Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 1.1 A Brief Profile of Zimbabwe ...............................................................................................3 1.2. The Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding Principles of Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy ......................................10

SECTION 2: CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ...............................................................................12 2.1 Climate Change from a Global Perspective ....................................................................12 2.2 Climate Change from a Southern African Regional Perspective.....................................14 2.3. Evidence of Climate Change in Zimbabwe over the Years .............................................16

SECTION 3: SECTOR SPECIFIC CHALLENGES, RISkS AND IMPACTS; ADAPTATION, MITIGATION AND OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................18 3.1 Natural Systems ..............................................................................................................18 3.1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution .........................................18 3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ......................................................20 3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF) ........................................22 3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems...............................................................................28 3.2 Economic Sectors ...........................................................................................................31 3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security .............................................................................31 3.2.2 Industry and Commerce ......................................................................................38 3.2.3. Mining..................................................................................................................39 3.2.4 Tourism................................................................................................................40 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xi Table of Contents 3.3 Physical and Social Infra-structure ..................................................................................42 3.3.1. Energy .................................................................................................................42 3.3.2. Transport .............................................................................................................46 3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ......48 3.3.4. Waste Management ............................................................................................50 3.3.5. Health ..................................................................................................................52 3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups...........53 3.3.7 Children and Youth ..............................................................................................54

SECTION 4: STRATEGY ENABLERS.................................................................................................56 4.1 Capacity Building.............................................................................................................56 4.1.1 Capacity Building for Climate Change.................................................................56 4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change ..............................56 4.1.3. Technology transfer .............................................................................................57 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ..............................58 4.2.1. Climate Change Education and Training.............................................................59 4.2.2 Public Awareness-raising and Communication ...................................................60

SECTION 5: CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE ..........................................................................…62 5.1 Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework .............................................62 5.1.1 Climate Change Governance ..............................................................................62 5.1.2 Climate Change Institutional Framework ............................................................63 5.2 Climate Change Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................64 5.3 Framework for Climate Governance ...............................................................................64

SECTION 6: ACTION PLAN, IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORk AND RESOURCE MOBILIzATION...........................................................................................................................66 6.1 Action Plan ......................................................................................................................66 6.2 Resource Mobilization .....................................................................................................66 6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation ...............................................................................................69

ANNEX 1 ACTION PLANS FOR THE CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE STRATEGIES..............70 xii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Zimbabwe and its neighbours. ..............................................................................................3 Figure 2: Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions. .....................................................................................7 Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1850-2010....................................................................................................12 Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from 1880 to 2000. ........................................................13 Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature .................................................15 Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum temperature of 120C and a maximum of 320C during 1950-1990 and national rainfall deviation during 1910-2000. ...................................16 Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for Zimbabwe 1901-2009.................................17 Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29 Figure 9: A comparison of net primary productivity under the current and worst case scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29 Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case scenario for the year 2080 ...................................................................................................35 Figure 11: Key economic trends for Zimbabwe 1980 - 2005 ................................................................38 Figure 12: The long term energy supply and demand projection. .........................................................43 Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity consumption ...........................................................................43 Figure 14: Number of new vehicle registrations per annum between 2000 and 2009 ..........................47 Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework ...........................................................65 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: A summary of past and future climate trends in Zimbabwe...........................................17 Table 3.1: National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013 ..............................................................30 Table 3.2: Production of electricity in Zimbabwe in GWh. ..............................................................42 Table 6.1: Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy. ........................................................67 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xiii Abbreviations AfDB African Development Bank AGRITEX Agricultural Extension Services AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome APINA Air Pollution Information Network for Africa ARC Agricultural Research Council AvGas Aviation Gasoline AWOS Automated Weather Observing System AU African Union BCSDZ Business Council for Sustainable Development Zimbabwe BIOCLAM Bioclimatic CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBOs Community Based Organisations CC Climate Change 0C Degrees Celcius CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDs Compact Disks CH4 Methane CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMIP3 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSAG Climate Systems Analysis Group CSC Cold Storage Commission xiv Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Abbreviations CSOs Civil Society Organizations CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries DDF District Development Fund DFID Department for International Development DNA Designated National Authority DR & SS Department of Research and Specialist Services DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ECZ Engineering Council of Zimbabwe EMA Environmental Management Agency EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FC Forestry Commission G Wh Gigawatt Hour GCMs General Circulation Models GCOS Global Climate Observing Systems GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information Systems GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GSO Global Surface Observations GTS Global Telecommunication System GUAO Global Upper Air Observations GWP Global Water Partnership HAZ Hotel Association of Zimbabwe HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICT Information Communication Technology IDRC International Development Research Centre IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xv Abbreviations IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO International Organization for Standardization Km Kilometres Kw Kilowatts LAPs Local Area Prediction System LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategies LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry MAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development MD Ministry of Defence MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEPD Ministry of Energy and Power Development MEWC Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MHA Ministry of Home Affairs MHCC Ministry of Health and Child Care MHTESTD Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce MICTPCS Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services MJLPA Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs MLGPWNH Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing MLRR Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement MMIBS Ministry of Media, Information and Broadcasting Services MMMD Ministry of Mines and Mining Development MPSE Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education MPSLSW Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification MSAC Ministry of Sports, Arts and Culture MSMECD Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative Development MTHI Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry MTID Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development MTP Medium Term Plan xvi Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Abbreviations MW Megawatts MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development MYIEE Ministry of Youth, Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment N 2O Nitrous Oxide NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride NGOs Non-governmental Organizations NMMZ National Museums and Monument of Zimbabwe NMVOCS Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds NOx Nitrogen Oxides NSSA National Social Security Authority NTT National Task Team O3 Ozone OPC Office of the President and Cabinet OTC Over-the-Counter PFCs Perfluorocarbons PJ Petajoule PPCPs Public–Private-Community Partnerships ppm parts per million PPPs Public-Private Partnerships PSC Public Service Commission RCZ Research Council of Zimbabwe RDCs Rural District Councils REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SADC Southern African Development Community SAZ Standard Association of Zimbabwe SF6 Sulphur Hexfluoride SIRDC Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre SLCPs Short-lived Climate Pollutants SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (Netherlands Development Organization) SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TFCA Trans-frontier Conservation Area UK United Kingdom Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xvii Abbreviations UN United Nations UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization USD United States Dollar VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WACDEP Water, Climate and Development Programme WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organisation WMO World Meteorological Organization WWF World Wide Fund ZCT Zimbabwe Council for Tourism ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Union ZDF Zimbabwe Defence Forces ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority ZIE Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers ZIM ASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation ZIMPARKS Parks and Wildlife Management Authority ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency ZIMSEC Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority ZNCC Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce ZRP Zimbabwe Republic Police ZTA Zimbabwe Tourism Authority xviii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Glossary Acced means assent or agree to a demand, request or treaty. Adaptation is defined by the UNFCCC as “an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities”. There are several kinds of adaptation: anticipatory, reactive, private, public, autonomous and planned. Adaptation measures include prevention, tolerance, sharing of losses, changes in activities or of location and restoration. Adaptive capacity according to the IPCC is “the ability or potential of a system to respond successfully to climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behavior and in resources and technologies”. The presence of adaptive capacity is a necessary condition for the design and implementation of effective adaptation strategies and enables sectors and institutions to take advantage of opportunities or benefits from climate change. Anthropogenic is an effect caused or resulting from human activity. Biofuel is a mixture of volatile, flammable hydro-carbons derived from plant material, animal waste, treated municipal and industrial waste used as fuel. Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by activities of an individual, company, country, etc; usually expressed in equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide. Carbon sequestration is the process of capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. Carbon sink is any process, activity or mechanism whether natural or artificial, that removes carbon- containing chemical compounds such as greenhouse gases, aerosols or precursors of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and stores them for an indefinite period. Clean Development Mechanism is a mechanism funded by developed countries to undertake emission reduction projects in developing countries. It is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol and allows a country with emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under Annex B Party to implement an emission – reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction credits, each equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. Climate change according to the UNFCCC means “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. This differs from the IPCC usage Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xix Glossary where climate change refers to “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or a result of human activity”. Climate change mitigation according to IPCC is “an anthropogenic (human) intervention to reduce sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases”. Climate is a composite measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a region over a long period of time (usually 30 years). Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems and regions. It is a combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. A societal element is said to be at risk when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by the impact of those hazards when they occur. Climate variability is the way climatic parameters fluctuate during a few years to a few decades above or below a long term average-value. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing. Climatic hazard is any event or change in climate, such as a single extreme event that exceeds a critical temperature threshold or a complex combination of changes involving variables and/or resulting in multiple impacts. It is an extreme climatic/weather event causing harm and damage to people, property, infrastructure and land-uses. It includes not only the direct impacts of the climate/weather event itself by also other indirect hazards triggered by that event. A climatic hazard may be slow (like sea level rise) instead of sudden and severe or may be benign in today’s world and become hazardous in a new, different climate regime. Coping strategies are generally short-term actions to ward off immediate risk, rather than to adjust to continuous or permanent threats or changes. In some cases they deplete assets, leading to higher risk for recurring hazards. Coping strategies can thereby undermine the possibility of long-term sustainable adaptation and so it is important to distinguish coping and adapting. Decadal refers to the number ten, a group of ten things or a period of ten consecutive years. Disaster risk management according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disasters. It aims to avoid and lessen or transfer the adverse effects of hazards through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness. Early warming systems are according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction the set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. xx Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Glossary Energy demand management also known as demand side management, is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and education. It is usually used to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends. Global warming is the gradual observed century-scale rise in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature generally attributed to the effect of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which trap heat that would otherwise escape from the earth. Greenhouse effect is a process whereby the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) allow the incoming sunlight to pass through to the earth’s surface but trap and absorb heat radiated back by the surface resulting in the elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of these gases. This effect makes the planet warmer, in the same way a greenhouse keeps its inside temperature warmer. Greenhouse gases are according to the UNFCCC “those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation”. The Kyoto Protocol addresses six anthropogenic greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexfluoride (SF6) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) was added in the second compliance period which began in 2012 and ends in 2017 or 2020. Renewable energy is energy that comes from any naturally occurring and replenishable source such as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, flowing water (hydropower) and geothermal heat. Resilience according to IPCC is “the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization and the capacity to adapt to stress and change”. Simply, it is the ability to survive, recover from and even thrive in changing climatic conditions. It includes the ability to understand the potential impacts and to take appropriate action before, during and after a particular event, such as major flooding or prolonged drought, to minimize negative effects and maintain the ability to respond to changing conditions including unpredictable conditions. Scenario is a sequence of events, course of events, chain of events especially when imagined. It is an account or synopsis of a possible course of action or events, a description of what could possibly happen. Vulnerability according to IPCC is “the degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extremes”. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xxi Section Introduction 1 Climate change is a global issue that should Such a scenario has impacts on Zimbabwe’s concern every individual, group, organization economy which is primarily agro-based with over and nation. Mitigation measures and adaptation 70 per cent of the population living in rural areas strategies are needed for people to and dependant on climate-sensitive livelihoods accommodate the anticipated changes. The such as arable farming and livestock rearing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change among others. Thus the Government of (IPCC) projects that under a business-as-usual Zimbabwe regards climate change as one of the scenario, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, around threats to the country and its people and is also 380 ppm in 2007, will increase to 450 ppm. of the view that climate change has the potential Stabilization at this level will cause an increase to undermine many of the positive developments in temperature of 2°C and any increase in made in meeting the country’s development temperature beyond this point will not sustain life goals. Both climate change and policies to on the planet. Thus climate change presents the minimize its effects have enormous socio- biggest threat facing mankind today. Major economic and environmental implications. The adverse impacts of climate change include challenge for the country is how to develop declining water resources; reduced agricultural adaptation and mitigation strategies that can productivity; spread of vector-borne diseases to reduce the diverse and complex impacts of new areas; changes in populations and climate change. distribution of biodiversity; and turbulent weather Zimbabwe has actively participated in and climatic disasters. international negotiations on climate change Zimbabwe is experiencing more hot and fewer from as far back as 1992. It was among the first cold days than before as a result of climate countries to sign and ratify the United Nations change and variability. The country’s annual Framework Convention on Climate Change mean surface temperature has warmed by about (UNFCCC) in 1992 and also acceded to the 0.40C from 1900 to 2000. The period from 1980 Kyoto Protocol in 2009. Although Zimbabwe is to date has been the warmest since Zimbabwe constrained by its limited ability to put in place started recording its temperature. The timing and appropriate measures in order to respond to amount of rainfall received are becoming climate change requirements because of lack of increasingly uncertain. The last 30 years have human, institutional and financial resources, it shown a trend towards reduced rainfall or heavy has continued through the years to support the rainfall and drought occurring back to back in the United Nations efforts to curb the escalation of same season. The frequency and length of dry greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climate spells during the rainy season have increased change issues are broadly included in while the frequency of rain days has declined. Zimbabwe’s National Environmental Policy and Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1 SECTION 1: Introduction Strategies. This has been done to demonstrate The Government of Zimbabwe started the country’s willingness to contribute to the addressing these policy targets of the MTP preservation of the global climate for the good of through the Climate Change Office in the then present and future generations. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management in 2012 when it initiated a process Zimbabwe has no official long term development aimed at formulating a comprehensive National plan but had a Medium Term Plan (MTP) 2012- Climate Change Response Strategy. 2015 which was operational between 2011 and mid-2013. The MTP recognized that climate The MTP has been superseded by the change poses a significant and complex Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio- challenge to social and economic development. Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) 2013 - It acknowledged that increased frequency and 2018 after the 31 July 2013 harmonized intensity of extreme weather events such as elections. The Zim Asset recognizes that the droughts; reduced precipitation and gradual country is susceptible to perennial drought and increases in temperatures would adversely affect floods caused by climatic changes emanating from global warming. It also notes that the key natural resource based climate sensitive climatic changes affect the country’s agro-based sectors of the economy, particularly, agriculture, economy whose livelihoods largely depend on energy, forestry, water and tourism which rain-fed agriculture, livestock production and contribute significantly to the country’s Gross natural resources. Domestic Product (GDP). It also highlighted that the development choices that the country would The new government has created the Ministry of make under the MTP, particularly in the energy Environment, Water and Climate in recognition sector, might contribute to increased emission of of the importance of climate and climate change. GHGs thereby contributing to climate change. It The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate therefore called for climate-smart policies that falls under the Food Security and Nutrition placed climate change concerns at the centre of Cluster in the Zim Asset and some of the cluster development strategies, plans and programmes outputs include strengthening and implementing in all sectors of the economy. This would ensure the climate and disaster management policy; the sustainability of strategies for social and promoting conservation agriculture; rehabilitating economic development as well as their irrigation; promoting drought, high yielding and compatibility with international best practices on heat tolerant varieties; promoting biofuels and climate change adaptation and mitigation. renewable energy; all of which address climate change. The MTP’s policy objective was to promote Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy climate change mitigation and adaptation mainstreams climate change through a sectorial strategies in social and economic development approach to ensure that each sector implements at national and sectoral level. Its three policy mitigation and adaptation actions. Each sector targets were the development of a National will therefore be able to direct its project Climate Change Strategy; a Climate Change proposals to the appropriate funding mechanism. Policy and a National Action Plan for Adaptation The Response Strategy is divided into six and Mitigation. It also aimed to increase the sections. These include an introductory section integration of adaptation and mitigation which comprises a brief profile of Zimbabwe and strategies in economic and development the Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding Principles of the National activities and policies at national and sectoral Climate Change Response Strategy (Section 1). level. 2 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 1: Introduction This is followed by a synopsis of climate change 1.1 A Brief Profile of zimbabwe across scales from global, regional, national to local level (Section 2); sector specific challenges, risks, opportunities and impacts as well as Geographical Location and relevant adaptation and mitigation measures Characteristics (Section 3); strategy enablers such as capacity building; technology transfer; climate change Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern education, communication and awareness Africa, lying between latitudes 15° and 23° South (Section 4); climate change governance (Section of the Equator and longitudes 25° and 34° East 5); and finally a section on Action Plans, of the Greenwich Meridian (See Figure 1). Its Implementation Framework and Resource area is 390,757 square kilometres. The country Mobilization (Section 6). is bordered by Mozambique to the East, South Africa to the South, Botswana to the West and The National Climate Change Response Zambia to the North and North-west. The Strategy provides a framework for a compre- Zambezi River to the north and the Limpopo hensive and strategic approach on aspects of River to the south, form Zimbabwe’s borders with adaptation, mitigation, technology, financing, Zambia and South Africa, respectively. public education and awareness. It will help to inform Government on how to strengthen the Most of the country is elevated in the central climate and disaster management policies. plateau (Highveldt) stretching from the southwest Figure 1: zimbabwe and its neighbours. Source: www.nationsonline.org (accessed 12-10-2012_12:12hrs) Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3 SECTION 1: Introduction to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and minerals, and surface and ground water. Its 1,600 m. The watershed is 650 kilometres long forestry resources cover approximately 66 per and 80 kilometres wide. The country's east is cent of the total land area. mountainous with Mount Nyangani as the highest point in the country at 2,592 m. About 20 Almost 15 per cent of Zimbabwe is under some per cent of the country consists of the Lowveldt form of statutory protection within the Parks and below 900 m, with the Zambezi and Limpopo Wild Life Estate or State Land. Indigenous river valleys found in the north and south, forests and woodlands include the Miombo respectively, having the lowest altitude of around floristic element comprising the following 500 m above sea level. Figure 1 shows woodland types: Miombo, teak, mopane, Acacia, Zimbabwe and its current administrative Terminalia and Combretum. The Afromontane divisions, major towns including the capital city element is localized in the Eastern Highlands Harare, infrastructural development as well as its mainly on the windward side of the mountains neighbours. with the Cape Floristic element occurring on the Nyanga Mountains. Zimbabwe has a sub-tropical climate with four seasons: cool dry season from mid-May to Zimbabwe has 20 million mega litres of total August; hot dry season from September to mid- annual renewable available freshwater. The November; the main rainy season running from water is largely replenished through rainfall and mid-November to mid-March; and the post rainy then runoff into rivers, streams, lakes and season from mid-March to mid-May. The mean reservoirs, aquifers and freshwater aquatic monthly temperature varies from 150C in July to systems such as wetlands. The country relies on 240C in November whereas the mean annual surface water resources for 90 per cent of its temperature varies from 180C on the Highveldt requirements while groundwater supplies the to 230C in the Lowveldt. The lowest minimum remaining 10 per cent. The estimated temperatures (70C) are recorded in June or July groundwater resources available for exploitation and the highest maximum temperatures (290C) in Zimbabwe are 8 million mega litres. There are in October, or if the rains are delayed, in seven river catchments in the country, namely November. The climate is moderated by the Manyame, Mazowe, Gwayi, Runde, Sanyati, altitude with the Eastern Highlands enjoying Save and Mzingwane. cooler temperature compared to the low lying Zimbabwe has the second largest number of areas of the Lowveldt. dams in the Southern African Development Zimbabwe is generally a semi-arid country with Community (SADC) region after South Africa. low annual rainfall reliability. The average annual The country has almost 40 medium to large rainfall is 650 mm but geographically it ranges dams and lakes including Lake Kariba as well as from around 350 to 450 mm per year in the about 10,200 small dams. Zimbabwe is a dry Southern Lowveldt to above 1,000 mm per year country with limited wetlands. in the Eastern Highlands. The rainfall pattern of Agriculture uses most of Zimbabwe’s water, 81 Zimbabwe is variable with years below and per cent for irrigation, fish farming and livestock above normal rainfall. watering. The urban, industrial and institutional sector uses 15 per cent of available water, while Environment and Natural Resources mining accounts for 2 per cent of the water. In Zimbabwe has abundant natural resources that 2001, about 152,000 hectares of land were include wilderness, arable land, forests, wildlife under formal irrigation with a total of 5,000 to 4 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 1: Introduction 20,000 under informal irrigation. There is a 13,061,239 people as of August 2012. Of these, further 600,000 hectares of land nationwide that 41 per cent were children below the age of 15 can be made available for irrigation development. years while four per cent were the elderly above the age of 65 years. This means that Zimbabwe’s Zimbabwe faces various natural hazards. These population still has the potential to grow even include frequent and recurrent droughts on one though its annual growth rate has declined in extreme and some flooding especially in the recent years, with a 2002-2012 inter-censal lower Zambezi Valley on the other extreme. population growth rate of 1.1 per cent. With such Severe storms, though rare, also affect the a growth rate, the population will double in about country with devastating impacts on the 70 years. population. The life expectancy at birth for Zimbabweans is Current environmental problems include 58 years. The total fertility rate is 3.8 children per deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation as woman which is one of the lowest in Sub- well as air and water pollution. Poor mining Saharan Africa. The average household size is practices have led to toxic waste and heavy 4.2 persons with 65 per cent of these households metal pollution especially in the more arid parts being male headed. Thirty three (33) per cent of of the country. The growth of the urban the population live in urban areas and the inter- populations has also led to pollution of water censal urbanization rate was about 2 per cent sources. per annum. Zimbabwe, through the Ministry responsible for Poverty remains high in Zimbabwe, and is Environment launched the National estimated to be around 63 per cent for Total Environmental Policy and Strategies in 2009 Consumption Poverty and 16 per cent for Food that compliments the Environmental Poverty for households according to the Poverty Management Act [Chapter 20:27], and other Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey legislation pertaining to environmental protection, 2011/12 Report. It is more widespread in the monitoring and sustainable management. rural areas at about 76 per cent, although small Zimbabwe is a signatory to the following pockets (about 6 per cent) of deep poverty also multilateral environmental agreements, among occur for households in urban areas. Poverty in others: the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Zimbabwe has many causes, including weak Deplete the Ozone Layer; United Nations macro-economic performance and high and Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD); rising levels of unemployment, which leave most the United Nations Convention on Biological people dependent on subsistence agriculture in Diversity (UNCBD) and its Cartagena Protocol climatically marginal areas. on Biosafety; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora The major health issues in Zimbabwe relate to (CITES) and the United Nations Convention on child mortality, maternal health and the top four the Law of the Sea, in addition to the UNFCCC killer diseases, the human immunodeficiency and its Kyoto Protocol. virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, malaria, tuberculosis Demographics and Human Well-being and diarrheal diseases. Though the adult According to the Zimbabwe National Statistical prevalence rates for HIV and AIDS fell during the Agency (ZIMSTAT) Census Report published in period 2000-2012 (from an estimated 34 per cent 2013, Zimbabwe had a total population of in 2000 to13.7 per cent in 2009; according to the Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 5 SECTION 1: Introduction Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011); 1.2 Since the introduction of multi-currencies in million people live with HIV. In addition, the 2009, the GDP per capita grew from US$520 per number of orphans is estimated at about one person in 2009 to US$693 per person in 2011. million and vulnerable children have also The introduction of the multi-currencies also increased as parents were lost. brought the rate of inflation to a halt in January 2009 after it had reached an all-time high of 231 Zimbabwe achieved near universal primary education for all in the 1980s which laid a million per cent in July 2008. Inflation in foundation towards the fulfillment of the Zimbabwe has been hovering between 3 and 4 Millennium Development Goal 2. This was per cent from January 2010 to December 2012. achieved through massive expansion of primary The year on year rate of inflation as at December and secondary education facilities throughout the 2012 stood at 2.9 per cent. country. The Zimbabwe Demographic Health Zimbabwe has an estimated potential labour Survey 2010-2011 found that the overall literacy force of 7,661,295 million adults aged 15 years rate for women was 94 per cent whereas that of and above. However, the economically active men was 96 per cent. By 2011 Zimbabwe had population was estimated as 5,120,540 million the highest literacy rate in Africa. The national by the national census of 2012. Of this number, census of 2012 put the national literacy rate at 66 per cent are employed in agriculture, 24 per 96 per cent. cent in services and about 10 per cent in Economic Sectors industry. The unemployment rate increased from 6 per cent in 1999 to 9 per cent in 2002 and was Economy and labour force: Zimbabwe has a 57 per cent for women and 31 per cent for men fairly diversified economy based on agriculture, by 2010-2011 when the ZIMSTAT carried out the mining, manufacturing, commerce, forestry, and last Demographic and Health Survey. The tourism, among others. Over the period 1980- percentage varies with the definition of 1999 the GDP measured in real terms, grew at employment and whether those in the informal an average rate of 3.8 per cent per year. sector are defined as being employed. The 2012 However, the economy faced severe challenges national census using the broad definition of during the period 2000-2008 with the annual real GDP growth suffering declines averaging 5.3 per employment put the unemployment rate at 11.1 cent between 2003 and 2008. The country per cent of the economically active labour force. witnessed an unprecedented decline in GDP per Agriculture: Zimbabwe has an agricultural capita to levels as low as USD300. According to based economy with the sector contributing the Zim-Asset, Zimbabwe’s economy has been about 15 per cent each year to the GDP. on a recovery path since 2009, registering Agriculture provides about 60 per cent of the total growth, with a real GDP growth rate of 5.4 per employment and also supplies raw materials to cent in 2009, 11.4 per cent in 2010 and reaching industry. Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector is a peak of 11.9 per cent in 2011. However, the divided into four major sub-sectors namely; large recovery remained fragile as the growth declined scale commercial farms, small scale commercial from 11.9 per cent in 2011 to 10.6 per cent in farms, communal and resettlement areas. The 2012 and 3.4 per cent in 2013. agrarian structure has changed with the recent The Nominal GDP was estimated at USD8.9 land reform in Zimbabwe with 99 per cent of the billion in 2011 and at USD7.4 billion in real terms. farmers now being smallholder farmers. Of these 6 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 1: Introduction 81 per cent are communal farmers, 18.7 per cent Industry: Industry comprising the construction, resettled farmers and 0.1 per cent large scale manufacturing, processing and secondary farmers. production sectors, is a key contributor to economic development in Zimbabwe. It The country is divided into five natural regions on contributes 14 per cent of GDP. The industry the basis of soil type, rainfall, temperature and sector used to be mainly formal; however, the other climatic factors (Figure 2). These regions introduction of the Economic Structural also represent the agricultural potential for the Adjustment Programme in the 1990s and the production of crops and livestock. The country resulting opening up of the economy and produces a variety of crops in its different agro- retrenchment of employees, induced growth of ecological zones which include staple crops such the informal sector. Indeed, according to the as maize, sorghum, mhunga (pearl millet), 2012 national census the formal sector now has rapoko (finger millet), oilseeds (sunflower, about 1.5 million employees compared to 2.5 million in the informal sector. groundnuts and soya beans) and industrial crops which include tobacco, cotton, edible dry beans The manufacturing sector is diversified and well and paprika. The country rears a variety of integrated with the rest of the Zimbabwean livestock that include cattle, sheep, pigs and economy and has strong linkages with goats. There is also a thriving wild life industry agriculture, mining, construction and commerce. represented by national parks and Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector is well known conservancies. for the diversity of its products. The industries Figure 2: zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions. Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (accessed 07-11-2012) Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 7 SECTION 1: Introduction include food processing, metals, leather and compared to the 1990s. A negative balance of leather products, wood and furniture, clothing trade has been experienced since 2002; and textiles, chemicals, paper and plastics, however, export earnings were projected to grow among others. Most of these manufacturing by at least 10 per cent from around US$4.3 industries make use of the agricultural and billion in 2011 to US$4.7 billion in 2012 as a mining outputs as their raw materials. result of the gradual economic recovery since 2009. This is underpinned by favourable The manufacturing sector at its peak, contributed international commodity prices and improved 23 per cent to GDP. However, since 2006 the output of export commodities from the sector recorded declines in output and is agriculture, mining and manufacturing sectors. estimated to have declined by 73.3 per cent in 2008. According to the Zim Asset the average The import bill was projected to marginally capacity utilization was 57 per cent in 2011 and increase from around US$5.6 billion in 2011 to 44 per cent in 2012. The Industrial Development US$5.7 billion in 2012 with food imports Policy (2012-2016) aims to institute measures to expected to decline while non-food imports were raise capacity utilization to above 90 per cent by projected to increase. 2016. The services industry is also a very important sector that has contributed to the South Africa remains Zimbabwe’s single largest country’s GDP. trading partner accounting for at least 40 per cent of total exports and 60 per cent of total imports. Mining: The mining sector accounts for about 44 Traditionally, the European Union (EU) used to per cent of Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per cent be the major export destination for Zimbabwe of foreign exchange earnings and 5 per cent accounting for two-thirds of total exports. China formal employment. Zimbabwe has more than is the third most important market for Zimbabwe 1,000 mines producing about 35 minerals the after South Africa and the EU, with around 7 per main ones being gold, platinum, gold, nickel, chrome, iron ore, copper, coal, cobalt, tin, cent share of Zimbabwe’s total exports. granite, chrysotile asbestos, lithium and more Zimbabwe launched its National Trade Policy recently diamonds. The country is among the (2012-2016) in 2012 whose main objectives are low-cost producers of minerals because of abundant shallow deposits. to increase exports and promote the diversification of the country’s export basket with Similar to other sectors, mining suffered declines an ultimate target of increasing the export during 2000-2008, but there has been earnings by at least 10 per cent annually from resurgence in the sector with increasing US$4.3 billion in 2011 to US$7 billion in 2016; production in gold, coal and platinum and the promote enhanced value-addition of primary discovery of new minerals such as diamonds. commodities in all sectors; consolidate and Whereas the agricultural and manufacturing expand existing markets and explore new sectors have been the main contributors to markets, with the main focus being to expand export earnings, these have been overtaken into regional markets; enhance trade facilitation lately by the mining sector, which now accounts for about 50 per cent of the country’s total in order to expedite trade flows by reducing exports. and/or eliminating barriers to trade; give guidance to trade policy instruments such as Trade: Zimbabwe’s trade performance declined tariffs, non-tariff measures and trade defense both in volume and value during 2008-2010 mechanisms with the aim of promoting trade, 8 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 1: Introduction protecting local industry from unfair trade over the last 10 years. Other forms of transport practices, as well as improving access by are air, and boats which are used in the man- consumers to a wide range of goods and made dams of the country. The transport sector services. contributes about 7 per cent to GDP. Energy: The main sources of energy used in Zimbabwe has several radio stations as well as Zimbabwe are electricity (from coal-fired stations, fixed and mobile telephones services. The latter hydro-electricity and solar energy), petroleum is the fastest growing sector in the products (including kerosene/paraffin), propane communication industry with more than 9 million gas and fuel wood. Zimbabwe has coal reserves subscribers in 2011. to meet ten times its electricity and petroleum Tourism: Tourism is the fourth leading foreign needs for the next 100 years; hydro-power which if fully developed can meet the country’s needs; exchange earner in Zimbabwe contributing about abundant coal-bed methane gas deposits as well 10 per cent to the country’s GDP which rises to as uranium deposits. Most of the electricity is 16.3 per cent when other key supply chain used in urban areas. activities are considered. Real growth, in terms of services has occurred in the tourism industry Fuel wood is the most commonly used fuel for since 2009, with the number of arrivals rising over 90 per cent households in rural areas. from year to year. Charcoal is not widely used in the country. The national fuel wood consumption is estimated at The country is richly endowed with a variety of around 9.4 million tonnes per year. The African tourist attractions. It has one of the Seven Development Bank estimated a sustainable yield Wonders of the World, the Victoria Falls, which of 13 million tonnes per year in 2004. is a World Heritage Site. The scenic eastern highlands are dominated by mountains, Energy demand is growing gradually, by over 2 waterfalls and forests. The country has a variety per cent annually. Local supply does not meet of national parks and trans-frontier parks with demand. The shortfall is made up with imports of over 100 large mammal species which include electricity from Zambia, Mozambique and South the big five; elephant, rhinoceros, leopard, lion Africa. However, with the rising demand of and buffalo. The country is proud of both its electricity regionally, Zimbabwe has been tangible and intangible heritage; the former working on expansion projects of the existing consisting of historic structures such as the Great plants and also initiating new hydro-power Zimbabwe and Khami Ruins both of which are generation projects particularly on the major World Heritage Sites. rivers that border the country. Further development of solar power and bioenergy are Political and Decision Making Structures: also being pursued. Zimbabwe is a Sovereign State with a Transport and Communication: Zimbabwe’s democratically elected Executive President who transport sector is dominated by road transport is both head of State and Government. The with 88,133 kilometres of road overall, of which Zimbabwe legal system is based on Roman 17,420 kilometres are paved. There are 2,400 Dutch Law. A new constitution was adopted in km of rail track. There has been a steady May 2013 to replace the Lancaster House increase in the registered vehicle population in Constitution of 1979. Harmonized elections are the country with the number of vehicles doubling held every five years. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 9 SECTION 1: Introduction 1.2 The Vision, Mission, Goal, f) Develop Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Strategic Objectives, Pillars Actions (NAMAs) as a step towards low and Guiding Principles of carbon development strategies for Zimbabwe. zimbabwe’s Climate Change g) Address climate change through evidence- Response Strategy based research, technology development and transfer. 1.2.1 Vision h) Promote and protect health under a changing To create a climate change resilient nation. climate. ii) Develop an effective climate change communication information management and 1.2.2 Mission communication system that facilitates access To ensure sustainable development and a by all stakeholder groups. climate proofed economy through engaging all j) Strengthen and mainstream climate change in stakeholders recognizing the vulnerable nature all education curricula. of Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society. k) Mainstream gender, children and youth, people living with HIV and AIDS and other vulnerable groups into all climate change 1.2.3 Goal interventions. To mainstream climate change adaptation and l) Develop and maintain an appropriate climate mitigation strategies in economic and social governance framework and institutional development at national and sectoral levels mechanisms aimed at coordinating climate through multi-stakeholder engagement. change responses. 1.2.4 Strategic Objectives 1.2.5 Pillars a) Mainstream climate change in all the key Pillar 1: sectors of the economy. Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management. b) Promote resource use efficiency and less carbon intense pathways in all economic Pillar 2: activities and develop a climate change resilient energy infrastructure that is not Mitigation and low carbon development carbon intense. strategies (LCDS) c) Develop climate proofed and environmentally sustainable transport systems that are less Pillar 3: carbon intense. Capacity to effect: d) Promote sustainable development, l Adaptation and mitigation. management and utilization of water resources l Climate change communication. under changing climatic conditions. l Education and raising awareness. e) Promote sustainable land-use systems that l Research and development. enhance agricultural production, ensure food l Appropriate institutions to address climate security and maintain ecosystem integrity. change issues. 10 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 1: Introduction Pillar 4: 1.2.6 Guiding Principles Governance framework: a) Demand driven by national aspirations. l Institutions. b) Country-driven and predicated on national l Networks. development priorities. l Negotiations. c) Aligned with national laws, international obligations and commitments. Pillar 5: d) Mainstream climate change into policy and Finance and Investment. legal framework as well as development l Partnerships. planning. l International Financing. e) Mainstream sustainable development. f) Participation and engagement of all stakeholders. Pillar 6: Technology development and transfer, including g) Response which is knowledge and evidence infrastructure. based that incorporates indigenous knowledge systems, culture and science. Pillar 7: h) Access to information. Communication and advocacy: i) Precautionary principle. Information management and dissemination. j) Mainstream the rights based approach. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 11 Section Climate and Climate Change 2 2.1 Climate Change from a atmospheric concentration of these gases. Global Perspective Global atmospheric concentrations of the GHGs have increased since 1750, rising by 70 per cent between 1970 and 2004. The annual emissions The earth’s climate system has demonstrably of carbon dioxide grew by about 80 per cent over changed at both global and regional scales since the same period (Figure 3). Continued GHG the pre-industrial era, with some of these emissions at or above current rates would cause changes attributable to human activities which further warming and induce many changes in the have increased the atmospheric concentrations global climate system during the 21st century that of greenhouse gases and aerosols. The would very likely be larger than those observed atmospheric concentrations of key anthro- during the 20th century. pogenic greenhouse gases [i.e., carbon dioxide Global increase in CO2 concentrations is (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and primarily a result of fossil fuel use, with land use- tropospheric ozone (O3)] reached their highest change providing another significant but smaller recorded levels in the 1990s, primarily due to the contribution. The observed increase in CH4 combustion of fossil fuels, agriculture, and land- concentration is predominantly caused by use changes. agriculture and fossil fuel use; whereas the The increase in GHGs is a process that increase in N2O concentration comes primarily continues today, leading to an ever increasing from agriculture and transport. Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1850-2010. Adopted from Global Environment Outlook, 2012. 12 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change The IPCC has published four assessment systems are enormous, it becomes important to reports that progressively identify human estimate the possible range of future climates we activities as the driving force behind present and may experience over the next one hundred future global climate change. Its conclusion is years. This is determined using computer models that: “warming of the climate system is and scenarios. General circulation models are unequivocal, as it is now evident from dynamic computer models of the atmosphere observations of increases in global average air and oceans that have been used to estimate and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of climate change attributed to a doubling of CO 2 snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.” and to transient increases in GHGs There is new and stronger evidence that most of concentrations. Currently these models are the the warming observed over the last 50 years is only methods that permit prediction of future attributable to human activities. climate change. Generally, these models agree on the importance of GHGs, especially CO2, in According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007), the period 1995-2006 ranks driving global warming and climate change. among the warmest years in the instrumental Global warming is inducing instabilities in the record of global surface temperature since 1850 Earth’s climate, which are already known to have (Figure 4), with the final decade of the twentieth many harmful effects. What is not yet known is century being regarded as the warmest in the how serious the situation could become. The past millennium. possibilities range from bad and costly to fix (such as saving many valuable coastal areas Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from from flooding and fighting new and more 1880 to 2000. Source: IPCC 2007. pervasive diseases) to the much less probable but potentially catastrophic effects of a sudden, significant climate shift that would be difficult to reverse. Altered frequencies and intensities of extreme weather, together with sea level rise, are expected to have most adverse effects on natural and human systems. Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries because of the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks, even if GHG concentrations were to be stabilized. Anthropogenic warming could lead to some Modelling results from research centres in impacts that are abrupt or irreversible, depending Europe, America and Japan agree that the upon the rate and magnitude of the climate period 1997 to 2011 were the warmest years on change. Although the exact extent of harm from record with 1998 and 2010 being the hottest. global warming may be difficult to predict now, it These findings add weight to the common can be said with confidence that the harmful conclusion that in spite of short-term spatial and effects of global warming on climate will temporal variability, the clear long-term trend is one of global warming. significantly outweigh the possible benefits. An important consequence of climate change is that Given that the potential consequences of a the future climate will be less familiar, more rapidly warming climate for natural and human uncertain and, possibly, more extreme. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 13 SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change In order to deal with this phenomenon, the Decadal climate predictions will be highly international community adopted the UNFCCC experimental until a much better understanding in 1992 that aims to stabilize concentrations of of the physical mechanisms of decadal climate GHGs at a level that would prevent any variability has been developed. Model dangerous interference with the climate system development and improvement efforts and the and to bring down GHGs emissions in 2000 to study of the climate system with expanded the 1990 emission level. The international ocean, land, atmosphere and ice observational community also adopted the Kyoto Protocol; to networks are needed to achieve these define legally binding targets in emission objectives. reduction for UNFCCC for developed countries The warming trend observed in southern Africa listed in Annex 1 in order to halt and reverse the over the last few decades is consistent with the upward trends in GHG emissions. global trend of temperature rise in the 1970s, The international committee recently met to 1980s and 1990s and the timing of periods of review progress at the Rio+20 conference and most rapid warming has also been similar. The had a declaration that emphasized adaptation to six warmest years have occurred since 1980, climate change as an urgent global priority that with the period 1986-1995 being the warmest and driest. The temperatures in the southern must feature high on any agenda and that the African region have risen by 0.50C over the past global nature of climate change requires all 100 years and are further expected to increase countries to cooperate and participate in the at a rate of 0.050C per decade. international action to fast-track reduction in GHG emissions. According to the 4th IPCC Assessment Report, there is already evidence that Africa is warming faster than the global average, and this is likely to continue. The warming occurs all year-round. 2.2 Climate Change from a By 2100, temperature changes will fall into Southern African Regional ranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8°C increase in Perspective mean surface temperature compared to 1990. This warming will be greatest over the interior of Significant progress has been made in the IPCC semi-arid margins of the Sahara and central Fourth Assessment Report (2007) in many southern Africa. aspects of the knowledge required to understand climate change. However, there remain There is strong evidence, based on analysis of minimum and maximum temperature trends that important areas where further work is required, the region is getting warmer. The trends are in particular, the understanding and prediction of displayed as departures (or anomalies) from the regional changes in climate and climate 1961-1990 average. After the mid-1970s, these extremes; and the quantification of climate anomalies are almost all positive; approximately change impacts at the regional and local levels. 0.8 °C above the 1961-1990 average over the Modellers in the region, particularly in South last two decades. These anomalies are also Africa, are trying to address the prediction for larger in more recent years, suggesting that the time scales between that for weather forecasts rates of increase in minimum and maximum (typically seven days ahead) and seasonal temperatures are increasing. This is consistent forecasts, and between seasonal forecasts and with detected increases in global annual surface multi-decadal climate change projections. air temperatures. 14 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change Regional scenarios for future climate change climate for many years. These alternating over southern Africa based on general circulation patterns of above-normal/below-normal rainfall models project temperature increases of periods clearly illustrate the rainfall cycles between 1 and 3° over most land areas by prevalent in southern Africa. approximately 2060 (Figure 5). Many impacts of climate change will be Predicted increases are greatest towards the arid experienced through the changes in extreme regions in the southwest of the African landmass, events such as droughts, floods and storms. which are also the regions which are suggested Already extreme wet and dry years have been to receive the largest decreases in average recorded, which resulted in floods and droughts. rainfall in the future. Temperatures are also In 1999-2000, for example, tropical cyclone Eline expected to rise more during the dry season of caused widespread flooding in southern and June to November than during the wetter central Mozambique, south-eastern Zimbabwe December to May season. and parts of South Africa and Botswana. In 1982- Changes in rainfall are harder to detect because 1983, 1986-87 and 1991-92 serious droughts rainfall varies so much from place to place and were experienced that caused a decrease in from year to year across southern Africa. Existing crop and livestock production in many parts of evidence for rainfall trends suggests moderate the region. decreases in annual rainfall over parts of Unfortunately, assessments of climate change southern Africa. There is also evidence which are often limited to mean temperature and shows that inter-annual rainfall variability over precipitation. Knowledge of changes in extremes southern Africa has increased since the late is sparse, particularly for southern Africa. Results 1960s and that droughts have become more of analysis of extreme events using the best intense and widespread in the region. The climate models from the IPCC Fourth pattern of anomalies demonstrates that year-to- year rainfall variability is high across the region, Assessment Report show that different models and has been a persistent feature of the region’s project different trends in wet and dry extremes Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature in Scenario 1. Shown are the anomalies from the 1961-1990 mean. Full (dashed) lines denote 30-year Unit: 0C periods that are (not) significantly different from the control period. Source: Katarina et al., 2006. DIF DIF MAM MAM JJA JJA SCN SCN Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 15 SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change in some regions. Generally the results show an mean temperature increasing by about 0.40C increasing intensity of both floods and droughts. since 1900. The 1990s decade has been the warmest during the last century. This warming Area averaged rainfall series for north-east has been greatest during the dry season. Day- South Africa, Zimbabwe, western Mozambique time temperatures have warmed more than and southern Malawi and Zambia show that night-time temperatures during the wet season. multi-decadal rainfall oscillations have occurred There has been an increase in both the minimum during the 20th century. The models generally and maximum temperatures over Zimbabwe show a drying trend for much of the 21st century, represented by a decrease in the number of days although decade-to-decade rainfall fluctuations with a minimum temperature of 120C and a in the simulations are evident early in the century. maximum of 300C (Figure 6). The simulated annual cycles in a warmer climate show a one month delay of the rainfall onset and Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum no shift in rainfall cessation months, thus temperature of 120C and a maximum of implying shorter rainy seasons. This delayed 300C during 1950-1990 and national seasonal rainfall onset is predicted even in the rainfall deviation during 1910-2000. northern parts of southern Africa. Extremely low rainfall (defined as the intensity of events occurring once every ten years) is predicted to become less extreme over central South Africa and Lesotho, increasing by about 50 per cent around 2100. Most models simulate an increase of the extreme dry events over the Kalahari by up to 30 per cent. Such conditions are favourable for a further eastward encroachment of the Kalahari Desert. The models are unable to simulate tropical cyclones/storms, which are one of the main sources of torrential rains and flooding (www.knmi.nl/africa_scenarios). Global climate for much of the year 2011 was heavily influenced by one of the strongest La Nina events in history and was closely associated with many notable extreme regional events including drought in east Africa and flooding in southern Africa. Future scenarios have predicted increases in global-mean temperature of between 1.30 and 4.60C by 2100, representing global warming rates of between 0.10 and 0.40C per decade. 2.3 Evidence of Climate Change in zimbabwe Over the Years Zimbabwe's continental interior location means that it is predicted to warm more rapidly in the future than the global average. Zimbabwe has experienced a warming trend towards the end of the twentieth century There has been an overall decline of nearly 5 per compared to the beginning, with the annual- cent in rainfall across Zimbabwe during the 20th 16 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change century with the early 1990s witnessing probably This decrease is predicted to occur in all the driest period in the past century (Figures 6, seasons, but is more conclusive for the early and 7). There have also been substantial periods, for late rains than for the main rainy season months example, the 1920s, 1950s, 1970s that have of December to February. By the 2080s, annual been much wetter than average. rainfall averages are projected to be between 5 per cent and 18 per cent less than the 1961-1990 Model experiments suggest that annual rainfall average. Table 1 summarizes the past and future will decrease across Zimbabwe in the future. climate trends in Zimbabwe. Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for zimbabwe 1901-2009. Courtesy of the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services. Table 2.1. A summary of past and future climate trends in zimbabwe Climate feature key messages Source Past climate variability High variability, frequent drought years Historical rainfall records and occasional flood events Past climate trends Increasing temperatures Historical temperature and rainfall (~0.1°C/decade) records No conclusive changes in precipitation Future climate trends Increasing temperatures of around World Climate Research Programme’s 2.5°C by 2050 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) Global Possible decrease in rainfall particularly Climate Model Multi-model Projections during the rainy season onset (Sep- and Climate Systems Analysis Group Nov) (CSAG), University of Cape Town finer scale projections Adapted from the Department for International Development, UK, Support to the Strategic Programme Review for Climate Change, Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 17 Section 3 Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Climate change adaptation is of great importance energy, especially for domestic cooking and to Zimbabwe and other countries that are heating; and open burning including vegetation experiencing the effects of this phenomenon. fires and waste burning. These are drivers of Zimbabwe’s contribution to GHG emissions is emissions of substances into the atmosphere. very insignificant, yet the country has suffered the brunt of climate change in recent years Among these emissions are short-lived climate especially through the increased frequency of pollutants (SLCPs), the major ones being droughts, floods and epidemics. These make methane, black carbon and tropospheric ozone climate change adaptation a necessity for that are responsible for a substantial fraction of Zimbabweans. climate change and have detrimental health and environmental impacts. Black carbon exists as However, while the country’s focus is mainly on particles in the atmosphere and is a major adaptation to climate change, this does not make component of soot. It has significant human mitigation irrelevant. Various activities are being health and climate impacts. Black carbon is not implemented to reduce the amounts of GHGs a GHG but it warms the atmosphere by emitted, and to promote a green economy. intercepting sunlight and absorbing it. It absorbs Whereas the definition of ‘green economy’ is visible light and this absorption leads to a widely contested, it generally implies an disturbance of the planetary radiation balance economy that results in “improved human well- and eventually to warming. Black carbon can being and social equity, while significantly also influence cloud formation and precipitation reducing environmental risks and ecological patterns. It results from the incomplete scarcities”. The following issues are identified as combustion of fossil fuels, wood and other pertinent for the development of Zimbabwe’s biomass. Black carbon is emitted from many Climate Change Response Strategy. common sources found in Zimbabwe, such as cars and trucks; biomass stoves, forest fires and some industrial facilities. 3.1 Natural Systems Ozone is a reactive gas that exists in two layers of the atmosphere with the stratospheric (upper 3.1.1 Climate Change Issues layer) being considered beneficial as it protects Associated with Air Pollution life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet The main causes of change in atmospheric radiation. By contrast the tropospheric ozone composition in Zimbabwe are urbanization; (ground level to about 15 km) is an air pollutant motorization; economic activity and power harmful to human health and ecosystems, and is generation using fossil fuels; use of biomass for a major component of urban smog. In Zimbabwe 18 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities there is increasing evidence of deteriorating air Short-lived climate pollutants have a relatively quality in the main cities, particularly over the dry short atmospheric lifetime; their concentrations winter months when thermal inversions prevail, decline fairly quickly in the atmosphere if their trapping particulate pollutant gases, and causing precursor emissions are drawn down. Hence smog. Tropospheric ozone is a significant GHG reducing methane and black carbon emissions and is the third most important contributor to the can be an effective way to slow global warming anthropogenic enhancement of global warming over the next two to four decades. With the CO2 after CO2 and CH4. measures alone it is likely that global warming will exceed 20C before 2050. Fast action to Tropospheric ozone is formed by the action of reduce short-lived climate pollutants especially sunlight on ozone precursors that have natural methane and black carbon, has the potential to and anthropogenic sources. These are CH4, slow down the warming expected by 2050 by as nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic much as 0.5 0C. The combination of CO2, CH4, compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO). Studies by the Air Pollution Information Network and black carbon measures can be projected to for Africa (APINA) showed that CO constituted hold the temperature increase below 20C until 74 per cent of Zimbabwe’s total emissions using 2070 if the measures to reduce emissions of the 2000 as the base year and was mostly from SLCPs are fully implemented. Because they savannah burning and vegetation and forest have a short atmospheric lifetime, the removal of fires. The other pollutants such as NOx short-lived climate pollutants also has a relatively contributed about five per cent. Methane small effect on long term global warming. Hence emissions were not included in the emissions while reducing short-lived climate pollutants inventory but were reported under Zimbabwe’s helps to slow global warming and avoiding First and Second National Communications to exceeding the 20C target; immediate reductions the UNFCCC. Reductions in both CH4 and CO of CO2 and other long-lived GHGs are needed emissions have the potential to substantially to meet the target over the long term. reduce ozone concentrations and reduce global warming. In contrast, reducing VOCs has a small A small number of emission reduction measures impact on the global scale while reducing NOx targeting black carbon and ozone precursors has minimal net impact on climate but reducing could begin to immediately protect the climate, both substances can have a beneficial effect on protect human health and crop yields. These peak ozone concentrations in cities and include the recovery of methane from coal, oil associated rural areas. and gas extraction and transport; methane capture in waste management; use of clean- The Air Pollution Information Network for Africa burning stoves for cooking; diesel particulate has also modelled tropospheric ozone filters for vehicles and the banning of field concentrations over southern Africa and showed burning of agricultural waste and veldt fires. a band of high surface ozone values extending over Botswana and Zimbabwe down into north- Immediate action on priority mitigation measures east of South Africa. However further modelling to reduce short-lived climate pollutants can be and ground-truthing is needed to more implemented through existing government accurately define the geographical extent and programmes, new national initiatives and risks of these high levels of surface ozone and international action programmes. Many of the to explore their possible contribution to global measures are cost-neutral and lead to efficiency warming and climate change. gains as well as other socio-economic benefits Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 19 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities and are good options for integrating with wider rain formation is a direct function of atmospheric development goals; for example measures in the conditions. Global warming will result in sea level waste management sector and domestic cooking rises as water held as snow and ice melts. As and heating. noted earlier, global climatic models predict that extreme events (droughts and floods) will Recognizing that mitigation of the impacts of increase as a result of climate change with sub- these short-lived climate pollutants is critical in Saharan Africa, for instance, receiving less the near term, a number of countries have come rainfall and experiencing higher temperature together to address the issue in a coordinated rises. This means that Zimbabwe has to prepare manner and formed a Climate and Clean Air itself for less rainfall and, hence, less natural Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate average runoff in rivers as a result of climate Pollutants (CCAC) whose secretariat is UNEP change. Paris. Strategies 3.1.2.1 Water Resources Availability Issues a) Carry out an assessment to determine the Zimbabwe’s long term average annual surface main sources and levels of short-lived climate run-off is estimated to be 23.7 x 106 megalitres. pollutants in Zimbabwe. The distribution of average runoff varies from 21 b) Introduce measures to control and capture millimetres per year in the Gwayi Catchment to short-lived climate pollutants. 126 millimetres per year in the Mazowe and parts c) Promote use of cleaner technologies. of the Save Catchment. Water can be accessed d) Develop and implement policies and from direct river abstractions or through storage works. The country also boasts of groundwater regulatory frameworks that restrict release reserves which have been grouped into 10 of short-lived climate pollutants. hydro-geological units which yield approximately 1.8 x 106 megalitres from registered and monitored uses. 3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector Additional water can be obtained through recycling. Most recycling takes place in urban The hydrological cycle comprises of 1.3 x 10 9 cubic kilometres of water of which 2.8 percent is centres where, potentially, wastewater can be available as freshwater to satisfy all the treated to sufficient standards for discharge into competing uses (environment, agriculture, urban public river systems. Assuming pre-treatment to and industrial, sanitation, energy generation, acceptable water quality levels, recycling adds etc.). Thus, water management faces challenges more water into the supply system. in trying to satisfy increasing competing uses Climate change will affect the water sector in from this little finite resource against a Zimbabwe in a number of areas (e.g. domestic background of degrading water quality. This also supplies, agriculture, industry, energy, etc.). This creates potential for conflict among the different is because the IPCC (2007) predicts a 3.10C sectors and water users. temperature increase in the 21st century Climate change is generally viewed from the together with a reduction in precipitation in perspective of global warming associated with southern Africa of about 15 per cent. It is disturbances in global energy balances. These predicted that, in general, seasons will change imbalances also affect the hydrological cycle as with hotter dry seasons and colder winters 20 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities anticipated. The traditional onset and cessation any negative climatic impacts on water resources of rainfall seasons will shift with fears of shorter will have serious consequences across the and more erratic rainfall seasons. board, as water issues are cross-cutting and multi-sectoral. The reduction in precipitation means that the region will receive less water for runoff, infiltration Zimbabwe, like many countries in the sub- and evaporation. In addition, projected Saharan region faces challenges of data temperature rises will cause an increase in generation as the rainfall and runoff gauging evaporation which will result in reduced network is inadequate with the existing stations quantities of available water. The projected facing reliability problems. A sound monitoring reduction in rainfall has amplified impacts on network is central to understanding the extent of channel flow as natural runoff will reduce by large climate change in the country. proportions. Reduced river flows will result in less inflow into Strategies reservoirs and, hence, reduced storages. In the a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring networks long term, this means that yields from reservoirs for hydro-meteorological parameters. will be reduced and there will be less quantities of water available for allocation across all b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments of sectors. This will have impacts on food security, surface and groundwater resources. urban water supplies, industrial production and c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors. the environment. There will be less water available for self-purification processes for both surface and ground water which will negatively impact on the quality of water. This, in 3.1.2.2 Water Development Issues combination with increased threats of siltation About a quarter of the potential storage of water from uncoordinated land-use practices, will has so far been developed country-wide in severely deplete the quantity and quality of river Zimbabwe. Although this estimation is based on flow and storage capacities. mean annual flows which are projected to Groundwater will be affected by reduced decline as a result of climate change, there is still recharge resulting in the general lowering of room to develop more storage within the country aquifer levels. This implies larger pumping heads to supply current and future requirements. and increased costs for abstracting groundwater. Hydraulic infrastructure (dams, culverts, canals, In addition, reduced water levels affect base etc.) will need to incorporate the anticipated flows as less water becomes available to increase in the occurrence of extreme events. contribute towards river flows in dry seasons. This means that future hydraulic infrastructure The impacts of reduced available water will designs will need to factor in the anticipated include lower carry-over storage capacities in occurrence and magnitude of extreme events, dams from year to year thus reducing reservoir particularly floods. Already increased floods have yields; reduced river flow and groundwater been observed in some areas such as Lower recharge; longer walking distances to more Save, Lower Manyame, Tsholotsho and reliable water sources; diminished water security Muzarabani. for livestock and gardening; and increased Water development will need to be broadened in exposure to diseases such as malaria, typhoid scope to include ground water exploitation, and cholera. This emphasizes the importance of construction of multi-purpose storage works and water as a key driver to national efficiency, as promotion of rain water harvesting. Currently Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 21 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities inter-catchment water transfers are being mostly Strategies practiced in the south-eastern Lowveldt, other a) Strengthen stakeholder institutions in water parts of the country may need to consider such transfers to move excess water from some resources management. regions to areas of scarcity. b) Promote more efficient water use practices. c) Promote catchment protection. Strategies d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools that a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protect incorporate climate change. surface and groundwater resources. b) Invest in management of effects of extreme events. 3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF) 3.1.3.1 Land-use and Land-use Change 3.1.2.3 Water Management Issues Land-use and land-cover change have a direct Water management will face the biggest bearing on climate change and weather patterns challenge because of variations in water in diverse and complex ways. These links availability and quality. This will be exacerbated include the exchange of GHGs (such as water by increased demand from competing and often vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous conflicting uses. More efficiency in water oxide) between the land surface and the allocation and effective monitoring processes will atmosphere; the radiation balance of the land need to be applied. surface; the exchange of heat between the land surface and the atmosphere, and the roughness Challenges in water supply and sanitation are of the land surface and its uptake of momentum also anticipated as a result of climate change. from the atmosphere. Reduction of yields against rising water demands in urban communities will compromise the The main land-use categories in Zimbabwe are quantity and quality of drinking water and the agricultural land, rangelands, protected areas disposal of wastewater. Communities may resort (mainly national parks, safari areas, sanctuaries to unsafe sources of water supply which might and reserved forests), conservancies and expose them to water-borne diseases. Similarly, settlements (including rural, mining and urban during extreme events (floods and droughts) areas). Protected areas cover about 15 per cent water quality and sanitation facilities may be of the country’s total land area, however, a highly compromised thus causing both rural and significant proportion of these areas has been urban communities to resort to unsafe water encroached into and converted to other land- sources and inadequate disposal facilities. uses especially agriculture and rural settlements. Traditionally, rivers have been polluted by many Land-use change is a driver of environmental activities which discharge effluent into the water and climate change in Zimbabwe especially bodies. Where flows are substantial and through the expansion of agriculture; and relatively unpolluted, rivers act as natural economic and technological development. purification agents against such pollution. Increasing population pressure in the communal However, with the anticipated reduced river areas has led to the fragmentation and flows, this self-purification mechanism may degradation of forests as a result of their diminish resulting in more polluted water bodies. clearance for agriculture and harvesting for 22 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities firewood, poles and other forest products. An functions. These changes expose such areas to estimated 300,000 hectares are converted new and different effects of climate change. annually to arable land and other land-uses. Government is however drafting a new National Land Policy which should ensure that climate Land reform has converted the formerly large- scale commercial farms and ranches into change concerns are captured. smallholder plots and farms, which has resulted Zimbabwe’s various land categories fall under in increased clearance of land for agriculture. It different land administration authorities. For is estimated that part of the 8 million hectares of example resettlement land is administered by the land distributed in the post-2000 period, has Ministry responsible for Lands and Rural been cleared for cropping and other forms of Resettlement while communal and urban land is land-use. This has led to the reduction of forests under the Ministry responsible for Local and woodlands that act as carbon sinks. Government and the land under protected areas such as parks and that managed as The land reform exercise has also seen changes conservancies is under the Ministry responsible in tenure arrangements that govern ownership for Environment, Water and Climate. This and hence management of rural land. Ownership scenario naturally causes a discord in the of all rural land is now vested in the State, with general administration and management of land beneficiaries being issued with instruments that resources. range from “offer letters”, permits, to 99-year leases. Lack of tenure was thought to be one of The continued expansion of mining especially the major reasons why the resettled farmers did following the discovery of diamonds and other not have stewardship of their land resulting in minerals and the expanded exploitation of high levels of deforestation and land degradation. granite have also resulted in major land-use However, Government has made strides in changes mostly from forests and woodlands to issuance of 99 year leases and launched the mining areas. Even more significant land-use issuance of A1 settlement permits in 2014 to changes have occurred in peri-urban areas as a accord A1 farmers security of tenure. Farmers result of growing urban populations. have to satisfy the Ministry responsible for Land and Resettlement on proper farm stewardship Strategies including setting up of woodlots for fuelwood a) Develop and enforce policies that regulate energy and other uses as well as fireguards. change from one land-use to another With regards to land-use policies, the current especially the clearance of forests and land-use policy in Zimbabwe does not woodlands to other land-uses. incorporate climate change. Thus, although there is designation of land into land-use categories such as forests and woodlands, rangelands and 3.1.3.2 Climate Change and the agricultural land in the resettled and communal Forestry Sector areas, there is limited implementation of the Zimbabwe is endowed with natural vegetation policy. This results in reduction in vegetation that ranges from forests, woodlands, bushlands, cover, increased emission of GHGs because of to wooded grasslands, which all lend themselves deforestation, increased land degradation as well to various degrees of exploitation. About 40 per as changes in biodiversity and ecosystem cent (15.6 million ha) of Zimbabwe is covered by Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 23 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities woodlands and forests made up of indigenous woodland in both the commercial and moist forest and plantations of exotic commercial resettlement areas has increased markedly species. The status of these resources varies following the changes in land tenure associated with land tenure category. Gazetted forest areas with the Land Reform Programme. The national cover 2.0 per cent of Zimbabwe, and serve to annual rate of deforestation has accelerated from protect some of the woodland and forest cover, 100,000 hectares per year in the 1990s to though some of these areas are subject to 327,000 hectares or -1.9 per cent per annum periodic harvesting for timber. Just under one- (the highest in southern Africa) between 2000 quarter (24 per cent) of the area under woodland and 2010. These figures suggest that the rate and forest is situated in National Parks, Safari of deforestation is now three times the estimated Areas, Sanctuaries and Botanical Reserves, 43 average over the period 1985-1992. per cent is found in communal areas while the Factors contributing to the high rate of remainder occurs in commercial farming and deforestation and degradation across the country resettlement areas. include clearance for agriculture; over- Forests are at the centre of socio-economic exploitation for fuel wood; expansion of urban development and environmental protection in and rural settlements; infrastructure Zimbabwe. Forests, trees and woodlands development; inadequate land-use planning; provide the bulk of energy needs for rural elephant damage in some national parks and communities and the urban poor; support crop safari areas and frequent late dry-season fires. and livestock agriculture, wildlife and tourism; The environmental impacts associated with water resources and livelihoods. Thus deforestation include loss of habitats and livelihoods, especially in rural areas, are shaped biodiversity; less watershed protection (leading by the availability and quality of forest resources to increased soil erosion, siltation of rivers, and in many parts of the country. the disruption of hydrological systems); reduced availability of important forest products and The forestry industry is an important component services; and reduction in carbon sinks. of the country’s economy and was estimated to contribute 3 per cent to the GDP in the 1990s. Fuel wood accounts for over 60 per cent of the It is dominated by the exotic plantation based total energy supply in Zimbabwe whilst nearly 96 timber industry. According to the Timber per cent of the rural poor rely on fuel wood for Producers Federation exotic plantations cover cooking and heating. The annual fuel wood about 82,000 hectares and are dominated by consumption of the country is estimated at 8.54 various pine species, followed by eucalyptus. million cubic metres. The indigenous hardwood timber industry is The major environmental impacts from forest smaller and is based primarily on the extraction management and utilization arise mainly from the of the Zambezi teak and mukwa which are use of inappropriate harvesting techniques and mainly found on Kalahari sands in north western poor post-harvest management of slush and Zimbabwe. Other species used include pod branch wood that causes hot fires. Fire is one of mahogany, large false mopane and mountain the major causes of forest degradation in the mahogany. country. Each year millions of hectares of forests The productivity of the sector has declined experience hot dry-season fires that are significantly in recent years because of past destructive to woody vegetation and contribute over-exploitation and degradation of the to high black carbon levels in the atmosphere (a indigenous forests. The rate of clearance of short-lived climate pollutant, See Section 3.1.1). 24 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities The relationship between forests and climate opportunities in the forestry sector include limited change is intricate and complex because climate economic resources and infrastructure; low affects forests whilst forests also affect climate. levels of technology; inadequate funding and The potential impacts of climate change on support for research and development into forests include changes in species composition alternative technologies; limited climate data and of forest ecosystems; shifts in forest ecosystems monitoring; inefficient institutions; limited boundaries and species ranges; changes in empowerment of communities to access species density; changes in growth rates; resources; lack of cost-benefit analyses of increased flora and fauna migration; loss of adaptation options and for institutional, financial vegetation cover; loss of biodiversity; increased and policy environments that support adaptation frequency and intensity of forest fires and and manage the transition to new systems; non- increased reliance on trees and forests for availability of information relating to climate survival leading to over-exploitation. On the other change impacts and the benefits of adaptation; hand forests influence the climate through lack of potentially large upfront investment and carbon sequestration, emission of water vapour for supporting communities in adaptation as well and control of wind speed. as the difficulty faced by relatively small Least developed countries, especially in Africa enterprises in dealing with uncertainty and are considered to be the most vulnerable to the management of risk. impacts of climate change and bear the highest The knowledge base and capacity to respond to risk to their socio-economic development. climate change through the forestry sector in Southern Africa is expected to experience Zimbabwe is currently limited. Furthermore, little heightened water stress from frequent droughts is known about the potential of trees and forests and reduced and erratic rainfall. This is expected to adapt to climate change especially in the dry to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities caused by forest zone. Understanding of the responses of floods and droughts and will require Zimbabwe individual species, especially the dominant to make changes to its production systems and species, is critical for the development of to protect its forest and woodland resources, appropriate forest-based climate change especially in its rural areas. response strategies and measures. Both climate change response and mitigation by a) Adaptation in the Forestry Sector trees and forests need to be carefully assessed Adaptation is “adjustment in natural or human so that informed strategies that take into account systems in response to actual or expected socio-economic and ecological concerns are put climatic changes or their effects, which in place. Emphasis should be placed on moderates harm or exploits beneficial promoting the role of trees and forests in climate opportunities.” Uptake of adaptation measures change, given their unique ability to contribute to can considerably reduce the projected socio- both climate change adaptation and mitigation. economic impacts of climate change. However, Research and development need to be these measures are not costless as most involve undertaken with stakeholders in a participatory an initial investment with benefits being realized way, recognising their key concerns and drawing over a longer period of time. on their expertise. Successful adaptation to Some of the barriers which have been identified climate change will require an active, strategic as affecting the uptake of adaptation approach operating at all levels of society. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 25 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Strategies a) The production and supply of biomass for a) Promote establishment of land-use plans at electricity generation or bio-fuel production. district, ward, village and farm management b) The creation of tradable offsets through levels that clearly identify forestry as a emissions reduction or carbon sinks especially recognized land-use. through avoided deforestation or reduced b) Strengthen research, planning and financial emissions from deforestation and forest support to forestry and natural resources degradation (REDD+). management to develop cost effective Three mechanisms were created under the adaptation options. Kyoto Protocol, namely the Clean Development c) Build capacity for forest management in a Mechanism (CDM), joint implementation and changing climate. emission trading. Carbon markets comprise the mandatory or compliance markets under the Kyoto Protocol and voluntary markets. The two b) Mitigation Options in the Forestry Sector major mandatory markets for carbon offsets are Forests have attracted attention in the global the Kyoto Protocol’s CDM and the European climate change debates because of their role in Union Emission Trading Scheme. the carbon cycle as sinks of carbon and as sources of carbon when they are cut down. The The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry sector is a significant emitter of GHG contributing about 17 per cent of global yearly The CDM allows developed countries to fulfil GHG emissions. Reducing emissions from their commitment to reduce emissions through deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) emission reduction or carbon fixation projects in through sustainable forest management, forest developing countries. The main aim of CDM conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks forest projects (restricted to afforestation/ reforestation projects) is the capture of CO2 from is seen as a major strategy for mitigating climate the atmosphere by establishing forest plantations change. or regenerating natural vegetation. However, natural forests are not yet included in this mechanism. The CDM regulations require a very Mitigation through International Carbon high performance level, the application of Finance sophisticated systems to measure and monitor Payment for carbon sequestration to mitigate the carbon captured in plantations, the climate change is one of the fastest growing demonstration of additionality and control of environmental services markets. A range of possible leaks. These are complicated market and non-market measures have been requirements and procedures that are an identified at international level, to encourage obstacle particularly for small producers. mitigation in the forestry sector, including direct The level of accessing resources through the liability or involvement in international emissions CDM is going to remain low, if the application trading schemes. International mitigation policies procedures are not simplified and if the capacity such as emissions trading provide opportunities of African countries in how to make use of the for the forestry sector which could contribute to mechanism is not strengthened. For instance, offsetting increased costs of energy and other out of the 13 afforestation and reforestation CDM key inputs. These include: projects that have either been registered or are 26 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities in the pipeline, only two are based in Africa while Africa than in the other developing regions of the all others are located in Asia or Latin America. world. Even within Africa, the distribution of Zimbabwe has not accessed carbon financing carbon sequestration projects is skewed, with under the CDM to date. east Africa receiving the most carbon investments. Voluntary Carbon Markets Community development-oriented carbon sequestration projects can provide significant Parallel to the CDM, there is an open or voluntary economic benefits to local communities in the carbon market, which also responds to form of cash incomes as well as through access international agreements and markets, but is not to non-timber forest products. There are very few governed by the Kyoto Protocol and its forestry based carbon projects in Zimbabwe. regulations. In the voluntary market, forest Thus the country has not benefited from the projects are introduced that focus on carbon voluntary carbon markets largely because of capture and storage by establishing planted poor access to information and lack of capacity forests; enriching and/or managing natural especially within government to develop carbon forests and promoting conservation of natural projects. forests to avoid the CO2 emissions caused by deforestation (avoided deforestation). The voluntary over-the-counter (OTC) markets REDD+ are currently the main source of carbon finance In the last five years international discussions for avoided deforestation, and they have a higher under the UNFCCC have focussed on the proportion of forestry-based credits out of total development of a climate change mitigation market transactions than the CDM. However, the regime that will succeed the Kyoto Protocol high cost of evaluation by certifying bodies and which expired at the end of 2012. One of the the relatively low price of captured carbon on proposed financial mechanisms to international markets mean that the possible simultaneously address forest conservation and benefit of these projects remains very low. mitigation, within the framework of sustainable development, that has emerged is the Reduced Various carbon fixation projects, especially forest Emissions from Deforestation and Forest plantations, are now being implemented in the Degradation (REDD) Initiative. voluntary market. By using periodic direct payments, these arrangements work very similar REDD+ is an incentive based mechanism for to traditional incentives that subsidize the promoting and rewarding forest ecosystem establishment of plantations. One difference conservation. Prospects for the economic from subsidies lies in the requirement that the viability of sustainable forest management in plantations be permanent and in the huge body natural tropical forests are expected to of rules concerning project formulation and substantially improve through carbon revenue monitoring. from this mechanism. Zimbabwe has to determine the policy, institutional and legal The payment of carbon fixation certificates is frameworks required to take advantage of the made after the fifth year, and every five years financial incentives from REDD+ while from then on, on the accumulated “stock” or the maintaining adequate safeguards such as rights equivalent of metric tonnes of CO2. In general of communities to have livelihood activities that there are fewer forestry based carbon projects in are dependent on forests and maintenance of Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 27 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities ecosystem services especially biodiversity. aesthetic services. The biodiversity also These issues will need to be addressed even regulates climate; soil fertility; outbreaks of pests though the final architecture of the REDD+ and diseases; and maintains functional mechanism is still evolving as negotiations ecosystems. Vegetation is mainly savannah continue under the UNFCCC. woodland interspersed with open grassed drainage lines or dambos (wetlands). Mitigation through Local Programmes Zimbabwe has abundant and diverse tropical animals including bird species, mammals, The average tree biomass in miombo reptiles, amphibians and fish species. The woodlands, which are the dominant vegetation biodiversity is found in gazetted forests areas, type in Zimbabwe, is estimated at 32 tC/ha with national parks, safari areas, sanctuaries, an additional 76 tC/ha of soil carbon. botanical reserves, recreational parks and non- Deforestation and forest degradation are protected areas such as conservancies and therefore, important sources of GHG emissions farming lands. The main problem affecting in the country. biodiversity conservation and management Enhancing the contribution of forest resources in relates to loss of biodiversity particularly in non- protected areas, such as communal and mitigating climate change can be achieved resettlement areas. The recurrent droughts through such activities as afforestation and affecting Zimbabwe have also resulted in loss of reforestation, agroforestry, and sustainable a number of plant and animal species. management of natural forests to improve natural regeneration. In addition, reducing Vulnerability assessments carried out for deforestation could bring other environmental Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the benefits, for example the conservation of UNFCCC (Figure 8) show that by 2080 under biodiversity and maintenance of soils and water the worst case scenario, plant diversity is quality, as well as significant benefits for the projected to decline throughout the country and millions of people who depend on forests for their the areas that currently harbour high diversity will livelihoods. shrink. The pressure on plant diversity will be highest in the western regions, lowest in the Strategies eastern regions and moderate for the central parts of the country. The pressure pattern for the a) Develop national capacity to design carbon best scenario is similar except that pressure on projects for accessing different carbon plant diversity is expected to be lower. financing mechanisms and to implement and support the projects. The assessments also suggested that the projected decreases in precipitation coupled with b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbon increases in temperature will cause a sinks. corresponding decrease in Net Primary Productivity in most parts of the country and that the western and southern parts of the country will 3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems be worst affected by climate change (Figure 9). The eastern highlands and the central parts of Zimbabwe has a rich biological diversity, which the country appear to have the greatest adaptive provides ecosystem services such as food, capacity to climate change as the vegetation in medicine, energy sources, building and craft these regions is less sensitive to climate materials as well as spiritual, cultural and variability because of high rainfall. Net Primary 28 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case scenario of the year 2080. Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC. Areas with high plant diversity are expected to shrink by 2080 Figure 9: A comparison of net primary Productivity provides an estimate of how much productivity under the current (2012) biomass and therefore forage is available in a and worst case scenario of the year 2080. rangeland. Therefore the projected reduction in Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication Net Primary Productivity will likely reduce the to the UNFCCC. carrying capacity of rangelands resulting in fewer NPP is expected to decrease by 2080 animals being sustained within rangelands. Zimbabwe is geographically divided into five agro-ecological regions on the basis of climatic conditions, farming potential and, to a certain extent, water resources (See Section 1.1.Figure 2). Over 80 per cent of Zimbabwe falls in Agro- ecological Regions 3, 4 and 5 which are suitable for livestock production, game ranching and wildlife, rather than rain-fed cropping. Rangelands, therefore, occupy a significant land area in Zimbabwe and are characterized by a number of habitat structures ranging from tree savannah, bush and grassland. Rangelands provide livelihoods for a large proportion of the population, mainly livestock farmers and those individuals and communities engaged in enterprises based on wildlife. Wildlife is also at the centre of Zimbabwe’s tourism industry. Rangelands are already experiencing the negative impacts of climate variability, and are vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 29 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities change such as decreased rainfall, higher Reduced rainfall, river flows and storages will temperatures, less water availability and present challenges to environmental desertification. Desertification is land management. Ecosystems will be affected by degradation caused by overgrazing and soil increased frequencies of dry spells and extreme erosion, resulting in bush encroachment and events. The Zimbabwe Water Act acknowledges deterioration of rangelands which will threaten the environment as a legitimate user which is livestock and wildlife. Climate change will change entitled to water allocations. However, with pasture productivity, for example, the growth of reduced water availability, the “silent” user may grass is inhibited by erratic rainfall, and invasive experience the biggest cuts with less water being species may proliferate under extreme climatic allocated to environmental flows from existing dams. conditions. Water bodies are likely to be affected by Loss of biodiversity and degraded landscapes recurrent droughts, rising temperatures will adversely affect the tourism industry. buttressed by high evaporation rates, and Furthermore, degraded rangelands will conditions that starve the water bodies of negatively impact on the livelihoods of farmers, inflowing water (See Section 3.1.2). This will particularly small-scale, resource-poor farmers have consequences on fish stocks and reduce living in marginal areas and is likely to increase opportunities for fishing. The hydrological their poverty. regimes of wetlands, some of which form nursery Climate change can result in disruption of natural grounds for fishery resources and which are ecosystems and subsequent changes in species’ used for arable agricultural activities during the ecological range; altering predator-prey dry season, will also be adversely affected by interactions; decoupling animals from food climate change. sources and reducing habitat span. It is likely that One of the most serious environmental livestock and wildlife will experience pressure challenges affecting rangelands is that of veldt from increased pests and diseases. fires resulting in massive losses of grasslands Livestock and wildlife have been previously lost and the lowering of the ability of ecosystems to in Zimbabwe, because of lack of water during provide goods and services to society and the major droughts. Increased occurrence of environment. Table 2 shows the trends of area droughts will cause massive livestock and wildlife affected by fires over the period 2001 to 2013. deaths and an increase in human-human and With the predicted drier climate under climate wildlife–human conflicts. There will be change, fires are expected to increase in intensification of use of limited grazing and water intensity. Therefore adaptation strategies should points, as well as increased incidents of wildlife include reduction of non-climatic stresses such damage to livestock and crops. as over-exploitation of biodiversity and fires. Table 3.1. National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013 Source: Environmental Management Agency (2010, 2013) Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (ha) 407,950 444,037 500,312 921193 471,893 906,802 238,945 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (ha) 443,809 950,905 1,152,413 713,770 1,132,325 1,179,274 30 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Currently, Zimbabwe is pursuing six Trans- Over 70 per cent of Zimbabwe’s employment is frontier Conversation Area (TFCA) initiatives with directly or indirectly accounted for by agriculture. its neighbours. Trans-boundary natural resource However, the national agricultural production management is a process of cooperation across largely relies on rain-fed agriculture, which is one national boundaries that aims to enhance the of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change management of shared or adjacent natural and variability. The pending negative impacts of resources for the benefit of all parties in the area. climate change and variability call for These initiatives are important for opening up transformational changes in the country’s wildlife corridors, an important climate change agricultural systems. Zimbabwe has not adaptation mechanism. sufficiently harnessed available scientific and indigenous knowledge and technologies to Strategies increase productivity; stimulate industrial growth and participate in regional and global markets a) Promote and strengthen biodiversity and to support diversified livelihood options for conservation management and the integrity of the different categories of its people. natural ecosystems by using an ecosystem based approach to adapt to climate change. The anticipated increase in erratic rainfall seasons, characterized by unpredictable lengths b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-use of seasons; high temperatures; alternating floods options for the drier natural regions where and dry spells; and variable rainfall amounts, will cattle production and wildlife ranching are the present new challenges to the majority of most suitable land-use options. farmers in the absence of appropriate response c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontier measures. Integrated response strategies are Conservation Areas as a mechanism for therefore required across the different sustainable biodiversity conservation and development sectors if the current and future climate adaptation. climate threats are to be addressed. Overall, the emphasis for response to climate change in agriculture should be on adaptation but clearly 3.2 Economic Sectors embracing mitigation, recognising that sound options for adaptation will translate to better 3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security mitigation measures. 3.2.1.1. Overarching Issues in Agriculture Emerging Evidence on Challenges and and Food Security Opportunities for Adaptation Critical Role of Agriculture in Sustainable Research in Zimbabwe has revealed that the Development majority of rural Zimbabweans live in semi-arid zones, and will suffer disproportionately from the Sustainable development for Zimbabwe will emerging impacts of climate change and hinge on a robust agricultural sector that variability including disasters associated with supports household and national food self- extreme weather events such as droughts, sufficiency, providing inputs for industry, and periodic flooding, disease outbreaks for both reducing negative pressure on the environment. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 31 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities human and livestock and loss of crop lands. In markets. This should be complemented by their efforts to cope with negative climatic building capacity of the national extension impacts, farming communities have moved system to rise to new challenges associated with deeper into marginal lands, unsustainably climate change and variability. However, the extracting natural resources and using current state and nature of vulnerabilities for the unsuitable agricultural practices. The studies different socio-economic sectors and sections of have thus revealed evidence of a degrading communities are still poorly understood to inform natural resource base and a narrowing of options decision-making. for communities to adapt to future climate There is therefore need, to support research on change. how indigenous knowledge can be integrated There are also currently strong links between a into evidence-based planning frameworks, declining natural resource base and the informed by good science, in order to enhance weakening of local institutions that have been decision making by communities, local traditionally the pillars for protection of natural authorities and higher level policy makers. resources and vulnerable social groups within Flexible and highly responsive adaptation communities. Unless appropriate interventions measures will be necessary for the agricultural are made, the negative impacts of climate sector as climatic effects will vary significantly change and variability on agricultural productivity with the ecological and socio-economic will heavily stress current institutional structures, circumstances of communities. No single particularly at the grassroots levels. adaptation approach will fit all current and future scenarios. Formal institutional mechanisms are failing to build on known traditional social safety nets in ways that ensure increased agricultural Food Security productivity, management of strategic food Zimbabwe faces a dilemma on how to balance reserves, and the efficient use and conservation the short-term food needs and long term of natural resources. Efforts to revitalize the production goals of the different farmer Zunde raMambo1 concept to enhance food communities because of climate-induced crop security under changing climatic conditions have failures. Food insecurity is a major source of revealed opportunities to build the adaptive capacity of communities by focusing on vulnerability for individual households and improving their timely access to climate communities in the country. Food shortages have information, sufficient quantities and diversity of become a perennial feature resulting in a high agricultural inputs, production technologies and prevalence of undernourishment estimated at 30 technical know-how; strengthening of local to 54 per cent between 2006 and 2012. As a institutions; and empowering farmers to co-learn result there is an exceptionally high dependence and self-organize for effective participation in on food handouts/aid particularly for the rural FOOTNOTE 1 Zunde raMambo is a Zimbabwean traditional concept where the chief designates common land for growing food crops as protection against food insecurity; members of the community take turns to participate in the entire production process; and the harvest is stored in the chief’s granary as food reserves for distribution to the chief’s subjects in the event of critical food shortages. 32 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities population, often undermining efforts to build However, there is currently lack of infrastructural internal mechanisms towards food self- and logistical mechanisms for ready sufficiency and better livelihoods by communities procurement and transportation/transfer of in the medium to long-term. agricultural input supplies and food to needy areas within and across major agro-ecological These trends imply that communities have very zones. limited choices to satisfy their food preferences, neither do they have a say about the quality of The country therefore needs to initiate a food they eat, raising critical concerns about food livelihoods debate beyond aid/handouts and safety. During periods of climate-induced subsistence. There is need to focus more on disasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basic community empowerment processes that enable systems that ensure access, proper handling, farmers to self-mobilize and self-organize for preparation and storage of food are often collective action towards increased production, severely compromised, leading to frequent risk management and enhanced market outbreaks of food borne illnesses. participation to improve their adaptation to climate change. There is also need to re-design Increasing climate pressures will also inevitably the national social safety net systems at different lead to rising food prices weighing heavily on levels in relation to agricultural production, household and national budgets. Disadvantaged development of markets and management of social groups will therefore be condemned food security to enhance adaptation and reduce deeper into hunger and malnutrition. Currently, it risks associated with poor rainfall distribution. is estimated that food costs account for One of the adaptation options is to enhance the approximately 60 per cent of household income capacity of the farming communities to maximize expenditures in Zimbabwe. production during favourable cropping seasons Zimbabwe’s recently concluded land reform in order to fall back on such harvests during poor programme has produced a new, and inevitably years. Advances in post-harvest processing and heterogeneous generation of farmers who ought storage technologies are also required so that to understand their production circumstances in harvests from good years can be stored for terms of agro-ecological zones, technical know- longer periods to cater for the drought years. how and markets. This opens new opportunities Finally, Zimbabwe will need to take full for farmers to employ new technologies to advantage of its locally generated knowledge increase productivity and effectively participate products and technologies to adapt to climate in market-oriented production systems. However, change. For example, there are opportunities to their sensitivity to risk and capacity to adapt is promote use of knowledge on integrated soil likely to be tested under the increasing climate fertility management technologies, conservation variability and change. agriculture approaches, as well as employ With adequate support for sustainable access to available technological capabilities for production resources, there is scope to maximize conventional crop/livestock breeding, production in the country’s high potential agro- biotechnology and mechanization, to increase ecological zones while creating appropriate productivity without compromising diverse market links with farmers in low potential zones. ecosystems services that support livelihoods. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 33 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities This will help to generate locally relevant and impacts of climate change and variability will contextualised ‘climate smart agricultural inevitably result in differential access patterns to solutions’. agricultural services and bio-resources by households across different social gradients and Overarching Strategies in Agriculture and Food agro-ecological zones. Security There is increasing evidence that the boundaries a) Develop frameworks for sustainable of these agro-ecological zones are now changing intensification and commercialization of and will require re-characterization and re- agriculture at different scales across agro- demarcation. There are currently no monitoring frameworks in Zimbabwe to benchmark these ecologies. changes in agro-ecological zones with specific b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms of reference to existing and potential changes in empirical knowledge, technologies and farming systems, including shifts in prioritization agricultural support services that meet of crop and livestock types. emerging development challenges arising from There are also no readily available forms of increased climate change and variability. national statistics about the most vulnerable c) Strengthen early warning systems on cropping social groups within communities and across season quality, rangelands conditions, different farming sectors. It is therefore difficult to droughts, floods, disease/pest outbreaks and project the desired population structure and wildlife movement in order to enhance farmer dynamics that can be potentially supported on preparedness. the nation’s resource base, and how these will be affected by the changing circumstances as a result of climate change. 3.2.1.2 Thematic Issues and Proposed Further, with soil fertility declining and yields Strategies for the Agricultural Sector falling, farmers are reverting to extensive production practices, especially in the Climate change is a global phenomenon, but smallholder sector. This is resulting in mutually adaptation is a local phenomenon. This calls for self-reinforcing mechanisms of increasing land strengthening of information and knowledge degradation and, in turn, accelerating poverty systems to enhance the capacity of communities and food insecurity. Climate variability, poor soil to make timely decisions about appropriate fertility and market volatility are major sources of action(s) to take, and what tools and approaches vulnerability under these circumstances. to employ. Successful agricultural countries are Mechanisms are required to halt and/or reverse characterized by the presence of vibrant and these trends and support transformative dynamic agricultural and environmental research processes into more competitiveness and systems. diversified farming systems. Farming Systems Zimbabwe is currently divided into five Agro- Strategies ecological Regions, based primarily on rainfall and type of soils (See Section 1.1). These two a) Develop frameworks for supporting agricultural factors also largely dictate the observed specialization according to agro-ecological geographical distribution of major vegetation regions, including mechanisms for commodity types. The uneven distribution of the projected exchange, trade and marketing. 34 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Crop Productivity Zimbabwe has over the years done very little to diversify its cropping systems beyond maize Projections indicate increasing agricultural water grown under rain-fed systems. Farmers have scarcity and declining productivity of crops failed to diversify into alternative crops, even because of climate change and variability. when they experience recurrent failure of maize. Reports of the IPCC forecast a 20-50 per cent A major challenge is therefore to get most reduction in yields of staple cereals for southern communities out of this ‘maize-poverty trap’. Africa which include maize, the staple crop for Drought tolerant crop types such as millets and the majority of Zimbabweans. Most sorghum (small gains) and high protein Zimbabwean farmers, particularly in the leguminous crops that include cowpea, smallholder sector, practice maize mono- groundnut and Bambara nut have over the years cropping. However, despite achievements in been largely ignored. Processing and marketing crop breeding of high yielding varieties (e.g. opportunities for these crops have not been given due attention at the research level, and the greater than 10 tonnes per hectare for maize) in wealth of related indigenous knowledge within the country, average yields have remained at communities has not been harnessed. Even the less than 0.8 tonnes per hectare on smallholder international research and development farms and approximately 1.5 tonnes per hectare initiatives have, in recent years, come under on commercial farms. scrutiny for failing to support a systematic development of these and other indigenous Vulnerability assessments carried out for crops. Zimbabwe will therefore need to put in Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the place frameworks for developing such known UNFCCC (Figure 10) show that areas regarded stress tolerant and under-utilised crops. Farmers ‘excellent’ for maize will decrease from the also need to timely access climate information in current 75 per cent to 55 per cent by 2080 under order to make decisions about crop types, the worst case scenario. varieties to plant and timing of operations. Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case scenario for the year 2080. Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC. Maize and climate change Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 35 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities The emerging changes in climate will force Livestock Production farmers to adopt new crop types and varieties Livestock have traditionally provided a major and forms of agricultural production technologies source of insurance against seasonal crop that can respond to the new and changing stress failures for farmers as they can be sold to factors. For example, there could be changes in purchase food and other requirements during crop pests and diseases; however, there is drought years. However, with increasing currently insufficient knowledge about the intensities of droughts this traditional coping expected changes in their distribution and potential ecological responses to emerging strategy may no longer suffice in future without temperatures and weather scenarios, as well as major interventions. their impacts. Without such knowledge, the One of the major threats to livestock production country has limited scope to develop appropriate is the continued expansion of cropping activities response measures. There is also overwhelming into areas previously set aside for livestock evidence that alternative (off-farm) livelihood grazing. Lack of livestock feed resources during opportunities will remain limited and the dry season has been a traditional and unsustainable in the absence of a robust perennial challenge for farmers in Zimbabwe. agricultural base in the country. Recent studies in farming systems have also Globally, agriculture has been identified as a demonstrated increasing conflicts among significant source of GHGs particularly carbon livestock, wildlife and cropping systems, and that dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. However, overally livestock are increasingly being amounts measured from African farming squeezed out of the farming systems. systems are insignificantly low, and this has been Informed actions are required to re-define the attributed to low use of both organic and mineral fertilizer inputs. There is, however, need to put futuristic role of livestock in supporting the monitoring mechanisms in place in response to livelihoods of rural people as well as revitalizing the inevitable increase in fertilizer usage as and maintaining the commercial beef and dairy farming systems are intensified. Use of mineral industries. There are challenges associated with fertilizer in Africa has been considered as ‘a diminishing annual yields in surface water and must’ if current levels of production have to take increased periodic outbreaks of diseases. This the much needed quantum leap. This has will most likely give rise to demands for implications on the emission trends. alternative stress tolerant breeds or types, alternative feeding regimes and new disease Strategies control approaches. a) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the agencies, and private agro-service providers UNFCCC carried out vulnerability studies in the to take advantage of current and emerging livestock sector. The assessments suggested indigenous and scientific knowledge on stress that the projected decreases in precipitation tolerant crop types and varieties, including coupled with increases in temperature will cause landraces that are adaptable to arising climatic a corresponding decrease in Net Primary scenarios. Productivity in most parts of the country (See b) Develop frameworks for promoting science Section 3.1.4, Figure 9). Net Primary Productivity based crop production and post harvest provides an estimate of how much biomass and technologies and management practices. therefore forage is available in a rangeland. 36 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Currently there is a high dependency on Agriculture and Water ranching in livestock production, rendering the The largest proportion of Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector vulnerable to any climatic changes that land is located in marginal rainfall areas. As a are likely to reduce biomass productivity in the result farmers, particularly smallholders, have for rangelands. The high costs of supplementary decades been struggling to develop coping feed resources also present a major challenge mechanisms. The worsening rainfall distribution for the industry to reduce the current patterns, and in some cases the reduction in total dependency on natural grazing. rainfall amounts, call for a re-thinking of water management in the agricultural sector as well as A few assessments of possible future changes in re-designing of the cropping and livestock animal health arising from climate variability and systems. change have been undertaken. The Key challenges in water availability for agriculture demographic impacts on trypanosomiasis, for under the changing climatic scenarios are related example, can rise through modification of the to three major elements; firstly, the development habitats suitable for tsetse-flies exacerbated by of irrigation systems and associated technical climate change and variability. Climate change capacity. Secondly the development of drought may also affect the spatial extent of other escaping, drought tolerant, high yield, high livestock disease outbreaks such as anthrax. nutrient, water efficient crops and heat and Generally changes in disease distribution, range, drought tolerant breeds of livestock. Thirdly prevalence, incidence and seasonality can all be managing episodic floods and excess rainfall expected. It is therefore important to improve using infrastructure designed to adapt to frequent disease surveillance in ranching regions to droughts and decreasing rainfall. control outbreaks. Heat stress and drought are likely to have further negative impacts on animal Only 3.5 per cent of arable land in the SADC health and milk production of dairy cows. region is under irrigation, and in Zimbabwe this accounts for less than 200,000 hectares. Livestock manure is a significant source of However, the major issues to consider in GHGs, particularly methane, and is influenced by irrigation development are potential failures in the chemical quality of feed resources. Methane filling up the water reservoirs because of emissions from livestock can be controlled droughts and low rainfall on one extreme and the through on-farm anaerobic digestion of manure washing away of dam walls during extreme as a mitigation measure (See Section 3.1.1). events such as flooding on the other. Declining water tables and abandonment of dams have Strategies been common in arid and semi-arid zones. Globally there has been increasingly worry about a) Strengthen the capacity to identify and the future impacts of ground water pumping for promote adoption of indigenous and improved mega-scale irrigated systems as the impacts of livestock breeds that are tolerant to climate global warming continue to set in. related stresses. There are projections that net water requirements b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhouse for some of the current crop cultivars may gas emissions in agricultural systems and increase due to rising temperatures, with support mechanisms for their reduction. potential negative implications on profitability of Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 37 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities irrigation systems. Designing of highly efficient backward linkages. Manufacturing has strong irrigation systems is therefore a major linkages with agriculture, mining, construction requirement. Serious considerations should be and commerce. given to crop improvement programmes over the The performance of agriculture, mining and long term. There could also be opportunities for manufacturing are the main drivers of GDP harnessing more efficient carbon sinks in agricultural systems if crops that are more growth contributing over 40 per cent of the GDP adaptable to high CO2 intensities are developed in any given year. Each time a drought occurs, and promoted. the performance of the agriculture and manufacturing sectors under-perform and drag the GDP growth down (Figure 11). Thus any Strategies reduction in agricultural production caused by frequent droughts and more extreme events a) Strengthen national research and extension such as floods resulting from climate change will capacity for development and integrated have a huge impact on Zimbabwe’s economy. management of agricultural water resources. The industrial sector’s share of the GDP fell from 25 per cent in the 1980s to around 15 per cent 3.2.2 Industry and Commerce from 2006-2008. The sector has been recovering since 2009 and is projected to grow if credit and Zimbabwe’s industrial sector consists of a formal better energy supply are availed. According to sector and a growing informal sector. It is highly the Zim Asset 2013-2015 mid-term plan the diversified comprising manufacturing, processing average capacity utilization was 57 per cent in and the secondary production sector with strong 2011and 44 per cent in 2012. Figure 11: key economic trends for zimbabwe 1980-2005. Source: Chimhowu et al, 2010. GDP growth (annual %) NY.GDP.MTP.KD.ZG 30 Manufacturing, value added (annual % growth) (NV.IND.MANF.KD.ZG) 20 Agriculture, value added (annual % growth) (NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG) 10 0 -10 -20 -30 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1994 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 38 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Industrial activities have a number of adverse The industrial sector is complimented by a large impacts on the environment, that include the commercial sector which ranges from provision consumption of both renewable and non- of services to retailing. Although the direct renewable resources and production of contribution of the commercial sector is limited, pollutants such as emissions, effluents and solid it has a large indirect impact on climate because wastes. The industries that produce GHGs are of its energy consumption and waste production. energy production and manufacturing (including Commerce is the third largest consumer of but not limited to cement production; fertilizer electrical power in Zimbabwe. The retail sector production; and processes in mining such as is also dependant on imported products and iron and steel manufacture and ferroalloy hence it also contributes to climate change production). Industries’ main contribution to through transportation. GHGs is through energy consumption. According to Zimbabwe’s Second National Strategies Communication to the UNFCCC, industry a) Introduce policies that promote the use and accounts for the largest consumption of both adoption of clean and efficient energy in electricity and coal thereby contributing (directly industry. and indirectly) to at least 80 per cent of the country’s GHG emissions. b) Create a policy and regulatory framework that promotes resource use efficiency and cleaner The major challenge for Zimbabwe’s industry has production in industry and commerce. been low investment in more resource efficient c) Create an enabling policy and legal framework machinery and equipment resulting in negative that encourages the setting up and operation environmental impacts especially with regards to of climate resilient industries. emissions. There is potential for industry to reduce their contribution to global climate change 3.2.3. Mining through investment in cleaner energy as well as resource efficient production processes. Zimbabwe is well endowed with minerals, with There is need for industry to look at alternative mining activities contributing significantly to the sources of energy like use of natural gas (the economy. The main minerals include gold, cleanest of all fossil fuels), solar lighting and platinum, diamonds, coal, iron, chrome, nickel, other forms of renewable energy such as mini- phosphates, limestone, gypsum and graphite. hydro-electricity. There is general need to move The mining sector accounts for about 44 per cent from end of pipe technologies to technologies of Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per cent of that enhance the efficiency and environmental foreign exchange earnings and 5 per cent formal performance of the full production process from employment. The country is among the low-cost raw material to marketing of products. Industries producers of minerals because of abundant should be encouraged to promote source shallow deposits. Mining continues to play a separation of waste and to apply the “cradle to pivotal contribution to the economic wellbeing of grave” principle in their manufacturing practice the country despite the variability of the (See Section 3.3.4). commodity markets. During the period January to November 2012 the mining sector produced Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 39 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities minerals worth US$1.6 billion, buoyed up by high as those for capturing and storing carbon and levels of gold and platinum production. Whereas can trade this on the international market under the agricultural and manufacturing sectors have the Clean Development Mechanism. been the main contributors to export earnings, Climate change can affect mining operations these have been over-taken lately by the mining through extreme events such as excessive rains sector which now accounts for about 50 per cent and floods that may cause landslides. of the country’s total exports. There has recently been an upsurge of legal and These mining activities, conducted in over 1, 000 illegal small-scale mining. The main challenges mines, have however, inherent destructive in the small scale/informal mining sector include elements to the environment and to climate in lack of organizational capacity, capital equipment particular. For instance open cast mining leads and technical know-how to mine sustainably. to clearing of forests and woodlands which are These miners often cause veldt fires as a result carbon sinks, whilst blasting leads to emission of of methods used to detect minerals, resulting in dust and gases which pollute the atmosphere. GHG emissions and destruction of carbon sinks. The health effects of emissions from mining activities on workers and local residents are often The recently promulgated Community Share underplayed to the detriment of the communities, Ownership Trusts whereby the proceeds of mineral exploitation by mining houses will include thus the reduction of emissions will have co- dividends to nearby and affected communities benefits. gives an opportunity for utilizing these resources Mining contributes to climate change through for climate change adaptation and mitigation GHG emissions and energy consumption. The activities at the local level. major source of energy in the mining sector is coal. Coal is converted to coke and used to smelt Strategies minerals inevitably leaving a negative carbon footprint in terms of emissions. Electricity is also a) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourage used in mines and mining is the fourth largest emissions reduction and invest in resource efficient technologies. consumer of electrical power. In Zimbabwe, electricity is generated from coal, a fossil fuel, b) Enforce and monitor the implementation of and from Kariba dam (hydro-electricity). mandatory and voluntary environmental management systems. The coal mines have stockpiles of high-sulphur coal, which industry cannot use, that generate c) Adopt practices that reduce energy consumption in the mining sector. methane and occasionally burn spontaneously when the temperatures are high releasing d) Develop a framework for enhancing the GHGs. Projections of increased hot and dry capacity of small scale miners to improve their climate accompanying climate change will environmental performance. increase the frequency of dump fires which will result in increased emission of GHGs. 3.2.4 Tourism Climate change offers new opportunities for the mining sector to reduce emissions and trade The Government of Zimbabwe has earmarked carbon credits on the international carbon tourism as one of the country’s strategic sectors market. Mines can install clean technology such for economic growth and development, because 40 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities of its links with other industries and its positive through sustainable use of natural resources. In contribution to GDP, employment, foreign addition, Zimbabwe has pursued trans-boundary currency earnings and investment. The main initiatives that promote regional tourism thrust is to have a sustainable tourism sector that development. promotes economic growth and improves livelihoods. There are two major threats to tourism that Zimbabwe may experience in the face of climate Tourism in Zimbabwe is based on the change. One is that the changing climate will environment, with the main attractions being have a detrimental impact on the quality of wildlife, wilderness areas, water bodies and Zimbabwe’s tourism products, such as reducing landscapes. Therefore, the quality of the biodiversity and degrading the landscapes. For environment and the experiences that people example: Mana Pools, a major tourist attraction have will be a major factor in the potential for the and biodiversity hotspot, is prone to flooding; and tourist market in Zimbabwe and its rate of trout fishing, a niche tourist attraction in the cool growth. streams and dams of the Eastern Highlands, will be adversely affected. Vulnerability studies for the Second Communication to the UNFCCC predict a The second is the external threat from the decrease in biodiversity in most parts of the international processes such as the introduction country as a result of climate change, especially of mitigating measures in the aviation industry the western and southern regions where most that could result in potential tourists being national parks are located (See Section 3.1.4). reluctant or desisting from travelling by plane This will have a negative effect on the tourism because of the carbon emissions associated with sector as most tourists visit the country to view air travel. A fully ‘green’ tourism industry using the variety of game species and the unique sustainable energy sources and other landscapes the biodiversity offers. Thus, environment-friendly practices would help to adaptation strategies for tourism may include counteract this perception and compensate for protecting biodiversity both in and outside the the tourists’ carbon footprints. park estates. Zimbabwe has a long tradition of progressive Strategies wildlife management and spearheaded the a) Mainstream climate change into policies and sustainable use of wildlife in the southern African legislation that guide the tourism sector. region. Wildlife-based tourism consists of both consumptive, mainly hunting, and non- b) Promote and strengthen Zimbabwe’s tourism consumptive, including photographic safari sector’s resilience to climate change. tourism. Zimbabwe is also in the forefront of c) Build and strengthen the capacity of the community based natural resource tourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to the management, such as the Communal Areas challenges of climate change. Management Programme for Indigenous d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a low Resources (CAMPFIRE) which is implemented carbon footprint/emission and sustainable in 59 of the 64 rural districts of Zimbabwe. growth and development in Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE provides opportunities in the tourism tourism sector. industry for communities to generate income Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 41 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities 3.3 Physical and Social dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two Infra-Structure most important GHGs emitted by the energy sector. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO) are also emitted from 3.3.1. Energy combustion of carbon-based fuels, especially from vehicles and stationary fuel powered The energy sector stands at the centre of the engines. climate change discourse in Zimbabwe, because Zimbabwe’s commercial energy mix is it is the major contributor of GHG emissions. It contributes the biggest share (60.7 per cent) of dominated by conventional energy sources coal, the country’s total GHG emissions, followed by hydropower, petroleum, ethanol and liquid gas. agriculture 20.7 per cent, industrial processes The energy resources of commercial significance 16.6 per cent and waste 1.9 per cent. Although are coal, with total reserves of 10.6 billion tonnes Zimbabwe contributes a mere 1.7 per cent to the of which half a billion are proven; petroleum, of total GHG emissions of the African continent, it which about 40 petajoule (PJ) of finished is still important for future development planning distillates are imported every year; and to take cognisance of this low carbon footprint hydroelectric power with a total potential of 4,200 and to preserve it. MW generated on the regionally shared Zambezi The relevance of energy in economic watercourse. Fuel wood provides the bulk (60 development is highlighted in key development per cent) of the total energy supply. policies, in particular, the Zim Asset. One of the development pillars of Zim Asset is Infrastructure There is heavy reliance on coal for electricity and Utilities and this is the section that recognizes generation with over 46.4 per cent coming from the need for sustainable and adequate available four thermal power stations, namely Hwange, energy as an enabler to the green growth of the Munyati, Harare and Bulawayo. The other 53 per economy that the country is pursuing. cent energy is derived from non-carbon Greenhouse gas emissions from the energy resources in the form of hydro-power from Lake sector emanate from combustion of carbon- Kariba power station (Table 3). The balance is based fuels as well as fugitive emissions during derived from renewable energy sources such as coal mining and handling processes. Carbon solar power. Table 3.2. Production of electricity in zimbabwe in GWh. Source: Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. Generated Energy (GWh) Power Station 2010 2011 2012 Hydro generators (Kariba) 5,798.78 5,091.42 5,372.00 Coal generators (Hwange, Munyati, Bulawayo, Harare) 2,711.78 3,811.60 3,575.00 Other renewable generators (Border Timbers, Hippo Valley, Triangle) 167.23 Other generators (not included above) 2.60 Total Energy Generated 8,510.56 8,903.02 9,116.83 42 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities The power stations are currently performing at Access to electricity in Zimbabwe remains low 66 per cent of the generation design capacity with a national average of 40 per cent and of because of lack of adequate financing for only 19 per cent in rural areas. The energy operations; high transmission losses; old age consumption pattern was transformed by the and poor maintenance of equipment; and issues economic meltdown the country experienced of climate change related water availability in between 2006 and 2008. Since then there has Lake Kariba. The electricity energy supply and been a significant drop in the share of energy demand scenario including its future projection consumption by industry, while on the other hand is given in Figure 12. the increase in population and construction of new houses has seen a rise in domestic energy The long term scenario predicts that the consumption. The historical subsector energy electricity demand of the country will have consumption is shown in Figure 13. doubled by 2020 and to meet this demand energy generation capacity should increase by Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity more than twice the current capacity. The consumption. immediate option at the disposal of Government Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. to address the current power generation shortfall gap of between 600–1,600 MW at peak hours is coal which is locally available in abundance. However, thermal power production is a major source of GHGs. Therefore government should consider an integrated resource plan with a rich share of renewable energy to curb further GHG emissions in the long term. Figure 12: The long term energy supply and demand projection. Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 MW 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Years Demand Plus Reserves Generation Capacity Demand with DSM Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 43 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Agriculture accounts for the next largest source cause of concern as it affects mostly women and of demand for coal after generation of electricity. children who are responsible for collecting and A limited amount of this coal, probably no more using firewood. than several thousands of tonnes per year, is The agricultural sector uses fuel wood for agro- utilized on large farms for tobacco curing and processing of tobacco. Small-holder farmers domestic use. Use of coal in households is very have limited capital. This has led them to resort limited. to ‘low cost’ fuel wood for curing tobacco Zimbabwe is also endowed with coal-bed resulting in heavy depletion of forests. There are methane deposits that are estimated to be more more than 66,000 tobacco growers producing than 600 billion cubic metres that could also more than 132 million kg of tobacco of which 62 generate electricity. These are found in the per cent is cured by fuel wood. A tonne of Lupane-Hwange area as well as Beitbridge and tobacco consumes almost three times the wood Chiredzi. Use of cleaner coal-bed methane to a person requires per year. It is estimated that generate electricity would be a good substitute over 46,000 hectares of forests were destroyed for highly polluting coal. Resource constraints while 1.38 million cubic metres of fuel wood were have limited independent verification and burnt to cure part of the 127 million kilogrammes extraction of the resource. of tobacco delivered to the auction floors in 2011. Thus about 47 per cent of deforestation rates Biomass constitutes a major source of energy, have been attributed to biomass energy for heating and cooking especially for the rural consumption for curing tobacco. The and low-income urban population. Since 2007, management of fuel wood resources and there has been an increase in the number of the demand are therefore a major issue in the urban households using fuel-wood because of energy planning processes and GHG mitigation the intermittent availability of electricity. in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe’s forest cover diminished from 20.9 million hectares in 1990 to 15.6 million hectares Zimbabwe imports all its liquid fuel requirements in 2010 with the main drivers being the continued and the estimated monthly demand when the dependence on biomass for heating and economy was at its peak for diesel, petrol and jet cooking; the opening up of land for agriculture; fuel were 105; 90 and 15 million litres, poor management of forests; and use of firewood respectively. The transport and agricultural for curing tobacco. With a forest regeneration sectors consume 60 per cent and 13 per cent of rate as low as 0.94 tonnes/ha/year in the the fuels, respectively. Other liquid fuels are communal areas, this has not matched the rate consumed by aircraft and households mainly of extraction. Biomass extraction and use have paraffin (<1 per cent). Diesel contributes 54, two fold negative impacts on climate change. petrol 29 and paraffin 8 per cent of the total liquid The extraction of biomass removes GHG sinks fuel supply. The remainder is shared between and the burning of firewood for cooking and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), aviation gasoline heating adds to carbon emissions. (Avgas) and Jet A1. Biomass utilisation at domestic level is The use of renewable energy is low (less than 1 unsustainable as the open fire mostly used is per cent). The major renewable energy resource highly inefficient and the smoke emitted is currently used is hydropower from Kariba. There polluting to the environment and has negative are other known sites where electricity could be health impacts. Indoor air pollution is a major produced on the Zambezi River Basin such as 44 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities the Batoka, Devil’s, Mupata and Katambora per cent (E10) in 2013 and expected to rise to 20 gorges as well as on perennial rivers in the per cent in 2014. The mandatory blending will eastern highlands and the large to medium scale help to mitigate GHG emissions from combustion irrigation dams across the country. Independent fuels. power producers are tapping on the relatively Solar power is available in abundance with the high hydro potential in the Eastern Highlands. solar radiation peaking 6 kW/m2/day in most These systems are generating 6.75 MW using a areas. Applications of solar technology have combination of mini-hydro and micro-hydro focussed on solar photovoltaic (production of power stations that are feeding mostly the Honde electricity) for pumping of water, refrigeration, Valley. The absence of an enabling policy and lighting in households and institutions, powering regulatory environment has been cited as a key of radios and televisions as well as solar thermal factor in limited investment in renewable energy. (heat production) for cooking, water heating and Zimbabwe has a long history of ethanol crop drying. Over 100,000 solar energy systems production for fuel blending at Triangle Sugar have been installed country-wide; however, their Estates starting in the 1970’s. The use of biofuels use is limited mostly to rural schools and such as ethanol offers an opportunity for climate homesteads. Mimosa mine has the country’s change mitigation because they are carbon largest installed domestic water heaters with 360 neutral as they sequestrate carbon dioxide units. The estimated installed capacity for solar during plant growth. water heaters is equivalent to 1.5 MW. This example can be replicated across the country’s More recently, a national biofuels programme urban households and institutions to bring was launched in 2005 to partially substitute imported fossil fuels with locally produced significant environmental benefits and reduce biofuels. Two approaches have been used and pressure on power generation. involve the use of the Jatropha curcas plant and Wind speeds over Zimbabwe are generally low, the processing of its seed into biodiesel and the averaging 3.0 m/s. Wind energy has been used expanding of sugarcane growing and the for the pumping of water. A project to determine resuscitation of blending of petrol with ethanol wind profiles in various parts of the country was based on the involvement of Triangle Sugar conducted in the mid-1990s. It, however, did not Estates and new entries that include Hippo generate sufficient data to produce a wind map Valley, Chiredzi and Chisumbanje Sugar Estates. but enabled the design and production of a wind A new plant was commissioned at Chisumbanje electric machine able to operate on low wind and produces 200,000 litres of ethanol per day. speeds. These machines could be used to All the sugar cane processing plants have enhance irrigation particularly in the newly cogeneration equipment that is generating resettled areas. electricity from bagasse helping to augment local power production within the Chiredzi area. With Biogas offers an additional source of household regards to Jatropha, this has not spread as much energy and its production should be used to as was initially projected, however communities mitigate emissions from farm and municipal are pressing the seeds for oil to use in household waste. There are more than 400 biogas digesters lighting. which range in capacity from 3-16 cubic metres The government through the Zimbabwe Energy in Zimbabwe. Unfortunately only two have been Regulatory Authority introduced mandatory known to be functional. The Rural Electrification blending of petrol with ethanol starting with 10 Agency and SNV a Dutch non-governmental Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 45 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities organization have resuscitated the National Mitigation measures should in the short term Biogas Programme aimed at promoting biogas focus on thermal energy which is expected to utilisation at household and institutional levels to provide the bulk of energy in the short-term. help address energy supply for cooking. There are opportunities through the use of cleaner coal technologies and reduction of The National Energy Policy of 2012 strongly transmission losses. Growth in hydropower, advocates for the promotion of renewable energy biofuels and solar energy should provide to address the energy supply gap. The opportunities for climate mitigation in the long- availability of reliable, adequate and sustainable term. This will however require the creation of an energy will be a necessary condition for the enabling environment for investment in the attainment of the projected GDP growth rates. renewable energy sector and an enhanced Zimbabwe should develop an Integrated Energy understanding of the importance of renewable Resources Plan that will give an optimal mix of energy. The measures should start with the energy resources that will address the country’s piloting of the technologies followed by the up- energy needs at the lowest possible cost. scaling of successful technologies throughout Greening the Integrated Energy Resources Plan the country. The recently launched National using as much renewable energy as can Energy Policy (2012) has strategies which if economically be viable, will in the long term implemented within the stipulated timeframes achieve national development goals while using should be able to complement the strategies low carbon pathways and attaining a national low identified in this strategy document. GHG footprint. Other measures to green the energy sector Strategies include reducing energy demand and increasing a) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworks the efficiency of energy production and use for renewable energy, energy conservation which, when combined should lower Zimbabwe’s and energy efficiency. GHG emissions. There are opportunities to b) Strengthen energy planning, research and increasing energy efficiency both on the supply development. and demand side through improving equipment for power generation, transmission and c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use. distribution on the supply side; and improving the 3.3.2. Transport energy performance of cook-stoves, lamps, appliances, boilers, buildings, vehicles and The transport sector is a vital part of Zimbabwe’s processes in the energy-intensive industries development as it impacts on trade, commerce, such as iron and steel, cement and fertilizer business and participation of the labour force in manufacturing on the demand-side. these sectors. The transport sector consists of road, rail, air networks and a small ferry service. With regards to fuels there are opportunities to Zimbabwe occupies a strategic position within switch to less carbon-intensive fuels including the Common Market for Eastern and Southern use of ethanol in vehicles and for electricity Africa (COMESA) and SADC and therefore generation, developing bagasse/biomass needs an efficient transport system as any traffic cogeneration/bioenergy systems and using bottlenecks on the regional trunk road network micro-hydropower, wind and off-grid solar have a detrimental effect on these two regional photovoltaics among other renewable sources. groupings. 46 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Zimbabwe’s road infrastructure consists of a Zimbabwe was estimated by the Zimbabwe diversified network of roads totalling 88,133 km. National Road Authority at 896,012 in 2012 of Over two thousand (2,307 km) of Zimbabwe’s which 828,395 were small motor vehicles, road infrastructure forms part of the Regional 30,514 heavy vehicles, 9,399 convectional buses Trunk Road Network linking SADC and and 8,907 registered public buses, among COMESA member states. There has been a others. boom in trade of between 10 and 90 per cent The majority of these vehicles are generally within the region, resulting in an upsurge of traffic reconditioned cars imported from industrialized volumes traversing Zimbabwe’s roads. countries where they would have been discarded The National Railways of Zimbabwe operates after they reach their full economic life. There is 2,400 km of rail. However, there has been a near need to enforce emission standards for vehicles collapse of the railway infrastructure in recent and to use them to assess the emissions of years that has resulted in more abnormal loads imported vehicles before they are allowed into having to be transported by road. the country. There are over 200 airports and aerodromes The current and projected growth in the transport spread across the country. The original design sector will increase GHG emissions. Already the capacity of the various terminals was sufficient transport sector is one of the major contributors for up to 3.8 million passengers a year with of GHG emissions as it is responsible for about Harare International Airport as the main hub. 12 per cent of Zimbabwe’s GHG emissions. The major challenges for the road transport Nearly 97 per cent of transportation GHG sector that relate to climate change in Zimbabwe emissions come through direct combustion of are the rate of motorization and the quality of fossil fuels, with the remainder being carbon fuel. The traffic sector is increasing rapidly with dioxide (CO2) from hydro-fluorocarbons emitted the vehicle fleet doubling every 10 years. The from vehicle air conditioners and refrigerated central vehicle registry registered 15,723 new transport. A move towards the use of blended vehicles in 2000 and 31,440 in 2009 as shown fuels will reduce the GHG emissions from vehicle in Figure 14. The total number of vehicles in fuel combustion. Figure 14: Number of new vehicle registrations per annum between 2000 and 2009. 000’s 35 30 number of new vehicles registered 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 47 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Current estimates suggest that Zimbabwe needs any other mode of transport. It is estimated that over 1 billion litres of diesel; over 730 million litres the emissions in grams of carbon dioxide/per of petrol; and 180 million litres of jet fuel per year kilometre/per person transported by an for transport (See Section 3.3.1). This equates to aeroplane is about 322.8 g if the plane is 744,000 tonnes and 543,120 tonnes per year completely full while that of a car is 204.2 g. CO2 emissions from diesel and petrol A train is estimated to emit 60.2 g per passenger consumption, respectively. In addition, vehicles if the train is 70 per cent full and a public bus release nitrous oxide, methane and other organic 81.8 g per passenger. pollutants, with the amounts emitted determined Given this scenario, the carbon footprint of by average speed and vehicle technology. visitors and tourists that come to Zimbabwe is Introduction of an integrated transport system in increased as a result of current international Zimbabwe would reduce the carbon footprint travel arrangements where the majority of caused by the road transport sector. Zimbabwe visitors have to fly to South Africa before they can needs to develop an efficient public and mass fly to Zimbabwe, increasing their travel distance. transport system by introducing larger buses and Introducing direct international flights to Zimbabwe will impact positively on the carbon trains on urban commuter routes. This will footprint of Zimbabwe’s air transport sector. reduce the number of people using private cars There is also need to promote the use of and reduce GHG emissions. There is also need alternative modes of transport for visitors coming for promotion of use of non-motorized transport to Zimbabwe particularly regional tourists. such as bicycles and walking to reduce carbon emissions. Such transportation has co-benefits of improving health. Strategies a) Introduce a transport policy framework that Climate change is expected to affect transport encourages use of transport with low carbon infrastructure which is vulnerable to floods, emissions. storms, and extreme high temperatures. For example, bridge foundations are eroded by b) Integrate climate resilience into transport increased run-off, and roads and small bridges planning and infrastructural development. are often washed away by floods. Tarred roads are also susceptible to extreme temperatures, which melt or soften the tar; while excessive 3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human rains cause the development of pot-holes and Settlements) increased erosion alongside the roads. There is therefore need to incorporate climate change in road designs and transport related infrastructure. Zimbabwe has experienced an increasing number of weather-related hazards that include The air, rail and ferry transport sector is relatively floods, storms and droughts, among others. small but also contributes to GHG emissions. Climate change is predicted to further increase Coal is the main fuel used in rail traction. and intensify these extreme events. These Zimbabwe’s air traffic currently consists mainly climate induced disasters indiscriminately affect of regional and domestic flights with a few the poor and marginalized people’s livelihoods international flights. Of concern is that the carbon and health, and undermine the country’s footprint related to air travel is much higher than economic development. 48 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities The most affected people in Zimbabwe are rural revised to mainstream climate change and to communities who are likely to have low adaptive include disaster risk management. They should capacity to deal or cope with such disasters. That also be aligned with the Environmental is why it is important to mainstream climate Management Act that requires mandatory change into disaster risk management. Disaster environmental impact assessments of projects risk management can be used to reduce the such as housing developments and settlements. impacts and losses from climate change and is Lack of enforcement of policy and by-laws has central to adaptation. Therefore it should become resulted in some communities settling in a central component in all of Zimbabwe’s climate endangered areas such as riverbanks, wetlands, change adaptation strategies. gullies, sloppy areas, marginal lands as well as Zimbabwe has endorsed the Hyogo Framework disaster and flood prone areas which are not for Action 2005-2015 which was adopted by the suitable for human settlements. The vulnerability World Conference on Disaster Reduction on of communities is further increased by lack of co- Building the Resilience of Nations and ordination among infrastructure sectors; low level Communities to Disasters held in Hyogo, Japan of participation by the population in climate in 2005. The Framework aims to reduce the risks change initiatives; lack of a culture of safety of natural disasters and the effect they have on among the general population and of financial the lives and livelihoods of the poor. The resources to construct flood and fire protected implementation of this framework requires the infrastructure. building of climate and disaster resistant housing In addition, the current infrastructure was and implementing disaster preparedness designed using historical climatic conditions and through early warning systems. The Department yet the climate is changing. The outdated of Civil Protection has developed a Draft Disaster infrastructure is not able to withstand extreme Risk Management Policy, Bill and a Draft weather events. An effective and reliable Disaster Risk Management Strategy aligned to infrastructure is an important adaptation international agreements and the Hyogo response to climate change. Therefore, one of Framework. the top priorities for climate change adaptation Local authorities are best placed to deal with should be the provision of a robust national disasters but they lack adequate financial infrastructure. The design of climate proofed resources and capacity and are unable to settlements is an important imperative. maintain sewers and drains meant to reduce The generation and provision of reliable and risks associated with water-borne diseases; safe appropriate information on present and future disposal of wastewater and to reduce flooding climate risks is a key component of disaster risk risks and avoid blockages as part of disaster management. Improved data sources and preparedness. They are not able to deliver capacity to model are required to create data on adequate healthcare systems in response to which adaptive strategies could be based. injuries and illnesses which may arise from Understanding of climate change at local levels climate induced hazards. In addition, they are not in Zimbabwe is limited by the lack of data of effectively enforcing building by-laws and land- sufficiently high resolution and continuity. Low- use controls. resolution data has insufficient temporal and The laws, policies and by-laws on location of spatial coverage to detect crucial local climate settlements, design, standards and quality of change trends or to validate projections from buildings are also fragmented. These should be regional climate models. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 49 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Zimbabwe needs to create a database for the Water Subcommittee; National Epidemics and management of disasters at all levels in the Zoonoses Crisis Subcommittee and National country. Lack of readily available national Resource Mobilization Subcommittee. These disaster information and institutional memory structural arrangements could be more beneficial leads to poor planning, monitoring and to all stakeholders if they were also used for evaluation of trend analysis and forecasts. There climate change governance. Currently, there are is also need for technical assistance to support different organizations that promote disaster risk disaster risk management education and training management and climate change adaptation in through formal education and public awareness Zimbabwe, but the interventions are not programmes. coordinated. The development of flood and drought early warning systems is also important for Strategies settlements in drought and flood prone areas. a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinated The strengthening of Zimbabwe’s national approach to reducing disaster risk and to institutions such as the Departments of address impacts of climate change through a Meteorological and Hydrological Services should multi-stakeholder approach. be a top priority for climate change adaptation. These should be effective and reliable b) Enhance early warning systems and capacity institutions with capacities to monitor, detect, of hydro-meteorological services to advise on weather related impacts on new infrastructure forecast and give early warnings about disasters as well as mitigation of potential damage to such as floods, droughts and emerging threats. existing infrastructure. They should also have capacity to carry out c) Review and update policy and by-laws on climatological analyses of atmospheric hazards, building standards and codes to make them as well as forensic analyses and assessments of adaptive to climate change. vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure. For example, forensic analyses would reveal the d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure. structural failures of infrastructure such as e) Enhance community resilience to climate houses, electrical power distribution change. infrastructure, communication structures and dams as a result of extreme weather conditions. When infrastructure is destroyed, the costs of 3.3.4. Waste Management rebuilding and rehabilitation must be borne by insurance companies. Zimbabwe is, however Solid waste management poses a major recovering from an economic melt-down; this challenge for the majority of urban local means most of the infrastructure is either not authorities in Zimbabwe. This is because they insured or underinsured. are practicing the traditional solid waste The Department of Civil Protection has management system which involves generation, incorporated decentralized arrangements for the storage, collection, transportation and disposal co-ordination of national, provincial, district and of solid waste at dumpsites. The traditional community-level disaster risk management system focuses on the disposal of solid waste initiatives in the Disaster Risk Management Bill without controlling its generation and promoting and Policy. Some of the structures that have waste re-use and recycling. It is estimated that been created include the National Emergency about 48 per cent of solid waste generated in Services Subcommittee; National Food and Zimbabwe is not collected and is either being 50 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities illegally dumped in open spaces and on Some industries have formed clusters where roadsides or disposed of by open burning. The they are exchanging waste materials for use as limited quantity of solid waste that is collected by raw materials thus reducing solid waste that local authorities is deposited at dumpsites which would end up at the dumpsites. do not qualify as landfills because of their design. According to global IPCC inventories, The contribution of solid wastes to climate wastewater management is the second largest change is through methane gas which is source of GHG emissions from the waste sector produced by anaerobic respiration of as a whole. In Zimbabwean urban centres, liquid microorganisms when they decompose waste is either collected in septic tanks or is biodegradable waste. This is a major issue as directed to the municipal sewage treatment biodegradable waste constitutes at least 50 per works where it is separated into liquid cent of the overall waste generated in wastewater and sludge. Sludge digestion emits Zimbabwe’s urban areas. In addition there are methane. Most urban authorities in Zimbabwe do often spontaneous or human caused fires at not capture methane at their treatment works most dumpsites fueled by the emitted methane, with only the City of Harare flaring it at two of its sewage treatment works. A net benefit to climate further releasing CO2. can be achieved through capturing methane gas When open burning of waste is practiced it produced at landfills as well as by incinerators contributes to short-lived climate pollutants such and wastewater treatment plants. Use of the as black carbon (See Section 3.1.1). energy recovered from waste management Incineration is mostly practiced as a way of processes also avoids the use of fossil fuels disposing medical hazardous solid waste and elsewhere in the energy system. emits CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide Zimbabwe has policies, legislation and statutory (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic instruments that should help in reducing the compounds (NMVOCs). Further, combustion of amount of solid waste generated and the fuel used during collection, transportation and management of both solid and liquid waste. processing of wastes also contributes to CO2 However, these are not fully implemented emissions. It is however, difficult to determine the because of lack of resources for building the magnitude of solid waste management requisite infrastructure and for enforcing emissions because of limited data on waste legislation. generation, composition and management in Zimbabwe, as well as inaccuracies in emissions models. Strategies Proper waste management practices can result a) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper, in climate benefits. These benefits can be effective and efficient waste management achieved through adoption of the integrated services in order to reduce GHG emissions solid waste management system which from waste management. prioritizes waste minimization, re-use, recycling b) Create an enabling policy environment which and waste-to-energy recovery. A larger encourages investment into alternative energy stakeholder involvement in waste management production using waste. that includes the informal waste sector is needed as it has potential to make a significant c) Develop an enabling framework to promote contribution to resource recovery. There is need waste minimization through education and to increase the level of recycling in Zimbabwe. behavioural change of waste generators. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 51 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities 3.3.5. Health but higher in average years. This indicates that excessive rainfall coupled with high Climate change is likely to alter the ecology of temperatures may negatively affect the breeding some disease vectors in Africa. Consequently pattern of malaria carrying mosquitoes found in the spatial and temporal transmission of such Zimbabwe. diseases will also be altered. Most assessments Other weather sensitive diseases are also likely on health have concentrated on malaria and to spread faster with global warming. Intensified there are still debates on the attribution of flooding will increase incidences of water borne malaria resurgence in some African areas. An or related diseases such as cholera, typhoid and estimated 700,000 to 2.7 million people die of bilharzia, while warmer temperatures will malaria in sub-Saharan Africa each year and 75 enhance the spread of meningitis. Reduced per cent of these are children. The economic availability of safe water because of climate burden of malaria is estimated as an average change may also increase the prevalence of reduction in economic growth of 1.3 per cent for diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, those African countries with the highest burden. guinea worms and dysentery through use of The social and economic costs of malaria are huge and include considerable costs to unsafe water. In some areas, warming is likely to individuals and households as well as high costs translate into reduced crop yields and livestock at community and national levels. productivity and water scarcity, which will concomitantly negatively affect human health Results from the “Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa” and nutrition. During periods of climate-induced project show a possible expansion and disasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basic contraction, depending on location of climatically systems that ensure proper handling, suitable areas for malaria by 2020, 2050 and preparation and storage of food are severely 2080. Assessments using 16 climate change compromised, leading to frequent outbreaks of scenarios show that by 2100, changes in food borne illnesses. temperature and precipitation could alter the geographical distribution of malaria in Zimbabwe Climate variability may also interact with other with previous unsuitable areas of dense human background stresses and additional population becoming suitable for transmission. vulnerabilities such as immuno-compromised populations affected by HIV and AIDS resulting At a more local level, vulnerability assessments in increased susceptibility and risk to other carried out for Zimbabwe’s Second infectious diseases e.g. cholera. The potential of Communication to the UNFCCC also used climate change to intensify or alter flood patterns malaria as an indicator to assess the potential may become a major additional driver of future impact of climate change on the health sector as health risks from flooding. its distribution and seasonal transmission correlates significantly with temperature and Another potential impact of increasing average rainfall in the country. Further, understanding the temperatures and changing weather patterns is changes in malaria occurrence in a changing the loss of biodiversity which might include climate is important since 75 per cent of the medicinal plants, making them less available to country is prone to malaria. A strong link was communities that depend on them for treatment. demonstrated among recorded malaria Effective early warning and disease surveillance incidences, temperature and rainfall using systems that alert populations to anticipated bioclimatic (BIOCLAM) GIS models. Results disease outbreaks would reduce vulnerability to indicated that malaria incidences were lower a number of climate-induced epidemics and in drought years and exceptionally wet years facilitate timely and decisive responses. 52 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Strategies Gender, HIV and AIDS, and other vulnerabilities a) Strengthen surveillance programmes for coincide. Women are more vulnerable not only monitoring human health under a changing to climate change, but also to social problems climate. including poverty, unemployment and HIV and AIDS. Although Zimbabwe has made significant b) Build resilience against diseases that occur strides towards the reduction of HIV prevalence, because of impacts of climate change. the levels remain significantly high at 15 per cent in 2010/11, and the epidemic still bears a woman’s face, in terms of prevalence (women 18 3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIV per cent and men 12 per cent prevalence). and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Furthermore, women care for the sick and the Groups orphans, therefore their role as primary caregivers in the HIV and AIDS pandemic places Zimbabwe’s demographic data published by severe strain on their resources, and this will be ZIMSTAT show that more women than men are exacerbated by the increase in climate change- poor and live in the rural areas where livelihoods related diseases. are intimately linked with the exploitation of natural resources which are vulnerable to climate Unequal access, control and ownership of change. They are further disadvantaged by old natural resources by women and men, youth, the age, disability and HIV status, among other elderly and other vulnerable groups extends the variables, which make them disproportionately exclusion of the vulnerable groups from vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They important decision and policy-making institutions experience the greatest impacts of climate that govern the natural resources. Governance change because they are already vulnerable and and decision making structures at all levels are marginalized, while at the same time, they have still dominated by men. The impacts of climate the least capacity or opportunity to prepare for its change will further widen the gaps and amplify negative effects. the inequities between women and men and other vulnerable groups. Moreover, because of gender differences in property rights, access to information, and Gender disaggregated data on climate change, cultural, social and economic roles, the effects of its impacts and adaptation strategies are still climate change are likely to affect men and limited in Zimbabwe. Anecdotal evidence shows women differently. For example, recurring that climate change, as evidenced by frequent droughts and low rainfall patterns have impacts droughts, floods, and erratic rainfall and high on accessible water supplies and fuel wood, temperatures, is negatively affecting smallholder especially in the rural areas. This increases the farmers who are mainly women, with little or no distances that women and girls have to walk to adaptation strategies. A study in the rural district secure these resources. Thus climate change of Chiredzi, southeast of Zimbabwe, found that exacerbates existing inequalities in key the most vulnerable households to climate dimensions that not only are the building blocks change included female-headed and child- of livelihoods, but are also crucial for coping with headed households, those lacking access to change. irrigation and poor households. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 53 SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities According to the Disability Scoping Study carried Strategies out by DFID in 2007 People Living With Disability a) Mainstream climate change in policies for the (1.4 million) constitute approximately 10 per cent vulnerable groups with their active of Zimbabwe’s total population. The study participation at every level. showed that households with disabled members had lower mean income and fewer mean b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the expenses regardless of seasonal fluctuations vulnerable groups. than households without disabled members. c) Enhance provision of early warning systems People Living With Disability have also been on droughts, floods and disease outbreaks to excluded from the land reform programme with vulnerable groups and ensure a coordinated less than one per cent having benefited from approach in providing them with emergency both the land reform programme and the services. provision of agricultural inputs because they are not regarded as very productive members of society. This makes them more vulnerable to the 3.3.7. Children and Youth impacts of climate change. The 2012 National Census carried out by Zimbabwe has a young growing population. ZIMSTAT revealed that elderly people (65 years According to the 2011 Child Labour Survey and above) comprise about four per cent of the Report, there are about 5.8 million children below total population. Elderly people find it difficult to 18 years representing 48.8 per cent of the total participate in development initiatives because of population. Youth are defined as persons their advanced age and home confinement. between 15 and 35 years of age and according Aged men and women, however, have to the 2012 National Census there are about 4.7 indigenous knowledge important for adapting to million youth in Zimbabwe. Children and youth climate change owing to their experience in are at increased risk from disease, under- natural resources management and agriculture. nutrition, water scarcity, disasters and the This knowledge includes rainfall predictions collapse of public services and infrastructure that using behaviours of certain animals, birds, tree will be exacerbated by climate change. and plant species as well as coping strategies. Most children in Zimbabwe, 73.5 per cent, live in rural areas, and are directly affected by low food Various strategies are being used to address the crop production and food insecurity which are effects of climate change in Zimbabwe. These exacerbated by more frequent droughts, flooding include afforestation projects, conservation and unreliable rainfall patterns. agriculture, and the expansion of small grain production as well as rearing of small livestock. Children are often most vulnerable to adverse Conservation agriculture has been criticized for health effects from environmental hazards being too labour intensive for vulnerable groups because they are not fully developed physically especially women, the sick, the elderly and the and psychologically. Preventable and treatable disabled. Small grain and small livestock diseases such as diarrhoea and malaria are production as well as afforestation projects have predicted to worsen with climate change. Water all targeted women, but without the necessary availability is predicted to reduce with climate supporting technology. This has increased the change. Access to clean safe water is crucial for burden on women. good health and development of children. 54 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities Unsafe drinking water exposes them to the risk the future. Children have a major stake in the of contracting water borne diseases. Another future and have the right and responsibility to adverse effect of water shortages is that as participate in decisions that affect them, and to streams and water sources dry up, children will take adaptive action on climate change. have to travel further to collect water. Therefore, children and youth should be actors in the climate change agenda, rather than being Children may also face other growing difficulties treated as passive observers or victims. Children such as lapses in education and insecurity should learn about climate change issues in a caused by climate-induced behavioural changes way that does not make them feel threatened, and livelihood choices of parents and other but rather, that addressing it is something they family members, which may result in displace- can be part of. ment, conflict, neglect and abandonment. Children may have to cope with higher levels of Inclusion of children and youth in climate change pressures which keep them out of school and adaptations and mitigations is not just about force them into work too soon. consulting them or asking their views. It means giving them access to information that they need The effects of climate change will be particularly to comprehensively understand the dynamics of hard on young people because they lack climate change and its impact on their rights, supportive financial and natural capital to fall opportunities and responsibilities. It means back on. Their condition has been worsened by encouraging them to use that knowledge in the effects of HIV and AIDS which has created creative and innovative ways to safe guard their child-headed households which are vulnerable future, to design and implement their own actions to all shocks including climate change. with the support they need, and to take part in Zimbabwe has sound policy frameworks that interventions initiated by adults. provide for the protection and rights of children Children and young people have the energy and and youth. However, these existing policies do enthusiasm which climate change response not sufficiently recognize or address children and strategies can capitalize on. Through fostering youth’s issues and unique vulnerabilities in the spirit of voluntarism embraced by the relation to the impacts of climate change. There National Youth Policy and building on their is need to mainstream children’s issues and the enthusiasm, young people and children can be various risks that climate change poses for a resource in climate change mitigation and children and to put children at the forefront of adaptation activities. national climate change adaptation policies and programmes. Similarly, the policies and plans fail to draw on the practical knowledge, insights and Strategies capacity for meaningful change that children can and do offer, most notably at sub-national and a) Understand the impacts of climate change on community levels. The views of young people children and youth in Zimbabwe and create an are particularly important to ensure that enabling environment that prevents harm to adaptation approaches take account of the them emanating from pressures of these needs of different children and different stages impacts. of child development. b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth in Children exhibit relatively high levels of the policy formulation process for climate awareness and concern about climate change change, and in adaptation and mitigation which affects their visions of and anxieties about activities. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 55 Section Strategy Enablers 4 4.1 Capacity Building It is important to establish public-private- community-partnerships with a special focus on facilitating capacity development in climate 4.1.1. Capacity Building for Climate change, disaster risk management and socio- Change economic development. Capacity development and technology transfer are some of the most important requirements to Strategies the overall response to climate change impacts. a) Build capacity to conduct comprehensive Capacity development is required at community, vulnerability assessments and develop district, provincial, national and regional levels appropriate response models. and across all sectors. However, inadequate resources are often devoted to capacity b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climate development initiatives in Zimbabwe limiting the change adaptation and disaster risk country’s adaptive and mitigative capacity. There management into development programmes. is therefore need to develop capacity to appropriately respond to climate change. 4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Capacity-building should focus on long term Services in Climate Change planning of adaptation and mitigation actions. Its implementation requires cooperation across all scales from national, regional to international The Meteorological Services Department is levels. There is need for capacity building in mandated to provide up-to-date information on forecasting and in development and use of climate change issues in Zimbabwe. The climate models. There is also need for training in responsibility also covers providing information different disciplines including climate related on Zimbabwe‘s emissions of greenhouse gases research and development of sustainable spatial (GHGs) and information on interventions decision support systems. Linkages among required to react to the adverse impacts of research institutions nationally, regionally and climate change. internationally are required to tap into technologies and to increase their uptake. Zimbabwe is taking part in the Global Climate Exchange programmes should be encouraged to Observing Systems (GCOS) activities of the allow transfer of best practices and adoption of World Meteorology Organization (WMO) and best methodologies. is monitoring climate by maintaining a 56 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers systematic observation network. Meteorological carry out climatological analyses of atmospheric and atmospheric observations in Zimbabwe hazards, forensic analyses and assessments of cover two aspects of the GCOS; the Global vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure. Surface Observations (GSO) and the Global Upper Air Observations (GUAO). The Strategies Meteorological Service Department Observation Network comprises of 64 stations operating as a a) Strengthen the capacity of the National basic synoptic network. All stations provide Meteorological and Hydrological Services to surface data while 14 of the stations have been carry out research on climate change through equipped to provide surface and upper air data improved data collection and management, and participate in GCOS activities. and climate modelling. Dissemination of data, products and services to b) Strengthen the documentation of and tapping regional and international data centres for WMO into indigenous knowledge systems to is done through the Global Telecommunication complement scientific knowledge for climate System (GTS). The Department heavily relies on change forecasting and early warning Global Circulation Models for weather prediction systems. and forecast verification. c) Establish an enabling framework for sharing The Meteorological Services Department hosts and disseminating information on climate data from 1890 which is relevant for detecting change (i.e. at provincial, district and ward climatic trends and risks. It is also a source of levels) in the country. downscaled future climatic data. However, most of the equipment at the Meteorological Service Department is old and now costly to maintain. 4.1.3. Technology transfer The shortage of and lack of spare parts to repair faulty equipment gravely affects operations of the The increased emmision of GHGs by human Department. The constant breakdown of activity has significantly distabilized energy equipment often results in research being carried balances resulting in the general shift in global out using a course resolution and creates gaps climatic conditions. Technological processes in in datasets. The department has also suffered a industry are responsible for these emmisions as major brain drain. these have focused mainly on boosting economic development with very little The role of the Meteorological Services consideration of the long term negative impacts Department in disaster risk management and on the climate. Technological advancements in climate change response should not be some parts of the world have resulted in the underestimated. Its strengthening should development of more efficient technologies with therefore be a top priority for climate change reduced impacts to the climate. Therefore efforts adaptation. The Department should be an towards adoption of more efficient technologies effective and reliable institution with capacities to are required as without technology transfers, “it monitor, detect, forecast and give early warnings may be difficult to achieve emission reduction at about disasters such as floods, droughts and emerging threats. It should also have capacity to a significant scale” (IPCC, 2007). Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 57 SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers Technology transfer is a key component in provision in rural areas and poor urban areas has climate change response strategies as there is also caused depletion of forest cover. need for a serious shift in technological Technological improvement in the energy sector processes currently being applied. It requires a will result in significant benefits in addressing serious policy shift on the part of governments; climate change. Other sectors of the national education and awareness of communities and economy such as agriculture, rural and urban significant financial investments. Zimbabwe is a development and mining also need to adopt signatory of the Climate Change Convention more efficient technologies to enable the nation and, hence, is bound to “take steps to promote, to cope with climate change. facilitate, and finance environmentally sound technologies and know-how”. Such efforts should not be restricted to high technological Strategies applications only, as local communities will also a) Create a policy framework that will improve need to shift to more climate change resilient access to and promote uptake of cleaner and techniques. more efficient technologies across all economic sectors. It is necessary to first identify critical sectors whose activities contribute most to emissions at b) Support research and development of local, national and regional scales. Appropriate technologies in all relevant sectors to mitigate interventions would then be identified together and adapt to climate change. with implementation mechanisms. It is also important to identify alternative technological approaches that can be adopted at various levels 4.2 Climate Change Education, of society to enable communities to cope with Communication and Public the challenge of climate change and to assess Awareness the cost benefits of adopting such technologies. These activities would require attention as part The countries that are parties to the UNFCCC of Zimbabwe’s contribution towards mitigating have accepted certain responsibilities contained global climate change. in Article 6 of the Convention which include Zimbabwe carried out a technological transfer implementing education, awareness and training needs assessment in 2008 to identify and on climate change at the national and sub- prioritize the climate change initiatives it should national levels. At the international level, each undertake including areas of focus; capacity member of the Conference of Parties is needs; technology transfer needs; barriers to supposed to cooperate and promote the accessing technologies and opportunities of development and exchange of educational and accessing funds to undertake mitigation and public awareness materials on climate change adaptation activities. and its effects. It is also tasked with the development and implementation of educational The energy sector contributes most to climate and training programmes including the change (See Section 3.3.1.) as energy drives strengthening of national institutions and the the economy through industrial and commercial exchange or secondment of personnel to train activities. Use of fuel wood for domestic energy experts in climate change. 58 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers Zimbabwe has started participating in UNFCCC curriculum in such subjects as Social Studies, Article 6 activities. This is seen by its inclusion of Environmental Studies and Agriculture at a chapter on climate change education, training Primary Level; and Geography, Agriculture and and public awareness in its National Second Civic Education at Secondary Level. Communication to the UNFCCC. Several In response to this deficiency the Ministry of workshops were organized, especially between Environment, Water and Climate has engaged 2009 and 2012, aimed at addressing the issue the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education of education, awareness and training. To further, to develop new curricula and materials for these activities, Government has tasked the primary and secondary schools that strengthen Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate with existing teaching materials on climate change. It overseeing most of the activities related to is expected that when fully developed, the climate change including the coordination of materials in the new curricula can be used from education, awareness and training. This National the early childhood development level up to ‘A’- Response Strategy is therefore an important step Level. in fulfilling the aims and objectives of Article 6 of the UNFCCC. So far a new Early Childhood Development syllabus has been developed and started to be implemented in 2014. Climate change issues, 4.2.1. Climate Change Education and such as weather are included under the Training mathematics and science and social sciences sections. At Primary Level a new Agriculture Education is a powerful vehicle for imparting new syllabus taught from Grade 4 to 7 has been ideas, especially to young people. The aim of developed that includes climate change issues. using education to carry the climate change The syllabus began being implemented in 2014. messages is to create a new generation of youth The Environmental Science syllabus that is whose behaviour will be climate change taught at Grades 6 and 7 also includes some compliant. As stated in Section 1.2, Zimbabwe climate change issues. has almost achieved universal primary education in line with Millennium Development Goal 2. Its Syllabi at secondary level still need to be network of schools is so extensive that most reviewed and revised to make climate change young persons can be reached through the issues more explicit. Even in those syllabi where formal education system. Thus, all school going climate change has been incorporated there is children at primary level could receive climate still more to be done especially on adaptation change education to create the sustainable issues and local impacts of climate change. behavioural change needed to adapt to and to Once all the new curricula are in place, they mitigate climate change. should be consistently monitored, evaluated and updated to keep up with global trends. There has been a general view that the content of the curricula used in both primary and The tertiary education sector is made up of secondary schools does not adequately address teacher training colleges, agricultural training climate change. This is because climate change colleges, polytechnic colleges and universities. has been taught as a small component of the Currently, the teacher training colleges cover Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 59 SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers climate change issues as part of the carrier need to develop educational materials and to subjects which their graduates then teach at create fora where the material is delivered to primary and secondary schools. As a result, the these groups. The materials should be based on same weaknesses pointed out under primary indigenous knowledge infused with technical and secondary school curricula also apply to the information and should be translated into as teacher training colleges in that the course many local languages as possible. They should content on climate change is not broad enough be delivered using different modes of and will need enhancement. The colleges will communication including drama, road shows and need to review the content of the carrier subjects mass media. such as Geography, Environmental Science, Physics and Civil Education and integrate Strategies climate change. The syllabus for agricultural colleges will also need to be reviewed. a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climate change at all levels of education (formal and There will be need for in-service training for informal). those teachers already produced by these b) Provide relevant training on climate change colleges so that their foundation on climate issues for educators and practitioners working change issues can be strengthened. This also with communities. applies to national extension officers (e.g. Agricultural Extension, Environmental Management Agency), agro-service providers, 4.2.2. Public Awareness-raising and and Civil Society Organizations personnel to Communication enable them to implement action plans for The Zimbabwean public is aware of climate climate change adaptation with communities. change and the need to adapt to it. There is need Regarding universities, each university has its to turn this awareness and to translate it into own policy on what subjects to offer. Climate action. The central pillar of raising public change is taught as part of Geography and awareness should be measured by behavioural Environmental Studies or of Atmospheric Studies change. that include Meteorology and Climatology or is There is a need to develop climate change mainstreamed into other courses in the communication strategies based on or around disciplines of Crop, Animal, Soil Sciences and the following themes: the public’s understanding Agricultural Economics at most Zimbabwean of and knowledge about climate change and its universities. Thus a situational analysis of what perceived causes; access to climate change aspects of climate change are included in these information; the ability to develop and use local curricula should be carried out as a starting point. indicators to predict climate change as well as current and projected coping strategies and Currently there are no fora for informal teaching adaptation measures to climate change. of climate change issues. The out-of-school youths and vulnerable groups such as women, Several communication strategies need to be children and the disabled are not being reached used to raise public awareness on climate by the formal climate change education. There is change. These include use of posters and 60 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers pamphlets written in simple language that the groups such as people with disabilities need to public can understand and relate to. Use of be engaged through their representative drama on both radio and television as well as in associations. In all these actions sight must not road shows should be encouraged. be lost of existing indigenous knowledge systems. These should be incorporated as much Prominent public figures in both government and as possible when raising public awareness. the private sector should also be used at every opportunity to address the climate change issues. This should include role models for the Strategies youth as well as musicians. This way the climate a) Implement a communication strategy for change messages will reach a wide and varied raising awareness on climate change. audience. Traditional and community opinion leaders should be used in promoting climate b) Promote and strengthen stakeholder change messages especially on issues of awareness on adaptation to and mitigation of mitigation and adaptation. Churches should be climate change. brought on board as part of the communication c) Encourage sharing of information and strategy for raising public awareness on climate networking on climate change issues at local, change. regional and international levels. Programmes targeted at out-of-school youths d) Communicate climate change messages also need to be developed. Other vulnerable incorporating indigenous knowledge systems. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 61 Section Climate Change Governance 5 5.1 Climate Change climate change and any interventions to mitigate Governance and or adapt to climate change. Institutional Framework At the heart of climate change governance are also issues of equity, human rights, gender and Climate change is an issue that has impacts at poverty reduction. Effective climate change global, regional, national and local levels (see governance takes into account risks and Section 2). Therefore its governance should be opportunities that are offered by climate change. considered and mainstreamed at national, There is however, need for a shift in approach provincial, district and community levels in both when dealing with climate change because urban and rural settings. There are several although it is addressed in international and institutions that have different mandates that may regional agreements it is both an environmental and development issue. Parties to the UNFCCC directly or indirectly impact on climate are required to promote and cooperate in governance. In addition, there are sectoral laws scientific, technological, technical and socio- and policies that inform the climate change economic research on climate change. governance but they are not coordinated and at times are in conflict. Climate change issues should generally be mainstreamed into all sectors; however, in Zimbabwe, they have not yet been 5.1.1. Climate Change Governance mainstreamed into sectors that include land-use Climate change has created urgency in the planning, agriculture, natural resource management, industry, energy and transport. promotion of good governance at national level Thus, there is generally a limited supportive especially in the context of adaptation and environment to respond to climate change issues development. Its governance is informed by the at national level. principles of decentralization and autonomy; accountability and transparency; responsiveness Climate change issues provide an opportunity for and flexibility; and participation and inclusion. the Government, local authorities, UN agencies It is important to include communities in decision and development partners, civil society making as they are most vulnerable to climate organizations and communities to work together. shocks and extreme weather events and should Currently there is limited coordination among be involved in monitoring and evaluation of both these stakeholders. 62 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance Local authorities (urban and rural) are best 5.1.2. Climate Change Institutional positioned to implement disaster risk Framework management and to mainstream climate change adaptation. This includes increasing the abilities Climate change adaptation is intricately linked of communities to cope with consequences of with disaster risk management. Currently extreme weather conditions such as flooding, Disaster Risk Management and Rural and Urban storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spells. Councils fall under the Ministry responsible for Local authorities are also supposed to enforce Local Government, Public Works and National by-laws on siting, design, quality and building Housing, while climate change is the mandate of standards which are climate proofed (See the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Section 3.3.3). However, they could both use the same platforms and coordination mechanisms. For Urban local authorities with the support of example, the Department of Civil Protection relevant institutions should collect data on GHG (Disaster Risk Management) has decentralized emissions and the ambient concentration of air arrangements for coordinating National, pollutants in areas under their jurisdiction. Provincial, and Community-Level Disaster Risk However, they do not have infrastructure and Management Initiatives. These structural equipment to monitor the level of these arrangements could be more beneficial to all pollutants. This means the required data is not stakeholders if they were also used by the being captured. Additionally, urban local climate change governance institutions. authorities do not have the capacity to provide infrastructure and services; for land-use The Office of the President and Cabinet is management and for enforcing building by-laws promoting the mainstreaming of climate change and approved standards, and in land through the implementation of the Zimbabwe subdivisions. This results in poor delivery of Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic services such as sanitation and drainage Transformation (Zim Asset) economic blueprint systems; adequate clean and safe water and while the Ministry of Finance is responsible for solid waste collection. There is also limited national budgets. access to health, education and emergency services. There is need to instutionalize climate change into strategies, actions and budgets of climate Rural District Councils have limited capacity to sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry, reduce exposure and to cope with consequences water, environmental management, fisheries, of extreme weather conditions such as flooding, settlements, infrastructure, health and food storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spells security. and their impacts on local communities. Strategies Strategies a) Institutionalize the climate change response a) Mainstream climate change into urban and governance framework at national, provincial, rural planning, infrastructure, investments and district and ward levels. service delivery. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 63 SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance 5.2 Climate Change Policy and Agriculture Marketing and Pricing Policy and the Legal Framework Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises Policy. Zimbabwe ratified the UNFCCC but has no The ZIM Asset 2013-2018 recognises that the standalone climate change policy and legislation. agro-economy in Zimbabwe is being affected by It has also ratified multilateral environmental climate change and has identified a Climate agreements such as the Convention on the Change Policy as a cluster output for the key Conservation of Biological Diversity and United result areas on policy and legislation and Nations Convention to Combat Desertification environmental management. There is need for (UNCCD) in Africa. At the regional level, the Zimbabwe to be prepared for climate change SADC has developed the Climate Change through adopting a policy framework that is Adaptation Strategy for the Water Sector. An aligned to international and regional agreements addendum to the SADC Protocol on Gender and and informed by local scenarios. Development is being negotiated to take into consideration climate change and its gendered Strategies impacts. The legal instruments are supposed to be aligned with national laws and policies. a) Enact an enabling policy environment for climate change response. Climate change issues are covered by various uncoordinated sectoral policies, strategies and action plans. These policies include the National Policy and Programme on Drought Mitigation; 5.3 Framework for Climate the Draft Disaster Risk Management Policy and Governance Strategy; the Second Science, Technology and The Framework for climate change governance Innovation Policy 2012; the Water Policy, the is given in Figure 15. 64 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework Department of Climate Change Management Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 65 Section 6 Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization 6.1 Action Plan bilateral donor and international agencies; carbon markets; foreign direct investment and Action Plans for the strategies that include: loans from international, regional and local banks actions, indicative time frame, lead agency, to implement the Action Plans proposed in this cooperating agencies, potential sources for National Climate Change Response Strategy. resource mobilization and estimated costs are given in Annex 1. These were generated by The most important multilateral sources of stakeholders during several consultative climate financing at the international level are the workshops with representatives of government World Bank’s carbon funds, the Global ministries; private sector; academia; research Environment Facility (GEF), the African institutions; vulnerable groups and civil society. Development Bank (AfDB), African Sustainable A summary of the estimated costs is given in Forestry Fund, the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Fund, Table 6.1 and amounts to almost 10 billion United and the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development States dollars. The Actions will be implemented Mechanism. The Green Climate Fund, which is over 10 years. a financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, is expected to be a major source of climate finance as it will support projects, programmes, policies 6.2 Resource Mobilization and other activities in developing country Parties. Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has not been able to Climate finance has been a key topic in international climate negotiations especially take full advantage of these funds in the past, under the UNFCCC, resulting in a significant due to several reasons that include lack of commitment by developed countries to increase capacity and lack of accredited financial the flow of climate finance to developing institutions. For example by June 2013, 10 countries to US$100 billion per year by 2020. SADC countries had in total received US$964.19 The major aim of climate financing is to advance million from these climate funds action on low-carbon, climate-resilient but Zimbabwe’s share of the funds was only development. 0.7 per cent. It has received modest funding from, for example, multilateral organizations Significant financial resources will need to be (such as UNDP, UNICEF, UNEP; GEF; GEF allocated by the Zimbabwe Government treasury Small Grants Programme and FAO); and contributed by the private sector as well as international organizations (such as the Global be mobilized from international climate funds; Water Partnership); regional organizations (e.g. 66 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization Table 6.1. Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy. No Sector Amount USD (million) 1. Air Pollution 134 2. Water Resources 3,158 3. Land Use and Land Use Change 91 4. Biodiversity 74 5. Agriculture 2,386 6. Industry and Commerce 528 7. Mining 312 8. Tourism 252 9. Energy 262 10. Transport 1,071 11. Disaster Risk Management and Human Settlements 519 12. Waste Management 231 13. Health 52 14. Gender; People Living With HIV and AIDS and other Vulnerable groups 25 15. Children and Youth 32 16. Capacity Building 45 17. Role of Meteorological Services 23 18. Technology Transfer 574 19. Climate Change Education 15 20. Public Awareness 15 21. Climate Change Governance 88 Overall Total 9,887 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 67 SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization COMESA); private organizations (such as Thus there are sectors that are likely to be the Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst); and affected by climate change and some where research funding organizations (e.g. IDRC and opportunities for low carbon development may DFID). However, most of the climate finance has present themselves. Each sector will therefore come from the Government Treasury through the have specific and particular needs and will need public sector investment programme. to develop climate change related projects. There will be need for capacity building and Another international funding programme that establishment of sector-by- sector guidance to can provide significant climate financing is the enable them to develop viable projects that can UN Sustainable Energy for All that aims to attain attract finance from a diversity of sources. There universal access to energy for all by 2030. This will also be need to build capacity to consider is a window which Zimbabwe can utilize since Zimbabwe’s options for raising the climate the government has already endorsed the finance necessary for realizing proposed actions process. to respond to climate change and to turn ideas into actions on the ground. Private sector carbon funding is also potentially a major source of climate financing which has not There are CDM mitigation opportunities in been fully developed in Zimbabwe. There is need energy, manufacturing, mining, agriculture, for government to put in place polices and waste management and transport which incentive mechanisms for attracting private Zimbabwe has not yet taken up. Zimbabwe sector participation in carbon financing. needs to establish a designated national The recent advances in the development of the authority (DNA), an organization granted reduced emissions from deforestation and forest responsibility by a UNFCCC Party to authorize degradation (REDD+) mechanism provides and approve participation in CDM projects. This opportunities for Zimbabwe to mobilize financial could be assigned to the Department of Climate resources for sustainable forest management Change Management. The main task of the DNA and conservation of its tree and forest is to assess potential CDM projects to determine resources. The country has the potential to set whether they will assist Zimbabwe in achieving aside over 14 million hectares of forests for its sustainable development goals and to provide REDD+. The pilot Kariba REDD project currently a letter of approval to project participants in CDM covers over 700,000 hectares with more than 50 projects. Zimbabwe will need to develop a million Certified Emission Reduction units. The practical CDM Implementation Strategy including country needs to develop the appropriate human and technical requirements. institutional framework to be able to take advantage of these opportunities. The government has provided for the establishment of an Environment Fund under the Foundations such as the World Wildlife Fund, Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] Peace Parks Foundation, IUCN, Kellogg that is supposed to be capitalized through Foundation, Ford Foundation, Frankfurt budgetary allocations, environmental levies, Zoological Society, Bill and Melinda Gates carbon tax and donations. The fund is expected Foundation are the larger among many to provide support through grants and loans to foundations that support Sustainable Forest local authorities; climate change adaptation and Management in the region. mitigation activities; environmental extension; 68 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization research, training and technology transfer; l if necessary to redirect actions to new rehabilitation of degraded areas and environ- situations that have arisen during mental awareness programmes. Although the implementation; fund is not yet fully operational, it provides a legal institutional framework for mobilizing climate l ensure visibility of technical and financial finance for the country. contributions to climate change; The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate l ensure that when tackling adaptation and will need to be accredited to be able to access climate risk management priority actions are the global Adaptation Fund. Such accreditation implemented; and requires the Ministry to meet fiduciary standards l take account of emerging issues, challenges for accurate and regular recording of transaction and trends as well as results of global and balances; efficient management and negotiations under the UNFCCC. disbursement of funds in a timely manner and forward looking plans and budgets. Thus there Monitoring will need to be done through periodic will be need to strengthen the fiduciary reports by the Department of Climate Change management capacity for climate finance more Management in the Ministry responsible for broadly at sub-national level, including Environment, Water and Climate. Each line budgeting, accounting, internal controls, fund Ministry could also put in place a monitoring and flow, financial reporting and external audits. evaluation system that tracks climate change In addition the country also has other funds that projects. These could input into the Department contribute to climate financing. These include the of Climate Change Management’s report. Water Fund, the Rural Electrification Fund and ZIMSTAT could also play a role as a source of the Zimbabwe Energy Fund, a multi donor trust information contributing to socio-economic fund set up initially to support development of analysis and as a potential central repository of energy infrastructure in Zimbabwe, but is being climate information in Zimbabwe. expanded to include energy access for the poor. There will be need to establish a Technical Monitoring Committee to follow up the implementation of the Strategy. Zimbabwe’s 6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Climate Change Response Strategy’s progress should be reviewed after every 5 years. Monitoring and evaluation of the Climate Change Response Strategy is essential to: There will be need for research to inform policy and action. The Technical Monitoring Committee l check if the implementation is proceeding as could set the research agenda and ensure that planned; the research findings inform decision making and l assess the impacts of implementing the reach extension agents including civil society Response Strategy in the short, medium and organizations. long term and to determine whether the actions are contributing to the objectives of the Strategy; Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 69 Annex Action Plans for the Climate Change Response Strategies 1 70 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION THEME Air Pollution STRATEGY a) Carry out an assessment to determine the main sources and levels of short-lived climate pollutants in zimbabwe. 2 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Carry out an assessment to determine the main sources Short term MEWC MIC, MHTESTD; Academic Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 1 million and levels of short-lived climate pollutants in Zimbabwe Institutions; MMMD; Private Development Partners and determine measures that could be successfully Sector; Local Authorities implemented. 2 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION THEME Air Pollution STRATEGY b) Introduce measures to control and capture short-lived climate pollutants. 3 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Formulate nationally appropriate greenhouse gas Short term MEWC MEPD; MIC; Local Authorities Government Treasury; Global USD 100,000 emission reduction targets. Climate Funds Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Introduce extended pre-mine degasification, recovery Short to MMMD MEPD; Chamber of Mines; Carbon off setting projects; GEF; USD10 million and oxidation of methane from ventilation air from coal medium term MEWC; EMA Global Climate Funds; CCAC; mines. Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes B3 Capture and generate energy from methane associated Short term Local MEPD; Urban Residents; Tax on waste; Carbon off setting USD100 million with waste management. to long term Authorities; Private Sector; CBOs; CSOs projects; GEF; Global Climate EMA Funds; CCAC; Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes; CSOs B4 Control methane emissions from livestock mainly Medium term MEPD; MEWC Farmers; GEF; CCAC; UNDP USD 2.5 million through on-farm anaerobic digestion of manure from MAMID cattle and pigs. 3 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 71 72 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION THEME Air Pollution STRATEGY c) Promote use of cleaner technologies. 4 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Scale up use of efficient-burning biomass stoves that Short to Private MEPD; EMA; MLGPWNH Social Corporate Responsibility; USD 5 million use modern fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas for medium term Sector UN Development Partners; residential cooking and domestic heating. CCAC; CSOs C2 Introduce diesel particulate filters for vehicles and Short to long MTID MLGPWNH, Private Sector, Vehicle Owners; Private Sector USD 2 million eliminate high-emitting vehicles from roads. term Transport Associations, EMA C3 Replace traditional brick kilns with vertical shaft kilns to Medium term EMA MLGPWNH, Traditional Private Sector; Communities; USD 10 million reduce black carbon emissions. Leaders CCAC (revolving fund) 4 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION THEME Air Pollution STRATEGY d) Develop and implement policies and regulatory frameworks that restrict release of short-lived climate pollutants. 5 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Ban open-burning of municipal solid waste and field Short to Local MLGPWNH; MHCC Government Treasury USD 1 million burning of agricultural waste. medium term Authorities and EMA Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy D2 Strengthen the enforcement of the Fire Management Short term EMA Zimparks; Forestry Government Treasury USD 2 million Strategy. Commission; Local Authorities; Traditional leaders; AGRITEX; CSOs; ZRP; farmers D3 Consider joining organizations that aim to reduce short- Short to long MEWC MFA UNEP USD 100 000 lived climate pollutants such as the Climate and Clean term Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. 5 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 73 74 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector Water Resources Availability Issues ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Resources Availability STRATEGY a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring networks for hydro-meteorological parameters. 6 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Establish and maintain hydro- meteorological stations Medium-long MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 5 million consistent with World Meteorological Organization term (ZINWA and Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating recommendations. Meteorologic Transboundary River Basin Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; al Services Organizations; SADC Multi-Donor Funds Department) A2 Rehabilitate and maintain dysfunctional hydro- Short to MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 7.5 million meteorology stations. medium term (ZINWA and Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating Meteorologic Transboundary River Basin Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; al Services Organizations; SADC Multi-Donor Funds Department) A3 Rehabilitate and maintain groundwater monitoring Short to MEWC DDF; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 10 million stations. medium term (ZINWA) Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating EMA Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Funds 6 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Resources Availability STRATEGY b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments of surface and groundwater resources. 7 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Build capacity (equipment, human resources and Short to long MEWC DDF; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 1 million information) for carrying out yield assessments of water term (ZINWA) Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating resources. Local Authorities; EMA Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Funds Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Conduct silt surveys of dams and sediment Short to long MEWC DDF; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 5 million investigations. term (ZINWA) Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating Local Authorities; EMA Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Funds B3 Conduct comprehensive yield assessments of surface Medium to MEWC DDF; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 5 million and groundwater sources. long term (ZINWA) Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating Local Authorities; EMA Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Funds 7 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 75 76 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Resources Availability STRATEGY c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors. 8 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Invest in modern and efficient water use and distribution Medium to MEWC MAMID, Local Authorities; Government Treasury; USD 50 million technologies. long term (ZINWA) MIC; MF; Sector International Cooperating representatives; EMA; Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Catchment Councils and Multi-Donor Funds; Local Sub-catchment Councils Financial Institutions C2 Conduct education and awareness campaigns on Short term MEWC MAMID; MPSE, MHCC, MF; Government Treasury; USD 2.5 million benefits of more efficient approaches to water use, (ZINWA, MIC; MYIEE; MWAGCD; International Cooperating including reusing water. EMA) Catchment Councils; Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Sub-catchment Councils; Multi-Donor Funds; Local Local Authorities; Sector Financial Institutions representatives 8 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector Water Development Issues ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Development Issues STRATEGY a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protect surface and groundwater resources. 9 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Rehabilitate existing storage and distribution Short term to MEWC Local Authorities; DDF; Government Treasury; International USD 1 billion infrastructure. long term (ZINWA) MF; Developmental Partners; Cooperating Agencies; UN Catchment Councils; Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Sub-catchment Councils Funds; Local Financial Institutions Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Complete dams under construction and develop Short to long MEWC Local Authorities; DDF; Government Treasury; International Surface water groundwater sources. term (ZINWA) MF; Developmental Partners; Cooperating Agencies; UN USD 1 billion Catchment Councils; Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Sub-catchment Councils Funds; Local Financial Institutions; Ground water Private Sector; PPPs USD 250 million A3 Construct inter-catchment transfer infrastructure. Medium to MEWC Local Authorities; DDF; Government Treasury; International USD 500 million long term (ZINWA) MF; Developmental Partners; Cooperating Agencies; UN Catchment Councils; Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Sub-catchment Councils Funds; Local Financial Institutions; Private Sector; PPPs A4 Revive the policy of one medium dam per Province per Short-term MEWC Local Authorities; MF; Government Treasury; International USD 5 million year. (ZINWA) Developmental Partners; Cooperating Agencies; UN Catchment Councils and Agencies; SADC; Multi-Donor Sub-catchment Councils Funds; Local Financial Institutions; Private Sector; PPPs 9 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 77 78 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Development Issues STRATEGY b) Invest in management of effects of extreme events. 10 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Revisit engineering guidelines on optimum designs in Short to MEWC Meteorological Services Government Treasury USD 250,000 light of anticipated increase in extreme events. medium term (ZINWA) Department; Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers; Engineering Council of Zimbabwe; MIC; MF; SADC; Catchment Councils and Sub-catchment Councils B2 Construct flood control structures such as dams, dykes, Medium to MEWC Meteorological Services Government Treasury; USD 250 million culverts etc. long term (ZINWA) Department; Zimbabwe International Cooperating Institution of Engineers, Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Engineering Council of Multi-Donor Funds; Local Zimbabwe; MF; MTID; DDF Financial Institutions; Private SADC; Catchment Councils Sector; PPPs and Sub-catchment Councils B3 Raise awareness on extreme events. Short term MLGPWNH MEWC; MF; MTID; MHA; Government Treasury; USD 2.5 million (Department MD; Catchment Councils and International Cooperating of Civil Sub-catchment Councils; Agencies; UN Agencies; SADC; Protection) SADC Multi-Donor Funds; Local Financial Institutions 10 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector Water Management Issues ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Management Issues STRATEGY a) Strengthen stakeholder institutions in water resources management. 11 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Strengthen the Water National Action Committee and its Short term MEWC Local authorities; MAMID; Government Treasury; USD 1 million subcommittees. MF; MMMD; MEPD; Cooperating Agencies; UN MWAGCD; MHCC; MIC; Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; SADC; WACDEP Local Financial Institutions Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Strengthen Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils. Short term MEWC WACDEP; Global Water Government Treasury; USD 5 million Partnership Southern Africa; Cooperating Agencies; UN Zimbabwe Water Partnership Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; Local Financial Institutions 11 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 79 80 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Management Issues STRATEGY b) Promote more efficient water use practices. 12 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Promote water demand management. Short to MEWC Catchment Councils; Sub- Government Treasury; International USD 1 million medium term (ZINWA) catchment Councils; Local Cooperating Agencies; UN Authorities; DDF; MAMID Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; Local financial Institutions B2 Promote rainwater harvesting. Short to MEWC ZINWA; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; International USD 500,000 medium term Sub-catchment Councils; Cooperating Agencies; UN Local Authorities; MAMID Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; Local Financial Institutions B3 Identify and support demonstration projects. Short to MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; International USD 7 million medium term (ZINWA) Sub-catchment Councils; Cooperating Agencies; UN UNICEF; UNDP; WACDEP; Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; Water and Power Cooperation Local Financial Institutions 12 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Management Issues STRATEGY c) Promote catchment protection. 13 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Enforce existing legislation. Ongoing MEWC ZINWA; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; International USD 100,000 (EMA) Sub-catchment Councils; Cooperating Agencies,; UN Local Authorities; MAMID; Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; MMMD; MHA Local Financial Institutions Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy C2 Implement catchment protection measures (e.g. silt Ongoing MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; International USD 20 million traps, vertiver grass, contour ridges, sustainable tillage (EMA) Sub-catchment Councils; Cooperating Agencies; UN techniques). MAMID Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; Local Financial Institutions C3 Discourage uncontrolled alluvial mining along rivers. Ongoing MEWC Local Authorities; MMMD; Government Treasury; International USD 3.5 million (EMA) MHA, Catchment Councils; Cooperating Agencies; UN Sub-catchment Councils; Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; ZINWA Local Financial Institutions C4 Control discharge of wastes and sediments into surface Ongoing MEWC Local Authorities; ZINWA; Government Treasury; USD 5 million and groundwater systems. (EMA) Catchment Councils; International Cooperating Agencies; Sub-catchment Councils; UN Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; MAMID; Private Sector; MIC Local Financial Institutions 13 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 81 82 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES FOR THE WATER SECTOR THEME Water Management Issues STRATEGY d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools that incorporate climate change. 14 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Promote research on the impacts of climate change in Short to long MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 10 million the water sector. term (ZINWA, Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating Meteorological Research Institutions; River Agencies; UN Agencies; Multi- Services Basin Organisations; Donor Funds; Local Financial Department) WACDEP; SADC; EMA;RCZ Institutions D2 Promote research and advancement of appropriate tools Short to long MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 10 million to facilitate efficient water management. term (ZINWA, Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating Meteorological Research Institutions; River Agencies; UN Agencies; Multi- Services Basin Organisations; Donor Funds; Local Financial Department) WACDEP; SADC; EMA; RCZ Institutions D3 Set up mechanisms to incorporate Indigenous Short to long MEWC Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 Knowledge Systems in prediction of climate change term (Meteorological Sub-catchment Councils; International Cooperating impacts. Services Research Institutions; River Agencies; UN Agencies; Multi- Department) Basin Organisations; Donor Funds; Local Financial WACDEP; SADC; EMA Institutions D4 Develop data sharing and information exchange Short to long MEWC ZINWA; Meteorological Government Treasury; USD 500,000 strategies at all levels. term Services Department; EMA; International Cooperating Catchment Councils and Agencies; UN Agencies; Multi- Sub-catchment Councils Donor Funds; Local Financial Institutions 14 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Land-use and Land-use-change STRATEGY a) Develop and enforce policies that regulate change from one land-use to another, especially clearance of forests and woodlands to other land-uses. 15 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review and harmonise the existing laws and regulations Short term MEWC MLRR; MLGPWNH; MAMID; Government Treasury; USD 250,000 on land-use. MJLPA; EMA; FC; Timber UNDP; FAO Producers Federation Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Review national land-use categories to take in to Short term MLGPWNH MAMID; MEWC; Universities Government Treasury; USD 150,000 account forestry as a viable land-use. UNDP; FAO A3 Develop and implement a land and land-use information Short term MLGPWNH MAMID ; MEWC (Forestry Government Treasury; World USD 13 million management system to capture and monitor land-use (Department Commission, EMA) Timber Bank; FAO; UNEP; World Bank; changes. of Surveyor Producers Federation; AfDB General) MICTPCS, Universities A4 Revise the Forest-based Land Reform Policy to Short term MEWC (EMA MLRR; MLGPWNH (Rural Government Treasury; USD 150,000 incorporate climate change adaptation and mitigation and FC) District Councils); MJLPA; UNDP; FAO strategies. Timber Producers Federation 15 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 83 84 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector STRATEGY a) Promote establishment of land-use plans at district, ward, village and farm management levels that clearly identify forestry as a recognized land-use. 16 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Design land-use plans that incorporate forestry. Short term MLRR MLGPWNH; MAMID; Forestry Government Treasury; FAO; USD 2 million Commission; EMA World Bank; AfDB; SADC A2 Create awareness among the stakeholders on the role Short term MEWC MAMID; MPSE; Government Treasury; UNICEF; USD 500,000 of forests and woodlands in climate change adaptation (Forestry MICTPCS; MMIBS; Carbon off setting projects; GEF; and mitigation. Commission, EMA;CSOs Global Climate Funds Timber Producers Federation) A3 Promote livelihood enhancement activities that reduce Medium term FC; MAMID MWAGCD; MYIEE; Government Treasury; Private USD 10 million rural people’s reliance on forests and forest products. MLGPWNH (RDCs); Sector; PPPs; World Bank; AfDB; MSMECD; CSOs; UN Carbon off setting projects; GEF; Agencies Global Climate Funds 16 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector STRATEGY b) Strengthen research, planning and financial support to forestry and natural resources management, to develop cost effective adaptation options. 17 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Establish ecological monitoring sites to provide Medium term Forestry MEWC; MAMID (DR&SS); Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 2.5 million information for adaptive tree and forest management. Commission MLGPWNH (RDCs); EMA; CIFOR; Carbon off setting Timber Producers Federation; projects; GEF; Global Climate Universities; CSOs; UN Funds Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Agencies B2 Promote breeding of trees that are adapted to the Long term Forestry MAMID (DR&SS); ICRAF; Government Treasury; CIFOR; USD 10 million changed climate. Commission Universities; Timber Producers Carbon off setting projects; GEF; Federation; CIFOR Global Climate Funds B3 Provide guidelines for site-species matching especially Short term Forestry MAMID (DR&SS); Universities; Government Treasury USD 250,000 for plantation species in relation to ground water use. Commission EMA; Timber Producers Federation B4 Promote changes in forest and management/ Medium term Forestry MAMID (AGRITEX); Government Treasury USD 1 million silvicultural practices such as the time and pattern of Commission Universities; Timber Producers planting, watering and the application of fertilizer in Federation response to the changed climate. 17 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 85 86 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector STRATEGY c) Build capacity for forest management in a changing climate. 18 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Strengthen education, training and extension in forestry Short term Forestry EMA, MLGPWNH; Timber Government Treasury; USD 10 million and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Commission Industry; Zimparks; Farmers; COMESA; FAO; UNESCO MPSE and MHTESTD C2 Build the capacity of extension agencies to promote Short term Forestry MAMID, Universities; ICRAF; Government Treasury; CIFOR; USD 3 million trees and forest management for climate change Commission Agricultural Colleges GIZ; FAO adaptation and mitigation. C3 Promote use of indigenous knowledge in forestry Short term Forestry RDCs; MAMID; Traditional Government Treasury; CSOs USD 500,000 management. Commission Leaders C4 Improve fire management through landscape change Medium term EMA FC; Timber Producers Government Treasury; USD 5 million and prescribed burning. Federation; RDCs; MAMID; UN Agencies; CSOs Zimparks 18 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) Mitigation Options in the Forestry Sector ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Mitigation through International Carbon Enhance STRATEGY a) Develop national capacity to design, carbon projects for accessing different carbon financing mechanisms and to implement and support the projects. 19 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Identify, map and set aside forest areas and other lands Short term Forestry WWF; CIFOR; Timber Government Treasury; Carbon USD 800,000 that can be managed for carbon mitigation under Commission Producers Federation; MLRR Offsetting Projects; GEF; Global different schemes. (Department of Surveyor Climate Funds General); MLGPWNH; MAMID Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Develop capacities for measurement, reporting and Medium term Forestry Research Institutions-CIFOR, Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 5 million verification of (MRV) of carbon stocks in forests and Commission ICRAF; WWF; Universities; UNDP; Carbon Offsetting other tree landscapes. MAMID (DR&SS); Timber Projects; GEF; Global Climate Producers Federation Funds A3 Train local communities and other forest owners and Short term Forestry Timber Producers Federation; Government Treasury; UN USD 2 million users in measurement, reporting and verification of Commission WWF; EMA; MLGPWNH; Agencies; Carbon Offsetting carbon stocks. MAMID; CSOs Projects; GEF; Global Climate Funds; CSOs A4 Build the capacity of local financial institutions to support Short term MF MEWC (Forestry Commission) Government Treasury; USD 200,000 and manage carbon finance transactions. AfDB-Climate Investment Fund A5 Develop capacity to formulate and manage projects that Short term MEWC Forest Commission; EMA; Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 5 million can take advantage of International Carbon Finance. MAMID; CSOs Global Environment Fund; FAO; UNDP 19 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 87 88 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.3 Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF) ASPECT LAND-USE AND LAND-USE-CHANGE AND FORESTRY THEME Mitigation in Forestry through Local Programmes STRATEGY b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbon sinks. 20 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Protect forests and practice afforestation, agroforestry Long term Forestry EMA; MAMID; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 10 million and other practices that increase tree and forest cover. Commission Timber Producers Federation; Carbon Offsetting Projects; GEF; Private Sector; ICRAF; WWF; Global Climate Funds Communities B2 Promote restoration and rehabilitation of degraded forest Long term Forestry EMA; Timber Producers Government Treasury; Carbon USD 10 million lands to address impacts of climate change and Commission Federation; MAMID; Offsetting Projects; GEF; Global desertification. MLGPWNH; Research Climate Funds; Payment for Institutions; FAO; CSOs; Environmental Services; UN Communities Agencies 20 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems ASPECT BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS THEME Biodiversity and Ecosystems STRATEGY a) Promote and strengthen biodiversity conservation management and the integrity of natural ecosystems by using an ecosystem based approach to adapt to climate change. 21 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Provide an enabling environment for implementation of Medium term MEWC Zimparks; FC; EMA; Government Treasury; UN USD 500,000 international multilateral environmental agreements, (Department MLGPWNH; ZINWA; Attorney Agencies; Other International such as the Convention on Biological Diversity to which of General Office; Donors Zimbabwe is a signatory, by strengthening the legal and Environment MMMD; MAMID; MFA; MTID; Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy institutional framework for conserving biodiversity and and Natural MEPD; CSOs protecting ecosystems. Resources) A2 Develop comprehensive biodiversity inventory, and Long term MEWC ZINWA; MLGPWNH; MAMID; Government Treasury; UN USD 5 million monitoring and evaluation programmes to determine the (Zimparks, Research institutions; CSOs Agencies; Other International status of biodiversity and to assess the adaptive carrying FC and EMA) Donors capacity of landscapes. A3 Promote the sustainable use of wetlands to preserve Medium term Medium term Catchment Councils; Sub- Government Treasury; UN USD 5 million their ecological integrity. MEWC catchment Councils; MJLPA; Agencies; Multi-Donor Funds; (EMA) MLGPWNH; MAMID; ZRP; Other International Donors CSOs 21 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 89 90 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems ASPECT BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS THEME Biodiversity and Ecosystems STRATEGY b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-use options for the drier natural regions where cattle production and wildlife ranching are the most suitable land-use options 22 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Promote wildlife management in communal, Medium term MEWC FC; EMA; MLRR; Government Treasury; UN USD 2 million resettlement and commercial farms. (Zimparks) MLGPWNH; MAMID; Private Agencies; Other Donors sector; Research institutions; Farmers; Communities B2 Improve the adaptive carrying capacity of rangelands. Medium term MAMID MEWC, Zimparks; EMA; Government Treasury; UN USD 30 million Communities; CSOs; Other Agencies; Carbon Offsetting relevant authorities Projects; GEF; Global Climate Funds; Other International Donors B3 Strengthen the capacity of communities whose Long term MEWC MAMID; Department of Government Treasury; UN USD 10 million livelihoods depend on biodiversity in various adaptation (Department Meteorological Services; Agencies; Other International techniques. of Climate EMA; MLGPWNH; CSOs Donors Change Management) 22 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 1. NATURAL SYSTEMS 1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems ASPECT BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS THEME Biodiversity and Ecosystems STRATEGY c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontier Conservation Areas as a mechanism for sustainable biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation. 23 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Develop and implement a monitoring and evaluation Short term MEWC FC; EMA; Private Sector; Government Treasury; UN USD 500,000 system to assess the role and effectiveness of Trans- (Zimparks) Research institutions; CSOs Agencies; Other Donors frontier Conservation Areas. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy C2 Promote large scale management of biodiversity as an Medium to MEWC, FC; EMA; Private Sector; Government Treasury; UN USD 1 million adaptation measure to mitigate the impacts of climate long term (Zimparks- Research institutions; Agencies; GEF; Global Climate change. Transfrontier CAMPFIRE Funds; Other Donors Management Areas Management Unit) C3 Promote enterprise and other opportunities that enhance Long term MEWC MTHI; MHA (Immigration); Government Treasury; Carbon USD 20 million the capacity of TFCAs as a mechanism for climate (Zimparks - MLGPWNH; Security Sectors; offsetting Projects; GEF; Global adaptation. Transfrontier CAMPFIRE; Climate Funds; UN Agencies; Management Private Sector SADC Areas Management Unit 23 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 91 92 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security STRATEGY a) Develop frameworks for sustainable intensification and commercialization of agriculture at different scales across agro-ecologies. 24 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Mechanize agriculture across all farming systems and Medium to MAMID MEWC; Universities; Private Government Treasury; FAO; USD 1.2 billion production scales to enable assimilation of improved long term Seed and Fertilizer EU; Other Development (revolving fund) production and processing technologies (e.g. Companies; Farmer Partners; Local, regional and appropriate forms of Conservation Agriculture and Organizations; CSOs; International Financial Integrated Soil Fertility Management) for sustainable Banks/Financial Institutions; Institutions; COMESA intensification of farming systems. Regional Organizations; Development Partners A2 Strengthen capacity of local, provincial and national Short to MAMID MEWC; CSOs; Private Agro- Government Treasury; FAO; USD 5 million institutions to work with communities in developing medium term Companies; Insurance and EU; Other donor agencies; Local mechanisms for enhancing local social safety nets Financial Institutions; Local Financial Institutions; Regional around food security and natural resources Authorities; Farmers’ Unions and International Development management in response to changes in major climatic and Associations; Universities; Organizations factors. International Research Organizations; SADC; COMESA A3 Develop mechanisms for redirecting and coordinating Short to MAMID CSOs; Private companies; Government Treasury; WFP; USD 2 million humanitarian assistance towards developing medium to medium term Farmer Organizations; MEWC; Other Relevant United Nations long term adaptive capacity and strengthening self- MSMECD; MWAGCD; MYIEE; Agencies; Other Donor reliance of communities. MLGPWNH; MPSLSW Agencies; Financial Institutions 24 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security STRATEGY b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms of empirical knowledge, technologies and agricultural support services that meet emerging development challenges arising from increased climate change and variability. 25 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Develop frameworks for promoting long-term Short to long MAMID Private seed and fertilizer companies; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 10 million research and development initiatives on term Farmer Organizations, CSOs; ARC; Banks/Financial Institutions; diversification and improvement of stress tolerance RCZ; Research Institutions; MHTESTD; Private Sector; RCZ against climatic and environmental factors in crops SIRDC; Regional Research Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy and livestock. Organizations; CIMMYT; ICRISAT B2 Identify and promote farmer prioritized crop types Short term MAMID Universities; CSOs; CBOs; Private Agro- Government Treasury; Private USD 10 million and varieties and livestock breeds known to be Companies; Insurance and Financial Sector; International tolerant to climatic stress based on indigenous Institutions; MSMECD; MWAGCD; Foundations: FAO; Donor knowledge systems and/or scientific research. MYIEE; Local Authorities; Farmers’ Agencies; International and Unions and Associations; International Local Financial Institutions Research Organizations B3 Introduce competitive national research funding Short to MHTESTD; Universities; CSOs; CBOs; Private Agro- Government Treasury; Private USD 15 million schemes and strengthen research capacity to medium term Agricultural Companies; Insurance and Financial Sector; International stimulate innovative solutions and generation of Research Institutions; MF; MEWC; MYIEE; Foundations; FAO; EU; Other empirical evidence in climate change adaptation Council Farmers’ Unions and Associations; RCZ; Donor Agencies; International and mitigation in agriculture. International Research Organizations; Financial Institutions SADC; COMESA B4 Promote climate smart agriculture. Short to MAMID MEWC; ZINWA; Local Authorities; Government Treasury; USD 1 million medium term Traditional Leadership International Cooperating Agencies; UN Agencies; Multi- Donor Funds; COMESA; Local financial institutions 25 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 93 94 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security STRATEGY c) Strengthen early warning systems on cropping season quality, rangelands conditions, droughts, floods, disease/pest outbreaks and wildlife movement in order to enhance farmer preparedness. 26 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Conduct assessments of vulnerability and adaptive Short term MAMID MEWC; Universities; MPSE; MHCC; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 2 million capacity of communities, and their relative MLGPWNH (Department of Civil UNDP; UNEP; UNICEF; Other dynamics across the rural-urban divide, Protection); Regional and International UN Agencies; Other Donor agro-ecological zones and social groups. Research Organizations; Private Sector; Agencies FAO C2 Establish surveillance systems for intra- and inter- Medium term MAMID Universities; Food and Nutrition Council Government Treasury; GEF; USD 2.5 million seasonal vulnerabilities of communities, agricultural of Zimbabwe; SIRDC; MPSE; MHCC; UNDP; UNEP; UNICEF; Other input supply patterns and movement of surpluses. Regional and International Research UN Agencies; Other Donor Organizations; Private Sector; Relevant Agencies UN agencies C3 Develop frameworks for integration of indigenous Short term MAMID Universities; MPSE; MEWC; Regional Government Treasury; GEF; USD 500,000 knowledge into science-based early warning and International Research Organization; UNDP; UNEP; UNICEF; FAO; systems to enhance decision making on agricultural Private Sector; Relevant UN agencies Other UN Agencies; Other management and disaster risk management. Donor Agencies C4 Review and establish effective communication Short to MAMID; Universities; MPSE; MMIBS; MICTPCS; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 2 million pathways for climate information flows and medium term MEWC Farmers’ Unions and Associations; UNDP; UNEP; UNICEF; FAO; knowledge dissemination. Private Sector Other UN Agencies; Other Donor Agencies 26 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security Thematic Issues and Proposed Strategies for the Agricultural Sector ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Farming Systems STRATEGY a) Develop frameworks for supporting agricultural specialization according to agro-ecological regions, including mechanisms for commodity exchange, trade and marketing. 27 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Strengthen capacity to review the delineation of On going MAMID, Universities; Private Sector; Relevant UN Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 2.5 million Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological zones and the MEWC Agencies FAO; Other UN Agencies; EU; matching farming systems to enhance dynamic Other Donor Agencies; responses to emerging climatic scenarios. Financial Institutions Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Establish surveillance schemes on how production Short to MAMID MPSLSW; MIC; MSMECD; Research Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 2 million and marketing systems respond to climatic medium term Institutions; Farmers’ Unions and FAO; Other UN Agencies; pressures within and across agro-ecological zones. Associations Other Donor Agencies; Financial Institutions A3 Strengthen institutional mechanisms for market- Medium to MAMID Private Seed and Fertilizer Companies; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 20 million oriented agricultural production and diversified long term Farmers’ Organizations; Marketing FAO; GEF; Other UN livelihood opportunities for farming communities to Boards; CSOs; Banks/Financial Agencies; Other Donor enhance their adaptive capacity and foster socio- Institutions; MPSLSW; MSMECD; Agencies; Financial ecological resilience. MYIEE; MWAGCD Institutions; Private Sector 27 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 95 96 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Crop Productivity STRATEGY a) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension agencies, and private agro-service providers to take advantage of current and emerging indigenous and scientific knowledge on stress tolerant crop types and varieties, including landraces, that are adaptable to arising climatic scenarios. 28 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Establish incentive structures for production of Short to long MAMID MF; Private Sector; Farmers’ Government Treasury; Private USD200 million stress tolerant crop types and varieties by term Organizations; CSOs; MHTESTD; Sector; Donor Agencies and (Revolving communities in marginal agro-regions. Universities; MWAGCD; MYIEE; Financial Institutions Fund) Relevant United Nations Agencies A2 Promote community seed production schemes that Short term MAMID CSOs; Farmers’ Organizations; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 5 million harness crop diversity. Traditional Leaders; Private Sector; GEF; EU; Other Donor Research Institutions; MHTESTD Agencies; Private Sector A3 Develop training programmes for promoting Short to MAMID Universities; CSOs; Private Sector; Government Treasury; Private USD 2.5 million processing and consumption of neglected but medium term Farmers’ Organizations; MSMECD; Sector; Donor Agencies; stress tolerant and nutritious crops. MWAGCD; MYIEE Financial Institutions A4 Strengthen capacity for development of new food Short to MAMID; Research Institutions; MTHI; MSMECD; Government Treasury; Private USD 5 million recipes and industrial products using stress tolerant medium term MHTESTD MWAGCD; MYIEE CSOs; Food and Sector; Donor Agencies; and traditional crops. Nutrition Council; Farmers’ Organization; Financial Institutions Universities, Technical Colleges, Hospitality and Food Industries 28 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Crop Productivity STRATEGY b) Develop frameworks for promoting science-based crop production and post harvest technologies and management practices. 29 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Strengthen research capacity towards development Medium term MAMID ARC; RCZ; Research Institutions; Private Government Treasury; GEF; USD 5 million of solutions and innovations in crop improvement Seed and Fertilizer Companies; Farmers’ FAO; EU; Other Donors; and fertilizer development to increase productivity Organizations; CSOs; Insurance Private Sector with minimal GHGs emissions. Companies; Regional Organizations Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Design and evaluate alternative cropping systems Long term MAMID Research Institutions; MHTESTD; CSOs; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 50 million that perform under different agronomic regimes and CBOs; Private Sector; Farmers’ EU; Donor Agencies; Private climatic scenarios and transfer to farmers. Organizations; MWAGCD; MYIEE Sector; Financial Institutions 29 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 97 98 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security Livestock Production ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Livestock Production STRATEGY a) Strengthen the capacity to identify and promote adoption of indigenous and improved livestock breeds that are tolerant to climate related stresses. 30 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Strengthen surveillance systems for livestock Short term MAMID Research Institutions; Private Sector; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 2 million diseases and production performance indicators Farmers’ Organizations; MEWC; CSOs; EU; Donor Agencies; Private against changing climatic and ecological variables. Banks/Financial Institutions; Insurance Sector; Financial Institutions Companies; Regional Organizations A2 Develop frameworks for promoting effective Short term MAMID ARC; CSC; Research Institutions; Private Government Treasury; FAO; USD 500,000 rangeland management systems to enhance Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; MEWC; EU; Donor Agencies; Private sustainable production and storage of livestock CSO; Banks/Financial Institutions; Sector; Financial Institutions feed resources. Insurance Companies; Regional Organizations. A3 Strengthen national research and extension Medium-long MAMID ARC; CSC; RCZ; Research Institutions; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 500 million capacity for livestock improvement and production term Private Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; EU; Donor Agencies; Private in response to farmers’ medium to long-term MEWC; CSOs; Banks/Financial Sector; Financial Institutions demands for adaptation. Institutions; Insurance Companies; Regional Organizations 30 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Livestock Production STRATEGY b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural systems and support mechanisms for their reduction. 31 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Review and document current levels of gaseous Short term MAMID Research Institutions; Private Sector; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 1 million emissions under different livestock management Farmers’ Organizations; MEWC; CSOs; GEF; Donor Agencies; Private systems in the country. Banks/Financial Institutions; Insurance Sector; Financial Institutions Companies; Regional Organizations Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Equip extension and research institutions with Medium term MAMID MHTESTD; MEWC; Private Sector; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 10 million technologies and skills for monitoring and analysis Regional Research Organizations GEF; UNEP; Donor Agencies; of greenhouse gaseous emissions. Private Sector; Financial Institutions B3 Promote linkages for coordination of information Short term MAMID Research Institutions; Private Sector; Government Treasury; FAO; USD 1 million and knowledge sharing on climate change Farmers’ Organizations; MEWC; CSOs; GEF; Donor Agencies; Private mitigation in agriculture. Banks/Financial Institutions; Insurance Sector; Financial Institutions Companies; Regional Organizations 31 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 99 100 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.1 Agriculture and Food Security ASPECT AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY THEME Agriculture and Water STRATEGY a) Strengthen national research and extension capacity for development and integrated management of agricultural water resources. 32 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Strengthen capacity for surveillance and predictive Short to MAMID; ZINWA; EMA; Catchment Councils; Sub- Government Treasury; FAO; USD 2 million analysis of agricultural water use patterns across medium term MEWC Catchment Councils; MLGPWNH (DDF; World Bank; Other Donor temporal and spatial scales. Rural and Urban Councils); Research Agencies; Private Sector Institutions; Private Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; RCZ A2 Develop infrastructure and associated technologies Long term MEWC; ZINWA; EMA; Catchment Councils; Sub- Government Treasury; FAO; USD 500 million for irrigation, but integrating mechanisms for MAMID Catchment Councils; MLGPWNH (DDF; World Bank; Other Donor handling excess water and flooding. Rural and Urban Councils); Research Agencies; Private Sector Institutions; Private Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; RCZ A3 Establish early warning systems at local levels to Short to long MEWC; ZINWA; EMA; Catchment Councils; Sub- Government Treasury; FAO; USD 2.5 million facilitate informed decision-making processes at term MAMID Catchment Councils; MLGPWNH (DDF; World Bank; Other Donor farm and community scales in response to climatic Rural and Urban Councils); Research Agencies; Private Sector risks. Institutions; Private Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; RCZ A4 Develop research and development frameworks to Short to MAMID MEWC; MLGPWNH (DDF; Rural and Government Treasury; FAO; USD 5 million generate and promote technical and institutional medium term Urban Councils); Research Institutions; World Bank; Other Donor innovations for water harvesting and management Private Sector; Farmers’ Organizations; Agencies; Private Sector in crop and livestock production systems. RCZ 32 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.2 Industry and Commerce ASPECT INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE THEME Industry and Commerce STRATEGY a) Introduce policies that promote the use and adoption of clean and efficient energy in industry. 33 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review, implement and monitor emissions and Short term MEWC MIC; Local Authorities; SAZ; Private Government Treasury; USD 1 million effluent standards for industries. (EMA) Sector; BCSDZ; Academic Institutions; Environment Fund CSOs Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Establish Associations/sub committees to review Short term MEWC MIC; CZI; ZNCC; MSMECD; SAZ; Government Treasury; USD 250 000 and implement the regulations on emissions and to (EMA) Private Sector; Development partners Environment Fund monitor through conducting audits. A3 Continue to introduce pre-paid meters for electricity Short term ZESA MIC; MEPD; ZESA; MEWC; EMA; ZESA; PPPs USD 2 million supply in industry. SIRDC; Universities; NSSA A4 Provide incentives such as tax relief and financing Short to MF MIC; MSMECD; MHTESTD; MMMD; Government Treasury; Global USD 100 million for companies that invest in technologies that medium term MEWC; EMA; Research Institutions Climate Funds; CDM; Banks; reduce GHG emissions from their production Private Sector processes. A5 Establish a revolving fund to acquire modern On-going MIC MF; MEPD; Private Sector Government Treasury; USD 50 million technologies that use cleaner energy such as solar Private Sector; Global Climate and natural gas to reduce emissions. Funds; CDM 33 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 101 102 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.2 Industry and Commerce ASPECT INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE THEME Industry and Commerce STRATEGY b) Create a policy and regulatory framework that promotes resource use efficiency and cleaner production in industry and commerce. 34 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Provide incentives for industries that adopt Short to MIC MF; MSMECD; MEWC; Cleaner Government Treasury; Private USD 100 million resource use efficiency especially of water and medium term Production Centre Sector; Industrial (revolving fund) energy and cleaner production. Organizations; UNIDO B2 Encourage companies to apply for certification for Short to MIC MEWC; MSMECD; Private Sector; Government Treasury; Banks; USD 20 million voluntary environmental management systems medium term BCSDZ; SAZ CDM which require them to continuously improve their environmental performance. B3 Promote the concepts of recycle, reduce and On-going EMA; MIC BCSDZ; CZI; ZNCC Government Treasury; Private USD 5 million re-use of resources. Sector 34 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.2 Industry and Commerce ASPECT INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE THEME Industry and Commerce STRATEGY c) Create an enabling policy and legal framework that encourages the setting up and operations of climate resilient industries. 35 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Develop and implement policies that encourage Short to MIC MEWC; MF; Local Authorities; Private Government Treasury; Private USD 250 million investment in climate resilient industries. medium term Sector; CZI; BCSDZ; ZNCC Sector Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 35 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 103 104 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.3 Mining ASPECT MINING THEME Mining STRATEGY a) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourage emissions reduction and invest in resource efficient technologies. 36 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Develop regulatory frameworks to steer the mining Short to long MMMD Chamber of Mines; Mining Companies; Government Treasury; CDM; USD 500,000 sector towards low-carbon production and term EMA; MF; MHTESTD Mining Companies processing. A2 Enforce mandatory low carbon mining regulations. On-going MMMD EMA; BCSDZ; Chamber of Mines; Government Treasury; Mining USD 1 million Mining Companies Companies A3 Encourage companies to move towards low carbon Short to MMMD MF; EMA; CZI; Chamber of Mines Government Treasury; USD 200 million production and processing through provision of medium term Mining Companies; AfDB; meaningful incentives. Local Banks; CDM 36 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.3 Mining ASPECT MINING THEME Mining STRATEGY b) Enforce and monitor the implementation of mandatory and voluntary environmental management systems. 37 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Enforce compliance with all mining and related Short term MMMD; Chamber of Mines; EMA; Mining Companies USD 2.5 million environmental legislation such as Environmental EMA Local Authorities; MLGPWNH Impact Assessments, Mine Closure Plans, Disaster Risk Management. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Promote the implementation of voluntary Short to MMMD SAZ; EMA; MF; Mining Companies USD 50 million environmental management systems which assist medium term Chamber of Mines; (revolving fund) in reducing the environmental impacts of mining on Academic Institutions; environmental resources. Cleaner Production Centre 37 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 105 106 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.3 Mining ASPECT MINING THEME Mining STRATEGY c) Adopt practices that reduce energy consumption in the mining sector. 38 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Invest in cleaner energy and resource efficient Short to long MMMD; MF; Chamber of Mines; Mining Sector Government Treasury; USD 100 million technologies. term MEPD CDM; Private Sector C2 Strengthen research and build skills to develop On-going MMMD School of Mines; MHTESTD; Mining Companies; USD 5 million mining technologies with a low carbon foot print. Academic Institutions; SIRDC; Government Treasury; Banks; Private Sector CDM; UNIDO C3 Build capacity in the mining sector to exploit On-going MMMD MEWC; Academic Institutions; Mining CDM; Private Sector; UNDP; USD 500 000 opportunities for accessing international climate Sector; Chamber of Mines UNIDO change mitigation finance. 38 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.3 Mining ASPECT MINING THEME Mining STRATEGY d) Develop a framework for enhancing the capacity of small-scale miners to improve their environmental performance. 39 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Enforce legislation for small-scale miners to Short to MMMD EMA; Chamber of Mines; Mining Government Treasury; USD 2 million practice more environmentally friendly mining medium term Companies; MF; MJLPA; MHTESTD CDM; Mining Companies methods. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy D2 Build capacity of small-scale miners in cleaner Short to MMMD MHTESTD; Universities; School of Government Treasury; USD 20 million technologies with lower carbon footprints and medium term Mines; SIRDC; EMA; Private Sector Mining Companies; Banks; reduced contamination of water resources. CDM; UNIDO; World Bank D3 Provide incentives for small-scale miners to invest On-going MMMD; MF MEPD; MIC; Chamber of Mines; Government Treasury; USD 20 million in cleaner technologies. Mining Sector UNIDO; CDM 39 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 107 108 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.4 Tourism ASPECT TOURISM THEME Tourism STRATEGY a) Mainstream climate change into policies and legislation that guide the tourism sector. 40 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review policies and legislation that are relevant to Short term MTHI Private Sector; ZTA; ZCT; Zimparks; Government Treasury; USD 300,000 tourism and mainstream/integrate climate change. HAZ; MJLPA UNWTO A2 Incorporate climate change in the Tourism Policy Short term MTHI Private Sector; ZTA; ZCT; Zimparks; Government Treasury; GEF USD 200,000 and Tourism Master Plan which guide the growth of HAZ the tourism sector. 40 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.4 Tourism ASPECT TOURISM THEME Tourism STRATEGY b) Promote and strengthen zimbabwe’s tourism sector’s resilience to climate change. 41 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Carry out research and documentation on extreme Short term MEWC MTHI; Zimparks; ZINWA; EMA; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 events such as floods and droughts that threaten Private Sector; Research institutions; UN Agencies tourism products, including wildlife, especially the NMMZ; RCZ large charismatic mammals; water bodies for fishing and other aquatic recreations; and major Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy tourist attractions for example, the Eastern Highlands and the Victoria Falls. B2 Continue to promote ecotourism through creating Short to long MTHI MEWC; Zimparks; CAMPFIRE; Government Treasury; USD 100 million community wildlife conservancies and by term ZTA; Private Sector; MLGPWNH; UN Agencies; Other strengthening the tourism and wildlife projects in Research institutions; CSOs; CBOs international donors; Private the CAMPFIRE areas and ensure that vulnerable Sector community-based tourism enterprises are robust enough to cope with the adverse effects of climate change. B3 Diversify Zimbabwe’s tourism products through Medium term MTHI ZTA; ZCT; Zimparks; MSAC; MIC; Government Treasury; USD 100 million launching new activities, and enhance those that MAMID; MMIBS; Private Sector; SADC; UN Agencies; are there, to make the tourism experience in Research institutions Private Sector; PPPs Zimbabwe more enjoyable, including sports, business, adventure, agricultural, cultural tourism, eco-tourism and hosting of mega-events. 41 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 109 110 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.4 Tourism ASPECT TOURISM THEME Tourism STRATEGY c) Build and strengthen the capacity of the tourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to the challenges of climate change. 42 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Strengthen the capacity of the Zimbabwe Parks Short to MEWC MTHI; Research institutions; Private Government Treasury; USD 30 million and Wildlife Management Authority to improve medium term (Zimparks) Sector; PSC Zimparks; GEF; UN Agencies; wildlife management and conservation in a Private Sector changing climate. C2 Invest in tourism research and development on Medium to MTHI MICTPCS; ZTA; Government Treasury; USD 5 million futuristic tourism products such as virtual tourism long term MHTESTD; Private Sector; RCZ UN Agencies; Global Climate as an adaptation to climate change. Funds; Private Sector 42 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 2. ECONOMIC SECTORS 2.4 Tourism ASPECT TOURISM THEME Tourism STRATEGY d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a low carbon footprint/emission and sustainable growth and development in zimbabwe’s tourism sector. 43 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Carry out strategic research on GHG emissions Short to MEWC, MTHI; MTID; MEPD; EMA; Government Treasury; Global USD 2 million associated with tourism activities (e.g. in transport medium term (Departments Research institutions; RCZ; Climate Funds; UN Agencies and accommodation). of Climate Private Sector; UNEP Change Management Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy and Meteorological Services) D2 Develop appropriate strategies against the spill- Short to MTHI (ZTA) ZCT; MFA; MIC; Private Sector Government Treasury; Global USD 3.6 million over effects of possible mitigation measures in the medium term Climate Funds; UN Agencies; international aviation industry by promoting Private Sector domestic and regional tourism. D3 Engage in ‘Green Tourism’ and create incentives Medium to MTHI (ZTA) MEPD; MEWC; EMA; Local Government Treasury; Global USD 10 million that will encourage stakeholders in the tourism long term Authorities; ZCT; Zimparks; CSOs Climate Funds; UN Agencies; industry to adopt clean energy sources and to Private Sector maximize recycling and reuse of waste and promote Zimbabwe as a green destination. 43 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 111 112 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.1 Energy ASPECT PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE THEME Energy STRATEGY a) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworks for renewable energy, energy conservation and energy efficiency. 44 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Introduce a Renewable Energy, Energy Short term MEPD ZESA; MLGPWNH; MF; MAMID; EU; DFID; Hivos; Electricity USD 20 million Conservation and Energy Efficiency Policy with MEWC; MHTESTD; MTID; CSOs Levy time-defined targets for renewable energy mix and carbon intensities for the energy sector. A2 Develop and implement incentives aimed at Short term MEPD ZESA; Independent Power ZERA; World Bank; GEF; USD 50 million promoting and reducing costs of Renewable Producers; Private Sector; Rural Electrification Fund Energy such as renewable energy feed-in tariffs, MLGPWNH; MF; CSOs net metering, subsidies and tax redemptions to make renewable energy technologies affordable. A3 Enact the Rural and Renewable Energy Act as Short term MEPD ZESA; MLGPWNH; MF; MAMID; Rural Electrification Fund; USD 200 000 prescribed by the Energy Policy of 2012. MEWC; MJLPA COMESA; UNIDO; UNDP A4 Introduce regulations that enforce the use of solar Short to MEPD MLGPWNH; Local Authorities; UNIDO; UNDP; UN Habitat; USD 10 million water geysers and use of passive heating on all medium term MF; MAMID; MEWC; MHTESTD; GEF; DFID; EU; World Bank; new housing developments. MJLPA AfDB 44 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.1 Energy ASPECT PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE THEME Energy STRATEGY b) Strengthen energy planning, research and development. 45 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Establish a National Integrated Resource Plan that Short term MEPD MLGPWNH; MF; MAMID; UNIDO; UNDP; COMESA; EU; USD 500,000 shows the renewable energy and conventional MEWC; MHTESTD; CSOs DFID energy mix to meet the country’s energy needs. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Establish an information system within the Ministry Short to MEPD and ZESA; MLGPWNH; MF; MAMID; UNIDO; Other UN Agencies; USD 1 million of Energy and Power Development that is a medium term ZIMSTAT MEWC; MICTPCS; CSOs COMESA; EU, DFID strategic tool for investment decision making and optimal energy resource mix at least cost. B3 Promote research and development in the On-going MEPD; MLGPWNH; MF; MAMID; UNIDO; Other UN Agencies; USD 10 million renewable energy sector. MHTESTD MEWC; CSOs; RCZ COMESA; EU; DFID B4 Establish an Energy Research Council and an Short term MHTESTD MEPD; RCZ Government Treasury; Rural USD 20 million Energy Research Fund. Electrification Fund 45 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 113 114 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.1 Energy ASPECT PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE THEME Energy STRATEGY c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use. 46 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Reduce transmission line losses and promote Short to MEPD ZESA; MF; MEWC; Research World Bank; GEF; UNIDO; USD 20 million demand side management and energy saving medium term Institutions; MHTESTD; SIRDC UNDP; AfDB technologies at power stations. C2 Encourage the use of biofuels for household Short to MEPD; CSO; Private Sector; MLGPWNH; EU; World Bank; UNDP; GEF; USD 5 million domestic use to address energy for cooking needs. medium term MHTESTD MF; MAMID; MEWC UN Habitat; GIZ; Other Development Partners C3 Raise awareness through demonstration of Short term MEPD Private Sector; Local Authorities; GEF, UNIDO; UNDP; Private USD 5 million appropriate technology for household cooking. MF; MAMID; MEWC; MHTESTD; Investors Media; Parliament; CSOs C4 Promote and implement energy conservation, Short to MEPD FC; EMA; MAMID; MHCC; CSOs; CDM; UNEP; GIZ; UNICEF USD 10 million energy efficient technologies, including improved medium term GIZ; UNICEF cook stoves for household use and efficient tobacco curing barns. C5 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions in industry, and Medium term MEPD FC; EMA; Local Authorities; BCSDZ; EU; DFID; UNIDO; UN USD 30 million at household level through demand side CZI; ZNCC; MSMECD; Tobacco Habitat; UNEP; World Bank; management and energy saving techniques. Industries and Marketing Board; Tobacco Industry and Farmers Unions; CSOs Marketing Board C6 Promote production of renewable energy Short term MEPD ZESA; CZI; ZNCC; MSMECD; EU; DFID; Private Sector; USD 80 million equipment that uses bio-fuel, solar and biogas MYIEE; MWAGCD; BCSDZ; Private GEF; GIZ; SNV Sector; CSOs; Research Institutions 46 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.2 Transport ASPECT TRANSPORT THEME Transport STRATEGY a) Introduce a transport policy framework that encourages use of transport with low carbon emissions. 47 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Develop a policy framework that promotes use of Short term MEPD and SAZ; EMA; MF; BCSDZ; CZI; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 cleaner fuels in the transport sector. MTID ZNCC; Research Institutions; ZESA; Industry; GEF; UNEP; UNIDO; CSOs World Bank; DFID; EU A2 Develop legal provisions that use economic Short to MTID MF; MEWC; MJLPA; MEPD Government Treasury; Banks; USD 250,000 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy instruments to promote use of transport with low medium term Private Sector carbon emissions. A3 Strengthen capacity to measure and monitor Short term MTID; MHA; Motor Industry (Manufacturers, Carbon Tax; Tollgate Fees; USD 5 million vehicle emissions and enforce emissions MEWC Assemblers, Traders, Retailers); Fines and Penalties; standards. SAZ; MHTESTD; CSOs; Private Corporate Social Sector; Fuel Companies; Transport Responsibility; Motor Industry Operators Associations A4 Introduce regulations that promote use of non- Short term MTID MF; MHA; MLGPWNH; MJLPA; Government Treasury; Banks; USD 50 million motorized transport to reduce carbon emissions CSOs; Media; Local Authorities; Private Sector; Cooperate and make provisions for non-motorized transport Zimbabwe Safety Council Social Responsibility on existing and new road networks. A5 Introduce an effective mass public transport system Medium term MTID MF; MEWC; MHA; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 500 million that includes use of big buses and rail transport. MJLPA; CSOs; Media UNEP; EU; DFID; UNIDO; AfDB; World Bank; Local Banks; Private Sector 47 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 115 116 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.2 Transport ASPECT TRANSPORT THEME Transport STRATEGY b) Integrate climate resilience into transport planning and infrastructural development. 48 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Conduct baseline assessments and use results to Short term MTID MEWC; MF; BCSDZ; Private Sector; Government Treasury; World USD 5 million develop climate resilient transport infrastructure. MHTESTD Bank; AfDB; Banks; GEF; (Assessment) Global Climate Funds; Private Sector USD 500 million (Infrastructure) B2 Build capacity on climate resilient transport Short term MTID and MEWC; MF; BCSDZ; MHTESTD; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 planning and infrastructure development in MLGPWNH MICTPCS Private Sector; CSOs Global Environment Fund; institutions responsible for transport planning. EU; DFID; UN Habitat; Development Partners B3 Promote research and development of appropriate Short to MTID Private Sector; Research Institutions; UNIDO; UNEP; UNDP; Global USD 10 million technology (including technology transfer) for medium term MHTESTD; MF; RCZ Environment Fund; European climate resilience in the transport sector. Union; DFID 48 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.3 Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ASPECT DISASTER RISk MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) THEME Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) STRATEGY a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinated approach to reducing disaster risk and to address impacts of climate change through a multi-stakeholder approach. 49 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Establish an inclusive platform on climate change. Short term MEWC MLGPWNH; MHA; MD; MHCC; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 100,000 MPSLSW; All Other Relevant UNEP; World Bank; PPPs; Ministries; CSOs; Private Sector; Other Development Partners Communities; UN Development Agencies; Other Development Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy Partners A2 Develop mechanism for sectoral mainstreaming of Short term MEWC MLGPWNH; MHA; MD; MHCC; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 1 million disaster risk management and climate change. MPSLSW; All Other Relevant UNEP; World Bank; PPPs; Ministries; CSO; Private Sector; Other Development Partners Communities; UN Development Agencies; Other Development Partners 49 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 117 118 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.3 Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ASPECT DISASTER RISk MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) THEME Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) STRATEGY b) Enhance early warning systems and capacity of hydro- meteorological services to advise on weather related impacts on new social infrastructure as well as mitigation of potential damage to existing infrastructure. 50 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Capacitate hydro-meteorological early warning Short term MEWC MLGPWNH (Department of Civil Government Treasury; GEF; USD 5 million systems at national, provincial and district levels. Protection); MPSE; MTID; MF; UNEP; PPPs; Multi-Donor Traditional Leaders; CSOs; funds; World Bank; WMO; Catchment Councils; Sub-catchment Other Development Partners Councils B2 Enhance and promote indigenous knowledge Short term MEWC MLGPWNH (Department of Civil Government Treasury; GEF; USD 1 million systems at community levels for early warning Protection); MPSE; Other Relevant UNEP; PPPs; Other systems. Ministries; Traditional Leaders; CSOs Development Partners. B3 Promote research on impacts of climate change on Short to MLGPWNH MEWC; MHTESTD; Other Relevant Government Treasury; GEF; USD 10 million human settlements medium term Ministries; Research Institutions; UNEP; UN Habitat; UNICEF; CSOs; RCZ; ZIE; ECZ World Bank; AfDB; PPPs; Other Development Partners 50 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.3 Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ASPECT DISASTER RISk MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) THEME Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) STRATEGY c) Review and update policy and by-laws on building standards and codes to make them adaptive to climate change. 51 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Review and update national building policy; model Short term MLGPWNH ZIE; ECZ; Institute of Architects of Government Treasury; GEF; USD 350,000 building by-laws and development plans. Zimbabwe; Architect’s Council of UNDP; UNEP; World Bank; Zimbabwe; Construction Industry AfDB; PPPs; Other Federation of Zimbabwe; MHTESTD Development Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy C2 Raise public awareness on building standards, Short term MLGPWNH ZIE; ECZ; Institute of Architects of Government Treasury; PPPs; USD 500,000 policies and by-laws. Zimbabwe; Architect’s Council of Development Partners Zimbabwe; Construction Industry Federation of Zimbabwe; CSOs C3 Strengthen capacity to enforce by-laws and policies Short term MLGPWNH MHA; MJLPA; ZIE; ECZ Government Treasury; PPPs; USD 500,000 on building standards, and put in place stiffer Fines from Offenders penalties for offenders. 51 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 119 120 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.3 Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ASPECT DISASTER RISk MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) THEME Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) STRATEGY d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure. 52 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Climate proof and retrofit existing and future social Short term MLGPWNH ZIE; ECZ; Institute of Architects of Government Treasury; GEF; USD 500 million infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. Zimbabwe; Architect’s Council of UNDP; UN Habitat; UNICEF; Zimbabwe; Construction Industry Other UN Agencies; World Federation of Zimbabwe; MHTESTD; Bank; AfDB; PPPs; Other Development Partners Development Partners 52 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.3 Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ASPECT DISASTER RISk MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (HUMAN SETTLEMENTS) THEME Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) STRATEGY e) Enhance community resilience to climate change. 53 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs E1 Raise public awareness of at risk communities. Short term MEWC MLGPWNH; MPSE; Other relevant Government Treasury; GEF; USD 1 million Ministries; Local Authorities; UNDP; UNICEF; Other UN Traditional Leaders; CSOs Agencies; Private Sector; Development Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 53 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 121 122 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.4 Waste Management ASPECT WASTE MANAGEMENT THEME Waste Management STRATEGY a) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper, effective and efficient waste management services in order to reduce GHG emissions from waste management. 54 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Promote the adoption of an integrated approach to Short term MLGPWNH; Local Authorities; Private Sector; Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 8 million liquid and solid waste management by all local MEWC MIC; MPSE; MHTESTD; MSMECD; Other UN Agencies; authorities and waste generators in order to MWAGCD; MYIEE; CSOs; Research Development Partners; Private minimise quantities of waste disposed. Institutions; Private Sector; BCSDZ Sector; Banks A2 Improve the resource base of local authorities to Long term MLGPWNH MF; EMA; MPSE; MHTESTD; Government Treasury; USD 100 million enhance their capacity to practise efficient and (Local MIC; BCSDZ; MHCC; CSOs Development Partners; World effective waste management methods in order to Authorities) Bank; AfDB; Private Sector; reduce the open burning of waste and the resultant Local Banks carbon emissions. A3 Continue to train local authorities to develop local On-going MEWC MLGPWNH (Local Authorities); MF; Government Treasury; CDM; USD 100 million environmental action plans and to construct proper (EMA) MEPD Private Sector; Local Banks; landfills and sewage works that capture methane. Development Partners 54 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.4 Waste Management ASPECT WASTE MANAGEMENT THEME Waste Management STRATEGY b) Create an enabling policy environment which encourages investment into alternative energy production using waste. 55 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Promote research and development into use of Short term MEWC; MEPD; MLGPWNH (Local Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 1 million solid waste for energy recovery/electricity MHTESTD Authorities); CSOs; RCZ; Research UNIDO; Other UN agencies; (Research) generation. Institutions Multinational Institutions Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy USD $20 million (Implementation) 55 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 123 124 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.4 Waste Management ASPECT WASTE MANAGEMENT THEME Waste Management STRATEGY c) Develop an enabling framework to promote waste minimization through education and behavioural change of waste generators. 56 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Incorporate principles of environmentally sound Short term EMA MPSE; MHTESTD; CSOs; MHCC; EMA; Local Authorities; Private USD 500,000 waste management into the curricula of informal Local Authorities Sector and formal education systems. C2 Strengthen capacity to enforce polluter pays Short term Local MEWC; MHA; CSOs Government Treasury; USD 1 million principles and provide incentives to encourage Authorities; Environment Fund; Private waste minimization. EMA Sector; Development Partners C3 Introduce prohibitive fines and reinvest funds raised Short term Local MHA Government Treasury; USD 500,000 through waste fines into the sector to enhance Authorities; Environment Fund waste management. MEWC 56 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.5 Health ASPECT HEALTH THEME Health STRATEGY a) Strengthen surveillance programmes for monitoring human health under a changing climate. 57 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Enhance monitoring programmes and training of Short term MHCC MLGPWNH; MEWC; MAMID Government Treasury; WHO; USD 5 million health officers on the distribution and progress of (Livestock and Veterinary Other UN agencies; Other epidemics associated with climate change. Department); MHTESTD; Development Partners; Private CSOs, EMA Sector Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 57 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 125 126 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.5 Health ASPECT HEALTH THEME Health STRATEGY b) Build resilience against diseases that occur because of impacts of climate change. 58 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Build capacity for both curative and preventive Long term MHCC MLGPWNH; MAMID (Livestock and Government Treasury; UN USD 5 million measures for diseases that might occur during Veterinary Department); CSOs; Private Agencies (UNICEF, WHO, climate induced disasters or as a consequence Sector; Communities. UN Habitat); Other of increased temperatures. Development Partners; Private Sector; CSOs B2 Expand health facilities and networks to remote Medium term MHCC MTID; MLGPWNH; DDF; CSOs; Private Government Treasury; UN USD 20 million areas by building more clinics and disaster Sector; Communities agencies (UNICEF, WHO, reduction centres in areas prone to climate UN Habitat); Other induced disasters. Development Partners; Private Sector; CSOs B3 Enhance institutional capacities for early warning Medium term Department ZDF; MHA; Department of Meteorological Government Treasury; USD 10 million systems, preparedness and response on possible of Civil Services; MAMID (Livestock and Global Climate Funds disease risks caused by extreme weather events Protection; Veterinary Department); Private Sector; at all levels of society. MHCC Traditional Leaders B4 Harness Information and Communication Short term MHCC MICTPCS; MAMID (Livestock and Government Treasury; USD 2 million Technology (ICT) in public awareness campaigns and on going Veterinary Department); MPSE; Research WHO; Other Development on epidemics associated with climate change. Institutions; CSOs Partners B5 Promote climate proofing investments for health Medium to MF; NSSA MHCC; MAMID; (Livestock and Veterinary Private Sector USD 10 million and create a conducive environment for the use long term Department); MLGPWNH (Department of of weather-indexed insurance. Civil Protection); MEWC; Private Sector; Communities; CSOs 58 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.6 Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups ASPECT GENDER, PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS THEME Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups STRATEGY a) Mainstream climate change in policies for the vulnerable groups with their active participation at every level. 59 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review cross-sectoral policies and mainstream Short term MEWC MWAGCD; MPSE; MYIEE; MHCC; Government Treasury; UN USD 250,000 adaptation of vulnerable groups to climate change. MHTESTD; MF; MLGPWNH; Women; Other UN Agencies; MPSLSW; CSOs CSOs; Private Sector Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 59 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 127 128 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.6 Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups ASPECT GENDER, PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS THEME Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups STRATEGY b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable groups. 60 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Build adaptive capacity in vulnerable groups and Long term, MEWC MWAGCD; MPSE; MHTESTD; Government Treasury; UN USD 10 million mainstream these groups in all responses. On-going MYIEE; MHCC; MF; MLGPWNH; Women; UNICEF; CSOs; MPSLSW; CSOs Private Sector B2 Ensure equitable access and ownership of Long term MYIEE; MPSLSW; MLRR; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 resources for climate change adaptation by MWAGCD MEWC; MAMID; MYIEE UN Agencies; Local and vulnerable groups. International Development Partners; Private Sector B3 Develop culturally appropriate and gender sensitive Medium term MEWC MWAGCD; MHTESTD; MAMID; Government Treasury; Global USD 10 million labour saving green technologies. MYIEE; MSMECD; MIC; Research Climate Funds; UN Agencies; Institutions; CSOs CSOs; Private Sector B4 Use integrated adaptation responses that combine Short term MEWC MWAGCD; MPSE; MHTESTD; UN Women; UNICEF; Other USD 500,000 indigenous knowledge from the elderly with expert MLGPWNH; Research Institutions UN Agencies; CSOs; Private insights. Sector 60 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.6 Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups ASPECT GENDER, PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS AND OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS THEME Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups STRATEGY c) Enhance provision of early warning systems on droughts, floods and disease outbreaks to vulnerable groups and ensure a coordinated approach in providing them with emergency services. 61 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Create a multi-stakeholder forum with Short term Department MWAGCD; MPSE; MHTESTD; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 250,000 representatives of vulnerable groups for of Civil MYIEE; MHCC; MF; MLGPWNH; UN Women; UNICEF; Other emergency services provision. Protection MPSLSW; CSOs UN agencies; CSOs; Private Sector Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy C2 Disseminate updated information on climate Short term Department MWAGCD; MPSE; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; USD 1 million change and raise awareness of vulnerable groups of Civil MPSLSW; CSOs UN agencies; CSOs; Private on disaster preparedness. Protection Sector C3 Train vulnerable groups on how to respond to Short term Department MWAGCD; MPSE; MYIEE; MHCC; Government Treasury; USD 2 million disaster. of Civil MLGPWNH; MPSLSW; CSOs UN agencies; CSOs; Private Protection Sector 61 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 129 130 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.7 Children and Youth ASPECT CHILDREN AND YOUTH THEME Children and Youth STRATEGY a) Understand the impacts of climate change on children and youth in zimbabwe and create an enabling environment that prevents harm to them emanating from pressures of these impacts. 62 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Determine the vulnerabilities of children and youth Short term MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; Government Treasury; USD 1 million and how these vulnerabilities will be magnified by Research Institutions UNICEF; Other UN Agencies the impacts of climate change. A2 Identify and implement interventions that protect Short to long MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; Government Treasury; USD 5 million and empower children in the face of adverse term Local Authorities; Local leaders; UNICEF, Other UN Agencies; impacts of climate change. Research Institutions; Development Other Development Partners Partners; CSOs A3 Provide support to ensure that all children in Long term MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; Government Treasury; USD 20 million Zimbabwe are food secure and able to attend and Local Authorities; Local Leaders; UNICEF; Other UN Agencies; complete school in a changing climate; and reduce Research Institutions; Development Other Development Partners the incidence of diseases in children, especially Partners; CSOs those associated with climate change. 62 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 3. PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURE 3.7 Children and Youth ASPECT CHILDREN AND YOUTH THEME Children and Youth STRATEGY b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth in the policy formulation process for climate change, and in adaptation and mitigation activities. 63 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Incorporate children and youth in the climate Short term MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; MYIEE; Government Treasury; USD 170,000 change governance framework. Research Institutions; Development UNICEF; Other UN Agencies; Partners; National Youth Council Other Development Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Promote the participation of children and youth in Long term MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; MYIEE; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 climate change policy issues. National Youth Council; Research UNICEF; Other UN Agencies; Institutions; Development Partners Other Development Partners B3 Build capacity of children and youth for adaptation Long term MEWC MPSE; MHTESTD; MHCC; MYIEE; Government Treasury; USD 5 million and provide resources for them to participate in Local Authorities; Local Leaders; UNICEF; Other UN Agencies; climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. National Youth Council; Research Other Development Partners Institutions; CSOs. 63 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 131 132 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building 4.1.1 Capacity Building for Climate Change ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Capacity Building STRATEGY a) Build capacity to conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments and develop appropriate response models. 64 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Develop a detailed understanding of local hazards; Short term MLGPWNH MEWC; MTID; MPSLSW; Research Government Treasury; USD 2 million social, climatic vulnerabilities and risks; and Institutions; CSOs; Extension Climate Finance; Global possible responses. Departments; Local Authorities; Environment Fund; GEF; Traditional Leaders Other Development Partners A2 Build capacity to identify population groups or Short to MLGPWNH MEWC; MTID; MPSLSW; Research Government Treasury; Climate USD 3 million settlements that are at risk and to assess whether medium term Institutions; CSOs; Extension Finance; Global Environment the infrastructure and buildings will be able to Departments; Local Authorities; Fund; GEF; Other withstand extreme events. ZIE; ECZ; Institute of Architects of Development Partners Zimbabwe; Architect’s Council of Zimbabwe; Construction Industry Federation of Zimbabwe; Traditional Leaders 64 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Capacity Building STRATEGY b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk management into development programmes. 65 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Enhance capacity to respond to climate change On going MEWC; All Climate Sensitive Government Government Treasury; Climate USD 10 million within climate sensitive sectors. MLGPWNH Ministries; Private Sector; CSOs; Finance; Global Environment Development Agencies Fund; GEF; Other Development Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy B2 Develop the capacity of communities for On going MEWC; MPSLSW; MWAGCD; MAMID; Government Treasury; Climate USD 10 million adaptation, mitigation and disaster preparedness MLGPWNH MHCC; CSOs Finance; Global Environment and response. Fund; GEF; Other Development Partners B3 Introduce social assistance programmes and On going MPSLSW MLGPWNH; MF; CSOs; Government Treasury; UN USD 20 million develop national risk-sharing arrangements that Development Agencies Agencies; Other Development support the most vulnerable. Partners 65 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 133 134 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building 4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Role of Meteorological Services STRATEGY a) Strengthen the capacity of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to carry out research on climate change through improved data collection and management, and climate modelling. 66 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Build capacity (human and material) of the Short to long MEWC MEPD; MAMID; MPSE; MHTESTD; Government Treasury; WMO; USD 10 million Meteorological Services to carry out research on term Research Institutions Other UN Agencies; World climate change in order to understand its causes, Bank; AfDB; Other and its potential impacts on various sectors through Development Partners improved and expanded data collection and management, as well as climate modelling. A2 Build an integrated data collection system and Short term Department MHTESTD; Research Institutions; Government Treasury; WMO; USD 10 million database incorporating international best practice. of ZIMSTAT; WMO Other UN Agencies; World Meteorologic Bank; AfDB; Other al Services Development Partners 66 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Role of Meteorological Services STRATEGY b) Strengthen the documentation of and tapping into indigenous knowledge systems to complement scientific knowledge for climate change forecasting and early warning systems. 67 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Document indigenous knowledge on climate Short to Department MHTESTD; Research Institutions; Government Treasury; UN USD 1 million forecasting to complement scientific knowledge for medium term Meteorologic Local Authorities; CSOs; Traditional Agencies climate change adaptation at community level. al Services Leaders; Communities Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 67 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 135 136 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Role of Meteorological Services STRATEGY c) Establish an enabling framework for sharing and disseminating information on climate change (i.e. at provincial, district and ward levels) in the country. 68 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Create platforms for disseminating and sharing of Short to MEWC Local Authorities; MAMID; MPSE; UN Agencies; Government USD 2 million information on climate change issues at all levels medium term MHTESTD; MMIBS; MICTPCS; including grassroots level. CSOs; CBOs; Traditional Leaders 68 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building 4.1.3. Technology transfer ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Technology Transfer STRATEGY a) Create a policy framework that will improve access to and promote uptake of cleaner and more efficient technologies across all economic sectors. 69 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Identify inefficient technologies to be substituted Medium term MIC MEWC; MHTESTD; MMMD; Government Treasury; USD 1 million with innovative low carbon technologies across all MAMID; MTID; MF; MSMECD; Private Sector; Environment economic sectors. MYIEE; CSOs; Development Fund; CDM; UNIDO Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Provide incentives for technology transfer which Short to long MIC MF; Private Sector; MEWC; Government Treasury; USD 500 million promote the uptake of resource use efficiency and term MMMD; MAMID; MTID; MSMECD; Private Sector; Environment (revolving fund) cleaner production technologies across the MYIEE; Development Partners Fund; CDM; UNIDO economic sectors. A3 Enforce air emissions and effluent regulations and Short term MEWC SAZ; Private Sector; MHA; Government Treasury USD 500,000 standards which will push companies to invest in (EMA) MJLPA; BCSDZ; CZI; ZNCC more efficient and cleaner technologies. A4 Promote the uptake of more climate resilient Short to long MEWC MIC; MMMD; MAMID; MTID; Government Treasury; USD 20 million technologies in agriculture, mining, industry, term MSMECD; MEPD; MYIEE; Private Sector; Environment (revolving fund) energy, etc. Private Sector; Research Fund; CDM Institutions; CSOs; Development Partners 69 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 137 138 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.1 Capacity Building ASPECT STRATEGY ENABLERS THEME Technology Transfer STRATEGY b) Support research and development of technologies in all relevant sectors to mitigate and adapt to climate change. 70 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Improve funding for private and public sector Short to long MIC MHTESTD; MF; MEWC; MMMD; Government Treasury; USD 50 million research and development into more efficient term MAMID; MTID; MSMECD; MEPD; Private Sector; Environment technologies. RCZ; Research Institutions; Private Fund; CDM Sector; CSOs; Development Partners B2 Enhance capacity of local research institutions to Short to long MHTESTD Research Institutions; RCZ; Government Treasury; USD 2 million test, adopt and adapt new and more efficient term MEWC; MF; Private Sector; Private Sector; Environment technologies used in other parts of the world. CSOs; Development Partners Fund; CDM B3 Raise awareness on the economic and climate Short to long MEWC CSOs; BCSDZ; MMIBS; CZI; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 change benefits of adopting cleaner technologies term ZNCC; MSMECD; MYIEE; Private Sector; UN Agencies for sustainable development. MWAGCD and Other Development Partners 70 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Climate Change Education and Training STRATEGY a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climate change at all levels of education (formal and informal). 71 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review the content of the education curricula at all Short to MPSE; MEWC; MAMID; Universities; Government Treasury; USD 3 million levels to incorporate climate change and produce medium term MHTESTD Agricultural and Teacher Training UNESCO; UNICEF literature in all relevant languages. Colleges; ZIMSEC Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Continuously monitor, evaluate and upgrade the Short to MPSE; MEWC; MAMID; Agricultural and Government Treasury; USD 1 million curricula to keep up with global trends and good medium term MHTESTD Teacher Training Colleges; UNESCO; UNICEF; Other practice. Research Institutions Development Partners A3 Create platforms for competitions on climate Short term MPSE; MYIEE; EMA; MAMID; Universities; GEF, Local and International USD 500,000 change issues through establishment of climate MHTESTD Agricultural and Teacher Training Companies; EMA; UNICEF; change clubs at all schools and training centres. Colleges; Schools Private Sector A4 Create opportunities for all people to learn more Short to MEWC EMA ; ZINWA; Catchment Councils; Government Treasury; GWP; USD 1 million about climate change as it relates to the medium term FC; Zimparks; MYIEE; MWAGCD; UNEP; UNDP; Private Sector management of the environment. Research Institutions; Local Authorities; Traditional Leaders 71 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 139 140 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Climate Change Education and Training STRATEGY b) Provide relevant training on climate change issues to educators and practitioners working with communities. 72 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Conduct in-service training of current educators Short to MPSE; MEWC; PSC; MAMID; Universities; Government Treasury; GEF, USD 2 million and extension workers until saturation levels are medium term MHTESTD Agricultural and Teacher Training UNEP, UNDP, UNICEF, reached or a critical mass of teachers with climate Colleges; EMA; CSOs UNESCO; Private Sector change skills is produced. B2 Enhance the climate change knowledge of media Short to MEWC MMIBS; MICTPCS; MAMID; Government Treasury; UNEP; USD 1 million and other professionals through the use of various medium term MHTESTD; MPSLSW; MLGPWNH; UNDP; UNESCO; GWP; platforms in order to achieve change in ZCTU; Zimbabwe Federation of Private Sector perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards Trade Union; Chamber of Mines climate change mitigation and adaptation. B3 Train traditional leadership on their roles and Medium term MEWC Traditional Leaders; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 5 million responsibilities and use the traditional institutions RDCs UNDP; UNICEF; Zimbabwe as a vehicle for educating communities on climate Cultural Fund change issues. B4 Actively engage youth and their representative Short to MEWC MYIEE; MHTESTD; MPSE; Government Treasury; USD 1 million organizations in climate change education and medium term MAMID UNESCO; UNICEF; Private training. Sector 72 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness 4.2.2 Public Awareness-raising and Communication ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Public Awareness-raising and Communication STRATEGY a) Implement a communication strategy for raising awareness on climate change. 73 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Implement a communication strategy to raise Short to long MEWC MMIBS; MICTPCS; Local Media UN Agencies; Media Houses; USD 2.5 million awareness on climate change that recognises use term Houses; Wireless Networks; CSOs Wireless Network Providers of media such as newspapers, radio, television and social media. Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Develop awareness, communication and advocacy Short term MEWC MMIBS; MICTPCS; Artists UN Agencies ; Other USD 5 million materials (such as posters, pamphlets, videos, Organizations; Media Organizations Development Partners; compact discs (CDs) in both English and local Private Sector languages) and fundraising strategies. A3 Conduct out-reach programmes on awareness and Short term MEWC MMIBS; MICTPCS; Media Houses; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 2 million information exchange on climate change MPSE; MLGPWNH; Traditional GEF; Private sector adaptation and mitigation across various Leaders; CSOs; Church stakeholders including grassroots-communities. Organizations A4 Employ leaders, educators, mentors and Short to long MEWC MPSE; MYIEE; MLGPWNH; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 500,000 community popular opinion leaders to share their term MWAGCD; MAMID; ZINWA; UNEP knowledge, values and experience with different EMA; FC; Traditional and Political target audiences to ensure an increase in Leaders behavioural change towards climate change adaptive behaviours. 73 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 141 142 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Public Awareness-raising and Communication STRATEGY b) Promote and strengthen stakeholder awareness on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. 74 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs B1 Sensitize policy makers on the importance of Short term MEWC Clerk of Parliament; Parliament; Government Treasury; USD 100,000 addressing climate change issues especially in the Heads of Ministries; MMIBS; UN Agencies areas of adaptation and mitigation. MICTPCS B2 Engage the Junior Parliamentarians to act as Short to MYIEE (Youth Clerk of Parliament; MMIBS; Government Treasury; USD 500,000 champions for creating awareness on climate medium term Council of MICTPCS; Media houses; CSOs Private Sector; UNICEF; change issues. Zimbabwe); UNESCO MEWC B3 Promote awareness through participatory Short to MEWC MMIBS; MICTPCS; MAMID; Government Treasury; GEF; USD 1 million information exchange and empowerment of local medium term Media Houses; CSOs; Traditional UN Agencies; Private Sector communities for adaptation and mitigation to and Political Leaders climate change. 74 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Public Awareness-raising and Communication STRATEGY c) Encourage sharing of information and networking on climate change issues at local, regional, and international levels. 75 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs C1 Develop an information data base on climate Short term MEWC Local Authorities, ZIMSTAT; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 1 million change adaptation and mitigation issues. Research Institutions; CSOs; UNICEF; Other Development Extension Departments; Partners Traditional Leaders Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy C2 Develop mechanisms of employing ICTs to Short term MEWC MICTPCS; MHTESTD; MAMID; UN Agencies; Media Houses USD 1 million disseminate information and to enable formation of Local Media Houses; Wireless social networks on climate change adaptation and Networks; Youth Council of mitigation issues. Zimbabwe C3 Form community based climate change clubs Short term MEWC MAMID; MPSE; Research Government Treasury; GEF; USD 500,000 including introduction of climate change shows Institutions; Traditional and Political UNEP (village, ward, district and provincial levels) as a Leaders platform for changing towards climate change adaptive behaviour. C4 Establish local and regional forums that provide a Short term MEWC MICTPCS; MLGPWNH; MMIBS; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 500,000 platform for sharing climate change information and Research Institutions; Media Private Sector; COMESA; adaptation practices. Houses; Universities; CSOs SADC; AU 75 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 143 144 4. STRATEGY ENABLERS 4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS THEME Communication and awareness raising STRATEGY d) Communicate climate change messages incorporating indigenous knowledge systems. 76 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs D1 Document and mainstream indigenous knowledge Medium term MEWC MHTESTD; MICTPCS; MMIBS; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 500,000 systems on climate change into communication MPSE; MLGPWNH; Research UNESCO; Other UN Agencies; and awareness raising systems. Institutions; Media Houses Private Sector 76 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 5. CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE 5.1 Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework 5.1.1 Climate Change Governance ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE THEME Climate Change Governance STRATEGY a) Mainstream climate change into urban and rural development planning, infrastructure, investments and service delivery. 77 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Promote a multi-stakeholder approach in urban and Short term MLGPWNH MEPD; MEWC; MHCC; MPSLSW; Government Treasury; USD 800,000 rural development planning, infrastructure, MWAGCD; MTID; MAMID; Private Development Partners investments and service delivery. Sector; Communities; CSOs; UN Agencies and Development Partners Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Build the institutional, financial and adaptive Medium to MLGPWNH MEWC; MF; Local Authorities; Government Treasury; World USD 15 million capacity of local authorities to address climate long term Communities; CSOs; UN Agencies Bank; African Development hazards and to adopt budgets and plans that are and Development Partners Bank; Private Sector; responsive to climate change. Development Partners A3 Promote Public-Private-Community Partnerships Long term MLGPWNH MEWC; MTID; Private Sector; Government Treasury; World USD 70 million (PPCPs) in the delivery of services such as CSOs; Urban WASH; Bank; AfDB; Private Sector; improved water and sanitation for low-income UN Agencies; Development Partners UNICEF; Development households and development of urban Partners infrastructure and housing as an adaptation strategy. 77 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 145 146 5. CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE 5.1 Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework 5.1.2 Climate Change Institutional Framework ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE THEME Climate Change Institutional Framework STRATEGY a) Institutionalize the climate change response governance framework at national, provincial and community levels. 78 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Strengthen existing governance structures at Short term MEWC OPC; MLGPWNH; Line Ministries; Government Treasury; UN USD 1 million national, provincial and community levels to Local Authorities; Communities; Agencies; Private Sector; incorporate climate change. CSOs Other Development Partners 78 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 5. CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE 5.2 Climate Change Policy and Legal Framework ASPECT CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE THEME Climate Change Policy and Legal framework STRATEGY a) Enact an enabling policy environment for climate change response. 79 ACTIONS Action Indicative Lead Co-operating Agencies Potential Source for Estimated Time Frame Agency Resources Mobilisation Costs A1 Review laws and policies governing climate Short term MEWC MJLPA; Line Ministries; CSOs; Government Treasury; UN USD 250,000 change. Communities; UN Agencies; Agencies; Private Sector; Development Partners Other Development Partners; COMESA Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy A2 Develop a climate change policy. Short term MEWC MJLPA; Line Ministries; CSOs; Government Treasury; UNDP; USD 750,000 Communities UNICEF; Other UN Agencies; Private Sector; Other Development Partners; COMESA 79 Short term =1-5 years; medium term= 6-10 years; long term = more than 10 years 147 148 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy