ACT Climate Change Strategy 2019–25

1.2 Support and enable community action on climate change by providing EPSDD tools and resources and recruiting a dedicated climate change From 2020 community liaison in the Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate.

1.3 Deliver the Actsmart programs to encourage and support community EPSDD efforts to reduce emissions and improve sustainability outcomes. Ongoing

1.4 Enable community members to share ideas for ongoing improvements EPSDD to the strategy via Government digital platforms. Ongoing

1.5 Work with the ACT Climate Change Council to encourage community EPSDD participation in climate change initiatives. Ongoing 1B Collaborate 1.6 Work with the local Traditional Custodians and the Aboriginal and EPSDD for resilient Torres Strait Islander community to integrate traditional knowledge Ongoing communities into landscape management. 2. JUST TRANSITION 2A Support low 2.1 Partner with community service organisations to identify vulnerable EPSDD/CSD income residents and disengaged sectors of the community and implement measures to By 2021 support their participation in shifting to net zero emissions. 2B A just transition 2.2 Engage with industry and workers to identify sectors likely to be EPSDD/ for workers affected by the transition to a net zero emissions economy and CMTEDD support re-training of workers where needed. By 2021 www.environment.act.gov.au 7 DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 3. TRANSPORT 3A Support 3.1 Expand the Actsmart Home, School and Business programs to include EPSDD/TCCS sustainable travel travel choices and integrate with the work of the Active Travel Office. By 2020 choices

3.2 Explore options for implementing a reward scheme for community EPSDD/TCCS members who increase their use of public transport and/or active By 2020 travel. 3B Plan for a 3.3 Plan for a compact and efficient city with improved access to EPSDD compact and sustainable transport options by delivering up to 70% of new housing Ongoing efficient city within our existing town and group centres and along key transit corridors. 3C Increase use of 3.4 Prioritise improving public transport services and supporting TCCS public transport infrastructure, including buses, light rail stage two and Ongoing connecting services.

3.5 Maximise accessibility to the rapid bus and light rail networks through TCCS feeder services and expanding the Park and Ride network. By 2024 3D Encourage active 3.6 Expand and promote the Active Travel Office and schools-based active TCCS/ED/HD travel travel initiatives. Ongoing

3.7 Finalise an active travel strategic plan and update the Active Travel TCCS Framework to provide coordinated active travel networks across the By 2020 Territory.

3.8 Implement the Municipal Infrastructure Standards for Active Travel and TCCS develop best practice guidance for industry and stakeholders to inform By 2020 better design outcomes for active travel infrastructure.

3.9 Prioritise walking and cycling and enhance active travel infrastructure TCCS to improve safety and connectivity of the active travel network. Ongoing

3.10 Support bike share schemes and other measures to improve the TCCS effectiveness and accessibility of cycling as a ‘last kilometre’ solution. Ongoing

3.11 Finalise and implement the End-of-Trip Facilities General Code to TCCS/EPSDD encourage improved bicycle parking and end-of-trip facilities in By 2021 commercial developments. 3E Reduce car use 3.12 Trial and evaluate innovative approaches to planning and EPSDD development that prioritise active travel and public transport. By 2024

3.13 Implement car free days and consider car free areas, shared zones and EPSDD/ traffic calmed streets. TCCS/CRA By 2021

3.14 Support car share schemes and transport-on-demand solutions across TCCS the ACT region. Ongoing

3.15 Investigate and implement options for encouraging a shift to public CMTEDD/ transport and active travel through planning and a EPSDD/TCCS smarter approach to parking. By 2022 8 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 3F Smarter use of 3.16 Explore and implement new approaches to improving the productivity TCCS roads of key transport corridors through prioritisation of public transport By 2024 and/or active travel.

3.17 Improve efficiency and usability of public transport through the TCCS adoption of emerging smart cities technologies such as smart street By 2023 lights, congestion monitoring, real time data and optimisation of timetables to reduce journey times.

3.18 Investigate options for dedicating a greater proportion of road space TCCS and public realm space to sustainable transport modes. By 2023

3.19 Consider options for reforming car registration fees to incentivise CMTEDD/ efficient road use. TCCS/EPSDD By 2022 3G Encourage 3.20 Explore and trial financial incentives such as increased registration EPSDD zero emissions discounts, rebates and low interest loans to encourage the uptake of By 2020 vehicles zero emissions vehicles and electric bikes.

3.21 Implement the Zero Emissions Vehicles Action Plan 2018–21, explore EPSDD opportunities to promote investment in public charging infrastructure, By 2021 and identify new actions to support the uptake of zero emissions vehicles from 2021 onwards.

3.22 Amend road rules to facilitate the safe use of new sustainable personal JACS/TCCS mobility options, such as electric scooters. Ongoing

3.23 Investigate regulatory options to drive the transition to zero emissions JACS / commercial vehicle fleets. CMTEDD By 2023 www.environment.act.gov.au 9 DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 4 ENERGY, BUILDINGS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 4A Maintain 100% 4.1 Legislate a 100% renewable electricity target to continue from 2020. EPSDD renewable By 2019 electricity supply

4.2 Develop and implement a Sustainable Energy Policy 2020–25 that sets EPSDD out actions to deliver sustainable, affordable and reliable energy to By 2020 the Territory and drives the continued development of the renewable energy industry in the ACT. 4B Reduce emissions 4.3 Amend planning regulations to remove the mandating of reticulated EPSDD from gas gas in new suburbs. By 2020

4.4 Conduct a campaign to support the transition from gas by highlighting EPSDD electric options and savings opportunities to the ACT community. From 2020

4.5 Develop a plan for achieving zero emissions from gas use by 2045, EPSDD including setting timelines with appropriate transition periods for By 2024 phasing out new and existing gas connections. 4C Climate-wise, zero 4.6 Introduce mandatory disclosure of energy performance for all rental EPSDD emissions rental properties. By 2022 homes

4.7 By 2021 introduce legislation for staged minimum energy performance EPSDD requirements for rental properties to come into force in 2022–23. By 2021

4.8 Expand the Actsmart Home Energy Program to provide free, tailored EPSDD in-home energy assessments for renters. From 2021 10 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 4D Climate-wise, zero 4.9 Continue to upgrade to efficient electric appliances in existing public CSD emissions public housing properties where technically feasible and assess the costs and From 2019 housing benefits of shifting to all-electric public housing.

4.10 Ensure all newly constructed public housing properties are all-electric CSD (fitted with efficient electric appliances) from 2019. From 2019 4E Climate-wise, zero 4.11 Continue to deliver the solar for low income program and investigate EPSDD emissions low options for providing solar to public housing. Ongoing income homes

4.12 Trial facilitating access to interest free loans or other innovative finance EPSDD for gas to electric upgrades and deep retrofits of low income homes. By 2022 4F Climate-wise, zero 4.13 Provide information and training tailored to first home buyers, home EPSDD emissions homes owners and owner-builders to support higher awareness of zero Ongoing emissions, climate-wise homes.

4.14 Facilitate demonstration projects showcasing zero (or negative) EPSDD emissions climate-wise homes. By 2024 4G Climate-wise, 4.15 Design, and commit to a timeframe for implementing, higher minimum EPSDD zero emissions energy performance and climate resilience standards for new buildings By 2022 buildings that will deliver efficient, zero emissions buildings.

4.16 Provide information and facilitate education and training of developers EPSDD and design and construction practitioners in zero emissions Ongoing technologies and systems and climate-wise design.

4.17 Develop a new residential energy assessment tool that adequately EPSDD assesses the year-round thermal performance of buildings in the By 2022 Canberra climate.

4.18 Trial incentives and other measures to encourage all-electric, EPSDD high efficiency apartment and commercial buildings. By 2024

4.19 Expand the Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme to increase EPSDD support for low income priority households and further encourage a From 2020 shift from gas to high efficiency electric appliances.

4.20 Encourage the use of smart financing by medium and large businesses EPSDD and organisations to support energy efficiency improvements, space By 2023 heating upgrades and zero emissions vehicle fleets. 4H Climate-wise built 4.21 Review planning regulations and identify opportunities to require EPSDD environment sustainable, climate-wise built environment including through By 2021 developing a Climate-wise Code. 4I Reduce urban 4.22 Implement Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan to work towards 30% EPSDD heat and improve urban canopy cover and 30% surface permeability, account for the Ongoing liveability value of living infrastructure and assess local needs for managing heat. www.environment.act.gov.au 11 DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 5. ACT GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIP 5A Reducing risk in a 5.1 Reflect climate change projections and risk vulnerabilities in disaster ESA/EPSDD changing climate and emergency prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, Ongoing particularly for extreme heat, bushfire and flash flooding.

5.2 Encourage community preparedness for climate risks through targeted ESA/EPSDD Emergency Services Agency outreach and the Actsmart sustainability Ongoing programs. 5B Leading by 5.3 Reduce staff travel needs by co-locating staff in centralised offices, EPSDD/ example providing facilities for teleconferencing, exploring co-working hubs CMTEDD and supporting flexible work arrangements and explore incentives to Ongoing support staff use of public transport and active travel.

5.4 Implement a user-friendly sustainable procurement approach for CMTEDD goods and services and capital works that ensures greenhouse gas and By 2021 adaptation outcomes are considered in all procurement decisions.

5.5 Ensure the social cost of carbon and climate change adaptation CMTEDD/ outcomes are considered in all ACT Government policies, budget EPSDD decisions, capital works projects and procurements. By 2021

5.6 Ensure all new Government capital works with a budget of more CMTEDD/ than $10 million either seek or are consistent with an independent EPSDD sustainability rating such as an Infrastructure Sustainability rating from From 2020 the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia (ISCA), or a Greenstar rating from the Green Building Council of Australia or equivalent, and review ratings at least every five years. 5C Collaborating 5.7 Foster partnerships with sub-national governments and non- EPSDD/ for increased government organisations locally, nationally and internationally to CMTEDD ambition promote climate action and increased ambition. Ongoing

5.8 Join the Global Green and Healthy Hospitals network to improve HD sustainability performance and reduce emissions from ACT Health By 2020 facilities. 5D Zero emissions 5.9 Develop and implement a roadmap for transitioning Transport TCCS/EPSDD Government Canberra buses to zero emissions by 2040 at the latest while continuing From 2022 to improve service levels, and review progress every five years.

5.10 Establish and implement a pathway to a zero emissions ACT HD/EPSDD Government health sector by 2040 informed by an assessment of all From 2020 current and planned public health facilities.

5.11 Invest an interim price of $20 per tonne of emissions from government All operations into measures to meet the Zero Emissions Government From 2020 target from 2020–21, and arrange for an independent body to develop a social cost of carbon for application from 2025.

5.12 Establish a pathway to zero emissions ACT Government schools ED/EPSDD supported by an interim emissions reduction plan to 2025. From 2020

5.13 Ensure all newly built or newly leased Government buildings and CMTEDD/ facilities are all-electric and climate-wise (where fit for purpose). EPSDD From 2020

5.14 Replace all space and water heating systems in Government facilities CMTEDD/ with electric systems at the end of their economic lives (where fit for EPSDD purpose). From 2020

5.15 Ensure all newly leased ACT Government passenger fleet vehicles will be CMTEDD/ zero emissions vehicles from 2020–21 (where fit for purpose) EPSDD From 2021

5.16 Investigate the use of innovative finance options such as Energy EPSDD 12 Performance Contracting as a method of reducing costs and emissions ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 By 2020 in Government assets. DIRECTORATE GOAL ACTION TIMEFRAME 6. WASTE AVOIDANCE AND MANAGEMENT 6A Reduce waste 6.1 Support food rescue organisations to avoid food waste. EPSDD generation Ongoing

6.2 Implement the Actsmart programs and household waste education EPSDD/TCCS programs to reduce waste generation and increase recycling. Ongoing 6B Reduce emissions 6.3 Introduce a food and garden waste collection for all households TCCS from waste (including multi-unit dwellings) from 2023, and support with an From 2020 treatment education program from 2020. From 2023

6.4 Develop and consult on a scheme for requiring large organic waste TCCS producers such as hospitality and food retail businesses to have a By 2023 separate organic waste collection.

6.5 Identify opportunities to reduce emissions from organic waste TCCS/EPSDD treatment including sewage such as through the use of anaerobic Ongoing digestion and composting, and investigate potential sites for organic waste processing. 7. LAND USE AND BIODIVERSITY 7A Protect local 7.1 Identify opportunities to increase resilience of terrestrial and aquatic EPSDD species and habitats at risk from climate change and implement land management Ongoing habitats changes and relevant on-ground works with delivery partners.

7.2 Ensure action plans for threatened species and communities consider EPSDD the impact of climate change. Ongoing 7B Sequester carbon 7.3 Identify suitable sites in the ACT for ‘carbon sinks’ and develop a plan EPSDD in the landscape for planting trees or using soil carbon in these areas to sequester By 2022 carbon with consideration of biodiversity outcomes and competing land uses. 7C Encourage 7.4 Encourage sustainable farming practices which are fit for the current EPSDD sustainable and and future climate and enhance soil and water quality, and work with Ongoing resilient farming farmers to identify opportunities for net zero emissions farming and innovation to increase resilience. 8. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION 8A Promote a 8.1 Work with industry to support innovation, research and partnerships EPSDD/ zero emissions that will enable and accelerate the transition to a net zero emissions CMTEDD economy economy. Ongoing 9. MONITORING, EVALUATION, REPORTING AND IMPROVEMENT 9A Evaluate and 9.1 Improve data capture, integration and sharing across Government to CMTEDD improve enable accurate tracking and reporting of progress. Ongoing 9B Measure and 9.2 Collect and report ACT travel data at least every two years on a range of TCCS/EPSDD report progress journey types. Ongoing 9C Measure and 9.3 Collect and report data to monitor progress against resilience EPSDD/HD report resilience indicators, including continuation of the longitudinal survey and Ongoing climate-related health impacts and costs. 10. INCREASING AMBITION 10A Explore negative 10.1 Investigate opportunities for implementation of negative emissions EPSDD emissions technologies in, or supported by, the ACT. By 2024 technologies www.environment.act.gov.au 13 14 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 THE VISION By 2045 the ACT will be a leading net zero emissions territory that demonstrates that a healthier, smarter future is possible. Canberra in 2045 will be a compact and efficient city of 600,000 people providing a diverse range of housing choices and businesses. Lively precincts will be linked by flexible and efficient transport systems and the city will be home to leading low emissions businesses and research hubs. The city’s tree-lined streets, surrounding nature reserves and healthy landscapes will continue to make it a beautiful and enjoyable place to live. The ACT will produce net zero greenhouse gas emissions, helping to address the global challenge of climate change. The ACT will be powered by 100% renewable electricity and will continue to lead in finding innovative solutions for energy demand management and energy security. This will support a strong and diverse zero emissions economy, establishing the ACT as a zero emissions investment hub. Homes and commercial buildings will be climate wise; that is, they will be efficient and capable of being comfortable in all seasons and will generate zero emissions having transitioned off natural gas. The city will be serviced by an integrated transport network that encourages cycling and walking, provides user-friendly zero emissions public transport and supports a zero emissions vehicle fleet. The impacts of a changing climate on people, infrastructure and services will be well-managed and urban heat impacts will be reduced by an established network of street trees, waterways and parks supported by healthy soils. Productive farmlands, forests and biodiverse nature reserves will be sustainable and resilient to the changing climate. By 2025 the ACT will have reduced emissions by 50–60% from 1990 levels and implemented several measures that lay the foundations for an efficient transition to net zero emissions by 2045. These initial steps will also contribute to transforming the ACT into a net zero emissions economy. www.environment.act.gov.au 15 16 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 ABOUT THIS STRATEGY This strategy presents Government’s climate change response to 2025. It outlines the actions Government will take to meet its legislated emission reduction target of 50– 60% (below 1990 levels) by 2025 and establish a pathway for achieving net zero emissions by 2045. The strategy will be in place until 2025, when a new strategy will be developed to guide the ACT to meeting its 2030 target, taking account of community feedback, technology and scientific advice. Achieving our targets will require a dynamic and collaborative approach focused on continual learning and responding to emerging information and technologies throughout implementation. The strategy has been informed by consultation with the community, local businesses and subject matter experts. During consultation from December 2017 to April 2018 the community submitted more than 2000 suggestions. These suggestions, along with consultation with key stakeholders throughout 2017 and 2018, helped shape the direction of this strategy. Our community understands the need for urgent, practical and meaningful action to address climate change and has shown strong support for the ACT to continue being a leader in responding to climate change.1 Sporadic action or deliberate inaction by the Australian Government in recent years has led to states, territories and particularly cities taking the lead on climate action. This trend is seen in Australia and internationally. The ACT is recognised nationally and internationally for our successful transition to 100% renewable electricity and our world-leading emission reduction targets. The Government will build on these achievements and continue to take the lead in rapidly and efficiently reducing emissions and preparing for climate change impacts. The Government will continue to collaborate with the community and businesses to find innovative solutions for a better future. The ACT is well placed to lead as we have a strong economy and resources to play this role. We will also support the most vulnerable in our community as we make this transition. Responding to climate change is a major challenge that will require continuous learning and innovation to ensure we meet our objectives in the most effective way. www.environment.act.gov.au 17 PRINCIPLES TO GUIDE THE ACT’S CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE Ambitious Innovative Aim for beyond best practice in line with Adopt an innovative and flexible latest scientific advice. approach that captures opportunities and learns from outcomes. Collaborative Cultivate community and business Integrated ownership and participation in climate Embed climate change mitigation and action. adaptation into operations and decisions and align with related policies. Efficient Use resources wisely for the best Urgent outcomes. Recognise that we are in a state of climate emergency and urgent action is Equitable required across all levels of government. Promote a just transition to net zero emissions that supports the most vulnerable in our community. 18 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 This strategy has been developed in coordination The actions in this strategy aim to reduce emissions with the ACT Planning Strategy 2018, the ACT Housing as well as prepare for the unavoidable impacts of Strategy and the draft Moving Canberra: Integrated climate change. The strategy sets out the steps needed Transport Strategy. It is also aligned with the goals of to continue the transition to a more climate resilient related Government policies including in health, waste Territory by increasing the resilience of buildings, management and nature conservation. Together, infrastructure, people and nature to climate change these strategies provide a comprehensive approach to impacts and extreme events. The strategy aims building a smart, healthy, net zero emissions city. to embed the consideration of climate change in Government and community decision making. Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan, provides additional detail on the actions Government will take Government is aiming for a just transition to net zero to increase living infrastructure (such as plants, soils emissions that supports the most vulnerable in our and water) to maintain liveability and enhance our city community. The strategy considers factors such as in a changing climate. reducing energy costs, managing impacts on workers and businesses and providing tailored information There is a strong link to the strategic policy directions and support for low income households. The intent of the ACT Planning Strategy, such as the importance of is to share the benefits of actions, such as improved strategic land use planning policies to support reduced parks and open spaces and access to public transport, transport emissions through planning for a compact equitably across sectors and geographic communities and efficient city. It also links to the role of sustainable in the ACT. Considerations for a just transition are urban land use in reducing emissions and contributing embedded throughout the actions. Specific actions to maintenance and enhancement of living infrastructure are included in the ‘just transition’ section. and biodiversity. The strategy also complements the Moving Canberra: Integrated Transport Strategy and provides a detailed pathway to reducing transport emissions. A goal of the ACT Housing Strategy is to provide an equitable, diverse and sustainable supply of housing for the community. Sustainable housing will support residents to live comfortably in a changing climate while also reducing emissions. www.environment.act.gov.au 19 THE NEED FOR ACTION Climate change is a complex global challenge that In May 2019, the ACT declared a climate emergency in requires an immediate and strategic response. recognition of this need for urgent action. Increased levels of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activities are causing Taking early action to reduce emissions and prepare changes in the global climate. These changes include for climate change is more cost effective than delaying increased average land and ocean temperatures, action. Leading change can also bring opportunities changes in rainfall patterns, increased severity of such as establishing the ACT as a zero carbon research extreme weather events, acidification of oceans and and investment hub, driving technological innovation unprecedented melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, and improved efficiencies and encouraging business which is driving rising sea levels. Advice from the leadership. While the ACT is a small jurisdiction, we international scientific community is that if we are to are well placed to lead and, through our leadership, avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change, we can help to drive greater emission reduction efforts the increase in average global temperature must not in other cities around the world. The ACT’s efforts exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Global efforts to reduce emissions also contribute to meeting our through the United Nations Framework Convention national emission reduction targets. on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including the Paris An effective response to climate change delivers a Agreement, aim to keep global average temperature range of other benefits for the community. More active increase to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to travel and reducing the urban heat island effect will keep warming to below 1.5°C. A 2018 report by the reduce health costs and impacts. Promoting new and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) innovative technologies will deliver growth in the found that keeping warming to under 2°C would require Territory’s knowledge-based industries, increasing immediate and large-scale transformative action. jobs. A healthy environment will support increased If global warming is not kept below 2°C there is a tourism and enhance the value of living in our substantial risk that the climate system will pass an community. Helping vulnerable households share irreversible tipping point, beyond which the task of in the clean energy revolution will help to create a stabilising global warming at anywhere near the Paris fair and equitable society. Government leadership to targets becomes impossible. This would mean an make facilities more efficient will make our schools, increasingly extreme and unpredictable climate. hospitals and other services more comfortable and effective. And building more climate-ready buildings The ACT response to climate change is informed and infrastructure will help protect us against future by the best available information and a thorough environmental threats. understanding of the urgent changes required if we are to avoid dangerous levels of climate disruption. 20 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 900 people 16 900 voted What the community has told us itten Community engagement and input played an people butions important role in developing 116 the Strategy. The engagement process presented URSAY information and sought inputvofrom ted ACT residents, business and other stakeholders, and was a source of ideas and suggestions. photo 100 ENTRIES 116 The engagement process was extensive. More than 65,000 people were reached by social media and engagement events. There 116 emailed were almost 60 individual engagement events, 1100 face-to-face ISSIONS photo conversations with individuals and 100 emailed submissions. written contributions 3000 ENTRIES On the YourSay website, there were 3000 visits, 900 people voted 116 in quick polls and 116 people submitted written contributions. on YOURSAY There is broad YourSay 3000 written community support for the ACT showing leadership on climate 100 change through ambitious targets and actions. No responses WEBSITE VISITS contributions opposed transitioning to net zero emissions by 2045, and only YourSay on YOURSAY two comments opposed the overarching proposal to tackle WEBSITE VISITS emailed climate change through strong and strategic commitment to net zero emissions. SUBMISSIONS Energy and buildings, transport and living infrastructure accounted for the majority of responses. There was strong support for promoting the uptake of electric vehicles and support for improving 100 public transport. There was strong support for improving energy emailed efficiency standards and building codes. SUBMISSIONS For more information about the community engagement, see the ACT’s Climate Strategy Community Engagement Report at www.act.gov.au/climatechangestrategyreport. WEBSI WEBSI www.environment.act.gov.au 21 EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS The ACT has set world-leading emission reduction targets that are legislated under the Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act 2010. These targets were first introduced in October 2010 and were revised in 2016 to increase ambition and again in 2018. 40% emissions The most recent increase in ambition was informed by advice from the ACT Climate Change Council.2 REDUCTION The Council noted the importance of setting mid- term greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for the Territory and recommended that Government set interim targets for 2025, 2030 and 2040 and achieve ON 1990 LEVELS BY 2020 carbon neutrality for the ACT by 2045 or earlier. The advice was based on scientific evidence that more severe impacts could occur at lower increases in global mean temperature levels than previously predicted. The advice was also based on the global carbon The current targets are to reduce emissions budget, which is the maximum amount of carbon we (from 1990 levels) by: can emit to keep warming below the internationally »» 40% by 2020 agreed 2°C limit. The ACT’s share is around 8 million »» 50–60% by 2025 tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 28 Mt of CO2) and »» 65–75% by 2030 would be spent before 2030 at the current rate of emissions. The Government adopted the Council’s »» 90–95% by 2040 proposed interim targets and 2045 net zero emissions »» 100% (net zero emissions) by 2045. Delaying the peak by a target50as the ACT’s legislated emission reduction targets. 2016 2020 2025 decade gives too little time The ACT also to set a target 2016 transform the to economy peak emissions per person by 2013. This was achieved in 2012–13 at 10.53 tonnes CO2 EMISSIONS (GT PER YEAR) 40 of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2-e) per person and Peak emissions now will has remained below this level ever since. In 2017–18 give us 25 years to reduce 30 emissions to zero emissions were 8.09 t CO2-e per person. 20 Historical emissions (The Global Carbon Project) 600-Gt carbon budget 2016 peak (best) 2020 2025 10 800-gt carbon budget 2020 peak 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Figure 2: ACT historical and projected emissions to meet legislated emission reduction targets (high and low) 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 KT CO2-e 2500 2000 1500 Historical Projected to 2020 1000 Low ambition targets High ambition targets 500 0 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2019-20 2025 2030 2040 2045 22 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 2500 Carbon Budgets In order to understand the impact of different levels of greenhouse gas emissions, scientists developed the ‘carbon budget’. A carbon budget is the amount of cumulative human emissions of carbon dioxide that will cause a given level of warming. If we want to limit warming to 2°C or 1.5°C, there is a certain quantity of total greenhouse gas emissions that cannot be exceeded. The carbon budget for limiting warming to 1.5°C is smaller than the carbon budget for limiting warming to 2°C. The budget is cumulative for all time—past, present and future. Once the carbon budget has been ‘spent’, then emissions must be held to net zero from that point onward in order to avoid exceeding the temperature target. A large amount of the carbon budget has already been spent. This highlights the importance of urgent action. Also, because of the cumulative nature of the carbon budget, the sooner we make reductions, the less dramatic those reductions need to be. Figure 3 illustrates the size of the global carbon budget. The total carbon budget has been calculated to be 1000 billion tonnes of carbon (also referred to as gigatonnes, or Gt). We have already spent about 585 billion tonnes. The budget needs to be reduced by a further 210 billion tonnes to account for the effects of other greenhouse gases, like methane and nitrous oxide, that also cause warming. In addition it is reduced by 110 billion tonnes due to gases that will be released from the environment as a result of carbon cycle feedbacks. This leaves only about 95 billion tonnes that can be emitted if we are to prevent warming of 2°C. Figure 3: Carbon budget to stay below the Paris 2°C Target The ACT’s emission reduction targets have been informed by considering the ACT’s share of the global carbon budget. For more information about carbon budgets, see the ACT Climate Change Council’s factsheet at http://www.act.gov.au/carbonbudget. The 3 main contributors to Climate Change Carbon dioxide www.environment.act.gov.au 23 PARTNERING WITH BUSINESSES AND THE COMMUNITY Addressing climate change requires ongoing collaboration and participation between Government, the community and business. Together, important steps are already being taken. The Continuing success will require ongoing collaboration community and businesses are achieving sustainability and participation. Businesses, individuals and community outcomes through choices that reduce emissions, such groups can make a difference by making choices that are as how to travel and how to dispose of waste. Existing better for the climate and by choosing to lead initiatives Government programs such as the Energy Efficiency or projects that encourage others to act. Government can Improvement Scheme and Actsmart programs are develop robust policy that enables these decisions to be supporting these sustainability outcomes. made, while providing ongoing support. Businesses in the ACT Renewables Innovation Hub are This strategy contains a range of actions that will developing new low carbon solutions that will help promote ongoing collaboration and participation the ACT transition towards a zero carbon economy. between Government, community and businesses. Community and business have also contributed to the Actions that Government will take to work with the ACT’s climate change policy direction by participating in community and key community organisations are consultation, guiding the development of this Strategy. discussed under ‘Community leadership’. Actions that promote ongoing collaboration and participation by business are included throughout the Strategy, including under ‘Industry development and innovation’. 24 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 WHAT WE HAVE ACHIEVED SO FAR The ACT is recognised as a leader, nationally and internationally, for our work on climate change. Our emission reduction targets, 100% renewable electricity target and work to encourage the transition to zero emissions vehicles are recognised as global excellence in climate change action. The ACT’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2 (AP2), released in 2012 started the journey towards a renewable electricity supply and a net zero emissions territory. AP2 committed to achieving 90% renewable electricity by 2020 and net zero emissions by 2060. Ambition has since increased, partly due to the achievements to date but also to reflect scientific advice that a more rapid shift is required and to reflect changes in the electricity market that make achieving 100% renewable electricity more affordable. In 2016 the ACT Government brought forward the net zero emissions target date to ‘2050 at the latest’, and in 2018 brought the date forward to 2045. AP2’s progress is summarised in the AP2 Implementation Status Report released by the Commissioner for Sustainability and the Environment in 2017.3 Key achievements are listed in the following section. Encouraging the uptake of zero emissions vehicles In April 2018 Government released the Zero Emissions 100% Vehicles Action Plan 2018–21 to accelerate the transition to battery electric and fuel cell vehicles, renewable including shifting to a zero emissions Government passenger vehicle fleet from 2020. ELECTRICITY A hydrogen pilot project is expected to commence in BY 2020 late 2019, comprising an initial ACT Government fleet of 20 Hyundai fuel cell electric vehicles as well as a 60 kilowatt hydrogen electrolyser facility, refuelling infrastructure, and technical support and research. Achieving 100% The pilot is one of the first of its kind in Australia. renewable electricity The ACT is on track to be powered by 100% renewable ZERO electricity by 2020. This has been achieved through an innovative reverse auction process that has resulted in approximately $2 billion of investment in 640 megawatts of wind and solar projects both in emissions GOVERNMENT the ACT and across Australia and has attracted $500 million in low carbon investment to the ACT. FLEET This reverse auction model has since been adopted by the Victorian Government. www.environment.act.gov.au 25 Improved energy efficiency and sustainability outcomes for households, businesses and schools Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme Government runs a number by helping households and save approximately $400 million of effective programs to raise businesses reduce emissions over the lifetime of the energy awareness of climate change, and energy costs. From scheme saving items installed. The EEIS improve energy efficiency, commencement in 2013 until also provided targeted assistance reduce water use and encourage mid-2019, the scheme had fulfilled to more than 19,000 low income reuse and recycling. The Energy its objectives with a benefit to priority households, which Efficiency Improvement Scheme cost ratio of 4:1, achieving lifetime are expected to save around (EEIS) is a key mechanism emission reductions of 500,000 $70 million on their energy bills for delivering on the ACT’s t CO2–e and helping more than over the lifetime of the products. emission reduction targets 74,000 households and businesses 500,000t $400 74,000 $5.8 saving on emissions million HOUSEHOLDS savi SAVING on ENERGY and BUSINESSES PER WE since 2013 BILLS for HOUSEHOLDS have BENEFITTED off ENER from the EEIS and BUSINESSES from the EEIS participa Actsmart programs Government’s Actsmart programs All ACT schools participate in the The Actsmart Home Energy provide tailored information Actsmart Schools Program, which Efficiency and Sustainable Home and support for households, supports schools to improve Advice Programs have helped small businesses, schools and sustainability outcomes and more than 20,000 households community groups. These include sustainability education make their home and garden more programs have successfully in the curriculum. On average, an sustainable by better managing reduced energy consumption, Actsmart accredited school uses their energy, water and waste. waste and water use and raised 24% less energy and generates awareness of climate change and 25% less waste than schools sustainability issues. without accreditation. ACTSMART SCHOOLS ACTSMART 100% use 24% 20,000 LESS ENERGY has HELPED more than OF ACT SCHOOLS have joined ACTSMART 25% and generate LESS WASTE HOUSEHOLDS 26 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 More than 10,000 of Canberra’s most vulnerable households have reduced their energy and water use Increased resilience to climate through the support of the Actsmart Low Income and solar programs. change More than 1800 businesses have participated in The ACT Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2016) Actsmart Business programs to reduce their energy was developed to support our community, our city and and water use and waste to landfill. On average, a the natural environment to reduce vulnerability and small business participating in the program saves become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. $2,500 annually on their electricity bills. More than The Adaptation Strategy included actions to prepare for 50,000 staff have access to comprehensive recycling unavoidable climate change impacts such as longer, through their workplace. hotter heatwaves, increased bushfire risk, changing rainfall patterns and increased intensity of storms and The EEIS and Actsmart programs are an important rainfall events and to monitor resilience over time. At the element of Government’s climate change response and end of 2018, the majority of actions had been completed, will continue to be delivered throughout implementation while some had resulted in additional or ongoing of this strategy. The actions in this strategy are additional activities beyond the scope of the original action. to these existing programs. Implementing the Adaptation Strategy has improved climate change risk identification and management Reduced emissions from in Government operations, helping to make our infrastructure and services more resilient in a Government operations changing climate. This includes considering future climate projections in planning to reduce risks such Government has achieved significant emissions as bushfires. Another key focus of the Adaptation reductions in its own operations since the release of Strategy is to work with the community to increase the Carbon Neutral Government Framework in 2014. understanding of climate change risks and impacts By 2020, Government expects to have achieved a and encourage preparedness. 60% reduction in emissions compared to 2012–13 levels. This reduction has occurred in the context of To better understand and monitor community a growing Canberra population and an increase in resilience, a 2018 community survey on climate change demand for Government services such as education, resilience surveyed 2600 people over 18 years old in health and transport. At the end of 2018, the the ACT, Queanbeyan and Googong to assess resilience Government had achieved: to climate change impacts.4 Key findings of the survey: »» utility bill savings of approximately $2 million »» Although resilience was moderate to high for per annum most people in the ACT region, resilience was »» solar PV arrays on all Government schools low for one in three people. »» demonstration of large-scale electric heating »» Many dwellings do not protect residents well systems in the ACT from heatwaves, and many households have low preparedness for extreme weather events. »» establishment of a Government zero emissions vehicle fleet »» Over 80% of respondents had high awareness and willingness to act on climate change, however this is »» the trial of electric and hybrid not currently translating into high preparedness for Transport Canberra buses. the effects of climate change. The survey will be repeated every five years, with TRIAL the 2018 results becoming a baseline of community resilience to measure progress over time. This will enable Government to better respond to the needs electric and hybrid of the community as we face the challenges of climate change. Transport Canberra BUSES www.environment.act.gov.au 27 28 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE Despite efforts to reduce emissions, the ACT community will experience an increasingly extreme and unpredictable climate. The level and severity of climate change in coming years will be determined by the cumulative amount of greenhouse gases emitted. Building on the achievements to date, this strategy brings together emission reduction, resilience and adaptation measures as part of a holistic response to climate change. Together with Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan, this strategy replaces the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Previous Adaptation Strategy actions that have not been completed and those that require ongoing effort are included in this strategy, along with new adaptation actions. Adaptation measures are included in relevant sectors and in the ACT Government leadership section where they are cross- sectoral. www.environment.act.gov.au 29 THE FUTURE ACT CLIMATE Across the ACT, maximum, minimum and average temperatures are already increasing and are projected to continue to rise. Regional climate modelling has identified the four most As the climate changes, bushfire risk is increasing. significant impacts on the ACT: The bushfire season is sometimes starting earlier than »» Bushfires will become more frequent and severe as normal. Increased temperatures, particularly in autumn, rainfall is reduced and temperatures increase. are impacting on planned hazard reduction burning. The number of severe fire weather days in the ACT »» Heatwaves will become hotter (day and night), longer is projected to increase, particularly in summer and and more frequent. spring. As the ACT Strategic Bushfire Management Plan »» Drought will become more frequent and prolonged 2014–19 is renewed, risks from climate change will be as rainfall is seasonally more variable. incorporated and future climate projections will be »» Storms will become more frequent and severe over taken into account. a longer summer season, with flash flooding and violent winds. More days of extreme heat, and increased severity of We have already seen more hot days (above 35°C) and storms and bushfires, will increase the risks to the health fewer cold nights in the ACT region. Projections are for and wellbeing of the community, our environment and up to an additional five hot days per year in the near the city’s built assets and infrastructure. In Australia, future (2030). The number of hot days could increase more people die during heatwaves than from all to 20 more per year by 2070, depending on the level of other natural disasters combined.6 However, storm greenhouse gas emissions in future.5 These increases damage from high winds, inundation and flash flooding will mainly be in spring and summer, though the adversely affects more people more often, and is the number of hot days will also extend into autumn. Hot most concerning impact for the property insurance days and heatwaves will be exacerbated in some parts industry. Preparing for and responding to these events of the city by the urban heat island effect. comes at a cost in terms of providing increased health and emergency services. The ACT Emergency Services The ACT region already experiences considerable rainfall Agency will continue to consider climate risks in variability. Projections show that future spring and mitigating and preparing for emergency situations winter rainfall will likely decrease. Droughts are expected (see the ACT Government leadership section for to occur more often, along with weather conducive to further detail). the formation of thunderstorms, which frequently start summer season bushfires. 2018 RECORDED 2019 JANUARY Was the HOTTEST 24% 3rd below warmest The mean MAXIMUM was overall RAINFALL year on RECORD for the ACT 34.5°C and 6.3°C AVERAGE for ACT ABOVE AVERAGE Had 4 CONSECUTIVE days ACT’s driest above 40°C AUTUMN since 2004 and WINTER since 1994 All new RECORDS for the ACT. 30 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 INTEGRATING MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION This strategy takes an integrated approach to climate change, which means considering both mitigation and adaptation outcomes of decisions and policy measures. In taking this approach, Government will thoroughly consider synergies and trade-offs in responding to climate change, helping to avoid unintended negative outcomes. Examples of synergies: »» Efficient climate-wise buildings help insulate against heat stress (adaptation) and provide SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS CO-BENEFITS improved thermal comfort while also allowing people to use less gas for heating and cooling, > reducing emissions Encourages more (mitigation). use of active transport, including > Improved connectivity between community facilities, walking and cycling at night time, thereby reducing »» Cycling or walking instead of driving reduces emissions (mitigation) increasing and access, can alsofor example result in to GIO stadium. carbon improvedemissions. health and reduced strain on the health care system (adaptation). > Lighting for cyclists and pedestrians in areas where it >»» Provides Plantingalternative large shadelighting trees cools the city, options helping to protect people to traditional fromto is difficult heat stresspowered provide and creating lighting. a more lights powered liveableinurban environment specific areas, (adaptation) while also sequestering carbon and potentially also reducing reducing summer air-conditioning cooling requirements in>buildings emissions. Lower light pollutionItthan (mitigation). produced by traditional can also powered result in avoided costs to medical services and add value to the tourism sector. lighting on wildlife in the vicinity of the path. »» Increased vegetation cover (trees, shrubs, grass and pasture) > increases Supportscarbon sequestration healthy living through the expansion of (mitigation) while improving soil productivity and ecosystem resilience andactive pathways for reducing excessive travel. heat (adaptation). Canberra’s climate is already changing, and in future the ACT can expect more EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS. Heatwaves Droughts Storms Bushfire will become hotter, will increase will become more weather will more frequent and in severity and intense, causing flash become more last longer. frequency. flooding. dangerous. A certain amount of warming is already locked in. The ACT Government is committed to ensuring Canberra adapts to the changing climate, so that it can remain a vibrant, resilient and liveable city. www.environment.act.gov.au 31 What do you think of the path after sunset? Let us know at climatechange@act.gov.au 32 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 GETTING TO NET ZERO EMISSIONS THE CHALLENGE ACT emissions are projected to be around 1920 kilotonnes (kt) CO2-e in 2020. To achieve the lower ambition target of reducing emissions by 50% from 1990 levels, ACT emissions will need to be around 1600kt CO2-e in 2025. This means a further reduction of at least 320kt CO2-e will be required from 2020–25, and up to 640 kt CO2-e to meet the 60% reduction target. This represents a 17–33% reduction from projected 2020 emissions. www.environment.act.gov.au 33 Figure 4 shows ACT emissions Government policies and programs There is a high level of uncertainty by sector in 2017–18, and those such as 100% renewable electricity in emission forecasts due to the projected for 2019–20. 7 supply and ongoing programs many factors that influence future Once emissions from electricity 52% Busesto support energy efficiency 52%Buses emissions such as availability are zero, transport will account11% for improvements. of new technologies, the rate 11%Fleet Fleetvehicles vehicles around 62% and gas around 22%. 13% Natural gas (other) of population growth, and 13% NaturalThegas (other) as usual scenario business 13% Natural gas (health) community and industry responses 13% Natural To better understand the challenge gas (health) estimates that ACT emissions will to incentives. Government will 11% 11% Natural Natural gas begas (schools) (schools) around 1925 kt CO2-e in 2025. ahead, we can compare the continue to measure and report estimated emissions under a This means that a reduction ACT emissions annually to track business as usual scenario (no of around 330 kt CO2-e will be progress towards the target and further Government intervention) required from 2020 in order to will adjust emission reduction to emission levels required to meet the 2025 target. Table 1 measures as needed. meet our targets. The business and Figure 5 show the emission as usual scenario factors in reduction targets, estimated likely efficiency improvements business as usual emissions, and and changes in technologies as the remaining emission reductions well as continuation of existing required to meet the targets. Figure 4: ACT greenhouse gas emissions in 2017–18 and the projected emissions for 2019–20 by sector 44% 44%Electricity Electricity 22% 22%Stationary Stationarygas gas 3367.5 3367.5ktkt 12% 12%Stationary Stationarygas gas 62% Transport 62% Transport 2017-18 1918 2017-18 34% 34%Transport Transport 1918ktkt 11% 11%Industrial Industrialprocesses processes 2019-20 2019-20 8% 8% Industrialprocesses Industrial processes 4% 4%Waste Waste 2% 2%Waste Waste 1% 1%Agriculture Agriculture&&Land Landuse use 34 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 4500 4000 3500 3000 KT CO2-e 2500 Table 1: Emission reduction targets and abatement task (all emissions values are in kt CO2-e) 2000 AMBITION 2020 2025 2030 2040 2045 1500 Historical Projected to 2020 Legislated 1000 targets (%Low reduction ambitionfrom targets1990 levels) Lowtargets High ambition -40% -50% -65% -90% -100% 500 High -40% -60% -75% -95% -100% 0 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2019-20 2025 2030 2040 2045 Maximum allowable emissions in target year Low 1918 1598 1119 320 0 to meet target High 1918 1279 799 160 0 Reduction from previous target— Low - 320 479 799 320 equivalent 2500 level of ambition High - 639 480 639 160 Business 2000 as usual emission projections 1918 1925 1862 1517 1284 (without further Government intervention) Reduction 1500 required factoring in business as Low - 327 743 1197 1284 KT CO2-e usual decrease in emissions—low ambition 1000 Reduction required factoring in business as High - 646 1063 1357 1284 usual decrease in emissions—high ambition Low ambition emissions target 500 Reference case(business as usual) emissions 0 2020 2025 2030 2040 2045 Figure 5: Business as usual ACT greenhouse gas emissions to 2050 with no further Government intervention. The legislated emission reduction targets are shown at their lowest level of ambition (i.e. for the 50–60% interim reduction target in 2025, the white dot represents a 50% reduction from 1990 levels). Source: ACT greenhouse gas emissions modelling 2018 4000 Electricity Waste 3500 Gas Industrial emissions 3000 Transport Land emissions 2500 ACT targets Business as usual kt CO2-e 2000 2025 target 1500 2030 target 1000 500 2040 target 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Photo by: Anthony Croke www.environment.act.gov.au 35 MAPPING A PATHWAY TO 2025 AND NET ZERO EMISSIONS BY 2045 The ACT is aiming to rapidly reduce emissions and, in particular, to reduce emissions from transport and gas. Achieving such a rapid reduction in our emissions will require substantial changes in the way we plan and build our city, how we travel, the appliances and products we choose and many other elements of our day to day lives. Unlike the transition to renewable electricity, reducing emissions from transport and gas will rely on a range of factors rather than direct Government control. These factors include consumer choices, individual practices and availability of new technologies. Success will require active participation of everyone in our community, an ongoing collaboration between Government, individuals, businesses, institutions and community organisations. The magnitude of the task is large, equating to a This ‘lag’ in vehicle availability means there will need 17–33% reduction in emissions from 2020–25, and to be a greater emphasis on increasing active travel (for is among the most ambitious emission reduction example, walking and cycling) and public transport use pathways in the world. But the science shows the to reduce transport emissions to 2025. need for such rapid action to avoid potential climate catastrophes, and the ACT remains well placed to This strategy places a strong focus on reducing demonstrate global leadership. emissions from transport and gas as these are the sectors where the greatest reductions are needed. The targets have been informed by the latest climate This strategy also includes measures to reduce science and consideration of market trends and emissions in other sectors and adapt to climate emerging technologies. Over the next 30 years there change impacts as doing so will be important in the are likely to be major changes in technologies and longer term. While this strategy focuses on actions the products and services available to support and to meet the 2025 target, it also includes longer term enable the shift to a net zero emissions community. actions that establish the foundations for achieving While this change is already occurring, the majority of net zero emissions by 2045. Avoiding investment in the transformation is still some years off. This means infrastructure that will ‘lock in’ emissions in future that to achieve our 2025 target while technologies years is critical for meeting our targets in later years. are maturing and the market is beginning to respond to the challenge, we will need to place a stronger Table 2 shows priority actions by 2025 to reduce emphasis on changing our choices. For example, the emissions, build resilience to climate change, availability of zero emissions vehicles—both passenger promote a just transition and lead by example. and freight—is projected to increase sharply in coming years, particularly post-2025.8 36 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Table 2: Key priorities to 2025 and priorities post 2025 PRIORITIES TO 2025 – KEY PRIORITIES FROM 2025 – FUTURE PRIORITIES Community Support community-driven solutions to climate change including Continue to encourage leadership through grants and trialling new models for collaboration. community and business leadership and action. Encourage preparedness and adaptation action by households and businesses. Review progress annually and work with experts, stakeholders and the community to identify innovative ideas for implementation. Just Provide support for low income households and vulnerable sectors Continue tailored programs and transition of the community to enable participation in responding to climate support for renters and low income change. households to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change. Identify affected sectors and support re-training of workers where needed. Continue to work with industry to pursue opportunities for training, economic diversification and attracting low carbon investment and jobs. Transport Support higher uptake of public transport by continuing to improve Continue to electrify public and services to meet community travel needs. private transport and support active travel. Trial new ways of using roads that most efficiently move people and goods and better support sustainable transport modes. Encourage active travel by continuing to improve cycle paths and walkability. Encourage the uptake of zero emissions vehicles and explore the need for further incentives. Plan for a compact and efficient city to improve access to public transport and active travel options, reduce travel distances and reliance on private car use. Energy, Implement Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan to reduce urban Continue to improve building buildings heat and improve liveability. standards to deliver efficient new and urban buildings that are designed for development Encourage a shift from gas to electricity by removing the mandated the current and future climate. requirement for gas connection in new suburbs, supporting gas to electric appliance upgrades and encouraging new-builds to be Continue to increase tree canopy all-electric. cover and maintain a healthy urban forest. Maintain 100% renewable electricity through efficiency and additional procurement of renewable electricity if required. Improve energy performance and climate change resilience requirements for new buildings and introduce minimum energy performance requirements for rental dwellings. Improve liveability and adapt to the impacts of climate change by implementing Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan and continuing to explore approaches to reducing urban heat. Plan for efficient and sustainable urban land use to reduce emissions and maintain and enhance living infrastructure and biodiversity. www.environment.act.gov.au 37 PRIORITIES TO 2025 – KEY PRIORITIES FROM 2025 – FUTURE PRIORITIES ACT Transition to a zero emissions Government passenger vehicle fleet Continue to collaborate and find Government and a zero emissions bus fleet where fit for purpose. new and innovative solutions. leadership Reduce emissions from Government operations by over 33% by 2025 (from 2020 levels). Shift to high efficiency, all-electric and climate-wise Government buildings and facilities. Investigate applying a social cost of carbon and climate change adaptation considerations in procurement and capital works decisions. Invest the social cost of emissions from Government operations from 2020 onwards in measures to further reduce emissions rather than purchasing carbon offsets. Monitor climate change projections and ensure infrastructure and services are resilient to climate change impacts. Waste Divert organic waste from landfill by continuing to roll out garden Continue to encourage reduced avoidance waste collection to all suburbs and expanding to include household waste generation, divert organic and food waste. waste from landfill and reduce management emissions from waste treatment. Investigate options to divert additional organic waste from landfill by requiring key sectors to have a separate organic waste collection. Identify opportunities to reduce emissions from organic waste treatment and potential sites for processing. Land use and Identify and enable opportunities for carbon sequestration in trees Continue to increase tree canopy biodiversity and soils and for adaptation innovation. cover and maintain a healthy urban forest. Encourage sustainable farming practices which are fit for the current and future climate. Foster resilient agricultural and plantation forestry industries. Identify the risks from climate change to species, ecological communities and ecosystems and take action to improve resilience and adaptation. Figure 6: A potential pathway to achieving interim targets and net zero emissions by 2045. Source: ACT greenhouse gas emissions modelling 2018. 4000 Electricity Waste Gas abatement Waste management 3500 Gas Industrial emissions Transport abatement Business as usual 3000 Transport Land emissions ACT targets 2500 kt CO2-e 2000 2025 target 1500 2030 target 1000 500 2040 target 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 38 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 2000 100% ONE SCENARIO FOR ACHIEVING NET ZERO EMISSIONS Achieving net zero emissions Gas by 2045 will require changes across Significant reductions in gas use in the residential sector to 2030, all sectors of the and reduction in commercial gas use in later years towards 2045. economy over coming decades. »» Around 60,000 existing households not connected to gas Figure 6 shows one example of by 2025, increasing to around 90,000 in 2030 and all houses a potential emission reduction by 2045. »» A decline in new houses connecting to gas, with no houses pathway to 2045. This scenario connected to gas by 2045. includes new measures in addition to the actions in this strategy, as further action and significant new Transport investment will be needed. This Some emission reductions in early years through a shift to public transport and active travel, then further reductions potential pathway is an indication from 2025 due to greater uptake of zero emissions vehicles, only, phase out of diesel buses, additional mode shift and a gradual to demonstrate the magnitude of reduction in freight emissions. the challenge we face. »» An additional 10–15% of car journeys shifting to public or active travel by 2025, with an additional 10% mode shift The scenario, informed by emissions of these car journeys by 2030, and a further 20% mode shift by 2045. modelling, includes measures to reduce emissions in each sector, building on the initial »» Around 2% of private cars being zero emissions vehicles in focus on transport and gas. There is a high 2025, increasing to 25% in 2030 and 100% in 2045. level of uncertainty in emissions forecasts »» Accelerated adoption of zero emissions buses and zero due to the range of factors involved, but emissions freight from 2025. these projections still offer valuable insight into possible future scenarios. The actual approach taken to meeting our targets will Waste be regularly updated based on best available Fewer emissions from waste through steps such as waste information and evaluation of implementation avoidance, source separation of organic waste from success. Regular monitoring through the households and businesses and landfill bans on unsorted annual ACT Greenhouse Gas Inventory will general waste, timber and unsorted construction and enable Government to reassess priority actions demolition waste. Future measures will need to be developed necessary to stay on track to meet our targets. that take advantage of new technologies, national policies and research findings. This pathway is based on the following possible approaches in each key sector. In order to achieve net zero emissions by 2045, substantial progress will need to be made by 2025 to Land Use ensure we meet the 2030 and 2045 targets. Increasing local carbon storage through planting forest on around 5700 hectares. This approach would need to consider availability of suitable land and competing land uses. www.environment.act.gov.au 39 Photo by: Tom Dears 40 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 ACTIONS TO 2025 COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP More than 80% of ACT residents want the Government to take a strong leadership role on climate change and more than 80% believe that actions by householders can help make a difference in responding to climate change.9 Individuals, community organisations and businesses continue to play an important role in helping to meet our targets by taking action to reduce emissions, improve efficiency and promote solutions to climate change. Support and leadership from across the community will become even more important as we move into the next stage of reducing emissions and maintaining 100% renewable electricity. Achieving our targets will require a dynamic and collaborative approach focused on continual learning and community participation. Throughout implementation, community members will be invited to provide ideas to further work towards our targets via a dedicated online platform. The Minister will meet regularly with the ACT Climate Change Council and other stakeholders to review progress and identify new opportunities for action based on emerging information, evaluation of measures and community suggestions. www.environment.act.gov.au 41 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 1A GOAL 1B Encourage community-driven Collaborate solutions to climate change for resilient communities

1.1 Expand the scope of the Community Zero Emissions Grants to support community 1.6 Work with the local projects that reduce emissions and/or increase Traditional Custodians resilience to climate change and prioritise and the Aboriginal and projects that offer replicable solutions. Torres Strait Islander

1.2 Support and enable community action community to integrate on climate change by providing tools and traditional knowledge resources and recruiting a dedicated climate into landscape change community liaison officer in the management. Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate.

1.3 Deliver the Actsmart programs to encourage and support community efforts to reduce emissions and improve sustainability outcomes.

1.4 Enable community members to share ideas for ongoing improvements to the strategy via Government digital platforms.

1.5 Work with the ACT Climate Change Council to encourage community participation in climate change initiatives. 42 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Working together It is not possible for Government to achieve the Existing programs, such as the Actsmart programs ACT’s emission reduction targets alone. Success and the EEIS will continue to play an important role will require collaboration with and participation of in supporting change. Government will expand the the whole community, particularly as we focus on Community Zero Emissions Grants program to provide reducing transport emissions and switching from gas additional support for community climate change to electricity. Individual choices about how to travel, initiatives, and will establish a dedicated stream which household appliance to choose and what focused on supporting community projects that aim to type of car to purchase have major implications for encourage actions and choices that reduce emissions emissions. Businesses, individuals and community or build resilience to climate change. groups can make a difference by choosing practices and products that are good for the climate and by Government will also promote community leadership choosing to lead initiatives or projects that encourage on climate change by providing tools and resources others to act. and recruiting a dedicated community liaison officer in the Environment, Planning and Sustainable Government acknowledges the important climate Development Directorate. Community members will change work that individuals, organisations and also be able to share ideas on addressing climate businesses are already doing and will continue to change via Government digital platforms. support this work. Given community organisations and industry groups are well placed to lead within their Many volunteers across the ACT help to manage our networks as trusted members of their communities, natural areas. Government will explore opportunities Government will seek to partner with them to support for supporting ongoing volunteering and encouraging their ongoing leadership. greater community involvement in caring for the natural environment. It will also support greater sharing of traditional knowledge. www.environment.act.gov.au 43 Choices for the climate The scale of our emission reduction challenge can be daunting, but we can all be part of the solution by making gradual changes day to day. By constantly looking for new opportunities, we can reduce our emissions each year and meet our challenging targets. Here are some tips for reducing emissions. The Actsmart website at www.actsmart.act.gov.au offers further suggestions. 1. Reduce your car use 2. Consider a zero emissions vehicle You could start by car-pooling, or going ‘car If you’re thinking about getting a new car in the free’ one day per week by catching the bus or next couple of years, now is the time to think light rail, cycling or walking. We understand this about going zero emissions. New and more will work better for some people than others affordable zero emissions vehicle models will be depending on where you live and your travel increasingly available offering benefits including needs. If you live too far from your destination reduced running and maintenance costs, a 20% for cycling you could consider buying an electric registration discount, stamp duty exemption for bike, which offers a great solution for longer new vehicles, smooth, quiet driving and cleaner commutes and for people who prefer gentle air. So before you buy your next car, find out about exercise. If catching public transport from your zero emissions options. Electric motor bikes offer home isn’t convenient, try leaving your car or a quiet and pollution-free travel option for longer bike at one of the Park and Ride stations and commutes, are cheap to run and are also eligible catching the bus from there. You can also take for a 20% registration discount. your bike on most buses and on the light rail. Did you know? Did you know? »» Switching to a zero emissions vehicle could »» Each day you choose to leave your car at reduce your greenhouse gas emissions by home and walk or cycle instead, you save around 3 tonnes per year. around 8 kg of greenhouse gas emissions. If you do this once per week you will reduce emissions by around 400 kg each year. 44 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Photo by Anouk Schumann-Morin 3. Think about switching off gas Switching to an all-electric household can save you money on connection fees and reduce your emissions. Our electricity supply will be 100% renewable from 2020, which means electric appliances will be zero emissions. If you’re replacing an appliance such as a stove or a heating system, find out about all-electric options. Some great products include induction cooktops, reverse cycle heating and cooling and heat pump hot water systems. Rebates are available to help you upgrade inefficient appliances and switch to electric. Did you know? 4. Get involved in a community »» Switching to an all-electric household can reduce your organisation greenhouse gas emissions by around 2 tonnes per year. Local community projects can make a big »» Upgrading your gas heating system to an efficient reverse cycle air conditioning system can reduce your emissions by difference. If you have the time, think about around 14 tonnes over the system’s useful life while saving getting involved in a community organisation about $500 per year on heating bills. or project near you that encourages climate action, cares for trees and parks, encourages »» Upgrading your gas hot water system to an electric heat pump can help you reduce your emissions by around 10 tonnes over energy efficiency, local food production the heat pump’s useful life while saving about $150 per year. or reuse and recycling. »» Installing ceiling insulation can help you reduce your emissions by around 23 tonnes over the insulation’s useful life. www.environment.act.gov.au 45 46 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 A JUST TRANSITION The ACT is a prosperous and progressive society that has welcomed the chance to demonstrate leadership on climate change and that cares for vulnerable members of our community. The Government is committed to working in partnership with the community to develop policies and implement programs to support low income households and vulnerable sectors transition to zero emissions in a way that maximises their access to low emission, reliable and affordable services. A just transition for workers The transition to net zero emissions will require changes in how we deliver services and products. Government is committed to making this a just transition that secures the livelihoods of workers and their communities. Government will work with workers, unions, employers, institutions and GOAL 2A organisations to ensure our pathway to decarbonisation is Support low income residents equitable and supports our community. Support for vulnerable 2.1 Partner with community households service organisations Low income households spend a relatively high proportion to identify vulnerable of their income on energy and feel energy price rises the most, but often cannot afford to purchase more efficient and disengaged sectors appliances, upgrade their cars and homes or use active and of the community and public transport. implement measures to support their participation Government will seek to partner with vulnerable households and community service providers to ensure low income in shifting to net zero households can participate in the shift to net zero emissions emissions. and are not disproportionately affected by new measures. A coordinated mix of concessions, rebates, loans, education, GOAL 2B dispute resolution and consumer advocacy programs will be required. These will be designed to address the A just transition barriers faced by groups such as low income households, renters, those in public housing, elderly people, people for workers with disabilities and illness, sole parents, people in energy poverty or who are working but on low incomes and not 2.2 eligible for current concessions. Many of the people in these Engage with industry and groups are also more vulnerable to illness, which can be workers to identify sectors compounded by the health effects of climate extremes. likely to be affected by Tailored support and programs can therefore also help to the transition to a net improve health outcomes for these community members. zero emissions economy and support re-training of workers where needed. www.environment.act.gov.au 47 48 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 TRANSPORT Re-thinking transport Transport is expected to account for more than 60% of emissions from 2020 (see Figure 4). Reducing emissions from transport is therefore a high priority and presents one of the biggest challenges in meeting our 2025 target and achieving net zero emissions in the longer term. Responding to this challenge will require fundamental changes in how we plan and deliver transport networks and how we choose to travel. The actions included in this section complement the Moving Canberra: Integrated Transport Strategy and form a part of the action plan for implementing that strategy. They also complement the ACT Planning Strategy 2018, which supports a compact and efficient city through sustainable urban growth and supports high levels of active travel and public transport accessibility. Key elements of Government’s response to this challenge are outlined below. »» Improve public transport to provide an extensive, user-friendly light rail and bus network that is well integrated with active travel options and supported by an expanded network of Park and Ride facilities. »» Plan for a compact and efficient city to improve access to public transport and active travel options and to reduce travel distances and reliance on private car use. »» Make the best use of roads, with a greater focus on moving people and goods. »» Support active travel, including the use of electric bikes, by improving the quality and safety of cycling and walking infrastructure. »» Encourage zero emissions vehicles by providing incentives, facilitating installation of charging infrastructure, running commercial and freight vehicle trials and working toward a zero emissions Government passenger vehicle and bus fleet. The scale and nature of this challenge requires the participation of the whole community. In particular, there will need to be an increased uptake of active travel such as cycling and walking, and increased use of public transport. Whether or not we meet our targets will depend on the choices we all make about how to travel as well as on the availability of new technologies such as zero emissions vehicles. Government will play its part in supporting and encouraging individual choices and technologies that reduce transport emissions, but will also seek the participation of the community in rising to this challenge. Government will actively work with the community to investigate how we can best support the transition to a low carbon transport system while meeting the mobility needs of the community, mindful that some members of our community have a necessarily greater reliance on car-based transport. A Parking Strategy will be developed to ensure a smarter approach to parking that reduces congestion and meets the mobility needs of the community. www.environment.act.gov.au 49 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 3A GOAL 3D Support sustainable travel Encourage active travel choices

3.6 Expand and promote the Active Travel

3.1 Expand the Actsmart Home, School Office and schools-based active travel and Business programs to include initiatives. travel choices and integrate with the 3.7 Finalise an active travel strategic work of the Active Travel Office. plan and update the Active Travel

3.2 Explore options for implementing Framework to provide coordinated a reward scheme for community active travel networks across the members who increase their use of Territory. public transport and/or active travel. 3.8 Implement the Municipal Infrastructure Standards for Active GOAL 3B Travel and develop best practice Plan for a compact and guidance for industry and stakeholders efficient city to inform better design outcomes for active travel infrastructure.

3.3 Plan for a compact and efficient city

3.9 Prioritise walking and cycling and with improved access to sustainable enhance active travel infrastructure to transport options by delivering up to improve safety and connectivity of the 70% of new housing within our existing active travel network. town and group centres and along key transit corridors. 3.10 Support bike share schemes and other measures to improve the effectiveness GOAL 3C and accessibility of cycling as a ‘last Increase use of public kilometre’ solution. transport 3.11 Finalise and implement the End- of-Trip Facilities General Code to

3.4 Prioritise improving public transport encourage improved bicycle parking services and supporting infrastructure, and end-of-trip facilities in commercial including buses, light rail stage two developments. and connecting services.

3.5 Maximise accessibility to the rapid bus and light rail networks through feeder services and expanding the Park and Ride network. 50 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 GOAL 3E 3.18 Investigate options for dedicating a greater proportion of road space and Reduce car use public realm space to sustainable transport modes..

3.12 Trial and evaluate innovative approaches to planning and 3.19 Consider options for reforming car development that prioritise active registration fees to incentivise efficient travel and public transport. road use.

3.13 Implement car free days and consider car free areas, shared zones and traffic GOAL 3G calmed streets. Encourage zero emissions

3.14 Support car share schemes and vehicles transport-on-demand solutions across the ACT region. 3.20 Explore and trial financial incentives

3.15 Investigate and implement options for such as increased registration encouraging a shift to public transport discounts, rebates and low interest and active travel through planning and loans to encourage the uptake of zero a smarter approach to parking. emissions vehicles and electric bikes.

3.21 Implement the Zero Emissions Vehicles Action Plan 2018–21, explore GOAL 3F investment in appropriate public Smarter use of roads charging infrastructure, and identify new actions to support the uptake of

3.16 Explore and implement new zero emissions vehicles from approaches to improving the 2021 onwards. productivity of key transport corridors through prioritisation of public 3.22 Amend road rules to facilitate the transport and/or active travel. safe use of new sustainable personal mobility options, such as electric

3.17 Improve efficiency and usability of scooters. public transport through the adoption of emerging smart cities technologies 3.23 Investigate regulatory options to such as smart street lights, congestion drive the transition to zero emissions monitoring, real time data and commercial vehicle fleets. optimisation of timetables to reduce journey times. www.environment.act.gov.au 51 Improving public transport Work is underway to improve public transport services Table 3: Percentage mode share for journey to work in the ACT in 2006, 2011 and 2016 (remaining mode share to provide a user-friendly, efficient and zero emissions is by car) network. This will be critical for supporting increased use of public transport across our city. MODE 20061 20112 20163 The ACT Government is working towards a zero Public transport 5% 7.8% 8.0% emissions bus fleet by 2040 at the latest as outlined in Cycling 2.5% 2.8% 2.6% the ‘ACT Government leadership’ section. Walking 7.9% 4.9% 4.5% Government recognises the importance of changing Total 15.4% 15.5% 15.0% peoples’ modes of travel in achieving its transport 1. ABS Census 2006 2. ABS Census 2011 3. ABS Census 2016 policy and climate change objectives. Attempts to encourage a shift from cars to less emissions- Government is currently assessing how information intensive modes have so far not yielded significant from emerging technologies such as smart street improvements. For example, the share of people lights and congestion monitoring, coupled with real- cycling to work increased from 2.5% in 2006 to 2.6% time-information on transport options, can provide a in 2016 (see Table 3). superior transport experience to private car travel. Improving public transport and accessibility through feeder services (including expanding the Park and Ride network) is a key measure for achieving mode shift , as is continuing to improve active travel infrastructure. Providing similar end-to-end The introduction of light rail journey times to private car use has in April 2019 as part of an also been shown to improve the integrated public transport attractiveness of public transport. Pedestrians network resulted in more people using public transport ACT Government transport in Canberra. The number of Bicycles planning will need to encourage journeys made using Transport sustainable transport modes as Canberra services over the represented in the transport Public Transport/Freight first two months of the new hierarchy. network was 10% higher than Ride sharing/Taxi the number of journeys made over the same period in 2018. In June 2019, there were more Private car than 80,000 light rail boardings per week and almost 15,000 each weekday. Note: A boarding is recorded when a person gets on a bus or light rail vehicle. A journey is the whole trip a person is taking, which may include more than one boarding. For example catching a bus to Gungahlin Place, then catching light rail to the city is two boardings but one journey. 52 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 September 25, 2016: Car Free Day in Paris Planning for a compact and Smarter use of roads efficient city In order to meet our ambitious targets Government will need to invest in making our transport system The ACT Planning Strategy 2018 seeks to deliver up more efficient. This means changing how we value our to 70% of new housing as infill development close transport infrastructure, moving from the concept of to centres and public transport corridors providing roads being built to facilitate private transport to one better sustainable transport options. In implementing where roads are used to most efficiently move people, the Planning Strategy, the Government will consider goods and services in ways consistent with our climate revisions to the Territory Plan and other planning change goals and a modern, efficient, low congestion frameworks to meet our planning objectives and move city. This means making better use of the available to a zero-emissions transport sector. road space and infrastructure and making choices about our priorities when allocating this space. This As well as planning for a more compact and efficient will enable the community to develop a more liveable city that provides more sustainable transport options city, which can support a greater variety of transport to reduce the need for private car travel, Government options including for those vulnerable households for will explore innovative approaches to promoting which traditional car-based options are resulting in active travel and public transport use. These include greater stress on household budgets. parking offsets where developers can pay a fee toward sustainable transport instead of building parking Car free days offer an opportunity for Canberrans to spaces, maximum parking requirements for new experience a different way of using roads. Around 20% developments, and ensuring the Estate Development of our urban area is taken up by roads and adjacent Code gives priority to active travel and public transport footpaths and paved areas. Having a day to use this where possible. road space for walking and cycling, supported by public transport, gives a sense of the kind of city that emerges when cars are de-prioritised. These days Supporting sustainable travel also give people a safe and fun opportunity to try choices out different transport options. Government is committed to supporting the community Car free days have been implemented in hundreds and promoting more sustainable transport choices. of cities around the world. Paris makes its central To assist the community, Government will expand the areas car-free on the first Sunday of every month. Actsmart Home, School and Business programs to Government will work toward holding car-free days at include travel choices and integrate this with the work of least once per year. These could be held to coincide the Active Travel Office. It will also explore implementing with on-street activities such as markets and festivals. a reward scheme for community members who increase Government will also investigate setting a target for their use of public transport or active travel. a percentage of roads to be dedicated to sustainable modes of transport. www.environment.act.gov.au 53 Supporting active travel Active travel, such as cycling and walking, offers a zero Increasing shade cover for active travel routes will help emissions transport option with health and wellbeing to encourage use of active travel and offer protection benefits. It allows people to incorporate physical to users of the cycle and pedestrian network during exercise into their daily routine while helping to reduce hot weather. Increasing tree canopy cover is a major traffic congestion and air pollution. Canberra is well goal of Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan. suited to active travel, being relatively flat in many areas of the city and with an average trip distance of Many cities around the world have had success in around eight kilometres. This makes active travel a encouraging their citizens to walk or cycle. viable option for many residents, particularly when For example, Copenhagen has achieved 41% cycling combined with public transport for longer trips. mode share for trips to work and education through A 2017 survey found that around 4.5% of people in heavy investment in appropriate cycling routes and the ACT walk to work and around 2.5% cycle to work. other programs.10 Leipzig has also achieved its goal of 20% of trips by bike by 2020 ahead of schedule Government will continue to implement the Active by implementing a range of measures (e.g. more Travel Strategy to encourage more people to choose cycle paths and pedestrian areas).11 Auckland has active travel. This will include improving infrastructure also achieved strong growth in cycling and walking such as on- and off-road cycle paths, footpaths, mode share, including through the development of drinking fountains and bicycle parking to provide a new cycleways.12 Government will continue to learn safer and more effective active travel network. from international examples such as these, whilst In addition, Government will implement measures acknowledging that there is no ‘one size fits all’ to encourage the uptake of electric bikes, which offer approach to encouraging active travel. a solution for longer trips and make cycling more accessible to a wider section of the community. 54 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Transition to zero emissions vehicles With the ACT’s electricity supply being 100% renewable To encourage this shift, Government will explore from 2020, vehicles powered by electricity will have financial incentives to encourage the uptake of zero zero emissions in their operation. Electrifying cars, emissions vehicles, and will continue to improve motorbikes, buses and trucks therefore presents facilities and infrastructure for electric bikes. an opportunity to begin the shift to zero emissions transport. The ACT’s Transition to Zero Emissions Government will also review and amend road rules Vehicles Action Plan 2018–21 outlines Government’s to support the safe use of electric scooters and other actions to encourage the rapid uptake of zero emissions zero emissions personal mobility options and identify vehicles including electric cars, motorbikes and opportunities to integrate with public transport services bicycles. The range of models of electric vehicles is to provide effective solutions for travellers. expanding and costs are forecast to continue to decline. Zero emissions freight vehicles are a less mature With a moderate level of government support industry, but an important next step in reducing nationally, electric vehicles sales in Australia are transport emissions. To foster new approaches and expected to reach around one million per year by 2034 emerging technologies, Government will partner with and account for 100% of new vehicles sales by 2040 industry to trial zero emissions freight options. This will as shown in Figure 7. As a result, the total number of involve evaluation of the practicalities, economics and electric vehicles on the road is forecast to reach over level of support required to accelerate the uptake of 3 million by 2030 and over 13 million, around 50% zero emissions freight in the ACT region. 4000 of all vehicles on the road, by 2040.13 Electricity Waste Gas abatement Waste management 3500 Gas Industrial emissions Transport abatement Business as usual 3000 Transport Land emissions ACT targets 2500 kt CO2-e 2000 2025 target 1500 2030 target 1000 500 2040 target 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Figure 7: Projected annual electric vehicle (EV) sales in Australia. Source: Australian Electric Vehicle Market Study, Prepared by ENERGEIA for the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, May 2018 2000 100% 1800 90% ANNUAL EV SALES (`000) Annual EVs % OF ANNUAL VEHICLE SALES 1600 80% Annual Sales Market % 1400 70% 1200 60% 1000 50% 800 40% 600 30% 400 20% 200 10% 0 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 www.environment.act.gov.au 55 Future possibilities for transport Over coming years there are likely to be major advancements in transport technologies that will transform the way we travel and could help to further reduce emissions. Government is currently exploring options for bringing these new approaches and technologies to the ACT as outlined in the Moving Canberra: Integrated Transport Strategy and is committed to transitioning to a zero emissions bus fleet as outlined in the ‘Government leadership’ section. Incentivising reductions in road network use Car registration fees are levied as fixed charges only. Forms of road network cost measuring have been This structure provides no incentive for individuals to implemented in many cities, including London and reduce private vehicle travel, leading to unnecessary Singapore, and found to reduce congestion and total congestion and greater emissions. Reforming the kilometres travelled. A recent trial in Melbourne also structure of car registration to be related to the level of found that varying network pricing by time of day was driving could provide an incentive to reduce car use, most effective at reducing driving at congested times. which would be consistent with a low carbon future. As part of a national body of work by jurisdictions, the ACT Government will explore options for reforms in this area, which will include consideration of benefits for the community, continuing uptake of electric vehicles, improving fairness across all road users, and social equity. 56 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Mobility as a service Mobility as a Service (MaaS) describes a shift away from personally-owned transportation and towards mobility solutions that are consumed as a service, where members of the public buy and navigate access to a service that enables use of many modes of transport including public transport, car share, taxis, rideshare, bikes and others. The Autonomous vehicles first commercial application of MaaS, the ‘Whim’ App, was launched in Helsinki, Autonomous, or self-driving, vehicles are emerging technologies Finland, in 2016. The company behind that have the potential to significantly change how we use vehicles. the Whim App is planning to launch the Autonomous electric vehicles that are part of the share economy App in several cities throughout Asia and (not privately owned) have the potential to reduce private car use the United States. and improve the efficiency of how we move around the city. Such a transition could see reduced private car ownership as people instead Government is committed to supporting use shared autonomous vehicles to meet their transport needs. car share schemes and transport It could offer benefits such as reduced costs to households, increased on demand services across the ACT safety and improved access to mobility for children, elderly people, region and supporting a transition to disabled and low income households. Government will undertake zero emissions rideshare and carshare further on-road trials of autonomous vehicles, including testing of an vehicles. autonomous bus as part of the public transport network. www.environment.act.gov.au 57 58 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 ENERGY, BUILDINGS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Our built environment plays a major role in determining how we use energy and move around the city as well as how liveable our city is in a changing climate. The energy performance of our buildings, and the type of energy they use, will affect the comfort of occupants and our ability to reduce emissions over coming decades. The way in which we plan new suburbs, develop the city centre and town centres, and design new infrastructure will also have long-term implications for sustainable transport choices and achieving a net zero emissions city that is resilient to climate change impacts. Government will work towards a compact, liveable and sustainable built environment that supports achievement of our net zero emissions goal. This work is closely aligned with the ACT Planning Strategy. www.environment.act.gov.au 59 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 4A GOAL 4B Maintain 100% renewable Reduce emissions from gas electricity supply

4.3 Amend planning regulations to

4.1 Legislate a 100% renewable electricity remove the mandating of reticulated target to continue from 2020. gas in new suburbs.

4.2 Develop and implement a Sustainable 4.4 Conduct a campaign to support the Energy Policy 2020–25 that sets transition from gas by highlighting out actions to deliver sustainable, electric options and savings affordable and reliable energy to the opportunities to the ACT community. Territory and drives the continued 4.5 Develop a plan for achieving zero development of the renewable emissions from gas use by 2045, energy industry in the ACT. including setting timelines with appropriate transition periods for phasing out new and existing gas connections. 60 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 GOAL 4C GOAL 4D Climate-wise, zero Climate-wise, zero emissions rental homes emissions public housing

4.6 Introduce mandatory disclosure of 4.9 Continue to upgrade to efficient energy performance for all rental electric appliances in existing public properties. housing properties where technically feasible and assess the costs and

4.7 By 2021 introduce legislation for benefits of shifting to all-electric staged minimum energy performance public housing. requirements for rental properties to come into force in 2022–23. 4.10 Ensure all newly constructed public housing properties are all-

4.8 Expand the Actsmart Home Energy electric (fitted with efficient electric Program to provide free, tailored in- appliances) from 2019. home energy assessments for renters. www.environment.act.gov.au 61 GOAL 4E GOAL 4G Climate-wise, zero Climate-wise, zero emissions emissions low income buildings homes

4.15 Design, and commit to a timeframe for

4.11 Continue to deliver the solar implementing, higher minimum energy for low income program and performance and climate resilience investigate options for providing standards for new buildings that will solar to public housing. deliver efficient, zero emissions buildings.

4.12 Trial facilitating access to interest 4.16 Provide information and facilitate free loans or other innovative education and training of developers and finance for gas to electric upgrades design and construction practitioners in and deep retrofits of low income zero emissions technologies and systems homes. and climate-wise design.

4.17 Develop a new residential energy GOAL 4F assessment tool that adequately Climate-wise, zero assesses the year-round thermal emissions homes performance of buildings in the Canberra climate.

4.13 Provide information and training

4.18 Trial incentives and other measures to tailored to first home buyers, home encourage all-electric, high efficiency owners and owner-builders to apartment and commercial buildings. support higher awareness of zero emissions, climate-wise homes. 4.19 Expand the Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme to increase

4.14 Facilitate demonstration projects support for low income priority showcasing zero (or negative) households and further encourage a emissions climate-wise homes. shift from gas to high efficiency electric appliances.

4.20 Encourage the use of smart financing by medium and large businesses and organisations to support energy efficiency improvements, space heating upgrades and zero emissions vehicle fleets. 62 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 GOAL 4H GOAL 4I Climate-wise built Reduce urban heat and environment improve liveability

4.21 Review planning regulations and identify 4.22 Implement Canberra’s Living opportunities to require a sustainable, Infrastructure Plan to work towards climate-wise built environment including 30% urban canopy cover and 30% through developing a Climate-wise Code. surface permeability, account for the value of living infrastructure and assess local needs for managing heat. www.environment.act.gov.au 63 Maintaining 100% renewable electricity The ACT’s renewable electricity target will be met As the climate changes, it is likely that summer through a combination of large-scale solar and wind air-conditioning usage will rise in the ACT—and projects in the ACT, New South Wales, Victoria and nationally—due to higher average summer South Australia as well as local rooftop solar and temperatures and more extreme heatwaves, resulting GreenPower purchases (individuals and businesses in higher peak electricity demand. The transition choosing to purchase renewable electricity through to zero emissions vehicles and the shift from gas to their energy provider) and renewable generation electricity in buildings will increase electricity demand. through the national Large-scale Renewable Energy The use of smart technologies, such as vehicle to grid Target. The ACT is committed to maintaining 100% capabilities, where electric car batteries can be used renewable supply into the future, and will legislate a to support the grid at times of peak demand, could 100% renewable electricity target to continue from 2020. help to mitigate peaks and associated impacts on electricity grid infrastructure. The Government is taking Reducing electricity demand through improving an integrated approach to reducing peak electricity efficiency, adopting smart demand management demand to adapt to climate change, including the solutions and investing in onsite renewable energy following approaches. generation will also be important for cost effectively »» Work through the COAG Energy Council for a maintaining 100% renewable electricity. By managing coordinated national approach to managing demand we can avoid, or postpone, the need to invest electricity demand during heat wave events. in more large-scale renewable electricity projects. »» Improve energy efficiency in homes, small This will be particularly important as electricity businesses and schools through the EEIS, demand increases as a result of electrification of Actsmart and implementation of the COAG Energy transport and buildings. Council’s National Energy Productivity Plan. Government will develop the Sustainable Energy »» Incentivise uptake of battery storage for homes Policy 2020–25 to map a pathway to efficiently and small businesses through the Next Generation maintaining a 100% renewable electricity supply. Battery Storage program. This program includes the first city-wide trial of a virtual power plant to reduce peak electricity grid demand. »» Invite community participation to reduce demand through the summer energy saving campaign. »» Support advocacy to ensure the needs of the community, especially the vulnerable, are heard and understood. 64 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Photo by: Tom Dears 4000 Electricity Waste Gas abatement Waste management 3500 Gas Industrial emissions Transport abatement Business as usual 3000 Transport Land emissions ACT targets 2500 kt CO2-e 2000 2025 target 1500 2030 target 1000 500 2040 target Sustainable Energy Policy 2020–25 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 The ACT Sustainable Energy Policy 2020–25 is expected for release in 2020, and will build on the work of the ACT Sustainable Energy Policy 2011–20. 2000 The success of the ACT’s renewable energy projects, including the transition to 100% renewable 100% electricity 1800 by 2020 and the Next Generation Battery Storage Program for improved energy storage 90% ANNUAL EV SALES (`000) smart demandAnnual EVs % OF ANNUAL VEHICLE SALES and 1600 management, has positioned us as a national and international leader in 80% climate and energy Annual Sales Market % policy. 1400 70% 1200 60% The new policy will outline how the ACT will continue to deliver a 100% renewable electricity supply and 1000 continue to lead and innovate for a net zero emissions future. The policy will consider issues 50% such as: 800 40% »» how 600we can most efficiently maintain a 100% renewable electricity supply from 2020, both 30% through 400 continual improvements in energy efficiency and any future reverse auctions needed 20% »» the200 potential role of hydrogen in meeting our future stationary energy and transport needs 10% »» the 0 impacts for electricity demand and grid infrastructure of electrifying transport and shifting from 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 gas to electricity in buildings, and opportunities for grid integration and smart demand management »» new opportunities to maintain the ACT’s national and international leadership position in a changing energy industry environment. 100 Figure 8: ACT household winter heating energy consumption patterns – 2005–14 Source: 90 Energy Gas Trends, 2018 report Commonwealth Department of Energy 80 PER CENT OF HOUSEHOLDS(%) Gas Wood 70 Electricity No Heater 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 www.environment.act.gov.au 65 Reducing emissions from gas Reducing emissions from gas is a crucial part of Government will amend regulations to remove the achieving net zero emissions by 2045. As an energy requirement for new suburbs to be connected to source, natural gas is relatively emissions intensive gas. This will give developers the freedom to build and cannot easily be replaced with a zero emissions all-electric suburbs if they choose, allowing new zero alternative. Hydrogen could be injected into the emissions suburbs. All-electric new homes could gas network, but current evidence suggests some reduce annual energy bills for residents by up to new infrastructure would be required and existing $450 per year, and up to $1600 per year if combined appliances may need to be replaced or modified with installation of solar panels. if hydrogen is more than 10–15% of the gas mix. Biogas, gas from fermentation of organic material, For commercial buildings, electrification of heating, could be useful at the small scale, but is not seen ventilation and cooling (HVAC) systems is a viable as a viable replacement for natural gas at this stage option for most business sectors. All-electric and hybrid due to uncertainty around availability of a sufficient electric HVAC systems can help to reduce operating quantity of suitable material from which to generate costs and have been demonstrated to work effectively. the gas and the likely high cost. Electrification An example of this is the all-electric HVAC upgrade at is a proven technology for most energy services the Government’s North Building in Civic, home of the currently delivered by gas, but increased electricity Canberra Museum and Gallery. Funded by the Carbon demand presents its own challenges. Government Neutral Government Loan Fund, this system replaced will explore alternatives to natural gas and decide a gas heating system and has reduced emissions by the most efficient way forward. Avoiding investment 263 tonnes per year and energy costs by more than in infrastructure and appliances that will lock in $120,000 per year. In addition, the move to air-cooled emissions from natural gas will be critical for meeting rather than water-cooled chillers provides maintenance long-term targets. savings and negates the need for cooling tower maintenance and water treatment, registration and Figure 8 shows that the percentage of households ongoing risk assessment costs. using gas for space heating fell from 60% in 2011 to 45% in 2014. Overall, annual consumption of gas per Government will work with energy retailers to support household fell by 22% from 2010 to 2017.14 These consumers wishing to switch from gas to electric trends need to continue. Replacing gas household appliances, and will develop tailored programs to appliances with electric alternatives is a relatively support the transition away from natural gas for simple solution as electric cooktops and efficient residential and commercial buildings. Further work will heat pump heating and hot water systems can easily, be undertaken to better understand commercial gas use and affordably, replace gas appliances. and identify suitable substitutions for uses other than heating buildings. This work will inform the development of a plan to achieve zero emissions from gas by 2045. “ All electric buildings are currently more cost effective than installing gas connections in new buildings. This is because electric heating and hot water technology is becoming increasingly efficient, so electric appliances have lower running costs than their gas-powered counterparts. An all-electric approach would also reduce the cost of building homes in new suburbs, as it avoids the need for costly new gas infrastructure to be built.”15 . 66 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Climate-wise buildings The buildings we build now will last for many decades and need to be fit for the future climate and compatible with our net zero emissions goal. It is estimated that more than half the buildings expected to be standing in 2050 will be built after 2019. The requirements we set now can therefore have a major impact on the resilience of our building stock in 2045. A climate-wise building is designed so it can provide a reasonable level of comfort in all seasons, minimising the use of artificial heating and cooling, particularly through passive solar design including good orientation, appropriate use of thermal mass, natural ventilation and summer shading. It will also be resilient to climate-related risks the building may face including bushfires, particularly in locations close to nature reserves, severe storms and local flooding (in flood-prone areas). The efficiency of a building is also determined by how its occupants choose to use it. Heating and cooling buildings uses a lot of energy. We can reduce our impacts, and save money, by learning to live comfortably while using less air-conditioning and heating. Residential areas adjacent to Canberra’s nature reserves, priority households, and establish a program targeted waterway corridors and rural lands have many benefits, at medium and large businesses to support the but also face risks from extreme events such as bushfires transition to more climate-wise buildings. Government and flooding. Managing these risks requires changes to will also undertake a review of the current regulatory the way we plan and build new homes and surrounding framework and pursue opportunities to ensure new landscapes. It also requires ongoing work to ensure buildings and surrounding areas are climate-wise, community members, and particularly those living in providing high-quality and resilient homes, workplaces high risk areas, are aware of the issues, are supported and urban environments. to make changes at their property to reduce risk and are aware of what to do in the case of an emergency. Risks to these ‘urban edges’ are considered as part of the ACT Strategic Bushfire Management Plan 2014–19 Reducing urban heat and ACT flood risk mapping. Government is working to Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan outlines how reduce risks in strategic locations through on-ground Government will use plants, soils and water to improve works, planning and community engagement to increase liveability of our city and reduce urban heat. It sets a resilience of households. target of achieving 30% tree canopy cover to shade and cool our city, and a target of 30% permeable Upgrading existing buildings to improve energy surfaces to help manage water flow and avoid flash efficiency and climate change resilience will also flooding. In addition to implementing Canberra’s be important. Living Infrastructure Plan, Government will continue exploring opportunities to reduce heat absorption of To promote climate-wise, zero emissions homes building surfaces and pavements and encourage air and buildings, Government will implement higher flow throughout the city. minimum energy performance standards and climate resilience standards, facilitate access to information, facilitate access to innovative financing options for making gas to electric upgrades, finalise an improved energy rating tool, trial new incentives for all-electric buildings, continue the EEIS to support low income www.environment.act.gov.au 67 68 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 ACT GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIP Government is committed to leading by example to showcase best practice sustainability in Government operations. This includes implementing the Zero Emissions Government Framework to reduce emissions from Government operations, as outlined in the following section. Government will also demonstrate leadership in procurement, climate-wise infrastructure and Government buildings. The ACT participates in a number of national and international alliances, and will continue to partner with local, regional and national governments around the world to promote meaningful action on climate change. In addition, the ACT Government will advocate for federal policies to support the transition to net zero emission reductions and increased resilience to climate change impacts. Government will ensure the social cost of carbon and climate change adaptation considerations are considered in procurement and capital works decisions to embed climate change risks and impacts into operations and factor in the true cost of carbon pollution. Through innovation and leadership, the Government will continue to encourage others to take action for a successful transition to net zero emissions. www.environment.act.gov.au 69 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 5A GOAL 5B Reducing risk in a Leading by example changing climate

5.3 Reduce staff travel needs by co-locating staff

5.1 Reflect climate change in centralised offices, providing facilities for projections and teleconferencing, exploring co-working hubs and risk vulnerabilities supporting flexible work arrangements and explore in disaster and incentives to support staff use of public transport emergency prevention, and active travel. preparedness, response 5.4 Implement a user-friendly sustainable procurement and recovery, particularly approach for goods and services and capital works for extreme heat, bushfire that ensures greenhouse gas and adaptation and flash flooding. outcomes are considered in all procurement decisions.

5.2 Encourage community 5.5 Ensure the social cost of carbon and climate change preparedness for climate adaptation outcomes are considered in all ACT risks through targeted Government policies, budget decisions, capital works Emergency Services projects and procurements. Agency outreach and the Actsmart sustainability 5.6 Ensure all new Government capital works with a programs. budget of more than $10 million either seek or are consistent with an independent sustainability rating such as an Infrastructure Sustainability rating from the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia (ISCA), or a Greenstar rating from the Green Building Council of Australia or equivalent, and review ratings at least every five years. 70 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 GOAL 5C 5.11 Invest an interim price of $20 per tonne of emissions from Government Collaborating for increased operations into measures to meet the ambition Zero Emissions Government target from 2020–21, and arrange for an

5.7 Foster partnerships with sub-national independent body to develop a governments and non-government social cost of carbon for application organisations locally, nationally and from 2025. internationally to promote climate action and increased ambition. 5.12 Establish a pathway to zero emissions ACT Government schools supported

5.8 Join in Global Green and Healthy by an interim emissions reduction Hospitals network to improve plan to 2025. sustainability performance and reduce emissions from ACT Health facilities. 5.13 Ensure all newly built or newly leased Government buildings and facilities GOAL 5D are all-electric and climate-wise (where fit for purpose). Zero emissions Government 5.14 Replace all space and water heating systems in Government facilities with

5.9 Develop and implement a roadmap electric systems at the end of their for transitioning Transport Canberra economic lives (where fit for purpose). buses to zero emissions by 2040 at

5.15 Ensure all newly leased ACT the latest while continuing to improve Government passenger fleet vehicles service levels, and review progress will be zero emissions vehicles from every five years. 2020–21 (where fit for purpose).

5.10 Establish and implement a pathway

5.16 Investigate the use of innovative to a zero emissions ACT Government finance options such as Energy health sector by 2040 informed by an Performance Contracting as a method assessment of all current and planned of reducing costs and emissions in public health facilities. Government assets. www.environment.act.gov.au 71 Carbon offsets and the social Reducing risk in a changing cost of carbon climate Government is committed to achieving its emissions Through implementing the ACT Climate Change reduction targets and net zero emissions goal without Adaptation Strategy, Government has developed the purchase of carbon offsets. This approach has a more thorough understanding of climate risks been adopted based on advice from the ACT Climate to Government infrastructure, service delivery and Change Council that purchasing carbon offsets is a emergency planning and is working to reduce risk short-term solution that does not help the ACT to exposure. Government will continue to ensure climate achieve true net zero emissions. This is because offsets risks are adequately considered and reflected in apply to emissions generated over a particular period, decisions, service delivery, emergency planning and but do not help to permanently reduce or eliminate infrastructure. those emissions. A more effective approach focuses on using funds which would have paid for offsets to Government will also encourage community invest in initiatives which can achieve more lasting preparedness through Emergency Services Agency emission reductions. In adopting this approach, the outreach and the Actsmart sustainability programs. ACT Government will focus on investments within our region which directly reduce ACT emissions. For example, regional waste processing solutions have the Leading by example potential to help reduce the ACT’s emissions from food Government is committed to leading by example. and organic waste. Such investments will not be limited Government will implement a user-friendly sustainable to within the ACT’s borders, but must directly contribute procurement approach that ensures greenhouse to permanently reducing ACT emission. gas and adaptation outcomes are considered in all The ‘social cost of carbon’ is an estimate of the actual procurement decisions, ensure that capital works economic, social and environmental cost of emitting projects over $10 million achieve or are consistent greenhouse gases. Substantial work has been done on with an independent sustainability rating, and will estimating the social cost of carbon pollution. In 2017 reduce staff travel needs by providing facilities for the United States Government was applying a social teleconferencing, exploring co-working hubs and cost of US $39 per tonne of carbon pollution (around supporting flexible work arrangements. AUD $54). Government will set a social cost of carbon for the ACT, will embed this in policies, budget decisions, procurement and capital works decisions, and will invest the equivalent social cost of emissions from Government operations as outlined in the ‘Zero Emissions Government Framework’ section. 72 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Collaboration and alliances Zero Emissions Government The Government aims to lead by example to inspire others to take action, and to learn from other Framework jurisdictions locally, nationally and internationally. The Zero Emissions Government Framework enables Government is a member of alliances and and coordinates a whole of government approach to partnerships, including the Cities Power Partnership reducing Government emissions in a cost-effective and the Climate Action Roundtable at the national manner. It replaces the previous Carbon Neutral level, and the Under 2 Coalition, Powering Past Coal Government Framework. The Government aims to Alliance, Carbon Disclosure Project and the 2050 demonstrate leadership by pursuing rapid emissions Pathway Platform at the international level. The ACT’s reductions that are consistent with achieving emission participation in these alliances enables sharing of reduction targets of: learnings and information to encourage others to »» greater than a 33% reduction in emissions from act, and has drawn international attention to our Government operations by 2025 (from 2020 levels) innovative work on climate change solutions. »» zero emissions from Government operations by 2040. Government will continue to collaborate to share By pursuing these targets the Government will be knowledge, learn from leading jurisdictions and guided by the following principles: accelerate global climate change action. »» Government leadership by example »» Demonstration of low emissions technologies »» Cost-effective greenhouse gas emissions abatement »» Transparency and accountability Subsequent emissions reduction targets for the Government to achieve a zero emissions goal will be established as part of the review process for the ACT Climate Change Strategy. www.environment.act.gov.au 73 From carbon neutral to zero emissions Achieving the Zero Emissions The Carbon Neutral Government Framework committed the Government to achieving carbon ACT Government Framework neutrality in its own operations by 2020. This meant By 2020–21 the Government will source all its that any residual Government emissions from 2020 electricity from renewable sources. However, onwards would be balanced by purchasing certified Government operations will continue to generate carbon offsets. emissions from natural gas used for space and water heating and from transport fuel use (see Table 4). Under the new Zero Emissions Government Framework, Government will not purchase carbon Table 4: Projected ACT Government emissions sources offsets to meet its targets. Instead, Government will in 2020. Source: ACT Government Enterprise Sustainability Platform, data extracted December 2018. invest a “social cost of carbon” equivalent to emissions from Government operations into new emission CATEGORY % kt CO2-e reduction initiatives. Government will apply an interim Transport Canberra buses 52% 33 $20 cost per tonne of emissions from 2020–21. The Natural gas (other facilities) 13% 8 Government will adopt a revised social cost of carbon from 2025, informed by an independent assessment of Natural gas (health facilities) 13% 8 an appropriate social cost of carbon price for the ACT. Fleet vehicles 11% 7 Application of a social cost of carbon to Government Natural gas (schools) 11% 7 operations is a better outcome for the ACT economy Figure 9: Projected ACT Government emissions in 2020 than purchasing offsets. Funds committed under a social cost of carbon will be directly invested in the 52% Buses ACT to modernise public facilities and infrastructure, 11% Fleet vehicles such as schools and emergency services, rather than 13% Natural gas (other) being spent outside the ACT. 13% Natural gas (health) 11% Natural gas (schools) Government emission boundary The Zero Emissions Government Framework applies The primary focus of emissions reduction activities to greenhouse gas emissions from assets over which under the Zero Emissions Government Framework the Government has operational control, including will be reducing natural gas and transport fuel use. all facilities and assets operated by Government staff Significant cost savings can be achieved in Government to conduct Government business. The emissions operations by reducing ongoing energy consumption boundary includes both owned and leased assets, and reducing exposure to volatile energy prices. such as fleet vehicles, offices, public schools and hospitals. Assets not operated by employees of the Government are outside of the Government emissions Transport Canberra bus fleet boundary. The Transport Canberra bus fleet plays an important All direct emissions (from combustion of transport role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the fuel and natural gas) and indirect energy emissions community by providing a low-emissions alternative to (from the generation of electricity) associated with private vehicle use. However, by 2020, the bus fleet will these assets are considered within the boundary. be the source of approximately half of all Government 44% Electricity greenhouse gas emissions (see Figure 9). The growth of 3367.5 kt 12% Stationary gas the size of the Transport Canberra fleet, and its reliance 2017-18 34% Transport on diesel fuel means that action is required to cut emissions from the fleet. 8% Industrial processes 2% Waste Government will aim to achieve a zero emissions bus fleet by 2040 by progressively phasing zero emissions buses into the fleet to provide clean and sustainable transport for the community. 74 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Public health sector ACT Government schools Public hospitals and medical centres provide vital Every public school now has solar PV installed, and the services to the community; however, they are ACT’s first all-electric school, Margaret Hendry School, also responsible for a significant portion of the in Taylor, opened in 2019. However, many schools have Government’s natural gas use and therefore emissions. aging infrastructure with heating systems reaching the In 2018, The Canberra Hospital campus was responsible end of their operational lives. Government will establish for approximately 30% of ACT Government natural a pathway to zero emissions public schools and replace gas consumption, while public health centres were these aging gas heating systems with efficient electric responsible for an additional 2%. systems (where fit for purpose). The pathway will also support improvements to the thermal performance of By 2020, the Canberra Hospital campus will be the school buildings through draught-proofing, window single largest source of Government natural gas treatments and other energy efficiency improvement emissions. Under the Zero Emissions Government measures. Energy audits will identify opportunities Framework, Government will establish and implement for emissions reductions, increasing energy efficiency a pathway to achieve zero emissions public health and facilitating improved student comfort to support sector by 2040. The pathway will be developed by learning outcomes. Government will also ensure all TRIAL 2020 and be informed by a feasibility assessment of all current and planned public health facilities. The new public schools are climate-wise and all-electric. electric pathway will be reviewed every 5 yearsand hybrid to assess Transport BUSES progress and identify opportunities to address assets Canberra that are not currently fit for purpose for transition to All public schools zero emissions technologies. have installed SOLAR PV Government will aim to have a zero emissions bus fleet by 2040 www.environment.act.gov.au 75 Electric space and water heaters Government passenger vehicle fleet in Government facilities Under the ACT’s Transition to Zero Emissions Vehicles Action Plan Space and water heating is responsible 2018–21 (the Action Plan): for almost all natural gas use in »» 50% of all newly Government leased fleet passenger vehicles will Government facilities so efforts will be zero emissions vehicles from 2019–20 (where fit for purpose) focus on replacing natural gas heating »» 100% of all newly leased passenger fleet vehicles will be zero with systems powered with renewable emissions vehicles from 2020–21 (where fit for purpose). electricity. Implementing the Action Plan will position the Government as a leader Government will require electric space in sustainable fleet purchasing and demonstrate that zero emissions and water heating systems for all fleet vehicles are feasible in the ACT, the wider region and the nation. new facilities, where fit for purpose. In existing government facilities The Action Plan requires the replacement of vehicles where there is including schools and offices, water a zero emissions vehicle model that is fit for purpose. Under the Zero and space heaters will be replaced with Emissions Government Framework these vehicles will be assessed at electric alternatives at the end of their the end of their leases to determine whether a suitable zero emissions economic lives. A whole of government vehicle replacement has become available. gas appliance audit will allow facilities As more zero emissions vehicles become available the Government managers to identify end-of-life will transition non-passenger vehicles, such as light commercial and equipment. Feasibility studies will large utility vehicles to zero emissions alternatives. be vital to select appropriate heating technology for each site. 76 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Zero Emissions Innovative finance options Minister’s Annual Report Government Fund The adoption of emerging zero Progress towards the Zero Projects supported by the Carbon emissions technologies may Emissions Government targets Neutral Government Fund require the Government to will be publicly reported each year currently generate annual savings invest in asset upgrades through in the Minister’s Annual Report to Government of approximately innovative financing methods. under the Climate Change and $2 million. Renamed the Zero Government has already Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act Emissions Government Fund demonstrated the success of 2010. The progress report will (the Fund), it will continue as the innovative finance methods provide information on: key mechanism for supporting through the Carbon Neutral »» Government emissions and cost effective and innovative Government Fund. This fund will energy use emissions reduction projects in continue to pursue innovative »» projects undertaken as part of the Government. finance options such as Energy the Framework Performance Contracts to achieve The Zero Emissions Government ambitious emissions reductions in »» agency-specific performance Fund will provide interest free against key performance Government assets. loans to Government agencies indicators. to support approved emissions reduction projects. Energy bill Monitoring and reporting Director-General Key or fuel savings are used to repay Performance Indicators The Government will maintain its loans, continually replenishing the Achieving the Zero Emissions robust monitoring and reporting fund to make funds available for Government Framework target will regime to track progress towards new projects. require commitment from each zero emissions from Government Government agency. Individual The Fund will focus on projects operations. Monitoring and agencies will be accountable for that cut emissions from natural reporting is vital to demonstrate their greenhouse gas emissions gas and transport, taking benefits and challenges posed by through Director-General advantage of the ACT’s 100% the adoption of zero emissions Key Performance Indicators. renewable electricity target and technologies to the community. This mechanism requires all demonstrating the feasibility of Government directors-general to new technologies ahead of full report emissions reductions and market acceptance. The Fund’s Monitoring progress activities undertaken as part of rules and procedures will be The Government has successfully the Zero Emissions Government geared to maximise uptake across established a robust and verifiable Framework. Directors-general Government through mechanisms emissions measurement and will report progress to the that return immediate project reporting system. The Enterprise Head of Service annually. benefits to borrowers, manage Sustainability Platform provides This measure allows high-level risk and minimise red tape, while accurate and reliable data to all executive oversight and ensures maintaining robust monitoring Government entities and enables incorporation of sustainability and verification practices. consistent monitoring and and emissions reduction into the reporting of electricity, natural gas, Government’s strategic policy water, fuel, emissions and cost. direction. www.environment.act.gov.au 77 78 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 WASTE AVOIDANCE AND MANAGEMENT In 2017–18, around 235,000 tonnes of waste was sent to landfill in the ACT—around 560 kilograms per person. The organic component of this waste breaks down in the landfill and releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The ACT landfill at Mugga Lane is fitted with a facility that captures the methane and uses it to generate electricity. This facility captures an estimated 70% of the methane from the landfill, with the remaining 30% being released into the atmosphere. In 2017–18 emissions from landfill were 60.7 kt CO2-e, representing 2.2% of total emissions. From 2020, once electricity emissions are zero, waste treatment is projected to account for 4% of emissions. Around 75,500 tonnes of general waste were collected from households in 2017–18. A 2014 audit found that, by weight, an estimated 35% of household general waste is food waste, and around 10% is garden waste. Using these estimates, around 34,000 tonnes of organic waste from households were sent to landfill in 2017–18. Around 117,000 tonnes of commercial and industrial waste was sent to landfill in the ACT in 2017–18. An estimated 13% of this, or 15,000 tonnes, was organic material. Around 34,000 tonnes of co-mingled recyclables were collected from households and businesses in 2017–18. Diverting more recyclable materials from landfill will make better use of these resources. In addition, the recycled products that are created from these materials can help reduce environmental impacts by reducing the need to mine resources and manufacture new materials. www.environment.act.gov.au 79 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 6A Reduce waste generation

6.1 Support food rescue organisations to avoid food waste.

6.2 Implement the Actsmart programs and household waste education programs to reduce waste generation and increase recycling. GOAL 6B Reduce emissions from waste treatment

6.3 Introduce a food and garden waste collection for all households (including multi-unit dwellings) from 2023, and support with an education program from 2020.

6.4 Develop and consult on a scheme for requiring large organic waste producers such as hospitality and food retail businesses to have a separate organic waste collection.

6.5 Identify opportunities to reduce emissions from organic waste treatment including sewage such as through the use of anaerobic digestion and composting, and investigate potential sites for organic waste processing. 80 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Reducing waste generation Re-using organic materials The Roadmap to Improved Resource Recovery After reducing waste generation, diverting organic outlines Government’s approach to reducing waste materials from landfill is the main way to reduce and improving waste management. The actions in emissions from waste management. Their valuable this strategy are additional and will help to deliver on nutrients and organic matter can be used to create a the recommendations of the Roadmap. Government quality product that can be used to enrich soils. will continue to implement the Actsmart Business As the climate changes, making better use of organic Recycling and Schools programs and household waste materials to fertilise and mulch farmland could help education programs to encourage reduced waste to mitigate the impacts of longer and more severe generation and increased recycling. droughts on local farms. Buying new items to replace those being sent to Collecting organic materials separately to other waste landfill has environmental impacts. Reducing the streams is the most effective way to divert them from amount of waste we generate, by reducing the amount landfill. A garden organics collection service is currently of products we consume and increasing reuse and being rolled out to all Canberra households. To divert recycling, will help to reduce emissions and broader more organic materials from landfill, Government environmental impacts. will expand this service to include household food waste, as recommended in the Roadmap to Improved Government will support food rescue organisations to Resource Recovery. collect excess food from retailers and redistribute to those in need. These organisations provide a valuable A 2015 landfill audit found that an estimated 13% of service to the community while helping reduce commercial waste is organic materials. Applying this emissions from landfill. estimate, businesses in the ACT sent an estimated 15,000 tonnes of organic waste to landfill in 2017–18. The shift to zero emissions vehicles and the installation Diverting these materials from landfill will help to of stationary energy batteries in homes and businesses reduce emissions as well as make better use of these will result in waste at the end of the battery life. materials to improve soils. Batteries are expected to last around ten years, after which they can often be re-purposed. If not re-purposed Government will develop a scheme for requiring large they can be recycled at a dedicated facility. Government producers of organic waste to have a separate organic has strict recycling requirements in place for the Next waste collection. Many cities around the world have Generation Battery Storage Program and will continue introduced mandatory separate collection of organic to encourage re-use and recycling of vehicle and waste. San Francisco in California introduced a law in stationary energy batteries at the end of their useful life. 2009 requiring all residents and businesses to separate The ACT is working with other jurisdictions and industry organic materials for collection and composting. This to establish a national product stewardship scheme for has resulted in a major reduction of waste to landfill photovoltaics and batteries. and is enabling production of nutrient-rich compost from the material. The Canadian city of Vancouver banned the disposal of food waste to landfill in 2015 for all residents and businesses. The City of Melbourne has introduced food waste recycling in the Degraves Street precinct. Over 90 businesses are participating and the initiative is diverting around 130 tonnes of food waste each year. Government will evaluate options for large-scale composting or anaerobic digestion of the organic materials collected from households and businesses and for the treatment of wastewater and sewage. www.environment.act.gov.au 81 82 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 LAND USE AND BIODIVERSITY How we use and manage the land affects greenhouse gas emissions and the impacts of climate change on our rural communities and natural ecosystems. Efficient and sustainable use of land for urban development can minimise emissions from transport, buildings and land use change, as well as contribute to maintaining and enhancing our living infrastructure and biodiversity assets. Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan outlines the approach Government will take to improving liveability and reducing urban heat and flash flooding through increasing tree canopy cover and permeable surfaces to allow water infiltration. Some agricultural activities and land clearing for urban development release greenhouses gas emissions, while reforestation and increasing soil carbon can store —‘sequester’—carbon, reducing net emissions. In 2017–18 the Territory’s emissions from agriculture and plantation forestry were 24kt CO2-e and net emissions from agriculture, land clearing, reforestation and forest management were -9.8kt CO2-e. This was largely achieved by reforestation (planting of recently cleared areas) and afforestation (planting of land that had been cleared of vegetation for a long period). www.environment.act.gov.au 83 GOALS AND ACTIONS GOAL 7A Protect local species and habitats

7.1 Identify opportunities to increase resilience of terrestrial and aquatic habitats at risk from climate change and implement land management changes and relevant on- ground works with delivery partners.

7.2 Ensure action plans for threatened species and communities consider the impact of climate change. GOAL 7B Sequester carbon in the landscape

7.3 Identify suitable sites in the ACT for ‘carbon sinks’ and develop a plan for planting trees or using soil carbon in these areas to sequester carbon with consideration of biodiversity outcomes and competing land uses. GOAL 7C Encourage sustainable and resilient farming

7.4 Encourage sustainable farming practices which are fit for the current and future climate and enhance soil and water quality, and work with farmers to identify opportunities for net zero emissions farming and innovation to increase resilience. 84 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 The ACT is fortunate to have large areas of national Government acknowledges the long history of park and nature conservation reserves, which are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in caring important for protecting biodiversity and promoting for Country and adapting to climatic changes and healthy soils and water catchments. We have an will endeavour to learn from traditional knowledge extensive urban forest, which adds beauty and life to in caring for natural areas in a changing climate, our urban environment and helps keep our city cool including fire management. The Nature Conservation during summer. Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan Strategy and the Parks and Conservation Service outlines the approach Government will take to protect Healthy Country Programs support the engagement and enhance our street trees, soils and waterways of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the to ensure Canberra remains a highly liveable and management of natural resources and acknowledge attractive city in a changing climate. the connection between the health of the environment and cultural wellbeing. Progress has been made in The main types of non-urban land uses in the ACT: several areas including involving Indigenous people »» Biodiversity and water—or nature conservation, in woodland restoration, continuing the Murrumbung ecosystem services, recreation and managing Ranger Program, adopting traditional cool burning Canberra’s potable water supply. techniques, continuing to employ an Indigenous »» Agriculture—predominantly grazing sheep and Natural Resource Management Facilitator and ongoing cattle, with some limited processing and equine engagement on Natural Resource Management pursuits. including the development of the Aboriginal Fire »» Plantation forestry—for timber production and in Management Framework. Government will continue to some locations for sport and recreation. work to increase knowledge transfer and apply cultural land management practices in our parks and reserves. As the climate changes and droughts become more severe, agricultural and land management practices will need to adapt, and the ‘products’ from the land may need to change. Government will consider climate change impacts in its land and forest management decisions and will support sustainable, climate-wise farming. The ACT Nature Conservation Strategy 2013–23 details actions to be taken to improve conservation outcomes across the ACT and reserve management plans are prepared to guide management of national parks and nature reserves. www.environment.act.gov.au 85 Sustainable urban land use In 2016, Canberra’s urban footprint was 372.6km2, Canberra’s urban forest and network of nature with a population density of approximately 1080 reserves and green spaces provide important areas residents per km2. If the current density of urban of habitat for the conservation of biodiversity, as development in the ACT were to continue unchanged, well as opportunities for people to enjoy connecting the urban footprint required to accommodate the with nature. Expanding urban land use can also pose currently projected population of 589,000 residents a significant threat to our biodiversity. As habitat at 2041 would be around 544km2, an increase of 46%. becomes smaller and more fragmented through urban This pattern of development would not support a development, flora and fauna can face increased compact and efficient urban form. It would increase threats, such as lack of habitat and reduced habitat our travel times, decrease sustainable transport connectivity to allow movement and dispersal. options and increase our ecological footprint, as well as placing increased pressure on agricultural land and To protect our habitats and ecosystems from the future environmentally sensitive areas. effects of climate change, we will need to include consideration of maintaining and enhancing our living By planning for the development of Canberra as a infrastructure and biodiversity assets, and improving compact and efficient city with increased prioritisation landscape connectivity and resilience, as part of urban of urban infill to support future growth, we can reduce planning and development processes. Canberra’s pressure on valued natural resources and improve the Living Infrastructure Plan sets out policy and actions to sustainability of our urban land use. ensure urban development is supportive of a healthy, liveable and biodiverse urban environment. 86 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Resilient agriculture Land-based Climate change ACT emissions from agriculture as reported in the Greenhouse sequestration impacts on Gas Inventory are based on data Land-based carbon sequestration projects such as tree planting biodiversity from the National Greenhouse Gas and increasing soil carbon can The projected changes to our Inventory. The largest contributor help reduce emissions while climate will affect many local plant is methane emissions from enteric potentially offering other benefits and animal species as well as water fermentation (digestion process such as habitat for wildlife and supply. These climatic changes are of livestock). The majority of improving visual amenity. Land- already occurring, with noticeable agriculture emissions are from based sequestration projects are impacts such as species decline and enteric fermentation in sheep (48%) susceptible to being destroyed by increased bushfire frequency and and cattle (40%). Emissions from bushfire and drought, releasing intensity which results in changes agriculture are low at 0.7% of total stored carbon back into the to the landscape and consequential emissions in 2017–18. atmosphere. In a warmer and drier impacts on species and ecosystems. climate, this risk will increase. In The cumulative impacts on Sustainable local food production addition, land-based sequestration threatened ecosystems, such as high can help reduce emissions from is vulnerable to changes in land country bogs and fens, are likely to transporting food (from a global, management practices or to be severe over the long term. Closer rather than ACT perspective). changes in legislation (e.g. relaxing to home, in the grassy woodlands Local farming practices will need of land-clearing legislation) surrounding the city, impacts can be to respond to a changing climate. which can result in a return seen, such as decline and death of Government will continue to support of sequestered carbon to the trees and changes in the distribution sustainable, climate-wise farming atmosphere. Government will of species. Volunteer organisations practices including approaches to consider carbon sequestration such as the Canberra Ornithologists reduce emissions, increase carbon as an additional measure where and FrogWatch assist the ACT sequestration in the landscape, there are adaptation, economic or Government to monitor changes improve efficiency of water use and biodiversity co-benefits. over time. encourage soil health. This will involve identifying suitable Understanding climate risks to Due to the changing climate, sites in the ACT for ‘carbon sinks’ species and ecosystems will landholders will be encouraged and developing a plan for planting enable strategic action to manage to improve their resilience to trees or using soil carbon in these species and ecosystems to increase increasing drought frequency, areas to sequester carbon with resilience and foster adaptation longer heatwaves, increasing consideration of biodiversity where possible. The ACT Nature bushfire risk, more extreme storms outcomes and competing land Conservation Strategy 2013–23 and increasingly variable rainfall. uses. provides a strategic approach to Landholders will be encouraged to mitigating the impacts on species. adopt best management practices that incorporate both climate To protect species and habitat, change mitigation and adaptation Government will continue to measures for resilient and viable ensure actions plans for threatened farms. species and communities consider the impact of climate change. Government will also continue to identify opportunities to increase resilience of terrestrial and aquatic habitats at risk from climate change and implement land management changes and relevant on-ground works with delivery partners. www.environment.act.gov.au 87 88 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION The ACT has taken an innovative approach to reducing emissions to date. The large scale reverse auction process for procuring renewable electricity resulted in approximately $2 billion of investment into 640 megawatts of wind and solar projects both in the ACT and across Australia and attracted $500 million in low carbon investment to the ACT. This reverse auction model has since been adopted by the Victorian Government. The Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme has resulted in $350 million in lifetime bill savings across the community. The demand reduction obtained through the Next Generation Battery Storage program could result in the order of $60–220 million in avoided infrastructure costs and thereby further reduction in household bills across the Territory. These are examples of how an innovative approach, in partnership with industry, can deliver benefits for the ACT and drive market transformation. Other world leading capabilities provided by the businesses and researchers in Canberra’s renewables precinct include renewable resource analysis, smart, data-driven energy storage integration, hydrogen storage and transport solutions. This is supported by the Australian National University’s Masters Course in Wind Energy, delivered in conjunction with Windlab, and Canberra Institute of Technology’s Renewable Energy Skills Training Centre, which is offering one of Australia’s first Global Wind Organisation accredited wind safety and technical training programs. In late 2018 the centre also commenced solar PV and battery courses that allow licensed electricians to apply for Clean Energy Council PV Accreditation and battery storage endorsement. The next stage of our work towards net zero emissions provides a new opportunity for further economic benefits from attracting local low carbon investment, improving efficiency and increasing resilience to climate change. The ACT is in a great position to build on our successes to become an even stronger knowledge economy that is a hub for zero emissions research and investment. As a global leader in climate change action we are attracting bright and innovative professionals and business leaders who will help to shape smart solutions for the future. GOAL 8A Promote a Taking an innovative approach will become increasingly important as we move to the next challenge of reducing zero emissions emissions from transport and gas. Existing examples are the beginning of an exciting chapter in the ACT’s transport economy and energy system transition, and include the ACT trialling electric buses, our new electric light rail system, and the 8.1 Ginninderry all-electric ‘solar suburb’. The scale of the Work with industry to emission reductions required to meet our targets are support innovation, unprecedented and will require a new way of thinking. research and partnerships Government will trial new approaches and will invite that will enable and industry participation in developing innovative solutions. accelerate the transition to a net zero emissions economy. www.environment.act.gov.au 89 90 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND REPORTING Measuring and evaluating our progress Regular monitoring and evaluation will be an important part of successfully meeting our targets and achieving net zero emissions. Progress will be measured and reported via the annual ACT Greenhouse Gas Inventory. The Minister for Climate Change and Sustainability reports annually on action to achieve the emission reduction targets, emissions from Government operations, effectiveness of actions and impacts on cost of living. This report will be used to provide a summary of this strategy’s implementation progress including a status update for each action. An independent review by the Office of the Commissioner for Sustainability and the GOAL 9A Environment will be completed in 2024 to assess Evaluate and improve progress and inform the development of the next strategy from 2025. 9.1 There will be challenges in working towards net zero Improve data capture, integration emissions that we do not yet have all the answers for. and sharing across Government Government will trial and evaluate new approaches to enable accurate tracking and and will provide a high level of transparency and reporting of progress. accountability throughout this process. To support this, Government will continue to improve data sharing, capture and integration across Government, GOAL 9B collect and report ACT travel data, and collect and report data against key resilience indicators. Measure and report progress Continuing to lead 9.2 Government will continue to collaborate nationally Collect and report ACT travel data and internationally and participate in research at least every two years on a range projects and alliances to remain at the forefront of climate change action and ensure we are acting on of journey types. the latest information. Technologies and approaches will continue to advance rapidly as jurisdictions GOAL 9C and markets around the world respond to climate change; we will monitor these so our work is based Measure and report on the best available information and advice. resilience The ACT will continue to collaborate with other jurisdictions to provide updated climate change 9.3 impact projections to inform our climate change Collect and report data to monitor response and will periodically update risk analyses progress against resilience indicators as the science improves. including continuation of the longitudinal survey and climate- related health impacts and costs. www.environment.act.gov.au 91 Photo by Nathan Scays 92 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 INCREASING AMBITION Contributing to global effort Government understands the need for immediate and decisive action on climate change. The IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C identified that immediate, large-scale and transformative action is required in order to keep global average temperature increase to under 2°C (from pre-industrial levels). The report found that the global community will not be able to keep warming to below 2°C without the widespread application of carbon capture and storage technologies. It underlined the immediacy and extent of change that is required to secure a safe climate for the future. The ACT emission reduction targets represent our contribution to the required global reductions to keep warming to below 2°C. Achieving these targets will demonstrate that a rapid reduction in emissions is possible and provide valuable examples for others to learn from. The ACT can play an important role in driving higher ambition and accelerating change elsewhere by continuing to demonstrate leadership and provide working examples of innovative solutions. Our strong knowledge economy, previous successes in renewable energy and high level of community support for, and leadership on, climate change action make the ACT well placed to lead by example on climate change. www.environment.act.gov.au 93 Government will continue to find new ways of working that showcase smart solutions to climate change and Opportunities to increase will continue to participate in national and international alliances to exchange information and learn from global ambition best practice. Government is committed to achieving The immediate priority is to reduce emissions to meet these targets to play our role in the global effort. The the 2025 target and establish a pathway to net zero ACT is a small jurisdiction and our emissions, at around emissions by 2045. In the interests of understanding 3,300 kt CO2-e annually, are a very small fraction of whether higher ambition may be possible, the ACT global annual emissions, which are around 40 million will investigate the potential for large-scale negative kt CO2-e. However, global efforts will rely on action emissions technologies. Emerging opportunities being taken by each jurisdiction; we are already seeing for reducing aviation emissions through the use of that climate action is, in many cases, being driven alternative fuels will also be explored. by sub-national jurisdictions such as the ACT. The The ACT’s targets include only scope 1 and 2 ACT also continues to provide a role model for other emissions (direct emissions in the ACT and emissions governments looking to achieve ambitious targets. from purchased electricity respectively), and exclude scope 3 emissions (emissions generated in growing the food and producing the goods brought in from outside the ACT). Government acknowledges that scope 3 emissions are substantial and efforts are required to influence both consumption patterns and supply chains to further reduce them. This strategy includes actions aimed at achieving this, including introducing a sustainable procurement framework for GOAL 10A Government and running waste avoidance education Explore negative programs. There will be a higher priority placed on reducing scope 3 emissions in future strategies, once emissions the ACT is on track to meet its initial targets. technologies Depending on progress, and as new technologies become available and markets change, further ambition may be possible. Opportunities to increase 10.1 the ACT’s climate change response will be evaluated Investigate opportunities when each new strategy is developed. for implementation of negative emissions technologies in, or supported by, the ACT. 94 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Photo by: Tom Dears CONTINUAL LEARNING AND ADJUSTMENT Implementation of this strategy will be dynamic, collaborative and flexible to respond to changes and learn from experience. Achieving our targets will require a new approach and there will be many challenges along the way for which we do not yet have all the answers. Emerging information and technologies will be considered throughout implementation to ensure Government continues to implement the strategy in the most effective way. The effectiveness of measures will be evaluated as information becomes available. Progress will be reported regularly to the community. Government will continue to collaborate with community and industry throughout implementation of this strategy and to find new ways of working together to achieve its ambitious targets. Comments on any aspect of this strategy are welcome and can be provided by emailing climatechange@act.gov.au or calling Access Canberra on 13 22 81. www.environment.act.gov.au 95 LINKS TO SUPPORTING INFORMATION This strategy draws on various information sources including research reports, expert advice, implementation reviews, community consultation events and strategies. Key sources are listed below, all are available at www.yoursay.act.gov.au. Community engagement Research and emissions »» ACT’s Climate Strategy to a net zero emissions Territory Discussion Paper, December 2017 modelling »» Mapping surface heat in Canberra report, »» Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Discussion Paper, CSIRO, 2018 February 2018 »» Climate mitigation and adaptation in the ACT: »» Technical Reference Paper on ACT’s Climate Strategy costs, benefits and implications, Energetics, 2018 to a Net Zero Emissions Territory, December 2017 »» ACT Transition to Net Zero Emissions – Stationary »» Register of ideas received during community Energy/Buildings, Strategy Policy Research, 2017 consultation, June 2018 »» Pathway report ACT 2050 emissions modelling – »» ACT’s Climate Strategy Community Engagement land use, Point Advisory, 2017 Report, July 2018 »» Reforestation and afforestation opportunities within »» ACT’s Climate Strategy to a net zero emissions 100 km of the ACT, Point Advisory, 2017 Territory – Listening Report, May 2018 »» Pathway report ACT 2050 emissions modelling – waste sector, Point Advisory, 2017 Strategies »» Strategic Options for Reducing Emissions in 2030, »» ACT Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2 2040 and 2050, AECOM, 2017 (AP2), 2012 »» ACT Updated integrated emissions model, 2019 »» ACT Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2016 »» ACT Planning Strategy 2018 Government programs »» ACT Housing Strategy, 2018 »» Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme - »» Canberra’s Living Infrastructure Plan: www.environment.act.gov.au Cooling the City, 2019 »» Actsmart Programs - »» Draft Moving Canberra: Integrated Transport www.actsmart.act.gov.au Strategy, 2017 »» Household waste education programs - »» ACT Nature Conservation Strategy 2013–23 www.tccs.act.gov.au/recycling-and-waste »» ACT Practice for Water Sensitive Urban Design Guidelines and Code, 2009 Expert advice »» Climate Change Council advice, October 2017 www.environment.act.gov.au/cc 96 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 www.environment.act.gov.au 97 REFERENCES GLOSSARY OF TERMS Active travel CO2-e Active travel means a mode of transport that involves Carbon dioxide equivalent. A measure used to physical activity such as walking and cycling to get compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases from one destination to another, including travel to on the basis of their global warming potential, by and from the places we live, work, learn, visit and play. converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent The most common forms of active travel are walking amount of carbon dioxide with the same global and cycling. Active travel can also be an incidental warming potential. activity associated with the use of public transport CMTEDD (e.g. walking or cycling to bus stops). Chief Minister, Treasury and Economic Development Biodiversity Directorate. Biodiversity describes the variety of life in all its CSD forms and at all levels of organisation, as well as the Community Services Directorate ecological and evolutionary processes through which genes, species and ecosystems interact with one Ecosystem another and with their environment. A dynamic combination of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living Carbon sink environment (e.g. soil, water and the climatic regime) A natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and interacting as a functional unit. stores carbon for an indefinite period. Examples of natural carbon sinks include forests, oceans and soils. Ecosystem services The benefits people obtain from functioning Climate change adaptation ecosystems. These include provisioning services such Actions taken to help communities and ecosystems as food and water; regulating services such as urban adjust to changing climate conditions and their effects. cooling and flood control; cultural services such as Climate change mitigation recreational and cultural benefits; and supporting Efforts to reduce or prevent the release of greenhouse services such as nutrient cycling. gas emissions into the atmosphere. ED Climate-wise building Education Directorate A building designed so that it can be operated to EEIS provide a reasonable level of comfort in all seasons, Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme, established minimising the use of artificial heating and cooling, by the Energy Efficiency (Cost of Living) Improvement particularly through passive solar design including Act 2012, which requires energy retailers to undertake good orientation, appropriate use of thermal mass, energy saving activities. natural ventilation and summer shading. It will also be reasonably resilient to climate-related risks the EPSDD building may face including bushfires, particularly in Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development locations close to nature reserves, severe storms and Directorate local flooding (in flood-prone areas). Greenhouse gas emissions COAG Any of the gases whose absorption of solar radiation is The Council of Australian Governments responsible for the greenhouse effect including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons. 98 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 Group centre Resilience Centres that service several nearby suburbs and The capacity of individuals, communities, businesses provide easy access to major services, retailing and and systems in a region to survive, adapt and thrive, other commercial and community uses that meet no matter what chronic stresses and acute shocks the weekly needs of its catchment population. they experience. Gt Social cost of carbon Gigatonne (1000 million tonnes) An estimate of the long-term economic damage caused by a tonne of carbon dioxide emissions in HD a given year. The social cost of carbon therefore Health Directorate represents the value of damages avoided by a one Infill tonne reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, or the Development of unused or underutilised land in marginal benefit from reducing emissions. existing urban areas. It involves increasing the capacity Sustainable transport of our existing urban area to support growth. Sustainable transport is transport that is compatible Innovative finance with a net zero emissions Canberra. It includes walking, Non-traditional methods of sourcing financing for cycling, public transport, and zero emissions private sustainability, which can tackle barriers such as vehicles (such as electric motor vehicles and electric knowledge gaps and split incentives. motorcycles, and personal mobility devices such as JACS electric scooters). Justice and Community Safety Directorate t kt Tonne Kilotonne (1000 tonnes) TCCS Liveability Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate A measure of quality of life used to benchmark Town centre cities around the world. It includes socio-economic, A town centre offers a wide range of facilities and environmental, transport and recreational measures. services to serve the community and visitors from the Living infrastructure surrounding district. Typically a town centre offers The interconnected ecosystems within an urban employment opportunities and provides higher order catchment, including the ‘green infrastructure’ of retail facilities, offices and consulting rooms; cultural, trees, gardens, green walls and roofs, parks, reserves community and public administration; entertainment, and open spaces, and the ‘blue infrastructure’ of our educational, religious and residential facilities. waterbodies including lakes, wetlands and waterways. Generally most urban districts in the ACT has a town centre providing access to goods and services bought Natural resources less frequently. Includes soil, water and marine resources; geological features and landscapes; native vegetation; native Urban footprint animals and other native organisms; and ecosystems. The geographic extent of the existing urban area. www.environment.act.gov.au 99 ENDNOTES 1. ACT community surveys on climate change, 2013 9. ACT community surveys on climate change, 2013 and 2016, available at https://www.environment. and 2016, available at https://www.environment. act.gov.au/cc/community-engagement. act.gov.au/cc/community-engagement. 2. Letter from the ACT Climate Change Council to the 10. City of Copenhagen. (2017). Copenhagen City Minister for Climate Change and Sustainability, of Cyclists - Facts and Figures 2017. October 2017, https://www.environment.act.gov. 11. Sutton, M. (2016). Leipzig, Germany hits 2020 goal au/cc/climate_change_council/climate_change_ of 20% trips by bike, says city mayor. Cycling council_documents. Industry News. 3. AP2 Implementation Status Report, Office of 12. RA. (2016). Prepared For: Auckland Transport – the Commissioner for Sustainability and the Measuring and growing active modes of transport Environment, 2018, in Auckland. http://www.environmentcommissioner.act.gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/1116324/CSE-ISR- 13. Australian Electric Vehicle Market Study, Prepared Report-Aug2017_FA_AccPDF_c2.pdf. by ENERGEIA for the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 4. Living well with a changing climate: Findings of the May 2018. 2018 ACT Longitudinal Survey on Climate Change, July 2018, University of Canberra - Health Research 14. Gas price trends review 2017, Australian Institute on behalf of the ACT Government. Government Department of the Environment and Energy, available at https://www.energy.gov.au. 5. 2014 NARCliM modelling using a baseline of 1990- 2009. 15. Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council (2018) The Bottom Line Report. 6. ‘Exploring 167 years of vulnerability: An examination of extreme heat events in Australia 1844–2010’, Coates et al., Environmental Science and Policy, 42, p33-44, 2014. 7. ACT emissions are reported in the annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory and are based on the geographic boundary of the ACT. Direct (scope one) emissions, such as fuel combustion, and indirect (scope two) emissions such as purchased electricity, are included in the inventory. Further information on the inventory methodology is available at www.environment.act.gov.au . 8. Australian Electric Vehicle Market Study, Prepared by ENERGEIA for the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation, May 2018. 100 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25 www.environment.act.gov.au 101 102 ACT CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 2019–25