National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy

5.3 Resource Mobilisation 17 Fax: +260-1-252951/252089 Email: info@mohe.gov.zm 5.4 Monitoring And Evaluation 17 Foreword Zambia is endowed with abundant natural resources which provide opportunities for the socioeconomic growth of the Country. Many of these natural resources are not fully exploited due to various factors that include, among others, low utilization of technological advancements, inadequate infrastructure and poor human resource skills. This places the country at a disadvantage in a competitive global economic system whose main driver is science, technology and innovation. In some cases, this under-utilisation of technological advancements has contributed to the country’s low productivity coupled with a low capacity for value addition. Zambia is a member of various regional blocs and international organisations promoting free trade and customs unions, which coupled with economic globalisation, is increasingly resulting in free movement of goods and services across borders. While free movement of goods and services has many benefits, these benefits often accrue to countries with a strong industrial base and competitive production methods that are supported by science technology and innovation. However, Zambia’s, industrial base is still in its infancy and therefore tends to heavily rely on the importation of finished goods and services. This has contributed to stagnation in the growth of local industries and a reduction in employment opportunities. Consequently, Zambia does not adequately leverage on the benefits of both its regional and global trade. investment in science, technology and innovation is, therefore, cardinal to support competitiveness of the local industry, create wealth and improve the quality of life of the people. The National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy is a revision of the 1996 National Policy on Science and Technology. The Policy is a result of a participatory process by all stakeholders. It provides medium and long term measures for the development of the science and technology sector. In order to keep pace with the demands of the Knowledge driven economy and ensure Zambia’s competitiveness, the Policy addresses enhancement of research; innovation; human resource development and retention; infrastructure; financing and coordination of Science, Technology and Innovation. In conclusion, it is important to note that the successful implementation of this Policy requires concerted efforts and commitment of all stakeholders at various levels. I therefore, urge all stakeholders to fully apply themselves to the objectives of the Policy if the Country is to draw benefits from it. Hon. Dr. Eng Brian Mushimba, MP. MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION Ministry of Higher Education iii Acknowledgement This Policy is a product of wide consultations with key stakeholders. I wish to pay special tribute to all the organisations, institutions and individuals that in one way or another made valuable input into the development of this document. In particular, I want to acknowledge with sincere gratitude the contributions from all our stakeholders including line Ministries, academic and research and development institutions, UNESCO, private sector, professional associations and individual researchers. I wish to give special recognition to the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review Technical Committee and its secretariat for their hard work that culminated into the development of this Policy document. It is my sincere hope that the National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy will help create an enabling environment for an efficient and effective science, technology and innovation system in Zambia, which will contribute to social and economic development and improve the quality of life for all Zambians. Kayula Siame Permanent Secretary MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION iv National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Working Definitions Applied Research Genetic Resources are organisms processes that provide confidence Original investigation undertaken or parts thereof, of populations in a product and/or service to acquire new knowledge in or any other biotic component of suitability for its intended view of applying it to a specific ecosystems with actual potential purpose. practical situation. use or value to humanity. Research and Development (R&D) Basic Research Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Creative work undertaken on Experimental or theoretical work The sum totals of the knowledge a systematic basis in order to undertaken primarily to acquire and skills which people in a increase the stock of knowledge new knowledge of the underlying particular geographical area for new applications foundation of phenomena and possess. observable facts. Science and Technology (S&T) Indigenous medicine Useful knowledge about laws of Biosafety The use of indigenous genetic nature and the physical world A set of measures, policies and resources such as roots, stems, generated through observation, procedures used or established leaves, grass, soil, stones, ants, experimentation, measurements for assessing, preventing, animals and flowers to cure and or deduction that is aimed at the monitoring and managing any prevent certain ailments. satisfaction of societal needs that risk associated with genetically affect all areas of the economic modified organism to human Innovation activities. health and safety and to the A new idea in the form of a environment. new product or service, or an Science, Technology and improvement in organization Innovation (STI) Centre of Excellence or process introduced into the Systematic study of the physical Physical or virtual centres marketplace. or material world (natural science) of Science, Technology and of society (social science) that and Innovation (STI) which Intellectual property generates, or creates knowledge concentrate existing capacity and Means creations of the human from which data and information resources to enable researchers mind such as copyright and is drawn for societal needs that to collaborate across disciplines industrial property. affect all areas of the economic and institutions, on long term activities. projects that are locally relevant Intellectual Property Rights and internationally competitive The rights to use and sell (or Spin-Off Company in order to enhance the pursuit otherwise dispose of) intellectual A company established out of of research excellence, capacity property. commercialization of developed development and business technologies. development. New and Emerging Technologies A general term denoting various Technology Achievement Index Folklore cutting-edge developments in the A composition of different A body of expressive culture, emergence and convergence of measures of a country’s including tales, myths, legends, technologies that in effect bring technological innovation proverbs, oral narrations, praise up new scientific territory in some capabilities and performance. songs and symbolic expressions significant way, such as modern found in various urban and rural biotechnology, nanotechnology, Technology Transfer communities laser, artificial intelligence, Means the moving of technology robotics, bioinformatics and from a licensor to a licensee. Genetic Resources mechatronics. Material of plant, animal or microbial organisms containing Quality Assurance functional units of heredity. Planned and systematic Ministry of Higher Education v Acronyms and Abbreviations AU African Union NTBC National Technology Business Centre COBSTI Cabinet Committee on Science, NTDA National Technology Development Technology and Innovation Agency CVRI Central Veterinary Research Institute PACRA Patents and Companies Registration Agency FNDP Fifth National Development Plan PPPs Public Private Partnerships GDP Gross Domestic Product R&D Research & Development GERD Gross Expenditure on Research and Development RISDP Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan GMO Genetically `Modified Organisms S&T Science & Technology HFO Heavy Fuel Oil SAG Sector Advisory Group IEC Information, Education and Communication SCCI Seed Control and Certification Institute IKS Indigenous Knowledge System SOPs Standard Operating Procedures IPR Intellectual Property Rights STEM Science Technology Engineering and JETS Junior Engineers Technicians and Mathematics Scientists STI Science, Technology and Innovation MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises STIYF Science and Technology Innovators NBA National Biosafety Authority Youth Fund NDCC National Development Coordinating TBDF Technology Business Development Committee Fund NISIR National Institute for Scientific and TDRC Tropical Diseases Research Centre Industrial Research TEVET Technical Education, Vocational and NRC National Research Council Entrepreneurship Training NRF National Research Fund TEVETA Technical Education, Vocational and NRI National Research Institute Entrepreneurship Training Authority NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre ZABS Zambia Bureau of Standards NSTC National Science and Technology ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute Council NSTP National Science and Technology Policy vi National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 01 Introduction The Zambian Government formulated the 1996 National Policy on Science and Technology, whose aim was to embed Science and Technology (S&T) as part of the culture of the key sectors. The mission of the Policy was to promote and exploit science and technology as an instrument for developing an environmentally friendly indigenous technological capacity for sustainable socio-economic development. The 1996 Policy led to a complete reorganisation technology, advanced developments in information of the legal and institutional frameworks of the communication technology, and space science science and technology sector. The results of these technology, which require Government policy reforms led to the repeal of the National Council for guidelines in the application of science, technology Scientific Research (NCSR) Act of 1970; and creation and innovation. It was therefore, necessary to of the National Science and Technology Council review the policy to align it to the Vision 2030 and (NSTC), National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Seventh National Development Plan, and take into Research (NISIR), the National Technology Business account current trends in science, technology and Centre (NTBC) and the National Remote Sensing innovation. Centre (NRSC). The reforms also led to the creation of In light of the above, and in its effort to enhance Management boards to oversee the running of these the contribution of science and technology to socio- institutions. economic development, the Government embarked While the key objectives of the 1996 National Policy on the revision of the 1996 National Policy on Science on Science and Technology remain valid, the social, and Technology. legal, political, economic and environmental situation The revised Policy seeks to strengthen the science have undergone significant changes. Globally, and technology framework and to forge closer new awareness for the need to integrate Science links between the programmes of the research and Technology and Innovation (STI) in socio-economic development community and the priority sectors of development has arisen. The world is rapidly the economy. It also incorporates the key aspects evolving into a knowledge and innovation economy. of Innovation which were largely left out of the 1996 This raises the need to place each country’s Science Policy. and Technology framework as top priority on the This Policy document provides an analysis of the development agenda. As a result, there is a critical sector, then gives the Vision, Rationale and Guiding need for increased investments in research and Principles for the Policy. The document also outlines development and the development of human capital the objectives and the corresponding measures for to drive Science and Technology. More significantly, their attainment; and the implementation framework. for research and development to be meaningful, its outputs must eventually reach the market and thus create wealth for socio-economic development. Furthermore, there have been emerging issues in areas such as Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), biotechnology, climate change, nuclear science, nano Ministry of Higher Education 1 02 Situation Analysis SDGs also aim to enhance public and private

2.1 — Global and Regional Trends in STI

2.1 Global and Regional Trends in STI R&D. Globally, there are some notable events that At the continental level, the African Union (AU) characterise the current situation in STI which Agenda 2063 for Africa envisages: are generally viewed and may qualify as best i. building and/or upgrading research practices and hence influence the formulation infrastructures; of STI policy and strategy framework in most ii. enhancing professional and technical countries. These include, but are not limited to: competencies; a. Pronounced socio-economic successes iii. promoting entrepreneurship and innovation; which are well-defined and articulate and goals for STI sector aligned to national iv. providing an enabling environment for STI development plans; through development of a comprehensive b. Recognising innovation as the driving force policy on STI. behind S&T and R&D; c. Multi-disciplinary and generally product- oriented research; 2.2 National Trends in Science, d. General shift from teaching to teaching and Technology and Innovation research universities; e. Establishment of STI universities to develop Currently, Zambia’s long term focus is embedded national capacities in STI; in the “Vision 2030” whose aim is to attain the f. Strong indigenous industries and strong links status of “a prosperous middle income country between industry and researchers to foster by 2030”. The sector vision for science and commercialisation and industrialisation; technology states that Zambia should be “A nation g. Well trained human resources and in which science, technology and innovation are availability of requisite infrastructure; the driving forces in national development and h. Firm and sustainable financing mechanism competes globally by 2030”. This sector vision for STI; and calls for the country to be, among many others, i. Well-coordinated STI sector. technologically proficient, fully able to adapt, innovate and invest using its human and natural These tenets, coupled with the Sustainable resources. It thus recognises that science, Development Goals provide the global platform technology and innovation plays a key role in for Science and Technology upon which the the development of the country and therefore development of any STI policy should be based. calls for the need to intensify the development The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim and application of STI to spur industrialisation to enhance scientific research, upgrade the for socio-economic development. technological capabilities of industrial sectors, encourage innovation and increase the number The Seventh National Development Plan of R&D workers per one million population. The (7NDP) commits to prioritising research and 2 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Situation Analysis development (R&D). To achieve the objectives and 2.3 Macro and Micro-Economic Context goals set out in this Plan, Government together with stakeholders commits to invest in research Zambia’s economic growth has been stable and and development. Government will also ensure averaged 6 percent over the past decade. It is that higher institutions of learning strengthen projected to grow by 5 percent over the medium capacities to conduct various research activities term. The macroeconomic stability experienced and carry out research programmes in line with in the past years resulted in improved internationally accepted standards. performance of the economy largely driven by the following key sectors of mining, agriculture, Notwithstanding the global, regional and livestock, health, manufacturing, energy and national trends in the STI landscape, Zambia’s education. science, technology and innovation sector is still guided by the National Policy on Science Notwithstanding the above achievements, the and Technology of 1996. This policy continues role of STI in moving these sectors forward has to provide guidance on implementation of STI not been significant. across various sectors such as agriculture, health, energy, education, manufacturing, mining and industry.

2.3.1 — Education

2.3.1 Education

2.3.2 — Agriculture

2.3.2 Agriculture Education is key in empowering citizens to enable The agriculture sector in Zambia is comprised of them participate meaningfully in economic activ- crops, livestock and fisheries and is considered ities. In Zambia, the education sector is com- as the mainstay of the economy contributing prised of early childhood, primary and secondary about 30% to GDP. Productivity within the sector education at general education level; and TEVET has not significantly increased in the last decade and higher education at tertiary level. mainly due to limited investment in scientific Zambia records low enrolments in technolo- research and development of new technologies gy and science related fields. There generally and innovations. exists a bias towards arts and social sciences The sector continues to be dominated by subsist- as opposed to Science, Technology, Engineering ence farming methods in consumption rather and Mathematics (STEM) fields. In addition, there than cash crops. Similarly, livestock farming has is low capacity for research and development in been characterised by poor feeding practices; Science Technology and Innovation (STI) as well poor, limited animal husbandry technology, as low use of ICT in schools. This has resulted in among others, which have led to high livestock inadequate skills in technology and innovation. mortality rates. Further, in line with the 7NDP, Government has committed to promoting aquaculture. This cou- pled with a general increase in the demand for fish provides room for a flourishing fish farming industry. However, this is hampered by the low limited investment in scientific research and de- velopment of new and improved technologies. Ministry of Higher Education 3 Situation Analysis

2.3.3 — Health 2.3.4 Manufacturing

With regard to the Health Sector, Zambia has embraced health related advances in Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) with positive impact on the wellbeing of its population. This is evidenced by remarkable improvement in the life expectancy from below 50 years in 1990s to an estimated 61.8 years in 2015. These gains are largely attributable to the recent global advances in medicine utilizing biomedical technologies and novel chemotherapeutic interventions. Despite this progress, the utilization and en- hancement of both local technologies and innova- tions, as well as indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in the sector still remain low. This is as a result of low investment in research, development and innovation in the health sector. 2.3.3 Health 2.3.4 Manufacturing The economic performance of Zambia has over- time exhibited characteristics of a factor-driven economy. The largest share of Zambia’s GDP in the manufacturing sector was generated from resource-based and low technology manufactur- ing. The chemicals and electrical machinery on the other hand, jointly dominated the medium to high technology category. According to the CSO Industrial Production Statistics, the contribution of Zambia’s manufacturing sector to GDP between 2010 and 2015, averaged 7.2 percent with the high- est contribution being 7.9 percent in 2010 and the lowest being 6.0 percent in 2014. By 2017, the sec- tor’s contribution to GDP had declined further and stood at 5.0 percent of GDP. The declining state of the manufacturing sector can be attributed to inadequate research and development activities to support the development of new products and processing technologies as well as inadequate modern scientific techniques and technologies. This has resulted in under-utilization of the abun- dant natural resources. In addition, the lack of

2.3.5 — Energy adequate dialogue between research institutions

2.3.5 Energy adequate dialogue between research institutions and the intended beneficiaries hinders the dis- The energy sector in Zambia is largely dominated semination of technologies. Further, investment by the electricity sub-sector with hydropower in domestic R&D in the manufacturing sector is generation accounting for at least 84.5 percent. most often viewed as a cost, rather than long- The dominance of hydropower generation puts term investments. the country at risk due to changes in climat- ic conditions; such as global warming leading to insufficient rainfall and drought; as well as other competing needs for the water resources. These challenges pose a risk of inadequate water resources available for hydropower generation. In 2016, Power generation from coal was second

2.3.6 — Mining

2.3.6 Mining at 10.6 percent (300 MW), followed by diesel at 3.1 percent (88.6 MW), while Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) The mining sector in Zambia is comprised of base accounted for 1.8 percent (50 MW) and solar pho- metals and precious stones. The contribution of tovoltaic (PV), less than 0.1 percent (0.06 MW). De- the sector to GDP in the last decade averaged spite the threats to the countries energy security, 10%, with copper being the main contributor to Zambia has limited research and development exports. The contribution of STI to this sector capacity to explore alternative sources of energy has been insignificant as is evidenced by Zam- such as solar, wind, biofuels, geothermal, nuclear bia’s continued export of raw base metals and and biomass. precious stones, and in most cases with inade- quate beneficiation and value addition. 4 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Situation Analysis framework, the sector experienced challenges

2.4 — Key Issues in Science, Technology and

2.4 Key Issues in Science, Technology and in the implementation of the various pieces of Innovation legislation. The STI sector has not adequately responded to One of the key measures in the 1996 the needs that have been stated in section 2.1 National Policy on Science and Technology as it is faced with several key issues that can be aimed at restructuring and rationalizing categorised into the following: existing laboratories and technology service organisations into autonomous research

2.4.1 — Policy, Legal and Institutional

2.4.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional institutes was not achieved because there Framework existed weak legal and institutional frameworks, The Government formulated the National which were also usually misaligned with the STI Policy on Science and Technology of 1996 policy. which led to a complete reorganization of the legal and institutional framework. At national Further, given the crosscutting nature of science, level, the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) technology and innovation, effective coordination is responsible for the overall coordination of of the various players in the sector was vital national Science and Technology programmes. for efficiency. However, the coordination of STI programmes are developed and implemented science, technology and innovation programmes under various line Ministries responsible for continued to be fragmented. Although the science, technology and innovation and these NSTC was established as the coordinating include ministries responsible for agriculture; organ for the sector, the effectiveness of the fisheries; livestock; mines and minerals; health; coordination system has been hampered by education; tourism; arts; lands; environment; inadequate legislation, lack of rationalisation natural resources; energy; water; sanitation; and in programming, disjointed and incoherent commerce, trade and industry. funding to research and development, and the absence of a common planning process and Over the years, the sector has seen progress platform between the line Ministries and other in the development of legal and institutional key stakeholders. To address concerns on the frameworks. Among these is the enactment of coordination, the Sector Advisory Group (SAG) the Science and Technology Act No. 26 of 1997 on Science and Technology was established in which gave rise to the establishment of the 2007 under the Fifth National Development Plan National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), process. However, the SAG did not overcome the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial the segmentation and incoherence of science Research (NISIR), the National Technology and technology programmes mainly due to Business Centre (NTBC) and the National Remote the absence of a mechanism to coordinate Sensing Centre (NRSC); the Biosafety Act No. resource allocation and rationalisation of 10 of 2007 established the National Biosafety resources. In addition, there lacks a mechanism Authority while, the National Health Research to coordinate the programmes of the public Act No. 2 of 2013 lead to the establishment of research institutions. There is also insufficient the National Health Research Authority. The collaboration and rationalisation of resources Intellectual Property Rights Policy of 2009 and, between the universities and R&D institutions the Patents Act No. 40 of 2016 are other pieces of and this has resulted in duplication of efforts legislation within the STI legal framework. thereby increasing the cost of research. Despite this marked progress in the In 2005 a review of the status of implementation development of the legal and institutional Ministry of Higher Education 5 Situation Analysis of the National Policy on Science and Technology sector has led to the exploration and mining revealed that while a number of achievements of radioactive minerals such as Uranium. To wererecorded,thereexistedenormouschallenges regulate nuclear and radioactive materials in implementation. These were attributed to the activities, the Radiation Protection Authority was lack of a well-defined implementation plan, and established. The effectiveness of the Authority the changing economic and social conditions is however compromised due to limited capacity both at the national and international levels. in terms of human resource and equipment to The review also revealed that linkages between monitor radioactive activities. R&D institutions and the productive sector have remained weak. However, a few R&D institutions 2.4.2 Human Capital have established relations with international Human capital is an important element in organizations. attaining set goals for any nation. In particular, for science technology and innovation to effectively The involvement of the private sector in research contribute to national development, the sector and development has been another challenge. needs to have the right numbers and the right Although the private sector is involved in mix of skills. The education system, therefore, some aspects of research and development, needs to be able to produce sufficient numbers most private sector players prefer to rely on of personnel in Science, Technology, Engineering imported technologies. Furthermore, the major and Mathematics (STEM). companies in the private sector are owned and run by foreign multinationals that are inclined For any country aspiring to attain middle to utilising technologies from their countries income status, the minimum requirement is of origin. A few R&D institutions in the country at least 1,000 researchers in R&D per million have well established linkages with private inhabitants in order for STI to effectively companies and some have signed professional contribute to national development. However, agreements with international organisations according to the 2010 New Partnership for and institutions. However, there are no formal African Development (NEPAD) Africa Outlook linkages between higher education institutions, Report, Zambia only had 50 researchers local R&D institutions and industry. per million inhabitants. Over the years, STI institutions in the country have continued to Another key area of inadequacy in the national experience a decline in skills and population of STI system is the absence of an independent STI professionals. The major contributing factors advisory STI think tank. Consequently, there is to the low staffing levels in the sector include insufficient independent advice to STI. the inadequate capacity to produce sufficient numbers and specialised learning programmes In Zambia, issues of nuclear science are an in the education system to produce qualified emerging subject in science and technology personnel in STI; absence of a strategy to especially as regards the need to address direct the human resource development such energy security. In the last 10 years, various as non-rationalised postgraduate scholarship nuclear energy application institutions have scheme, and staff development and mentorship been established. These include the National programmes; uncompetitive remuneration and Cancer Diseases Hospital and the Nuclear other incentives; the lack of staff development Physics Laboratory at the University of Zambia. programmes and absence of mechanisms These were an addition to the Nuclear Analytical to utilize science and technology experts in Laboratory at NISIR which was established in the Diaspora. Currently, the development 1988. Furthermore, the growth in the mining of a scientific cadre is driven by individual 6 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Situation Analysis aspirations and institutional human resource equipping of three public universities and five development efforts rather than a national TEVET institutions with training equipment for programme aimed at ensuring that the country the teaching of science and technology. has the critical mass of research skills to drive its development agenda. The low staffing levels Despite this progress, most other existing in science and technology institutions is also facilities in the sector are dilapidated and being compounded by the lack of options for inadequate for appropriate STI activities. In scientists to continue in research positions after addition, the equipment is generally outdated the statutory retirement age of sixty-five. and obsolete. This has resulted in low R&D outputs in both universities and R&D institutions. The involvement of women in science and technology also remains very low. This is 2.4.4 Commercialisation, Transfer attributable to social and cultural barriers, and as and Diffusion of Technologies and a result, the representation by female scientists is Innovations extremely minimal. The cultural barriers include To drive commercialisation, technology transfer misconceptions that science and mathematics and innovations, Government established are too difficult for the girl child, preference for the National Technology Business Centre male children to pursue engineering and science (NTBC) under Statutory Instrument (SI) No. related careers and the perceived attractiveness 136 of 1999 whose primary mandate was to of non-scientific careers. In 2005, a scholarship promote, market, commercialise and transfer programme was introduced for female students technologies in Zambia. The NTBC has enhanced wishing to pursue postgraduate studies in STI. the utilisation and adoption of technologies and This programme has however been constrained innovations to contribute to industrialisation, by limited resources and absence of a clear economic development and job creation. linkage to priority research areas. Zambia, compared to most countries, has lagged behind in terms of commercialisation of outputs

2.4.3 — Infrastructure from R&D with a technological index of 2.6. By

2.4.3 Infrastructure from R&D with a technological index of 2.6. By Infrastructure plays a critical role in the international standards, Zambia, which aspires to advancement of STI of any nation. Appropriate become a middle income country, should strive infrastructure is needed for research and to achieve a technological index of 4.6, which is a development, production of prototypes from benchmark for middle income countries. One of innovative ideas, technology transfer and the major contributing factors of the low index other aspects of scientific and technological is insufficient funding for technology transfer advancement. and commercialisation of R&D outputs and Innovations. Commercialisation of R&D outputs The Government in collaboration with has also been hampered on the one hand by development partners has made strides in a limited number of commercialisation players improving STI infrastructure in various R&D in the STI eco-system and lack of awareness institutions. These include the rehabilitation by technology and innovation suppliers and and upgrading of the laboratories at NISIR, seekers, about the mandate of NTBC. On the ZARI, CVRI, TDRC and, ZABS; construction and other hand, R&D outputs that should solve equipment of the ground receiving station specific economic or social demands are limited. for the National Remote Sensing Centre, and The 1996 Policy provided for the creation of incubation facilities under the NTBC. In addition, a Venture Capital Fund but this could not Government working with development partners materialise due to inconsistences in the has commenced extensive rehabilitation and S&T Act No. 26 of 1997 and the policy on the Ministry of Higher Education 7 Situation Analysis operationalisation of the Fund. In addition, the Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Folklore Act size of the money market; limited expertise No. 16 of 2016 which stipulate access to, use in venture capital management, financial and equitable sharing of benefits arising from resources, and the limited output of research indigenous knowledge, use of genetic resources and development products also contributed to and folklore. There have also been efforts to the non-creation of the Fund. The Policy also utilise IKS on traditional medicines for the provided for the establishment of a Technology treatment of certain diseases and conditions as Business Development Fund (TBDF) to promote well as collection of data on various IK practices. the involvement of Micro, Small and Medium Furthermore, the cultural policy and the Enterprises (MSME’s) in the commercialisation intellectual property policies have recognised of locally developed technological products and incorporated IKS as important aspect to and innovations. Although the TBDF has been socio-economic development. established, it is yet to have a significant impact on the sector as the Fund remains inadequate. With the dominance of contemporary knowledge, Another contributing factor has been the limited IKS has been marginalised, suppressed and appreciation of locally produced goods owing subjected to ridicule. This has had negative to inadequate deliberate interventions aimed effects on the development of Zambia’s economy at encouraging commercialisation of locally and society, resulting in the distortion of the produced research and development products social, cultural and economic development for and innovations. the vast majority of its people. In addition, Zambia does not have a strategy for the efficient, In terms of technology transfer, the main effective and sustainable utilisation, protection, challenge has been the weak linkage between development and promotion of indigenous the innovation seekers and innovation suppliers. knowledge, genetic resources and folklore for its Another challenge is inadequate expertise to integration at all levels of national development. adapt and diffuse foreign technologies and innovations. The problem is further compounded 2.4.6 Funding by the limited information on the technological Science, technology and innovation development requirements of the various productive sectors is costly and requires massive investments due to the absence of capacity to forecast and in R&D materials, infrastructure and human assess the technology needs for the various capital development. The successful financing of sectors. science, technology and innovation programmes depends on several factors such as funding

2.4.5 — Indigenous Knowledge System levels, disbursement mechanisms and financial

2.4.5 Indigenous Knowledge System levels, disbursement mechanisms and financial Indigenous knowledge system (IKS) is an information. important resource base for socio-economic benefit. IKS plays an important role as a In an effort to create a pool of finances for foundation for scientific and technological research and development, and innovation; aspects such as conventional medicine, a Strategic Research Fund (SRF); Science, preservation methods and processes, farming Technology Innovators Youth Fund (STIYF); and fishing methods as well as the preservation Technology Business Development Fund (TBDF) of moral and cultural values. were established. One of the key successes Recent efforts towards mainstreaming IKS into of the Funds has been their ability to attract R&D include the funding of IKS based projects collaborative research. However, despite the through the Strategic Research Fund and the establishment of these Funds and their ability to enactment of the Protection of Traditional attract collaborative research, the allocation to 8 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Situation Analysis these funds still remain low. 2.4.7 Quality Assurance Zambia has made some strides with regard to According to the 2010 NEPAD Africa Innovation quality assurance in science technology and Outlook Report on Zambia, the Gross innovation. In 2011, the Government adopted Expenditure on Research and Development a full-fledged and comprehensive National (GERD) accounted for 0.037% of GDP. This was Quality Policy with the vision of establishing an below the SADC recommendation of 1% of GDP infrastructure and regulation framework, based on R&D expenditure. on local and international practices that will ensure locally produced goods and services to The world’s largest R&D spenders such as South be recognized and accepted by Zambia’s trading Korea, Germany, USA, Japan have continued partners by the year 2020. In this regard, the to dominate world markets with competitive Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABS) has been products. The private sector accounts for the strengthened to ensure quality of products on largest share of R&D spending in most of these the Zambian Market. This has been done through countries as opposed to African countries establishment of a number of state of the art where Government is the largest R&D spender. laboratories as well as systems and processes. Participation by the private sector in R&D This progress notwithstanding, products and activities is largely due to the favourable services on the Zambian market are generally environment Governments put in place through of low quality standards. This can be attributed provision of incentives such as tax rebates, to the existence of few accredited laboratories, tax exemptions, tax credits to R&D performing which has resulted in the failure to meet the institutions. required standards as demanded by the local and international market. The challenges of R&D funding in Zambia stem mainly from the current legal and institutional In general laboratories have been facing severe framework. The implementation of S&T limitations such as inadequate environmental programmes through respective ministries has controls, unreliable electricity supply, inoperative brought about fragmentation in the funding for laboratory equipment, lack of maintenance and R&D activities. In addition to public financing, calibration, lack of quality management systems research institutions also receive funding complying with international standards, and lack from external sources such as multilateral and of trained personnel. At the same time Zambia bilateral agencies, foreign universities, charitable does not have an accreditation system, which organisations and international philanthropists. is a serious impediment to the recognition However, this source of funds has tended to tilt of Zambian Conformity Assessment service the research agenda to respond to the priorities providers. of external funding sources. This has further led to duplication of efforts and wastage of In the education system, the content of resources as well as challenges in tracking actual the school curricula at all levels does not investments into research and development. address modern requirements for science and technology education and the schools Countries in the region are moving towards lack proper facilities for science instructions a more centralised system of administration and practical demonstrations. Currently, and management of research, technology and laboratories and workshops in schools have innovation funds through creation of stand- been converted into conventional classrooms alone institutions. as opposed to maintaining such facilities for practical learning. There are also concerns on Ministry of Higher Education 9 Situation Analysis the inappropriateness of the teaching methods attracts both local and international partners used in the schools. This has negatively and participants. Other key activities include impacted on the overall quality of graduates and quarterly forums, exhibitions, mentorship their ability to effectively contribute to national programmes and education tours. In addition, development. activities such as a match past and exhibitions are undertaken in commemoration of the World Another major area of concern has been in the Science Day annually. field of professional and research ethics. At National level, issues of ethics have not been In the agriculture sector, the Agritech Expo is comprehensively addressed and the monitoring held on an annual basis. This brings together and evaluation systems to ensure adherence to public and private companies dealing with research ethics are weak. Some sectors have agriculture production, technologies to exhibit. made some achievements in this area through However, despite these developments over the measures such as the establishment of the years, appreciation of STI among members of National Health Research Ethics Committee and the public and policy makers remains very low. a specific unit to coordinate health research. The absence of a national ethics systems and The key challenges in popularisation of STI legislation however remains the major problem include poor science and technology culture; in the sector. insufficient public awareness about S&T activities; inappropriate educational curricula

2.4.8 — Popularisation of Science, and incentive programmes with regard to

2.4.8 Popularisation of Science, and incentive programmes with regard to Technology and Innovation science and technology learning and teaching; Information, Education and Communication (IEC) inadequate dissemination and publication programmes play a key role in the promotion of of R&D results; inadequate information science, technology and innovation in national management systems and lack of confidence in development. Overtime, such programmes locally developed technologies. aimed at sensitisation have increased especially in the area of health and agriculture. In 2006, the Government for the first time included a chapter on S&T in the Fifth National Development Plan and this chapter has been included in subsequent plans. The introduction of this chapter helped in raising the profile of STI in the national development agenda. While the inclusion of a chapter on Science and Technology was an initial step in popularising science and technology, more needs to be done if STI is to take a more central role in the development process. Through the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), several platforms have been created in an effort to popularise STI including the following; an annual conference called the Zambia Science Conference which includes a researcher’s symposium, exhibitions and a forum on key STI issues. The conference 10 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 03 Vision, Rationale & Guiding Principles tural, moral and religious values under the fol-

3.1 — Vision

3.1 Vision lowing guiding principles: A Nation in which Science, Technology and Inno- vation are the driving force for competitiveness, 3.3.1 Inclusiveness In the implementation of the Policy, the Govern- wealth creation and sustainable national devel- ment will provide a conducive environment for opment by 2030. the participation of local communities and pri- vate sector stakeholders to promote inclusive-

3.2 — Rationale

3.2 Rationale ness in science, technology and innovation. Currently, Zambia is guided by the 1996 National Policy on Science and Technology and while it 3.3.2 Transparency and accountability The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy is acknowledged that some of the intentions for shall be implemented in an open and accounta- this policy may have been met during the imple- ble manner with the engagement and participa- mentation period, others still remain. This Policy tion of all relevant stakeholders including state, has not undergone any revision and therefore private sector and non-state actors. has not taken into account the major changes and trends that have emerged in science at na- tional, regional and global levels. Among these 3.3.3 Equality and non-discrimination The Policy will promote objectivity and shall are involvement of private sector in research not be influenced by any discriminatory bias, be and development, global and regional agendas, it on grounds of age, race, colour, gender, lan- and financing for science and technology. The guage, religion or belief, political or other opin- rational for reviewing the Science Technology ion, national or social origin, citizenship or dom- and Innovation Policy is therefore premised on icile, birth, education, social, economic or other the need to have a policy document that is cur- status in participation in science, Technology rent and provides guidance in the coordination and Innovation. and management of the science sector. This policy will address challenges and weak- nesses identified in the regulatory frameworks 3.3.4 Partnerships and institutional arrangements in science tech- In the implementation of the Policy, the Govern- nology and innovation. Further, it will provide a ment will promote partnerships with local and framework for managing and financing science international stakeholders. technology and innovation to enhance its devel- opment and application. The Policy will there- 3.3.5 Sustainability fore provide for the implementation of existing The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and future initiatives and opportunities in a shall be implemented in a manner that will pre- more coordinated manner. serve the wellbeing of the present and the fu- ture generations.

3.3 — Guiding Principles

3.3 Guiding Principles

3.3.6 — Efficiency and effectiveness

3.3.6 Efficiency and effectiveness The implementation of the STI policy will be The Policy will promote efficient and effective guided by the Zambian constitution and shall be use of resources to ensure sustainable and com- implemented in accordance with Zambian cul- petitive use of the country’s factor endowments. Ministry of Higher Education 11 04 Policy Objectives & Measures This Policy will aim to achieve the following objectives 1 2 3 4 To strengthen the policy, legal, institutional To strengthen and To strengthen the To exploit Indigenous and operational build the human commercialisation, Knowledge System framework of the resource capacity in transfer and (IKS) for national science, technology Science, Technology diffusion of development and innovation and Innovation technologies system 5 6 7 To improve Ensure quality Promotion and investment and assurance in science, Popularisation of funding to STI technology and science, technology innovation and innovation In order to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in the science, technology and innovation system, the following measures shall be put in place: Objective 1: To strengthen the policy, legal, institutional and operational framework of the science, technology and innovation system Measures a. Review and strengthen existing legal, c. Enhance linkages in STI at both local and governance and institutional framework international level b. Strengthen the coordination, monitoring d. Continuously research on issues of science, and evaluation of the STI policy and technology and innovation to support programmes. review of policy and legal framework 12 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Policy Objectives & Measures Objective 2: To strengthen and build the human resource capacity in Science, Technology and Innovation Measures a. Ensure that 60% of all scholarships are innovation; allocated to science technology and d. Facilitate the utilisation of scientific innovation experts in the Diaspora; b. Promote the teaching and learning of e. Promote the participation of women and science, technology, engineering, and the girl-child in science, technology and mathematics (STEM); innovation; c. Promote continuous professional f. Motivate science, technology and development and appropriate skills innovation personnel. balance in science, technology and Objective 3: To strengthen the commercialisation, transfer and diffusion of technologies In order to increase utilisation and adoption of technologies, the following measures shall be put in place: Measures a. Promote and commercialise locally d. Support the establishment of spin- developed technological innovations; off companies by research and higher b. Facilitate the development of IP in education institutions as well as other higher education institutions and R&D innovators in priority areas; institutions e. Strengthen linkages between research c. Promote the transfer and acquisition of and development institutions and technologies and innovations industry Objective 4: To exploit Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) for national development In order to fully exploit IKS, the following measures shall be put in place: Measures a. Promote research and development in e. Promote documentation and indigenous knowledge systems dissemination of indigenous knowledge b. Promote the commercialization of f. Ensure the protection of indigenous indigenous products; knowledge c. Establish an Inventory of indigenous g. Promote the conservation and Knowledge preservation of genetic resources d. Promote international collaborations Ministry of Higher Education 13 Policy Objectives & Measures Objective 5: To improve investment and funding to STI In order to improve investment in research and development the following measures shall be put in place Measures a. Increase Grant Research Financing by Local infrastructure for STI; and International Sources e. Facilitate the construction and equipping b. Provide incentives to stimulate of R&D facilities; investments in research by the private f. Facilitate the rehabilitation and equipping sector and industry R&D and Innovation facilities; c. Increase allocation for R&D to a minimum g. Establish centres of excellence for of 1% of GDP scientific and technological research. d. Acquire appropriate equipment and Objective 6: To ensure quality assurance in science, technology and innovation In order to enhance standards in science, technology and innovation, the following measures shall be put in place: Measures a. Facilitate compliance with professional c. Accreditation of laboratories and practi- research ethics; tioners. b. Establish centres of excellence for scien- tific and technological research; Objective 7: Promotion and Popularisation of science, technology and innovation In order to promote and popularise science, technology and innovation, the following measures shall be put in place: Measures a. Promote public awareness of science, d. Capacity building in science communica- technology and innovation; tion b. Establish effective Information, Education e. Promote professional societies in the STI and Communication systems in STI sector c. Promote and support the publication of scientific journals; 14 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 05 Implementation Framework

5.1 — Institutional Arrangement

5.1 Institutional Arrangement Functions Science, technology and innovation is important to national development and cuts across all sectors of the Implement policy directives from economy and all ministerial portfolios. The successful Cabinet; implementation of this Policy requires a new institutional adjustment and arrangement to enhance effectiveness. The institutional adjustment shall be undertaken through Submit recommendations to Cabinet; the repeal of the Science and Technology Act No. 26 of 1997. Develop the science, technology The institutional arrangement to facilitate implementation and innovation agenda in liaison of this policy will be at four (4) levels. The first level is with relevant line ministries; Cabinet to provide overall policy direction on STI. On the second level, there will be line ministries led by the Monitor and evaluate scientific and technological research Ministry responsible for science and technology. These will activities and financing; include all ministries that have significant research and development activities in their portfolio, the third level will Coordinate all scientific and constitute Government agencies that will be carrying out technological research and related activities in Zambia; specialised technical function while the forth level is that of the actual implementation of activities and this level Develop a critical mass of will constitute the research institutions, universities and science, technology and innovation human resources and R&D support centres. infrastructure for dealing with emerging areas of importance in The effective implementation of the National Policy on science and technology; Science, Technology and Innovation will be achieved through collaborative efforts by all stakeholders across Ensure technology impact assessment; sectors and ministerial portfolios as outlined below.

5.1.1 — Cabinet Ensure enforcement of science,

5.1.1 Cabinet Ensure enforcement of science, technology and innovation; Cabinet shall be the decision making body for overseeing STI interventions in the country. Receive annual budgets for the science, technology and

5.1.2 — Ministry Responsible for Science, Technology innovation programmes;

5.1.2 Ministry Responsible for Science, Technology innovation programmes; and Innovation The Ministry responsible for Science, Technology and Provide information to Cabinet Innovation will be responsible for policy coordination, and Parliament Committees; and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. To ensure effective coordination and implementation of the Policy, Discover, analyse and provide the Ministry will closely collaborate with all line ministries, appropriate policies to solve national problems. R&D institutions and private sector. Ministry of Higher Education 15 Implementation Framework expert advice on the strength of the findings;

5.1.3 — Line Ministries

5.1.3 Line Ministries d. Contribute to the promotion of science and a. Provide information to Cabinet and technology; Parliament Committees; e. Provide support for research and innovation b. Collaborate with ministry responsible for in collaboration with national, regional and science, technology and innovation in the international organizations; research and development f. Mobilize technical, financial and other c. Mobilise resources for science, technology resources from national, regional and and innovation in their respective sectors; international sources; d. Participate in the Cluster Advisory Groups g. Establish cooperation with national, regional (CAGs); and international institutions; e. Provide information on science, technology h. Provide support for programmes aimed at and innovation in their respective ministries; improving the curricula and the teaching f. Establish new science, technology and of Science, Technology, Engineering, and innovation institutions; Mathematics; and g. Review legislation relating to science, i. Support young academies of sciences and technology and innovation to align it to the junior scientists. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy; h. Provide a link for international collaboration in science, technology and innovation; 5.1.5 Regulatory and Research Institutions The institutional arrangements for all the i. Discover, analyse and provide appropriate regulatory and research, coordination, and sector-specific policies to solve national support institutions will be developed after an problems; and institutional assessment j. Monitor policy implementation and utilisation of resources

5.2 — Legal Framework

5.2 Legal Framework

5.1.4 — Zambia Academy of Sciences The Government will ensure that a comprehensive

5.1.4 Zambia Academy of Sciences The Government will ensure that a comprehensive The Zambia Academy of Sciences (ZaAS) shall be legal framework to implement the science, established as an Autonomous Association of technology and innovation programmes, across Scientists whose main aim shall be to provide sectors, is put in place. The line Ministries will independent and objective advice on Science, also be expected to review their relevant policies Technology and Innovation. The ZaAS shall be and legislation, in order to ensure that they are an independent body and shall raise its finances in line with the National STI Policy. in a manner that does not compromise its independence and objectivity. Thus, the implementation of this Policy shall be complemented by existing sectoral legal frameworks including the following: The general functions of the Zambia Academy of Sciences shall be: 1 Environment Management Act No. 12 of 2011 a. Provide independent advice in the development, promotion and utilization of The Act provides for the management of scientific research and technology; environment and natural resources b. Promote independent scientific thinking, technological discovery and innovation; 2 Forest Act No. 4 of 2015 c. Investigate matters of public interest concerning science and technology at the request of government and its agencies, any The Act provides for the conservation and protection of forests and trees person or on its own initiative and provide 16 National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Implementation Framework 3 Zambia Wildlife Act No. 15 of 2015 5.3 Resource Mobilisation The Act is responsible wildlife management The implementation of this policy will be financed and conservation. by funds appropriated by parliament, the private sector and cooperating partners. A minimum of 4 Agriculture Lands Act Cap 187 1% of the Gross domestic product for research and development will be allocated and in addition the The Act provides for sustainable agricultural Government will continue funding other science, practices, development, investment and technology and innovation activities through the management. existing funding modalities. 5 Mines and Minerals Act 11 of 2015

5.4 — Monitoring and Evaluation

5.4 Monitoring and Evaluation The Act provides for Mineral and Mines The monitoring and evaluation plan for the policy Development will be developed to assess the progress and impact of its implementation. Government will 6 Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2011 develop a national plan of action to oversee the implementation of the policy with the Ministry of The Act provides sustainable fisheries and Higher Education driving the process in conjunction aqua-cultural development and management with all relevant stakeholders. Monitoring and evaluation instruments will be developed at three 7 Zambia Development Agency Act No. 11 of 2006 levels of national, provincial and district with key result areas, indicators, impact assessments and The Act provides for the trade, investment and timeframes incorporated into the systems. industrial development in Zambia Government will provide capacity building to ensure that appropriate and inclusive systems are 8 Water Resource Management Act No. 21 of 2011 developed and analysed in line with Government vision to develop the cultural sector. An interim The Act provides for the regulation and assessment will be done after the first 5 years of management of water resources. the policy implementation to appraise the impact. Quarterly reports will be submitted to Cabinet 9 The Patents Act No. 40 of 2016 Office on implementation. The Act provides for the protection and administration of patents; to provide for the patentability of inventions The Protection of Traditional Knowledge, 10 Genetic Resources and Expressions of Folklore Act No. 16 of 2016 The Act provides for a transparent legal framework for the protection of, access to, and use of, traditional knowledge, genetic resources and expressions of folklore, as well as equitable sharing of benefits and effective participation of holders Ministry of Higher Education 17 A Smart and Value-Centred Public Service Ministry of Higher Education Maxwell House, Los Angeles Boulevard P. O. Box 50464, Lusaka, Zambia Tel: +260 211 252 411 Fax: +260-1-252951/252089 Email: info@mohe.gov.zm www.mohe.gov.zm

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