporting a vibrant local agriculture sector. Recognizing that food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The challenge will be to better ensure affordability, availability and reliability of nutritious food. This document serves as the strategic plan for the crop and farming component of the integrated agricultural strategy to enable the improvement of Bermuda’s food and nutritional security. It is a comprehensive response to both challenges and opportunities identified through extensive stakeholder focus groups and an ad hoc working group. The general objectives of the strategy are: a. To preserve and enhance the agriculture land base b. To develop sector capacity c. To encourage innovation and smart farming d. To reduce risk and cost of production e. To reduce loss or damage of product f. To foster agriculture friendly regulations g. To promote local produce h. To raise awareness and education i. To promote industry advocacy and coordination To effectively realise these objectives the strategy will undertake initiatives focused on the following topics: 1. Infrastructure improvement 2. Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation 3. Connecting people to the land 4. Fostering agriculture friendly regulation 5. Increased production and diversification 6. Reduced production cost and loss 7. Advocacy and sector coordination 8. Local produce promotion 9. Communication and education G M D July 2016 10. Pollin 11. Exten build 12. 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Location ................................................. 11 Figure 4. Bermuda Satellite Aerial, 2003 ............... 12 Figure 5. Population density ................................. 13 Figure 6. Marketing channel ................................. 16 Figure 7: Bee inspections ...................................... 20 Figure 8: Customs tariffs ....................................... 30 Figure 9: Farm operations ..................................... 31 Figure 10. Import process ..................................... 33 Figure 11. Agriculture Marketing Centre 2016 ....... 36 Figure 12. Plant Protection Laboratory trends ...... 38 Figure 13. Typical peri‐agriculture system ............. 46 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 7 PART 1 Strategic Intent The ultimate goal of the strategy is to reduce Bermuda’s dependence on imported produce by increasing local agricultural production in a sustainable manner. This will lead to greater food security, increased employment and preservation of a historically important industry. Further it will create a healthier, more food‐secure community, where local food is more accessible to everyone and individuals, families and communities are encouraged to grow, prepare, preserve, purchase and celebrate local food. Vision To increase local food production by 20% (by 2021, through optimizing and increasing arable land, utilizing sustainable practices (such as building soils with compost thus reducing chemical inputs), promoting home gardening, public education and training to create jobs for Bermudians. Board of Agriculture, November 2015. Objectives In order to successfully achieve the vision the strategy will: 1. Preserve and enhance the agriculture land base 2. Create employment for Bermudians 3. Develop sector capacity 4. Encourage innovation and smart farming 5. Reduce risk and cost of production 6. Reduce loss or damage of product 7. Foster agriculture friendly regulations 8. Promote local produce 9. Raise awareness and education 10. Promote industry advocacy and coordination Scope and organisation of the strategy The Agriculture Strategy will be a ‘living document’ that will be reviewed periodically to gauge progress and ensure the objectives are being achieved. These reviews will also create opportunities for adjustment in the face of new and/or lingering issues, and for development of new policies that respond to the needs of the agricultural economy. This report is divided into six parts: Part 1 provides strategic intent and sets the vision for the next 5 years; Part 2 provides a situational summary of the agriculture industry; Part 3 provides an overview of the current legislative and policy framework; Part 4 identifies the stakeholders and roles that they play in the production of crops; Part5 focuses on a situational analysis of the industry and identifies future trends that will likely impact the agriculture sector; Part 6 sets out the strategic objectives and initiatives of the plan; Part 7 outlines a prioritised multi‐year plan of action. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 8 Developing the agricultural strategy The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (formerly the Department of Environmental Protection) has been developing a strategy for agricultural intensification since 2012. This document is the collaborative efforts of; 1. Agricultural Strategy (2012) stakeholder meetings and discussions: a. Horticulture b. Technology and alternative methods c. Markets and Economy d. Crop production e. Land use f. Animal products g. Apiculture h. Training/Education 2. The Amaranth Report, including stakeholder meetings and discussions in Bermuda in November 2013. 3. Plant Importation Focus Group meetings 2015. 4. Board of Agriculture. Definitions These definitions are included for clarity and context. Agriculture ‐The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops (including plants associated with horticulture), and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock. Figure 2: Consultation process Development of Brief Stakeholder group consultation 1st Draft Consultant ‐ agriculture economist & stakeholder consultation 2nd Draft Board of Agriculture consultation Final draft Submission for ministerial approval GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 9 Agricultural industry ‐Refers to all farmers, farm workers and Government and non‐ governmental service providers associated with the practice of farming. Agri‐tourism‐ Involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that attracts visitors to a farm, garden or market, including buying produce direct from a farm stand picking fruit, feeding animals or staying at a bed and breakfast on a farm. Alien invasive species (AIS) – Refers to any species that become established in a new environment, then proliferate and spread in ways that are destructive to native ecosystems, human health, and ultimately human welfare. An AIS can include non‐ native, non‐indigenous, foreign, exotic species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. Aquaponics ‐ A closed loop system containing plants and fish that share a symbiotic relationship and provide food and cleaning functions. A closed loop system is a self‐sustaining system whereby wastes or outputs of one system are used as a resource for another system. Biological control (beneficial) ‐ The introduction and establishment of living organisms, typically natural enemies, which will reduce pest populations and disease pathogens. Biological control usually involves an active human role. Edible landscape ‐ The use of food‐ producing plants in the residential landscape. Horticulture ‐ Generally accepted to include the cultivation of: • tree, bush and perennial vine fruits; • perennial bush and tree nuts; • vegetables (roots, tubers, shoots, stems, leaves, fruits and flowers of edible and mainly annual plants); • aromatic and medicinal foliage, seeds and roots (from annual or perennial plants); • cut flowers, potted ornamental plants, and bedding plants (including both annual or perennial plants), and • trees, shrubs, turf and ornamental grasses propagated and produced in nurseries for use in landscaping, establishing fruit orchards and other crop production units. Micro‐propagation‐A tissue culture technique for plant propagation in which tissue is taken from a plant and grown in a laboratory to produce plantlets that are genetically identical to the parent. Monopolistic ‐ A situation where only "one" company offers its products or services to the public, thereby creating a monopoly, a sole supplying firm where the consumer has no option or choice but to buy their services or products. Monopsony‐A market similar to a monopoly except that a large buyer not seller controls a large proportion of the market and drives the prices down. Sometimes referred to as the buyer's monopoly. Organic ‐ A broadly defined category of food which, in the purest form, is grown without chemical fertilisers or pesticides and sold to the consumer without adding preservatives and synthetic food enhancers. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 10 Peri‐urban agriculture ‐ The practice of farming in areas on the urban edge predominantly tailored to serve urban markets. Praedial larceny ‐ Locally known as night farming, is the theft of agricultural produce or livestock from a farm or estate. Subsoil ‐ The stratum or layer of soil below topsoil and overlying the bedrock, which has a poorer structure and is usually less fertile. Top soil ‐ The upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 8 inches (20 cm). It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. Value addition ‐To economically increase the worth of an agricultural product by processing it into a product desired by consumers. Vertical farming ‐A revolutionary approach to producing high quantities of nutritious and quality fresh food all year round, without relying on skilled labour, favourable weather, high soil fertility or high water usage. As a component of urban agriculture it is the practice of cultivating plant life within a skyscraper greenhouse or on vertically inclined surfaces. A common version of vertical farming uses techniques similar to glass houses, where natural sunlight can be augmented with artificial lighting and metal reflectors. Urban agriculture‐ The practice of cultivating, processing and distributing food in and around towns and cities. It involves intensive production methods and (re) using natural resources and urban wastes to yield a diversity of crops and livestock. Urban agriculture could be undertaken in home gardens, rooftop gardens, community gardens and urban farms. G M D July 2016 Figure 3. Loc Ind Locatio Bermuda in the wo and islets the Atlan longitude continen North Ca miles) to Caribbea km (917 m Caribbea Summar Originati activity a and 33 m from a de the floor the volca Bermuda OVERNMENT O Ministry of the epartment of E cation PA dustry Setting n a is one of th orld. 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Notably tter have H 7.5‐8.5, on, t and boron ntain these be bound in the soil growing in utrient ources defi defi yello The inch 6‐12 Clim Berm its n expl Gulf Berm of th 4 Mon 5 Pete ciency symp ciency symp ow with dar maximum d hes of soil, w 2 inches acro mate muda’s clim northerly lati lained by the f Stream cur muda’s locat he Gulf Strea nthly Bulletin, ers, 2006 Bermuda ptoms. For e ptoms where k green vein depth found with an avera oss the islan ate is sub‐tr itude. This is e flow of wa rrent from th tion of 300 m am contribu June 1987 a Crop Strat 2016-2 P example iron e the leaves ns 4 . d of top soil i age of betwe d 5 . ropical, desp s largely arm waters i he Caribbea miles southe utes to the tegy 2021 Page 12 n s are is 18 een pite n the n. east GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 13 Figure 5. Population density island’s subtropical climate and hence its uniqueness as the most northern outpost for Caribbean biota in the Atlantic Ocean. Another factor underlying the sub‐tropical climate is the Bermuda‐Azores high pressure system, which sets up in the summer months and deflects summer storms. However, despite this sub‐tropical climate, Bermuda is far enough north to be influenced by the westerlies, so winds show greater seasonal variability than in the truly sub‐tropical islands of the North Atlantic. Substantially moderated by the surrounding ocean, Bermuda’s mean monthly air temperatures range from 18.5°C (65.3°F) in February to 29.6°C (85.3°F) in August, whilst sea surface temperatures range from 18°C to 28°C (64.4°F to 82.4°F). Annual rainfall is highly variable, and periods of drought present a very real threat, as rainfall is the principal source of freshwater. Rainfall patterns reveal a definite “Island effect”. The prevailing westerly winds coupled with convection over the land mass bring greater rainfall over the eastern end of Bermuda. Humidity is uniformly high at 70‐ 82% year round, whilst the solar energy reaching the surface of Bermuda has a marked seasonality averaging 240 gal/cm2/day in July and 640 gcal/cm2/day in December. Hurricanes strike the Island every few years, often with devastating effects for crops. Population density Bermuda is one of the most densely populated and isolated islands in the world. Bermuda’s population in 2012 was 64,911 (Department of Statistics, 2013). With a total land mass of 53.7 km 2 , (20.73miles2 or 12,300 acres), the average population density is 1208 persons per km.sq or 3131 per miles2. With the exception of St Georges parish all other parishes average 2500 + population per square mile. This places Bermuda as the 10th most densely populated place in the world and on a par with Malta, the Maldives, Bangladesh and Saint Maarten 6 . According to the Department of Planning’s last Land Use Survey 2000/2001 6 http://statisticstimes.com/population/countries‐by‐ population‐density.php. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 14 approximately 2/3rds of Bermuda’s land uses comprise some form of built development with approximately 45% (or nearly 6,000 acres of its total 12,300acres) of the island comprising residential development. The remaining 1/3 rd comprises open space which includes natural areas, golf courses, parks, recreational uses and land in cultivation. Over 30% of Bermuda’s land mass is directly owned by the Bermuda Government or a related Quango. As the island’s main land owner, the Government has the opportunity to influence the socio‐ economic and environmental issues facing Bermuda through legislation, policy and regulations but also through the use of its lands 7 . History of agriculture in Bermuda The general development of the local agriculture industry can be traced through a number of distinct phases 8 . At the time of colonisation, while there might have been ‘plenty of fish in the sea” apart from wild pigs, cahows, the berries and hearts of the palmetto and cedar berries, there was little in the way of food found on Bermuda. Seeds and planting material of a few crops were salvaged from the Sea Venture and planted in 1609 7 Ministry of Environment and Sports Review and Strategy Report 2007 – Department of Planning 8 The following is sourced from “A History of Agriculture in Bermuda”, I.W Hughes, Former Director of the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1969 and A Verrill – the Bermuda Islands, 1907. including sugar cane and maize, a few varieties of leafy vegetables, beans, melons and tobacco. From the time of the arrival of the first Governor Richard Moore and his first group of colonists in 1612, great emphasis was placed upon growing crops, but more often than not these were thwarted by harsh weather, poor management or the ravages of hogs and newly introduced vermin. There is evidence that Bermuda’s virgin soil was very fertile. The Rev Hughes in his letter of 1614 noted” the earth is very fertile and so mellow and gentle, as it needeth neither plowing, nor digging, so that after the wood is taken off and the grasse and weeds bee burnt and destroyed, and common business of fortifying bee once ended, men shall live here in much ease, without such moiling and toyling as in England” 9 . During the 17 th century the Virginia Company (then Somers Isles Company, 1615 on) was intent on making Bermuda a commercial success. Plantation crops such as tobacco and citrus were grown for export while stable foods such as potatoes and corn were grown for local consumption with excesses exported whenever possible. The company encouraged the experimentation in crops such as pineapples, olives, sugar cane, castor oil, and mulberries (principally in the hopes of establishing a local silk industry). Unfortunately little came of these efforts. Tobacco, maize were the principal export crops during the 17 th century. Large amounts of tobacco were exported 9 Verril, 1907 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 15 sometimes as much as 200,000 pounds annually. However both tobacco and maize are exhaustive to soils and Captain John Smith noted that as early as 1628 that fertility in some placed had already decayed likely due to a lack of fertilisation gradually leading to a drop in high quality crops by the 18 th century. Following a decline in tobacco exports in the late 1600s, Bermuda found it had to turn to other trades to survive, such as ship building, international commerce and manufacturing and exporting of salt from Turk’s Island. Fruits and vegetables continued to be produce for local consumption but with little export. History must acknowledge the important role that slavery played in the development of agriculture for both local consumption and export. When slavery was abolished in 1834 freed slaves would continue to utilise their skills and experience becoming significant contributors to Bermuda’s farming sector. By the 1850s fortune turned in favour of Bermuda’s agriculture with the development of a lucrative trade in vegetable exports to the eastern United States. As such eventually some 3,000 acres of land would be planted with potatoes, onions, tomatoes, carrots and celery for sale abroad. During these years the export of Easter lily bulbs also became an important export. New York was the primary customer and Bermuda was known for many years as “New York’s Market Garden’. This trend continued until the 1910s. In order to cope with this expanded market, as well as the expansion of the Royal Naval Dockyard; there was wide scale immigration of West Indian and Portuguese workers. Soon after, however, with the introduction of refrigerated rail containers, fresh produce could be transported very quickly from all parts of the United States. The introduction of high U.S. tariffs and increased competition from American farmers gradually forced Bermuda produce out of U.S. markets. There was a brief resurgence in the 1920s and 1930s with exports to Canada. By 1939 the values of produce export from Bermuda was less than $50,000, whereas it had been as high as $700,000 in the 1890s. The Second World War necessitated production of crops for local consumption and from that point onwards agricultural exports have never been a factor in the local economy. The exception to this would be the Easter Lily bulb trade which boomed in the 1940s when the United States and British Markets were unable to secure bulbs from the orient. Following the end of World War II, Bermuda’s economy was changing to become more dependent on tourism and international business and support for agriculture as an industry was diminishing. Rising land values tempted many landowners to selloff their agricultural land to builders for golf course construction and housing developments. This meant that less land was available for cultivation and agricultural production began to dwindle. Unfortunately, the decline in agriculture continues to this day. It is likely that local demand will continue to be driven by GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 16 Figure 6. Marketing channel Bermuda’s proximity to the U.S. and the relative ease and cheapness of importing produce as opposed to growing its produce. Still the land is able to produce high quality crops and both farmers and home growers continue to produce food for an ever increasing demand for local consumption. Commercial farming today As of 2015 the crops sub‐sector of the industry had 22 commercial registered full‐time farmers,41 registered part‐time farmers, with the number of farming operations totalling 58, farming a total of roughly370 acres (Strategy Co‐ordinating Committee, 2013). In addition there are 25 registered home gardeners; however the farmed acreage is not included in the above acreage. Agricultural production is limited to horticultural crops, dairy, honey, flowers and egg production. In total 738 acres are zoned as Agriculture Reserve 10 . Only part of this is in production with the remainder used as turf nurseries, horse paddocks, landscape maintenance businesses, tree farms and lawns. Many of these small plots zoned for agriculture are located adjacent to housing, with some land owners reluctant to see such land farmed, or optimistic that it may be possible to re‐zone land not farmed for several years, so that it can be used for (more remunerative) property development. 10 (Bermuda Digest of Statistics 2013). Bermuda produces a wide range of produce exclusively for the domestic fresh market. Examples include table potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, broccoli, lettuces, greens, corn, herbs and various squashes. Other than strawberries and bananas, there are relatively few fruit crops grown locally. Other fruit grown in smaller quantities are melons, avocadoes, papayas, citrus, peaches, nectarines and mangoes. Due to the limited amount of land available for food production, farmers are unlikely to grow tree crops. Therefore much of the tree fruit production takes place in home gardens. Due to the small scale of local tree fruit production, most of the fruit available on the store shelf is imported. The Island’s once thriving citrus sector has been affected by Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), Phytophthora and citrus leaf miner. Citrus fruit tends to be the target of pre‐ Christmas theft (when the fruit is mature), GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 17 sometimes involving the majority of the crop from a single tree 11 . Some farmers also produce cut flowers (lilies, gladioli, sunflowers) and ornamental plants such as poinsettias. Several farmers combine crop farming with livestock production in integrated management operations. Crop supply chain Bermuda’s agricultural lands are highly fragmented, thus agricultural production is scattered throughout the island complicating local crop management, including production and distribution. An estimated 20% of the Island’s fresh produce needs are sourced from local farmers while the remainder is imported from the US, Canada, Caribbean and Europe 12 . Farmers sell their produce directly to supermarkets, restaurants, wholesalers, and to the public via the Saturday Farmers’ Market and/or their own outlets. A number of farmers have their own markets near their farming operation or at a road‐ side stall, operating 1‐2 days per week. At these stalls they will sell their own produce, produce purchased from other farmers and even 11 pers. comm., Tommy Sinclair, November 2013 12 Amaranth Report. imported produce. For some farmers these operations account for an important proportion of weekly crop turnover. One farmer operates a pre‐paid vegetable bag scheme, also known as a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program–which affords him an added bonus of easing cash‐flow by providing revenue in the off‐season 13 . His customers receive a collection of seasonally grown vegetables. In interviews, wholesalers expressed concern that when Bermudian produce is in season, farmers choose to bypass them and sell directly to retailers and food service. They assert that this arrangement results in suppliers becoming competitors 14 . When embargoes are imposed, the volume of business conducted by wholesalers’ decreases. This occurs because farmers sell a portion of their produce directly to retailers and the food service industry. The existence of roadside stands and the Farmers’ Market also likely diverts produce sales away from wholesale operations 15 . Value added products Although there is some value addition by farmers and intermediaries, there is very little 13 Amaranth Report 14 Amaranth Report 15 Amaranth Report Sample List of Bermuda’s main crops Potatoes Broccoli Carrots Sweet Corn Pumpkin Bananas Cauliflower Cabbage Lettuce Squash Tomatoes Sweet Potatoes Cucumbers Onions Green Beans Peppers Spinach Strawberries GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 18 processing. Examples of value added products in the farming sector include: • salad vegetables and mixed lettuce leaves, sold by farmers in table‐ready plastic “clam‐shells”; • pre‐packaged broccoli florets and other crucifer combinations, precut and packaged; • ready‐made food, prepared in supermarkets or specialised businesses that supply several outlets (e.g., fuel station shops); • grated cassava sold by farmers, as an ingredient for cassava pie; • the Saturday farmers’ (and craft) market includes sales of some home‐grown and home‐made products (e.g., cookies, soaps, candles, body oils etc.); • at least two companies produce processed jams, pickles and sauces, however one of these has shifted its production to the US); • honey is produced and sold in Bermuda (without any protection from the embargo); • meat is butchered and packaged for retail (several producers); • one farmer is making frozen pet‐food from lower value meat off cuts; • a dairy uses local fresh cows’ milk and imported powder to meet part of the Island’s milk requirements, whilst small‐ scale farmers produce some specialist products such as goats’ cheese; and • sale of chicken manure to vegetable growers. Summary of the crop sector in Bermuda The Amaranth Report noted the following as important features of the Bermudian crop sector and its local market:  Limited agricultural land – 738 acres zoned for agriculture (2013) with roughly half that amount actually available for agriculture, and constant pressure on those limited resources, as landed is diverted out of food crop production.  Small agricultural plot sizes (typically less than two acres with many plots of only ½ acre) and widely dispersed, fragmented farming operations.  Uncertainty of tenure – most farmers rent the majority of their land with leases that vary in length between 3 months and 10 years.  A small local market – a population of roughly 65,000 that caters to approximately 236,000 tourists annually.  Relatively high costs of production, resulting from the small‐scale of operation and the need to import most inputs.  A small economy with strong inherent tendencies towards monopolies or monopolistic/monopsonistic (one seller/one buyer) practices.  Heavy dependence on foreign labour for non‐management roles in the sector (and even some tendency towards foreign “middle management”).  No higher education opportunities in agriculture in Bermuda (though this is not that unusual relative to other GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 19 sectors) and very little evidence of strong interest in the sector from the younger generation.  Protection of the crop sub‐sector by the application of highly specific produce embargo, applied to a wide range of crops at short notice, once local production is considered sufficient to meet the Island’s needs. Home gardening The long agricultural history of Bermuda continues to be important in the identity of Bermudians. Even though Bermuda is now largely considered urban, many Bermudians maintain a connectedness to the land and routinely grow at least a few vegetables, herbs and fruits. As open space continues to be lost to development, the ‘home garden’ increases as a proportion of total “agricultural land” and sustained arable space. It can be argued that home gardening helps to maintain a rural feel which is so important to quality of life for residents and appeal to tourists. Many of the observations noted in the Spreen Report 2002 still hold true:  size of gardens are highly variable, ranging from half acre plots providing all family produce needs, to plots of only a few square feet.  home gardens tend to include fruiting plants like bananas, fruit trees such as loquats, citrus, peaches and mangoes. and fruiting vines such as passion fruit.  reasons for growing home gardens include: freshness and quality of home produce, hobby and recreation, their parents had gardened or farmed and high cost of store bought produce. Further there is a belief that certain Bermudian products are superior including potatoes, strawberries, bananas and carrots.  few home gardens achieve commercial levels of productivity, but can receive levels of care well beyond that commercially feasible.  most home gardens are managed by residents, but the services of professional gardeners contracted by some households often include fruit tree care.  most seeds and seedlings are purchased from local garden centres.  plant selection strategies include growing a broad array of produce to satisfy the needs of their families certain plant types are too much trouble to grow, due to problems such as mildew fungi infecting cucurbits or birds damaging strawberries.  gardeners tend to include small plots of bananas, which are almost exclusively ‘Dwarf Cavendish’.  water supply is dependent on rainfall and home tank water supply for moisture.  weed control tends to be a widely variable practice, with some growers utilizing herbicides and others totally dependent on manual weed removal.  the public have traditionally had a keen interest in training, specifically relating to fertilization, pest control, plant selection and postharvest handling. These have traditionally been provided via lectures and demonstrations offered by plant nurseries and clubs. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 20 Figure 7: Bee inspections  home gardeners routinely give or sell small amounts of surplus produce to neighbours with some gardeners making regular sales to restaurants or grocery stores.  the Bermuda Farmers’ Market appears to enhance commercial sales opportunities for commercial farmers and may provide marked stimulus for semi‐commercial home production. Apiculture The Bermuda Beekeepers Association (BAA) boasts some 30 members, who maintain 319 hives around the Island. Each hive can contain from 60,000 to 80,000 bees. Most of the BAA members are hobbyists. There are two commercial beekeepers on the Island. In addition, about three beekeepers sell any excess honey they produce but they do not consider themselves full‐time commercial beekeepers. On average, a beekeeper can expect to harvest between 125–150 lbs of honey per hive per year. This figure can dramatically fluctuate depending on the quality and duration of nectar. However, this figure can dramatically fluctuate depending on the quality and duration of nectar flows. The first major nectar flow occurs in June and July and the second major nectar flow in September and October, which follow the blooming of the fiddlewood and the Mexican pepper, respectively. Nectar flows are largely influenced by weather. Drought, excess of rain, hurricanes and high winds all have an adverse effect on nectar flows. Once relatively free of pests the Bermuda honey industry is now suffering from a number of issues including the varroa and tracheal mites. However to date the island has not been colonised by Africanised bees. Honey is a popular souvenir for tourists. With more Bermudians trying to eat healthily, honey has been in high demand in health food stores and supermarkets. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 21 Bermuda Farmers’ Market In February 2002 a Bermuda Farmers’ Market was created. The market initially opened in the City of Hamilton operating for several years at the Bull's Head Car Park and then for a brief period on Front Street. The Farmers’ Market is presently hosted in the Bermuda Botanical Gardens in the JJ Outerbridge Building. Other buildings and the Collection Ring are alternative venues within the Gardens, as dictated by the weather and building availability. The Market operates Saturday mornings, 8 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. from mid‐November through June, coinciding with local crop availability. For a nominal fee vendors can sell their home‐grown and home‐made produce at the Bermuda Farmers’ Market. Figure 8. Farmer's Market 2015 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 22 PART 3 Existing legislative framework Bermuda has had laws for many years intended to sustain arable land and maintain a small but healthy agricultural industry. Inevitably, such laws are not enforced without some cost to the country’s economy, and with even greater cost and considerable inconvenience to some individual sectors of the Bermudian public 16 . The agriculture sector is governed by the following legislation and policy: International legislation &policy International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 1951 (with revisions entering into force in 2005): A multilateral treaty that applies primarily to plant pests and diseases of quarantine significance which influence international trade. “The goal of the IPPC is to protect the world's cultivated and natural plant resources from the spread and introduction of plant pests while minimizing interference with the international movement of goods and people.” Member countries must implement a series of phytosanitary measures to prevent the spread of organisms which are potentially harmful to plants and plant products in their respective countries. 16 Spreen Report “The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It was created in 1976 as a regional organization of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The NAPPO was created to achieve the objectives of the IPPC, and cooperates with the IPPC Secretary and Commission in developing international standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Addresses Invasive Alien Species through a variety of economic sectors and cooperates with other international instruments. For example, codes of conduct relevant to fisheries (1995) and bio control agents (1995) recommend actions that member governments can take to limit the introduction of harmful non‐native species. The Bermuda Environment Charter (2001) Commits the UK Government inter alia to: Assist Bermuda in reviewing and updating environmental legislation. Help Bermuda to ensure it has the legislation, institutional capacity and mechanism it needs to meet international obligations. It commits Bermuda inter alia to: Ensure the protection and restoration of key habitats, species and landscape features through legislation and appropriate management tools. Examples include a protected areas policy and GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 23 measures taken to control and eradicate invasive species. Commit to open and consultative decision‐ making on developments and plans which may affect the environment; ensuring that environmental impact assessments include consultation with stakeholders. Crop related legislation and policy Agriculture Act 1930.The parent act for the management of all matters related to agriculture, specifically:  Powers of the Minister  Establishment of the Board of Agriculture  Establishment of a Government Department to assist with the duties of the Minister  Responsibilities of the Director  Licensing of veterinary practitioners  Control or prevention of animal disease  Control or prevention of plant diseases and pests  Promotion of a successful agricultural sector  Control of the importation and sale of pesticides Crop import regulation Importation of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers Act 1971.Sets out powers and provisions to prohibit importation of specified fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers into Bermuda during any particular period in the year. The government uses periodic embargoes of agronomic produce as its main tool in support of local agricultural producers. When Government establishes that the supply of local produce is sufficient to meet local demand, an embargo may be imposed. Producers must request that the embargo be imposed. The embargo remains in effect as long as Government can establish that local supplies are adequate. The Agricultural Officer is responsible for communicating with farmers and visiting farm sites to verify and quantify the local crop availability. Importers and other produce buyers are notified one week in advance of the imposition of an embargo via FAX and email on the Friday prior to the embargo taking effect the following Friday. Embargoes remain in effect for at least one week and these could stay in force for several months. When an embargo is lifted, wholesale importers are again notified via fax and email. Agriculture Control of Plant Disease and Pest Regulations 1970.Based on the discovery of notifiable plant pests and diseases; includes the power of the Director and Inspectors to enter premises, to prohibit the sale of infected plants, to place restrictions on incoming plant material to prevent the introduction of plant diseases or pests, to inspect imported plant material, to restrict the importation of some plants admissible only as seeds and to set the conditions of importation for plant material (e.g. there shall be no sand or earth allowed on imports). The regulations set out the treatment of plants, regulate the importation of sand and other potting media, citrus fruit from Florida and outlines prohibited plant imports. Finally, these regulations set out offences. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 24 Agriculture Control of Plant Disease and Pest Regulation 1970, Section 23 ‐ List of prohibited imports:  Any disease or pest  Althaea spp. (except seed)  Carrots in their raw or untreated state  Citrus sp., all propagating material other than seed  Corn or maize, broom corn and other sorghum, all raw parts except loose grain  Dianthus spp. from England, all propagating material other than seed  Hibiscus spp. other than seed  Ipomoea spp. (sweet potatoes, morning glory, sweet potato vine etc.) plants and tubers  Lilium spp. all parts except flower and seed  Musa spp. excluding the fruit  Nerium spp. with the exception of seed  Palmae (all members, all parts and seed except husked coconuts)  Soil (under permit only) Agriculture (Inspection and exportation of nursery stock) regulations 1931.Sets out powers to regulate exportation of fruit, vegetables and Easter lilies. Agriculture Soil Erosion Regulations 1967.Regulates the number of animals permitted to graze on agriculture land so as to minimize destruction of topsoil. Agriculture (Importation and sale of potatoes) regulations 1936.Includes powers to certify, prohibit countries as sources of imported seed potatoes, destruction of diseased shipments, prohibiting the selling/ planting of table potatoes. Pesticides Safety Act 2009.Regulates the importation, sale, use, transportation, handling, storage and disposal of pesticides. This is a shared Act in that the Department of Environmental Protection regulates the importation of pesticides and the Department of Health regulates the remaining six areas covered by this act. Management of pests The Protection of Bird Act 1975 has responsibility for the protection of Bermuda’s birds. Under the Act six species are named as pest species including, the house sparrow, European starling, Great kiskadee, American crow, feral pigeon and feral chicken. Under Section (4) The Minister may authorize the control or destruction of birds for the protection of the environment, agriculture, fisheries, public health and/or safety. Further the Minister may authorize in writing via a Bird Culling License the appropriate persons, methods etc. to undertake appropriate management. Summary Offenses Act 1926 ‐ Offenses against property (19) (I) makes it an offense for the proprietor of cattle or poultry, permits such cattle or poultry to stray out of any land in his possession or occupation. The punishment of offenders (25) on summary conviction is imprisonment for 6 months or a fine of $2,880 or both such imprisonment and fine. Public Health Act 1949 ‐ First Schedule (Statutory Nuisances) it is an offense to keep animals in such a place or manner as to be prejudicial to the health of, or offensive to, any person in the neighbourhood. The punishment on GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 25 summary conviction is a fine of $1000 in respect of each offence. Development related legislation & policy Development and Planning Act 1974.The parent Act manages all matters related to development. “Development” means the carrying out of building, engineering or other operations in, on, over or under any land, the making of any material change in the use of any building or other land or the demolition or the making of a material alteration to the external appearance of a listed building, except that the following operations or uses of land shall not be deemed for the purposes of this Act to involve development of the land—the use of any land for the purposes of agriculture (except dairy farming or the breeding or keeping of livestock) or afforestation. The Act currently defines “agriculture” to include horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming, the breeding and keeping of livestock, the use of land as grazing land, meadow land, market gardens and nursery grounds. Planning permission is required for any development of land that is carried out on or after 3 August 1965. Fourth Schedule – designated areas of special environmental value .B: Agriculture Land protection: The following acts, if done wilfully, are forbidden—removing, burying or demolishing topsoil; altering subsoil or substrata. The Board may grant planning permission for the execution of any act forbidden, to the extent allowed by the development plan in the circumstances specified in that plan. Bermuda Development Plan 2008 Chapter 20: Agricultural Reserve (AGR) The Agricultural Reserve Conservation Areas are designated pursuant to section 28 of the Development and Planning Act 1974 and afforded protection by Head of Protection B: Agricultural Land Protection as set out in the Fourth Schedule of the Act. Agricultural Reserve areas are important primarily for supporting agricultural and applied farming uses, and secondarily for horticultural activities. Permitted uses may include but are not limited to the growing of vegetables, fruit, flowers, forage, market gardens, nursery grounds, dairy farming and the breeding, keeping and grazing of livestock. As stated in the Act, the removal, burying or demolishing of topsoil, and the altering of subsoil or substrata in Agricultural Reserve areas is prohibited unless given approval by the Board. The plan aims to conserve Agricultural Reserve areas for their agricultural use as well as their natural and aesthetic value, and for providing a visual and amenity buffer between and within development areas. Priority shall therefore be given to protecting the integrity of Agricultural Reserve areas for their ecological, amenity and functional importance, and the presumption shall be that development is not permitted except in exceptional cases. The plan also requires that development be set back from areas of Agricultural Reserve. The setback serves a number of purposes GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 26 including but not limited to ensuring that there is adequate distance from the agricultural land to allow for soil water retention, a pesticide buffer, shading and the operation of farm vehicles. In the event that an Agricultural Reserve area is damaged, every effort should be made to re‐establish it and the property owner shall be encouraged to submit a Conservation Management Plan detailing such restoration works. Objectives AGR (1) to conserve all important agricultural land to support agricultural, farming and horticultural uses. AGR (2) to conserve agricultural land for its natural and aesthetic value and for providing a visual and amenity buffer between and within development areas. General direction to the Board AGR.1 The Board shall apply the Agricultural Reserve Conservation Area policies and other relevant policies of the Statement in a manner best calculated to achieve objectives AGR (1) and (2). Conservation Management Plan AGR.2 (1) to determine the nature of management work that can be undertaken in an Agricultural Reserve Conservation Area, a Conservation Management Plan shall be required in accordance with policies ENV.6 and ENV.8. (2) The Board may require the submission of a Conservation Management Plan for any development proposal which may impact an Agricultural Reserve Conservation Area in accordance with policies ENV.7 and ENV.8. Development restrictions AGR.3 Only buildings and accessory structures directly associated with the agricultural, farming and/or horticultural use of the land may be permitted by the Board, provided the Board is satisfied that:‐ (a) the extent of the Agricultural Reserve is such that the development cannot be sited within a development area beyond the boundaries of the Agricultural Reserve; and (b) the grounds in support of the application as submitted by the applicant justify the exercise of the Board’s discretion. Special provision for lots AGR.4 The Board may approve a detached house on a lot in accordance with policyZON.11. Topsoil Protection AGR.5 In accordance with Head of Protection B of the Fourth Schedule of the Act, the removal, burying or demolishing of any topsoil, or altering of any subsoil or substrata is not permitted in an Agricultural Reserve Conservation Area except as permitted by a Conservation Management Plan under policy AGR.2or in association with development permitted in accordance with policies AGR.3, AGR.4 and AGR.7. Development standards AGR.6 In the exercise of its discretion in accordance with policies AGR.3 andAGR.4, the Board shall ensure that:‐ GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 27 (a) the siting, scale and massing of development are compatible with, and sensitive to, the physical and environmental characteristics and visual amenities of the land and the development does not require excessive excavation and/or filling; (b) the development is carefully sited and designed to retain the largest and highest quality portion of the Agricultural Reserve and to preserve all significant natural features; and (c) the size of the structure and its site coverage are kept to a practical minimum. Access AGR.7 An application for a vehicular or pedestrian access through an Agricultural Reserve may be approved but only if the Board is satisfied that:‐ (a) it is necessary for gaining access to a development area; (b) there is not a suitable alternative alignment located beyond the boundaries of the Agricultural Reserve; (c) the width of the access is kept to a practical minimum and the alignment protects specimen trees and natural features, and minimizes site excavation; and; (d) the grounds in support of the proposal as submitted by the applicant justify the exercise of the Board’s discretion. Setback of development AGR.8 Any development proposed in a zone adjacent to an Agricultural Reserve shall have a minimum setback of 15 feet from the boundary of the Agricultural Reserve in accordance with policy APC.19. Subdivision AGR.9 The subdivision of land within an Agricultural Reserve may be permitted at the discretion of the Board but only if the Board is satisfied that the proposal complies with policies SDV.11 and SDV.14. Land leasing legislation & policy Public Lands Act 1984. Under Part III of the Act the Minister responsible for public lands has the power to sell, acquire and rent land in the government portfolio up to a period of 21 years. This is managed by the Estates Section of the Ministry. Responsibility for leasing of arable land in the National Park System has been delegated to the Estates Section of the Ministry. Praedial larceny legislation & policy National Parks Act 1986 &National Parks Regulations 1988 Prohibited conduct in open spaces: 3. No person shall, in any protected area— (d) remove, uproot, destroy or injure any tree, shrub or plant or break any bough or pluck any flower or leaf, or dig, cut or take any turf, soil, gravel, sand or other substance; Animals and fowls (7) No person shall, being the owner of, or in control of, any animal (including a fowl) ‐ (a) cause or permit such animal to graze in a protected area; GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 28 Punishment on summary conviction: in respect of each offence imprisonment for 3 months or a fine of $1,000 or both such imprisonment and fine and, in the case of a second or subsequent conviction imprisonment for 6 months or a fine of $2,000 or both such imprisonment and fine; and in the case of a continuing offence a further fine of $200 for every day during which the offence continues. (2) A person found guilty of an offence against this Act or any regulations made thereunder may, if there has been damage done to a protected area and the court thinks fit, be ordered to pay, in addition to any penalty for which he is liable for the offence, a sum not exceeding the cost of the damage done to the protected area, as assessed by the court. Criminal Code Act 1907 Provides powers to the Bermuda Police Service to control illegal activities associated with crop damage and theft including: 337. Theft. A person guilty of theft shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of$10,000 or to imprisonment for five years, or both; and on conviction on indictment to afine of $100,000 or to imprisonment for ten years, or both. Notwithstanding subsection (1), where a person is charged with the theft of any article the value of which is $1,000 or less, the court shall proceed as if the offence were triable only summarily. 356. Handling stolen goods. A person handles stolen goods if (otherwise than in the course of the stealing) knowing or believing them to be stolen goods he dishonestly receives the goods, or dishonestly undertakes or assists in their retention, removal, disposal or realisation by or for the benefit of another person, or if he arranges to do so. A person guilty of handling stolen goods shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine of $10,000 or to imprisonment for five years or both; and on conviction on indictment to a fine of $150,000 or imprisonment for fourteen years, or both. 443. Destroying or damaging trees and shrubs Any person who wilfully and unlawfully destroys or damages the whole or any part of any tree, sapling, or shrub, or any underwood, which is growing—in any park, pleasure ground, garden, orchard or avenue, or in any ground adjoining or held with any dwelling‐house, and the amount of the injury done exceeds the sum of $250; or elsewhere than in any of the places before mentioned, and the amount of the injury done exceeds the sum of $500,is guilty of a felony, and is liable on conviction by a court of summary jurisdiction to imprisonment for twelve months and on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for two years. If the amount of the injury done is one dollar or more, then, wherever such tree, sapling, shrub, or underwood may be growing, the offender is guilty of a summary offence, and is liable to a fine of $250, or to imprisonment for twelve months: Provided that a person convicted a third or subsequent time under this subsection, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable on conviction by a court of summary jurisdiction to imprisonment for GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 29 twelve months and on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for two years. 444. Destroying or damaging plants. Any person who wilfully and unlawfully destroys or damages any plant, root, or vegetable production growing in any place, the injury done being to the amount of $500 or more, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable on conviction by a court of summary jurisdiction to imprisonment for twelve months and on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for two years: Provided that a person convicted a second or subsequent time under this sections guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for four years. 445. Destroying or damaging fruit etc., in garden etc. Any person who wilfully and unlawfully destroys or damages any plant, root, fruit, or vegetable production growing in any garden, orchard, nursery‐ground, hot‐house, greenhouse, or conservatory, is guilty of a summary offence, and is liable to a fine of $500 or to imprisonment for six months: Provided that a person convicted a second or subsequent time under this section, is guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for four years. 446. Destroying or damaging vegetable products Any person who wilfully and unlawfully destroys or damages any cultivated root or plant used for the food of man or beast, or for medicine, or for distilling, or for dyeing, or for or in the course of any manufacture, which is growing in any land, open or enclosed, not being a garden, or orchard, or nursery‐ground, is guilty of a summary offence, and is liable to a fine of $250 or to imprisonment for three months, or, in the case of a second or subsequent conviction, to imprisonment for six months. Tariff and customs duty legislation and policy Customs Tariff Act 1970 In order to support the agriculture industry Government allows for reduced or duty free importation of seed, fertiliser, cardboard containers (for local produce), animal feed, milking and dairy equipment, queen bees, bee‐keeping machinery and selected agricultural and horticultural machinery. Commercial farmers can import all agriculture related supply and equipment free of typical duty (22.5%‐33.5%). (Customs Tariff Amendment Act 2015.) CPC4215 is the code where much of the agricultural imports are assigned. It is now the CPC code used for agricultural, dairy, poultry, beekeeping, aquaponics, hydroponics and other products used in the “production” of local products. Dairy related legislation It is worth noting the following:  Agriculture control of animal diseases regulations 1947  Agriculture improvement of livestock regulations 1947  Public health milk and dairy farm regulations 1952  Importation of milk (prohibition act) 1997 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 30 Description Tariff/CPC Code Rate Trees, shrubs which bear edible fruit or nuts (edible fruit) 0602.200 0.00% Mushroom Spawn 0602.901 0.00% Strawberry Plants 0602.902 0.00% Potatoes, Seed 0701.100 0.00% Plastic Articles for conveyance or packing of local produce CPC4151 15.00% Paper/Cardboard Articles for conveyance or packing of local produce CPC4153 0.00% Goods for Commercial Food Production ‐used only in connection with the local commercial production of animal or vegetable products for human consumption CPC4215 0.00% *CPC 4215 replaces CPCs 4101, 4102, 4103, 4104, 4146 and 4174 Fuel for commercial fishing vessels CPC4218 0.00% Figure 8: Customs tariffs GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 31 Number of participants 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 In vegetable production 129 128 133 131 125 133 Full time farmers 26 26 24 24 22 24 Part time farmers 41 42 47 46 42 43 Full time labourers 41 41 41 41 40 42 Part time labourers 12 10 12 12 12 15 Managers/support staff 9 9 9 9 9 9 Number of operations 62 62 65 64 58 63 Registered home growers 14 15 20 21 23 22 Source: Amaranth Report, 2014, updated Sinclair 2015 Figure 9: Farm operations PART 4 Agricultural crop stakeholders The production of food crops impacts on the interests of a wide group of partners in Bermuda. Four categories of participants are briefly described here, recognising that there is also overlap between some of these. The Private sector Commercial provision of crops is by its very nature private sector driven. This group includes farmers and farm workers, food processors or companies that add value to fresh produce, supermarkets, restaurants/hotels, tourist shops, wholesalers, importers and shipping companies. It also includes land‐owners and farm input suppliers. There are also private stakeholders whose interests may be in shifting land out of agriculture, for real estate development and other uses. Commercial crop farmers There are twenty four full‐time commercial crop farmers. A typical “large” farmer will probably farm no more than 30‐40 acres, spread among many plots, sometimes throughout the island (with some plots as small as ¼ of an acre) – and most, if not all, of this land is rented. Within this group, almost all indicate that they would farm more land if it were available. Other notable commercial farming operations include: a hydroponic tomato and cucumber business; bee‐keeping; an integrated management farm which GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 32 includes egg production; a mushroom and micro‐green producer; a goat cheese producer/dairyman, a dairy farmer who also keeps pigs and chickens, a dairyman that also grows some vegetables; and other part‐time or smaller operations which nonetheless produce for the commercial market. Commercial dairy farmers Currently the industry comprises three privately owned productive dairy farms. A fourth farm houses dry cows and heifers, although the facility has milking equipment. Two additional sites hold heifers. In total, there are approximately 280 mature producing cows, plus some 120 dry animals at any given time. There is also a single commercial processor that also functions as a wholesaler to local retail outlets. Bee Keepers (Apiculture) The honeybee was introduced in 1616. By 1622 honey and beeswax were being exported to the West Indies and the new American colonies. The last Queen bees being imported from Hawaii in 2007. Today our bees are predominantly Apis meliflora. Currently there are 2 commercial operations and a Bermuda Beekeepers Association. There are approximately 200 hives managed by 30 bee keepers. Horticultural suppliers Plant nurseries and larger farms are the main suppliers of transplants and fruit trees to home gardeners. Plant nurseries and hardware suppliers are the main suppliers of seed to home growers. Land owners In addition to the Government and Non‐ Government Organisations, there are a number of large estates and private land owners that rent or lease farmers a large portion of the total amount of farmed land. Importers The marketing channel for imported produce is shown in Figure 10. The central player in this marketing system is the produce wholesaler/importer. Typically such companies form a relationship with produce wholesale companies in the United States and Europe. The Bermudian wholesaler/importer places an order with its U.S. counterpart. The U.S. company may procure produce from growing areas throughout the Western Hemisphere although California, Florida, Texas and Mexico are the most important production areas. The origin of the product depends upon the product itself and season. The U.S. supplier transports the product to one of the closest port facilities which are mostly located in New York, Philadelphia or Florida. At that point, produce is packed into refrigerated containers and transported to Bermuda. Presently, ships arrive on Monday and Thursday. Importers indicate that orders must be placed between three to five days in advance to insure arrival on the desired day 17 . For highly perishable products such as fresh, soft fruit (strawberries, raspberries etc.) and cut flowers, importers often opt to use airfreight in lieu of shipping by ocean. The cost associated with airfreight is 17 Spreen Report GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 33 Figure 10. Import process substantially higher, and as such, is avoided where possible. Once the product arrives in Bermuda, the wholesaler/importer clears customs, and regulated material is inspected by the Plant Protection Laboratory and then released to the importer. Some regulated material is inspected at the wholesale premises. Deliveries of fresh food commodities are made by truck. Certain products may first be transferred to a central warehouse for storage before delivery. The major classification of wholesalers’ customers is retailers and food service entities (which include restaurants and hotels) and institutional food providers (such as schools and hospitals). The larger retail chains on the island are both a direct importer and may occasionally use wholesaler/importers for selected products. Other retailers on the island deal with the Bermudian wholesalers to procure imported produce. Non-Government Organisations This group includes organisations that focus on the environment, community development, healthy food and educational development interests. Examples of organised groups include the:  Bermuda National Trust  Bermuda Environmental and Sustainability Taskforce  Greenrock  Bermuda Farmer’s Association  Bermuda Poultry Fanciers Society  Bermuda Bee Keepers Association  Bermuda Fruit Growers’ Association  Bermuda Garden Club GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 34 General Public The general public includes local and overseas consumers and tax‐payers. This sector has an expectation that it should be able to reliably purchase good quality produce at reasonable prices. The general expectations are that produce be available year round regardless of season and be free of harmful chemicals. Further there is a growing interest in healthy food and for organic or pesticide‐friendly produce. (http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural‐resources‐ environment/organic‐agriculture/organic‐market‐ overview.aspx) Governance and Services Minister responsible for agriculture The Agriculture Act 1930 (4) General functions of Minister  the Minister shall exercise a general supervision and control over matters concerning or connected with the practice of agriculture and horticulture in Bermuda; and shall promote the improvement of plants, the improvement of livestock, the prevention and control of animal and plant diseases, and exercise control over poultry and livestock care and management.  the Minister shall promote the prevention and control of soil erosion by the enforcement of proper agricultural and horticultural practices  to promote the marketing of the agricultural produce of Bermuda  to promote, develop, improve and protect the fisheries and fishing industry of Bermuda, and shall promote or assist in promoting measures for the proper marketing and distribution of fish and for the conservation of fish prior to marketing or distribution.  to investigate, as he thinks expedient, in respect of any matters concerning or connected with the practice of agriculture, or in respect of any matters of which their sanction, approval or consent, or the sanction, approval or consent of any officer of the Department, is required under this Act.  in respect of matters connected with the practice of agriculture, shall cause such statistical data to be obtained and recorded and such records or reports to be published, as he may think expedient.  in conjunction with such other Government Departments as may be appropriate, shall promote the study of agriculture and shall disseminate information regarding techniques of agriculture and otherwise; and may, in connection with such purposes as aforesaid, promote or hold agricultural exhibitions.  shall exercise a general supervision and control over the practice of veterinary science in Bermuda. The Board of Agriculture Empowered under Section 2 of the Agriculture Act 1930. The Board provides advice to the minister on all matters under his/her responsibility, as it relates to agriculture. The Board is appointed annually and comprised of 5‐12 persons. In Bermuda a simple majority of members present GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 35 constitutes a quorum and questions are decided by a majority present. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) In 2002 the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries was de‐evolved in two departments. The primary responsibility for agriculture was given to the Department of Environmental Protection with responsibility for plant importation oversight, veterinary services and later economic embargoes and crop storage. Effective April 1 st 2016, the Departments of Environmental Protection and Conservation Services were merged into the new Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Within the department there are three sections that provide the main support to agriculture: 1. Agricultural Marketing Centre The DENR operates an Agriculture Marketing Centre. The Centre is the government’s main point of contact with the agriculture industry. This facility provides service to the registered growers, farmers, wholesalers, retailers, hotels, restaurants and other related stakeholders in the agricultural industry. It is open 5 days a week within the normal Government business hours. The centre is staffed by the Government Agricultural Officer, a Manager and a Porter. In the past the Marketing Centre acted as an intermediary (buying from farmers and selling to supermarkets) in transactions where there was no trading relationship between the two parties; however this practice only occurred when the sale was assured. This practice has now stopped. The Marketing Centre monitors and manages the embargo system, purchases and sells specific agriculture related products and provides specific services essential for the day to day running of most farming operations. Materials sold include boxes, containers, chemicals, seeds, ice and cover crops. This material is sold on to farms at c.i.f. cost plus 10%. The Marketing Centre provides subsidized chill room facilities for produce such as carrots, broccoli (90c per pallet per day); as well as banana ripening services. Virtually all local registered growers now benefit from the existence of the Marketing Centre due to the embargo related functions it performs, its sale of agricultural related supplies and the services it provides in support of the industry. Approximately $250,000 of revenue is generated from the sale of produce, boxes, containers, seed, agricultural chemicals, storage space and ice (2015). The amount of revenue generated is dependent on the success of the growing season and availability of supplies. A good growing season leads to increased sales or produce, products and services. The Government Marketing Centre storage facility is currently used by a percentage of farmers much more than others. In the 19 months to July 2012, the facilities were used by 12 farmers, including 5 who accounted for 93% of storage revenues with 2 who accounted for 57% of revenue. Most farmers now source their own inputs, with commercial outlets tending to supply GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 36 the home‐gardener market (i.e., selling products in small unit sizes at relatively high costs). The larger farmers have close business relationships with suppliers (mostly) in the US. One farmer even commented that it is cheaper to send faulty farm machinery to the US for repair, than to do so in Bermuda. Although many farm inputs and packaging supplies can enter Bermuda tax‐free or with reduced duty, some farmers indicate that there are some inconsistencies in the rules and in their application. Budget cuts and lengthy approvals have significantly reduced its role in sourcing and supplying farm inputs. Further the facility is in poor physical conditions and needs renovation to maintain efficiency. Extension services  maintain the embargo system  inventory of seeds, chemicals, boxes, bags for the sale to registered farmers  provide cold storage  weekly banana ripening  sell ice to registered farmers/fishermen  register farmers  provide technical advice to farmers, to beekeepers and the public  farm visits and extension visits  produce statistics and reports  Feral bee hive removal (health and safety of public buildings)  Feral bird control Figure 11. Agriculture Marketing Centre 2016 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 37 Trial fields Historically the department has managed trials of new crops. The first and largest were at the Agriculture Station (later the Botanical Gardens), Tudor Farm, fields at Avocado Lodge Park and near the Devonshire Post Office. These activities have now ceased. 2. Plant Protection Laboratory Established in 1923 the Plant Protection Laboratory (PPL) functions to protect Bermuda’s ecosystems and agriculture sector from injurious plant pests and diseases. The PPL provides services to farmers, plant importers (commercial and domestic), importers of pesticides, importers of fruits and vegetables, the general public, schools and interest groups. Presently, there are three staff positions in the Plant Protection Section: a Principal Plant Protection Officer, Plant Protection Officer and Technical Lab Assistant. The section is responsible for all the functions of the Plant Protection Laboratory including, but not limited to:  plant quarantine and regulatory services – associated with the importation of all plant material (nursery stock, food crops, floral material, seeds, wooden commodities);  issuing of plant import documentation, inspection of incoming commercial and domestic plant / plant product shipments;  inspection of exported plant shipments, issuing of plant export paperwork;  diagnosis of plant pests and diseases;  addressing customer needs and queries (customers include plant importers /exporters, farmers, florists, pesticide importers, golf courses, landscapers, fruit and vegetable importers and wholesalers, shipping agents, bee keepers, home gardeners, other government departments, the Agriculture Board, Ministry Headquarters, the general public, school groups and special interest groups);  pesticide assessment and registration;  research of emerging pests and diseases and development of policies relating to these pests;  regulate the importation of insects;  regulate the importation of microbial and beneficial species of insects, bacteria, fungi and associated organisms;  regulate the importation of sand and potting media;  regulate the importation of carriers of plant material, soil, biologically active items etc., e.g. used vehicles, lumber;  visiting local properties to examine plant pest/ disease problems;  Bee hive inspections;  Increasing public awareness on issues relating to plant pests and diseases. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 38 Y e a r # o f sh ip m e n ts # s h ip m e n ts w it h % o f sh ip m e n ts w it h # p la n t it e m s im p o rt e d # i m p o rt p e rm it s is su e d # P h y to sa n it a ry # s o il s a m p le s p ro ce ss e d W a te r sa m p le s p ro ce ss e d 2005 1183 293 25 713409 297 18 48 10 2006 1237 396 32 661200 328 15 20 6 2007 1306 358 27 887508 354 23 57 10 2008 1176 337 29 657473 328 18 21 8 2009 1148 363 32 653975 259 28 4 3 2010 2016 598 28 2378990 274 14 6 9 2011 1725 543 31 2044220 232 15 10 13 2012 1495 441 28 1339809 181 10 7 5 2013 1409 248 18 1892914 158 8 2 6 2014 1594 176 11 2016842 195 11 6 1 2015 1396 286 20 1099570 171 6 7 2 Figure 12. Plant Protection Laboratory trends 3. Veterinary Services The Veterinary Services section is staffed by the Chief Veterinary Officer and Animal Husbandry Clerk. The Section is responsible for:  examining the health documentation of every animal intended for importation; with a view to issuing import permits for the importation of those animals that qualify, and to be able to follow up by inspecting select animals at the ports of entry;  overseeing the health and welfare of farm animals;  conducting reproductive examinations of livestock; GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 39  promoting good animal husbandry, hygiene practices and responsible livestock & pet ownership;  inspecting facilities for the storage of meat products intended for human consumption;  testing dairy animals for the presence of Tuberculosis and Brucellosis organisms;  assisting farmers to comply with the Public Health Act, in terms of milk's somatic cell counts, and to ensure an adequate supply of fresh milk to the public;  liaising with officers of the Dept. of Health on matters that affect public health;  enforcing and assisting officers in enforcement of the Dogs Act 2008 and the Care & Protection of Animals Act 1975;  inspecting horses and facilities as required under the Commercial Horse Stable Licensing Regulations 2005, and issuing licences as appropriate under those Regulations;  inspecting kennels, pet shops, etc. to ensure that adequate feed and care are provided;  regulating the importation of prohibited milk items;  regulating the importation and export of endangered animals and items derived there from, to issue permits for the movement of such animals, parts and derivatives thereof;  communicating via the UK CITES Management Authority to CITES Secretariat the arrivals and departures of endangered animals, and parts and derivatives, and all other information necessary for the effective implementation of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species; receive and process applications for persons wishing to be registered as practitioners under the Veterinary Practitioners Act 2008;  initiates and drafts legislation related to animal care & protection. The daily matters of imports, exports and animal welfare consume much of the energies of the officers of the Veterinary Section. Focus on the dairy industry continues to strengthen this sector of Bermuda’s agriculture and Bermuda’s economy. Veterinary Services continues its logistical support of the Dairy Enhancement Programme, the primary goals of which are to improve efficiencies in production, sustain the industry and the benefits it brings to the Island, and to minimize increases in the retail price of milk. Development control Department of Planning and the Development Application Board. The Department of Planning is responsible for Forward Planning and the formulation of the Bermuda Development Plan. Planning is also responsible for development control and enforcement and enforcing building codes. The Development Application Board is the body consisting of lay persons appointed by the Minister which is responsible for making decisions on development applications. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 40 Consultation of proposed development impacting protected Agriculture Reserve The Terrestrial Conservation Officer, in consultation with the Agriculture Officer, assesses all applications for proposed development impacting land zoned Agriculture Reserve. If not resolved during the consultation process or if significant impact or loss of protected arable land is at stake, the application is presented to the Board of Agriculture for consultation. All advice is submitted to the Department of Planning as a formal consultation. Enforcement of non‐compliance issues is the responsibility of the Department of Planning. Government land management and land leases Estates Section, Ministry of Public Works acts as the landlord of the Government. This section is responsible for the dispensation of all Government owned land except land controlled by BLDC and WEDCO. Department of Parks is responsible for the maintenance of 800 acres of amenity parks, beaches, government buildings, government properties; including schools, post offices, and public areas such as road‐ side verges and the Railway Trail. This Department manages, maintains and improves green spaces protected as part of the Bermuda National Parks System. These include amenity parks, the forts in those parks, public sports fields, beaches, the Bermuda Botanical Gardens and the Arboretum. The Parks Department also operates the Government plant nursery at Tulo Valley, growing many native and endemic species. Human health issues Department of Health Central Government Laboratory provides public health and forensic services to government and non‐government agencies, including environmental health, the police, the courts and the hospitals. Services include the analysis of water, food and dairy products for bacteriological and chemical quality, analysis of urine specimens for drugs of abuse, and forensic and toxicological analyses. Submission of samples is only through official agencies. For water, food and dairy testing, please contact Environmental Health. Environmental Health ensures food safety in food production, importation, storage and preparation and promotes good food handling practices. Environmental Health is responsible for assuring the provision of safe potable water supplies and safe bathing areas. This department monitors indoor and outdoor air pollution, approves plumbing, swage, water supply and environmentally safe conditions in all premises, through controls of planning and building development. Occupational Safety and Health ensures standards and promotes ongoing improvements in public, private and workplace venues through control in areas such as hazardous materials, noise, nuisance, building fitness and operations safety. Vector Control helps residents to control rodents and mosquitoes on their premises and is responsible for the general control of vermin in public places. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 41 Importation and border control The Customs Department is responsible for the collection and protection of approximately one third of the Bermuda Government’s revenue. Customs Officers work throughout Bermuda at the official ports of St. George, Oil Docks, L. F. Wade International Airport, Hamilton and Ireland Island, carrying out various tasks related to the enforcement of Bermuda’s laws and performing agency functions for several government departments in the enforcement of relevant laws. The Department's main office is located in Hamilton where officers are involved in processing Bermuda Customs Declarations for arriving air and ocean freight. The department also has a number of specialist teams who jointly with the Bermuda Police Service combat illicit drugs, contraband and monitor the movement of passengers and cargo. Enforcement Bermuda Police Service is the primary agency responsible for enforcement; specifically as it relates to offenses under the Criminal Code Act 1907 and the Summary Offenses Act. Animal pest control service The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is the lead agency for the management of pest birds. The current focus of the program is the island wide control of feral chickens, feral pigeons and the American crow. The department uses an integrated pest management program approach as approved under the Feral Chicken Management Plan 2015 (Cabinet approved 2015). The service is free to the public. Priority is given to farmers, health institutions, elderly residents, schools and restaurants. Since its inception in 2013 the program has amassed 720 clients on its service database and has removed 28,000+ feral chickens from across the island with the highest populations of these taken from farm holdings. Secondary linkages Within Government there are potentially better linkages to the agriculture sector in:  the Ministry of Education;  the Ministry of Economic Development (“Workforce development”);  the Department of Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Round Table;  the Ministry of National Security (immigration) and  the Bermuda Tourism Authority. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 42 PART 5 Situation & trend analysis In order to reinvigorate the agricultural sector it is critical to recognise both the current physical context in which it exists and anticipate the ever changing landscape of the agriculture sector. Situation analysis The following analysis serves as a dash board to help assess the challenges and opportunities facing the industry; providing a platform for the development of a sound strategy in the advancement of a robust and sustainable agriculture sector. Strengths 1. A climate conducive to the cultivation of a broad range of crops. 2. Island status, further enhanced by its isolation from other land masses gives Bermuda a natural advantage in the ability to prevent the introduction of crop pests. 3. A government and public with strong support for strengthening the crop industry, recognizing its contribution to food security, maintaining open space, and employment. 4. Current farmers with access to an extensive local knowledge base for agriculture. 5. The Department’s ability to provide produce storage at a very low rate. The current rate is set at 90c per pallet per day (since 2002). 6. A significant public interest in producing their own food which could be promoted with the right “stimulus”. 7. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources has established programs in place and it might be a case of “improving on the basics”. Challenges Recognizing the urban context in which agriculture is practiced in Bermuda the challenges presented require unique solutions. Challenges include: 1. Limited availability of agricultural land. This is the biggest single challenge and it results in fragmented agriculture and complaints of high rental costs for farmers. Most farmers rent their plots (sales of agricultural land are not common because many owners retain land speculatively), and there is little scope for consolidation. Most farmers work multiple small plots dispersed throughout the island – which creates its own unique set of challenges. Land rents vary but annual rents tend to be in the range of $1000‐1500 per acre 18 . The high incidence of renting can also mean uncertainty over future tenure, thus affecting investment decisions (e.g., working against investment in tree crops). Land zoned for agriculture is often lost, through illegal or sanctioned conversion to other usages, or diverted from food production to permitted “agricultural” uses such as lawns, horse paddocks, landscaping and turf businesses. Almost all farmers are keen to expand their farming area, if land 18 Amaranth Report GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 43 were available. On the other hand, it seems that home gardening may be increasing, even on lands currently not zoned for agriculture. 2. High production costs. As a result of relatively high costs of labour and mostly imported inputs and services, as well as dispersed and small units of production. However, yields for many crops are comparable with the US and many of the high value, labour‐intensive market gardening operations are well suited to small‐scale operations. High costs seem to be a prohibitive factor for processed products (noting that Outerbridge’s Original shifted production to the US for this reason); though there remains scope for small‐scale specialist products targeting the local market and tourists, as indeed happens at present. 3. Inconsistent supply and quality of vegetables. Throughout the growing season, gluts occur at some points, whilst shortages are experienced at other times. The quality of vegetables with respect to size, shape, texture, blemishes and freshness varies considerably. Although crop performance is variable, buyers complain that some produce does not meet minimum standards for quality, reliability and grading. This certainly does not apply across the board and there are many examples of very good quality local produce. To some extent though, farmers are protected from the consequences of their actions (a) if the embargo and low‐ cost storage combine to oblige buyers to buy local produce, even if the quality is poor, and (b) when the Government Marketing Centre intervenes to facilitate a sale, if the trading relationship has broken down between the two parties 19 . 4. Lack of investment into research, infrastructure and support services. The government crop storage facility is in poor condition, it has aged equipment which is subject to break‐downs and it does not have the storage capacity to accommodate the volume of certain crops (e.g., broccoli). 5. The lack of adequate quarantine facilities at ports of entry, specifically the airport, and at the Plant Protection Laboratory. 6. Lack of interest among young people and difficulty attracting new entrants into agriculture. Many of the farmers are aged 50+ and some do not have children interested in continuing farming. Existing commercial farmers argue that it is difficult to attract and retain reliable Bermudian labour into farming. In most cases, family members work in the family business on a wide range of farming activities, including supervisory or middle management roles. Other labour needs are met almost exclusively from immigrant labour. Farmers argue that these workers are reliable, willing to work long hours and live on the farm, sometimes in quite basic accommodation. Trusted long‐term immigrant workers sometimes take on more responsible roles on the farm. Ultimately, there are extremely few Bermudian farm workers (i.e., excluding farmer family members), but it is very difficult to assess the exact reasons for this. Research must be undertaken to better 19 Amaranth Report GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 44 understand why young people are avoiding agriculture and develop recommendations to encourage them into the industry. 7. There is relatively little agricultural know‐ how and awareness amongst Bermudian youth. Agriculture is not included in the normal school curricula and there are no on‐island higher education opportunities in agriculture. In interviews farmers lamented the demise of a former internship scheme whereby trainees rotated through a number of government positions related to agriculture. This was abandoned some years ago. In agriculture strategy discussions, farmers argued that this internship scheme had been a training ground for many people who had subsequently secured employment in agriculture‐related fields and agribusiness. However, it appears that there is an emerging resurgence of interest in agriculture, with some parties (schools and communities) seeking help in starting school/community gardens. 8. Lack of financing.Commercial farmers mostly rely on their own resources for investment and working capital. During consultation no cases of pre‐financing by buyers were identified and farmers argued that it is difficult to obtain bank loans. One farmer, with a demonstrably successful business, a ready‐market for his product and a long track record, indicated that banks nonetheless will only lend at punitive interest rates. The lack of accessible funding is therefore likely to be an important constraint for new entrants. 9. Outdated legislation. The Agriculture Act 1930 was invoked during a period in which export of agriculture produce was a major pillar of the local economy. Many sections of the enabling legislation and subsequent regulations are obsolete and/or unused. 10. Lack of coordination and advocacy. In 2002 the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries was separated into the Departments of Conservation Services and Environmental Protection. Services related to the management and support of agriculture was split between the two departments. It can be argued that this led to deterioration in the quality and effectiveness in the provision of services. This does not support the needs of a modernised agriculture sector. 11. Misuse of pesticides and challenges with organic certification. The judicious use of pesticides on vegetables is essential for the health of the local population. Persons producing food crops commercially will be required to be licensed to apply pesticides. Standards of production need to be established so that produce can be classified as organic or otherwise. Opportunities Our current crop industry offers opportunity for correction or improvement to address the numerous challenges identified above. In addition, the following opportunities exist: 1. A wide range of produce can be grown in Bermuda and the local fresh product, with its short supply chain, can be very good, and is often the preferred choice. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 45 2. There is potential to diversify and/or re‐ examine crops trialled in the past, including fruits. 3. There is room in the market for more and better quality local produce, especially for those items consumers choose over imported produce, including Bermuda onions, herbs, good quality salad vegetables, potatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, sweet potato and pumpkin. 4. Bermudian farmers, who are well‐ educated, mobile and connected, are able to access cutting‐edge crop technology through overseas suppliers and contacts. 5. Home gardening is increasing – representing an interesting opportunity for inclusive agricultural development – and there is also potential for edible landscaping (fruit trees etc.); and hardscape locations which could be used for hydroponics, aquaponics or mushroom production. 6. The domestic market is the obvious place to focus given that 80% of fresh produce needs are currently met from imports; moreover, the relatively high costs of production in Bermuda (high costs of labour and inputs) make it difficult to compete in overseas markets. 7. A combination of adopting new technology, hardy summer crops and varieties could create opportunity to extend seasons, increase yields, limit climate change impacts, and/or create better conditions for the production of produce. 8. There are some sub‐sectors where there is very little production at present with apparent local market opportunities, notably mushrooms and fruit. 9. There may be scope to formalise and encourage more organic production, again, targeting the domestic market since there appears to be market demand and producer interest in this area. Threats The industry currently faces threats: 1. Continued high level reliance on imports. 2. Degradation of environment. Increased development and loss of productive arable land, fragmentation of arable land and loss of soil. 3. Declining role of agriculture in the island’s economy. 4. Growers feel that government does not provide a sufficient level of support for them and that the agricultural industry is not perceived as an important industry worth saving and protecting. They fear that the agricultural industry is currently in a very fragile state and could easily disappear. 5. Loss of produce through praedial larceny “night farming”, pests, invasive plant growth and weather. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 46 Food production Small‐medium tracts of farmland Market gardens Hobby gardens Small livestock holdings Bees and poultry Home gardens Community gardens Edible landscapes Processing On farm processing and preserving Storage and distribution An aggregation ( marketing) centre On farm cooler and dry storage Buying & selling Farmer stalls Farmer Markets Eating & Celebration On farm tastings Home consumption Restaurant and hotel consumption Cooking programs Waste & recovery On farm waste management Residential composting Recycling Education & governance Training Government extension services Crop and farm research Farmer training Training for urban gardeners School programs Food preparation Nutritional advice Source: Fresh‐ Edmonton’s Urban Agriculture Strategy, 2012 Figure 13. Typical peri‐agriculture system 6. The negative impacts of climate change. 7. Loss of pollinators. 8. Not‐In‐My‐Backyard (NIMBY) Syndrome relating to conflicts between residential areas and adjacent farming uses, and non‐agricultural use of agricultural areas. 9. The intentional or unintentional introduction and spread of an alien invasive species. Emerging trends The Urban Context Bermuda, once described as an agrarian society, is now one of the most densely populated places on earth. While geographically still a remote island, its terrestrial environment could be best described as a city state. As such agriculture finds that it must “fit” into an increasingly urbanised society tailored more for residential use rather than farming. Agriculture in this context is referred as “peri‐urban agriculture”. This is defined as the practice of cultivating, processing and distributing food in and around towns and cities. Indicators of this are small dispersed fields, societal problems of theft and challenges of the NIMBY syndrome of typical farm uses not being compatible in predominantly high density residential areas. Formally acknowledging this will assist in future decision making with regard to levels of produce, infrastructure, services, and deliverables and will be important relative to managing expectations. For comparison included is an example of a comparable system for the City of Edmonton, Canada (figure 13). GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 47 The broader economic context in Bermuda Bermuda enjoyed steady economic prosperity from the end of World War II until 2008/2009 (economic growth of 8.6% per annum in the decade to March 2009 (Amaranth). Its focus on tourism and, more recently, offshore finance (re‐insurance) has given it one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and in 2011, it was estimated to rank 3rd 20 . However, the global economic recession has hit both its business services sector (a trend that has been further exacerbated by progressive loss of market share to Europe), and tourism (air arrivals in the second quarter of 2009 were the lowest in thirty years). 15 GDP contracted by an average of 1.3% per annum in real terms between 2007 and 2011 and a further 2.8% in 2012, when unemployment was estimated at 8% (Ministry of Finance, 2013). With this economic decline, consumer spending is under pressure and Government took the unusual step of negotiating with supermarkets for weekly 10% discount days (now discontinued) 21 . The economic decline has put considerable pressure on public finances. “From 2005 to date, Government has spent more than it has earned” (report of the SAGE Commission, October 2013). The SAGE Commission has argued that progressive cuts are needed to reduce annual government expenditures by $320 million by 2017, against actual expenditure of $1,100 million in 2011/2012. Its recommendations are broad in scope, 20 Amaranth Report 21 Speech from the Throne, 2013 extending to all ministries and departments. This is a critically important context for the agricultural strategy. It emphasises the need to focus on promoting growth and employment within tight fiscal constraints. An additional general point is that small markets can be particularly prone to monopolistic/ monopsonistic tendencies or behaviour – and that creates its own challenges for competitive pricing and the context within which farmers operate 22 . Food security “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” There are many definitions of food security” but this is a generally accepted definition adapted from the 1996 World Food Summit. It includes the general conditions of affordability, availability, quality and safety, as well as a more recent consideration of consumer preferences. For Bermuda, key considerations in assuring food security are:  affordability, which is of particular concern in the context of the present economic downturn.  availability, quality and diversity of food, whether purchased or home‐ grown, or whether sourced in Bermuda or overseas.  reliability of supply (and maintaining as far as is practicable a diversity of sources (local and external), to reduce 22 Amaranth Report GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 48 seasonal shortfalls and the likelihood of supply interruptions in the event of a disaster); and  warehousing and disaster‐planning to maintain a strategic supply to cover unexpected supply interruptions (whether domestic or external). Local production has a role to play but as a component within a strategy that also combines external sources and disaster‐ planning. Affordability and quality are also important – and in delivering consumer value for money, key actors include shippers, wholesalers and retailers, as well as farmers. Whilst an analysis of farmer share of retail prices falls outside the scope of the present study, the wider point is simply that retail prices reflect a combination of services and not just the price paid to the farmer. Healthy living and nutritional security Bermuda is facing a health crisis. Like many other countries, in the past century it has experienced a change in dietary habits, which now include more energy dense, nutrient poor foods with high levels of sugar and saturated fats. Substantial shifts have also occurred globally towards less physically demanding work and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, due to automated transport, technology in the home and more passive leisure activities. It is paramount that the increase in overweight and obesity be addressed and eventually reversed. The benefits of consuming a healthy diet and engaging in moderate levels of physical activity on a regular basis include substantial reduction in the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. This goal of promoting healthy living and nutritional security, therefore, focuses on advocating healthy dietary habits. To help address this, the Department of Health has developed a Healthy Bermuda campaign with the aim of reducing associated health problems. Producing one’s own food is an excellent way of ensuring the quality, while providing both an avenue for relaxation and exercise. Climate Change Agriculture is very susceptible to climate change. Potential impacts could include rising sea levels leading to physical loss and salt contamination of land, changes to weather patterns – more, less and/or more intense rainfall, higher frequency of storm events, wind and drought. Consideration must be given as to how to mitigate the potential damage of such through infrastructure changes and crop choices. Certification of organic produce Although organic agricultural production operates on a limited scale in Bermuda there is a substantial consumer demand. The greatest challenges to organic growing systems relate to widespread use of pesticides and the lack of natural sources of nitrogen. The need exists for the Department to address the commercial certification and subsequent marketing of crops as organic or ‘pesticide free.’ To this end parameters for crop cultivation, levels of pesticide used and current practices (such as farmers’ obtaining crops from other farmers) will have to be addressed. It is likely that terms such as ‘no pesticides applied’ and ‘pesticide friendly’ may GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 49 substitute for organic for locally grown produce. Sustainability For some, the agriculture sector can contribute to healthy living (by preserving an environment which attracts people to spend time outside, walking etc.) whilst maintaining a historical and cultural significance that some would not want to see lost. It could be argued that when the agricultural sector declines (so often with changes of land‐use that does not permit the easy restoration of top soil), it is difficult to regain it – and so there is also an interest in simply preserving the sector for the benefit of future generations. Foremost is the need to ensure a viable industry with sufficient trained and experienced farmers able to produce crops. As such it is critical to attract “new blood” into the industry. For Bermuda to achieve a higher level of sustainability further steps to be taken in the area of soil management. Urban Farming Movement Closely linked to food security, better nutrition and access to legitimately ‘organic’ produce is a resurgence of public interest in producing their own food. Bermuda is no different from other urbanized regions that are becoming more interested in:  Private gardening  Community garden projects  Institutional initiatives e.g. school and hospital gardens  Small commercial enterprises  Urban livestock  Apiculture These interests need to be embraced and opportunities created to ensure that this and future generations have an opportunity to learn and experience how to produce their own food. The Produce Embargo The Amaranth report viewed the embargo as both a strength and a weakness. The effect of the embargo is to guarantee a market for Bermudian produce. The Amaranth Report considers the embargo to be a critically important measure for the survival of Bermudian agriculture. If the embargo were removed altogether, Bermuda would likely reduce its consumption of Bermudian produce, switching to less expensive imports; to the detriment of the island’s self‐sufficiency. In consultations on the agricultural strategy in November 2013, it appeared that the Government did not wish to abandon the embargo. However it would be beneficial to review the embargo process in light of concerns relating to:  over‐production (rather than spread production);  the storage of product until quality deteriorates (rather than discount);  exaggeration of production, in order to trigger the embargo;  the lack of grading leads to consumer dissatisfaction. Quality decreases late in the season but the price remains the same despite declining quality. With the embargo remaining in place, buyers have little option but to purchase inferior produce.  the absence of an embargo mechanism for regulating meat and eggs and GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 50 honey. Producers of these products must compete with imports without any protection. Bermuda also produces dairy products, with several farmers selling to one dairy plant. Fresh milk imports are also subject to the embargo system. By cushioning Bermudian agriculture from the effects of international competition, the embargo can significantly weaken the market signals that encourage farmers to adjust to market requirements through adaptation, innovation and the development of more efficient value chains (producer to market). Spreen et al., 2002 (p122) notes: “The primary impact of embargoes....is to stabilise prices....Stable prices tend to encourage production. At the same time, stable prices mean that the market mechanism is not adjusting supply and demand so that both product shortages and unharvested product result” and “...the quality of the product presented to consumers can be highly variable”. Spreen et al., 2002, proposed a variable tariff on produce imports, as a possible alternative to the embargo. They argued that the tariff could be varied either in line with a generalised seasonal production timetable for Bermuda, for each crop, or in much the same specific way as the embargo works at present (when farmers declare sufficient production to meet Island needs). Although Bermudian farmers would be subject to a broadly similar pattern of pressure and incentives, linked to the import regime, the switching between imports and local production might be smoother, giving consumers more choices (imports would be available albeit at a higher price) and there would be more incentive than there is at present to produce the best quality produce, to stagger production and to discount when there is a surplus. Consideration should be given to: 1. the investigation of the potential for a stipulated length of time that an embargo can be applied. 2. a system of assessment of the quality of the produce during the embargo period, as opposed to the embargo being enacted solely on the Sample list of plant pest and diseases Threat but not present Citrus Blackfly Aleurocanthuswoglumi Sweet Potato Whitefly* Bemisia spp. Thrips Palm Mealy Bug Pink Mealy Bug Maconellicoccushirsutus Burrowing Nematode Radophulussimilis Cyst Nematodes Top 12 threats emerging in Caribbean Mediterranean Fruit Fly Carambola Fruit Fly Moko Disease of Banana Fusarium Race 4 Tomato Leaf Miner Red Palm Weevil Frosty Pod Citrus Canker Citrus Leprosis Cassava mite Red Palm Mite Giant African Snail Committee of experts for the CPHD, 2015 *Island presence but intent is not to introduce pesticide resistant population GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 51 quantitative status of the commodity. 3. raising Government storage charges or applying an increasing scale of charges the longer a product remains in storage. (It is thought that the currently low storage charges encourage long storage periods, whilst the product quality deteriorates). 4. limiting the length of time produce can be stored extended storage options may incentivize farmers to extend seasons. Globalization, invasive species and phytosanitary restrictions on produce imports and biological controls Globalization coupled with increased trade in agricultural commodities presents both opportunities and risks. On the one hand, import of agricultural commodities generates much needed income for local suppliers and on the other, it presents new pathways for the introduction and spread of pests and diseases that can have a profound effect on agricultural production with potentially dire economic consequences. Exploitation of global market opportunities for agricultural and food products is subject to compliance with international standards, such as sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures that aims to provide the required protection against risks that may threaten human, animal and plant health and life. Invasive species may disrupt production processes by reducing the productivity of pasture, plants and livestock. Such incursions of invasive species may impact on production through increased costs, reduced output volumes or lower prices from products perceived as, of inferior quality. It has been argued that most plants and vertebrates are deliberately introduced to new areas, while most invertebrates are accidentally introduced. Terrestrial invertebrates, are primarily accidental introductions, as crop pests, hitchhikers or contaminants on goods or transport. Hilburn & Gordon (1989:674) recorded 228 species of beetles of which “nearly all have been introduced accidentally by human activity”, as have 53 of 59 recorded species of spiders (Sierwald 1988). The Citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) was first recorded in 1999, the Spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedesal bopictus) in 2000 23 . The notable exceptions to this are deliberately introduced biological control agents. Bermuda has an extensive track record in the use of biological controls with varying degrees of success. The first record of a biological control was in 1875 when the Surinam Toad (Bufo marinus), a native of British Guiana, was imported to control garden pests (Bennett & Hughes 1959); it is now widespread, and well suited to reproducing in Bermuda’s brackish ponds. In 1905 the Jamaican anole, (Anolis grahami) was introduced to control the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata), a citrus pest finally eradicated in 1962 (Woodley &Hilburn 1994) Between 1946 and 1951, several million natural insect predators belonging to more than 100 species (mostly coccinellid beetles and parasitoid wasps) from all over the world, some of them reared locally, were released 23 Claire Jessey pers comm. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 52 but the majority failed to become established (Bennett & Hughes 1959). Biological control efforts are not always effective as evidenced in the attempts to curtail the Cedar Blight (caused by scale insects, Carulaspis minima and Lepidosaphes newsteadi). The coccinellid beetles imported to control the scales pests were heavily preyed on by previously introduced lizards (Anolis grahami in particular).Two hundred specimens of the Kiskadee Flycatcher (Pitangus sulphuratus) were brought in from Trinidad in 1957 to control the anoles (Bennett & Hughes 1959). Bennett et al., (1985) conclude that “there is nothing to indicate any appreciable decline in the lizard population or any increase in that of the coccinellids”. Meanwhile, the Kiskadee increased explosively, becoming a major threat to other birds, and being implicated in the extinction of the endemic Cicada in the late 1990s. In the end it is difficult to assess the beneficial effect of “one of the biggest attempts at biological control ever tried, worldwide” (Vesey 2002:46). By the 1950s, an estimated 90% of the Island’s cedars had succumbed, requiring a massive effort of removing dead trees, and replacing them with imports. Pollinator loss Pollinators such as the European honey bee (Apis melifora), play a critical role in the success of large percentage of crops grown locally. In recent years there has been a growing global understanding and concern for the stress that these vital insects are under. Bermuda’s bees are experiencing the same challenges as many other countries including: habitat loss, pests and diseases, extreme weather, invasive species, climate change, and certain pesticide use. Efforts will have to be made to ensure their viability for not only crop production but also the wider natural environment. New technologies Agriculture is currently one of the fastest growing sectors for technology advances. Recognizing that prime agriculture is a diminishing resource and our vulnerability to climate change; Bermuda should, embrace new production technologies including vertical farming, aquaponics, aquaculture, green house farming, advanced irrigation and fertilization systems, hydroponics, micro‐propagation, tissue culture and protected production systems. Further, the introduction of new technology to enhance traditional practices could increase yields, allow for the growth of new crops and extend seasons of existing crops, help protect crops from adverse weather conditions, predicted climate change, and provide some protection from pest and diseases. Sample list of pollinator dependent vegetables & fruits Mango Okra Strawberries Prickly pear Avocados Citrus Loquat Fennel Coriander Watermelon Coconut Cauliflower Cabbage Peppers Papaya Eggplant Tomatoes Sunflower Squash Grapes GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 53 PART 6 Strategic objectives and initiatives Goal The goal of the strategy is to increase local food production by 20% by 2021through optimizing and increasing arable land, utilizing sustainable practices (such as building soils with compost thus reducing chemical inputs), promoting home gardening, public education, and training to create jobs for Bermudians 24 . Objectives The general objectives of the strategy are: j. To preserve and enhance the agriculture land base k. To develop sector capacity l. To encourage innovation and smart farming m. To reduce risk and cost of production n. To reduce loss or damage of product o. To foster agriculture friendly regulations p. To promote local produce q. To raise awareness and education r. To promote industry advocacy and coordination 24 Board of Agriculture, November 2015 The crop strategy proposes using a multi‐ pronged approach to foster agriculture and agribusiness in the private sector, while making careful, strategic use of public resources including the encouragement of public involvement. Infrastructure improvement It is essential to have the necessary infrastructure in place to support the growth and viability of Bermuda’s agriculture sector. Such a strategy should include: 1. The undertaking and regular updating of an Arable Audit to map the resource; This will provide a baseline from which to measure progress on implementation of the Strategy. The audit should capture critical data on each field, such as dimensions, location, ownership/lease, soil depth, active/fallow, pests, crops grown, bee hives, development issues, access etc. 2. The development of a water provision strategy using the arable audit to identify routes linking agriculture lands in production to centralized systems. 3. The development of a national seed bank to assist with availability of seed from local sources. 4. An improved post‐harvest storage infrastructure to alleviate problems of inconsistent supply and quality. The investment of capital is required to improve the Government Marketing Centre’s storage facility (including replacement of asbestos roof, ice machines, repairing the banana ripening room, and installing GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 54 aback‐up generator and alternative energy sources to reduce operating costs). 5. Investigate the development of a (private sector) tissue culture and micro‐ propagation facility for production of food crops. 6. Evaluate the plant importation infrastructure and address weakness at strategic points. At the airport a dedicated inspection area should be built in the freight shed for temporary storage of perishable plant materials. This should include better holding facilities (chill room), adequate for not only plant material but sensitive materials such as vaccines, food stuffs etc. Include a larger inspection area and a dedicated quarantine /holding area at the Plant Protection Laboratory with adequate functioning chill room space. Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation It must be a priority to conserve the resource from further loss and/or degradation. This should be accomplished through the following: Developing a more contemporary definition of agriculture that encompasses Bermuda’s peri‐urban context. This should include specific categories for pasture and high quality crop land which limits agriculture land to practices that depend on cultivation of the soil. Improving enforcement of zoning laws to ensure that if the state of agricultural land is altered, that it be restored to its former state. Implementing measures to conserve and improve the quality of topsoil in order to ensure maximum use of the land. Given Bermuda’s isolated location and the dangers associated with importation of soil, our local soil is a finite resource. Elements of this initiative should include:  Better definitions of what constitutes soil e.g. potting mix, top soil;  A review of the development regulations to ensure, effective enforcement of removal of top soil;  A review of the Agriculture Soil Erosion Regulations 1967;  Promoting and expanding Plant Protection Laboratory soil testing capabilities;  Creating prescriptions for soil amendments to promote the health of the soil and decrease use of chemicals;  Exploring the development of a purpose built composting facility with a view to creating a supply of high quality compost to serve the wider needs of the island;  Promoting better use of locally available animal and green manures;  Developing best practice guidelines for planting and crop rotations and promoting the existing local animal and green manures;  Developing best practices for rehabilitation of agriculture reserve overtaken by invasive plants;  Streamlining permissions and procedures for restoration. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 55 Connecting people to the land In order to maximize the production of food, commercial farmers, members of the public and interest groups must be given the opportunity and encouragement to farm. This should be accomplished through the following: Develop real estate listing for agricultural lands to link landlords and growers. Similarly, partner with existing networks and local food initiatives to build an online inventory of potential growing opportunities which connect those offering and those seeking gardening space (e.g. home garden sharing opportunities); Recommend promoting space for food gardening in designs for condominium developments. Identify suitable arable land, not under active cultivation in the National Park System, and convert to community gardens. Government should explore similar prospects with BLDC, WEDCO and local churches; Extend land leases for crop and dairy farmers by expanding the minimum length of leases in order to encourage capital investment in farm infrastructure. Implementation of such agreements would include conditions and measures to ensure efficient use of the property; Encourage a vibrant Community Gardening Initiative by providing opportunities to learn and practice; raised beds, square foot gardening, grow boxes, patio gardens, edible landscapes, allotments bee keeping and marketing strategies for part time home growers. Foster agriculture friendly regulation Recognise the need to create a business‐ friendly, streamlined, regulatory environment through the: Review and modernising of legislation including the:  Agriculture Act 1930  Agriculture (Inspection and Exportation of Nursery Stock) Regulations 1931  The Importation of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers Act 1971 (Embargo)  Agriculture Improvement of Livestock Regulations 1947  Public Health Milk and Dairy Farm Regulations 1952  Public Health (Offensive Trades‐ Storage, Treatment and Distribution of Animal Excreta and Faecal Matter) Regulations 1966  Public Health (Keeping of Pigs) Regulations 1958  Public Health (Slaughter of animals) Regulations 1945  Public Health Act 1949 (as it relates to Agriculture) Include new legislation and policies to encourage and/or better manage:  new technologies  definitions of agriculture  regulation of aquaculture  controlling invasive/feral species  keeping of urban livestock Review compliance with International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and WTO/SPS Agreement for Trade – GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 56 Phytosanitary measures. Similarly, review the current IPPC Risk Analysis procedure. Establish a technical science committee from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to provide advice and guidance on all imports and other industry related matters. Investigate reduced tax rates for agriculture land in production and related industry. Investigate tax relief for non‐ conventional crop production e.g. aquaculture, aquaponics and green house technology. Increased production and diversification Investigate ways to maximize and diversify the industry which capture opportunities and reduce need for imports. Efforts should include initiatives to: Develop a list of high priority crops. Work with stakeholders to undertake trials of experiment crops. These trials shall be conducted within structured scientific parameters with data collection and reporting of results to the department for analysis. Information will be assessed and recommendations will be made from these trials. Continue to develop partnerships with overseas institutions, agencies and producers for the importation of priority crops. Encourage research and development with a focus on pest and disease control (IPM), appropriate protected agriculture systems, agronomic practice and home gardening systems; new high yielding and pest resistant crop varieties. This should include a comprehensive review of the use and importation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and organic certification for local produce. Explore and encourage new production technologies including vertical farming, aquaponics, aquaculture, greenhouse farming, advanced irrigation and fertilization systems, hydroponics, micro‐ propagation, tissue culture and protected production systems. Explore new variable rate technologies to maximise productivity and minimise use of high cost fertilisers and chemicals including sprayers, spreaders, sensors, controller, geospatial technologies and remote sensing. Encourage the development of interest free loan facilities for capital development of agriculture projects. Reduce production cost and loss It should be a priority to ensure that what is produced is grown at minimum cost and further, not lost to preventable causes such as pests, diseases and weather. To this end the following operations would include: Continued inspection and extension services through the centralized management of plant material importation carried out via the Plant Protection Laboratory:  Inspection of incoming plant shipments;  Inspection of incoming cut flower shipments;  Regulation of all firewood, potting mix, sand, aggregate, soil products; GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 57  Regulation of all commercial and domestic fruit and vegetable importations;  Diagnosis of plant related pest and diseases;  Call out (extension) service for plant pest/disease identification;  Regulation and approval of pesticides.  Respond to public inquiries for information on plant pests and diseases;  Pre‐clearance inspection programs for special permitted plant shipments. Undertake a needs assessment for small scale and peri‐urban farmers to best understand and evaluate the current situation, and identify the gaps in the services. Investigate an insurance policy, specifically set up for direct hit disasters to offset farming production costs that are lost. This will also add to the sustainability of farming in Bermuda. Investigate means of reducing cost of water supply for registered commercial farmers either through tax relief or reduced rate. Support a diesel fuel rebate for registered commercial farmers. Better address praedial larceny (night farming) to address damage and theft of crops, the sale of stolen produce, and mis‐ labelling. Investigate means of identifying stolen produce. Create a phone hot line for produce theft. Address misrepresentation and/or misuse of name brands and logos. Improve the awareness of the public, police and judiciary on the significance of loss of crops and economic value. Develop a national invasive species strategy to address negative impacts to Bermuda’s natural environment and reduce loss of crops. This should include new legislation to better control feral animals and selling of pest plants. Continue the public/private funded pre‐ inspection process for high priority crops prone to plant diseases and pests (similar to the annual Christmas tree pre‐ inspection). Such specialty crops include seed potatoes, strawberries, bananas and sweet potato slips. Increase preparedness for potential incursion of pests and diseases. Develop treatment plans for priority pests and diseases which would include Identifying sources of “beneficials" for biological control. The strategy should include the highest risk pests emerging in the Caribbean and Florida as a priority, based on their proximity to Bermuda. Continue to manage pest birds which are known to destroy crops‐ specifically the feral chicken, crow and feral pigeon as a priority. Develop Treatment Action Plans for pests, e.g. American Crow and Feral Pigeon. Better control entry of potential invasive species by developing new legislation and/or regulations to control importation of plant species. This could include a National Pest List and/or “Stop‐Caution‐ Go” lists. Create an integrated plant pest and disease surveillance program that includes: GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 58  A “Sentinel” plant pest and disease monitoring program;  Mapping high risk import sites and contact lists for rapid response.  Undertaking baseline studies to determine if specific pests are already present, determine distribution, study impact of presence (revisit restrictions and policies if necessary).  Establish a reporting system. Create a web based virtual pest and disease information package to identify pests, diseases, symptoms, host range, problem species, impacts and proposed management control. This database should include emerging pest species and hosts from international air and sea routes e.g. Florida, Boston, Canada, New York, Philadelphia etc. Included should be a web based reporting system to report damage, suspected outbreaks, and species to be identified. Create a plant pest and disease rapid response program using in house resources. To include "disaster" kits to ensure timely management of pest introductions. Advocacy and sector coordination Acknowledging the multiple challenges facing the Agricultural sector and limited resources; there is a critical need to both consolidate effective management for agriculture and establish a strong advocacy lobby for its interests. Such a strategy should include: Continued work to synergize operations with similar and supportive departments; to change practices to lower risks, synchronise arrival times for imports and explore ways to minimize paperwork. For example coordinate with HM Customs to expedite clearance of imports including better use of HM Customs Public Notice 33, Perishable and time sensitive goods including cut flowers in the pre‐clearance arrangement for perishable products (Entry by Deposit system), as is provided to importers of perishable food and fish; Undertaking a legislative review of penalties and powers for HM Customs to strengthen the ability to fine for false declaration of “environmental listed species” aimed at repeat offenders; Consolidation of all government related agricultural functions into one department with a focus and mandate to improve agriculture. Further, this body will ensure coordination across departments and ministries (Public Works, Education, Health, Immigration and HM Customs); Strengthening linkages. Encourage, develop and sustain the linkages within the sector. Where resources are not readily available in house, the Government will partner with other agencies, research institutions, private sector entities and seek technical cooperation to ensure effective delivery; Developing the Board of Agriculture as the central advisory body on agriculture/horticulture matters; Improving stakeholder awareness and develop a communication strategy to exchange of ideas/concerns; undertake training through regular contact with key government agencies and stakeholder groups; GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 59 Supporting a strong Agriculture Farmer’s Association; Improvements in networking with similar international agencies and groups e.g. CARICOM and the Regional Plant Health Forum. Local produce promotion Image and reputation are essential to the future of the Bermudian crop industry. Improved public perception and understanding of the industry will aid in supporting the products of the farm, attracting interest and investment (both financial and human). Key elements could include:  Exploring links with Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Tourism Authority, Bermuda Economic Development Corporation (BEDC);  Developing and implementing a marketing strategy for local produce;  Develop an easily identifiable local produce logo to raise the local product profile in the market. The Dairy Strategy has proposed the development of a Bermuda brand ‐ "Bermuda Fresh";  Clear labelling and identification of local produce in shops;  Promoting consumer awareness – through media, TV shows and events – food week, celebrity chefs etc.;  Actively promoting the Farmer’s Market;  Encouraging the development of value added Bermuda products (honey, preserves etc.);  In conjunction with the Department of Health, undertaking pesticide residue testing of plant produce for consumption;  Developing an Agri‐tourism strategy aimed at show casing Bermuda’s historic links to agriculture with farm tours and amenities.  Develop festivals such as potato festival, strawberry festival, promotion of local bananas and avocados, tasting of foods made from uncommon products with the objective of encouraging more use of uncommon crops such as christophine and taro that grow well in Bermuda. Other festivals to showcase local products are quite feasible that can inspire more production. Communication & education The need for effective communication and education is central to the strategy and other key initiatives. Acknowledging repetition, it is worth consolidating many of the recommendations as follows: Increase public interest and the involvement of children in growing vegetables. Develop school curricula with lesson plans on topics such as school gardens, plant identification, pests and diseases, where food comes from, nutrition etc. Develop agriculture and school work release programs. Support the introduction of agricultural and horticultural topics into the school curriculum and/or after school clubs; Develop a dedicated agriculture section on the Department's website as a central GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 60 repository and information hub for the Agriculture Sector. To include:  a photographic based database on Bermuda’s pests, diseases and deficiencies;  description of services offered;  an improved planting calendar published at the beginning of the growing season or a pamphlet;  a stakeholder list with contacts including farmers, horticulturalists, plant nurseries, citrus growers, community gardens, the Agricultural Group, Greenrock etc.;  a web based or accessible pdf forms;  local training opportunities;  web based reporting system of incidents;  conditions to import;  the hosting of all publications, events, information on website and Community Gardening;  promotion of agricultural related events through Government internet, CITV, and Community Calendar;  links to library, Bermuda Plantfinder and embargoes. Develop information packs:  home poultry farming guidance  Gardening techniques including square foot., Grow Biointensive, Permaculture, Keyhole gardens, raised beds, Lasagna Gardening, No Dig gardening, Container gardening, etc  urban bee keeping  pest and disease Identification and management  nutrient deficiencies and fertilization  “planting calendar pamphlet  Bee friendly gardening Ensure the department’s science library housed at the Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo includes in its collections all Bermuda agriculture related material. Ensure agriculture related materials is available at the public library. Acknowledging there is a lack of public awareness about the dangers of importing potentially invasive species and pests, adopt an integrated public awareness program “Don’t Pack a Pest Program” at the international airport. This program is currently operated in a number of countries and includes elements such signage, amnesty bins, video and audio loops. Pollinator recovery The strategy will support actions that will better enable pollinators to thrive, so they can carry out their essential service to people of pollinating flowers and crops, while providing other benefits for our native and ornamental plants. Actions will include:  Continued service to relocate feral bee hives for human health and safety reasons in Government owned areas;  The development of a policy on the importation, and application of pesticides that negatively impact apiculture;  Working with developers to incorporate food, shelter and nest sites into developments. Consider policy on encouraging replanting of high nectar yielding plants into landscaping plan required for new development. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 61  Encouraging farmers to integrate bee hives into crop fields.  Incorporating bee hive location; analysis into the GIS Arable Audit.  The consideration of legislation to protect feral colonies e.g. addition to the Protected Species Act;  Reviewing the importation policy of bee products (to exclude pests/diseases);  Working with farmers to strategically plant crops that are not negatively impacted by the lack of bees;  Investigating the use of native pollinators e.g. leaf cutter bee;  Providing information on bee friendly practices and plants, bee keeping, Government feral bee relocation service, bee keepers ‘contact information;  Educating the public on existing tax relief on all supplies for bee keeping;  Encouraging e urban bee keeper training;  Encouraging the public to take action in their gardens, allotments, and balconies to making them pollinator‐ friendly;  Encouraging the public participation in other rewarding opportunities such as community gardening and volunteering on nature reserves;  Working to address pest and disease risks to honey bees whilst further improving beekeepers’ husbandry and management practices to strengthen the resilience of bee colonies;  Developing a sustainable long‐term monitoring programme to better understand status, causes of any declines and where our actions will have most effect;  Improving the sharing of knowledge and evidence between scientists, conservation practitioners and non‐ government organisations (NGOs) to ensure that actions taken to support pollinators are scientifically based on up‐to‐date evidence. Extension services and capacity building Recognizing that local food production is primarily driven by the private sector, support services provided by the government must strike the right balance between regulation and support. A major activity of the Agriculture Strategy will be the institutional strengthening and capacity building of stakeholders. The strategy will ensure that extension services provided by the Government are strategic, performed well, better understood and well subscribed. Other support programmes will include technology transfer which will be the focus of an improved extension service to farmers. Plant Protection Laboratory (PPL) The challenges faced by the PPL are predominantly related to infrastructure, equipment and staffing levels. Recommendation for improvements include additional manpower, better inspection and holding facilities and improved diagnostic equipment. Consider hiring a Plant Laboratory Assistant to provide additional resources to the Plant GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 62 Protection Lab to allow for monitoring, inspections and research. Agriculture Marketing Centre Review the role of the Government Marketing Centre to identify the priority services that should continue and identify any new services required. It is recommended that the program continue the following:  cold storage of crops  banana ripening service selling packaging for crops  sale of seed  sale of pesticides  sale of ice to farmers and fisherman Additionally the Marketing Centre should develop a national seed bank. It is recommended that the Marketing Centre be rebranded in order to better reflect its services, i.e. the Agriculture Service Centre. Veterinary Services. Develop a veterinary diagnostic laboratory (VDL) – which would contribute to the health of animal and quality of varied agriculture products by providing objective evidence regarding animal health, product quality and safety. On island diagnostics would also permit timely decisions on herd health management and disease response. Increased extension services In private/public partnership, provide training and exposure to the benefits of agriculture practices and new technologies. Consideration should be given to: Reviving technical training meetings for farmers and mentoring new entrants (apprenticeship scheme).Consider public/private partnerships to bring in experts on certain short term contracts for specific high interest subjects, i.e. new technologies; Hiring a government Agronomist to provide services for marketing advice, crop testing of new varieties, soil practices, working with pesticides/fungicides, plant diseases, insect control, irrigation and soil erosion; The development and implementation of a series of workshops on the growing of food in urban settings, food cycle awareness and good nutrition; Encouraging the development of food processing and storage of fruits and vegetables techniques e.g. jams, chutneys and juices; A major challenge to the development of the sector is an inadequate labour supply. In order to address this challenge the Government should undertake initiatives to both stabilize the workforce and encourage new entrants into the business. This should include: Classification of agriculture technicians, and farming staff as essential workers due to the specialization in this field. Prioritize the work permits of such staff; A review of the immigration policy on volunteering on farms for non‐Bermudians. Explore extending summer work force development program to farmers; Investigation into the use of either part time workers for high volume events or the use of volunteers; GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 63 Farmers creating and implementing incentive plans for their employees and a structured system of managing anticipated rotation and transfer of knowledge; Developing a young professional’s mentoring program. The industry is characterised by an aging population and there is a need to encourage young people into the sector. As such, a programme should be developed to provide structured opportunities for post high school graduates to enter into the industry, create on‐farm employment opportunities for Bermudians specifically as professional agriculturists, equipment operators and technical agriculture practitioners; Better linkages to overseas institutions. Significant opportunities exist to build capacity and relationships with the USDA and with Caribbean island countries facing the same issues. Building such relationships could provide opportunities for training and potentially the development of a canine unit. Bermuda should join the Regional Plant Health Forum and specifically take part in the Annual Regional Plant Quarantine Course. Government should partner with overseas institutions and programmes to access specialists who can be landed for limited amounts of time to conduct or guide special projects and/or conduct special training. Identify internships and agriculture programs with overseas institutions. Trend analysis There is a critical need to better understand demand and supply trends impacting the agriculture sector. The Department will become the repository of data and statistics for the agriculture sector. Better integration with HM Customs and the Department of Statistics will allow the department to better track trends and identify opportunities for local produce. Actions will include:  Production of a technical report on the work and accomplishment of the department and industry as a whole.  The creation of benchmarks to track progress.  Better tracking of agriculture statistics for local production; examination of statistics of imported products to highlight the demand for products not yet locally grown. Undertaking of periodic surveys to gauge the issues and awareness of the public on satisfaction and local produce wants.  The compilation of accurate apiculture annual statistics (number of hives, amount honey product, pest and disease occurrence).  The development of a process for farmers to provide statistics on crop production.  Ensure dissemination of agriculture statistics to public. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 PART 7 Proposed plan of action Within initial 12-month period Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress Infrastructure improvement Undertake an Arable Audit to map the resource. This will provide a baseline from which to measure progress on implementation of the Strategy. The audit should capture critical data on each field, such as dimensions, location, ownership/lease, soil depth, active/fallow, pests, crops grown, bee hives, issues, access etc. (To be updated every 2 years) Mapping DENR Infrastructure improvement Evaluate the plant importation infrastructure and address weaknesses at strategic points. At the Airport construction of a dedicated inspection area in the freight shed for temporary storage of perishable plant materials ‐ to include better holding facilities (chill room), adequate for not only plant material but sensitive materials such as vaccines, food stuffs etc. Program $ Capital Infrastructure improvement Improve post‐harvest storage infrastructure to alleviate problems of inconsistent supply and quality. Invest in the improvement of the Government Marketing Centre including: Program $ Capital (1) replacement of asbestos roof Program $ Capital (2) back‐up generator Program $ Capital (3) Alternative energy e.g. solar panels Program $ Capital (4) Assess supply ice and replace as required Program $ Capital (5) Assess and repair banana ripening facilities as required Program $ Capital 25 DENR‐ Department of Environment and Natural Resources Chambers‐ Attorney General’s Chambers DCI‐ Department of Communication and Information DoH – Department of Health BTA‐ Bermuda Tourism Authority MoE – Ministry of Environment Others – Partners to be identified in the wider community and non‐government organisations GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 65 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress (6) Expand storage capacity either through expansion of same and/or mobile units Program $ Capital (7) Addition of a local seed repository Program $ Capital Infrastructure improvement Develop a dedicated plant inspection facility at the Plant Protection Laboratory with adequately functioning chill room space. Program $ Capital Agriculture friendly regulation Extend land leases for crop and dairy farmers by increasing the minimum length of leases in order to encourage capital investment in farm infrastructure. To include conditions and measures to encourage efficient use of the property. Agreement DENR, Ministry of Public Works Agriculture friendly regulation Review compliance with International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and WTO/SPS Agreement for Trade – Phytosanitary measures. Similarly, review the current IPPC Risk Analysis procedure. Policy DENR Agriculture friendly regulation Establish a technical science committee from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to provide advice and guidance scientific and other industry related matters. Committee DENR Agriculture friendly regulation Investigate reduced tax rates for agriculture land in production. Investigate tax relief for non‐ conventional crop production e.g. aquaculture, aquaponics, green house technology. Research HM Customs, DENR Agriculture friendly regulation Review custom duty tariffs associated with local food production and packaging to incentivize production and reduce associated costs. Review HM Customs, DENR Increased production and diversification Develop a list of priority crops, new specialty crops and varieties and work with stakeholders to undertake trials of experiment crops with regular reporting back to Department. Research DENR, Board of Agriculture, Stakeholders Increased production and diversification Develop a campaign to encourage the planting of fruit bearing plants in Bermuda’s landscape. Plan DENR, Stakeholders Parks Increased production and diversification Continue to develop partnerships with overseas institutions, agencies and producers for the importation of priority crops DENR, CABI, USDA Others GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 66 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress Reduce production cost and loss Expand the public/private funded pre‐inspection process for specialty crops prone to disease and pests, similar to the annual Christmas tree pre‐ inspection. To include potatoes, strawberries, bananas, and sweet potato slips. Program DENR USDA Others Reduce production cost and loss Increase preparedness for potential incursion of pests and diseases. Develop treatment plans for priority pest and diseases which would include Identifying sources of “beneficials" for biological control. The strategy should include the highest risk pests emerging in the Caribbean and Florida as a priority. Plan DENR Others Reduce production cost and loss Continue to manage pest birds which are known to destroy crops ‐specifically the feral chicken, crow and feral pigeon as a priority. Program DENR Reduce production cost and loss Develop Treatment Action Plans for pest birds, specifically crow and feral pigeon. Plan DENR Reduce production cost and loss Create an integrated plant pest and disease surveillance program that includes; development of a national pest list, a “sentinel” trapping program for high risk pests, mapping high risk import sites and develop contact list, undertaking baseline studies/monitoring to determine if pest is already present, determine distribution, study impact of presence (revisit restrictions and policies if necessary). Program DENR Reduce production cost and loss Continue inspection and extension services through the centralized management of plant material importation carried out by the Plant Protection Laboratory. Service DENR Inspection of incoming cut flower shipments. Regulation of all firewood, potting mix, sand, aggregate, soil products. Regulation of all commercial and domestic fruit and vegetable importations. Diagnosis of plant related pests and diseases. Call out service for plant pest/disease identification. Regulation and approval of pesticides. Facilitate public inquiries for information on plant pests and diseases. Pre‐clearance inspection programs for plant shipments. Advocacy and sector Continue to work to synergize operations with similar and supportive departments; to change Service DENR HM Customs GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 67 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress coordination practices to lower risks, synchronise arrival times for imports and explore ways to minimize paperwork. For example coordinate with HM Customs to expedite clearance of imports including better use of HM Customs Public Notice 33, Perishable and time sensitive goods including cut flowers in the pre‐clearance arrangement for perishable products (Entry by Deposit system), as is provided to importers of perishable food and fish. Advocacy and sector coordination Undertake a legislative review – of penalties and powers for HM Customs to strengthen the ability to fine for false declaration of “environmental listed species” aimed at repeat offenders. Legislation DENR HM Customs Advocacy and sector coordination Consolidation of all government related agricultural functions into one department with a focus and mandate to improve agriculture. Further this body shall ensure co‐ordination across departments and ministries (Public Works, Education, Health, Immigration, and HM Customs). Service DENR Others Advocacy and sector coordination Reinforce the role of the Board of Agriculture as the central advisory body on agriculture/horticulture matters. Board DENR Advocacy and sector coordination Improve stakeholder awareness and develop a communication strategy for the exchange of ideas/concerns; undertake training through regular contact with key government agencies and stakeholder groups. Strategy DENR DCI Others Advocacy and sector coordination Support a strong Agriculture Farmer’s Association. Association DENR Advocacy and sector coordination Better networking with similar international agencies and groups e.g. Regional Plant Health Forum, CABI, KEW. Association DENR, CABI Others Local produce promotion Active promotion and support of the Farmer’s Market. Public awareness DENR Various NGOs GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 68 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress Communication & education Develop a dedicated agriculture section on the Department's website ‐ as a central repository and information hub for the Agriculture Sector. To include: A photographic based database on Bermuda’s pests, diseases and deficiencies with treatment recommendations; Description of services offered; An improved growing calendar; A stakeholder list with contacts‐ to include farmers, horticulturalists, plant nurseries, citrus growers, community gardens, the Agricultural Group, Greenock etc.; Web based or accessible pdf forms; Local training offered; Web based reporting system of incidents; Conditions to import; Host all publications, events, information on website; Community Gardening. Promote agricultural related events through Government internet, CITV and Community Calendar; Links to library; Bermuda Plantfinder, embargoes. Provide a technical bulletin on a quarterly basis e.g. similar to the Fisherman’s Newsletter. Website DENR, DCI Communication & education Ensure the Department’s science library housed at the Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo includes in its collections all Bermuda agriculture related material. Service DENR Pollinator recovery Introduce Varroa Hygienic Queen bees to bolster the local population. Program DENR Bee keeper’s Association Pollinator recovery Continued service to relocate feral bee hives for human health and safety reasons in Government owned areas. Program DENR Bee keeper’s Association Pollinator recovery Incorporate bee hive location analysis into the GIS Arable Audit. Mapping DENR Pollinator recovery Improved mechanism for bee swarm extraction and relocation. Study DENR, Bee Keepers Association Pollinator recovery Review importation policy of bee products (to exclude pests/diseases). Policy DENR, Bee Keepers Association Pollinator recovery Investigate use of native pollinators e.g. leaf cutter bee. Research DENR, Bee Keepers Association GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 69 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners 25 Progress Extension services and capacity building Agriculture Marketing Centre‐ It is recommended that the centre be rebranded in order to better reflect its services e.g. Agriculture Support Centre. Review role of the Government Marketing Centre to identify the priority services that should continue and identify any new services required. It is recommended that the program continue the following; cold storage of crops, banana ripening service selling packaging for crops, sale of seed, sale of pesticides, sale of ice to farmers and fisherman, additionally the Centre should develop a national seed bank. Services DENR Extension services and capacity building Engage short term consultants to provide on island training for special techniques. Human Resources DENR, Others Extension services and capacity building Take advantage of training offered overseas e.g. Bermuda should join the Regional Plant Health Forum and specifically take part in the Annual Regional Plant Quarantine Course. Association DENR, Others Extension services and capacity building Plant Protection Laboratory. Improved diagnostic equipment to allow for identifying and documentation of plant and pest and diseases. Services $ Capital/ human resources Trend analysis Create benchmarks to track progress. Statistics DENR Dept. of Statistics Importers, Farmers Trend analysis Better track agriculture statistics for local production; examine statistics of imported products to determine demand for products not yet locally grown. Undertake periodic surveys to gauge the issues and awareness of the public on satisfaction and local produce wants. Statistics DENR Dept. of Statistics Importers, Farmers Trend analysis Compile accurate apiculture annual statistics (number hives, amount honey product, pest and disease). Statistics DENR, Bee Keepers Association Trend analysis Develop a process for farmers to provide statistics on crop production. Statistics DENR GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 70 Year 2-5 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Infrastructure improvement Develop a water provision strategy using the Arable Audit to identify routes linking producing agriculture lands to a centralized system. Mapping DENR Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Develop a more contemporary definition of agriculture, to recognize Bermuda’s peri‐urban (urban fringe) context. Define “agriculture” in legislation and introduce specific categories for pasture and high quality crop land to limit agriculture land to practices that depend on cultivation in the soil. Create new zoning for pasture land from high quality crop land. Legislation DENR, Planning, Chambers Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Undertake a legislative review and improve enforcement of zoning laws to require restoration of destroyed arable reserve. Legislation DENR, Planning, Chambers Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Better definitions of what constitutes soil e.g. potting mix, top soil Legislation DENR, Planning, Chambers Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Review of development regulations to ensure effective enforcement of removal of top soil. Regulations Planning, Chambers Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Review Agriculture Soil Erosion Regulations 1967. Legislation DENR, Planning, Chambers Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Promote Plant Protection Laboratory soil testing service for deficiencies and more tailored fertiliser use. Service DENR; Others Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Create prescription for soil amendments to promote health of soil and decrease use of chemicals. Policy Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Promote better use of locally available animal and green manures. Public awareness DENR, Others Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Develop best practice guidelines for planting, crop rotation and promote the existing local animal and green manures. Information packages DENR, Farmers Assoc Infrastructure improvement Develop a dedicated plant inspection facility at the Plant Protection Laboratory with adequately functioning chill room space. Program $ Capital GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 71 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Agriculture friendly regulation Develop real estate listing for agricultural lands to link landlords and growers. Similarly, partner with existing networks and local food initiatives to build an online inventory of potential growing opportunities connecting those offering and those seeking gardening space (e.g. home garden sharing opportunities). Program DENR, Real estate agencies, Ministry of Public Works Agriculture friendly regulation Identify suitable arable land, not under active cultivation in the National Park System, and convert to community gardens. (Government to explore similar with BLDC, WEDCO and Churches). Mapping DENR Agriculture friendly regulation Encourage a vibrant Urban Community Gardening Initiative by providing opportunities to learn and practice: raised beds, iointensive, Permaculture, Lasagna Gardening, raised med gardening grow boxes, patio gardens, edible landscape, allotments and marketing strategies for home growers and bee keeping. Education program/ Information packages DENR, NGOs Agriculture friendly regulation Review and modernize legislation including the: Agriculture Act 1930, The Agriculture Inspection and Exportation of Nursery Stock Regulations 1931, The Agriculture (Importation and Sale of Potatoes) Regulations 1936, The Importation of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers Act 1971 (Embargo), The Agriculture (Inspection and Exportation of Nursery Stock) Regulations 1931, The Agriculture Improvement of Livestock Regulations 1947,The Public Health Milk and Dairy Farm Regulations 1952, The Public Health (Offensive Trades‐ Storage, Treatment and Distribution of Animal Excreta and Fecal Matter) Regulations 1966, The Public Health (Keeping of Pigs) Regulations 1958 , The Public Health (Slaughter of animals) Regulations 1945 and The Public Health Act 1949 (as it relates to Agriculture). Legislation DENR, Chambers Agriculture friendly regulation Include new legislation and policies to encourage: new technologies, regulation of aquaculture, definitions of agriculture, controlling invasive/feral species, keeping of urban livestock and feral animal control. Legislation DENR, Chambers HM Customs Agriculture friendly regulation Formalize policy on the importation of seeds. Policy DENR GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 72 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Increased production and diversification Research and development should focus on pest and disease control (IPM), appropriate protected agriculture systems, agronomic practice and home gardening systems; new high yielding and pest resistant crop varieties. This should include a comprehensive review of the use and importation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and organic certification for local produce. Policy DENR Increased production and diversification Explore and encourage new production technologies including vertical farming, aquaponics, aquaculture, green house farming, advanced irrigation and fertilization systems, hydroponics, micro‐propagation, tissue culture and protected production systems. Research DENR, Others Increased production and diversification Explore new variable rate technologies to maximise productivity and minimise use of high cost fertilisers and chemicals including sprayers, spreaders, sensors, controller, geospatial technologies and remote sensing. Research DENR, Others Increased production and diversification Explore access to interest free loans for capital development of agriculture projects. Program DENR, Insurance providers Reduce production cost and loss Undertake a needs assessment for small scale and peri‐urban farmers to best understand, assess and identify the gaps in the sector. Assessment DENR, Others Reduce production cost and loss Investigate an insurance policy, specifically set up for direct hit disasters to offset farming production costs that are lost, will also add to the sustainability of farming in Bermuda. Policy DENR, Insurance providers Reduce production cost and loss Investigate means of reducing cost of water supply for registered commercial farmers either through tax relief or reduced rate. Relief DENR Ministry of Public Works Reduce production cost and loss Better address praedial larceny (night farming) to minimize damage and theft of crops, the sale of stolen produce, and mislabeling. Investigate means of identifying stolen produce. Address misrepresentation and/or misuse of name brands and logos. Improve the awareness of the public, police and judiciary on significance of loss of crops and economic value. Policy, legislation DENR Bermuda Police Service Reduce production cost and loss Develop a national invasive species strategy that includes risk assessment, early detection, rapid response, control and monitoring Strategy DENR Others GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 73 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Reduce production cost and loss New legislation to control plant and animal pests to control action such as possession, dumping, husbandry, release, feeding in wild and selling. Legislation DENR, Chambers Reduce production cost and loss Create a plant pest and disease rapid response program. Create "disaster" kits to ensure timely management of pest introductions. Program DENR DoH Reduce production cost and loss Develop web based pest and disease information on plant disease symptoms, problem species, and proposed management control. Information should include emerging pest species and hosts from international air and sea routes e.g. Florida, Boston, Canada, New York, Philadelphia etc. Included should be a web based reporting system to document damage, theft, suspected outbreaks and species to be identified. Website/ information package DENR, DCI Reduce production cost and loss Develop Treatment Action Plans for pest mammals. Plan DENR, Others Local produce promotion Explore links with Ministries responsible for Health, Education, the Tourism Authority, and Bermuda Economic Development Corporation (BEDC). Association DENR, Others Local produce promotion Develop and implement a marketing strategy for local produce. Strategy DENR Local produce promotion Develop an easily identifiable local produce logo to raise product profile in local markets. The Dairy Strategy has proposed the development of a Bermuda brand ‐ "Bermuda Fresh". Strategy DENR Local produce promotion Ensure labeling and clear identification of local produce in shops; promote consumer awareness – through media, TV shows and events such as a food week, and celebrity chef events. Program DENR, DCI Local produce promotion Encourage the development of value added Bermuda products (honey, preserves etc.) Public awareness DENR, Others Local produce promotion In conjunction with the Department of Health undertake pesticide residue testing of plant produce for consumption. Project DENR DoH GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 74 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Local produce promotion Develop festivals such as potato festival, strawberry festival, promotion of local bananas and avocados, tasting of foods made from uncommon products with the objective of encouraging more use of uncommon crops such as christophine and taro that grow well in Bermuda. Other festivals to showcase local products are quite feasible that can inspire more production. Project DENR Others Local produce promotion Develop an Agri‐tourism strategy aimed at showing casing Bermuda’s links to agriculture with farm tours and amenities. Strategy DENR BTA Communication & education Increase public interest and children involvement in growing vegetables with an expanded Community Gardening Program. Education DENR Others Communication & education Develop school curricula with lesson plans on topics such as school gardens, plant identification, pests and diseases, where food comes from, nutrition etc. Develop agriculture and school work release programs. Support the introduction of subjects into the school curriculum and/or after school clubs. Education DENR MoE Schools Others Communication & education Develop information packs on: home garden poultry farming guidance, square foot gardening, bee keeping, pest and diseases ID and management, nutrient deficiencies, fertilisation and "what and when to plant" Information packages DENR Others Communication & education Adopt an integrated public awareness program “Don’t Pack a Pest Program” at ports of entry. Program DENR USDA Pollinator recovery Develop a policy on use and application of pesticides with negative impacts on apiculture. Policy DENR Beekeepers Pollinator recovery Work with developers to incorporate food, shelter and nest sites into developments. Consider policy on encouraging replanting of high nectar yielding plants into landscaping plan required for new development. Policy DENR Beekeepers Dept of Planning Pollinator recovery Encourage farmers to integrate bee hives into crop fields. Policy DENR, Farmer’s Assoc. Pollinator recovery Consider legislation to protect feral bee colonies. Legislation DENR Beekeepers Pollinator recovery Work with farmers to switch crops to those that are not negatively impacted by lack of bees. Education DENR Beekeepers Farmer’s Assoc. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 75 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress Pollinator recovery Provide information on bee friendly practices and plants, bee keeping, Gov. feral bee relocation service, bee keepers contact information. Information packages DENR, Others Pollinator recovery Educate public on existing tax relief on all supplies for bee keeping. Relief DENR, Others Pollinator recovery Encourage urban bee keeper training. Education, training DENR, Bee Keepers, Others Pollinator recovery Encourage the public to take action in their gardens, allotments, and balconies to make them pollinator‐friendly or through other opportunities such as community gardening and volunteering on nature reserves. Education DENR, Others Pollinator recovery Develop a sustainable long‐term monitoring pollinator programme to better understand status, causes of any declines and where our actions will have most effect. Program DENR, Bee Keepers, Others Pollinator recovery Improve the sharing of knowledge and evidence between scientists, conservation practitioners and non‐government organisations (NGOs) to ensure that actions taken to support pollinators are based on up‐to‐date evidence. Training DENR, Bee Keepers, Others Extension services and capacity building Develop a veterinary diagnostic laboratory (VDL). Services $ Capital Extension services and capacity building Hire a Plant Laboratory Assistant to provide additional resources to the Plant Protection Laboratory to allow for monitoring, inspections and research. Services $ human resources Extension services and capacity building Revive technical training meetings for farmers and mentoring new entrants (apprenticeship scheme). Consider public/private partnerships to bring in experts on certain on short term contracts for specific high interest subjects, i.e. new technologies. Training $ Capital/ human resources Extension services and capacity building Hire a government agronomist to provide services for marketing advice, crop testing of new varieties, soil identification, working with pesticides, liaises with the PPL and the farmers on plant disease and insect identifications and control, irrigation and soil erosion. In the interim consider hiring consultants on fixed term contracts for specific high priority projects. Human Resources $ human resources Extension services and Develop and implement a program of workshops on the growing of food in urban settings, food Program DENR, Others GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 76 Initiative Action Output Resources/ Partners Progress capacity building cycle awareness and good nutrition. Extension services and capacity building Encourage the development of food processing and storage of fruits and vegetables techniques e.g. jams, chutneys, juices and value added products. Training DENR, Others Extension services and capacity building Classify agriculture technicians and farming staff, as essential workers due to specializations. Prioritize the work permits of such staff. Policy DENR, Dept. of Immigration Extension services and capacity building Review immigration policy on volunteering on farms for non‐Bermudians. Explore extending summer work force development program to farmers. Investigate use of either part time workers for high volume events or use volunteers. Policy DENR, Dept. of Immigration Extension services and capacity building Farmers shall create and implement incentive plans for their employees and a structured system of managing anticipated rotation and transfer of knowledge. Plan DENR, Others Extension services and capacity building Develop a young professionals mentoring program. Program DENR, Others Agriculture Reserve and soil conservation Explore the development of a purpose built composting facility with a view to creating a supply of food grade compost to serve the wider needs of the island. Program $ Capital GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 Measures of success The implementation of the Agricultural Strategy will lead to the delivery of specific outputs based on the achievement of performance indicators and number of critical target. The achievement of these outputs is vital to the attainment of goals and objective established in the Strategy. These goals, outputs and targets are outlined as follows:  Increased production of select crops;  Number of embargoes placed on vegetables;  Percentage of the Agricultural strategy initiative implemented;  Percentage reduction of incidents of praedial larceny;  Number of people trained and certified in vocational skills;  Number of community gardens established and maintained;  Number of new investments in agricultural key sub‐sector;  Increased contribution of the sector to GDP;  Number of sites surveyed for pest incidences within the year;  Number of farmers employed. Performance Indicators Notable performance indicators include:  Amount, type and productivity of agriculture use;  Number and size of fields by agricultural use;  Number and size of home gardens;  Number of registered farmers;  Number and type of plant pests and diseases intercepted. GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 78 Bibliography Agriculture in Bermuda, Ministry of the Environment, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Parks, Bermuda, July 1995 Arable Land Survey, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Parks, January 1991 Bermuda Biodiversity Country Study. The Bermuda Chamber of Commerce, 2010, No quick fix: Bermuda’s economy and business outlook (presentation). Customs Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of Bermuda, 2012, Bermuda Customs Tariff 2012. Department of Environmental Protection, Bermuda Dairy Industry Strategy2013. Department of Statistics, 2013, The Bermuda Digest of Statistics 2013. FAO, 2001, Food security concepts and measurement (http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4 671e06.htm) Glasspool, 2008, The impact of climate change on Bermuda His Excellency the Governor, Speech from the Throne, 8 November 2013. MacDonald, J., 2013, Cropland Consolidation and the future of Family Farms, (United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service ‐ McKittrick, A., 2010, The role of agriculture in Bermuda’s Future. Ministry of Environment and Sports Review and Strategy Report 2007 – Department of Planning Ministry of Environment and Sports, 2008, The Bermuda Plan 2008 – Planning Statement. Ministry of Finance, Government of Bermuda, 2013, National Economic Report of Bermuda 2012. Peters, AJ, 2006 Environment Bermuda Soil and Water Tank Survey 2005, Bermuda Biological Station for Research INC, SAGE Commission, 2013, Final Report. Spreen, T H., Stover, E W., and Athearn, K., 2002, Review of the Bermudian Agricultural Sector. Strategy Co‐ordinating Committee, Draft Agriculture Strategy, 2013 Report‐ Agriculture Legislation of Bermuda, January 1997 State of the Environment Report, Government of Bermuda, Ministry of Environment, Department of Planning, 2005 Verrill, A, 1907, The Bermuda Island, Volume 1, Second Edition, New Haven. McKittrick, T. A., 2010, The Role of Agriculture in Bermuda’s Future, Report Prepared for the Environmental Coalition of Bermuda (ECO Bermuda). Monthly Bulletin, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, June 1987 vol 58.No.6 Monthly Bulletin, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, June 1987 vol 58.No.7 GOVERNMENT OF BERMUDA Ministry of the Environment Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bermuda Crop Strategy 2016-2021 July 2016 Page 79 Annexes Annexe 1. Useful links There are numerous websites and organizations designed to support new farmers. The following websites, which are only a selection, have information that would be useful to new farmers in Bermuda. These sites could also provide a model for a website based in Bermuda and hosted by an NGO such as Greenrock or the Government. Finally, the websites describe a wide range of activities and resources designed for new farmers, which could be adapted to the Bermuda context. For local services and information  www.gov.bm  www.environment.bm Beginning Farmers (http://www.beginningfarmers.org) provides a wide array of resources, including links for financing and technical support. The Center for Rural Affairs (www.cfra.org/beginning‐farmer‐ rancher)provides financial management training and links to financing and markets. Clemson University houses the New and Beginning Farmer Program (www.clemson.edu/public/ciecd/focus area s/agribusiness/programs/newfarmer) provides business planning courses and links to mentors. Cornell University houses the Northeast Beginning Farmers Project (http://nebeginningfarmers.org/) provides online courses. The Greenhorns (www.thegreenhorns.net) is an online community of young farmers who support each other. Grow NYC (www.grownyc.org/farmroots) is designed for new urban farmers The New England Small Farm Institute (www.smallfarm.org/main/for new farmer s) provides links to courses, mentors and service providers for new farmers North Carolina State University hosts the Center for Environmental Farming Systems (www.cefs.ncsu.edu/whatwedo/foodsyste ms/beginningfarmers.html) supports incubator farms for new farmers without access to land. The University of Vermont supports new farmers with a variety of resources (www.uvm.edu/newfarmer) including coaching services, technical guides and profiles of new farmers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides resources and links at http://afsic.nal.usda.gov/farms‐and‐ community/beginningnew‐farmersand www.start2farm.gov including the “Guidebook for Beginning Farmers”. There are LinkedIn groups for new farmers, hydroponics and aquaponics. www.linkedin.com/groups/beginning‐ farmers‐4798552.S.221381121 www.linkedin.com/groups/Hydroponics‐ 2852006/about