Joint Circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD guiding the Regulations on Environmental Protection for the Selection of Location for, the Construction and Operation of, Solid Waste Burial Sites

THE MINISTRIES INTER-MINISTERIAL THEJflN/5,'TRYOFSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT AND THE MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION JOINT CIRCULAR No. 01/2001/TTLT BKHCNMT-BXD OF JANUARY 18, 2001 GUIDING THE REGlJLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR THE SELECTION OF LOCATION FOR, THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF, SOLID WASTE BURIAL SITES Jn implementation of the jimctions and taskv of the :\finis1ry ofScience, Technology and Environment defined in the Ciovernment '.s Decree No. 2:J•CP ofMay 22, 1993 on the tasks, powers and organizational slructure of the :\!111isl7y of Science, Technolog,.· and Environment, and of the ,\finistry of Construction in rhe Government:~ Decree Ao. l 5 'CP ofMarch 4, 1994 on 1he.fi111ctions, tasks, powers and organizational structure of the ,Hinistry (~/ C 011structio11: In order to meet the current urgent demand.fin· the burial cf urban and industrial zone so/id wastes, to control (!o!lutwn and protect enviro11111cm, The .\finist1:i· o (Science, Techno!ogv and Environmenl and rhe Afinisoy o [Construction herchy.Joint~\' guide the regulations on environmental protec/1011 regarding !he .1e/cc11011 o(locatwn for, the construe/ion and opera/ion of.1Dlid 11·aste burial sites asfol/cJll's.· 1 GENERALPR0\1SIONS I. Rc:, 'lllation scope and application ohjccts: 1.1. Regulation scope: This Circular guides the implementation of the regulations on enyironmental protection in selecting locations for. building and operating solid waste burial sites. 1.2. The solid wastes not covered by tl\is Circular shaH include the solid wastes on the list of hazardous wastes specified in the Regulation on management of hazardous wastes. promulgated togetherwithDecision No. 155/1999/ QD-Tig of July 16, 1999 of the Prime Minister and other kinds of hazardous solid waste decided by competent State bodies accordir g to the provisions of the Regulation on management of liazardous wastes. l.3. Applic:i tion objects: Tiris Circula · shall apply to agencies exercising the State management m er investment and construction; agencies exercising the State management over environmental protection; do nestic and foreign organizations and individuals prov ding sexvices on environment, construction and operation o: solid waste burial sites (including solid waste burial sit, s managed by production establishments themselves). 2. Tenn inte1 pretation: In this Circul lf, the following teIDIS shall be construed as follows: 2.1. Solid w: ste burial site (hereinafter abbreviated to BS) means a la 1d area or plot, which has already been planned, selecte l, designed and constructed for burial of solid wastes in 01 ier to minimize the negative impacts ofBS on the environm mt. A BS is com ,osed of waste burial squares, buffer zone and other suppc rt works such as waste water and/or gas treatment statio1 .s, power and water supply stations, the executive office. 2.2. Solid wa ;tes (hereinafter abbreviated to SW) mean the solid wastes uising from daily-life activities in urban areas and indus :rial zones, which include wastes from population q11ll1i ers, wastes from trade activities, urban services, hospitals, industrial wastes, wastes from construction acti rities. 2. 3. Garbage ! Nater means that coming from the process of natural disintc:gration of SW and containing polluting substances. 1.4. Gas disct,arged from waste burial squares means the gaseous miAture 11 :enerated from waste burial squares due to the process ofnmural disintegration of SW. 2.5. The bulfei: zone means a stretch ofland surrounding a BS for the put\pose of preventing and minimizing the adverse impact oJi the BS on the environment. 2. 6. Lining la:1 ers mean layers of materials spread on the entire bottom are:.11; and surrounding walls of the waste burial squares in order t•i> prevent and minimize the penetration of garbage water inti> underground water streams. 2. 7. Covering layers mean layers of materials that cover the entire BSs wll ile operating and closing the BSs with a view to preventing 1md minimizing the impacts from the burial squares on the surrounding environment and from the outside on the m squares. 2.8. Waste gas• collecting system means a system of works and equipment for gathering waste gases generated from the BSs in order to prevent, minimize air pollution as well as fire and explosion dangers. 2. 9. Garbage water--::ollecting system means a system of works including gathering layers, conduits, canals to gather garbage water into concentrated holes or treatment stations. 2.10. Protecting fences mean a system of walls, shielding fences, green belts or barriers with given heights, which surround BSs with a view to limiting the impacts of the solid waste burial activities on the surrounding environment. 2.11. The operation duration of a BS means the entire duration from the time the SW burial starts to the time the BS is closed. 2.12. BS closure means the complete cessation of SW burial activities at the BS. 2. 13. Surface water and rain water drainage systems mean the systems to gather and conduct surface and rain water to designated places in order to prevent the outside surface water from penetrating into burial squares. 2.14. BS investors mean Vietnamese or foreign organizations and/or individuals that have the responsibility to manage/ provide investment capital for the construction ofBSs. 2.15. BS operators mean Vietnamese or foreign organizations and/or individuals that take responsibility before the investors for the management of operation and useofBSs. 2.16. Specialized BS inspection organizations are those with the legal person status, which supervise, inspect, sample and analyze items and indexes related to the operation of BSs. llLOCATIONSELECTION,INVFSTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SOLID WASTE BURIAL SITES 1. General prit1ciples: The work of investment preparation and execution as well as BS construction must comply with the Government's Decree No.52/1999/ND-CP of July 8, 1999. promulgating the Regulation on investment and construction management ( called Decree 52/CPfor short), Decree No.12/2000/ND-CP of May 5, 2000 amending a number of articles of Decree 52/CP ( called Decree 12/CP for short), with the provisions of this Circular and legal documents on investment and construction. When an investment project for BS is approved, there must be the approval of the report on assessment of environmental impacts (according to Appendix IL to Circular 490/l 998ITT-BKHCNMT of April 29, 1998 oftl1e Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment guiding the making and evaluation of environmental impact assessment reports for investment projects). 2. Requirements on selection of BS location. 2.1. The BS locations must Je detennined on the basis of construction planning alread~ appro\'ed by the competent State management bodies. 2. 2. The distance from the, :onstrnctcd BS to population quarters. urban centers is stip 1lated in Appendix I to this Circular. 2.3. The location selection nust be based on the natural. economic and social factori as well as the technical infrastructure systems in the areas planned for the BS constrnction (stipulated in ApJ ~ndix 2 to this Circular). 3. Selection of BS models Depending on the characteristics of each kind of·waste to be buried and the topographic characteristics of each region, the following BS mode s can be selected: dry burial site, wet burial site, ill)'-wet mi: ed burial site, above-ground burial site, underground buri 11 site, above-ground- cum underground burial site and nountain-creek burial site (specified in Appendix No.3). 4. BS sizes: 4 .1. The BS sizes are deten lined on the basis of: a/ Population and current waste volume, the rates of population growth and vvaste, olume increase throughout the operation duration of the B ; b/ The economic growl h possibility and urban development orientations. 4.2. The BS design must e11Sure that the total depth of the site from its bottom to its tof may reach between 15 m to 25m, depending on the BS t}J ~ and the conditions of the landscapes surrounding the B5 . 4 .3. The area for the construe tion of support works: roads, embankment, water drainage and conducting systems. warehouses, yards, worksho1 ,s, garbage ,vater deposit resen'oir. water treatment resen oir, green tree fence systems and other support ,vorks in a B:; accounts for about 20'% of the total area of the site. Based on the above charactc ristics, the BS sizes shall be determined according to Tab! : 2 in Appendix 4 to this Circular. 5. The BS selection procesi . The selection of BS locatic n is carried out through 4 steps: Step 1: Gathering mataials related to the BS"s requirements, the volume of S ~V to be buried and future projection. The stipulations on investigation eA1ent upon the elaborntion of BS constructi1 n projects are prescribed in Appendix 5 to this Circular. Step 2: Determining the plm on possible locations for BS construction. These locatio 1s may be considered and proposed on the basis of sttdying and analyzing the topographical. geological, hydro-geological maps, the maps on the current state of aYailable land use, current population distribution state. Conducting field surveys. S'tep 3: Comparing and selecting plans with the BS nonns and dropping a number of planned locations. Making official selection. At tlus step. comparison and evaluation of details of the remaining locations shall be made on the basis of analyzing and evaluating the technical. economic and social norms. the optimum option, applying methods of grnfting maps and giving points to norms. To carry out this step, there must be enough materials on the investigation of the current environmental state, natur.;tl, economic and social characteristics of all planned locations; thereby to give points to each factor for each location and select the most appropriate location. Step 4: Outlining and reproducing selected location plan. The BS's capital construction works are prescribed in Appendix 6 to tlris Circular. ID. OPERATING SOLID WASlEBURIALSTIES 1. The stage of operation of BSs. I. I. Wastes transported to the BSs must be checked and classified (through weighing stations) and buried immediately within 24 hours. Wastes must be buried strictly according to squares prescribed for each type of corresponding waste. For BSs receiving more than 20,000 tons ( or 50,000 m3) of wastes per year, they must be equipped with electronic weighing systems in order to control waste quantity. 1.2. The operators ofBSs must determine correctly types of waste permitted for burial when admitting them into the BSs and open books for annual monitoring with the follo\\ing subjects: a/ Names of drivers of waste carrying trucks. b/ The nature of waste, if it is thick mud. the sediment content must be clearly inscribed. cl Waste volume. d/Time (day, mon1h, year) of transporting the waste. e/ Sources of waste; if it is industrial waste, the names of factories or enterprises must be clearly inscribed. The recorQ.ing books and relevant documents must be kept and preseTYed at the BS Management Boards during the operation and for at least 5 years after the closure of the BSs. 1.3. Wastes must be buried in layers separated from each other with layers of soil. a/ Wastes, after being admitted for burial, must be lc\"cled out and carefully stamped (,,ith mechanical stamper 6 ..,.. 8 times) into layers oftl1e maximum thickness of 60 c,u e e o d e a i w u e f r b i ensuring the m inimum percentage of stamped wastes of 0.52 ton +0.8 tc n/m3• b/ Intermed ary soil layer must be covered on garbage surface after thf garbage was tightly stamped (into layers) with the maximt mhcight of2.0m -2.2m. The thickness of the covering soil lay :r must reach 20 cm. The covering soil layer makes up about 10% + 15% of the total garbage and soil coverage volum :. d The coveri 1g soil must contain> 30% clay grain, being wet enough for f :isy stamping. The covering soil layer must be evenly and 1i :Uy spread over the waste layer and, after being carefully ! tamped and pressed, have the thickness of about 15 cm+ 2C cm. IA. Besides covering soil, materials which satisfy the following condi lions may also be used as intermediary covering materi, ls between waste layers: a/ Having th permeability of s 1 x lo-• emfs and at least 20%ofthevolun esizeds0.08mm. b/ Having th characteristics of: Being capal ,le of preventing odors. Not causin,g fire, e:\.-plosion. Being ca1 •able of preventing assorted insects, burrowers. Being capa Jle of preventing the dispersal of wastes being light mater als. 1.5. The SW c fthermo-powerplants shall be buried under the specialized te :hnical guidance. 1.6. The buri~ I squares must be sprayed with insecticides (not in solution f rm). The nwnber of sprays shall depend on the level of evelopment of assorted insects so as to make appropriat number of spray aiming to limit to the utmost the develi ,pment of insects. 1. 7. SW trans ,ort means, after dumping wastes into the BSs, must be cle:: ned before moving out of the BS areas. 1.8. The waste water-gathering and-treating systems must operate regularly nd be periodically inspected, maintained, repaired and cle med in order to ensure their designed capacities. The s :diment holes must be dredged and the mud therefrom m st be carried to appropriate treatment areas. The garbage ater must not be discharged directly into the environment f the percentage of polluting substances exceeds the presc ibed standards (Vietnamese standards). 1.9. Pure gar age water from the gathering systems of BSs or thick mud rom the garbage water treatment systems are allowed to b used for watering on BSs in order to accelerate the prmcess of waste disintegration under the following conditic:ns: a/ The thickne!;s of the being buried-garbage layer must exceed4m. b/ The techniq11e of watering evenly on the surface must be applied. c/ This shall not apply to areas of the burial squares, which have been covered with the final layer. 2. The stage of BS closure 2.1. The BS closure shall be effected when: a/ The volume ofw.iste buried in the BS has reached the largest capacity according to the technical design. b/ The operator of the BS is incapable of continuing to operate the BS. c/ The BS is close for other reasons. In all circumstances, the BS operators must send official dispatches to the State management bodies in charge of environment, informing the latter of the time to close the BS. 2.2. The BS closure order: a/ The top covering soil layer contains tl1e clay percentage of> 3 0%, ensures the standard humidity and is stamped and pressed carefully, has the thickness of over or equal to 60 cm. The slanting degree from the foot to the peak of a dump rises gradually from 3 + 5%, always ensuring good water drainage, non-slide and non-sink. It should be then: Covered with a soil buffer layer containing commonly sand of from 50cm + 60 cm thick. Covered with a layer of cultivation soil ( edaphic soil layer) of from 20 cm+ 30 cm thick. Planted with grass and green trees. b/ In big BSs, their operations must be carried out simultaneously with the construction of new burial squares and the closure of filled-up squares. Therefore, the regulations for each of the above stage must be strictly complied with. · 2.3. Within6 monthsaftertheBSclosure, the BS operators shall have to report to the State management bodies in charge of environmental protection on the represent situation of the BSs. Such a report must be made by an independent specialized environment agency, including the following contents: a/ The stituation of operation, efficiency and possible operation of all works in the BS, including the anti penetration system of the BS, the garbage water-gatl1ering and-treating systems, the surface water and/or underground water management systems, the waste gases-gathering systems as well as the entire system for supervising underground water quality, etc. b/ The observation of the quality of water discharged from the BSs into the emironment, the situation on the quality of underground water as well as on the emisison of waste gases. cl The compliance with the current provisions of this Circular as well as the restoration and improvement of the landscapes in the BS areas. l he report mu,t clearly point to cases of non-compliance \\ith the prO\ isions of this Circular and propose re111edi:1 I measures. 2.-1-. Aflcr the BS closure. p :oplc and animals arc still not allmred to free!:, enter the BS .. particular]:, the peak of the sites ,rherc gas is concentrate i. There must be s:1fctr signs and instrnct1011s in the BSs. 3. Olm:n ation of the BS c nfronment 3.1. General proYisions: Any BS. big or smalL in, .elta or mountainous region, must be obscrYcd in tcnn of e tYiromnent and organize the monitoring of c11\'ironmcntal, hanges. a/ The em ironment obser •ation covers t11e obserYation of the airem-ironment, watere1 vironment. hmd emironrnent and ecological system, labor environment. the healt11 of people in nearby communities b/ The obserYation posts n: ust be placed at typical points \\'here the cm i ronmental cha11ges due to the impacts of t11e burial sites can be detem1ined cl For BSs. the autornati : obser\'ation posts must be arranged 3.2. \Vater em-ironment ol 1servation posts a/ Srnface water: In each BS. there must be at least two obseJTation posts for monitoring surface vater on foe flows recciYing waste water of the BS. + The first post is situate, 15 rn 7 20 rn upstream the waste water discliarge sluice-, ;ate of the BS. + The second is situated 15 m 7 20 m dmmstream the waste water discharge sluice-, ,ate of the BS. Iftl1erc c:-:ist ,, ithin a paran eterofl OOOm m1terrcsrn oirs, one more post should be arrai ged at the water rescn oirs. b/ Underground water: The underground water JbseJTation post 1s arranged along the Jlo\\ direction from t pstrearn to dmrnstrcJm of the BS. 11ecdmg :lt le:ist -1- obscn 1tion bores \ onl· bore on the upstream and three on the c :l\rnstrearn) Obsen mion is conduc1cd c, en in atrnospltcr c zone and \\ a1er saturation zone For u-:ll population spo around the BS. at least one obscrYation posl (a deep \Yell c r a bore) should be arranged. cl Waste ,1 :ner Obscn <11Jon posts sl all be arranged for the cornprehensIYe obsen-ation o t11e quality of the input and output waste water of the trea1 ing areas. Concretely: One post is situated bcfo1 c the entrance to the treating system. One post is situated afte t11e treatment before being discharged imo the surroundi: 1g en\'i.ronment. 3.5. Obsenation c~·clc: For automatic posts. the obscJTation and data updating must be made daih. \\"hen the automatic obscn ation posts arc not a\'ailable, dcpcndini,'. on the period of operation or closure of the burial sites. t11c obsen·ation loc:nion and frequency must be designed in a rational manner. ensuring the full obsen :it ion of c1l\'iro111nemal de\ cloprncnts due to t11c operation of tlic BS: concretely as follmYs: a/ For the period of operation, the following should be observed: Flow (surface ,1 ater. waste water): Once ewr:, two months. Chemical component: Once every four months. b/ For the period of closure ofilie BS: In the first year: Once every three months In subsequent years: 2 m + 3 m times/year. When taking samples at underground water obsen-ation bores, water must be pumped in flows for at least 30 minutes c/ Indexes for chemical composition analysis and comparison: According to the Vietnamese standards on environment d/ Each year at the beginning of the rainy season. rain water can be sampled and analyzed. 3.4. Air ern-iromnent observation posts a/ Location of obseffation posts: Air environrncm monitoring posts are arranged as follows: Insides the works and working offices \\ith.in the BSs. a network of at least 4 posts should be arranged tCJ superYise t11e air outside such works and working of.fices within the BS areas. b/ Obscf\'ation regime (when the automatic obsen ation post is yet ,l\'ailable): Once every three months. cl Measuring parameters: dust noise, temperature. emitted gas according 10 the Vietnamese standards. , 5 Monitming employees· health: Officials and workers working at the BSs must Im c their healtl1 moni1orcxl and checked periodically at least once c, en six months. 3.6. Measuring locations (.posts): 1l1e measuring loc:nions (posls) must be fixed. preferably with markers For underground \Yater obsef\'ation posts. there must be detailed design. \\·hich can be referred to diagram (sec dr:ming in Appendix 7) 3.7. Obscn-ation to inspect the slanling degree, the sinking degree of tile covering layer and floral cover: When the automatic obseJYation posts are yet aYailable: Twice a year. If problems arise. adjustment should be made inunediately. 3. 8. Reporting regime: Annually. the BS- managing units must report on the present environment of the sites to the State management bodies in charge of enyironmental s n i w h r n m r r i t n a a o a u a o t f t protection. 3. 9. Reporting documents: Apart from documents on measuring, obs :rvation results. there must be reports on hydrologic geol )gy, project geology, detailed explanation of operation of s 'stems gathering water, garbage, gas, slope, etc. 3 .10. Expe ses: Expenses for the construction, the environment ob ,ervation network may be calculated into the costs of con truction and operation of the BSs. 3 .11. Operat on duration: The operation duration of an observation net ork commences from the time of starting the operation to t e time of closing a BS. After the BS closure, the sampling fo analysis must continue for 5 years; if the quality of the a alytical samples is below tl1e Vietnamese standards, the sa pling for analysis shall terminate and the operation of the observation post shall cease. 3.12. Measu ingequipment and methods: The measu ing equipment and methods must be uni.fonn; depend ng on the scientific and technical progress, the measuring s ations can be automated and hooked up with the general :;ontrol room of the site. 4. Examini g the project quality regarding the environment 4.1. The wo1 k of examining the environment in the construction, 01 ,eration and closure of BSs must be conducted reguh rly. 4.2. Among items which must be environmentally qualitatively che ;ked, special attention should be paid to examining the a nti-penetration system, garbage water gathering and-1 reating systems, biogas-gathering, evaluating and -c isposing systems as well as underground water observatio1 well systems, surface water observation posts. The exam nation must be carried out both in the field and in the laboratory, for the right items and in conformity with I ach necessary period of time in order to ensure that the m terials and equipment being used in the BSs meet the Vie1 namese standards on environment. 4.3. All materi ls and equipment used in the construction ofBSs to combat i: ~netration or to install systems mentioned in Part II must 1: ~ objectively inspected by professional officials in order t meet the requirements on environment. 4 .4. Profession l officials in charge of environment quality inspection and s pervision must submit reports on the results thereof fter each period, each construction investment item s ated in Part II to the State management bodies in charge cf environment in order to detect in time cases of violation o the environment standards in designing, constructing and operating BSs and propose remedial measures. 4 .5. Equipment used for inspection of environment quality must satisfy the na ional and international standards. 5. Reusing BS areas 5.1. When planning the use and design of BSs, the possibility of reusing the burial grounds after the closure of BSs for such purposes as keeping the status quo of the BSs. for construction of parks, entertainment centers, stadiums, parking lots, or tree planting, shall be taken into account. 5.2. In case of a need to reuse BSs, the survey and evaluation of relevant environmental elements must be conducted: only if the prescribed conditions are met can the reuse be made. 5.3. Pending the reuse of the BSs, the treatment of garbage water and gas must continue as usual. 5 .4. After the BS closure, the monitoring of environmental changes must be carried on at the observation posts. 5.5. After the BS closure, the topographical maps of the BS areas must be re-drawn. 5.6. After the BS closure, there must be full reports on the BSs' operation process, and active measures must be proposed for environment control in subsequent years. 5. 7. Carrying out procedures for handing over the BS grounds to the competent agencies and units for continued management and reuse thereof. 5. 8. When reusing BSs, the gas gathering bores must be closely examined. Only when the pressure of the gas bores no longer differs from the atmospheric pressure and the gas concentration is not higher than 5% can the leveling be pennitted. W. ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION 1. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 1.1. To assume the prime responsibility and coordinate with the Ministry of Construction and the People's Committees of the provinces and centrally-run cities in disseminating, guiding and inspecting the implementation of this Circular. 1.2. To direct the provincial/municipal Services of Science, Technology and Environment to do the following: a/ Organizing surveys of conditions on hydrologic geology, project geology and environment of the planned areas, which shall serve as basis for designing and constructing BSs; monitoring and urging the construction investors to make reports on the assessment of the BSs' environmental impacts and submit them to the State management bodies in charge of environment for approval. bl Coordinating with the provincial/municipal Services of Construction as well as of Communications and Public Works in guiding the implementation of Vietnam's current regulations and standards on environment in designing, constructing and operating BSs. T m i 2. The Minii.1ry' of Coni.11 uction: 2, l. To assume the prime responsibility and coordinate with the Ministry of Science, echnology and En\'ironment and the Peoplc ·s Committees, ,ftheprm'inces and centrally nm cities in guiding the planni 1g oflocations for construction of BSs in localities, the elab Jration and promulgation of standards for BS design and c mstruction, which ensure the cn\'ironmental hygiene. 2.2. To direct the proYi 1cial/municipal Services of Construction as well as of Com uunications and Public Works to coordinate with the prov ncial/municipal Services of Science, Technology and E nYironment in guiding the implementation of Vietna 's current regulations and standards on environment in i electing locations, designing, constructing and operating tl e BSs. 3. The People's Comm ttees of the prminces and centrally-run cities According to their respective functions and powers, to direct the implementation of the provisions of this Circular in their respective localities. This Circular takes effect 15 days after its signing. If difficulties and problems arise in the course of imple menting this Circular, the localities, organizations and indivi duals shall reflect them in time to the Ministry of Science, TechnolOf,'Y and Environment and tlle Ministry of Construc tion for study and appropriate an1endments and supplements. For the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment Vice Minister PBAMKHOINGUYEN For the Minister of C"nstruction Vice Minister NGUYENVANIJEN Appendixl Table 1. APPROP.HIATE DISTANCES WHEN SELECTING WCATIONS FOR BURIAL SITES Minimum distance from the Works Works' features and sizes works' beltto burial sites (m) Small and medium Large burial Very large burial sites sites burial sites Urban regions Ci1ies, prcrvincial towns, district capitals, townships ... 3,000- 5,000 5,000- 15,000 15,000-30,000 Airports, industrial Frnm small to large size 1,000-2,000 2,000- 3,000 3,000-5,000 zones, seaports Delta and midland :?: 5 households population clusters at the end of principal wind direction ;;:;: 1.000 :?:300 :::::LOOO Oller directions :?:300 :?: 1,000 :2300 Mountainous Along mountain creeks (with down population clusters running current). 3,000- 5,000 >5,000 >5,000 Not in the same creek Not prescribed Not prescribed Not prescribed Underground water Capacity <100 m3/day 50-100 >100 >500 exploiting works Q< I 0,000 m3/day >100 >500 >1,000 Q> I 0.000 m3/dav >500 > 1.00() >5.000 . . Note: BSs should not be planned on areas with large deposits of underground water, regardless of whether the underground water lies shallo·,v or deep, areas with lime stone (Karst). Howe\'er, if there is no other alternatives, the burial sites must ensure tllat all the dump squares, waste water storing and treating lakes, waste water conducting canals (both their beds and banks) must be constructed with anti-penetration layers, or the bottoms of the above ,vorks must be reinforced to reach the penetntion coefficient oflower than or equal to 1 x Hf cm/s with the thickness of not lower than lm. and there must be 5>·sten s to gather and treat garbage water and waste water. ApJ>endh:2 SELECTION OF LOCATIONS FORSOLID ~N'ASTE BURIAL SITES lJpon the sekction oflocations for the construction of BSs, 1 he overall planning of each region, province or city mus: serve as the basis therefor, the sustainable development mu ;;t be ensured and the following factors must be taken int J full account: 1. Natural factors (natural environment): Terrain. Climate. Hydrology. Geological elements. Hydrologic geology. Project geolcgy. Natural resources, minerals. Ecological landscapes. 2. Socio-economic factors: The population distribution of the region. The current e:onomic situation and the possibility of economic growth. The administrative management system. Historical relks. Security and defense. 3. Infr~iructu re factors: Communicati :,ns and other services. Current land use situation. Distribution of industrial production establishments, mining establishm:!nts at present and in the future. Water supply ;ystem and electricity networks. 4. Appropriate distances when selecting locations for hudal sites: When selecting locations for BSs, the following should be clearly determined: The distance from the BS to urban centers. The distance from the BS to population quarters. The distance from the BS to airports. The distance from the BS to cultural works, tourist sites. The distance from the BS to underground water exploiting woiks. The distance from the edge of the BS to the maim traffic roads. These distances are specified in Table l of Appendix 1 to this Circular. Appendix.3 COMMONLYUSEDWASTEBURIALSITEMODELS 1. Dry burial sites are burial sites for common waste (daily-life garbage, street garbage and industrial garbage). 2. Wet burial sites are those used for burial of waste in form of thick.mud. 3. Dry-cum-wet burial sites are places for burial of common waste and thick mud too. For squares reserved for wet and mixed burial, it is compulsory to increase the garbage water-gathering system's capacity to absorb garbage water, without letting the garbage water penetrate into the underground water. 4. Aboveground burial sites are those built on the land surface in areas with flat terrain or slightly slanting (hilly regions). Wastes are piled up into heaps of 15m high. In this case, the sites must be surrounded with non-penetration dykes in order to prevent contact between garbage water and surrounding surface water. 5. Underground burial sites are those lying under the land surface or built through making full use of natural holes, fom1er mining pits, ditches, canals. 6. Underground-cum-aboveground burial sites are those built with half underground and half aboveground. Wastes are not only filled up the underground half but also heaped up above the ground. 7. Mountain creek burial sites are those formulated by way of making full use of mountain creeks in high mountain and hilly regions. Table:- CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE BURIAL SITE SIZES Ordinal Site type Current urban population Garllage volume Site area number 1 Small ~ 100,000 20.000 tons/year ~IO ha 2 Medium HXl,0{Xl-300,000 <,5,000 tons/year 10-30 ha 3 Large 3tXH)(l0-LOO0,000 200,000 tons/year 30-50ha 4 Very large 21,000,000 > 200,000 tons/year 250ha Note: The operation duration of a BS shall be at least 5 years. It is most efficient if such duration is 25 years or more. Appcndix5 REGULATIONS ON SURVEY (SURVEYEXTEN1) 1. Topogr.tphical survey: For all BSs, topographical measuring must be carried out with scales ofl :5,000 and 1 :2,000, in addition to regional topographical maps of scale 21:25,000 for the delta and 2 1 :50,000 for midland and mountainous regions. All points of physio-geological measuring, hydro-geological boring and project-geological boring must be determined with coordinates and heights and put on topographical maps. 2. Weather and climatic ~11n·ey: To gather climatic materials at the nearest meteorological stations, factors to be gathered in~ludc: a/ Average rainfall of the months in a year, the maximum daily rainfall, the minimum daily rainfall. b/ The average and maximum evaporation degree in the month. cl The wind direction and wind speed in the year. d/ The average, highest and lowest temperatures in the month. etc. 3. H~•drological surYey: Apart from gathering materials on regional hydrology (river and stream nenvorks, value of the average, maximum and minimum water levels, average, maximmn and minimum water flows at the nearest hydrologic stations, the tidal regimes for regions under the tidal impacts), field surveys must be carried out and the following fundamental issues must be clarified: a/The region ·s riYer and st:-cam networks: particularly currents running through BS areas (constant flows or temporary flows for seasonable flows). b/ Scales of currents: width, depth, flowing direction ... cl Current basin: area, slope, water gathering capacity. di Current flow, with special attention being paid to floodflow. e/ The ma.ximum, minimum water levels of currents. f/ Water quality. g/ The current water use situation. h/ Ponds and lakes, their sizes, quality and current use. ii Fluctuation of water levels in lakes. j/ The distances from BSs to lakes. water flows. k/ Results of analyzing a number of water samples The longer duration for which the update of the above data is made, the higher the value of such data, but the minimum duration shall not be shorter than 5 years. 4. Gco\ogical, h)"dro--geo1ogical and 1n-o,icct-gco\ogical sun·e~·s: 4 .1. The survey must answer the following basic questions: a/ The distribution of soil and rock layers in the BS regions, the area, thickness and depth of such layers. b/ The petrographic composition oflayers. c/ The absorbent coefficients of layers. d/ The chemical composition of water. the physio mechanical properties of soil layers, the grain composition. e/ The water levels of layers. f/ Are there broken and discontinuous stretches running through the site construction regions? The scale and nature of such breaks and discontinuity. g/ The seismic extent. h/ The capability of storing earth and quality of soil in service of the coverage and closure of burial sites. The research depth must reach the depth ofbase rock, for midland regions, the full depth of the top water storing layer for delta regions and the depth of the main water storing layer being exploited, for a number of regions such as Hanoi. 4.2. To meet the above requirements, the following must be done: a/ Conducting physio-geological measuring in order to determine the break and discontinuity. b/ Boring and experimenting at least one hydro geological bore. The depth of the hydro-geological bore must reach the water storing layer of water supply significance. The bore may be located outside the burial site up to 50m ( which may be used, if necessary, as bore to supply water for the burial site or as the underground water observation post). cl The present situation on underground water ex-ploitation in the region. di Project geology: The project geological bore network may be 30m x 30m to 50m x 50 m, depending on whether the site is large or small. The depth of project geological bores :s: 15m The number of sample taken from each layer shall be at least one. The analytical indexes: absorbent coefficients, grain composition, the physio-mechanical properties of soil and rock. The water levels in all bores must be gauged. Upon the completion of survey work, the bores must be filled up in strict accordance with the technical requirements, absolutely not letting water penetrate down, and only bores used for observation (water level gauging, taking samples for analysis ... ) are left. Chemical analysis of a number of soil samples (at least one sample for each layer). 5. Survey of regional ecological system: a/ The major flora and :fuuna systems and their economic significance. bl Aquatic system. cl Rare and precious plant and animal species on the red list of the BS region and vicinities. 6. Socio-economic situation survey: a/ The present land use situation, particularly areas selected for BS: The productivity, current economic value. b/ The infrastructure near the BS (communications, water, power supply ... ) c/ Production, business, service establishments. di The nearest population quarters (the population, fertility rate, current pubhc health situation ... , customs and practices). e/ Tourist sites, historical relics, cultural relics, scenic places and other factors. Appendix6 Table 3. CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN THE SOLID WASTE BURIAL SITES Delta Midland Mountain Ordinal number Works Small, Very Small, Very Small, Ve1-y medium Big bi!!' medium Big bil! medium Big hi•• l Garbage squares X X X X X X X X X 2 Mud-drying yard, mud-storing square X X X X X X X X X 3 Garbage water-collecting and treating X X X X X X X X X system 4 Gas collection and treatment X X X X X X X X X 5 Surface flow drainage and checking system 6 Fence system 7 Canopy tree belt 8 Signboard system 9 Environment observation system JO Power-and water-supply systems 11 Weighing station 12 SW inspection station 13 Vehicle, machinery cleaning station 14 Control system 15 Working office 16 Covering substance-storage 17 Recovered discarded materials storage 18 Insecticide warehouses 19 Repair, maintenance station 20 Vehicle, machinery shed 21 faJ>erimenting station MAJORCAPITALCONSTRUCTIONWORKS IN BURIAL SITES X X X X X X X X I. The burial squares include a number of following t)11es: 1.1. Common SW burial squares: a/ Burial squares are places where wastes are stored and buried. For large and Yery large BSs, they can be diYided into common SW burial squares and a number of squares for burial of hazardous wastes when so permitted by the State management bodies in charge of environmental protection. Each BS is often designed with a number of burial squares in conformity with the BS 's capacity and practical conditions of each locality. b/ Burial squares should be designed in a way with sizes that each square must be closed after no more than 3 years' operation and a new burial square shall be used. c/ Squares should be separated from each other with dykes on which green trees are planted to limit pollution and create environmental landscapes. d/ The burial squares' foundations and walls must have X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X low absorbent coefficients and great loading capacity, which are either natural or man-made. The natural foundations and walls ofburial squares must be lined with soil layers with the absorbent coefficient of :s; 1 x 10·7 cm/s and the thickness of over Im. If the natural soil layers have the absorbent coefficient of> 1 x 10·7 cm/s, the anti. penetration layers with the absorbent coefficient of :s: 1 x 10·7 cm/sand the thickness ofnot lower than 60 cm must be built. The foundations and walls of the squares in burial sites must be lined with anti-penetration layers made of synthetic membrane of at least 1.5 mm thick. The top of partitioning walls must be at least ground-high and their bases must pierce into the clay layer of the sites for at least 60cm e/ The beds of burial squares must have the loading capacity of > 1 kg/cm2 to facilitate the mechanized construction. The slope of the burial square is not lower than 2%, which shall be not lower than 5% at places near the garbage water gathering ditches. fl The burial squares' beds must be constructed with garbage water gathering systems. 1.2. Squares for burial of wastes in form of mud: The requirements thereon are similar to those on squares for burial of common wastes but the squares for burial of wastes in mud form should be solidified\\ ith concrete and thoroughly lined with cement layers or structured with double beds with two layers plus one anti-penetration synthetic membrane of HD PE (or materials of equivalent properties and quality) of at least 1.5 nun thick for absolute non-penetration and convenient mechanized construction. The distance between ditches and garbage \\',Her-gathering holes must ensure the full recovery of garbage water in squares. Before being put into burial squares, mud must be sun-dried and pressed. 1.3. When rock or ore mining pits or mines (already used) :.ire reused as burial sites, the following conditions must be satisfied: a/ Where mining pits' or mines' beds are situated higher than the undergrow1d water level, if the daily average flow of infiltrating water ( calculated according to the average of a continuous observation year) is lower than 1. j x 10-3 m3 of water Im 2, it is not necessary to apply the anti-penetration measures for beds and walls of the burial squares. If the daily average flow ofinfiltrating water is higher than 1.5 x I 0·1 m-1 of\vater/m2, the anti-penetration measures must be applied as provided for in this Appendix. b/ Where the pits' or mines' beds are situated lower than the underground water level, the anti-penetration measures must be applied as provided for in this Appendix. 2. Garbage water, wastewater- gathering and treating systems of BSs: 2.1. All BSs must gather garbage ,vater and waste water (from daily-life activities, water from cleaning transport means, water discharged from testing and experiment and other kinds of \vaste water). Garbage water and waste water, after being treated, must reach the Vietnamese standards on environment. 2-2. The garbage water and/or waste water-gathering system is composed of ditches, conducting pipes and garbage \\ater- and waste water-gathering holes. which are rationally arranged in order to folly gather the garbage water, ,,aste water into the treating stations. TI1is gathering system is composed of: a/ The garbage water-gathering layer is placed at the bed and walls of a burial square and abo,-e the anti penetration layer of the burial square's beds or above the anti-penetration synthetic membrane, depending on each specific case. It must be at least 50 cm thick and have the following properties: Having at least 5% of volume of grains sizeds 0.07j IITil Having the minimum absorbent coefficient of l x Io-: emfs. b/ The net\\ ork of garbage water-gathering pipes is placed inside the garbage water gathering layer (as described aboYe\ fully covering the burial square·s bed. These garbage water gathering pipes must satisfy the following requirements: The inner walls are smooth and their minimmn diameter is 150 mm. The minimum slope is 1 %. c/ The layer enclosing the garbage water and,,Qr waste water-gathering pipes is composed of a layer of soil \I ith grain of at least 5% of the volume of grains with the diameter of0.075 mm or a synthetic filtering membrane of equiYalent filtering efficiency in order to prevent the movement of too smooth grains into the gathering system so that the garbage water automatically rnns into the gathering system 2.3. The garbage water and/or waste water-gathering systems must be designed and installed in a way so as to minimize the accumulation of garbage water at the beds of the burial squares. Materials selected for the constrnction of garbage water gathering system must ensure their chemical and mechanical durability throughout the duration of operating and using the BSs. 2.4. The garbage water and/or waste water-gathering and treating systems must be constrncted \\ith anti penetration beds and walls to prevent the infiltration of garbage water and waste water into underground w,ncr and surface water. 2S The garbage water- and waste water-treating methods a11d technologies shall be properly appl,cd according to the practical conditions of each BS and the requirement that the garbage water and waste water. aJicr being treated and discharged into the surrounding environment, must reach the Vietnamese standards on environment. 3. Waste gas gathering and treatment 3.1. To ensure ,fafety and environmental hygiene. :ill BSs must have the waste gas-gathering and- treating system. Depending on the volume of generated g;1s- the gas may be used for welfare purpose or dcstro\ed b\ method of burning. \Yithout letting the gas leak into the surrounding cm ironment. 3.2. Gas is usually gathered by passive gas relcasmg systems (for small BSs) or active gas releasing systems with vertical drilling wells (for medium and large BSs). 3.3. The positions of drilling wells should be placed atop the waste mounds The bores must reach deep into the waste layer (under the site covering layers) for at least Jm -1.5111. TJ1edistance between gas gathering bores is usually 50m - 70m and such bores are :manged in equilateral triangles. The gas gathering bores must be fully wedged around with ductile clay and cement. 3.6. The gas-gathering and- treating areas must be surrounded with fences or signboards "For staff only". 4. Sutface water and rain water drainage sy~iems The surface water and rain water drainage systems vary according the BSs' terrain. 4.1. For BSs constructed in mountainous and midland regions, canals must be used to gather water, prevent water from pouring down from slopes into BSs. These canals shall function to drain rain water in the BSs. The canals are designed with sizes based on the capacity of water pouring from nearly slopes into BSs and running out from the sites. Places where strong flood currents run must be embanked with rocks so as to prevent water on the canal banks from pouring into the BSs. 4.2. In delta regions, the BSs may be surrounded with (non-penetration) dyke systems in order to separate the BSs from surrounding areas. The dykes must be 2m - 3m higher than the flood water level, the dyke surface is 3m 4m wide, planted with fences and trees. There must be separate systems to gather and discharge rain water into rain water drainage canals of the regions. 5. Fence and green- tree belts: The BSs must be surrounded by fences. 5.1. At the initial stage, the fences must be made of barbed wires in combination with the planting of thriving and polyrhizous plants (acanthus is a good choice) or construction of walls. 5.1. At the initial stage, the fences should be made of barbed wires in combination with the planting of green trees of polyrhizal roots, which grow quick (better the acanthi), or brick walls. 5 .2. Planting green trees around BSs. a/ Better to select trees of with large canopJ~ without leave fall and green all year round. The minimum height of the trees is usually equal to the height of the BSs. b/ Green trees should be planted in land areas left unused and unoccupied land around warehouses and support works. c/ Green trees shall also be planted along the passages from the main traffic roads leading into the BSs. 6. Communications s~·stem: The communications system must satisi)· the requirement of facilitating tlli: operation of assorted vehicles and machinery throughout the process of operating the BSs. 6. 1. Roads leading into the BSs: a/ The roads shall be designed and constructed with grades based on the calculation of vehicle flow, tonnage and speeds according to the road designing nonns set by the Ministry of Communications and Transport; the road surfaces must be wide enough with two lanes for vehicles running at the speed of 60 - 80 km/h, the top dressing must be well made for the intensity of 5 - 7 kg/cm2 and well drained. b/ Being painted ·with separating lines for vehicles, passers•by, rudimenta:ry means; c/ Built with water drainage ditches (for mountainous and midland regions). d/ Houses are not allowed to be constructed along both sides of the roads. e/ The roads are planted with trees on both sides. 6.2. Intra-BS roads: a/ They must be convenient and large enough for smooth operation of vehicles and machine:ry. bl For large and vezy large BSs, there must be solid and semi-solid roads top-dressed with asphalt or concrete. c/ The semi-solid roads, temporarily used as one-way run for vehicles. Vehicles enter for dumping garbage and exit on other roads, through vehicle-cleaning yards, and get out of the BSs through other entrance in order to avoid congestion and reduce dust. d/ Temporazy roads are used for entering vehicles to dump garbage; they must be built with places for easy U turns. 7. Water supply systems: For large and very large BSs, there must be water supply systems in service of daily life of officials, employees and of production. 7 .1. The water supply system may be constructed independently or in conjunction with the common urban water supply system. 7.2. In case of independent water supply system, it is best to use the underground water from the bores and there must be the treating system reaching the standards prescribed for the supply of water for daily life activities. 7.3. Waterforproduction (cleaning vehicles, spraying roads, cleaning yards) are taken from the rain water drainage canals (or biological lakes after the standardized treatment); water supplied for daily life activities shall not be used for cleaning vehicles, yards. Appendix? DIAGRAM OF UNDERGROUND WATER OBSERVATION BORE . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . ' ' ............. ' ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ..... ···.··.·.···@····.·.··.·· . · .. ·.•.·. :·. -·5.·.•.•.·.·.·.·. . . . . . . . . ' . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·g .. . ' . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ' . . . . . . . . ...... . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. • • • • • • ■••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... ' . . . .. , . . . . ..... ~--··· ·······.-- ··.· .............. . . . ' ' ........ . . .. ' . - . . . . . . . ' ... ' . © Protection lid @ Cement platform @ Wedging clay @ Poorly-absorbent soil @ Water-storing layer © Filtering pipe (V Sediment pipe © Proppipe ® Reverse filtering layer