سويسرا
تم التحقق في 2026-09-28 · الإصدار r1 · منقول، لم يُراجَع بعد
القانون العام والإرشادات الرسمية منشورة بوصفها أبحاثاً. ليست مشورة قانونية أو ضريبية أو مالية.
البحث نفسه مكتوب بالإنجليزية. العناوين والوسوم مترجمة؛ أما النتائج والاقتباسات فغير مترجمة.
اسأل البحث
World's main refining hub. Import needs a formal (electronic) declaration; gold of the forms listed in MWSTG Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12 (incl. investment bars of 995+ with a recognised assayer-melter stamp and raw gold for refining) is VAT-exempt on import since 1 Jan 2025 (Art. 53(1)(m)); refiners hold a four-year melt licence (EMKG Art. 24-26), a trade-assayer licence and, for bank precious metals, an EMKG Art. 42bis licence, with EMKV 168a-c origin duties; LBMA Good Delivery refining; bank sale under CDB 20 and the AMLA.
مدى يقين هذه الصفحة
- نص القانون 31
- إرشاد رسمي 7
- معيار 8
- مصدر ثانوي 3
- غير مؤكَّد 2
- لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّل 7
- ملاحظة الباحث 29
- غير مسجَّل 43
- نص 25
- OCR 2
- نص منسوخ 3
- غير مذكور 13
الجهات التنظيمية
The purchasing Swiss bank
CDB 20 identification, AMLA KYC/source-of-funds, bar acceptance policy
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلCentral Office for Precious Metals Control (BAZG)
Melter's licence, trade-assayer licence, responsibility-mark registration, purchaser registration (PMCA/PMCO)
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلFederal Tax Administration (ESTV/FTA-CH)
Import VAT, investment-gold exemption
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلFINMA / SRO (e.g. VQF)
AMLA supervision of financial intermediaries and precious-metal dealers
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلLBMA (London Bullion Market Association)
Good Delivery List accreditation, Responsible Gold Guidance (private industry standard, not Swiss law)
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّل
القوانين
AS 2015 4917 - ZV amendment incl. Annex 2 (sensitive goods: ex 71 precious metals)
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
- سارٍ من
- 2016-01-01
نص القانونغير مسجَّلAMLA/GwG (Anti-Money Laundering Act): record keeping (Dokumentationspflicht; article in refs)
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونملاحظة الباحث: The official fedlex consolidation of the GwG is now held on the server and the article was read there; this replaces the earlier reading on droit-bilingue.ch and fedlex by WebFetch.
لا مصدر مسجَّلBAZG-Vollzugsaufgabengesetz (BAZG-VG) of 20 June 2025 — adopted, not in force
Will replace the customs procedure law of the Zollgesetz (ZG) together with the Zollabgabengesetz (ZoG) and amend the MWSTG and EMKG; in force on a date the Federal Council sets.
- المرجع
- BBl 2025 2035
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونغير مسجَّلOrdinance on Due Diligence and Transparency (DDTrO)
- المرجع
- SR 221.433
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
- سارٍ من
- 2022-01-01
نص القانونغير مسجَّلAS 2024 438 - VAT Act amendment (Art. 23 para 2 no. 12, Art. 53 para 1 let. m), in force 1 Jan 2025
- النوع
- قانون
- سارٍ من
- 2025-01-01
نص القانونغير مسجَّلVAT Ordinance (MWSTV) consolidated 1 Jan 2025 - Art. 44 repealed
- النوع
- لائحة
نص القانونغير مسجَّلEMKG/PMCA (Precious Metals Control Act, SR 941.31) Art. 20 (import)
- المرجع
- SR 941.31
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونملاحظة الباحث: Held as an official fedlex consolidation; the later consolidation does not change this article (law header).
لا مصدر مسجَّلEMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31) Art. 31a
- المرجع
- SR 941.31
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونغير مسجَّلEMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31) Art. 42bis
- المرجع
- SR 941.31
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونغير مسجَّلPMCO/EMKV (Precious Metals Control Ordinance): acceptance of melt material (article in refs)
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
نص القانونملاحظة الباحث: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the EMKV held on the server. In the EMKV record on the server these articles are parsed into the section labelled Anhang (section id in the refs), not into their own sections; the quotes are from that section.
لا مصدر مسجَّلPMCO Art. 168b (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
نص القانونغير مسجَّلPMCO Art. 168c (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
نص القانونغير مسجَّلPMCO Art. 178 (read on droit-bilingue.ch; official text not yet held)
- النوع
- أمر تنظيمي
نص القانونغير مسجَّلSwiss Customs Act (ZG): open customs warehouses (articles in refs)
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونملاحظة الباحث: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the ZG held on the server.
لا مصدر مسجَّلSwiss Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)
- النوع
- قانون
نص القانونغير مسجَّلSwiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 178a (customs declaration for sensitive goods), as inserted by the amendment of 18 November 2015
- النوع
- لائحة
نص القانونملاحظة الباحث: [unconfirmed] Read in the amending act; the current consolidated Customs Ordinance is not held on the server, so later amendments to this article are not ruled out.
لا مصدر مسجَّلSwiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 182
- النوع
- لائحة
نص القانونغير مسجَّلSwiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 184
- النوع
- لائحة
نص القانونغير مسجَّل
القوانين المتعلقة بـالذهب في سويسرا
من مكتبة القوانين: القوانين الموسومة بهذه السلعة مع مصادرها. ليست نتائج بحث؛ الأقسام أعلاه هي النتائج.
مكتبة القوانين غير متاحة حاليًا. صفحات البحث متاحة؛ حاول مجددًا بعد قليل.
الإجراءات
Bank onboarding, title transfer and settlement
ينطبق عندما: country is where the bars are sold to a bank
- الإبلاغ
Identify contracting party and beneficial owner; assess source of wealth/funds for the specific bullion; sanctions/PEP screening
- من
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- يُصدر
- Bank KYC file (CDB 20): name, date of birth, nationality, domicile and ID for natural persons; company name, registered office and proof for entities
معيارغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: AMLA; SBA Agreement on due diligence (CDB 20), CDB 20 Art. 4 (identification; precious-metals trading and cash transactions over CHF 15,000 are separate cases), Art. 7 (data recorded), Art. 20-21 (controlling persons 25%+, Form K), Art. 27-28 (beneficial owner, Form A)
ملاحظة الباحث: Downgraded 2026-09-28 from primary-law: the provisions cited are CDB 20 (a self-regulatory agreement of the SBA, held and read for Arts. 4, 7, 20-21, 27-28); the AMLA itself was not read for this step. The SBA says the revised CDB will not be available until 1 Jan 2027 at the earliest. [unconfirmed] Source-of-wealth assessment and sanctions/PEP screening were not found in the CDB 20 text read. [time-limited] The GwG consolidation of 1 Oct 2026 amends the AMLA widely; effects not assessed.
- الحفظ
Seller presents bar list, refiner's assay certificate, chain-of-custody documentation, commercial invoice, proof of title
- من
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- يتطلب
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland); Bank KYC file (CDB 20): name, date of birth, nationality, domicile and ID for natural persons; company name, registered office and proof for entities
- يُصدر
- Commercial invoice from the seller to the bank (VAT law requires one only if the buyer asks for it: MWSTG Art. 26(1); contents Art. 26(2); the sale of investment gold is VAT-exempt: Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12)
مصدر ثانويغير مسجَّلنص منسوخملاحظة الباحث: A bar not from an LBMA Good-Delivery-listed refiner generally cannot be sold to a major bank without re-refining - this is market practice, not itself a statute Commercial invoice and delivery receipt are practice (no primary source); "proof of title" for allocated bars is the weight list plus the custody contract - no statutory title document found.
- الدفع
Verify bars against the bank's accepted-refiner list / Good Delivery List; settle loco Zurich or loco London, allocated or unallocated
- من
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- يُصدر
- Allocated account weight list (specific bars = ownership) or unallocated account statement (contractual claim only)
مصدر ثانويلا مصدر مسجَّل
Free-port storage (optional)
ينطبق عندما: country stores under customs control
Export of refined bars (or re-export of stored bars)
ينطبق عندما: gold leaves Switzerland after refining or storage
- العناية الواجبة
Screen the bars, buyer and destination against Swiss sanctions before release: no purchase, import, transit or related services (including brokerage and financing) for gold of Russian origin exported after 4 Aug 2022 or gold processed from it in third countries
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Ordinance of 4 March 2022 on measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d
ملاحظة الباحث: [transcription] Art. 14d paras 1-4 read in an unofficial third-party English translation (as at 22 Mar 2024, held in laws/); Annex 26 covers 7108, 7112 91 and ex 7118 90 gold coins; Annex 27 ex 7113 and ex 7114. [unconfirmed] The official consolidation is now Stand 21 Sep 2026 and was not read (the fetch tool truncates before Art. 14d); changes after March 2024 are not ruled out. The ordinance contains no explicit ban on selling gold to Russia; the export-side effect is through the services ban.
- الحفظ
Release the bars from the refinery vault or free port against the owner's instruction and prepare the weight list (bar list), commercial invoice and packing list for the shipment
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يُصدر
- Outbound weight list / bar list; Commercial invoice to the foreign buyer; Packing list
معيارغير مسجَّلنص منسوخالأساس القانوني: LBMA Good Delivery Rules, Annex C (weight lists); Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)
ملاحظة الباحث: The weight list is sourced to LBMA Annex C; commercial invoice and packing list are standard export practice, not read in a Swiss source.
- الجمارك
Lodge the electronic export declaration in Passar (HS 7108; e-dec Export was usable only to end-2025); the declarant must make it binding and physically export the goods within 120 days of its acceptance in the IT system
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يُصدر
- Passar export declaration (HS 7108)
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Customs Act (ZG, SR 631.0); BAZG R-10-10, ZG Arts. 25-29 (as cited in R-10-10)
ملاحظة الباحث: R-10-10 (valid 1 Jan 2026) cites Art. 25-29 ZG and Art. 79-83 ZV for the declaration duty, says declarations are electronic in principle, and sets the 120-day limit from acceptance in the IT system. R-10-10 held and read in full on 2026-09-28; the Customs Act and Ordinance texts themselves were not read. R-10-10 has no gold-specific rule.
- الجمارك
Receive the export assessment notice (Veranlagungsverfuegung Ausfuhr), the evidence that the goods were properly cleared for export
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Customs Act (ZG); BAZG R-10-10, ZG Arts. 38 and 69; ZV Art. 92 (as cited in R-10-10)
ملاحظة الباحث: R-10-10 cites Art. 38 and 69 ZG and Art. 92 ZV for the export assessment notice and says it is evidence of proper assessment and of export for VAT. R-10-10 held and read in full on 2026-09-28.
- الضرائب
Treat the sale as a VAT-exempt export (supply of goods directly transported abroad) and keep the export assessment notice as evidence
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Federal VAT Act (MWSTG, SR 641.20), Art. 23(2) no. 1
ملاحظة الباحث: Art. 23(2) no. 1 read in the held MWSTG (Stand 1 Jan 2025, German wording current). Art. 23(3): direct export includes export into an open customs warehouse or a free port. Investment gold of at least 995 fineness is separately exempt with credit under Art. 23(2) no. 12 (see ch.tax-import-vat).
- النقل
Hand the sealed consignment to a secure valuables carrier and fly it out (Zurich or Geneva) under an air waybill
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يُصدر
- Air waybill (outbound)
غير مؤكَّدغير مسجَّلملاحظة الباحث: Carrier practice. Cantonal licensing: in the Canton of Zurich "Sicherheitstransporte von Personen, Gütern und Wertsachen" require a licence under the Polizeigesetz, 9. Abschnitt (cantonal page, read by WebFetch 2026-09-28; PolG text not read). Geneva and other cantons not checked. No Swiss source read describes the outbound air leg for gold.
Supplier onboarding and customs import
ينطبق عندما: country receives bars or doré
Assay, pay, re-refine and stamp
ينطبق عندما: country refines to LBMA Good Delivery
- الفحص
Weigh-in, seal-check, drill/dip-sample, fire-assay (ASTM E1335/ISO 11426) the incoming 995 bar
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يتطلب
- Refining/re-refining agreement, Swiss refiner
- يُصدر
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland); Purchase book: customer, ID proof, acceptance date, description and marking, weight on acceptance, weight after melting, completion
معيارغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Fire assay standard practice
ملاحظة الباحث: [unconfirmed] Weigh-in, seal check and ISO 11426 are not in the sources read; ASTM E1335-24 covers fire assay of bullion, and Valcambi describes fire assay of drillings from samples taken from the melt of the received material.
- الدفع
Pay the Dubai counterparty for the imported bar once the Swiss refiner's own assay confirms fine content
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يتطلب
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland)
- يُصدر
- Final invoice from the Dubai seller (against Swiss outturn assay); Settlement wire, Swiss refiner -> Dubai counterparty
مصدر ثانويالأساس القانوني: Refining/sale contract; SWIFT MT103
لا مصدر مسجَّل - التكرير
Wohlwill electrolytic re-refine to 999.9, or cast directly to LBMA Good Delivery 400oz spec (995 min) if already qualifying
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يتطلب
- Refiner outturn/assay report (Switzerland)
معيارغير مسجَّلنص منسوخالأساس القانوني: LBMA Good Delivery Rules (bar spec, marking)
ملاحظة الباحث: [unconfirmed] Wohlwill electrolytic refining to 999.9 is industry practice not described in the Good Delivery Rules, which set only the bar specification (350-430 fine troy ounces, minimum fineness 995.0).
- التكرير
Stamp each bar with the melting-licence holder's stamp (Stempelzeichen); bars for resale are assayed by a control office or sworn trade assayer and marked with fineness and the assayer's mark; for LBMA Good Delivery bars also serial number, fineness to four figures and year
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: PMCA (EMKG, SR 941.31); BAZG R-247; LBMA Good Delivery Rules, EMKG Art. 31(1); R-247 s.3.4.1; LBMA GD Rules s.2.1.7
ملاحظة الباحث: Serial number and year are LBMA requirements, not Swiss law. The earlier wording "registered responsibility mark" was wrong for bars (that mark, EMKG Art. 9, applies to finished wares). EMKV marking articles (Arts. 169, 173) were read only as restated by the BAZG (Vorschriften Dec 2023, held); the EMKV text is not yet held.
- الإبلاغ
File annual LBMA RGG independent assurance report; and (if volume threshold met) CO 964j-l conflict-minerals public report
- من
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- يُصدر
- LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance annual assurance report; CO 964j-l conflict-minerals due-diligence public report
معيارغير مسجَّلنص منسوخالأساس القانوني: LBMA RGG v9; CO Art. 964j-964l
ملاحظة الباحث: [time-limited] RGG v9 applies until RGG v10 takes effect: implementation 1 Jan-31 Dec 2027, first v10 audits for the reporting year ending 31 Dec 2027 (consultation closed 10 Jul 2026).
التراخيص والتسجيلات
Licence to trade commercially in banking precious metals (makes the refiner an AMLA financial intermediary supervised by the Central Office)
Central Office licence
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: PMCA (SR 941.31); AMLA, PMCA Art. 42bis(1); AMLA Art. 2(2)(g), Art. 12 let. bter
ملاحظة الباحث: [unconfirmed] Art. 42bis was inserted by the Financial Institutions Act of 15 June 2018 (AS 2018 5247, 2019 4631); the current wording is in force since 1 Jan 2023 (EMKG footnote 60). The date the original insertion took effect is not printed, so validFrom gives the current wording's date. Supervision: EMKG Art. 42ter(1) refers to GwG Art. 12 Bst. bter; GwG Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. g and Art. 12 Bst. bter read verbatim in the official fedlex GwG (Stand 1 Oct 2026) by WebFetch on 2026-09-28 (text not yet held).
Trade assayer licence (Handelsprüfer) - needed to import unmarked doré
Licence; reportable material changes
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
- مدة الصلاحية
- ongoing
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: PMCA (SR 941.31), Art. 41 (trade assayer: federal assayer diploma, Swiss residence, good repute)
ملاحظة الباحث: The licence and its conditions are EMKG Art. 41 (federal assayer diploma, residence in Switzerland, good repute). The rule that only trade assayers may import unmarked melt products is BAZG practice since 1 Jan 2020 (BAZG letter of 4 Dec 2019; R-247 s.3.4.2; BAZG Vorschriften Dec 2023 s.7), not in Art. 41 itself.
LBMA Good Delivery List membership
Good Delivery List listing
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- LBMA
- مدة الصلاحية
- subject to proactive monitoring, referee assessment
معيارغير مسجَّلنص منسوخالأساس القانوني: LBMA Good Delivery List Rules (private industry standard, not Swiss law)
LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance compliance (mandatory for GD-listed refiners)
Annual assurance report filed with LBMA
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- LBMA, independent assurance provider
- مدة الصلاحية
- annual independent assurance report
معيارغير مسجَّلنص منسوخالأساس القانوني: LBMA RGG v9 (v10 in consultation, June 2026)
ملاحظة الباحث: [time-limited] RGG v9 applies from 1 Jan 2022 (full implementation by 31 Dec 2022) until RGG v10 takes effect: the v10 consultation ran 10 Jun-10 Jul 2026, implementation runs 1 Jan-31 Dec 2027, and the first v10 audits cover the reporting year ending 31 Dec 2027.
AMLA financial-intermediary status, full KYC programme
Internal AML organisation, CDB 20 compliance
- يحمله
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- تصدره
- FINMA
- مدة الصلاحية
- ongoing
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA/GwG, SR 955.0), Art. 2
ملاحظة الباحث: [unconfirmed] AMLA Art. 2 and the 1998 in-force date are not in the source cited (SBA client information page, which names the AMLA only). GwG Art. 12 Bst. a (FINMA supervises intermediaries under Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. a-dquater) was read verbatim in the official fedlex GwG Stand 1 Oct 2026 by WebFetch on 2026-09-28; Art. 2 Abs. 2 Bst. a was not read. [time-limited] The GwG consolidation of 1 Oct 2026 amends many articles (Arts. 2, 4-6, 8a-8d, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18 and others); effects on bank duties not assessed.
FINMA banking licence
Banking licence
- يحمله
- Swiss bank (bullion buyer)
- تصدره
- FINMA
- مدة الصلاحية
- ongoing
غير مؤكَّدالأساس القانوني: Banking Act
ملاحظة الباحث: [not-read] The Banking Act (SR 952.0) was not obtained or read; no source is cited. The earlier validFrom 1934-01-01 had no source and was removed.
لا مصدر مسجَّلCO Art. 964j-l conflict-minerals due-diligence duty (if volume threshold met)
Public report, retained accessible >=10 years
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- Self-reporting, independent expert audit
- مدة الصلاحية
- annual
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Swiss Code of Obligations Arts. 964j-964l (as referenced in the DDTrO); Ordinance on Due Diligence and Transparency (DDTrO/VSoTr, SR 221.433), DDTrO Arts. 3-4 (check and exemption quantities), Arts. 10, 12, 14-16 (supply chain policy, traceability, reporting procedure, risk management, annual audit), Annex 1 (gold ex 7108: 100 kg/year)
ملاحظة الباحث: Threshold read in the held DDTrO (English, Status 1 Jan 2022); the official German consolidation Stand 1 Jan 2024 keeps 100 kg/year for gold (checked 2026-09-28). [not-read] The Code of Obligations Arts. 964j-964l were not read; [unconfirmed] the report publication and 10-year retention come from CO Art. 964l, not read in this session.
Melter's stamp (Stempelzeichen / Schmelzerzeichen) deposited with the Central Office
Stamp on every melt product; the die is deposited with the Central Office and the deposit published in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce (EMKG Art. 31(1)); form: name of the holder with the word 'SCHMELZER' (BAZG)
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control
- مدة الصلاحية
- Same duration as the melt licence (BAZG Vorschriften Dec 2023 s.4.1.2)
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31); EMKV (SR 941.311), EMKG Art. 31(1); EMKV Art. 169 (as cited by BAZG)
ملاحظة الباحث: Corrected 2026-09-28: this credential was a "registered responsibility mark (Verantwortlichkeitsmarke)". Under the EMKG the responsibility mark (Arts. 9-12, registration for 20 years) is borne by precious-metal wares; melt products (bars) carry the melter's stamp (Art. 31). EMKV Art. 169 was read only as cited by the BAZG; the EMKV text is not yet held.
Melter's licence (Schmelzbewilligung)
Melt licence; grant and withdrawal published in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce (EMKG Art. 26(3))
- يحمله
- Swiss refiner (melter/trade-assayer licence, LBMA Good Delivery-listed)
- تصدره
- Central Office for Precious Metals Control (BAZG)
- مدة الصلاحية
- Four years, renewable (EMKG Art. 26(1)); withdrawn if conditions lapse or duties are repeatedly breached (Art. 26(2))
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Precious Metals Control Act (EMKG/PMCA, SR 941.31) of 20 June 1933, Art. 24 (licence), Art. 25 (conditions), Art. 26(1) (granted for four years, renewable)
ملاحظة الباحث: validFrom is the in-force date of the EMKG (1 July 1934); Art. 24 has its current wording since 1 June 2008 (EMKG footnote 38).
Licence to operate a free port (or open customs warehouse)
BAZG licence (may carry conditions)
- يحمله
- Bonded warehouse / freeport operator (Geneva/Embrach)
- تصدره
- Federal Office for Customs and Border Security (BAZG)
- مدة الصلاحية
- Licence issued for 10 years (BAZG free-port directive); the directive also sets fees for the first issue and for renewal (see note)
نص القانونالأساس القانوني: Swiss Customs Act (ZG) (articles in refs)
ملاحظة الباحث: The official fedlex consolidation of the ZG is now held and read: a licence of the BAZG is needed to operate a free port and to operate an open customs warehouse, and it may carry conditions. The licence term is read in the BAZG free-port directive (official guidance). The same directive sets a fee for the first issue and a lower fee for renewal, written in francs as Fr.; the verifier does not read Fr. as CHF and part of the fee table is not matched in the held text, so the fee figures are not stated here and must be read in the directive. [time-limited] The BAZG-VG (adopted, not yet in force; date not set) makes free ports one kind of customs warehouse licensed by the BAZG and will replace these provisions when in force.
لا مصدر مسجَّل
الضرائب والرسوم
Customs duty on gold
HS 7108
- المعدل
- 0%
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلImport VAT on gold
Gold and gold alloys under MWSTG Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12: (a) state-minted gold coins of tariff nos. 7118.9010, 9705.3100, 9705.3900; (b) investment gold of at least 995 fineness as cast bars bearing the fineness and the stamp of a recognised assayer-melter, or stamped plates; (c) granules of at least 995 packed and sealed by a recognised assayer-melter; (d) gold in raw form or semi-finished for refining or recovery, and gold waste and scrap; (e) alloys under (d) with 2% or more gold
- المعدل
- Exempt
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: VAT Act (MWSTG, SR 641.20), Art. 53(1)(m) (import) with Art. 23(2) Ziff. 12
الضوابط
A dealer who accepts cash above the threshold in a trade in gold must identify the contracting party, establish the beneficial owner and keep records; instalments that together exceed the threshold count. For precious metals and precious stones the threshold is lower than for other goods.
- النوع
- مكافحة غسل الأموال
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلCommercial production of melt products (bars, plates, rods, granules made by melting precious metal or melt material) requires a melt licence; acting without it is punishable by a fine (EMKG Art. 48). Every melt product must bear the licence holder's stamp; melt products for resale must be assayed by a control office or a trade assayer and marked with the fineness and the assayer's stamp; putting melt products on the market without fineness or melter/assayer mark is an offence (Art. 47).
- النوع
- أخرى
- سارٍ من
- 1934-07-01
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: EMKG/PMCA (SR 941.31), Arts. 1(2), 24, 31(1), 32-33, 47, 48
Holders of a melter licence may accept melt material only from persons who can prove lawful acquisition, and must verify the customer's identity by a probative document such as a passport or identity card. Where origin is doubtful or the offer comes from unknown persons, origin must be clarified with particular care, and the goods kept unaltered until the case is clarified. They must take organisational measures against melting material of unlawful origin, keep a purchase book of melt material and melt products, and keep the business documents for the period the EMKV sets (zehn Jahren). Articles in refs.
- النوع
- العناية الواجبة في مناطق النزاع
نص القانونالأساس القانوني: PMCO/EMKV (articles in refs)
ملاحظة الباحث: Read in the official fedlex consolidation of the EMKV held on the server; the same duties are restated in the BAZG documentation on melting and assaying and in the BAZG melter due-diligence directive (official guidance). In the EMKV record on the server these articles are parsed into the section labelled Anhang (section id in the refs), not into their own sections; the quotes are from that section.
لا مصدر مسجَّلPurchase, import, transit and transport of gold (Annex 26) originating in Russia and exported from Russia after 4 Aug 2022, and of gold processed from it in third countries, are prohibited, as are related services (all kinds, including financial services, brokerage and technical assistance) and the granting of financial resources. Gold-containing products (Annex 27) exported from Russia to Switzerland after 4 Aug 2022 are covered too.
- النوع
- العقوبات
- سارٍ من
- 2022-08-04
نص القانونغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: Ordinance of 4 March 2022 on measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d
ملاحظة الباحث: [transcription] Art. 14d paras 1-4 re-read in the held unofficial English translation (as at 22 Mar 2024); dates and verbs confirmed. [unconfirmed] The official consolidation is Stand 21 Sep 2026 (about ninety consolidations since March 2024); Art. 14d there was not read (fetch tool truncates), so amendments after March 2024 are not ruled out. Official text listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv.
Precious metals are 'sensitive goods' in free ports (Customs Ordinance Annex 2, as amended on 18 November 2015): the declarant must declare them electronically on entry into storage, and an electronic inventory record of them is kept per depositor and submitted by the warehouse keeper to customs on request.
- النوع
- أخرى
نص القانونالأساس القانوني: Customs Ordinance (ZV) as amended on 18 November 2015 (articles in refs)
ملاحظة الباحث: The Annex 2 entry for pearls, diamonds, precious stones, precious metals and precious-metal plating and articles thereof (ex tariff chapter 71) is read in the amending act of 18 November 2015 (held), in force 1 January 2016. [unconfirmed] The current consolidated Customs Ordinance is not held on the server, so later amendments to Annex 2 or to the free-port articles are not ruled out. [unconfirmed] Whether the same rules apply in open customs warehouses: the articles read speak only of free ports. The BAZG free-port directive adds that export goods count as sensitive goods.
لا مصدر مسجَّلBanks identify the contracting party and beneficial owner for precious-metals trading and for cash transactions over CHF 15,000 (CDB 20; Form A, Form K).
- النوع
- مكافحة غسل الأموال
- الحد
- CHF 15,000 cash
معيارغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: CDB 20 (SBA), CDB Art. 4(2)(f)-(g), 7, 20-21, 27-28
A dealer who accepts cash above the threshold in a trade in goods must identify the contracting party, establish the beneficial owner and keep records; instalments that together exceed the threshold count. Precious metals and precious stones have a lower threshold (commodity facts).
- النوع
- مكافحة غسل الأموال
لا مستوى ثقة مسجَّللا مصدر مسجَّلMelt material imported from abroad for sale in Switzerland needs a formal import declaration; simplified and oral declarations are excluded in principle. A buyer or licensee who accepts melt material that has not been through customs breaches due diligence under the PMCA: fine up to CHF 2,000 per case and possible licence withdrawal.
- النوع
- قيود الاستيراد
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّلالأساس القانوني: BAZG Merkblatt 'Annahme von Schmelzgut aus dem Ausland' (Jan 2024)
حيث تخالف الممارسة القانون
ما تُظهر المصادر الموثوقة حدوثه دون أن ينص عليه القانون.
The Federal Council (2018) acknowledged that for large imports from the UAE the dispatch country is sometimes declared instead of the actual origin.
إرشاد رسميغير مسجَّل
ما لم نتمكن من الحصول عليه
المستندات التي احتاجها البحث ولم يحصل عليها، وأين قد تكون، ولماذا.
Current consolidated Customs Ordinance Anhang 2 (sensitive goods) — the "ex 71 precious metals" entry was read only in the 2015 amending act.
- المستند الناقص
- Zollverordnung (ZV, SR 631.01), Stand 1 October 2024 (current fedlex consolidation)
- أين قد يكون
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2007/250/20241001/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2007-250-20241001-de-pdf-a.pdf
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- Identified 2026-09-28 on the fedlex linked-data endpoint; the fetch tool truncates the PDF/HTML at Art. 99-112e and the download run saved only a JavaScript shell. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv for download on the Mac host.
Official EMKV text (SR 941.311) for Arts. 164-178 (melt licence duties, purchase book, marking, recognition of foreign assays, bank precious metals).
- المستند الناقص
- Edelmetallkontrollverordnung (EMKV, SR 941.311), Stand 1 January 2024 (current fedlex consolidation)
- أين قد يكون
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/50/363_375_420/20240101/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-50-363_375_420-20240101-de-pdf-a.pdf
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell; the fetch tool truncates the official text before Art. 168a. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
Official AMLA/GwG text (SR 955.0): current Stand 1 March 2024 and the consolidation Stand 1 October 2026 (wide amendments in force from 1 Oct 2026).
- المستند الناقص
- Geldwäschereigesetz (GwG, SR 955.0), Stand 1 March 2024 and Stand 1 October 2026
- أين قد يكون
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/1998/892_892_892/20261001/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-1998-892_892_892-20261001-de-pdf-a.pdf
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell (the listed droit-bilingue page failed). Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
Licensing of secure-transport carriers (cantonal). Zurich: licence under the Polizeigesetz, 9. Abschnitt (cantonal page read); the PolG text and the Geneva/Romandie rules (Concordat on private security companies) not read.
- المستند الناقص
- Polizeigesetz des Kantons Zürich (PolG), 9. Abschnitt; Geneva Concordat sur les entreprises de sécurité
- أين قد يكون
- https://www.zh.ch/de/wirtschaft-arbeit/gewerbe-betriebsbewilligungen/private-sicherheitsunternehmen.html ; https://www.lexfind.ch
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- Attempted 2026-09-28: the Zurich page was read (licence required for "Sicherheitstransporte ... Wertsachen"); the cantonal statute texts were not fetched in this session (cantonal law is outside the federal library built here).
- يؤثر في
- ch.st-49
Official current text of the Ukraine sanctions ordinance (SR 946.231.176.72), Art. 14d and Annexes 26-27; only an unofficial English translation as at 22 Mar 2024 is held.
- المستند الناقص
- Verordnung über Massnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der Situation in der Ukraine, Stand 21 September 2026
- أين قد يكون
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2022/151/20260921/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2022-151-20260921-de-pdf-a-1.pdf
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- The fetch tool truncates the official PDF/HTML before Art. 14d. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
- يؤثر في
- ch.ctl-russia-goldch.st-44
Official Customs Act text (ZG, SR 631.0) for Arts. 25-29, 38, 53-54, 62-66, 69 (declaration, assessment notice, customs warehouses, free ports).
- المستند الناقص
- Zollgesetz (ZG, SR 631.0), Stand 1 September 2023 (current fedlex consolidation)
- أين قد يكون
- https://fedlex.data.admin.ch/filestore/fedlex.data.admin.ch/eli/cc/2007/249/20230901/de/pdf-a/fedlex-data-admin-ch-eli-cc-2007-249-20230901-de-pdf-a-4.pdf
- سبب عدم الحصول عليه
- The download run saved a fedlex JavaScript shell. Listed in laws/_work/ch-fetch.tsv (2026-09-28).
المسارات عبر سويسرا
- من الإمارات العربية المتحدة إلى سويسرا
- من بوركينا فاسو إلى سويسرا
- من البرازيل إلى سويسرا
- من سويسرا إلى الصين
- من سويسرا إلى المملكة المتحدة
- من سويسرا إلى هونغ كونغ الصينية (منطقة إدارية خاصة)
- من سويسرا إلى الهند
- من سويسرا إلى الولايات المتحدة
- من كولومبيا إلى سويسرا
- من المملكة المتحدة إلى سويسرا
- من غانا إلى سويسرا
- من بيرو إلى سويسرا
- من أوزبكستان إلى سويسرا
أزواج الدول
- من الإمارات العربية المتحدة إلى سويسرا
- من بوركينا فاسو إلى سويسرا
- من البرازيل إلى سويسرا
- من سويسرا إلى الصين
- من سويسرا إلى المملكة المتحدة
- من سويسرا إلى هونغ كونغ الصينية (منطقة إدارية خاصة)
- من سويسرا إلى الهند
- من سويسرا إلى الولايات المتحدة
- من كولومبيا إلى سويسرا
- من المملكة المتحدة إلى سويسرا
- من غانا إلى سويسرا
- من بيرو إلى سويسرا
- من أوزبكستان إلى سويسرا
المصادر
كل مصدر يستشهد به بحث هذه الدولة، مع مقدار ما قُرئ منه وكيف.
- Bundesgesetz über die Kontrolle des Verkehrs mit Edelmetallen und Edelmetallwaren (Edelmetallkontrollgesetz, EMKG) vom 20. Juni 1933فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Bundesgesetz über die Kontrolle des Verkehrs mit Edelmetallen und Edelmetallwaren (Edelmetallkontrollgesetz, EMKG) vom 20. Juni 1933فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Bundesgesetz über die Kontrolle des Verkehrs mit Edelmetallen und Edelmetallwaren (Edelmetallkontrollgesetz, EMKG) vom 20. Juni 1933فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Vorschriften über Schmelzen und Prüfen von Edelmetallenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Richtlinie R-247 — Richtlinie zur Anwendung des Edelmetallkontrollgesetzes für Inhaber von Schmelz- und Handelsprüferbewilligungenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Regulation 946.231.176.72 on measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine dated 4 March 2022 (as at 22 March 2024) — courtesy translation 03/06/24فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصSwiss Federal Council (translation by an unnamed third party; not official) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Printed pagination runs to "162 / 182" and the last appendix in the copy is Appendix 32; the rest of the 182-page original may be missing. Read only in part this session (Art. 14d, Annexes 26–27).
- Zollverordnung (ZV) — Änderung vom 18. November 2015فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصSchweizerischer Bundesrat · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Richtlinie R-249 — Weisungen zur Geldwäschereiverordnung-BAZG inklusive Prüfanweisungenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Einfuhr von nicht bezeichneten Schmelzprodukten aus Edelmetallenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصEidgenössische Zollverwaltung EZV, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle (letter to the trade associations) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Good Delivery List Rules — Conditions for Listing for Good Delivery Refiners (© The London Bullion Market Association, January 2021)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنص منسوخLondon Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Line drawings on pp. 33–35 are images (labels transcribed below the page marker; the dimension figures of the silver end-stamp drawing on p. 35 are not transcribed); logos in Annex H are images
- LBMA Responsible Gold Guidance v9فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Responsible Gold Guidance Version 10 (June 2026) — public consultation draft (file "RGGv10-Public-Consultation-1-FINAL")فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنص منسوخLondon Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing else missing; the draft itself contains placeholders such as "[xx]" and "[one year]"
- Goldhandel und Verletzung der Menschenrechte — Bericht des Bundesrates in Erfüllung des Postulats Recordon 15.3877, 21.9.2015فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصDer Bundesrat / Le Conseil fédéral · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Allocated Precious Metals Accounts Agreement (template between "[NAME OF BANK]" and "[NAME OF CLIENT]")فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلOCRLondon Precious Metals Clearing Limited (LPMCL) — the text states it is "based upon the ALLOCATED PRECIOUS METALS ACCOUNTS AGREEMENT as published by London Precious Metals Clearing Limited" · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing after label recovery (43 labels)
- Unallocated Precious Metals Accounts Agreement (template between "[NAME OF BANK]" and "[NAME OF CLIENT]")فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلOCRLondon Precious Metals Clearing Limited (LPMCL) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing after label recovery (36 labels)
- Good Delivery List Rules — Conditions for Listing for Good Delivery Refiners (© The London Bullion Market Association, January 2026)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنص منسوخLondon Bullion Market Association (LBMA) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Line drawings on pp. 36–40 are images (labels transcribed below the page marker; drawn dimensions listed); logos in the brand guidelines are images
- Bundesgesetz über die Mehrwertsteuer (Mehrwertsteuergesetz, MWSTG) vom 12. Juni 2009فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Bundesgesetz über die Mehrwertsteuer (Mehrwertsteuergesetz, MWSTG) vom 12. Juni 2009فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Richtlinie 10-10 Ausfuhrzollveranlagungsverfahrenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Warenverkehr · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Annahme von Schmelzgut aus dem Ausland — Merkblatt für Ankäufer von Altedelmetallen und Inhaber von Schmelzbewilligungenفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit BAZG, Zentralamt für Edelmetallkontrolle (Aufsicht EMK) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Passar Ausfuhr (Passar 1.0)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit (BAZG) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Linked files (XLSX data fields, Lesehilfe) not held; R-10-10 is held.
- PMCO Art. 168c (droit-bilingue reproduction)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Bundesgesetz über die Mehrwertsteuer (Mehrwertsteuergesetz, MWSTG) — Änderung vom 16. Juni 2023فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (Nationalrat and Ständerat, 16 June 2023) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Mehrwertsteuerverordnung (MWSTV) vom 27. November 2009فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصDer Schweizerische Bundesrat · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Bundesgesetz über den Allgemeinen Teil der Abgabenerhebung und die Kontrolle des grenzüberschreitenden Waren- und Personenverkehrs durch das Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit (BAZG-Vollzugsaufgabengesetz, BAZG-VG) vom 20. Juni 2025فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Bundesgesetz über den Allgemeinen Teil der Abgabenerhebung und die Kontrolle des grenzüberschreitenden Waren- und Personenverkehrs durch das Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit (BAZG-Vollzugsaufgabengesetz, BAZG-VG) vom 20. Juni 2025فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصBundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- ASTM E1335-24 — Standard Test Methods for Determination of Gold in Bullion by Fire Assay Cupellation Analysis (ASTM store product page)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصASTM International, Subcommittee E01.05 · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: The standard itself (7 pages, sold at $72) is NOT held — only the abstract shown on the store page (Scope 1.1–1.5 and Significance and Use 4.1). Test-method sections 10–28 not seen
- Valcambi - Assaying / Analysis Processفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- LBMA Good Delivery Rules: Technical Specifications (gold, s.2.1.7 Marks)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكورLBMA
- Swiss Banking - Information for bank clients (CDB 20 context)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Agreement on the Swiss banks' code of conduct with regard to the exercise of due diligence (CDB 20)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصSwiss Bankers Association (SBA) and the signatory banks (English version) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Not checked page by page (68 pages); read only in part this session.
- Swiss Bankers Association - fight against money laundering (CDB revision status)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Ordinance on Due Diligence and Transparency in relation to Minerals and Metals from Conflict-Affected Areas and Child Labour (DDTrO) of 3 December 2021 (Status as of 1 January 2022)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصSwiss Federal Council (fedlex English translation, "no legal force") · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
- Precious Metal Controlفتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصFederal Office for Customs and Border Security (FOCBS/BAZG) · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Sub-pages linked from the page not held.
- Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 182فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Swiss Customs Ordinance (ZV) Art. 184فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Swiss Customs Act Arts. 62-66 (free ports)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- LBMA RGG v9 Step 2 (KYC, ASM, intermediate refiners, site visits)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- LBMA Due Diligence Checklist — Mined Material ("Updated April 2024")فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصLondon Bullion Market Association (LBMA) — Refiners' Toolkit · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing (tick boxes shown as ☐)
- LBMA Responsible Sourcing Programme — MSM/LSM Site Visit Report, V3, 27.09.2021 (cover "Updated Feb 2024"; inner pages "Updated April 2024")فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلنصLondon Bullion Market Association (LBMA) — Refiners' Toolkit · قُرئ في 2026-09-28
Missing from this copy: Nothing missing; form fields shown as dotted lines
- PMCO Art. 168b (droit-bilingue reproduction)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- PMCO Art. 178 (droit-bilingue reproduction)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكور
- Kanton Zürich — Private Sicherheitsunternehmen (licensing page)فتح المصدرغير مسجَّلغير مذكورKanton Zürich, Sicherheitsdirektion