Peru → United Arab Emirates (refine) → India · Sale of bullion on IIBX

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Peru (Doré bar - unstamped → Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed) ⟶ United Arab Emirates (Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed → Pre-refined 995 bar (e.g. 'Dubai 995')) ⟶ India (Pre-refined 995 bar (e.g. 'Dubai 995'))

Not researched: Peru → United Arab Emirates

Leg 1: Peru

Where the goods start

Doré bar - unstamped → Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed

1
Process purchased ore by cyanidation (carbon/Merrill-Crowe) and smelt to doré; keep chemical-input operation registers
Who
Processing plant (planta de beneficio) that buys ore or concentrate
Needs
SUNAT controlled chemical inputs registration (Registro BF)
Issues
Operations register for controlled chemical inputs
Form
Ore (in situ / run-of-mine) → Doré bar - unstamped
Secondary
2
Melt refogado gold into doré (oro fundido) and number the bar
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Issues
Bar/lot number marked on the doré
Form
Sponge gold → Doré bar - unstamped
Secondary
3
Assay the bar; the certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer) is the basis for price and is presented to SUNAT-Aduanas
Who
Assay laboratory
Issues
Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer)
Form
Doré bar - unstamped → Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed
Secondary
DESPA-PG.02 (read in full) does not list an assay certificate among export documents (VII.A.1 num 3); presenting it to customs is practice per the Swiss guide.
4
Verify supplier (RECPO status, origin documentation) and buy the doré; buyer deposits 1.5% detracción; invoice carries the seller's detracciones account
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Needs
Buyer's RECPO registration; Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer); Electronic purchase register (registro de compras) of gold/ore buyers
Issues
Buyer's origin-verification file on the seller (identity, REINFO/concession code, formalisation status); SPOT deposit certificate (constancia de depósito de detracción); Electronic invoice (factura) / comprobante de pago for domestic sale
Primary law
5
Carry the doré by security and valuables transport under an electronic waybill to the exporter's premises or the airport cargo terminal
Who
Security and valuables transport company
Issues
Waybill from plant/exporter to the airport cargo terminal; Sworn declaration of transport through a security and valuables company
Secondary
- DL 1107 (control of transport of mineral product), art 3; 3rd DCF
6
Record the operation in the UIF register of operations when it reaches US$15,000; file a ROS within 24 hours of qualifying an operation as suspicious
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Needs
UIF-Perú sujeto obligado registration and compliance officer designation
Issues
UIF register of operations (Registro de Operaciones)
Primary law
- Res. SBS 789-2018, arts 22, 23.1, 38 num 10
7
Mine and process ore on its concessions (heap leach, carbon/Merrill-Crowe) and pour doré
Who
Medium/large mining company
Needs
Mining concession title
Form
Ore (in situ / run-of-mine) → Doré bar - unstamped
Secondary
8
Weigh, sample and assay each bar (gold and silver content); doré and refined gold both enter customs as 7108.12
Who
Assay laboratory
Issues
Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer); Bar/lot number marked on the doré
Form
Doré bar - unstamped → Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed
Secondary
9
Secure transport to the Lima airport cargo terminal
Who
Security and valuables transport company
Issues
Waybill from plant/exporter to the airport cargo terminal
Secondary
10
Hold a vigente REINFO inscription (or, if formalised, a concession and PPM/PMA status) and declare the real location of the workings through the Ventanilla Única de Formalización Minera within 120 calendar days of Ley 32537
Who
Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)
Needs
REINFO inscription (vigente)
Issues
Declaration of real location of the operation (Ley 32537 2nd DCF, Ventanilla Única)
Primary law
[time-limited] REINFO lapses on 31 Dec 2026 unless extended again or replaced by a MAPE law.
- DL 1293 art 6 as substituted by Ley 32537; Ley 32537 2nd DCF, art 6; 2nd DCF
11
Acquire mercury/cyanide only through the SUNAT-controlled chemical-input system (registered user, operation register)
Who
Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)
Issues
Operations register for controlled chemical inputs
Primary law
[not-read] How REINFO miners buy mercury under DS 117-2026-EF (registration articles read only by heading) was not established.
- Ley 32412, arts 4.1, 8.1, 9.1
12
Extract ore; either sell run-of-mine ore/concentrate to a processing plant (typical of Pataz/La Libertad, Arequipa) or concentrate and amalgamate on site and burn off mercury to produce refogado gold (typical of Madre de Dios, Puno)
Who
Informal small/artisanal miner registered in REINFO (in formalisation)
Form
Ore (in situ / run-of-mine) → Sponge gold
Secondary
13
Before buying, verify the seller and collect the DL 1107 art 11 data: RUC, name, ID and domicile; Código Único de Concesión (vigente) and Autorización de Explotación, or vigente REINFO inscription; comprobante de pago; guía de remisión and transporter
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Needs
REINFO inscription (vigente); Seller's RUC
Issues
Buyer's origin-verification file on the seller (identity, REINFO/concession code, formalisation status)
Primary law
- TUO LGM art 4; DL 1107 art 11 (letter (a) per Ley 32537); DS 012-2012-EM art 5.1, art 11
14
Weigh and test the refogado/sponge gold and agree price (discount to international quotation)
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Needs
Buyer's origin-verification file on the seller (identity, REINFO/concession code, formalisation status)
Issues
Purchase settlement (liquidación de compra)
Industry practice
- DS 012-2012-EM art 6; DS 018-2018-EM 2nd DCF, art 6
15
Where the seller invoices, deposit the detracción in the seller's Banco de la Nación account: 10% for IGV-taxed gold 7108.13/7108.20 (Anexo 2 num 16) and 1.5% for IGV-exempt gold 7108.11/7108.12 (per SUNAT's appendix page), by the earlier of payment or the 5th business day of the month after recording the invoice; 10% for gold ores and concentrates 2616.90.10 (Anexo 1 num 3), before transport
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Needs
Purchase settlement (liquidación de compra)
Issues
SPOT deposit certificate (constancia de depósito de detracción)
Primary law
[unconfirmed] The 1.5% rate for IGV-exempt gold is read only on SUNAT's appendix page (see pe.tax-spot-exempt-gold).
- RS 183-2004/SUNAT arts 3, 6, 8, 11.1; Anexo 1 num 3 and Anexo 2 num 16 (RS 000086-2025), arts 8, 11.1
16
Take delivery against the liquidación de compra (or the seller's invoice where the seller has RUC) and pay by bank means of payment directly to the seller (obligatory above S/2,000 or US$500 for the payment to be tax-deductible)
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Needs
Buyer's origin-verification file on the seller (identity, REINFO/concession code, formalisation status); Purchase settlement (liquidación de compra); SPOT deposit certificate (constancia de depósito de detracción)
Issues
Electronic invoice (factura) / comprobante de pago for domestic sale; Payment to the miner by bank transfer
Primary law
- TUO Ley 28194 as amended by DL 1529, arts 3, 4, 5-A, 8
17
Buy ore or concentrate from the miner after the same identity/REINFO/concession checks, issuing the liquidación de compra or receiving the seller's invoice; where the seller invoices, the 10% detracción (Anexo 1 num 3) is deposited before the ore moves; ore travels under a guía de remisión
Who
Processing plant (planta de beneficio) that buys ore or concentrate
Needs
REINFO inscription (vigente); Buyer's origin-verification file on the seller (identity, REINFO/concession code, formalisation status)
Issues
Purchase settlement (liquidación de compra); SPOT deposit certificate (constancia de depósito de detracción); Electronic waybill (guía de remisión) for the mineral product
Primary law
- DL 1107 arts 10-11; DS 012-2012-EM arts 5-6; RS 183-2004/SUNAT Anexo 1 num 3
18
Enter each purchase in the electronic purchase register (seller RUC and name, vigente REINFO where applicable, nature, origin (name and code of the mining right), quantity/weight, grade, price) and report the register monthly through MINEM's extranet form
Who
Gold trader (comercializador) registered in RECPO
Needs
Purchase settlement (liquidación de compra)
Issues
Electronic purchase register (registro de compras) of gold/ore buyers
Primary law
- DS 012-2012-EM art 5 as substituted by DS 009-2025-EM, arts 5.1, 5.3
19
Sign the international sale contract: price by the LBMA (London) gold price on an agreed fixing date, fineness, Incoterm (FCA/EXW common), payment on delivery by bank transfer, optional 50-90% prefinancing
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Issues
International sale contract (price by London fix on an agreed date, fineness, Incoterm, payment); LBMA gold price on the agreed fixing date
Secondary
20
Prepare commercial invoice, packing list, lab certificate and a sworn declaration of lawful origin of the mineral
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Needs
Exporter's RECPO registration; Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer); International sale contract (price by London fix on an agreed date, fineness, Incoterm, payment)
Issues
Commercial invoice; Packing list; Sworn declaration of lawful origin of the mineral (declaración jurada de origen)
Secondary
Neither DESPA-PG.02 (VII.A.1 num 3) nor any held law requires a sworn declaration of lawful origin at export; it is practice per the Swiss guide. The legal origin duties sit with the buyer (DL 1107 art 11).
21
Transmit the export DAM electronically (tariff subheading 7108.12.00.00 for non-monetary unwrought gold incl. doré); exports above US$5,000 FOB need a DAM through a customs agent
Who
Customs agent (agente de aduanas)
Needs
Commercial invoice; Packing list; Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer)
Issues
Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised
Primary law
The US$5,000 FOB customs-agent threshold is not in DESPA-PG.02 (re-read in full 2026-09-29); it rests on the Swiss export guide (2016). DESPA-PG.02 VI.B requires an electronic mandate to the customs agent.
- Ley General de Aduanas (DL 1053) art 60; DESPA-PG.02 v7, VII.A.1
22
Deliver the gold to the airport cargo terminal (zona primaria); international transport of gold is by air only
Who
Security and valuables transport company
Needs
Waybill from plant/exporter to the airport cargo terminal; Sworn declaration of transport through a security and valuables company
Secondary
23
Assign a control channel by risk management (green: release; red: document review and physical recognition in the presence of the customs agent or exporter)
Who
SUNAT (customs and tax administration)
Needs
Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised
Primary law
- DESPA-PG.02 v7, VI.D; VII.A.3
24
Ship within 30 days of DAM numbering (automatic 15-day extension where a loading list exists); airline issues the air waybill
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Needs
Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised
Issues
Air waybill
Primary law
- DESPA-PG.02 v7, VI.F.1
25
Regularise the export within 30 days of final shipment (exporter confirms the declared data); SUNAT accepts the regularised DAM
Who
Customs agent (agente de aduanas)
Needs
Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised; Air waybill
Issues
Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised
Primary law
- DESPA-PG.02 v7, VII.A.7
26
Provide proof of origin if the buyer claims preference: for the US a certification by the importer, exporter or producer (TPA art 4.15, no prescribed format); for the EU an EUR.1 via VUCE (per Swiss guide)
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Issues
Proof of origin for preference: US-Peru TPA certification by the importer, exporter or producer (no prescribed format); EUR.1 via VUCE for the EU (per Swiss guide)
Secondary

Taxes and fees

Export duty on gold
0% - exports are not subject to any tax Definitive exports
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Ley General de Aduanas (DL 1053), art 60
Special Mining Contribution (Gravamen Especial a la Minería)
Effective rate from Anexo II: marginal 4.00%-13.12% (17 brackets by operating margin)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Ley 29790, arts 2.1, 2.2, 3; Anexo II
Special Mining Tax (Impuesto Especial a la Minería)
Effective rate from the Anexo scale: marginal 2.00%-8.40% (17 brackets by operating margin)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Ley 29789, art 5.3; Anexo
Mining royalty (regalía minera)
Effective rate from the Anexo scale (marginal 1.00%-12.00%, 16 brackets by operating margin) on quarterly operating profit; pay the greater of that and 1% of quarterly sales Holders of mining concessions exploiting metallic minerals incl. gold; pequeños productores mineros and productores mineros artesanales pay 0% (art 4.4)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Ley 28258, art 4 as substituted by Ley 29788 art 3, arts 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1
Detracción on IGV-exempt gold
1.5% Domestic sales of IGV-exempt gold 7108.11/7108.12 where the seller issues the invoice; not applied if the amount is S/700 or less (art 8 num 1) or the buyer issues a liquidación de compra (art 8 num 4)
Official guidanceAmount not confirmed
- RS 183-2004/SUNAT, Anexo 2 entry "Oro y demás minerales metálicos exonerados del IGV" (numbered 11 on SUNAT's appendix page); art 8
Detracción on gold ores/concentrates and IGV-taxed gold
10% Anexo 1 numeral 3: gold ores and concentrates 2616.90.10.00 taxed with IGV - sale, retiro, and transfer out of the production centre above ½ UIT, deposit before transport (transfers to the processing plant not arising from a sale excluded by RS 000121-2025; sales documented by liquidación de compra excluded, art 3(b)). Anexo 2 numeral 16: IGV-taxed gold 7108.13.00.00 and 7108.20.00.00.
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- RS 183-2004/SUNAT Anexo 1 numeral 3 and Anexo 2 numeral 16, as amended by RS 000086-2025 arts 3-4
Detracción on gold ores/concentrates as Anexo 2 "Oro gravado con el IGV" (before RS 000086-2025)
10% 2616.90.10.00 together with 7108.13 and 7108.20 under Anexo 2 "Oro gravado con el IGV"; deposit by payment or the 5th business day of the following month
Official guidanceAmount not confirmed
- RS 183-2004/SUNAT Anexo 2 (numeral 16 before RS 000086-2025)
Financial transactions tax (ITF)
0.005%
Primary law
- TUO Ley 28194 (DS 150-2007-EF), art 10
  “La alícuota del Impuesto a las Transacciones Financieras (ITF) es cero coma cero cero cinco por ciento (0,005%)”
Detracción on mineral processing services
12% "Servicio de beneficio de minerales metálicos gravado con el IGV" (toll processing), Anexo 3 numeral 11
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- RS 183-2004/SUNAT Anexo 3 numeral 11, added by RS 000086-2025 art 4

Controls

Bancarización: obligations above S/2,000 or US$500 must be paid through financial-system means of payment (deposits, transfers, payment orders, cards, non-negotiable cheques), made directly to the creditor or a third party notified to SUNAT (art 5-A); payments made otherwise give no right to deduct…
S/2,000 or US$500 (TUO Ley 28194 art 4 as amended by DL 1529, from 1 Apr 2022)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- TUO Ley 28194 (DS 150-2007-EF) as amended by DL 1529, arts 3, 4, 5, 5-A, 8
Mercury, sodium and potassium cyanide and hydrocarbons are controlled inputs under SUNAT: registered users (Registro para el Control de los Bienes Fiscalizados), operation registers, loss notification within one calendar day, fiscal routes (e.g. into Madre de Dios). Ley 32412 replaced DL 1103 from J…
Primary law
- Ley 32412, arts 3(b), 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1
Crime of trafficking in mineral resources from illegal mining: whoever moves, collects, stores, transports, keeps, conceals, markets, acquires, ships, unloads or exports, or holds, metallic or non-metallic mineral resources from activities outside the formalisation process or without the required ad…
Primary law
- Código Penal art 307-F as amended and art 307-G as added by DL 1695, arts 307-F, 307-G
State of emergency in Pataz (La Libertad) renewed by DS 113-2026-PCM; mining in Pataz was suspended for 30 days in May 2025 after 13 miners were murdered.
Secondary
- DS 113-2026-PCM (not read)
The TUO LGM guarantees mining titleholders "libertad de remisión de utilidades, dividendos, recursos financieros y libre disponibilidad de moneda extranjera en general" (art 72(i)) and stability contracts add free disposal of export foreign exchange (art 80(b)). No foreign-exchange surrender or rep…
Primary law
- TUO LGM, art 72(i); art 80(b)
  “i) Libertad de remisión de utilidades, dividendos, recursos financieros y libre disponibilidad de moneda extranjera en general”
Buyers must verify the origin of mineral substances (TUO LGM art 4). Under DL 1107 art 11 every buyer of mineral products collects at least: seller RUC, name, ID and domicile; the Código Único de Concesión in vigente state (an extinct one only if its file is in a formalisation validated in the RE…
Primary law
- DL 1107 art 11 (letter (a) as rewritten by Ley 32537 DCM Única, 26 Dec 2025; previously by Ley 31746, 18 May 2023; original text 2012); TUO LGM art 4, art 11
  “La adquisición de productos mineros ilegales no genera ningún derecho ni beneficio tributario”
Only REINFO-registered miners in formalisation (or formalised titleholders) may lawfully sell; REINFO (DL 1293, run by MINEM DGFM) holds sworn-declaration information and is not an enabling title. Validity now to 31 Dec 2026 or until the MAPE law and its reglamento enter into force (Ley 32537); earl…
Primary law
- DL 1293 art 6 as substituted by Ley 32537; DS 009-2025-EM 3rd DCT, art 6
Mining companies that trade gold (purchase, import for consumption and/or definitive export of raw or semi-worked gold) and dealers in jewellery and precious metals are UIF-Perú sujetos obligados: compliance officer designated within 15 business days (art 7.2), customer and supplier due diligence (…
RO: US$15,000 per operation (art 38 num 10.2); ROS: within 24 hours of qualification (art 23.1)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Ley 29038 art 3.2(d),(q); Res. SBS 789-2018, arts 2.1 num 3-4, 3 num 19, 7.2, 16.2.2, 22, 23.1, 31, 38
No Peruvian statute imposing OECD-style CAHRA due diligence on gold exporters was found; foreign refiners apply OECD DDG / LBMA RGG to Peruvian ASM supply, and Ley 32537 speaks of verifying the lawful origin of mineral in the supply chain (per BDO).
Secondary
SUNAT controls the entry, stay, transport and exit of mineral products and of machinery usable in illegal mining (DL 1107 art 3) and may apply special controls to their commercialisation (art 9); gold and gold alloys in any form fall under art 9 (3rd DCF). Madre de Dios is the area for fiscal routes…
Primary law
- DL 1107 arts 3, 9 and 3rd DCF; RS 000086-2025/SUNAT, arts 3, 9
No export licence, permit, state assay or export levy applies to gold: mineral commercialisation is free internally and externally and needs no concession (TUO LGM art 3; gold per DS 005-91-EM/VMM, given force of law by art 5); definitive export is not subject to any tax (LGA art 60). DESPA-PG.02 re…
Primary law
- TUO LGM arts 3, 5; LGA art 60; DESPA-PG.02 VII.A.1
Puno third-party gold regime (La Rinconada, Cerro Lunar and the provinces of San Antonio de Putina, Sandia and Carabaya): third persons working on others' concessions may sell gold only if registered in the DGFM Padrón de Terceras Personas Naturales y Seleccionadores Manuales de Oro, up to 66 g a m…
66 g of gold per registered person per month
Primary law
- DS 027-2012-EM arts 1-4 as substituted by DS 018-2018-EM, arts 2.2, 4.1-4.4
Plants, traders and Activos Mineros must keep an electronic register of every purchase of gold and other minerals (seller RUC and name; vigente REINFO inscription where the seller is in formalisation; nature of the mineral, origin (name and code of the mining right), quantity/weight, grade and purch…
Primary law
- DS 012-2012-EM art 5 as substituted by DS 009-2025-EM (2nd DCM), arts 5.1, 5.3
Every natural or legal person that buys, sells and/or refines gold must register in MINEM's Registro Especial de Comercializadores y Procesadores de Oro (RECPO) and keep a detailed register of suppliers and destination (DS 012-2012-EM art 7; RM 249-2012-MEM/DM). Buyers keep an electronic purchase re…
Primary law
- DS 012-2012-EM arts 5 (text of DS 009-2025-EM) and 7; RM 249-2012-MEM/DM, art 7

Leg 2: United Arab Emirates

On the way

Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed → Pre-refined 995 bar (e.g. 'Dubai 995')

27
Pre-contract KYC on the Nigerian exporter: corporate docs, UBO, MBC/export-permit evidence, mine-of-origin declaration
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Needs
Bank-to-bank reference confirmation (not a public letter) on the Nigerian exporter
Issues
Importer's KYC/due-diligence pack on the Nigerian exporter; Evidence pack from the Nigerian exporter: export licence/permit, mine location, legal existence of the ASM operation
Official guidance
[conflict] For an ordinary DMCC trader the binding CDD duties are those of CR 134/2025 (Arts. 5-14); DMCC RBD-GPM binds only its Accredited Members (see ae.div-dmcc-role). [inferred] "Highest-scrutiny category" for ASM is the model's reading of Rule 1.6, not a phrase in the Rules.
- DMCC RBD-GPM Rules v2/2020; Cabinet Resolution 134/2025, DMCC Rules 1.4-1.8 (KYC; Rule 1.6 specific requirements for ASM supply), Rules 2.4-2.8 (red flags); CR 134 Art. 25(1) (records at least 5 years)
28
File the Dubai Customs declaration on Mirsal 2 with invoice, packing list, certificate of origin and air waybill (for a free-zone consignee the Customer Guide's 'FZ Transit In' type appears to apply, not import to local); disclose the precious metals crossing the border
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Needs
Air waybill; Certificate of origin; Origin country's export authorisation for the gold (permit, licence or clearance issued by the mining or trade authority); Commercial invoice; Packing list
Issues
Dubai Customs declaration filed online (for goods entering a free zone: "FZ Transit In"); Disclosure of precious metals crossing the UAE border (cargo included)
Official guidance
No UAE import permit for gold: Dubai Customs lists DMCC as restricting authority only for "Pearls, Diamonds, Rough Diamonds etc." (Customer Guide App. I). FZ Transit In (s.15.12.2): "foreign goods originated from any country may be brought into the free zones without being subject to customs duties or taxes. The owner of the goods in the Documents shall be a Free Zone Licensee"; documents MAWB/HAWB, commercial invoice, certificate of origin, packing list, delivery order. Mainland duty: the GCC exempted list's gold line is printed "71060000" (silver's heading) [summary][blocked]. Cross-border disclosure: see ae.doc-pm-disclosure-ae. [unconfirmed] Neither Dubai Customs guide names the declaration type for gold into a DMCC company or the DMCC Vault. [conflict] Supporting documents are due within 14 days (Customer Guide s.15.7) or 30 days (Service Guide v9 App. A) - see ae.div-customs-doc-deadline. KPMG (secondary): periodic "Goods Consumption within FZ" declaration under Dubai Customs Notice 17/2020.
- Dubai Customs Customer Guide v3.03; Dubai Customs Service Guide v9; Federal Decree-Law 10/2025, Customer Guide s.15.12.2 (FZ Transit In), App. J (DMCC declarations at the Customer Service Center at DMCC); FDL 10/2025 Art. 10 (cross-border disclosure)
29
Import VAT: registered importer accounts for VAT on its own return (reverse charge); investment-grade gold is zero-rated, doré is not
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Issues
Import VAT accounted on the importer's own VAT return (registered importer)
Primary law
Investment precious metals = gold, silver or platinum of 99% purity or more, in a form tradeable in global bullion markets (ER Art. 36(2), not amended in the consolidation to CD 100/2025); their supply or import is zero-rated (Art. 45(8)). [inferred] Doré below 99% does not qualify. [unconfirmed] DMCC's absence from the Designated Zones was checked only against the 2017 list (secondary copy). [not-read] FDL 16/2025 amendments (from 1 Jan 2026) not held.
- Federal Decree-Law 8/2017 on VAT; Executive Regulation (Cabinet Decision 52/2017, as amended; consolidated to CD 100/2025), Law Art. 45(8), 48(1), 49; ER Art. 36(2), 48(1), 48(5), 50(1)
30
If the importer sells the doré to the refiner (rather than toll-refining it): refiner gives two written statements before supply; importer issues a tax invoice without VAT (reverse charge)
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Issues
Refiner's two written statements: VAT-registered, and buying to resell or use in production; Tax invoice without VAT for the importer-to-refiner sale
Primary law
[inferred] Conditional: the model reads the reverse charge as not applying where the refiner only toll-refines metal the importer keeps title to; the sources read do not address toll refining.
- Cabinet Decision 127/2024; VAT Executive Regulation, CD 127 Art. 2(1), 2(3) (two written declarations before supply; supplier keeps them and verifies registration), 2(4) (no declarations: no reverse charge); ER Art. 59(1)(l)
31
Refiner performs its own CDD on the supplier; third-party audit, assurance or certification reports are supporting evidence only, and the relationship must stop if CDD cannot be completed
Who
Dubai refiner (UAEGD-accredited)
Needs
Importer's KYC/due-diligence pack on the Nigerian exporter; Evidence pack from the Nigerian exporter: export licence/permit, mine location, legal existence of the ASM operation; Air waybill
Issues
Refiner KYC and custody file: supplier identity/constitution/licence/UBOs, PEP approval, invoices, declared weight and assay, unique input/output references, transport documents, arrival and assay-final dates, payment details (kept 5 years); Red-flag assessment by location of origin and by supplier
Primary law
- UAE MoE Due Diligence Regulations v1 (2022); Ministerial Decree 68/2024; EBC Rules for RBDG v1/2021, Regs s.1.3.1-1.3.7, 1.3.6 (cease if CDD cannot be done), 1.3.10 (records 5 years), 1.5 (own KYC; third-party audits only supporting evidence), 2.1-2.2; Decree Art. 1(A)-(B); EBC Rules 1.6-1.14
32
Weigh-in, seal-check, sample, fire-assay the doré
Who
Dubai refiner (UAEGD-accredited)
Needs
Refining agreement, Dubai refiner; Refiner KYC and custody file: supplier identity/constitution/licence/UBOs, PEP approval, invoices, declared weight and assay, unique input/output references, transport documents, arrival and assay-final dates, payment details (kept 5 years); Pre-shipment notification to refiner/buyer
Issues
Refiner outturn/assay report
Industry practice
Specific weighing/sampling/fire-assay methodology not published in any UAE-specific source found
33
Melt, refine and cast to 995.0 or 999.9 bars, marked with serial number, the refiner's hallmark/brand stamp, fineness to four significant figures and weight (year optional, otherwise on the manufacturer's certificate)
Who
Dubai refiner (UAEGD-accredited)
Needs
Refiner outturn/assay report
Issues
Manufacturer certificate accompanying UAEGD bars (states year of manufacture if not stamped); Output record: unique reference, refiner name and stamp, year for each bar
Form
Doré bar - stamped/exporter-sealed → Pre-refined 995 bar (e.g. 'Dubai 995')
Official guidance
[unconfirmed] Refining method (Miller chlorination) is not in the UAEGD Rules or RBDG Rules.
- EBC UAE Good Delivery Accreditation Rules v1/2021, s.7.1 (bar marking)
34
Refiner appoints an independent third-party auditor and submits the due-diligence report to the MoE (Decree 68/2024 Art. 1(B)); the Reviewer sends its reports to the MoE within 90 calendar days of the end of the review period (DD Regulations Annex I s.12.1). UAEGD (EBC) and DMCC Accredited Members also publish an annual report (EBC Rules / DMCC RBD-GPM Rule 5.1).
Who
Dubai refiner (UAEGD-accredited)
Issues
RBD-GPM annual disclosure; MoET responsible-sourcing audit report
Primary law
The EBC and DMCC reporting duties are rules of those bodies (official-guidance) and bind their Accredited Members only. [conflict] DMCC accreditation status after 2021: see ae.div-dmcc-role.
- Ministerial Decree 68/2024; MoE Due Diligence Regulations v1; EBC Rules for RBDG v1/2021; DMCC RBD-GPM v2/2020, Decree Art. 1(B); Regulations Step 5, Annex I s.12.1; EBC Rules Rule 5.1; DMCC Rules Art. 3.1, Rule 5.1
35
Deposit refined bars into DMCC Vault (operated by Brink's)
Who
DMCC Vault (operated by Brink's)
Needs
Manufacturer certificate accompanying UAEGD bars (states year of manufacture if not stamped)
Issues
DMCC Vault deposit/withdrawal receipt; DMCC Tradeflow warrant (optional; used for pledging and title transfer)
Official guidance
DMCC: the Vault is "Owned by DMCC and operated by Brink's Global Services" and "DMCC can assist with all customs processes". [not-read] Deposit/withdrawal documents and any bonded status of the Vault are not published; the receipt document is inferred.
36
Obtain a Certificate of Origin from Dubai Chambers: a non-preferential certificate for UAE-origin goods (goods produced in the UAE by a licensed exporter; copy of the industrial licence and the factory's invoice) or a certificate for foreign goods re-exported
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Needs
Refiner outturn/assay report
Issues
UAE Certificate of Origin / re-export documentation (Dubai Chambers)
Primary law
Unresolved: whether refining doré into bars confers UAE origin - both can sit in HS 7108.12 and no gold-specific rule was found; CR 43/2022 Art. 4 also allows "specific manufacturing operations". India's Noida SEZ SOP treats gold bars sourced from the UAE as not UAE-originating (see ae-in). Fee AED 100, two hours (Dubai Chambers service page; the Resolution sets no amount). [summary][blocked] FL 11/2019 and CR 43/2022 read through WebFetch only (downloads Cloudflare-challenged).
- Federal Law 11/2019; Cabinet Resolution 43/2022; Dubai Chambers Resolution 7/2024, FL 11/2019 Art. 4 (minimal operations do not confer origin), Art. 6 (issue of certificates; the Chamber issues certificates for re-exported foreign commodities); CR 43/2022 Art. 4 (last major operation, incl. "a change in the customs item or ... specific manufacturing operations"); DC Res. 7/2024 Art. 2 (types), Art. 3(a) (conditions), Art. 3(b) (UAE-origin certificate only for goods produced in the UAE by an exporter licensed by the Competent Entity), Art. 4 (electronic application), Art. 6 (valid six months), Art. 7 (register kept 3 years)
37
File Dubai Customs export/re-export declaration; VAT zero-rated on export
Who
DMCC importer / trader
Needs
UAE Certificate of Origin / re-export documentation (Dubai Chambers)
Issues
Dubai Customs export/re-export declaration
Primary law
- Federal Decree-Law 8/2017 on VAT; VAT Executive Regulation; Cabinet Decision 127/2024; Dubai Customs Customer Guide v3.03, DL 8/2017 Art. 45(1) (exports zero-rated); ER Art. 30 (export within 90 days, with customs declaration and commercial evidence); CD 127/2024 Art. 2(2) (no reverse charge on zero-rated supplies); Customer Guide s.15.12.3 (FZ Transit Out; penalty 10% of value without proof of export), s.16 (proof of export by air)
38
Book air cargo as valuable/secure freight (specialist carrier), security clearance, sealed/inspected shipment at DXB/DWC
Who
Secure logistics provider (UAE/air legs)
Needs
Dubai Customs export/re-export declaration
Issues
Air waybill, Dubai -> Zurich/Geneva
Industry practice
CAR VII has nothing gold-specific; booking as valuable/secure freight with a specialist carrier is practice. [inferred] Road leg to the airport in Dubai needs a SIRA Money and Valuables Transport licence.
- GCAA CAR Part VII Ed. 05; SIRA Resolution 1/2018, CAR VII 4.6.1 (security controls on cargo), 4.6.6 (operators accept cargo only with security controls confirmed), 4.6.7 (security status accompanies cargo); SIRA Res. Art. 3(a)(6)

Taxes and fees

Customs duty on gold imports
0% for goods entering a free zone (FZ Transit In); mainland imports of gold: 0% under the GCC exempted-commodities list (read via WebFetch only) Unwrought and semi-manufactured gold
Official guidanceAmount not confirmed
- Dubai Customs Customer Guide v3.03; GCC common customs law; UAE list of exempted commodities, Customer Guide s.9 (duty suspended for goods admitted into free zones), s.15.12.2
Domestic reverse charge on precious metals and precious stones between registered businesses
Recipient accounts for VAT Supplies of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, precious stones and jewellery made of them, for resale or production, between VAT-registered persons, with the buyer's written declaration (CD 127/2024, replacing CD 25/2018)
Primary law
- Cabinet Decision 127/2024; FTA VATP043, Art. 1 (Goods: precious metals - gold, silver, palladium, platinum - precious stones and jewellery mostly of them), Art. 2(1)-(4), Art. 4 (repeals CD 25/2018)
  “Precious Metals, Precious Stones and jewelry made of any Precious Metals or Precious Stones”
Special reverse charge on gold and diamonds between registrants (Cabinet Decision 25/2018)
Registered recipient accounts for VAT Gold and products mostly of gold not qualifying for zero-rating, and diamonds, supplied between registrants; exports of gold items and investment precious metals outside its scope (VATP029)
Official guidance
- Cabinet Decision No. 25 of 2018
Import VAT
5% standard; 0% for investment precious metals (99%+ purity, tradeable form) Doré is not investment gold, so it is standard-rated; refined bars of 99%+ are zero-rated
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Federal Decree-Law 8/2017 on VAT; Executive Regulation, Art. 3 (5%), 45(8), 48(1), 49; Exec. Reg. Art. 36(2), 48, 50(1)
  “a standard rate of 5% Tax shall be imposed on any supply or Import”

Controls

Precious metals crossing the UAE border must be disclosed; declarations are also required for precious metals over AED 60,000 crossing through cargo, mail or shipments, cargo being declared through the official customs systems.
AED 60,000
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Federal Decree-Law 10/2025; CBUAE Regulation on the Declaration of Currencies, BNIs, and Precious Metals and Stones (OG 703, 31 May 2021), FDL 10/2025 Art. 10 (duty to disclose, per the disclosure system issued by the ICP with the Central Bank), Art. 41(3) (regulations under FDL 20/2018 remain effective insofar as not conflicting), Art. 34 (penalty)
  “Any person entering into or departing from the State shall be under the obligation to make a disclosure whenever they carry currencies, bearer negotiable instruments, precious metals, or valuable stones, in accordance with the disclosure system issued by the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Port Security, in coordination with the Central Bank”
Dealers in precious metals and stones are DNFBPs for any single cash transaction, or linked transactions, of AED 55,000 or more (CR 134/2025 Art. 3 item 3), and keep records for at least 5 years (Art. 25). The DPMSR report, including for dealings with companies of AED 55,000 or more paid in cash or …
AED 55,000
Primary law
- Cabinet Resolution 134/2025; MoET Supplemental Guidance for DPMS 2026, CR 134 Art. 3(3), Art. 25(1); Guidance s.1.4.1
  “when carrying out any single cash transaction or several transactions that appear to be linked and whose value equals or exceeds fifty-five thousand dirhams (AED 55,000)”
Supply-chain entities and precious-metals dealers must have due-diligence management systems, identify and assess supply-chain risks and adopt a risk-management strategy (Decree Art. 1(A)); refiners must also appoint an independent third-party auditor and submit a due-diligence report (Art. 1(B)), u…
Primary law
- Ministerial Decree 68/2024; MoE Due Diligence Regulations v1 (2022), Decree Art. 1(A), 1(B), Art. 3 (penalties under the AML law)

Leg 3: India

Where the goods arrive

39
Declare jewellery beyond the special allowance (40 g female / 20 g other passengers, residents or tourists of Indian origin abroad more than one year) and any gold other than ornaments electronically in CBD-I before the green channel, and pay duty (eligible passengers may import up to 1 kg of gold at the concessional rate of 45/2025 S. No. 194, duty in convertible foreign currency)
Who
International passenger
Issues
Baggage declaration
Primary law
- Baggage Rules 2026 r.6 and Annexure-I; Customs Baggage (Declaration and Processing) Regulations 2026 reg. 3; 45/2025 S. No. 194, condition 23, r.6; reg. 3
40
Deliver LBMA- or UAEGD-approved bars to an IFSCA-approved vault in GIFT IFSC; for TRQ contracts the bars must be UAEGD and carry UAE country-of-origin certification
Who
IIBX Qualified Supplier (LBMA- or UAEGD-approved refiner/supplier)
Needs
Refiner's certificate for the bars it produced (serials, fineness, weights, year); Bar list (serials, weights, fineness); Air waybill
Issues
Vault inward record
Official guidance
IIBX pages not held (403). IFSCA FAQ 14 and 18 (held): suppliers transfer bullion into depository-empanelled vaults and all bullion entering them must be converted into BDRs. How bars clear customs into the IFSC (SEZ) was not found in a held text.
41
Create BDRs against the vaulted bars (bars must meet approved-refinery and product specifications)
Who
Bullion depository in IFSC (BDR registry)
Needs
Vault inward record
Issues
BDR for bars deposited in IFSC vault
Official guidance
42
Hold BDRs in the participant's demat account; BDR transfers settle every 30 minutes
Who
Bullion depository in IFSC (BDR registry)
Issues
BDR demat account statement
Official guidance
43
Offer bullion on an IIBX spot/T+2 contract (only suppliers and trading members may sell; QJs and TRQ holders are buy-only)
Who
IIBX Qualified Supplier (LBMA- or UAEGD-approved refiner/supplier)
Needs
BDR for bars deposited in IFSC vault
Official guidance
44
Clear and settle the trade: funds every 3 hours, BDRs every 30 minutes
Who
Bullion exchange in GIFT IFSC (IIBX) and its clearing house
Issues
IIBX trade and settlement confirmation
Official guidance

Taxes and fees

Duty-free special allowance for jewellery (Baggage Rules 2026 r.6)
Duty-free jewellery up to 40 g (female passenger) or 20 g (other passengers) Residents or tourists of Indian origin residing abroad for more than one year, in bona fide baggage; gold or silver in any form other than ornaments is excluded from the general free allowance (Annexure-I item 5)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Baggage Rules 2026, r.6; r.5 and Annexure-I item 5
India-UAE CEPA tariff rate quota for gold (22/2022-Customs TABLE III S. No. 12)
In-quota BCD 10% + AIDC 4% (14%) from 13 May 2026 (18/2026); 4% + 1% (5%) from 24 Jul 2024 (31/2024); 6.6% + 2.5% as notified in 2022 Gold of 71081100, 71081210, 71081290, 71081310, 71081390 (all goods) of UAE origin within the TRQ quantity: 200 tonnes from 1 Apr 2026 (09/2026); 180 tonnes FY 2025-26 (21/2025); 120 tonnes "other than Gold Dore Bar" in 2022
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Notification 22/2022-Customs TABLE III S. No. 12, conditions 1 and 2, as substituted/amended by 31/2024, 21/2025, 09/2026 and 18/2026
BCD and AIDC on other chapter 71 goods from 13 May 2026 (7107, 7109, 7110, 7111, 7112, 7118; findings; spent catalyst)
BCD 10% (45/2025 S. No. 202 as substituted and S. No. 203 findings, by 15/2026); AIDC: findings of gold or silver 5%, platinum findings 5.4% (15F), 7107 and 7109 5%, 7111 5.4%, 7118 5%, 7112 other than spent catalyst 5% (16/2026); spent catalyst or ash BCD 10% (S. No. 200A, to 31 Mar 2027), AIDC 4.35% (15E) Headings 7107, 7109, 7110, 7111, 7112, 7118
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
Customs duty on gold dore
5.35% combined (BCD 5% + AIDC 0.35%) Gold dore bars with gold content not over 95% imported by actual users for refining (45/2025 S. No. 192, conditions 3 and 22)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- 30/2024 (BCD); 32/2024 (AIDC); from 1 Nov 2025 45/2025 S. No. 192
Customs duty on gold dore from 13 May 2026: BCD 10% + AIDC
BCD 10% + AIDC 4.35% (11/2021 Sl. No. 15B, gold dore bar) = 14.35% Gold dore bar with gold content not over 95% (45/2025 S. No. 192), subject to conditions 3 (IGCR Rules 2022) and 22 (see in.cr-refinery-au)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- 45/2025-Customs S. No. 192 as amended by 15/2026; 11/2021 Sl. No. 15B (inserted by 03/2023, rate 4.35% set by 16/2026)
Customs duty on gold bars (BCD + AIDC), July 2022 - July 2024
15% (dore 14.35%) HS 7108 bars; dore
Official guidanceAmount not confirmed
Customs duty on gold bars: BCD 5% + AIDC 1% (24 Jul 2024 - 12 May 2026)
6% combined (BCD 5%, AIDC 1%, SWS exempt) Gold bars (HS 7108)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Notification 30/2024-Customs (BCD, amending 50/2017; carried at 5% into 45/2025 S. No. 196 from 1 Nov 2025); 32/2024-Customs (AIDC Sl. No. 15D 1%)
Customs duty on gold bars from 13 May 2026: BCD 10% + AIDC 5% (SWS exempt)
15% combined (BCD 10%, AIDC 5%) All goods of heading 7108 other than dore (45/2025 TABLE I S. No. 196); silver 7106 likewise (S. No. 197)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- 45/2025-Customs S. No. 196 as amended by 15/2026 (BCD "5%" -> "10%"); 11/2021-Customs Sl. No. 15D as amended by 16/2026 (AIDC "5%"); 11/2018-Customs Sl. No. 1 (SWS exemption includes 7108)
IGST on gold (Schedule IV, 3%)
3% Heading 7108 gold (Schedule IV S. No. 5) and 7113 jewellery (S. No. 10), among other chapter 71 goods
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Notification 9/2025-Integrated Tax (Rate), para 1(iv) and Schedule IV, Schedule IV S. Nos. 5 and 10
IGST exemption on gold imported by listed banks and agencies
IGST nil Gold or silver imported by the banks in List 13, gold by the banks in List 14 (incl. SBER Bank from 25 Jun 2025, domestic consumption only), gold/silver/platinum by the entities in List 15 (HHEC, MSTC, Diamond India) of 45/2025
Primary law
- 45/2025-Customs TABLE I S. No. 198, column (5); Lists 13-15; 06/2026
Concessional duty on gold bars/coins brought by an eligible passenger
BCD 10% from 13 May 2026 (5% before); AIDC 4.35% (11/2021 Sl. No. 15C as substituted by 44/2025 and amended by 16/2026) Gold bars (non-tola) with engraved serial number and metric weight, gold coins of 99.5% or more, and other gold except studded ornaments, up to 1 kg per eligible passenger (Indian-origin passenger or passport holder after six months abroad), duty paid in convertible foreign currency (condition 23)
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- 45/2025-Customs S. No. 194 and condition 23, as amended by 15/2026; 11/2021 Sl. No. 15C (44/2025, 16/2026)
BIS hallmarking fee
Rs 45 per gold article, minimum Rs 200 per consignment, payable by the jeweller to the AHC; BIS levies Rs 4.50 per article (minimum Rs 20) from the AHC; applicable taxes extra
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- BIS (Hallmarking) Regulations 2018, Schedule IV as substituted by the Amendment Regulations 2022, Schedule IV, paras 1(a)-(b)

Controls

No person may receive Rs 200000 or more in cash (in aggregate from a person in a day, in a single transaction, or for transactions relating to one event or occasion from a person); only account payee cheque or draft, ECS through a bank account or prescribed electronic modes. Penalty equal to the sum…
Rs 200000
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- Income-tax Act, 2025, ss.186, 451
Gold Advance Authorisations capped at 100 kg; physical inspection for first-time applicants; next AA only after 50% of prior export obligation; fortnightly CA-certified reporting.
100 kg per AA
SecondaryAmount not confirmed
Passengers carrying dutiable or prohibited goods must declare their accompanied baggage electronically in Customs Baggage Declaration CBD-I, with supporting documents, before entering the green channel; gold or silver other than ornaments is outside the free allowances.
Primary law
- Customs Baggage (Declaration and Processing) Regulations 2026; Baggage Rules 2026, reg. 3(1); r.5 and Annexure-I item 5
Trade credit (supplier's or buyer's credit incl. LC usance) for gold in any form max 90 days from shipment (C.11.2); QJs and TRQ holders may remit advances for IIBX purchases for eleven days, unused advance returned to the same AD bank within eleven days, Bill of Entry submitted to the remitting ban…
Official guidance
- RBI Master Direction - Import of Goods and Services, paras C.7, C.11.1-C.11.4
Gold of heading 7108 is "Restricted": imported only by nominated banks and nominated agencies (consignment basis), and by IFSCA-notified Qualified Jewellers and valid India-UAE CEPA TRQ holders through IIBX under specific ITC(HS) codes (71081210, 71081290); all domestic sale of gold is against upfro…
Official guidance
- ITC(HS) Schedule I policy conditions (DGFT notifications 49/2015-2020, 35/2023, 08/2025-26); RBI Master Direction C.11.1(ii); 45/2025-Customs condition 22, RBI MD para C.11.1(ii)
Gold jewellery and artefacts may be sold only by BIS-registered jewellers and must bear a hallmark to IS 1417 (cl. 2); the Order applies only to the districts in its Annexure (cl. 1A) - 385 districts in 26 States/UTs since S.O. 2117(E) of 28 Apr 2026. Exempt (cl. 2(3)): articles for export to buyer …
Primary law
- Hallmarking Order 2020 as amended (S.O. 2481(E) 2021; S.O. 1594(E) 2022; S.O. 2117(E) 2026), cls. 1A, 2
IIBX accepts only bars from LBMA Good Delivery or UAE Good Delivery refiners (spot: LBMA 995 1 kg, UAEGD 999 100 g).
Official guidance
Gold, silver and platinum jewellery (CTH 7113) moved from Free to Restricted from 1 Apr 2026, and articles, clad items and non-legal-tender coins from 2 Apr 2026; no transitional relief; exemptions for EOU/SEZ (no DTA sale), FTP export schemes and CEPA TRQ lines.
Secondary
Dealers in precious metals and stones that engage in cash transactions with a customer of Rs 10 lakh or more (single or apparently linked) are persons carrying on a designated business or profession and so reporting entities; CBIC (DGA) is their regulator. They must register with FIU-IND (FINGate 2.…
Rs 10 lakh cash
Primary lawAmount not confirmed
- PMLA s.2(1)(sa)(iv), ss.11A, 12, 12AA; PMLR rr.3, 8, 9; G.S.R. 799(E) and 800(E) of 28 Dec 2020; DGA guidelines 2023, PMLA ss.2(1)(sa)(iv), 12, 12AA; PMLR r.8
CEPA preference on gold requires UAE origin: the product-specific rule for 710812 is "Certified UAE/ India good delivery gold bars in different denomination"; goods must be transported directly (art. 3.12) and origin proved under the Customs (Administration of Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements)…
Primary law
- CEPA Annex 3B (PSR 710812), arts 3.12-3.14; Notification 22/2022-Customs proviso to para 1

Leg 4: Peru

Back in the origin country: the proceeds of the export

45
Receive payment by bank transfer after the buyer's receipt/outturn assay; issue final invoice or debit/credit adjustment; no FX surrender or repatriation rule was found
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Issues
Receipt of export proceeds; Final invoice after the buyer's outturn assay
Secondary
[inferred] No surrender or repatriation rule in any text read; TUO LGM art 72(i) guarantees free disposal of foreign currency (pe.ctl-fx). BCRP rules not consulted.
46
Claim the exporter's IGV credit balance (saldo a favor del exportador) on inputs; drawback where imported inputs were used
Who
Gold exporter (direct miner-exporter or export trading company)
Primary law
- TUO Ley del IGV (DS 055-99-EF), arts 33-35

Crossings between countries

Peru → United Arab Emirates Not researched
Papers that cross: Laboratory certificate of grade and weight (signed by the responsible engineer); Waybill from plant/exporter to the airport cargo terminal; Sworn declaration of transport through a security and valuables company; Bar/lot number marked on the doré; Declaration of real location of the operation (Ley 32537 2nd DCF, Ventanilla Única); Operations register for controlled chemical inputs; Commercial invoice; Packing list; Sworn declaration of lawful origin of the mineral (declaración jurada de origen); Declaración Aduanera de Mercancías (DAM) - definitive export, regularised; Air waybill; Proof of origin for preference: US-Peru TPA certification by the importer, exporter or producer (no prescribed format); EUR.1 via VUCE for the EU (per Swiss guide)
United Arab Emirates → India Researched
Papers that cross: Dubai Customs declaration filed online (for goods entering a free zone: "FZ Transit In"); Disclosure of precious metals crossing the UAE border (cargo included); Refiner outturn/assay report; Manufacturer certificate accompanying UAEGD bars (states year of manufacture if not stamped); Output record: unique reference, refiner name and stamp, year for each bar; UAE Certificate of Origin / re-export documentation (Dubai Chambers); Dubai Customs export/re-export declaration; Air waybill, Dubai -> Zurich/Geneva

Paperwork gaps

ae.st-21 expects Pre-shipment notification to refiner/buyer; the earlier legs don't model this paper
in.st-10 expects Bar list (serials, weights, fineness); the earlier legs don't model this paper

Hand-off notes

ae.st-18: Origin country's export authorisation for the gold (permit, licence or clearance issued by the mining or trade authority) is not issued by Peru by law