Chama district Integrated Development Plan 2025-2035

1. Tourism potential: Upper Luangwa Valley’s unique biodiversity and wildlife populations offer significant tourism potential.

2. Job creation: Tourism and conservation efforts create employment opportunities for local communities.

3. Conservation benefits: The Game Management Area help protect biodiversity, maintaining ecological balance and preserving natural resources.

4. Revenue sharing: Communities can benefit from revenue sharing schemes with tourism operators and conservation organizations.

5. Cultural preservation: GMAs can promote cultural heritage and traditional practices related to wildlife management and opportunities for 1 community-based tourism initiatives, promoting cultural exchange and local economic benefits.

6. Research and education: GMAs can serve as outdoor laboratories for research, education, and skills development.

7. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM): Empowers local communities to manage natural resources, promoting sustainable livelihoods. However, the district faces significant development challenges. The poor road network, exacerbated by the rainy season, severely limits accessibility to most parts of the district, hindering economic growth and service delivery. The district’s rugged terrain and limited infrastructure hinder access to markets, social services, and economic opportunities. Other challenges related to Chama being located in a GMA include the following;

1. Human-wildlife conflict: Competition for resources, space, and livelihoods lead to conflicts between humans and wildlife.

2. Limited land use: GMA has imposed restrictions on land use, potentially limiting agricultural expansion and development.

3. Security concerns: Poaching, habitat destruction, and human safety concerns require significant resources and effort.

4. Economic benefits distribution: Ensuring fair distribution of benefits among local communities, tourism operators, and conservation organizations.

5. Climate change: Impacts on wildlife populations, habitats, and ecosystem balance.

6. Policy and legislative frameworks: Complexities in laws, regulations, and policies governing GMAs are too rigid. To address these challenges and unlock the district’s potential, this IDP prioritizes: 2

1. Agricultural development and diversification

2. Infrastructure development (roads, storage facilities, and market access)

3. Environmental conservation and sustainable natural resource management

4. Improved access to social services (health, education, and water)

5. Enhanced economic opportunities through value addition and entrepreneurship

6. Promote citizen participation in local governance

7. Foster partnerships and collaborations among stakeholders to drive development Through this IDP, we envision an interlinked, socio-economically sound and environmentally sustainable Chama District, where residents enjoy improved livelihoods and the natural resources are harnessed for the benefit of all. Definition of the IDP Area The proposed IDP Area for the Chama shall cover the whole District as narrated in the Chama District boundary as defined in the Provincial and District Boundaries Act Cap 286 of the Laws of Zambia. District location map Chama is one of the 15 districts in Eastern Province of the Republic of Zambia. The largest district in Zambia's Eastern Province, Chama District, has its headquarters located at Chama, Kamphemba ward. It encompasses a sizable wilderness situated in the Upper Luangwa valley, northeast of the North Luangwa National Park. It is composed of the Chama North and Chama South constituencies. It is situated between longitudes 31.450 and 32.300 East and latitudes 13.800 and 3 14.450 South with altitudes from 350 m to 640 m above sea level and the escarpment rises to 1,200 m above sea level. The district stretches between latitudes 100 15’ to 120 10’ South and longitude 320 40’ to 330 10’ East. Chama is a transit town, linking Eastern Province and Malawi to Muchinga, Northern and Luapula Provinces. The district’s town Centre is located about 940 KM away from the Capital City of Zambia (Lusaka), about 332 KM away from the Provincial Headquarters Chipata, about 450 KM away from Nakonde the border town and about 156 KM away from Lundazi. Chama District is surrounded by six (6) Districts and an international boundary on its Eastern part where it shares a long stretch of border with Malawi, on the Northern part Chama District shares its border with Mafinga, Isoka and Chinsali Districts, on its western part Chama boarders Shiwang’andu District and Mpika District on the South-Western part while on its Southern part the district shares its border with Chasefu District. The notable features in the district include, Muchinga Escarpment in the East, Nyika Plateau in Mbazi Ward, Hot springs dotted around the district, the North Luangwa National Park, and Luangwa River that passes across the district. Figure 1 shows the location of the district in relation to the Nation and the Province. 4 Figure 1: Location of Chama district in Eastern Province Source: Department of Physical Planning, EPPU 2023 Climatic Condition The district lies in Agro-ecological Region II, which is characterized by low rainfall. The rainfall pattern is controlled by the movements of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and increases from south to north. Therefore, the district is characterized by the tropical continental type of climate with three distinct seasons, i.e., hot rainy season from late November to April; a cool-dry season, from May-August; and a hot - dry season, from September to early November. The mean annual rainfall is in the range of 700 - 900 mm. The district often experiences frequent drought and floods. 5 Table 1: Rainfall Pattern Chama Rainfall 2016/17 Rain (mm) Eff. Rain (mm) September 0.4 0.4 October 16 16 November 87.07 87.07 December 192.96 192.96 January 0 0 February 195 195 March 137 137 April 54 54 May 3.07 3.07 June 0 0 July 0 0 August 0.1 0.1 Source: Metrological department (2010) Soils The sub-soil is clayey though covered with a thin layer of sand on top. Loamy soil is found in the areas along riverbanks. The wide spread clay soil becomes easily waterlogged when it rains continuously for a few days and dries up quickly due to excessive heat. However, the water logging areas provide suitable rice growing paddies. The Loamy soil along the river banks provides fertile areas for farming. Unfortunately, crops are usually washed away during the years of excessive rainfall. Topography The relief features of Chama District can be divided into three categories and these include land below 900 meters above sea level and land between 900 meters and 1200 meters and above 1200 above sea level. The first category 6 defines the lowest area of the district, which is land below 900 meters above sea level found along the valley and is bordered by steep slopes of the escarpment with many hills and winding tributaries breaking the country side along the escarpment. The second category describes land between 900 and 1200 meters above sea level and this refers to land between the high land watershed areas and the low land river valleys, which can generally be described as gently undulating plateau with large areas of flat surface land cut into by the Luangwa River and its tributaries valley in the south, east and west. Thirdly, is the land over 1200 meters above sea level, in this category, there are two high lands; the first area separates the Luangwa River and its tributaries from the rivers that flow towards Lake Malawi. Secondly, the Mafinga Hills, which rise to the height of 2,164 meters and the Nyika Plateau (2100) form part of the high plateau that stretches east wards into Malawi. The second highland area in the west separates Luangwa River and its tributaries from the Chambeshi River and its tributaries that drain in the swamps of Lake Bangweulu. Hydrology The Luangwa River that flows north to south longitudinally cuts the district almost into two equal halves and has the following tributaries; Luumbu, Kalinkhu, Mbwata, Kamphemba in the north and Bazimu, Lupamazi, Lunzi, Luelo, Luvila and Lundazi in the south. Most of them dry up in the dry season living isolated pools of water along river-beds. Vegetation There are three (3) main types of predominant vegetation under Chama District namely; (a) Mopani woodlands, which are infertile and found on poor sandy loam soil; (b) Miombo woodlands, found on hilly highlands with moderate fertile soils and (c) Munga, locally known as Musangu usually found on fertile alluvial soils 7 where human settlements are mostly concentrated. However, it is worth to note that there are also minor occurrences constituting watersheds and small patches of palm communities and traces of grass land found along the river banks and surrounding areas. The district has four (4) gazzetted National forests and 1 local forest covering a total area of 333, 566 Hectares. These include; Lundazi, Makutu, Chire, Fibale, and Pondo Forest respectively. Customary Land has a large portion of open forest whose size is not yet known. However, a large portion of the district is a valley where the Luangwa North National Park is situated. Flora and Fauna The district is predominantly covered by three vegetation types, the Mopane woodlands, the Miombo woodlands and the Munga. However there exists a mosaic of vegetation types on the valley floor constituting of Riparian, Montane, Munga and Itigi. Other vegetation types in the district include riverine, shrublands, grasslands and riverine vegetation. The riverine vegetation found along the rivers, streams and lagoons and dambos usually have a mixture of such as Faidaherbia albida, pilistigma thorniigii (musekese), and Acasia species. There are also patches of palm communities. Jachmann et al (1994) and Jachmann (1998) have established that Luangwa valley contains some of the highest densities of larger mammals in Zambia. A total of 110 mammal species exist that include seven species near endemic to the area. These include: elephants, eland, hippos, buffalo, zebra, waterbuck, roan, bushbuck, bushpig, warthog, kudu, puku, impala, grysbok, oribi, common duiker; lion, leopard, spotted hyena, wild dog, greater kudu, sable antelope; among the primates: baboon, vervet monkey, night ape and bush baby. Other fauna includes birds, reptiles, fish and invertebrates. 8 Governance and General Administration Chama District has three tier governance systems namely; Traditional, Local Government and Central Government (district administration) which all coordinate and propagate district development and general welfare of the people. However, all these governance structures are streamlined through various policies and guidelines to operate in an integrated approach for the common good of national development. Traditional Leadership System Chama District has seven (7) Chiefs namely; Senior Chief Kambombo, Chief Lundu, Chief Chibale, Chief Chikwa, Chief Tembwe, Chief Chifunda and Chief Mulilo who are responsible for enforcing customary law through various committees of advisers and village headmen. The main inhabitants of the district are the Senga speaking people. The district also boasts of the Bemba and Namwanga speaking people who are found in the northern part of Chama, and Tumbuka speaking people on the southern part. Local Government System Chama Town Council is responsible for the Local Government administration system. The Council was established in 1900s after the abolishment of Rural Councils following an integrated Local Administration Act of 1980 that saw the establishment of all District Councils in the Country. Furthermore, in 2012 Chama District was realigned to Muchinga province from Eastern Province after the creation of Muchinga Province under the Patriotic Front administration. Administratively, Chama District was taken back to Eastern Province under the United Party for National Development in 2021. Chama district has two (2) constituencies named Chama North which is demarcated into thirteen (13) 9 administrative Wards and Chama South Constituency with eleven (11) wards, with each Ward coordinated by an Area Councilor who is elected every 5 five years in accordance with the Local Government electoral system in Zambia. The total twenty-four (24) Ward Councilors constitute a Council headed by the Council Chairperson forming the district legislative structure responsible for; overseeing Programmes and projects in the district, making by – laws, administering the district and performing other prescribed functions. The Council is supported by management headed by the Council Secretary who is supported by technical and administrative personnel responsible for general administration and policy interpretation and implementation. The twenty-four (24) wards are subdivided into 91 zones with each ward having a sub-district governance structure called Ward Development Committee (WDC) which acts as a link between local communities and the Local Authority (LA). The WDCs are non-political and members are democratically elected by the community. These are headed by Chairpersons who are assisted by executive members and zonal representatives. This decentralized and democratized level of governance has been facilitating high level of consultation and active participation of local people in the development process in the district. Like other constituencies Chama North and Chama South Constituencies’ developmental aspirations are represented by two area Member of Parliaments (MPs) in the Legislature arm of governance at national level. District Administration The District Administration is headed by the District Commissioner who co- ordinates Central Government functions and all developmental activities as well as harmonizing functions with those of local authorities and other line ministries in order to ensure effective implementation of developmental Programmes in the 10 district. The District Commissioner is supported by Heads of Government Departments from various line Ministries and sectors who report directly or through quarterly District Development Coordinating Committee (DDCC) meetings. 11 PART TWO: PLANNING SURVEY AND ISSUES REPORT Introduction The Planning Survey and Issues Report establish the key issues that define the current situation and problems context for Chama District. The key section of this part in the formulation of the Integrated Development Plan is that, it is characterized by different stakeholders in the district. This process ensures innovativeness from ideas from stakeholders and ownership, focused on improving and strengthening service delivering, reducing poverty and well- planned infrastructure developments in the district. This chapter reviews the existing plans, policies and strategies and further analyses the empirical and spatial data of various sectors to identify cross cutting issues. This will inform formulation of the development framework that will help in addressing the core problems that will be established. Demographic Analysis Historic Population Levels and Historic Population Growth Rates In Chama district, the population has been gradually growing from 55,172 people in 1990 to 74,890 in 2000 with an annual average growth rate of 3.1 percent. Further, the population grew from 103,894 in 2010 to 140,784 in 2022 (CSO, 2022) with an annual growth rate of 2.5%. The 2022 distribution of the population by ward is depicted in Table 2. The disparity between the two population ranges is significant. The district’s ward with the highest population is Kamphemba, while the smallest is Chipala. This is due to the fact that Kamphemba ward is the most urbanized, with adequate 12 basic goods and amenities to attract huge populations. Above all, it serves as the district administrative headquarters and a hub for business activity. Conversely, Chipala is situated across Luangwa River that restricts development, features remote communities with smaller household sizes, is technically considered a wildlife corridor/hotspot, as evidenced by the high number of conflicts between humans and wildlife. During rainfall, the ward becomes inaccessible with roads and people migrate out of the area during rain seasons as it becomes very difficult to access other neighboring wards for services like schools and healthcare services. These elements have had a part in Chipala Ward's low population. 13 Table 2: District Population 2022 PROVINCE/DI TOTAL RURAL URBAN AREA AND POPULATION STRICT/ DENSITY CONSTITUEN Area in Population density BOTH SEXES SEXES CY/WARD MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE km² SEXES BOTH BOTH CHAMA 17,472.8 8.1 140,784 68,978 71,806 127,861 62,770 65,091 12,923 6,208 6,715 DISTRICT Chama 10823.7 7.74 83,781 41,063 42,718 70,858 34,855 36,003 12,923 6,208 6,715 North Chisunga 4,686 2,334 2,352 4,686 2,334 2,352 - - - 1555.5 3.01 Kalinkhu 7,280 3,517 3,763 7,280 3,517 3,763 - - - 406.2 17.92 Kamphemba 17,392 8,416 8,976 4,469 2,208 2,261 12,923 6,208 6,715 72.1 241.22 Kaozi 8,908 4,341 4,567 8,908 4,341 4,567 - - - 184.8 48.2 Luangwa 3,947 1,987 1,960 3,947 1,987 1,960 - - - 1042.2 3.79 Manthepa 2,033 983 1,050 2,033 983 1,050 - - - 151.4 13.43 Mazonde 1,755 880 875 1,755 880 875 - - - 1154.7 1.52 Mbazi 5,932 2,948 2,984 5,932 2,948 2,984 - - - 175.3 33.84 Mphalausen 816 8.21 6,703 3,276 3,427 6,703 3,276 3,427 - - - ga Muchinga 5,156 2,555 2,601 5,156 2,555 2,601 - - - 3497.5 1.47 Mwalala 7,719 3,810 3,909 7,719 3,810 3,909 - - - 832.8 9.27 Ndunda 2,386 1,173 1,213 2,386 1,173 1,213 - - - 265.2 9.0 Nkhankha 9,884 4,843 5,041 9,884 4,843 5,041 - - - 773.8 12.77 Chama 6546.2 8.71 57,003 27,915 29,088 57,003 27,915 29,088 - - - South Bazimu 4,499 2,282 2,217 4,499 2,282 2,217 - - - 149.8 30.03 Chibungwe 3,541 1,742 1,799 3,541 1,742 1,799 - - - 503.7 7.03 Chilenje 6,453 3,158 3,295 6,453 3,158 3,295 - - - 893.4 7.22 Chilubaluba 3,376 1,625 1,751 3,376 1,625 1,751 - - - 319.2 10.58 Chipala 1,591 785 806 1,591 785 806 - - - 1124 1.42 Lumezi 6,503 3,197 3,306 6,503 3,197 3,306 - - - 492.6 13.20 14 Lunzi 9,789 4,820 4,969 9,789 4,820 4,969 - - - 695.8 14.07 Lupamazi 2,507 1,196 1,311 2,507 1,196 1,311 - - - 88.7 28.26 Mabinga 8,218 4,013 4,205 8,218 4,013 4,205 - - - 459.8 17.87 Mapamba 4,447 2,136 2,311 4,447 2,136 2,311 - - - 690.8 6.44 1128.4 5.39 Vilimukulu 6,079 2,961 3,118 6,079 2,961 3,118 - - - Source: CSO Report (2022) 15 Population Density at Ward Level Population density is calculated as the total number of people per square kilometer. The Chama district covers 17,472.8 square kilometers. Between 1990 and 2022, Chama's population per square kilometer increased. According to CSO (2022), Chama district's population density has risen from 3.1 in 1990 to 4.2 in 2000, 5.9 in 2010, and 8.1 in 2022. Despite the sluggish rate of development in population per square kilometer, the meaning of this expansion is the need to plan for adequate services for an expanding population. In terms of wards, Kamphemba and Kaozi are the most densely populated wards whilst Chipala and Muchinga are the least highly populated wards. These extreme cases like Kamphemba which are densely populated and as such, more sources have to be channeled towards service provision to ensure that the high population density does not negatively affect the environment. With high population density, outbreaks of diseases tend to be high followed by other negative vices. For least populated wards like Chipala, they would be inefficient resource allocation to the wards to service sparsely populated communities. Map 1 illustrates how population density is according to wards and populations between around 10,000 and 15,596; the darker tint denotes the district’s highest population concentration, whereas the lowest-populated areas have populations between 1,000 and 2,500. 16 Map 1: Population Density by Ward Source: Chama Town Council (2022) 17 Population and Population Growth Rates of Urban and Rural Areas In 2010 rural to urban population ratio was 96,865 to 7,029 inhabitants which represent 93.2 and 6.8 percent respectively. In 2022 the rural to urban population ratio changed to 91 to 9 percent. Further, the District has a higher proportion of women than men, and 93% of the population lives in rural regions (Figure 2). Due to the job and business opportunities brought about by the expansion of commercial activity, people from both outside and inside the district have emigrated, resulting in this urban population distribution pattern. This tendency suggests that the area possesses human capital that may lead the district’s growth and that a greater proportion of the district’s population lives in rural areas, indicating and requiring that a large portion of development initiatives and shares be directed at the rural population. Urban/Rural Population Composition of Chama District by Sex for 2010 and 2022 Census 160000 140000 120000 100000 Overall 80000 Rural 60000 Urban 40000 20000 0 Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Population Size 2010 Population size 2022 Figure 2: Urban/Rural Population Composition of Chama District by Sex Source: CSO (2022) 18 Population Distribution by Sex The Figure 2 illustrates the population distribution by sex, among males and females of all ages in Chama District as of 2022. The population for the number of females was estimated at 71,616 while the overall estimated population for males was estimated at 68,710. In comparison to the 2010 census Chama still had a higher number of females compared to males, which was at 48.1 for males per and 51.9 percent for females. Implications of a Large Female and Rural Population The representation of more female suggests that women's demands and empowerment initiatives, particularly in the fields of economics and governance, must receive significant attention in order to reduce women's vulnerability and reliance on men to almost nothing. One of the most vulnerable groups in society, particularly in rural areas, is women. Given that a significant majority of Chama's population lives in rural areas, policy implications for promoting gender equality, equity, and women's empowerment must be the main focus of population and development-related initiatives. Approximately 90.8% of the district’s population lives in rural areas, with only 9.2% residing in urban areas. This suggests that a greater proportion of the district’s population resides in rural areas, highlighting the need to focus development efforts and distributions on the rural populace. Given the aforementioned, the rural populace lacks the resources and opportunity necessary to urbanize and afford a well-served urban lifestyle. More people are forced to live in rural regions and engage in labor-intensive, subsistence-based income-generating activities that are mostly agrarian and largely unsustainable due to a lack of traits like contemporary agricultural skills, entrepreneurial abilities, professional career achievement, etc. To put it another way, individuals lack the skills necessary to 19 find work, and urban investment activities are unable to accommodate them. In light of this, it is necessary to proactively prepare for the majority of people living in rural areas so that they may actively participate in and sustainably lead local economies. Therefore, agriculture must be developed through the introduction of automated systems, value addition, up-scaling rice production and crop diversification; agro- marketing systems; enhanced tourism; and formalized mining operations in order to economically change the district’s rural areas. Economic diversification in the district will undoubtedly be induced and promoted by these and similar developments, which will draw non-agricultural yet sustaining economic enterprises. Population Growth Rate The population growth rate measures the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases or decreases over a specific period, typically expressed as a percentage change per year. The purpose of PGR it will help anticipate future population needs, plan for infrastructure, and allocation of resources; economically it will influence economic growth, and labour market; it will also help to assess the impact of population growth on natural resources and the environment; it will inform decisions on population control, immigration and urban planning; it will also be used to provide insights into demographic trends, fertility rates and mortality rates. The growth rate is another crucial component of the demographic dynamics of the Chama District. Between 1990 and 2022, the district’s yearly population growth rate decreased from 3.2% to 2.5%. According to Table 3 below, the population has been rising more slowly between 2010 and 2022 than it did between 2000 and 2010. This is because there haven't been any noteworthy developments that might have altered population increase 20 significantly. This has been the major cause of migration from the district especially the youths who go looking for opportunities. Table 3: Population Growth Rate, Density and Population Size Description 1990 2000 2010 2022 Annual Growth 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.5 Rate Population Size 55,172 74,890 103,894 140,784 Population 3.1 4.2 5.9 8.1 Density (Source: CSO, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2022) This decrease implies shortage in labor markets especially for key skills, reduction in potential tax revenue, shifts in education and healthcare resource allocation, tailor policy and programmes towards job creation and economic diversification. Fertility Rate and Mortality Rate Understanding the variables that oppose efforts intended to lower the district's general death rate in relation to its fertility rate is greatly aided by knowledge of fertility and mortality rates. According to predicted census data for 2022, the fertility rate in Chama district was 6.6 percent. However, the district infant mortality rate was on the negative side and 20.6 below the province's average infant mortality rate of 78.1 when compared to the fertility rate. These statistics imply that there is high fertility rate and low infant mortality rate, this explains growing population. However, the low population growth rate is as a result of migrations. In addition, the high fertility rate puts pressure on resources, infrastructure and social services. The negative infant mortality rate suggests limited access to family planning and reproductive health services, and potential for increased poverty and inequality. 21 Disability Status Effective development implementation is based on inclusive planning, which is why the District Integrated Development Plan considers the less fortunate members of society. There are 600 disabled individuals in the Chama district, according to the 2022 census, which makes up 0.34 percent of the entire population. Of them, 350 are female and 250 are male, making up 0.2 and 0.14 percent of the total population, respectively. This disability status is lower than the 15% according to WHO. This indicates a smaller proportion of the population requires specialized care, support and accommodations. However, it is paramount that the few people with a disability are included in development planning. Median Age The median age of a population is the age at which it is split into two numerically equal groups, meaning that half of it is under the age and the other half is above it. A median age that is lower than 20 years shows a young population; that which is between 20 and 30 years indicates an intermediate population that is either becoming younger or ageing; while a population with a median age above 30 years is an old population (SOURCE). The 2022 census statistics shows the median age for the district at 18 years, implying that Chama district has a young population. This implies that there is a large workforce potential: Majority of population is entering or already in working age; Economic growth potential: Young population can drive economic expansion; Innovation and entrepreneurship: Young people can bring new ideas and energy; Adaptability: Young populations can adapt quickly to changing technologies. However, this calls for meeting educational needs of a young population, creating jobs for a growing workforce, addressing health needs of adolescents and young adults, and providing support for youth, including mental health and recreation. 22 Age Dependency Ratio Age Dependency Ratio is the ratio of the population aged 0-14 years and persons aged 65 years and older, per 100 persons of working age 15-64 years. It shows the burden of dependency on the productive population. The 2022 projected census statistics shows that the district has an overall age dependency ratio of 114.9 translating from the child dependency ratio of 107.4 and age dependency ratio of 7.4 per 100 persons of working age 15-64 years. These statistics shows a high ratio indicates more dependents per working-age individual, high Child Dependency Ratio indicates a large proportion of children dependent on working-age individuals, and the relatively low Old-Age Dependency Ratio suggests fewer elderly dependents. This suggests that there is need to plan for more social service facilities. Economically, this indicates an increased tax burden on working-age group, pressure on social security and pension systems, potential labor market strain due to high youth population, and opportunities for economic growth through youth entrepreneurship and innovation. Migration and Urbanization Similar to other districts, Chama has seen a rise in migration as a result of commerce, education, and job. The primary driver of migration, particularly among young people, is unemployment. There aren't any significant industries or large corporations in Chama area to take in the vast amount of jobless youths. Because of this, the majority of young people travel to new places like Lundazi in quest of employment and a better living. The government is the largest employer in Chama. The urban population of Chama district increased from 7,029 in 2010 to 12,923 in 2022, indicating a rapid pace of urbanization. The district's rapid infrastructural development and socioeconomic development are the causes of the 23 exponential expansion. The government's recent extensive hiring of teachers and medical personnel has also contributed to the rise. Due to the rapid urban population growth, it is necessary to plan for infrastructure and services that can accommodate a large number of people, implement an integrated waste management system because urbanization increases waste generation, account for rural-urban drift, implement policies that limit the spread of slums and informal settlements by providing affordable housing, and prepare for epidemics and other heat-related illnesses. Population Projections Estimate of Future Population Population projections are crucial because they aid in making plans for the future well-being of human communities. In terms of size and composition by age and sex, population projections can give a general idea of the most fundamental aspects of future human societies (CSO, 2013). Cohort component technique and mathematical models are the two fundamental approaches used to create population projections (CSO, 2013). The most accurate way to predict the population is to use the cohort component model, which accounts for all the factors that influence population change, including net migration, death, and fertility. The cohort component technique is thought to be the best standard for population predictions, although it is less helpful at lower administrative levels when demographic change data may be absent or incorrect. Therefore, forecasts at the national level are typically made using the cohort technique. Using a mathematical table is acceptable for population prediction at the sub- national level (CSO, 2013). To be more specific, a geometric model of population growth—which illustrates exponential population increase—was employed to forecast population growth 24 in the district over the following 20 years. Because there are a lot of young people in the district, the population is predicted to rise rapidly owing to the strong population momentum. When a mathematical function's growth rate is proportionate to its present value, it achieves exponential growth, which makes the function's growth over time an exponential function. The following formula provides the geometric progression of the population: Pn=P (1+r) n Where; P is the population in the base year, Pn is the projected population r is the growth rate, and n is the projected year Taking the year 2022 as the base year, If the base population is 140,784, and r =2.5 and n = 20. Table 4 shows the calculated population projection by constituency; Table 4: District Population Projections S/ DISTRICT/CONSTITUENCY BASE YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION N POPULATION 2025 2030 2035 2040 (2022) CHAMA DISTRICT 140,784 151609 171532 194072 219575 1. CHAMA NORTH 83,781 90223 102079 115493 130670 2.

3. CHAMA SOUTH 57,003 61386 69453 78579 88905 Source: CSO (2022) 25 Projected Population Distribution estimates for urban and rural areas Table 5: Projected Population Distribution – Urban Vs Rural S/N DISTRICT/ BASE YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION CONSTITUENCY POPULATION 2025 2030 2035 2040 (2022)

1. RURAL 127861 137692 155786 176258 199420

2. URBAN 12923 13917 15746 17814 20155 TOTAL 140,784 151609 171532 194072 219575 Source: CSO (2022) Projected Population Distribution estimates for sex Additionally, the district planning team predicted the population by sex to ascertain the kind of services that would be required. This projection is represented in Figure 3. 26 Estimation of the Future Population of the IDP Area according to Sex 120000 100000 80000 Population 60000 40000 20000 0 2030 2035 2045 Male 78042 88297 113028 Female 81242 91918 117662 Figure 3: Population projection by sex Source: CSO (2022) Assessment of the Existing Land Use and Settlement Pattern in the District Overall Settlement Pattern With regards to settlement patterns and their impact on land use and spatial development, this plan takes note of the three types of patterns namely;

1. Dispersed – In this kind, settlements are spread across an area or territory. This is particularly common in areas known for farming activity. This kind can be seen in areas like Lundu, Kambombo, parts of Vilimukulu ward, Nkhankha, and Mazonde wards. 27 On the other hand, it is beneficial for re-planning purposes and township expansion. Considering the nature of coming activities, most areas are not densely populated and as such are easier to plan. Legal implications are also minimal as majority of land in the case of Chama district is under traditional jurisdiction.

2. Nucleated – Settlements, in this case, are more central-based and close together. This is typical of town centers, places of trade, economic growth nodes, or areas with public facilities such as hospitals, schools, etc. Kamphemba, Chibale, Sitwe, Mulilo, and parts of Kambombo are examples of this type.

3. Linear – As the name implies, this kind is generally along a line feature such as roads, rivers, rail, or powerline depending on what attracts the settlement. The most common occurrence of linear settlements in the Chama district is along roads. Mbazi, Mwalala, parts of Kalinkhu and Luangwa wards as well as Mapamba are examples of this kind. For settlements along trade routes and natural features like roads, rail lines, and rivers, the population has an advantage of transportation and access to water. This is an advantage for the local economy as it aids them in terms of irrigation and trade. However, the down side is that settlements along rivers are susceptible to floods, as is the case in some areas within the Lunzi ward. Waters from the upper land flow into the Luangwa River which in turn overflows in the south causing havoc to nearby settlements. In terms of planning, this creates a challenge for expansion as issues of zoning come into play; animal corridors are off-limits and as such, are not conducive for agricultural activity due to issues of human-wildlife coexistence challenges. In addition, those settled along main roads are often affected when issues of expansion arise which is an expensive undertaking. Figure 4 depicts the settlement pattern in Chama District. 28 Figure 4: Chama District settlement pattern Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Informal Settlements According to the Urban and Regional Planning Act No.3 of 2015, “informal settlement” means — a. groups of people living on land they have no legal claim to; b. houses of a temporary, semi-permanent or permanent nature erected on land that have not formally been permitted by the planning authority and serviced for residential use under this Act or any other written law; c. clusters of housing and other structures built without the formal permission of the planning authorities under this Act, any other written law or the repealed Acts; or 29 d. settlements that have only temporary permission from the planning authority to occupy the settled land; Based on this description, about 92% (25,790 Households) of settlements in the district are informal in nature with only part of the Kamphemba ward, the 8% (2,273 Households) being planned. As such, they are unable to access some of the benefits that come with residing in a planned area such as public utility services, financial aid, and housing programs among others. This is an issue the IDP intends to gradually address. Land Use Planning Description of the Existing State of Land Use and Development Chama district has been planned for different land uses in an effort to provide services appropriately to residents of the district and make it a habitable place for all. Chama has a land mass of approximately 17,472.8 km². Much of this land has been taken up by various competing land uses such as residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial and agriculture (Table 6). Table 6: Different land use types and sizes LAND USE AREA M2 AREA KM2 Residential 1831551 1.831551 Commercial 111720 0.11172 Market 30064 0.030064 Institutional Property 1716111 1.716111 Clinic 22949 0.022949 Lodge 31668 0.031668 Place of Worship 71688 0.071688 Public Hall 6778 0.006778 Specialized Use - water aquifer, abattoir 83362 0.083362 Designated for layout review 5189615 5.189615 Smallholding 650870 0.65087 30 Open Space 56542 0.056542 School 555578 0.555578 Light Industrial 102811 0.102811 Office Block 2649 0.002649 Hospital 261233 0.261233 Air Strip 359036 0.359036 Designated for Settlement Upgrade 322366 0.322366 Township Expansion 4697030 4.69703 Land under smart agriculture 120,000,000 120 Community Forest Management Areas 8,653,700,000 8653.7 TOTAL AREA 8789803621 8789.8036 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) From Table 6, it can be deduced that the current predominant land uses are agriculture and forest reserves. However, it should be noted that the data, apart from agriculture and forestry, is for state land. 31 Map 2: Chama District General layout plan - land uses in the planned area Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 32 Map 3: Land use zones in the district Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 33 Impact of the Continuation of Population Growth on Land Use and Spatial Development Patterns Population growth has profound effects on land use and population distribution, presenting both opportunities and challenges. Population growth can drive economic development by expanding the labor force and consumer market. Urbanization, fueled by population growth, can foster innovation, cultural diversity, and improved infrastructure. Increased population demands better transportation, services, and amenities, contributing to overall economic growth. However, population growth also poses significant challenges. Land degradation, resulting from increased pressure, leads to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat loss. Unplanned urban growth results in sprawl, congestion, and decreased quality of life. Resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and climate change are additional concerns. It is expected that with the trend in the existing population, there will be agricultural expansion, driven by food demand that will contribute to deforestation and habitat loss. Further, urbanization is anticipated that will convert natural areas and agricultural land to urban uses, while infrastructure development will fragment habitats. These changes will have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity. In terms of population distribution changes, it is anticipated that urbanization will lead to increased density and strain on services. Migration patterns will shift as people will seek better opportunities. Changes in population demographics, such as age and sex structure, will influence land use and resource demands. In addition, the district has started experiencing urban population growth around Kamphemba Ward. 34 To address these challenges, there will be need for sustainable urban planning, resource-efficient technologies, conservation and restoration efforts, education and family planning, and infrastructure development (public transportation, green spaces) will be essential. Figure 5 is an extract of google images depicting a time series analysis on the change effect of population over 12 years in Kamphemba ward. The first image shows Kamphemba ward at a population 7,029 in 2011 and the subsequent image is at a population of 12,923 in 2023. 35 Figure 5: Kamphemba Area Time Series Analysis Source: Google Image (2024) 36 PART TWO: SECTORAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Agriculture sector is a mainstay of the people in Chama district as people earn their living through the agriculture sector. The people of Chama continue to live a socially and economically productive life by engaging themselves in crop farming. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at a Local Levels Key Priorities of the Development Plans, Policies, Strategies and How They Are to Be Implements at a Local Level The key priorities in the plan include diversification and increase Climate Smart Agriculture promotion in crop production and productivity. The other Key priorities include promotion of value addition. These priorities are being done at the local level by supporting farmers with agricultural inputs and advisory services through extension services, engagement meetings with farmers and lobbying for support from stakeholders to assist farmers procure equipment to support value addition. There is existing overarching Policy Frameworks, various policies and strategies which are relevant for agricultural development and enhancement of food security. Current development plans, strategies and policies relevant to the agricultural sector available include; ✓ Second National Agricultural Policy (2016) ✓ National Food and Nutrition Policy (2006) ✓ The National Decentralization Policy (2013) ✓ Rural Finance Policy and Strategy (2012) ✓ National Monitoring and Evaluation Policy (2019-2023) 37 ✓ National Livestock Development Policy (2020) ✓ National Trade Policy (2018) ✓ National Lands Policy (2021) Assessment of the Existing State of Development In Chama district, the following are being implemented in the agricultural sector; The sector is implementing improved agricultural production and productivity through Climate Smart Agriculture promotion in 25 agricultural camps, currently the sector has 12,000ha Area under smart conservation agriculture. The district is also implementing Enhanced Farmer support program and Agroforestry and tree crops development, currently the sector is supporting 7,145 farmers with inputs under Farmer Input Support Program (FISP). The sector has managed to employ 21 camp officers to enhance Agriculture extension services delivery in the district. Also, Early warning and surveillance system being done by strengthening Early warning systems in the district (25 rain gauge across the camps 1 automated weather station being done by the SCRALA project and Biocarbon Partner (BCP). The sector has one (1) Farmers Training Centre (FTC) which is meant for farmers learn and adopt farming technologies. Assessment of the Overall Performance of the District The overall performance of the sector is estimated at 67.7% that is in terms of extension staff’s provision, which is the backbone of agriculture production and productivity. There are some programs, which are not fully done due to limited number of staffs and inadequate number of decent housing. Map 4 below depicts the housing status within the district. 38 Map 4: Chama district housing status of the agricultural department Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 39 Currently 12 camps out of 31 have decent housing units; the services are average due to the officer-farmer ratio, which is currently standing at 1:1200 (recommended ratio world standard 1:400). The sector has been divided into thirty-one (31) agriculture camps, which are subdivided into four-agriculture blocks. Twenty-one (21) camps are manned by twenty-one (21) extension officers charged with the responsibilities of providing extension services to farmers on agricultural practices that are climate resilient and productive while ten (10) camps are not yet manned. The district has an automated weather station at Chiteba Secondary School in Tembwe agricultural. The sector has 25 rain gauges to provide data, which help in development of early warning systems and rainfall patterns. The district has two (2) bulking centers in chibale and katangalika agricultural camp and two (2) tri-cycle these directly promote good marketing and transport systems in value chain. The sector is constructing a weir in Kalovya to promote irrigation in the district. A total number of 7,145 small-scale farmers are accessing agricultural inputs through Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP). The sector has more than 37669 farmers registered under its system (ZIAMIS) this shows that the sector has potential to work with so many farmers and become a food hub for the province. Other activities will include the establishment of 15 farmer field schools in different camps to help farmers with hands- on learning of good agriculture practices (GAP) and proven new agriculture practices. Further 25 rain gauges in 25 camps have been installed to give rainfall data to help farmers make informed decision. One weir has been constructed in kalovya camp to help farmers plant even off rain season. The quality of services provided in the agricultural sector is average due to inadequate extension service due to unmanned camps and manned camps with 40 no proper housing for the staffs. This has negatively affected crop production for some farmers in Chama district. Issues from Public Participation Process The issue arising from the community concerning overall performance was the need to ensure that decent housing is built for the extension staffs and also unmanned camps are filled up if quality service was to be delivered. Impact of Changes Anticipated on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Over the Next Ten Years The population increase as highlighted under population projection in the next ten (10) years is likely to double the number of farmers in the district and this will demand a corresponding increase in the number of extension worker to provide extension services to all the farmers in the district. The demand for land for the farmers who do farming will result in reduction of the total extent of the forest cover and the size of the wetland in the district, which may contribute to climate change and weather veracities. Further, population increase will mean demand for food will increase and prices for the commodity will increase. This translates to more and more demand for land for agricultural purposes. If farmers continue to use traditional methods to do farming, more forestry land and wetland will be reduced. The proposed area of growth in the agricultural sector include: Pondo, Chasato, Kasela, Kaozi, Mungwalala and Kamfutu agriculture. These camps have since been gazeted. The government through the department is promoting an economic diversification by encouraging people to engage in farming activities and order to ensure actualization of these agenda farmers are empowered with farming 41 inputs and credit loans. This investment program has attracted more to venture into farming activities. This will lead to more demand for agricultural land; bringing about land use conflict as pressure of people moving into protected area increase. The situation may also affect population distribution pattern, as farmers will settle in protected areas. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The increase in demand for land and the movement of the people into protected area and any other forested area will lead to an increase deforestation, loss of biodiversity. These development trends will lead climate change effects such as late onset of the rains, increased temperatures and prolonged dry spell. There are many environmental and climate change impacts on this sector which includes; late onset of the rain season which affects the yield of the crop, increased temperatures which means increased pest incidence and diseases, prolonged dry spells hampering productivity in maize and other crops. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Access to agriculture information and technologies due to gender inequality is one of the constraints in the agriculture sector. It has been shown that men typically receive more extension advice and have more contact with extension agents than women and girls yet women and the girls carry an important proportion of agriculture work. Typically, men hold more of the productive role involving the operation and maintenance of the farm. The production and productivity resulting from the empowerment programs designed for women, youths and the differently abled, has improved their livelihood with a trickle effect on the reduction of girls’ and boys’ dropout rate and reduction in HIV/AIDS incidences. 42 External Factors Contributing to the Issue There are many external factors, which contribute to the issue some of which includes climatic factors, macroeconomics, competitors and customers, and these factors are uncontrollable factors that affect production. Summary of the Core Issues ✓ Low crop yield per unit area ✓ Inadequate diversification of the crops ✓ Poor infrastructure greatly affecting the sector performance. LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES The livestock and fisheries sector play an important role to the national development through provision of various meat products to the economy. The sector facilitates and supports the development of sustainable, diversified and competitive fisheries and livestock sectors that assure food and nutrition security, contribute to job creation, maximize profits and contributing to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Key government priorities to be implemented at a local level Livestock The sector is governed by the National Livestock Development Policy of 2020 with the following key priority areas; ✓ To promote sustainable livestock production and productivity; ✓ To promote established standards and quality of livestock, livestock products, and by products; ✓ To strength livestock Research and Development; 43 ✓ To promote sustainable management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources; ✓ To improve the animal welfare and livestock production environment; ✓ To improve animal health service delivery; ✓ To improve the management of rangelands and livestock water resources; and ✓ To establish a Livestock Information Management System (LIMS) Fisheries The following are the key priority areas in the fisheries sector; ✓ Promote the sustainable development of fisheries through a preventive approach in fisheries management, conservation, utilization and development; ✓ To establish fisheries management areas and fisheries management committees; ✓ To provide for the regulation of commercial fishing and aquaculture; ✓ To establish the Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Fund; The key 8NDP priorities being and will be implemented in Chama include the following; ✓ Improved and diversified of agriculture input supply chain ✓ Increased exports of agricultural commodities ✓ Improved Agro-processing and value addition capacity ✓ Enhanced capture fisheries production ✓ Enhanced aquaculture fish production ✓ Enhanced participation of youth in aquaculture ✓ Improved livestock and fisheries infrastructure 44 The fisheries and livestock sector in Chama is underdeveloped due to low productivity and the 8NDP key priority areas are slowly being implemented because farmers are failing to increase the livestock numbers due to wild animal conflict, as the interaction is high which leads to domestic animals being killed, being infected with diseases like African Swine fever and rabies. The problem is common in Chama South Constituency and along Luangwa River area. The rearing system is where fish growth is at times totally dependent on the natural food population within the pond ecosystem. The type of production under the District Fisheries and Livestock is the production of quality seed (fingerlings brood stock management). Secondly, in rural enterprises there are few specialized fingerling producers. On the other hand, farmers do not have any donor support at the moment, they only receive technical assistant from fisheries officers at the district who are also under staffed. In addition, the district has no reliable supplier of feedstock which makes sustainability of most of the projects very difficult. At district level, the fisheries, livestock and veterinary services sector devolution plan is being implemented in addition to the 8NDP district implementation plan. Assessment of the Existing State of Development The district has 1 dam that is currently not stocked with fish in Chasato. Majority of the fish is reared in ponds. There are few ponds in the district with the following species as indicated In Table 7. 45 Table 7: Population of Fish Farmers per Block and Number of Ponds DISTRICT BLOCK CAMP NAME OF FARMER/FARMER PONDS/DAMS NO. OF AQUA GROUP/COOPERATIVE/CLUB FACILITIES Chama Mphalausenga Dungulungu Dungulungu Women’s Club Ponds 7 stocked, 5 unstocked Chama Luangwa Chibale Nachintoto Women’s Club Ponds 25 stocked, 10 unstocked Chama Mphalausenga Kambombo Mr Chilembo (Samamba Ponds 6 stocked, 4 village) unstocked Chama Mphalausenga Chama Mr Salu (FTC) Ponds 1 stocked, 5 central unstocked Chama Mphalausenga Chama Mr Goma (Kaneta village) Ponds 1 unstocked central Chama Bazimu Buli Moonlite farmer group Ponds 2 unstocked Chama Bazimu Kalovya Mr Banda (Kwendakuzulu Ponds 6 unstocked village) Chama Mphalausenga Chama Chama Boarding Ponds 1 unstocked central Secondary School Chama Bazimu Mundalanga Mundalanga farmers group Ponds 2 unstocked Chama Mphalausenga Chama Mr Kumwenda (Kaneta Ponds 2 unstocked central village) Source: Department of Livestock and Fisheries (2023) 46 There has been an increase in the number of ponds due to efforts being put in by the department in collaboration with CEEC, CDF and TRALARD. In terms of livestock, the following Table 8 presents the services available in the district;

1. Dip Tanks Table 8: Livestock Services available in the district S/N DIP TANK VET CAMP SCOPE COMMENT LOCATION

1. Chama central Chama central New Yet to be Construction completed

2. Chasato Manga New Yet to be Construction completed

3. Kaozi Kambombo New Yet to be Construction completed

4. Kanyelele Kanyelele New Yet to be Construction completed

5. Kalovya Kalovya New Yet to be Construction completed Source: Chama Livestock department (2024) 47

2. Spray Races There are no spray races in the district.

3. Livestock Service Centers The district has one (1) Livestock service center at Chizimba which has been vandalized. Assessment of the Overall Performance of the District Due to a number of unfinished infrastructure projects, the district continues to fare poorly in this area. Furthermore, the department does not have enough personnel or transportation to adequately oversee the many activities taking place in the district. Table 9 indicates that the quality of services provided in the district is generally poor and most parts of the district do not receive the services from the department. 48 Table 9: Quality of services arising from public participation S/N Services Quality of Issues arising from Public Where the service is provided Service Participation

1. Animal Health Poor Service only provided at the CBD Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Extension Services Chilubaluba

2. Animal Health Poor Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Public Services Chilubaluba

3. Surveillance and Poor Officers do not visit most Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Enforcement livestock/fisheries projects/farms Chilubaluba services

4. Community Poor Service is provided but not Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Sensitization adequate Chilubaluba

5. Issuance of Stock Poor Service not provided Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Movement Chilubaluba Permits

6. Animal Poor Service not provided Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, Identification and Chilubaluba Traceability services

7. Management Poor Officers do not visit most Mazonde, Muchinga, Kaozi, Lumezi, and Support livestock/fisheries projects/farms Chilubaluba Services Source: Department of livestock and fisheries (2024) 49 Issues from Public Participation Process The sector's overall performance in the district is often rather bad. This can be linked to several issues brought up throughout the consultation process for public engagement. These were the main concerns that surfaced during the consultation process: ✓ Water Capacity: Dams need to be constructed to increase water capacity for livestock and fish farming. ✓ Livestock Feed: Legumes planting should be promoted among livestock farmers to improve feed quality. ✓ Overgrazed Areas: Solar-powered commercial boreholes should be installed to restore overgrazed areas. ✓ Fish Farming: A fish hatchery needs to be established to supply fingerlings, and support should be provided to fish farmers. ✓ Staff Accommodation: There's a shortage of staff accommodation, which hinders officers from serving the communities effectively. ✓ Disease Control: Non-functional dip-tanks need to be rehabilitated to facilitate disease control. ✓ Climate-Resilient Livestock: Farmers should be supplied with climate-resilient livestock, such as goats and village chicken. ✓ Ecological Enhancement: Trees should be planted along and around water points as part of a water management strategy. ✓ Stocking and Restocking: Programmes should be implemented to stock and restock fisheries. Assessment of the Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The district population is growing at an average of 2.5 per annum all things being equal. This entails that, a total number of registered farmers is likely to grow 50 proportionately with overall population growth. This will entail that there will be high demand for land and basic services in the fisheries and livestock sector. Future Demand for Services and Facilities Based on the Estimates of Population Change The growing population in the district has significantly impacted livestock and fish production, leading to increased demand for sector products. However, the traditional farming practices and limited resource base cannot keep pace with this demand, resulting in lower yields. To address this challenge, there is a pressing need to upgrade and expand fisheries and livestock services, including research and technology, to increase production and meet the growing demand. The planning area's undeveloped fisheries subsector makes up less than 1% of the local economy. There are, nonetheless, some possible development areas. Table 10 below shows the locations that require restoration and have room for expansion. Table 10: Proposed Areas of Future Demand and Communities S/N PROPOSED PLAN ACTUAL AREA COMMENTS PROJECT TARGET

1. Construction 4 Kalovya Livestock service centres of Livestock Kanyelele have various tiers. Tier 1 centres Chasato recommended Chizimba Not functional. Tier 1. Feed trough, water trough, and crash pen only Construction 4 Chifunda FSZ, DNPW. Council's of Livestock responsibility. High inflow of market people coming in to fish but centres some are poachers Mapamba A very good fish area due to the Luangwa River Chikwa Tembwe 51 Number of 2 TOWN CENTRE livestock KAMBOMBO Should face where the cattle slaughter are coming from. Look for facilities open spaces, minimize constructed inconvenience gen public

2. Hectares of 40 FTC- 10 Hectares in the ward. pasture Kapesha can do 3 hectares. planted Pasture is different Chasato 10 Kaozi 10 Kanyelele 10

3. Public 5 FTC Dip tank infrastructure Kanyelele - munyakatwa village constructed construction Dip tank Magolo village Chasato Kalovya Kalovya village Kaozi Kaozi scheme

4. Livestock 5 Manga - Manga Camp houses center Chilubanama – centre Kanyelele – Rehabilitation centre Tembwe – Centre Chikwa – Centre Source: Livestock and Fisheries Department (2024) Spatially, Map 5 gives context to the availability of services, and the areas of need for the service under this sector. 52 Map 5: Status of development in the Livestock and Fisheries department Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 53 Impact of Ongoing Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns The sustained growth trajectory of the sector is anticipated to have a profound impact on land utilization patterns within the district. Specifically, the increasing demand for land to establish critical infrastructure such as dams, weirs, and fish ponds is expected to drive changes in land use. Consequently, population distribution is likely to remain concentrated near and within farm blocks, as farmers tend to reside in close proximity to their fields to facilitate ease of access, monitoring, and security against potential threats. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The fisheries and livestock sector, akin to other sectors, is susceptible to the far- reaching consequences of climate change. As illustrated in Table 11, the sector is significantly impacted by environmental factors and climate change, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies to mitigate these effects. Table 11: The Impact of Environmental and Climate Change Issues on the Sector Environment and climate Impact on the sector change Floods Causes disease in livestock Destroys the grazing field for animals leading to animal migration Damage to infrastructure High temperatures Causes disease in livestock Reduction of water levels affecting fish farming adversely Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Furthermore, climate change is exacerbating the mutation of animal diseases, thereby posing a significant challenge to animal husbandry practices and ultimately impacting livestock productivity in the district". However, the sector has the following impact on the environment; 54 ✓ Fish ponds become breeding grounds for mosquitoes ✓ The livestock sub-sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions causing climate variability ✓ Underground water pollution ✓ Soil degradation from intensive grazing ✓ Bycatch and discarding non-target species in fisheries Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups The sector has made significant strides in promoting a gender-balanced society by increasing women's access to livestock and fisheries inputs. Over 500 women are currently benefiting from government-supported programs such as the TRALARD project, SCRALA and Food Security Pack (FSP), and there's been a notable increase in women's participation in fish farming due to policy reforms. Additionally, the sector has seen a rise in youth participation, with over 3,500 youths supported through the Constituency Development Fund (CDF). Efforts have also been made to support differently abled persons, with over 100 individuals benefiting from various government programmes such as CDF. External Factors Contributing to the Issue The livestock sector in Chama is facing significant challenges due to wildlife conflict, which has a detrimental impact on livestock production. The presence of wild animals in the area makes it extremely difficult to rear livestock, as they are frequently attacked and killed. Furthermore, the outbreak of swine fever has had a devastating effect on pig farming, resulting in high mortality rates and making it unsustainable for farmers to continue keeping pigs. 55 Core issues from the sector The livestock and fisheries sector in the district is hindered by insufficient infrastructure and inadequate staffing, which severely limits the effective management and control of livestock and fisheries resources. COMMERCE AND TRADE Commerce and trade drive economic development by creating business and consumer opportunities. Chama's local economy is underdeveloped, relying heavily on subsistence agriculture and local trade, resulting in limited municipal resources. However, opportunities for growth exist in sectors such as transport, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, mining, and energy, which could help stimulate economic development. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level Key Priorities of Sector Specific National Plans/Strategies and how they are to be implemented at a Local Level In Chama district, the focus is on improving transportation networks and facilitating trade, these initiatives support the district’s economic growth and contribute to achieving national commerce and trade objectives. Sector specific plans being implemented in Chama district ✓ Zambia Development Agency Act No. of 2006 ✓ The Small and Medium Enterprise Policy of 2016 ✓ National Trade Policy of 2018 ✓ Commercial Trade and Industry policy of 2009 ✓ Eighth National Development Plan (2022-2026) 56 Assessment of the Existing State of Development The assessment of Chama District's commerce and trade sector reveals that market accessibility is limited, which restricts local producers' ability to reach larger markets. Business development is slow, with few initiatives to promote entrepreneurship and expand local businesses. Additionally, access to financial services is inadequate, making it difficult for businesses and individuals to secure the necessary funding for growth and investment. Availability of Services Relevant to this Sector The economy of Chama is primarily driven by subsistence agriculture and local trade, with a limited range of supporting infrastructure, including retail establishments, financial services, and hospitality facilities. The district's remote location and underdeveloped status hinder the growth of economic activity, constraining the potential for market expansion and diversification. Markets Chama District has a single gazetted market located in Kamphemba Ward, while five other markets (Tembwe, Chikwa Chibale, Kanyelele, Kambombo, and another) remain ungazetted. The district also features several growth nodes, including Kaozi, Muyombe Turnoff, Lundu, Katangalika, Mulilo Kalovya, Chifunda, and Mapamba. Banking Facilities Chama District has limited banking services, with only one non-commercial bank, NATSAVE, operating in the area. However, several other financial service providers are available, including GS salary advance, Totten gram financial 57 services, ZOONA, Zanaco agents, and mobile money services such as Airtel Money, Zamkwacha, and MTN Money. Trade The trading activities in Chama are dominated by small-scale entrepreneurs engaged in various retail businesses, including hardware, building materials, groceries, and foodstuffs such as rice, fish, maize, and vegetables. These commercial activities are concentrated in the Central Business District (CBD) and growth centres throughout the district. Cooperatives Chama District has approximately 540 cooperatives engaged in various economic activities, primarily maize cultivation and trading. The district has benefited from the Presidential Solar Hammer Milling Initiative, with 9 solar milling plants allocated, 65% of which are operational. The initiative is implemented by the Zambia Cooperative Federation, with support from the Department of Cooperatives and Entrepreneurship. Additionally, banking institutions provide loans and mortgages to promote business growth, with 80 cooperatives among those that have received funding. Gas Service Stations As of 2024, Chama district faces a significant challenge in accessing fuel, with no operational gas service stations within its boundaries. Consequently, residents are forced to procure fuel from neighboring Lundazi district. Furthermore, the local market is plagued by illegal fuel vendors, exacerbating the situation. Despite interest from prospective investors to establish a gas station in Chama, the poor state of the road network has hindered the transportation of fuel, thereby deterring investment in this critical infrastructure. Addressing the road network 58 challenges is essential to attracting investment and improving access to fuel in the district. Issues from Public Participation Process Chama district faces several challenges hindering its economic growth. Key issues from the public engagement included inadequate markets and trading spaces, insufficient storage and processing facilities for rice production, high commodity prices due to poor road networks, limited banking services in rural areas except for Kamphemba ward, face challenges in accessing financial services, hindering their ability to benefit from government initiatives such as CDF grants and loans, and poor network connectivity. Several wards in Chama District face network challenges that hinder access to financial mobile banking services. In Chama South, affected wards include Mapamba, Chilenje, Lunzi, Chipala, Vilimukulu, and Lumezi. Meanwhile, in Chama North, areas with network difficulties comprise parts of Muchinga, Mazonde, Nkhankha, Luangwa, Chisunga, and Ndunda. These connectivity issues pose significant obstacles to the efficient use of mobile banking services in these districts. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Chama district faces a significant challenge in meeting the minimum requirement of having at least one market per ward. Currently, only Kamphemba ward has an officially recognized market, leaving a shortfall of 23 markets. To address this, market infrastructure development is underway, including the construction of the Tembwe Market shelter in Mabinga Ward and the Chibale Market shelter in Nkhankha Ward. 59 Chama District has identified 13 areas with high economic potential, designated as growth nodes. These areas are categorized into two tiers: Major Growth Nodes (6 areas) and Secondary Growth Nodes (7 areas). Table 12: Major and Secondary growth nodes in the district Major Growth Nodes: Secondary Growth Nodes: - Chibale - Kanyelele - Lundu - Katangalika - Kalinkhu - Tembwe - Kambombo - Kalovya - Chikwa - Chasato - Chifunda - Manga - Kalasa Impact of Ongoing Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Chama District is poised for significant transformation over the next decade, driven by ongoing investments and development programs in commerce and trade. Population projections indicate that major growth nodes will attract the majority of the population, leading to increased demand for land and the conversion of agricultural and undeveloped land into commercial zones. This is expected to spur urbanization, drive infrastructural development, and potentially create new commercial corridors, ultimately reshaping the district's land use and population distribution patterns. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Climate change and environmental degradation are increasingly impacting Chama District's commerce and trade sector. Unpredictable weather patterns and environmental degradation, such as deforestation and soil erosion, compromise agricultural production, market dynamics, and the sustainability of 60 natural resources. This threatens the economic resilience of local traders and businesses, necessitating climate-resilient adaptations and diversification strategies to mitigate these impacts. The growth of Chama District's commerce and trade sector poses significant environmental risks, including deforestation, land degradation, habitat disruption, and increased carbon emissions. Unsustainable agricultural practices and infrastructure expansion may exacerbate soil erosion and biodiversity loss, accelerating environmental degradation and climate change impacts. Integrating sustainable practices and environmental safeguards into sector development is critical to mitigating these risks. Climate change poses significant risks to Chama District's commerce and trade sector, threatening agricultural production, infrastructure, and natural resources. Erratic weather patterns, infrastructure damage, and resource degradation may lead to reduced yields, supply chain disruptions, and declining economic resilience. Proactive adaptation strategies are essential to mitigate these impacts and ensure the long-term viability of the sector. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Chama District's commerce and trade sector faces significant social inclusion challenges. Women and girls face barriers to economic opportunities due to limited access to capital, land, and education. Youth, particularly those with disabilities, require targeted support to develop skills and access finance. Furthermore, the district's HIV/AIDS-affected population needs inclusive trade policies and workplace health programs to access stable income opportunities. Addressing these social inclusion challenges through targeted interventions will be crucial to ensuring equitable economic growth, improving quality of life, and promoting a thriving local economy. 61 External Factors Contributing to the Issue External factors contributing to a lack of access to markets and participation in the regional economy include; ✓ A lack of capacity to work on major road infrastructure projects such as the Luangwa and Kamphemba bridges as a district, ✓ Roads in dilapidated state outside the district’s jurisdiction such as the Chama-Lundazi Road, ✓ Setting of prices on the market ✓ Fuel price fluctuations, ✓ Electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution ✓ Climatic impacts such as droughts and floods HOUSING SECTOR The housing sector in the district involves construction, development, and management, purchasing, selling, and renting of property, engaging stakeholders such as developers, government entities, NGOs, and companies. The focus will include implementing priorities from the 8th National Development Plan (8NDP), National Housing Policy, and District Implementation Plan along with assessing environmental impacts of current developments on climate change, gender-related issues, and external factors affecting the sector. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level Chama district is currently facing a housing crisis as there is limited good standard housing infrastructure for local residents as well as government departments and institutions providing various services to the district. As a result, this has affected the quality of life and service provision; Impacts such as floods and natural disasters in both Chama North and Chama South constituencies have further 62 amplified this issue (Vilimukulu and Lunzi ward floods in 2019, Heavy rainfall and winds in Lundu Chiefdom in 2024 among others). Ripple effects of these impacts affected the social wellbeing of victims during these trying times. As a response to this issue, the government at district level has prioritized the increase of access to affordable and standardized housing units as well as improving the security of land tenure for different social groups; As a road map, the 8NDP and National Housing Policy will guide the district’s action toward addressing this issue. The stated priorities are to be actualized through government interventions such as the land development fund, construction of housing units for public facilities through means such as the CDF, establishment of planning agreements, and housing programmes supported by non- governmental organizations. In addition, these interventions are collaborative and will involve the collective effort of all government departments and relevant stakeholders within and beyond the district during the planning period. The expected outcome is a reduction in housing deficiency, mitigation of housing related social issues, improved resilience to climatic impacts and disasters, and enhanced land tenure security for district residents as well as both public and private institutions. Description of the existing state of development The following section looks at the state of development of the housing sector in Chama district, the key performance indicators, and how the district is performing at the current moment. Availability of services As one of the basic human rights, housing is a priority of the government and a service to be appreciated by the public. As it stands, only 2273 households in 63 Kamphemba ward which is 8% are within planned state land and can acquire certificates of title while the remaining 25,884 which is 92% are on customary land (Chama Town Council, 2024). As shown in Map 6, the remaining 23 wards are in need of planning services for planned settlements and coordinated housing infrastructure development. 64 Map 6: Map depicting the planning status of the district Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 65 Quality of services When it comes to the quality of the services delivered with regards to housing infrastructure, the district takes into consideration a number of parameters as prescribed under the Dioxiadis zoning code standards developed for Lusaka Province; The parameters include the type of construction material, availability of sanitary amenities (Wash rooms), availability of piped water, availability of electricity, and tenure of dwellings. An analysis of the district’s housing infrastructure shows that, only the few households 2,273 (8%) within the planned area located in Kamphemba ward are preview to standardized housing units. Though a few other settlements in various locations across the district have been adopting building standards under customary land. This is attributed to the advantages such as central location, access to construction material, presence of public utility services (water and power supply), and possibility to acquire ownership documentation. Issues arising from public participation process While availability or access to quality standard infrastructure is a significant issue on its own, the quality of the present infrastructure equally requires attention too. Chama district’s communities brought out a number of factors on this matter. Some factors cut across other sectors; this includes issues with transportation of building materials, poor road network, which in turn affects commodity prices, and subsequently may lead to compromise on the use of standard building materials. Other issues revolved around the acquisition of land tenure are state land or customary land. While interventions such as the ZILMIS and ZAMPAY platforms have made land administration easier, preliminary issues on the ground have 66 presented a challenge to facilitate for land acquisition; Discrepancies between the general layout plan and current development status on the ground. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years With the projected and anticipated population growth, the following section looks at the anticipated need of the district under the housing sector. Quantify Future Demand for Services and Facilities Based on the Estimates of Population Change Based on the calculated projected population of 194,072 (38,814 households) of Chama district in the year 2035 (Chama district, 2024), the population will place a significant demand for housing infrastructure. The Doxiadis zoning code standards, initially designed for Lusaka Province, use parameters like population, population density, and household counts to determine land requirements for residential plots. Chama district took a leaf from Nakonde district that applied these parameters, using a Housing and Community Infrastructure Calculator, to assess housing needs. Based on the current and projected populations, the district tabulated the anticipated need for housing infrastructure shown in Table 13. Table 13: Anticipated need for housing infrastructure in the district by 2035 USERS IN NEED OF HOUSING FUTURE DEMAND FOR HOUSING CHAMA DISTRICT PUBLIC HOUSING RESIDENTIAL HIGH COST – 19,407 RESIDENTIAL MEDIUM COST – 14,555 67 RESIDANTIAL LOW COST – 4,852 AGRICULTURAL CAMP STAFF HOUSES 71 VETERINARY CAMP STAFF HOUSES 7 FORESTRY CAMP STAFF HOUSES 5 EDUCATION STAFF HOUSES 1171 HEALTH STAFF HOUSES 572 SECURITY STAFF HOUSES 14 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Assessment of the Likely Impact of Ongoing and Committed Investment and Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Based on the established need for housing infrastructure, there is anticipated an immediate need for land-use planning services in the identified growth node areas. These have been identified as major growth nodes attributed to the growing population, economic activities, growing demand for various public services and proposed programmes including projects in other sectors. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Chama District's development trajectory is driven by the Agricultural and Commerce and Trade sectors, with key growth areas experiencing rapid population growth and urbanization, namely Chibale, Lundu, Kambombo, Tembwe, Chikwa, and Chifunda. However, this growth has come at a significant environmental cost, including increased carbon footprint, energy consumption, and loss of biodiversity. Climate change impacts, such as flooding, are already being felt, particularly in vulnerable areas like Lunzi ward. Urgent attention is needed to address these environmental and climate change challenges, and to ensure that Chama District's development path is sustainable and resilient. 68 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Housing shapes community experiences, especially for vulnerable groups like women, youth, and the differently abled.

1. Women and Girls: In Chama District, housing shortages mean female students and women attending skills training face risks like gender-based violence when forced to live in unsafe areas. Although changing norms have improved women's access to land, they still face significant challenges around affordability and safety.

2. Men and Boys: Stable housing provides men with mental well-being, a sense of pride, and community security. Lack of affordable housing can lead to homelessness, social isolation, and crime, particularly among low- income men.

3. Youth: Young people need accessible housing for job opportunities and personal growth. In Chama, high demand for limited housing creates inequalities, pushing youth to migrate for better prospects and potentially weakening local development.

4. Differently Abled: Housing infrastructure often fails to meet accessibility needs, limiting the economic opportunities and social inclusion of those with disabilities. Addressing these issues is crucial to fostering community stability, safety, and economic development. WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR The Water and Sanitation sector is responsible for development and management of water resources, provision of clean water supply and adequate sanitation in the district. This sector provides a review on existing plans and 69 strategies that govern the performance and highlights the core issues affecting sector development in the district. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at a Local Level The Chama district faces significant challenges due to inadequate clean water supply and underdeveloped sanitation infrastructure. These issues lead to disease outbreaks, environmental degradation, poor economic growth, and food insecurity. Residents often rely on shallow wells and pit latrines, increasing the risk of waterborne infections, especially during floods. To address these problems, Chama has outlined two main priorities aligned with national development plans: enhancing water resource management through increased investments and improving access to clean water and sanitation. Efforts will include establishing water points, constructing dams, developing water schemes, installing hand pumps, and promoting community awareness on sanitation practices. Implementing these strategies aims to improve public health, sanitation, and the overall economic conditions in the district. Description of the existing state of development The overall performance of water and sanitation sector in the district can be described as below average. It is below the set target of 90% both for water supply and sanitation. Urban Water Supply Public water supply and sanitation are essential for socio-economic development. The Eastern Water and Sanitation Company Limited (ESWC) provide piped water in urban and peri-urban areas, servicing 1,080 customers and 188 households through three kiosks. However, 10,998 households in these 70 areas rely on boreholes and do not receive piped water from ESWC. Areas lacking access to piped water include Chimwemwe, Makeni A and B, Mtayachalo compound, Hospital Area, Magroceries, Kazenga, Chizimba, parts of Lukombozi, and sections of East Rise. This urban network is as shown in Figure 6. 71 Figure 6: Layout of the Urban Water Reticulation Network Source: EWSC (2024) 72 Rural water Supply Chama District has a total of 471 functional boreholes serving a population of 140,326. However, 66 boreholes are non-functional, contributing to water access challenges. The distribution of boreholes is uneven, with Kamphemba, Mwalala, Lumezi, Lupamazi, and Kalinkhu wards having a higher concentration of water points, while other wards face inadequate access to clean water as depicted in Map 7. 73 Map 7: Chama District Water Points Source: DWSD Chama District (2023) 74 The Local Authority, in collaboration with partners like World Vision Zambia, UNICEF, and the TRALARD project, is enhancing access to safe and adequate water in rural areas. UNICEF and the Local Authority installed 57 boreholes funded through the CDF to improve water supply. In 2022, World Vision Zambia drilled 17 boreholes in Chikwa and Chifunda Chiefdoms as part of the Chikwa WASH project and aims to complete 52 boreholes (22 mechanized, 30 with hand pumps) over the next two years. The TRALARD project built 25 mechanized water systems to support vulnerable communities, while Reformed Open Community Schools (ROCS) rehabilitated 14 boreholes in community schools. Urban Sanitation Chama District lacks a public sewerage system, and most households rely on onsite treatment methods like septic tanks and soak ways for waste management. The district also does not have skip bins or adequate waste storage facilities for temporary disposal by traders and residents. With the urban population growing, there is a pressing need for investment in sanitation infrastructure to enhance sanitation for individual homes. Rural Sanitation In order to enhance sanitation levels in the rural areas, the Local Authority in cooperation with World Vision is running an Open Defecation Free status attainment programme in all the 6 wards in Chikwa and Chifunda. As it stands, only Lundu Chiefdom has been certified as Open Defecation Free (Map 8). 75 Map 8: Map depicting the ODF status Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 76 Issues arising from public participation process The situation in Chama District is dire, with most areas lacking access to clean water and sanitation services. Even where these services are available, they're often inadequate. This is particularly concerning in public institutions like schools and health facilities. For instance, out of 160 schools, only 8 have waterborne toilets, and 79 schools have access to clean water. More than 60% of health facilities in the district also lack these essential services. However, with the enhanced Constituency Development Funds (CDF) and other interventions, there's hope for improvement. The government's efforts to address these challenges, such as the construction of dams and boreholes, are crucial steps towards ensuring access to clean water and sanitation services for all Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years One of the given and fundamental anticipated changes over the next ten years is population growth. Based on the calculated population projection, Chama district is to reach a population of 194,072 by 2035. This will place a demand for an additional water point, the extension of the current water supply network, and the establishment of functional sanitation facilities and infrastructure across the district. Furthermore, there is a need to consider significant investment in parallel infrastructure development to cope with the anticipated need for water supply in other sectors such as agriculture, industrial, and health among others. Future Demand for Services and Facilities Based on the Estimates of Population Change The increase in Population in the next ten (10) years based on the district’s calculation indicates a growth of up to 194,072 residents at a growth rate of 2.5%. This entails that the district should plan for supply of water to 38,814 households across the district. Based on the analysis of the current water point coverage, 136 77 additional water points are needed to adequately supply the current population at 140,784 (28,157 households) and approximately 837 water points for population at 2035 (Chama district, 2024). Sanitation services will need to be supplied to the projected population across the district. Impact of Ongoing Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns The ongoing construction of water schemes and boreholes in Chikwa, Chifunda, and Chama North aims to enhance water access in the district, while the ODF (Open Defecation Free) program in Chama South is set to improve health and hygiene. Despite these efforts, there is a lack of strategic investment in sanitation infrastructure, leading to substandard stayaways and septic tanks, as well as numerous pit latrines and shallow wells that could compromise water quality. Population patterns are expected to remain consistent, with urban areas and rural zones near water sources experiencing continued growth, potentially resulting in encroachment on sensitive areas like the Kamphemba river buffer zone and groundwater well fields due to land shortages. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Implementing projects such as Dam construction poses several environmental challenges including Habitat Destruction. Dams can flood large areas of land, resulting into destruction of natural habitats for various species of plants and animals, Agricultural fields and infrastructure. Prior to construction, a lot of trees maybe cut down during and after construction of the Dam. This can lead to loss of biodiversity and disrupt ecological balance. Primitive practice trends such as Open Defecation will significantly affect the preservation of the environment for future generations because groundwater may be contaminated. 78 Addressing these challenges requires careful planning, comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessments, and implementation of Mitigation measures such as habitat restoration efforts. Engaging with the local communities and stakeholders throughout the planning and implementation process will be essential. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups In Chama District, traditional roles place a heavy burden on women and girls for household chores like fetching water, often requiring long, exhausting journeys. This affects girls' education, as they spend substantial time gathering water instead of attending school. Boys are also affected, as they often assist with water collection, impacting their schooling and well-being. Youth, the largest demographic, face inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, although existing facilities are generally inclusive. The elderly and disabled encounter access challenges at hand-pump water points, experiencing discrimination and limited hygiene access. Women and vulnerable groups also lack awareness about cross-cutting issues like HIV/AIDS, with some falling victim to exploitative situations involving contractors on water projects. Addressing these issues demands infrastructure improvements, better sanitation, and gender equality efforts. External Factors Contributing to the Issue The major external factor contributing to these issues is inadequate investment in the water and sanitation sector and erratic funding of programmes in the water sector. The lack of spatial analysis in the distribution of water points has contributed to the identified issue. This had caused biased drilling and installation of boreholes in the rural parts of the district. There are other notable factors 79 contributing to the issues such as unplanned settlement under housing sector affecting issues of water and sanitation. Attaining Open defecation free (ODF) status has been an issue in rural areas due to noncompliance of community members and lack of support from Traditional leaders as major external factors. Lack of crossing points in the district has also led to inadequate water and sanitation facilities in the district. ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY SECTOR Forestry and Natural Resources sector is mandated to oversee, conserve, and preserve natural resources and protect the environment. Forests and Natural Resources are central to the achievement of a low carbon green economy and sustainable development. The following chapter looks into the environment and forest sector; Insights of this sector include governmental plans, priorities, and policies implemented at district level including analyses of the district’s performance and issues raised by residents. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level As one of the unique districts located in a game management area with a gazetted national forest, Chama faces a threat of environmental degradation which is the core issue of the environment and forestry sector. Loss of biodiversity and forest cover poses threat to the tourism industry, compromises resilience to floods and droughts, and affects good economic growth among other factors. In order to address this issue, the government at district level has identified two key priorities; Government intends to regulate and monitor the exploitation of forest resources and industrial activities in the district and increase forest hectarage under community forest management. Through collaborative efforts among government departments and other organizations, the district will 80 facilitate the regeneration of forest areas, facilitate the establishment of community forest management areas, regulate and monitor the exploitation of forest resources, and enforce environmental regulations. Description of the existing state of development The section below gives description on the existing state of development in Chama district. As depicted in Figure 14, there are three main types of predominant vegetation under Chama District namely, (a) Mopane woodlands which are infertile and found on poor sandy loam soil, (b) Miombo woodlands, found on hilly highlands with moderate fertile soils and (c) Munga, locally known as Musangu usually found on fertile alluvial soils where human settlements are mostly concentrated. However, it is worth noting that there are also minor occurrences constituting watersheds and small patches of palm communities and traces of grass land found along the riverbanks and surrounding areas as shown in Map 9. 81 Map 9: Chama district vegetation distribution Source: Forestry Department (2024) 82 Furthermore, an assessment of forest cover over the previous two decades from 2002 to 2022 shows that majority of the district’s territory is predominantly savanna. It was also deduced that there is a case of regeneration of ever green forests particularly in Chama South over the past two decades. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest cover on the other hand has significantly declined particularly in the area of the Lundazi National Forest in Chasato and Kalovya. This can be attributed to the rise in settlements within the area. Changes in forest cover over the past two decades have been presented in Figure 7. 83 Figure 7: Land-Use Land-Cover assessment of the district from 2002 (left) to 2022 (right). Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 84 Chama district maintains one (1) National Forest and four (4) local forest reserves namely Lundazi National Forest, Makutu, Chire, Fibale, and Pondo local forests covering a total of 333,566 Hectares. These protected forest reserves are distributed across the district as shown in the Table 14 and Map 10 below. Table 14: distribution of Protected Forest Reserves SN Forest Reserve Hectares Location and current status in the district

1. Lundazi 289,960 This is the largest forest located along National Kambombo, Tembwe & Chikwa and Forest in Chama Chifunda Chiefdoms. Lundazi forest is only heavily encroached mainly due to unsustainable agricultural practices especially in Kalovya, Sitwe, Kamfutu and Chasato area where there are several fields and farms. Notwithstanding that, the reserve has not been spared with illegal activities by surrounding villages. These illegal activities include illegal logging, illegal charcoal production, and fuel wood collection for sale and for burning bricks for construction. The district has been receiving appropriation in aid (AIA) from Muchinga provincial Administration for the past 2 years towards forest protection, community sensitisation among others.

2. Makutu 38,849 The forest is located in along Mulilo, National Forest Kambombo and also partly in Tendele Chiefdom of Mafinga District. It is stocked, and it is on the hills.

3. Chire National 2,765 The forest is located in Kanyelele and Forest surrounding areas in Chief Kambombo’s 85 chiefdom in the Northeastern direction after Bambanda sanctuary.

4. Fibale National 1,720 This forest is lies inside Chikwa chiefdom Forest across Luangwa River between Pondo and Mwila. The forest’s condition is good and it’s the watershed in the Southwest of the district.

5. Pondo Local 272 The forest is in Pondo area in Chikwa Forest chiefdom. The forest is not gazzeted. Source: Forestry Department (2024) Chama district also maintains 17 Community Forest Management Groups with a total of 865,379 Hectares. A breakdown of the land covered has been tabulated in Table 15 and depicted in the subsequent Map 10. Table 15: Community Forests Management SN CFMG Name Hectarage Chiefdom

1. Chabulika 65,610 Lundu

2. Chifunda 89,236 Chifunda

3. Chikwa 80,357 Chikwa

4. Chilumba 12,500 Chikwa

5. Chisope 76,488 Lundu

6. Kambombo 28,221 Kambombo

7. Kambombo Nature Park 77,182 Kambombo

8. Kamimbili 29,500 Tembwe

9. Katenya 23,279 Tembwe

10. Limwezi 93,782 Lundu

11. Lundu 119,477 Lundu

12. Luvila 81,691 Chikwa

13. Magologodo 4,708 Chifunda Luswang’ombe

14. Mulilo 28,838 Mulilo

15. Nthabalumba 5,453 Chifunda

16. Tembwe 36,745 Tembwe

17. Tiyeseko 12,303 Mulilo Total Hectarage 865,370 Source: Forestry Department (2024) 86 Map 10: Location of Community Forest Management Areas in Chama District. Source: Forestry Department (2024) 87 Availability of services The forestry department executes a number of functions as prescribed under the Forestry Act 2015; Functions of the Forestry department include;

1. To Identify and demarcate forest areas to be protected as National Forests, Local Forests, Botanical Reserves, Community forests and Joint Forest Management Areas.

2. Control, manage, conserve and administer Protected Forest Areas.

3. Promote methods for sustainable utilization, conservation and preservation of ecosystems and biological diversity in non- protected forest areas.

4. Develop and implement strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation to address impacts of climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures.

5. Establish and manage local and regional supply forest plantations.

6. Promote and provide technical support for private sector participation in the development of forest plantations, timber industry, beekeeping and non-wood forest products.

7. Conduct research on forestry and related matters.

8. Maintain a forest information management system. In order to carry out these functions, the forestry department extends its services through a network of forest camps; the department has 5 forest camps namely Kalovya, Makutu, Chire, Fibale, and Pondo. Forest camps in strategic areas lack officers due to insufficient housing, hindering effective environmental management and resource monitoring. The forest department relies on partnerships with other district stakeholders to perform its functions, which are restricted to shared interests with other government bodies, 88 such as law enforcement. Consequently, most communities, except those near Kamphemba ward, have no local forest department officer presence. Quality of services From the functions stated in above, the district’s department has endeavored to provide quality services to the residents and stakeholders. Through collaborative efforts, the department makes amends for some of the lacked administrative capacity deficits such as limited manpower and financial resources. This has helped particularly with provision of services such as issuance of permits, facilitation for concession licenses, community capacity building, and others such as establishment of plantations and nurseries. Though as it stands, the district does not have an established plantation. Other functions are based on the mandate to regulate the exploitation of natural resources, this involves monitoring and inspection patrols in the gazzetted national forest as well as community forests. Similar to the previously stated functions, limitations include a lack of human and financial resources as well as other necessities namely monitoring vehicles, and camp staff houses among others. Issues Arising from Community and Stakeholder Consultations Stakeholder engagement revealed several challenges faced by communities and stakeholders. These include the lack of affordable alternative energy sources to replace or supplement the widespread use of wood and charcoal fuel. Additionally, the high cost of establishing individual alternative energy systems is especially burdensome in rural areas. The absence of forestry officers in forest camps also hinders timely access to services for natural resource exploitation and the acquisition of licenses and permits, particularly for residents in remote areas. Although carbon trading is seen as a positive development in the district, many residents struggle to embrace it due to the limited immediate benefits. 89 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Population growth intensifies the demand for forest products, such as timber, fuelwood, and charcoal, impacting the environment significantly. This increase in demand leads to deforestation, which disrupts the hydrological cycle and biodiversity, especially as forested land is converted for agriculture near water bodies. The forestry sector faces added strain from increased resource extraction, necessitating more patrols, infrastructure, and staffing to protect natural resources and combat illegal activities. Additionally, poverty exacerbates environmental degradation, as population growth amplifies pressure on natural resources, further stressing conservation efforts. Impact of Ongoing Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Land use change is arguably the most pervasive socioeconomic force driving changes and degradation of ecosystems. This trend will cause loss of soil fertility, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, siltation, climate change, global warming, water and air pollution, vegetation loss, topography destruction, water table destruction and recharge zones will be affected. Population distribution pattern might cause high encroachment in protected forest reserves due to shortage of land and loss of soil fertility (shifting cultivation). The department and other stakeholders have to work with other sectors to ensure that the right land use is achieved as well as making sure that no plots or land is falling in any protected forest area. It is also imperative that the planners, agriculture officers and forest officers see to it that adherence in terms observing farms are 50m away from streams and rivers. 90 Impact of Environment and Climate Change Global climate change, driven mainly by greenhouse gas emissions, is causing rising temperatures and altering weather patterns, leading to more extreme weather events. Mining expansion, increased timber concessions, and unsustainable farming practices are further depleting forest resources, disrupting the hydrological cycle, and exacerbating climate impacts. These activities threaten conserved lands and accelerate resource depletion. Forestry departments are tasked with revenue generation, ecosystem preservation, and biodiversity conservation. Revenue from wood and non-wood forest products, which supports rural livelihoods and provides alternative income sources, is at risk if canopy cover decreases, negatively impacting beekeeping and other forest-dependent activities. Reduced forest cover also diminishes carbon sequestration, which may alter temperatures and rainfall patterns. The department’s primary focus is on sustainable natural resource management to protect these resources for future generations. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Efforts in community forest management (CFM) promote gender equity, with 30% of women participating in decision-making. This inclusion reduces social and economic hardships for women, who rely heavily on forest resources like fuelwood, mushrooms, and other non-timber products. Deforestation poses a unique challenge for women, increasing their travel distances and decreasing resource availability, thus affecting livelihoods. In beekeeping, cultural beliefs often exclude women, though they show high dedication in forest management. Support for women’s beekeeping initiatives through training and resources are underway. Men’s engagement in traditionally female forest activities could enhance income generation for communities. 91 Youth involvement in environmental programs is encouraged to instill sustainable practices. For persons with disabilities, environmental barriers restrict participation, and climate change disproportionately impacts them, heightening risks like HIV transmission during climate-related migrations. External Factors Contributing to The Issue Human activities like mining, industrialization, deforestation, and unsustainable farming are significantly impacting the environment by disrupting water tables, recharge zones, and ecosystems. This leads to disturbances in the hydrological cycle, contributes to climate change, and causes biodiversity loss. Over time, such disturbances may cause a shift in forest species composition, known as succession, potentially eliminating endemic species. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability The district's environmental sustainability assessment focuses on the pivotal issue of environmental degradation, encompassing deforestation, threats to wildlife habitats, detrimental practices, and population growth. A comprehensive approach is employed, presenting interventions to address the core issue, alongside analyses of anticipated changes, public concerns, and external factors exacerbating environmental degradation. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level The threat of environmental degradation was prompted proactive action from the government at district level. As such, the government has prioritized the promotion of sufficient sustainable mitigation and adaptation initiatives as well as increase access to alternative energy sources to combat climate change and enhance environmental protection. Collaborative effort will be made to secure water sources, regulate the exploitation of natural resources, reinforce 92 environmental regulations, and promote relocation of settlements from flood prone areas. Description of the existing state of development and key performance indicators The Urban and Regional Planning Regulations of 2020, under the Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015, support development control through land use regulations for various purposes (housing, commercial, agricultural, industrial). This control incorporates environmental protection and climate change considerations for obtaining development permissions. Effective control, however, is primarily enforceable on state land (e.g., part of Kamphemba ward), with planning agreements proposed for customary land administration. Water management in Chama is supported by the 2022–2026 Strategic Plan involving stakeholders like Chama Town Council, EWSC, and UNICEF. Activities include aquifer mapping and water point improvements. The district aims for green energy transitions via solar power plants in Lundu and Kambombo chiefdoms, but efforts require expansion for comprehensive energy sustainability. Forest conservation is mandated by the National Forestry Act, promoting Community Forest Management Areas (CFMAs). Chama has 1 national and 4 local forests with 17 CFMGs aiding forest protection. The Game Management Plan (GMP) aligns with local Community Resource Boards (CRBs), managed by chiefs, to oversee wildlife habitat conservation across five chiefdoms. Climate-smart agriculture covers 12,000 hectares, promoting sustainable farming to mitigate environmental impact. In an effort to mitigate climatic impacts such as floods, the district has mapped flood prone areas as depicted in Figure 17 and through the Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), has provided aid and relief interventions to such areas. The challenge is that settlements have developed and keep developing in flood prone areas because communities 93 know that they will receive food from government. Therefore, there is need for a robust resettlement plan for such areas. Availability of services The summary of development control and related efforts in Chama District highlights several key challenges and initiatives. Chama District faces significant difficulties in enforcing development control, particularly in areas of customary land, which constitute over 90% of its territory. This challenge is exacerbated by unregulated local land uses that pose environmental threats. Areas covered at present are those with planned state land in Kamphemba ward while measures to cover the remaining areas in the 24 wards are being developed. To mitigate these environmental degradation and climatic impact issues, various initiatives have been devised. Environmental initiatives include utilizing the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) to establish tree nurseries and ensuring that contractors replant trees cleared during construction. Additionally, the URP planning regulations of 2020 require that all developments reserve at least 20% of their area for greenery. In terms of water and sanitation, efforts are being made to map and secure aquifer areas while promoting District Water and Sanitation Health Education (DWASHE). At current, only Kamphemba area has a mapped-out water aquifer. There are also plans for solar power plants in Lundu and Kambombo chiefdoms to enhance renewable energy sources. Forest management is supported by the presence of the existing national and local forests and 17 Community Forest Management Groups (CFMGs). Reinforcing CFMGs will help reduce flood impacts in most of the flood prone areas depicted in Map 11 below. 94 Map 11: Flood Prone Areas Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 95 For wildlife habitat conservation, Community Resource Boards have been established under the Zambia Wildlife Act of 2015 in five chiefdoms (Kambombo, Lundu, Tembwe, Chikwa, and Chifunda), with plans for expansion and collaborations with organizations such as TRALARD, BCP, and FZS. Finally, the district has implemented climate-smart agriculture practices across 12,000 hectares, with support from various organizations, including TRALARD and COMACO. Disaster relief aid has been provided to affected areas in Chama North and Chama South through the efforts of the DMMU and the Constituency Development Fund 5% disaster contingency allocation under community projects. Quality of Services As a continuation from the assessment of available services, Table 16 gives a summary of the quality of the provided services. Table 16: Summary for the Quality of Services CONTROL MEASURE STANDARD STATUS DEVELOPMENT • Number of Although the previously CONTROL applications for approved applications for planning permission planning permission met with environmental the overall requirements as protection measures prescribed in the regulations, measures for environmental protection are not explicitly stated. IMPLEMENTATION • Well-fields As it stands, only OF THE WDS characterized, Kamphemba area has a STRATEGY 2022-2026 Identified and mapped-out water aquifer. developed for water Though plans to map out supply and irrigation more areas have been developed and await implementation. 96 • Local Aquifers identified and mapped • Aquifer and water protection enforcement mechanisms operationalized • Climate smart water harvesting technologies promoted and applied • Awareness increased on water harvesting technologies ESTABLISHMENT OF • Renewable and Construction of Lundu solar GREEN AND alternative energy power plant is underway. RENEWABLE infrastructure ENERGY SOURCES developed FOREST • Routine monitoring Patrols are carried out MANAGEMENT and inspections field within the designated visits areas though not • Mapping and GPS frequently due to marking of identified insufficient manpower and forests housing infrastructure in • Survey to ascertain forest areas across the the status of the district. forest areas • Development of management plans • Construction of Standard Nursery Site • Train communities on other alternative livelihoods (enterprise development) • Natural Forest regeneration areas established 97 CONSERVATION OF • Research on wildlife Activity has been planned THE WILDLIFE (population for. NATURAL HABITAT monitoring and habitat management) CLIMATE SMART • Community Activities are being AGRICULTURE sensitization on implemented in Chama. improved seed (Rice, Maize, Groundnuts, Soybeans, Sunflower) • Establish smallholder low-cost community irrigation facilities and Schemes • Training smallholder farmer and staff in irrigation management system • Identify and train local seed growers • Training agriculture staff and farmers in Climate Smart Agricultural technologies. • Conduct awareness campaigns on climate change mitigation and adaptation DISASTER • Conduct disaster Activities are conducted MANAGEMENT AND response and accordingly. The only MITIGATION IN THE mitigation activities challenge is the availability DISTRICT • Conduct awareness of funds for proactive campaigns on interventions such as flood climate change mitigation infrastructure mitigation and among others. adaptation • Conduct sensitization campaigns on flood resilience initiatives 98 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Issues from Public Participation Process The stakeholder engagement in Chama District revealed public concerns that, while not directly linked to environmental protection, impact the effectiveness of existing initiatives. Mitigation measures focus on reducing environmentally harmful practices and promoting alternative livelihoods, facilitated by community groups like CRBs and cooperatives. However, challenges persist, including unequal benefit distribution, uneven workloads, and a preference for immediate returns over long-term programs like carbon trading. Other issues include non- compliance among members, retention of traditional farming methods due to difficulty adopting new practices, and insufficient technical support. Various environmental programs are implemented district-wide, though not all reach every area. Key initiatives include development control, water resource management, wildlife conservation, and forest management. Programs such as TRALARD and carbon harvesting aim to promote resilience, but some remain in early phases or face logistical challenges. Solar energy projects are yet to be established, while flood response and food security programs are more reactive. Overall, while there is growing recognition of the importance of environmental protection, enhanced support, training, and adoption of alternative energy solutions are needed to boost effectiveness. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Arising from the projection of population growth, it is anticipated that should the current development trends persist, there will be a more rapid loss of forest cover especially in areas where livelihood activities heavily depend on forest resources. Areas experiencing the pressure of development are the major growth nodes 99 (Chibale, Lundu, Kalinkhu, Kambombo, Chikwa, and Chifunda). This is attributed to the sparse location trend of settlements that are distant from one to another in areas like Lundu, Chikwa and Chifunda hence the need for reinforcement of stakeholder engagements and implementation of environmentally sustainable economic alternative livelihood activities. Areas like Kalinkhu, Kambombo, and Chibale on the other hand, have a nucleated settlement pattern and as a result, this places a demand for environmental protection due to increase in population and economic activity. Impact of Environment and Climate Change As observed from past events, the Chama district has been at the receiving end of natural disasters induced by climate change; The 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2024 floods in both North and South Constituencies are examples of how climate change has affected the district. While climate change may be a global phenomenon, a closer investigation shows that the Chama district had a role to play in the magnitude of the impacts. Agricultural activity in areas such as riverbanks weakened the river borders. This coupled with the clearing of land increased the extent of the damage caused by the floods. Additionally, the increase in population also places a demand for wood fuel which directly links to the depletion of natural forest resources. With the anticipated growth in the next ten years, the district will face more dire consequences should such trends be left unchecked. Consequences may include; ✓ Migration of wildlife from past animal corridors ✓ Further devastation of public infrastructure ✓ Collapse of fragile local area marketing networks 100 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Climate change exacerbates environmental degradation and social vulnerabilities in Chama District, disproportionately affecting women, girls, youths, differently-abled individuals, and those living with HIV/AIDS. Women and girls face displacement, domestic burdens, gender-based violence, and limited decision- making power, while men and boys encounter health hazards and human-wildlife conflicts. Youths are vulnerable to environmental and economic challenges, leading to poverty and job scarcity. Despite these challenges, Chama District is actively working towards gender balance, climate resilience, and inclusive development, promoting equal opportunities, social equity, and economic participation for all, including differently-abled individuals and those living with HIV/AIDS. External Factors Contributing to the Issue Global climate change has far-reaching implications, and consequently, economic activities beyond Chama District's borders that generate substantial greenhouse gas emissions constitute an external factor influencing the district's environmental sustainability. MINING SECTOR The Chama Integrated Development Plan (IDP) recognizes the strategic importance of the mining sector in driving economic growth, stimulating development, and improving livelihoods in the rural district. Currently, informal mining activities dominate the sector, presenting both opportunities and challenges. Simultaneously, the district is receiving exploration applications from potential investors, signaling growing interest in the area's mineral resources. The 101 following chapter looks into the mining sector at district level analyzing the district’s performance and issues faced by the residents and stakeholders. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at a Local Level Government recognizes the importance of mining in economic transformation and job creation, with industrial value chains taking center stage through value addition and mineral beneficiation to frontload the industrialization agenda. Mining is seen as the key driver in this agenda. Government will create an enabling environment to support enhanced exploration and exploitation of minerals and petroleum including improved management of mining operations to promote stability in mining taxation which will support economic transformation. Another intervention will be to promote Small-scale miners and investors Partnerships, and further, formalization and capacitating of Artisanal mining operations will also support employment creation and income generation. The government’s priority at district level is to legalize, regulate and promote the growth of all mining activities in the district in line with the following legislature; ✓ Mines and Minerals Development Act No.11 of 2015 ✓ The Mining and Minerals Environmental Fund (EFP)Regulations of 1998 (SI 102) ✓ The Land Acquisition Act of 1995 ✓ Urban and Regional Planning Act No.3 Of 2015 ✓ Local Government Act No.2 of 2019 ✓ The Public Health Act of 1996 ✓ Occupational Health and Safety Act .2010 ✓ Employment Code Act 3 of 2019 ✓ National Council of Zambia Act.10 of 2010 ✓ Forestry Act, 2015 102 Description of the Existing State of Development and key performance indicator Currently, there is no working commercial mining in Chama district. Therefore, in places that are mineral-endowed, mining activity is restricted to artisanal levels. Most of the prospecting mining activities are located in 3 chiefdoms namely Chifunda, Chikwa and Kambombo chiefdoms. There are a few identified areas within the district where investors have shown interest to explore abundance of minerals such as Tembwe and Mulilo chiefdoms. Other areas were mining activities are taking place include, Sitwe in Ndunda Ward, Mantempa Ward, Mphalausenga, Kalovya in Chilubaluba Ward, Buli in Lupamazi Ward, Chasato in Vilimukuli Ward and Chilenje Ward as shown in figure 17. There is potential for mines to be established in Chama, which might help reduce poverty and provide jobs. Although there is currently no recognized mine in the district, mining operations are carried out informally. The district has received proposals from a number of investors who want to explore and engage in the mining of valuable stones, including gold, manganese, feldspar, iron, gypsum, and gemstones. Table 17 and Map 12 highlight the potential for mining in the district through the number of applications received for mining exploration. Table 17: Applications for Mining Licenses in the District S/N LISENCE APPLICATION APPLICATIONS LOCATION (WARD) RECEIVED

1. SMALL SCALE GOLD 1 VILIMUKULU MINING

2. OPEN PIT MINING 3 VILIMUKULU

3. PROSPECTING 1 CHIBUNGWE AND CHILUBALUBA

4. SMALL SCALE MINING 1 VILIMUKULU

5. LARGE SCALE 1 MUCHINGA EXPLORATION Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 103 Map 12: Mining Potential Areas in Chama Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 104 Assessment of the Quality of Services Relevant to this Sector The quality of service of the existing mines and exploration mines are below standards due to limited financial investment and lack of technology in the sector. The illegal miners work without safety and in the current state of the sector, it is difficult to determine the number of miners accessing health services. In addition, it cannot be determined if the current mine activities improve the miner’s income and livelihood and also enhance community well-being and social cohesion. Therefore, there is need to provide for or advocate for a means to enhance accessibility of artisanal miners to small-scale licenses as they operate without licenses. This is due to the cost of obtaining licenses to take part in the sector. There is need for PPPs in the sector, and foster partnerships with Local Authorities, NGOs and communities; push for policy reforms to encourage local communities access artisanal licenses. Issues arising from the public participation process Arising from various interactions with the local community, the following issues were identified; ✓ No decent jobs have been created from the mining ✓ The artisanal licenses are expensive ✓ Safety and security of mining areas is not guaranteed ✓ Communities have not seen social corporate responsibilities from the mining companies ✓ Lack of technology and innovation in the sector ✓ Difficulty locating and accessing illegal mining sites 105 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The mining sector creates opportunities for employment, an increase to the sustenance to local and also a national treasury. It has been noted that overall, Chama has received proposals to establish mines from individuals and firms obtaining prospecting licenses which is even more likely to increase. Within the next ten years, it can be anticipated that the district may have more than two mining firms operating. Nevertheless, the impacts anticipated also pose detrimental effects to various social groups and the environment. In light of the above, collaborative efforts among line ministries and stakeholders will be necessary to adequately address any and every adverse impact the venture may bring. Impact of Environment and Climate Change The mining sector is highly energy-intensive, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions vary depending on the type of resource mined and the mining processes used. Environmentally, mining leads to hillside erosion, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Many exploratory mines are situated in remote, flood-prone areas, making access difficult, especially during extreme weather events. Unpredictable weather, especially flooding, often halts mineral production as site access for investors becomes limited. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Mining in Chama district is predominantly male-dominated due to perceptions that mining requires intensive labour, limiting female participation. Youths, aged 18-35, are the most active demographic in both legal and illegal mining activities. Although most roles are filled by men, one environmental mining project is 106 managed by a woman, highlighting the need for more gender sensitivity to promote equity. The district has only illegal mines, and women are typically involved in non-mining roles, such as meal preparation. TOURISM SECTOR The tourism industry is an economic mainstay of the district. It has the potential to open Chama as the preferred tourism destination in the northern circuit. It is at the Malawi-Zambia Trans frontier Conservation Area (MAZA TFCA) where it connects the Zambian conservation efforts with Malawi to reduce the natural habitat degradation. It generates revenue, creates jobs, promotes wildlife conservation, and improves standard of living of the local people. The section provides a review on key priorities in the existing plans that govern the performance and presents the core issues affecting sector development in the district. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at a Local Level Government’s priority is to diversify the economy through value addition in tourism which has forward and backward linkages. In order to do this, government will promote tourism growth through, development of tourism infrastructure, develop new innovative tourism products, and promote and market tourism products. Other programmes will include conducting 2500 Arts events, 1000 Art promoters registered, and 5000 of artists trained in various skills related to tourism (8NDP, 2022). Tourism growth is expected to be promoted through increased investments to the sector, particularly in the undeveloped areas such as Chama which have strong potential for tourism, enhancing capacities of artists, improving the heritage sites, attracting Local and Foreign Direct Investment in tourism theme parks, Meetings 107 Incentives, Conferences and Events (MICE), tourism sites, hotels, lodges and adventure packages under cultural and adrenaline tourism (8NDP, 2022) Attributed to Chama district’s abundant natural tourism resource, this section gives an overview of the tourism sector at district level. In addition, this section highlights the legal framework and policies guiding the development of tourism sector. The general policies are: ✓ The Zambia Wildlife Act (2015) ✓ Forest Act (2015) ✓ Environmental Management Act (2011) ✓ Tourism policy ✓ National parks and wildlife policy (1998) ✓ Forest policy (2014) ✓ National culture policy ✓ Heritage conservation policy ✓ National Biodiversity Strategy Plan Description of the Existing State of Development and key performance indicator Despite having certain tourist attractions, such as Nyika Plateau National Park, which is located in Zambia's Chama District in the Eastern region and spans an area of around 80 square kilometers, the district has not seen many tourism- related activities. In 1972, Nyika was designated as a national park. Along the international border, Nyika Plateau National Park has a shared boundary with Malawi Nyika National Park. The highest altitude park in Zambia's national park system is Nyika, which ranges from 1,295 to 2225 meters above sea level. In terms of vegetation, The Nyika Plateau National Park is a strikingly a beautiful park of montane grassland and relict forest patches. The common small animal fauna includes the four striped grass rat, the black and red squirrel, the two- 108 spotted palm civet and three species of swamp rat. The larger mammals include Maloney’s monkey, klipspringer, reedbuck, bushbuck, blue duiker, zebra, roan antelope, eland and leopard. Bird-watching is excellent all year round at Nyika Plateau National Park but best between October and January, when migrant birds are present. The common birds include secretary bird, auger buzzard, green loerie, white-neck raven, black-eyed bulbul, common stone chart, African boubou, fiscal shrike, common waxbill. The district has a rare and natural wood fossilization and palaeontology site at Sitwe (Figure 8) located 38.9km from Chama CBD and it covers an area of about 100 meters in radius that is believed to have existed for over 150 million years. However, the site is not protected making it vulnerable to human disturbance and the local people do not know the importance of a fossil land or area. Figure 8: Fossified Wood as Sitwe Palaeontological Site Source: Chama District Situation Analysis (2020) Other tourism attraction sites include hot springs and notable ones being the Mwine Mwambwa Hotspring, Kalimulilo Hotspring, and Kalunguvu Hotspring. These sites are attractive place to wildlife such as baboons, elephants, buffaloes, puku, bush pigs, kudus which frequent the site for water and salt (Figure 9). 109 Figure 9: Various Hot Springs in the District (Mwambwa -Left, Kalunguvyu – middle, and Kalimulilo - right) Source: Chama District Situation Analysis (2020) The district hosts a magnificent traditional ceremony known as Kwenje. The main goal of the ceremony is to educate and raise awareness among Zambians about the "Sound of the Kwenje" drums, which proclaim danger, coronation, and funerals. Various dances, including the male-dominated Visangu/Gogo dances and the Chidiwiti dance for both sexes, are performed throughout the event. The ceremony, marked by a wild party atmosphere complete with drums and whistles, is held in the Chiefdom of Kambombo. The district's hospitality sector comprises 16 lodges and guest houses, although none meet the standards of a full-fledged hotel. While these establishments cater to local and regional visitors, they fall short of accommodating international tourists' expectations. However, during hunting season, the district experiences an influx of tourists, primarily served by a limited number of hunting camps, notably Kanusha and Nutoboze. The district is home to two significant Iron Stone Age sites, Mutemba Libwe and Njunga, which hold immense tourism potential due to their rich iron smelting materials, including bog iron, Haematite stone, and ancient furnace ruins. These sites offer a unique glimpse into the region's cultural and industrial heritage, but lack essential amenities to fully develop as tourist destinations, presenting an 110 opportunity for infrastructure development and preservation efforts to unlock their potential. The district is home to two revered royal burial sites: Kambombo and Mulilo. The Kambombo site, with a rich history spanning over 200 years, serves as the final resting place of Chief Zamangwe. These sacred sites host seasonal rituals, paying homage to the spirits of deceased chiefs and seeking blessings of good health, prosperity, and success for the chiefdom. The rituals foster peace, reverence, and unity among the community, emphasizing the importance of honouring their heritage and leadership. However, there is need to secure these sites and improve them in order for them to become attractive visiting sites. Map 13 shows where tourism attraction sites are located. 111 Map 13: Tourism Attraction Sites Source: Chama Town Council, 2024 112 Table 18: Proposed Tourism Facilities in Chama District No. Proposed facilities No. of proposed Location facilities 1 Community bush camp 1 Kambombo Chiefdom 2 Community bush camp 1 Tembwe Chiefdom 3 Community bush camp 1 Chikwa Chiefdom 4 5-Star hotel 1 Chifunda Chiefdom 5 Lodge 1 Lundu Chiefdom TOTAL 5 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Table 19: Wildlife Camps in Chama District S/No Chiefdoms No. of existing No. of Proposed No. of safari Camps Camps Camps 1 Chifunda 6 0 0 2 Chikwa 9 0 1 3 Tembwe 4 3 1 4 Kambombo 4 2 5 Lundu 3 0 1 6 Chibale 0 5 0 7 Mulilo 0 5 0 TOTAL 26 15 3 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) In relation to the assessment above, communities greatly benefit from existing safari camps through safari hunting, but more can be done by leasing out other areas in Chibale and Mulilo Chiefdoms to safari outfitters so that benefits can be spread out to other communities (Table 18 and Table 19). In areas with community resource boards (CRB), the CRB staffs are very few to support the existing DNPW staffs in conservation duties. Additionally, as human population keeps increasing in the district the current number of existing wildlife camps is not enough to service the increasing communities against HWC and ensuring safety of community members. 113 Issues from Public Participation Process One of the major issues that rose from community and stakeholder consultation process was on human wildlife conflict, community members complained on the damages that animals cause on their livestock, crops and human lives. They demand for DNPW to start compensating them once they are affected. Other major issues include the following: ✓ Encroachment on animal corridors and forest reserves ✓ Illegal offtake of natural resources ✓ Habitat degradation and fragmentation due to human activities such as unregulated settlements, unsustainable farming practices and deforestation ✓ Delay to respond to Human Wildlife Conflicts ✓ Less patrols conducted ✓ Unexploited potential and limited supporting infrastructure Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years In a period of 10 years, the population of the district is expected to rise and this is likely to trigger an increase in demand for services and facilities in the tourism sector. With more investments in the sector, more tourism facilities such as lodges, hotels, and bush camps will be established, hence the demand for hospitality services will be high. An increase in population is likely to bring about more illicit activities on natural resources. For effective patrolling and ensuring the safety of communities, more wildlife officers and village scouts will be required. The continued change of land for tourism in an unsustainable way may continue to affect the environment negatively. 114 Impact of Environment and Climate Change Clearing of areas for development of tourism facilities such as lodges and hotels, this will see the disturbance of a large area by cutting down vegetation and disturbing the natural habitat of animals for the purpose of construction. Even the noise that comes with the construction will tend to scare off animal species to different areas. Climate change has negatively affected the sector this has led to the increased reports of HWC as wildlife is moving from their habitats to human settlements in search of food and water. Some areas are experiencing dry spells that have negatively affected the production of food for the communities and this has negatively affected their livelihood. Flash floods in the landscape because of climate change tend to negatively affect the operations of Department of National Parks Wildlife (DNPW); most of the areas become an accessible. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups This sector offers particular benefits for women, who can access jobs in the hospitality industry and develop entrepreneurial skills through crafting and selling local artifacts, enhancing their economic independence and social status. By tapping into tourism, the district can stimulate local economic growth, reduce poverty and unemployment, preserve cultural heritage and traditions, and foster community development and empowerment, ultimately improving the quality of life for its citizens. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION SECTOR The sector is comprised of transport and communication infrastructures which include telecommunication, roads and storm-water drainage. A well-established 115 transport system enables efficiency in transporting goods and services and overall cost of conducting business. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented At a Local Level The sector is currently using the National Transport Policy of 2019. The policy endeavors to promote development of road transport services, facilities and infrastructure that meet the global safety standards through construction, maintenance, upgrading, and rehabilitation, thereby promoting sustainable mobility of both goods and passengers to achieve economic and social needs, and develop systems to facilitate Non-Motorized Transport. The Eighth National Development Plan prioritizes at improving the road network infrastructure and improve Information Communication and Technology (ICT) infrastructure for quality service delivery. These strategies are to be implemented at local level through the construction of and maintenance township and feeder roads, installation and construction of culverts and bridges, installation of mast towers, and improvement of the local community radio station for efficient transportation and communications, construction and maintenance of a bus station, establishment of a new taxi rank, construction of a filling stations and develop systems to facilitate non-motorized transport in the district. Status of Implementation of Existing Plans The district has 5 major roads leading into and out of the district namely; Chama- Matumbo Road, Chama-Lundazi Road, Tembwe Road, Muyombe Road, and Chama-Chibale Road. The municipality has a large and well-maintained street network with a drainage system. These township Roads have street lights installed, making the streets safe and secure and improve on the business hours. Chama Town Council plays a major role in the maintenance of the township roads. 116 Additionally, the district lacks a modern bus station which can house all the public transport. The district's rural areas are connected via a network of poor, often impassable, gravel and earth roads. The majority of roads require maintenance, including the construction of crossing points and bridges, which are often nonexistent. Under road development and maintenance, the Local Authority in collaboration with Road Development Agency conduct routine works for vegetation control along the Chama-Matumbo Road and Chama-Lundazi Road. The local authority has deliberately procured earth moving equipment using CDF to enhance the maintenance and development of access and feeder roads. In terms of air transport, the district has three small airfields which can only accommodate small aircrafts, however, only two (2) and functional and they lack essential infrastructure. The Luangwa River passes through the district and it is used as another mode of transport to connect Chipala and Lunzi Wards. Map 14 below displays the road network in the district. 117 Map 14: Chama district transport infrastructure Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 118 The district has 22 communication mast towers for mobile communication and radio network (Map 15). The district is served by three service providers namely, ZAMTEL (Zambia Telecommunications Network), MTN (Mobile Telecommunications Network), and AIRTEL which provide both data and voice telecommunication. The network coverage of the district provided with proper internet services and mobile network has been focused within the CBD. The quality of network outside the CBD is commonly poor to absent hence no proper internet services are provided in various areas of the IDP. There is need to amplify network coverage by all service providers. Previously, the IDP area had limited Kwenje radio coverage compared to now, that the radio station was procured network coverage boosters under CDF that has strongly increased their network coverage. 119 Map 15: Showing Telecommunication Towers and Major Roads Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 120 Issues from Public Participation Process Among the issues identified during the consultative meetings include the following; ✓ Most of the areas above 20-30km from the CBD do not have access to all the 3 networks and they do not have access to internet ✓ Limited access to social services as some roads are impassable ✓ Poor state of feeder roads leading into and out of the district centre ✓ Absence of organized bus station and taxi ranks ✓ No TV and radio signal in some parts ✓ uncompleted construction of Chama – Matumbo and Chama – Lundazi Road Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Current efforts to provide road infrastructure have been limited to only to the urban ward (Kamphemba) which have had some of its roads upgraded to bituminous standards with the rest of the district experiencing minimal to no infrastructure at all. It is anticipated that they will be an increase of traffic in the urban centre and therefore, they will be need to plan for this traffic increase. Due to population growth for both rural and urban areas, demand for food and general services will go up and consequently an increase in the movement of these goods that would lead to deteriorating of roads, hence, the need to plan for future road works and maintenance. Further, road constructions will bring about changes in land use, it is anticipated that most of the land along constructed roads will be used for commercial purposes and new settlement patterns will appear. The increase in commercial activities will improve revenue for the Local Authority and enable them deliver quality service to the people of Chama. In addition, this will improve the general economy of the district. 121 With the population projection increased there will be demand for more communication towers in the district to avoid network overloading. To boost its tourism industry, the area will have to construct an airport that would draw both domestic and foreign travelers. The tourist potential of Chama in North Luangwa National Park is considerable. The communities where growth will occur include; Chama CBD, Tembwe Centre, Kambombo Centre, Chifunda Centre, Mulilo Centre, Lundu Centre and Chikwa Centre as well as areas along the two main roads and around water points. These areas will require more services such as access roads and mobile communication network. With the construction of the Chama-Mutombo and Chama-Lundazi roads, which will boost trade and material movement, a well-designed, contemporary bus station will be required to coordinate public transportation systems. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Road transportation may have an adverse effect on climate change and the environment. Fossil fuels, the primary energy source for Chama's automobiles, trucks, and buses, contribute to the release of greenhouse gases, a primary cause of climate change. Degradation of air quality is another possible adverse environmental effect of vehicle mobility. Additionally, the district's roadways, which are primarily made of gravel, are in poor condition and emit a lot of dust, which pollutes the air. On the other hand, road infrastructure is impacted by climate change. Soil erosion and floods in the galleries are caused in part by the absence of drainage systems. These pose a risk to human health and the environment. In order to make the road network climate change robust, climate change interventions like culverts and drainage systems are required. 122 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Most road infrastructures lack bridges and drainage, which makes them susceptible to deterioration. During the rainy season, gullies and potholes form on the surfaces of the roadways. As a result, vulnerable populations—such as women, people with disabilities, and children—are unable to access institutions like healthcare facilities and schools. Furthermore, women farmers are similarly impacted as the inadequate road system limits their ability to move about and produce. The roads in the district are not user friendly to PWD, thus, there is need to ensure that road infrastructure accommodate the needs of People With Disability. External Factors Contributing to the Issue Major external factors contributing to the issue include limited resources by the Local Authority to construct, maintain and rehabilitate road network infrastructure. The Local Authority does not have enough funding to construct bituminous stand roads within the district. The maintenance of the main roads is under the jurisdiction of RDA, the LA does not conduct any works in these roads. Extension of network coverage for all the operating mobile service network providers solemnly lies within their capacity to do so; the LA however has identified and recommended areas that need mobile network services within the IDP area. ENERGY SECTOR Key Government Priorities Being and To Be Implemented at a Local Level Government through the 8NDP sees the industrialization and employment creation will be actualized through adoption of energy efficient solutions and expanded green electrification including extending power and to growth 123 centers, farm blocks, industrial parks, Multi Facility Economic Zones (MFEZs) and remote rural areas. Government further intends to promote renewable energy and alternative energy in the energy mix. In order to achieve Zambia’s aspiration to be a prosperous middle-income country by 2030, the National Energy Policy (NEP) was launched in 2019 to guide Ministries and Institutions responsible for energy services in the Zambian economy to meet the challenges of achieving access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy services. The Policy provides guidance for the continued development of the energy sector essentially on the security, affordability, supply, and utilization of energy. The Energy Policy, 2019 is in line with the political, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes that have occurred in the past decade. Description of the state of the energy sector Chama district just like any other district in the country is connected to the main National electricity grid supplied by ZESCO. Other than, getting services from ZESCO, the district has also benefited from the Rural Electrification Authority whose mandate is to provide electricity infrastructure to rural areas of Zambia using appropriate technologies. The electricity supply demand stands at 1.5 megawatts for Chama district. Chama is experiencing unprecedented development and demand for electricity supply is increasing especially after connection to the national grid. Currently, the number of households and entities that are connected to the national grid (ZESCO) in the district is estimated at approximately 1,527 representing 2.7 percent households connected to power and they are all in Kamphemba Ward. However, there is need for ZESCO to expand its current network system so as to cover other areas such as Tembwe, Chibale, Chikwa, Chifunda, Lundu, Mulilo and 124 other parts of Kambombo Chiefdoms. The district has no service/filing station. Petroleum has to be sourced from the neighboring district and this has increased the cost of doing business. Table 20 shows the number of households connected to power and how many need to be connected. The planning area has one 33KV distribution line supplying Chama. Pending developments include: ✓ Chikwa feeder at 11KV from Lundazi-Lumezi, 120km line to supply the following areas, Chifunda, Chikwa and Tembwe area and Kalovya area. ✓ Kambombo feeder at 11KV from Chama CBD, 30km line to supply the following Senior Chief Kambombos’ Palace and surrounding areas. Table 20: Households and Power Connection SN Ward % with % % without electricity pending/earmarked electricity for connection

1. Kamphemba 2.7 3.3 94

2. Other 23 wards 0 0.1 99.9 Source: ZESCO (2024) The district does not have any established solar plant providing renewable solar energy. Nevertheless, a private company called VITALITE and Climate Management has established an outlet which sells solar equipment that can only power low voltage electric appliances such as small radios, televisions, and lighting. These technologies are most predominantly used in rural areas. Map 16 illustrates the electricity distribution network in Chama. 125 Map 16: Electricity distribution network in Chama Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 126 Issues from Public Participation Process The following are the major issues that arose for the public consultation process: ✓ Limited power grid connection as most houses and entities are not connected to the main power line. ✓ Lack of alternative sources of power and energy leading to deforestation and degradation of the environment due to heavy cut down of trees for charcoal and farming. ✓ Absence of a fuel pump station and periodic fuel shortages in the surrounding districts. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Charcoal is consumed at a higher rate than electricity. These levels might rise due to the projected growth in population, which would have a detrimental impact on the environment if families don't invest in sustainable alternative energy sources or if connections to the national grid aren't increased. If the issue is not properly controlled, it is predicted that the district’s forest cover would drastically decline in the upcoming years. The figure…gives details to areas that will need power connection as the population grows. The Impact of The Continuation of Existing Trends on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns Charcoal consumption in the district is alarming, projected to double by 2030, with 345.8 million m³ of fuel wood and 25.3 million tons used annually. Traditional charcoal production, a significant economic activity and energy source, has increased from 34% to 51% in urban and rural areas. However, this growth comes at a dire environmental cost: deforestation, land degradation, and climate change impacts. As trees are harvested without replanting, the district’s land 127 cover is rapidly deteriorating, highlighting the urgent need for alternative energy investments to mitigate these consequences. Impact on Environment and Climate Change Deforestation, land degradation, and habitat loss, leading to biodiversity decline and ecosystem disruption. Burning wood and charcoal releases greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change, air pollution, and health issues. Additionally, it fuels soil erosion, water cycle disruption, and decreased carbon sequestration, exacerbating global warming. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Inadequate electricity infrastructure and reliance on charcoal and firewood disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, particularly women, children, and the elderly. Women, responsible for household energy management, bear the burden of fuel collection, cooking, and health impacts. Indoor air pollution from charcoal and firewood exposes them to respiratory risks, while collection tasks consume time and energy, limiting economic and educational opportunities. Children's health and education suffer due to poor air quality and limited lighting. The elderly, often with compromised health, face increased vulnerability to pollution-related illnesses. Additionally, people with disabilities face accessibility barriers to energy sources, exacerbating their isolation and dependence. Summary of Core Issues ✓ Inadequate Capacity to Access Power Supply ✓ 100% of households in rural wards are not connected to national power grid. ✓ inadequate alternative energy sources 128 HEALTH SECTOR The health sector aims to provide accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare services to families in Chama District, while also promoting a healthy environment. This section reviews existing plans and strategies, and identifies key challenges hindering sector development in the district. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at a Local Level Prevention of disease is a key aspect in effective public health management. The district places priority on more effective investments in primary healthcare by strengthening fundamental components of the health systems aimed at promoting and maintaining a clean, healthy environment and good nutrition in order to prevent diseases. Key Priorities of the Development Plan, Policies, Strategies and how they are to be implements at a Local Level The key priorities outlined in the 8NDP for the sector include reducing disease burden, maternal and infant mortality and increase life expectancy. This was designed to be implemented in the district through provision of quality and effective healthcare services by promoting hygiene, improved nutrition, health education, increased coverage of occupational health and ensure equity of access to quality, cost-effective and affordable maternal and child health services. The key strategies outlined in the NHS plan of 2022 focuses on addressing the health sector challenges and accelerating progress towards attainment of the national and global health goals, aimed at ensuring equitable access to quality healthcare to all in Zambia, as close to the family as possible, while leaving No One Behind. The district focuses on the equitable deployment and distribution of 129 staff, provision of suitable accommodation for staff and construction of new health facilities. Assessment of the Existing State of Development Chama has one first level referral hospital and forty-three rural health facilities. These include two Zonal health centers, eighteen health centers and twenty- three health posts as shown in Map 17 below. Patients are still faced with a challenge of distances to access medical services from the nearest health facility. The picture is that most of the patients cover a walking distance of more than 15 km especially those in the remote rural areas. Malaria incidence continues to rise in the district. Some of the interventions include Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), routine distribution of ITNs, case management and health promotion to eliminate malaria in the district. The target still remains to reduce the incidence of malaria from 571/1,000 to 271/1,000 by the year 2026. Diarrhea incidence in under five increased from 165.5/1000 in 2020 to 187/1000 in 2023 (Chama District Health Office, 2023). Coverage on Cesarean section reduced from 8% in 2022 to 7% in 2023 (Chama District Health Office, 2023). 3rd ANC coverage reduced to 19.7% from 21.3% in 2021 (Chama District Health Office, 2021). The sector has a total of 77 houses against a target of 129 houses of which many of these houses are in a poor condition. Hence the need for adequate accommodation in all the health facilities to offset this housing deficit. Only two facilities connected to piped water are on national electricity grid. The rest of the facilities are dependent on solar power which needs urgent maintenance. 130 Transport still remains a challenge in the district with high maintenance costs due to bad terrain. Only 28 health facilities have running motorbikes. There is need to urgently address transport challenges for easy referral and service delivery. 131 Map 17: Chama district health facilities Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 132 Availability and quality of Services Relevant to this Sector Availability of Facilities Currently the district has 44 health facilities of which 1 is a level one hospital, 22 health centres and 21 health posts. Given the standards provided by Ministry of Health of having a health facility after every 5km. There is need to construct more health facilities to reduce the distance being covered by the communities to access health care service. Quality of Services Table 21 shows that the district is currently in short of health personnel as the district stand at 56% (403/708) health personnel as per establishment. As a result, some health services are compromised due to lack of health personnel. Table 21: Establishment Register of Chama District Health Office Category of Staff Establishment Existing DHO Hosp. H/Cs DHO Hosp. H/Cs Medical Doctors 1 11 0 1 2 0 Nursing Staff 2 71 190 5 76 76 Clinical Officers 2 15 38 1 13 25 Medical 0 2 0 0 1 0 Licentiates Environmental 2 3 38 3 2 11 Staff Paramedical Staff 2 28 0 2 28 34 Non-medical 11 30 38 4 4 0 professional staff Other 9 63 152 8 37 66 Total 29 223 456 25 162 212 Source: District Health Office (2024) 133 Issues from Public Participation Process Chama District faces challenges in accessing healthcare services due to long distances to health facilities, with some communities located 10-30km away. To address this, there is a need to construct more health facilities, particularly in disadvantaged communities. Additionally, staff houses, water, and sanitation facilities are required to meet minimum staffing standards for quality healthcare. Identifying areas for new health facilities can help increase access to healthcare services within a 5km radius. Table 22 highlights identified communities that need health facilities. Stakeholders expressed concern on the need to ensure that all the health facilities were well-stocked in terms of drugs. Additionally, a number of roads leading to most health facilities are in a poor state, a situation that has led to delayed referral to first level facilities. The general public expressed concern on the incomplete children’s ward at the district hospital. Implying that they will be need to modernise the district hospital and construct three min hospitals in Chikwa, Lundu and Chibale. 134 Table 22: Locations in Need of Health Facilities Health Facilities Facility Name Facility Type/ Level Location Constituency Ward Needed Kamphemb Chizimba west Chama District Hospital HAHC Health Centre Rural Chama North a and FTC Kalimbila and Chibale Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Nkhankha Fukatila Chifunda Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama South Chilenje Kanyolonyolo Chigoma Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama South Vilimukulu Kakhomba Chikwa Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama South Lunzi Longa Chilubanama Rural Health Health Centre Rural Chama North Mazonde Mugaiwa Chitukula Health Post Health Post Rural Chama North Chibungwe Scheme Kalovya Health Post Health Post Rural Chama South Chilubaba Kajimomo Samamba and Kambombo Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Kalinkhu mphundu Nchuka and Kanyelele Rural Health Center Health Post Rural Chama North Mbazi munyeta Kapichila Senga Rural Health Health Centre Rural Chama South Lumezi Chimeto Kapilingizya Health Post Health Post Rural Chama North Kalinkhu Bungala Kasela Health Post Health Post Rural Chama South Chilenje Kavitimbe Lundu Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Muchinga Simon Manga Rural Health Centre Health Post Rural Chama South Vilimukulu Chasato Mapamba Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama South Mapamba Misangu Mulilo Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Chisunga Chinkhalanga 135 Mwalala Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Mwalala Katangalika Nthonkho Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Kalinkhu Sikalinga Sitwe Rural Health Center Health Centre Rural Chama North Ndunda Lupilo Mphalausen Kaozi and Dungulungu Health Post Health Post Rural Chama North ga chazoba Kabanjila Health Post Health Post Rural Chama North Nkhankha Muchinga Kambowe Health post Health Post Rural Chama North Luangwa Kankhomba Manthepa Health Post Health Post Rural Chama North Manthepa Makhondo Mundalanga Health Post Health Post Rural Chama south Bazimu Mundalanga East Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 136 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The anticipated population increase will lead to: ✓ Increase in demand for additional health services and facilities ✓ Increased demand for more Human Resource and capacity development ✓ Increased demand for healthier infrastructure ✓ Increased demand for medical requisites and supplies ✓ Cost of health infrastructure Therefore, to meet the demand of health services in future, Table 23 give details of the interventions that are needed. Table 23: Proposed Programme Interventions S/N Proposed intervention Activity 1 Health Infrastructure Construction of maternity annex in 38 health equipment and facilities. transport development Completion of Children’s ward at the District Hospital. Construction of 55 staff houses in 40 facilities. Construction of incinerators and placenta pits in 23 facilities. Connecting of 41 Health Facilities to piped water. 137 Proposed construction of seven (7) Health posts and Two (3) mini hospitals in the following proposed sites.

1. Nkhaka ward (Chibale)- Mini Hospital

2. Lunzi ward (Chikwa) - Mini Hospital

3. Muchinga ward (Lundu)- Min Hospital

4. Mbazi Ward (Chavunikila, Mwanda) - Health posts.

5. Vilimukulu ward (Chasato) - Health post

6. Kaozi ward (Kaozi farm scheme) Health Post

7. Muchinga ward (Mwakana) - Health Post

8. Chisunga ward (Mukumbo) - Health Post

9. Mphalausenga ward (Mwendakuzulu) - Health Post

10. Chibungwe Ward (Kamphata) - Health Post Procurement of Ambulances and servicing the existing ones Procurement of Motorbikes for 44 health facilities Connect 34 health facility with off grid power supply Source: Chama Town Council (2024) Map 18, illustrates the areas of need for health services. 138 Map 18: Chama district proposed health facilities. Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 139 Impact of Ongoing and Committed Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns The current constructions which are ongoing in the district such as the Tembwe mini hospital will reduce the work overload for district hospital as some minor cases from Chama south will be attended to at the min hospital. And the distance which people travel to access health services will be reduced. This will further spur settlement development around the new mini hospital. Impact of Environment and Climate Change Climate change -related weather events strain healthcare staff, disrupt physical infrastructures; interrupt supply chains making it difficult to treat patients and threatening healthcare quality and safety. The establishment of health facilities in Chama District is a commendable initiative; however, the incinerators installed at these facilities pose a significant environmental concern. The emission of greenhouse gases from these incinerators contributes to climate change, which is anticipated to exacerbate the morbidity and mortality rates associated with climate-sensitive diseases. Malaria, being the most prevalent disease in Chama District, necessitates continuous monitoring due to the district's propensity for flash floods. The perennial flooding creates stagnant water pools, providing ideal breeding environments for mosquitoes that transmit malaria. Consequently, it is essential to prioritize measures that mitigate the environmental impact of health facilities while ensuring the district's preparedness to address the challenges posed by climate change. 140 Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Chama District's healthcare system faces numerous challenges, including inadequate infrastructure and services, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations such as women, girls, and differently abled persons. Pregnant women, in particular, face significant obstacles in accessing antenatal services, often having to travel long distances. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to raise awareness about critical health issues, including cervical and prostate cancer. The district also grapples with high rates of HIV/AIDS, underscoring the importance of targeted interventions such as voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) to prevent new infections. Additionally, the establishment of a One Stop Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Centre is crucial, as it will provide a safe and supportive environment for survivors of GBV, while also serving as a hub for awareness-raising and prevention efforts to address this pervasive issue. External Factors Contributing to The Issue ✓ Recruiting of health workers ✓ Construction of hospitals lies with the central government ✓ Procurement of required quantities of medical supplies Summary of Core Issues ✓ Inadequate health facilities ✓ Inadequate health staff ✓ Low supplies of essential medicine ✓ Inadequate supplies of facility equipment’s ✓ Inaccessible health facilities 141 EDUCATION SECTOR The district's education sector aims to provide quality and inclusive education, aligned with the ministry's mandate, to meet the demands of a rapidly changing economy and technological landscape. The sector will review existing plans and strategies, identify key challenges, and address core issues affecting its development. Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level The Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP) prioritizes the education sector, focusing on strategies to enhance educational infrastructure, boost labor productivity, integrate ICT equipment, and foster private sector participation in education service delivery ¹. To actualize these priorities, the district plans to construct adequate infrastructure, leveraging support from the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and cooperating partners. The National Education Policy (1996) is anchored on the Vision 2030. The policy aims to promote innovative and productive life-long education and training for all by 2030 and also become a regional centre of excellence in education. With a view of attaining this policy, the district has been promoting programmes such as infrastructure development for ECE, Primary and Secondary and lobbing deployment of more teachers for all levels. The Re-entry policy mandates schools to allow girls back into the school system who previously left due to pregnancy. Assessment of the Existing State of Development The government takes the lead in providing education in the district, with the provincial and district education offices offering services at primary, secondary, 142 and tertiary levels. Other key players in the district's education sector include faith- based organizations and private institutions. Availability and Quality of Services Relevant to this Sector Available Education Facilities and Services in the District The sector has a total number of 161 education facilities as shown in Map 19, out of which: 80 are primary schools, 69 are community schools and twelve (12) secondary schools out of which 3 are boarding and 9 are day secondary schools. In addition, the district has 76 ECE centres (annexed) and a special education unit (annexed) for learners with special education needs (LSEN). There is also one tertiary education facility for youth skills training. The district has a total of 984 teachers that are providing education services to the learners. Going by national standards, the quality of education services being provided in the district is measured by considering the number of available facilities against the standards and the number of teachers against the minimum standard teacher-pupil ratio as depicted in Table 24, Table 25, Table 26, and Table 27. Table 24: Enrolment Rate as at 2024 S/N CATEGORY NUMBER OF ENROLMENT BY TOTAL INSTITUTIONS GENDER BOYS GIRLS 1 ECE (ANNEXED) 76 1752 1968 3720 2 PRIMARY (COMMUNITY) 69 5259 5228 10487 3 PRIMARY (GRZ) 80 15606 14843 30449 4 SECONDARY (GRZ) 12 3769 2411 6180 143 PRIVATE OWED 5 2 194 228 422 (Registered) 6 SEN (ANNEXED) 1 17 16 33 TOTALS 26597 24694 51291 Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) 144 Map 19: Education Facilities in Chama Source: Chama Debs (2024) 145 In the primary category, 24 schools run up to grade 9 (Open Learning Centres). The total enrolment (G8 and G9) stood at 1, 837. The Special Education Needs (SEN) unit is annexed at Chama Primary School. The 76 ECE centres are annexed within some primary schools. Table 25: Distribution of Teachers ECE CENTRES PRIMARY-GRZ PRIMARY SECONDARY GRAND COMMUNITY TOTAL Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 14 30 44 353 171 524 66 26 92 225 99 324 984 Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) The district has one facility in the tertiary sector which is Chama Youth Skills Training Centre. Teacher – Pupil Ratio Going by the number of available teachers to provide education services and standards set (Table 25), the teacher-pupil ratio at early childhood education stand at 1:85, in primary schools, the ratio stood at 1: 67, and 1:19 in secondary schools. From these ratios, it is evident that the district is below the recommended standard of 1:25 by UNESCO. Pupil -To -Desk Ratio, Average Pupil – To – Classroom Ratio, Desk to Pupil and Book -to-Pupil Ratio There is still need for more books at all levels as depicted in the Table 26 below. Table 26: Expected National Education Standards S//N CRITERIA STANDARD CURRENT STATUS (on average) 146 5km to Education 1 Distance Facilities 2 Teacher / Pupil Ratio 1:40 1:52 3 Classroom -Pupil Ratio -ECE 1:25 1:85 -Primary 1:40 1:67 -Secondary 1:35 1:25 4 Desk -to -Pupil Ratio 1:2 1:8 5 Book -Pupil ratio ECE 1:1 1:5 PRIMARY 1:1 1:15 SECONDARY 1:1 1:7 Source: Chama DEBS (2024) Table 27: Desks and Average Pupil – to – Classroom Ratio AVERAGE AVERAGE PUPIL: CLASSROOMS DESKS AVAILABLE PUPIL: DESK CLASSROOM RATIO RATIO Perm Temp Total Available Shortfall 535 215 750 9,975 15,780 5:1 69:1 Source: Chama DEBS (2024) There is still need of more classroom space and desks as depicted in Table 27. Sanitary Facilities The sector has a number of sanitary and water sources which are functional in different categories. Table 28 shows the statistics. Table 28: Availability of Sanitary Facilities and Water Sources. TOILETS AVAILABLE WATER 147 Water VIP Pit Total Shortage Piped Hand Wells None borne Latrine Water pump Boreholes 84 1236 109 1429 631 16 98 31 9 Source: Chama DEBS (2024) From the table above, there is still a large deficit of water and sanitation facilities in the district. Assessment of the Overall Performance of the District The education sector in the district has underperformed due to a shortage of teachers across early childhood, primary and secondary education levels. Additional factors contributing to this poor performance include teacher attrition, absenteeism caused by natural disasters and human-animal conflicts, as well as low re-enrollment rates following early marriages and teenage pregnancies. The performance of the district in the national examinations at different levels for the past three (3) years is as depicted in Table 29. Table 29: Comparative Pass Rates in National Exams S/N YEAR GRADE 7 GRADE 9 GRADE 12 1 2021 30.60% 50.60% 69.30% 2 2022 30.70 56.10% 54.90% 3 2023 51.30% 42.30% 56.60% Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) Progression Rates From the Table 30 and Table 31, in 2023, the number of girls who enrolled for grade 7 examinations was high (1893). However, those who progressed to grade 8 were only 695 which imply that more than half the number (1198) of the learners failed. 148 It is also indicative that from 2022 to 2023 boys’ progression rate to Grade 8 increased by 1.68% whilst that for girls reduced by 3.13%. From 2022 to 2023, the progression rate to Grade 10 reduced by 4.96% for boys whilst that of girls reduced by a bigger percentage, that is 12.33%. From grade 7 and 9 levels, it is observed that the progression rate for girls keeps on declining. Table 30: Progression Rate (Grade 7 to 8) in 2022 and 2023 2022 GRADE 7 PROGRESSION RATE TO GRADE 8 GENDER No. ENROLLED No. PASSED RATE (%) BOYS 2149 1027 25.9 GIRLS 1816 790 19.92 TOTALS 3965 1817 45.83 2023 GENDER No. ENROLLED No. PASSED RATE (%) BOYS 2247 1142 27.58 GIRLS 1893 695 16.79 TOTALS 4140 1837 44.37 Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) Table 31: Progression Rate (Grade 9 to 10) in 2022 and 2023 GRADE 9 PROGRESSION RATE TO GRADE 10 2022 GENDER No. ENROLLED No. PASSED RATE (%) BOYS 1318 1019 44 GIRLS 998 775 33.46 TOTALS 2316 1794 77.46 149 2023 GENDER No. ENROLLED No. PASSED RATE (%) BOYS 1234 839 39.04 GIRLS 915 454 21.13 TOTALS 2149 1293 60.17 Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) 1.2.1.2 Completion Rates The completion rate at grade 12 in the past two years, that is 2022 and 2023 stood at 89.15% and 90.04% respectively. It can also be noticed from Table 31 and Table 32 that numbers of learners who missed exams where much lower than those at Junior Secondary level proceeding to grade 10. Table 32: Completion Rates at Grade 12 (2022 and 2023) 2022 2023 GRADE 12 COMPLETION GRADE 12 COMPLETION RATE RATE No. No. RATE No. No. RATE GENDER ENROLLED SAT (%) GENDER ENROLLED SAT (%) BOYS 503 458 62.91 BOYS 533 483 58.69 GIRLS 225 191 26.24 GIRLS 290 258 31.35 TOTALS 728 649 89.15 TOTALS 823 741 90.04 Source: Chama DEBS’ Office (2024) Issues from Public Participation Process Members of the community essentially identified two main problems: insufficient facilities for schooling and insufficiently good housing for primary and secondary school teachers. Due to crowded classrooms that impair students' ability to concentrate, the quality of services offered to communities has suffered. 150 Other issues were raised: ✓ Poor road infrastructure leading to schools, ✓ Lack of standardised early childhood development centres all primary schools, ✓ Lack of ECE teachers and play parks in some schools, ✓ Long distances to schools, ✓ Inadequate teaching staff ✓ Human-wildlife conflicts which lead to more absenteeism in highly wildlife infested areas ✓ Lack of adequate teaching and learning materials in some schools. Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years The population is expected to increase by 2.5% each year. This will result in an increased demand for quality education services. Therefore, it will exert more pressure on the already inadequate teaching staff and learning space in all learning facilities. Therefore, construction of a Girls secondary school at Kaozi Resettlement Scheme will be paramount, a special education secondary school with boarding facilities near Chama Primary School. As such, there will be need for deployment of more specialized teaching staff. Impact of Ongoing Development Programmes on Land Use and Population Distribution Patterns It is anticipated that the on-going developmental programs will increase literacy levels among the locals and construction of more infrastructure will lead to limited land space for future constructions. 151 Impact on The Environment and Climate Change Deforestation and air pollution are two ways that building school infrastructure can harm the environment. The ecology and landscape will be physically impacted by construction and rehabilitation projects, borehole drilling, leach field and water-borne toilet excavations, and other activities. The buildings that are built must withstand the effects of climate change. However, environment and Climate Change have the following impacts on the sector; ✓ Destructions of staff houses and school buildings due to floods and storms leading to blown off of roofs ✓ Escalation of diseases and stress ✓ Compromised health of learners Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups Chama District faces significant disparities in literacy rates among females, largely attributed to deeply ingrain sociocultural norms, early marriages, adolescent pregnancies, economic constraints, and geographical barriers to education. To address these inequities and promote inclusive education, the district has adopted a progressive re-entry policy. This policy enables pregnant girls to continue their education after childbirth, thereby safeguarding their right to education and fostering a more equitable learning environment. External Factors Contributing to The Issue Basically, the major external factor contributing to the identified issues was with regard to inadequate funding for school operations, and low staffing levels resulting from the national budget constraints. 152 Summary of Core Issues ✓ Distribution of education facilities is uneven ✓ High enrolments ✓ Inadequate staff accommodation ✓ Low staffing levels ✓ Inadequate sanitation infrastructure ✓ Inadequate skills training institutions in the district COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL SERVICES SECTOR Key Government Priorities to Be Implemented at A Local Level In promoting social well-being and development across the district, the government is focusing on integrating vulnerable and marginalized groups into development initiatives and enhancing access to social welfare services. These efforts aim to alleviate poverty and foster conditions conducive to economic growth. In line with this, Chama district has been rolling out several key programs. Aligned with the goals of the Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP), the district prioritizes reducing poverty, vulnerability, and inequality while strengthening its policy and governance frameworks. Programs such as the Food Security Pack (FSP), Supporting Women’s Livelihoods, Women’s Empowerment, and Social Cash Transfers use registered beneficiary data, while initiatives like Self- help, Adult Literacy, Early Child Marriage prevention, and Family Reintegration are case-specific. In terms of national policies, the district implements the National Policy on Disability, supporting the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This policy strives to make the country more inclusive for people with disabilities, with Chama district also acting. Efforts include inclusive infrastructure 153 designs for health facilities, schools, and markets, incorporating features like ramps to improve accessibility. Assessment of the Existing State of Development Statutory services focus on legislative aspects, particularly regarding child welfare, and include the Day Nurseries Act, CAP 313, the Adoption Act, CAP 54, the Maintenance Orders Act, CAP 55, the Juveniles Act, CAP 54, and the Probation of Offenders Act, CAP 93 of Zambia. (a) Court Investigations Social Welfare Officers, designated as Child Welfare Inspectors, conduct investigations on behalf of the courts to provide recommendations that support fair and beneficial outcomes for juvenile offenders. The department handles 6 to 10 court investigation cases per quarter. (b) Probation of Offenders Probation involves either institutional or community-based rehabilitation for juveniles in conflict with the law, supervised by a Probation Officer under the Probation of Offenders Act, CAP 93. This constitutional duty of the Department of Social Welfare aims to guide juveniles towards responsible citizenship through intensive counseling. The department typically manages at least 10 juvenile probation cases. Non-Statutory Services Non-statutory services include social assistance programs like the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS), Drought Emergency Social Cash Transfer (D-ECT), and Social Cash Transfer (SCT), aimed at poverty alleviation in local communities. (a) Public Welfare Assistance Scheme 154 PWAS focuses on providing necessary goods and services, not cash, to vulnerable groups, including the incapacitated and terminally ill. Due to limited funding, the support provided is often insufficient. (b) Drought Emergency Social Cash Transfer (D-ECT) This government initiative assists households affected by drought during the 2021/2022 and 2023/2024 farming seasons. It includes both vertical expansion (increased support for existing SCT beneficiaries) and horizontal expansion (support for new households affected by disasters). Chama currently has 5,389 D- ECT beneficiaries, totaling 7,105 since the first phase in 2023. (c) Social Cash Transfer (SCT) The SCT program provides bimonthly cash support to vulnerable households, aiming to reduce extreme poverty and prevent its transmission to future generations. Households with disabled members receive double the standard transfer, amounting to K800, while others receive K400. In Chama, 8,139 households benefit from SCT, and some have used their funds to invest in livestock and housing, thereby building assets and improving their quality of life. Supporting Women’s Livelihood (Grievance Redress Mechanism, Village Banking): The Supporting Women’s Livelihoods (SWL) programmes to beneficiaries include, context-specific training, mentoring and peer support, the provision of productivity grants, and facilitation of savings groups. Chama is one of the districts in Zambia implementing the GEWEL project. The district has three (3) sub-centre staff and 119 community-based volunteers (CBVs) who are trained and are now helping to run the project at community level. 155 Availability of Services ✓ Food Security Pack (Rain-Fed, Wetland, and Alternative Livelihood Intervention): Available in the wards of Lumezi, Mapamba, Mbazi, Kampemba, Chilenje, Vilimukulu, Lunzi, and Chilubaluba. ✓ Supporting Women’s Livelihood: All wards are covered under this program, including grievance redress and village banking services, though CWACs not receiving benefits are still being identified. The Women Empowerment program is also accessible in all wards. ✓ Social Cash Transfer: Accessible in all wards. ✓ Early Child Marriage: NGOs, like UNICEF, target high-risk areas such as Chibale and Chikwa ✓ Family Reintegration, Child Justice, and Public Welfare Assistance Scheme (PWAS): Services cover all areas. Service Quality Community Development: ✓ Food Security Pack: High-quality service with packs distributed before the rains. Each pack includes 10 kg of maize seed, 3 bags of fertilizer (1 Urea, 2 D compound), and 10 kg of legumes (groundnuts, beans, cowpeas, and soybeans). ✓ Supporting Women’s Livelihood: Beneficiaries receive grants promptly. ✓ Self-Help Program: CDF funding is disbursed on time. ✓ Adult Literacy: Classes are held twice weekly, led by instructors in the absence of officers. ✓ Women Empowerment: Available in all wards, with inputs provided on time. 156 Social Welfare: ✓ Social Cash Transfer: Funding is timely, ensuring prompt payments. ✓ Early Child Marriage: Includes training for guardians, case management, and mentoring young boys. CWAC structures support children’s return to school. ✓ Family Reintegration: Focuses on reuniting juvenile offenders with families. ✓ Child Justice: Offers legal assistance to children based on case data. ✓ PWAS: Provides emergency aid to vulnerable residents, mainly in Chama, though funding is insufficient. Issues Arising from the Public Participation Process Community Development: ✓ Food Security Pack: The limited number of beneficiaries prompts calls for government expansion to cover more recipients across social protection programs. Social Welfare: ✓ Social Cash Transfer: the district has a total number of 105 Social Welfare Assistance Committees (CWACs) of which 45 is in Chama South Constituency and 60 are in Chama North Constituency. However, the project is only in 93 CWACs thus, limited in beneficiary coverage. ✓ Early Child Marriage: Cultural challenges, such as parental resistance and fear of retaliation (witchcraft threats) toward CWAC members, hinder progress. Child offenders in Chama lack juvenile facilities and are placed with adult offenders. ✓ PWAS: Funding remains insufficient for program needs 157 Impact of Changes Anticipated Over the Next Ten Years Impact of Environment and Climate Change The district has recognized several key growth areas in response to the observed population increase and economic expansion. Major growth nodes include Chibale, Lundu, Kalinkhu, Kambombo, Chikwa, and Chifunda, while secondary growth nodes are Kanyelele, Katangalika, Tembwe, Kalovya, Chasato, Manga, and Kalasa. Investments in infrastructure, such as roads, schools, and healthcare facilities, are expected to drive economic activity, promote urbanization, and cause a shift in population centers toward newly developed zones. Improved social protection programs may improve living conditions, encouraging rural-to- urban migration in search of better opportunities and services. This shift is likely to lead to a change in land use, moving from traditional agriculture to a broader mix of residential and commercial developments. These transitions will also affect the allocation of resources and services, influencing both demographic trends and spatial planning within the district. The impacts include shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns, which influence crop yields and the overall availability of food. Additionally, climate-related displacement leads to migration and social upheaval. In flood-prone areas, floods can also damage critical infrastructure within affected communities. Issues Arising Relating to Gender Groups and Vulnerable Groups The program helps women, girls, boys, men, vulnerable individuals, and those living with HIV/AIDS, as long as they fulfill the selection criteria, with no issues. 158 External Factors Contributing to The Issue The district’s role in handling caseloads is limited because the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services determines the number of cases it oversees. Similarly, the district lacks decision-making power regarding the funding it receives for its programs, making it reliant on external allocations to carry out its initiatives. Furthermore, the district’s ability to influence the effectiveness of its programs is impacted by the capacity of other organizations involved in areas like Child Justice and early marriage prevention. Since these partners operate independently, the district cannot fully manage or direct their contributions. When it comes to community beliefs and practices, the district does not have direct authority to enforce cultural changes. Instead, it relies on awareness initiatives and educational programs, such as those aimed at teaching young men about responsible adulthood. These efforts serve to gradually influence attitudes within the community, fostering a shift toward more positive societal norms. Summary of Core Issues ✓ Lack of facilities to accommodate victims and offenders of Early Child Marriages ✓ Inadequate funding for programmes under Public Welfare Assistance Schemes ✓ Limited beneficiaries of Food Security Pack and Social Cash Transfer 159 SUMMARY OF CORE ISSUES Table 33: Summary of core issues Economic Transformation and Job Human and Social Environmental Good Governance Creation Development Sustainability Limited access to finance Limited access to clean Deforestation Unplanned settlement Limited access to a sustainable and safe water Extinction of wildlife expansion market Insufficient sanitation Human-wildlife conflicts Unplanned customary land Low agricultural yields infrastructure Unsustainable agriculture Less participation of Untapped tourism potential Inadequate education practices vulnerable groups in civic Informal mining activities facilities Uncontrolled mining leadership Limited entrepreneurship skills Lack of skills training activities Inadequate security Limited animal production institutions infrastructure Lack of access to alternative energy Inadequate health sources facilities Lack of factories for value addition High-dependency age Insufficient agriculture storage groups facilities Early marriages and teen Insufficient livestock and fisheries pregnancies infrastructure Inadequate housing Limited and poor transport infrastructure infrastructure Lack of safe spaces Limited energy infrastructure Limited communication infrastructure 160 PART THREE: DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK Introduction The Development Framework was created based on a comprehensive analysis of key issues highlighted in the Planning Surveys and Issues Report from the previous chapter. It serves as the guiding plan for the district's development from 2025 to 2035. The vision for Chama District With the perspective of the future at hand, Chama district’s long-term vision is: “An interlinked, socio-economically sound and environmentally sustainable district by 2045” Mission statement for Chama district To enhance socio-economic development through facilitating an interlinked transport network, infrastructural development, social well-being, and diversified economy in a sustainable manner. Key aspects of the vision Chama district crafted its vision for the next ten years through reflexivity or self- reflection; the district took into consideration; Interlinkages - Chama District's strategic location, bordering six districts and one international border, presents vast trade opportunities. However, inadequate transportation and communication infrastructure has hindered regional and 161 international trade growth. To overcome this, the district aims to develop an integrated transport and communication network that will unlock potential in agriculture, tourism, and other sectors. Socio-economically sound - The vision seeks to create a prosperous district where economic growth and social well-being coexist. This will be achieved through fostering a vibrant economy, reducing poverty and inequality, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, collaborations and partnerships, and ensuring access to quality services. Environmental sustainability - Chama District's natural riches are threatened by unsustainable practices. Chama will shift to eco-friendly lifestyles and renewable energy sources, like solar power, that will protect the environment and secure a sustainable future. Ultimately, it is the combined synergy or unified function of these factors that will bring Chama district’s vision to life. Planning Values for the Chama District IDP As a basis to realize this vision, Chama district has identified and adopted the following values; Transparency and Trust: Open communication, honesty, and reliability in all planning processes and decision making. Inclusivity and Respect: Valuing diversity, engaging stakeholders, and respecting community perspectives. Shared Purpose and Vision: Craft clear, unified long-term goals that will give purpose to collaboration, motivating stakeholders to work towards a common objective and resolve conflicts constructively. 162 Adaptability and Resilience: Embracing flexibility, learning from experience, and coping with uncertainty. Accountability and Responsibility: Taking ownership of planning decisions and actions. These values will be foundational to nurturing a collaborative environment where the district and multiple stakeholders will achieve a unified long-term vision effectively. 163 Policies to direct development of the IDP Area The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) outlines seven (07) key policies or overarching goals to guide Chama District's development. Table 34: Suggested policies, objectives, programs, and activities to address core issues POLICIES OBJECTIVES PROGRAMS ACTIVITIES DIVERSIFICATION Promote tourism - Infrastructure - Rehabilitation of 10 kilometers OF THE LOCAL diversification development and construction of 10 kilometers ECONOMY - Tourism product of outfitter roads in the district THROUGH Improve agricultural development - Construction of 3 bush camps TOURISM production and - Tourism promotion and Kambombo, Tembwe, and PROMOTION, productivity marketing Chikwa, 1 5-star hotel Chifunda, AGRICULTURAL - Wildlife management and 1 lodge in Lundu Chiefdom. DIVERSIFICATION, Promote value-addition - Skills training - Establish smallholder low-cost AND VALUE and manufacturing - Agricultural community irrigation schemes in 7 ADDITION mechanization camps (Chama Central Camp Promote Traditional and - Farmer input support (kapalakonje), Non-traditional minerals - Agroforestry and tree kalovya,kanyelele,lundu,chibale, crop development mundalanga) 164 - Agribusiness - Promote crop diversification of development soya beans, groundnuts, and rice - Irrigation development by establishing a food fare - Fisheries and center/venue in the district. aquaculture - Strengthen existing early warning development systems by installing early warning - Livestock development equipment in all 31 camps in the - Extension services district support - Promote Climate Smart - Early warning and Agriculture through establishing surveillance systems farmer field demonstration - Farm block and centres (CSA) in all 30 agricultural resettlement schemes camps of Chama district by 2033. development - Enhance market linkages through - Artisanal and small- establishing 8 market centres in scale mining the district and 7 crop storage development depots - Promote agricultural technologies and value chains for rice production by establishing an agro-processing industry 165 - Construct 4 livestock centres in Kalovya, Kanyelele, Chasato, and Chizimba - Construct 4 livestock market centres in Chifunda, Mapamba, Chikwa, and Tembwe - Construct 2 livestock slaughter facilities - Plant 40ha of pasture (10ha Farmer’s training centre, 10ha Chasato, 10ha Kaozi, and 10ha Kanyelele) - Construct 5 dip tanks (FTC, Kanyelele, Chasato, Kalovya, and Kaozi) - Promote artisanal small-scale mining through the establishment of a Public Private Partnership campaign. - Settlement fencing in areas prone to Human-Wildlife conflict (Chifunda, and Chikwa for a start) 166 DEVELOPMENT OF - Enhance road - Road development and - Construction of 500 Km of feeder TRANSPORT AND infrastructure maintenance roads COMMUNICATION - Rehabilitate - Aviation development - Construction of 12 Bridges and INFRASTRUCTURE township roads - Communication crossing points - Maintain district technology - Rehabilitation of 422 km of feeder airstrips development roads - Improve district - Rehabilitation of 7 crossing points communication - Installation of streetlights - Construction of drainages - Vegetation control along major roads and the airstrips - Upgrade 1no. Airstrip to accommodate foreign tourists - Construction of 5no. communication mast - Construct a truck park ENHANCEMENT OF - Increase access Public and social housing - Improve/upgrade Mtayachalo SOCIAL SERVICE to decent and settlement DELIVERY affordable Settlement improvement - Construction of two dams for housing water storage and irrigation Water quality monitoring 167 - Improve access - Establish and enhance the to clean and safe Infrastructure development management of 2 well fields, 25 water supply and maintenance local Aquifers, and 5 boreholes in - Improve the district Sanitation Solid waste management - Construct 10 mechanized water Services systems within ten institutions Sanitation and hygiene years - Enhance access promotion - Promote the attaining of the ODF to quality, status in all 24 wards by 2035 equitable, and Increase access to quality - Promote public sanitation by inclusive healthcare constructing 5 public toilets in 5 education public institutions in the next 5 Early childhood education years - Increase access - Construction of 3 mini-hospitals in to quality Primary education Chikwa, Chibale, and Lundu healthcare - Construct 3 secondary schools (1 Adult literacy in Chiri Zone, a Girls Boarding - Enhance welfare Secondary school in Kaozi, and a and livelihoods of Secondary education special needs secondary school poor and in Kamphemba) vulnerable - Upgrade 5 community schools to people primary level (Makeni, Kajimomo, 168 Samamba, Mwanisiya, and - To ensure that all Sambako) communities in - Construction of 5 CRBs in the next the district have 10 years access to quality - Establish ECE centers in all 149 education primary and community schools services by 2035 - Establish recreational facilities in - To ultimately all 161 schools in the next 10 years reduce maternal - Connect 90% of households in the and infant urban area to the water supply deaths and and reticulation network by 2035 improve health - Provide 90% of rural households service care with clean and safe water by - To raise 2035 community - Rehabilitate the old water awareness of the storage tank importance of - Construct 1 sewer pond and education procure 1 vacuum tanker - Enhance solid waste management (Procure 1 skip loader, two skip bins, construct 2 169 refuse bays, and have dumpsite approved by ZEMA) PROMOTE ENERGY - Enhance the - Electricity transmission - Upscale distribution network to MIX GENERATION generation, and distribution 1000 households by 2035 AND DISTRIBUTION transmission, and - Energy efficiency - Facilitate the establishment of a distribution of promotion solar power plant in Kambombo electricity - Off-grid energy solutions chiefdom by 2035 - Enhance - Green and renewable - Facilitate the establishment of a management of energy filling station in the district by 2035 petroleum - Infrastructure products development ENHANCED Women, Youth and Livelihood and empowerment - Facilitate the disbursement of ACCESS TO community schemes decentralization CDF Grants and Loan FINANCIAL empowerment empowerments SERVICES - Facilitating for backstopping of cooperatives applying for empowerment funding ENHANCE Enhance resilience to - Land, forest, and water - Place 250,000 Ha under ENVIRONMENTAL natural hazards, climate management community forest management 170 PROTECTION AND change, and wildlife- and promote smart forest SUSTAINABILITY related risks - Green and renewable management within 5 years. energy (Mulilo, Chibale, Kambombo) - Strengthening the capacity of - Early warning system exiting 17 CFMGs - Restore 500 hectares of - Resilient infrastructure degraded forest area by development establishing and managing a nursery of 500,000 tree seedlings - Wildlife risk - Encouraging forest-based management industries through capacity- building training in the 17 CFMGs - Climate change communities adaptation - Encouraging forest-based industries (bee-keeping) - Flood risk management - Strengthen Climate Change Adaptation (construct 10 - Drought risk mechanized water systems in management strategic institutions within 10 years) - Promote research and development in water resources 171 and management by establishing one climate-smart water harvesting technology - Promoting Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in the 30 agricultural camps of Chama district by 2033. - Establish Off-Grid Energy Solutions (a Solar power plant in the Kambombo area) - Training agriculture officers in 31 camps in early warning systems (surveillance, data collection, and reporting). PROMOTE - Enhance citizen - Participatory planning - Facilitate citizen-led planning INCLUSIVE participation in and governance such as planning and budgeting GOVERNANCE AT decision-making - Citizen engagement land use planning THE LOCAL LEVEL processes. - Inclusive services - Holding regular public hearings - Foster programme and town hall meetings transparency - Transparency and - Implement a Citizen Report Card and accountability program Initiative 172 accountability in - Capacity building - Training and orientation of local local - Social inclusion officials governance. - Partnership and - Vulnerable group's outreach - Promote equal collaboration initiatives access to public - Land management and - Facilitate the establishment of services and administration two planning agreements in opportunities. Kambombo and Chikwa - Strengthen chiefdoms community engagement and social cohesion. - Strengthen land management and administration - Development objectives, programmes, and development strategies Table 35: Development objectives, programmes, and development strategies SDA 1 ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION AND JOB CREATION 173 SECTORS TOURISM, AGRICULTURE, MINING, AND MANUFACTURING MAIN OBJECTIVE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH TOURISM PROMOTION, AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION, AND VALUE ADDITION SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS To promote local Develop the Infrastructure Rehabilitation of Kilometers of Improved and No. of kilometers More users tourism outfitter road development 10 kilometers outfitter roads increased road of outfitter roads utilizing outfitter infrastructure and constructed users for outfitter rehabilitated roads construction of and activities and 10 10 kilometers of rehabilitated kilometers of Increased outfitter roads outfitter roads number of constructed outfitter activity participants/ tourists To promote local Developing Infrastructure Construction of Bush camps, 5- Improved No. of bush Improved tourism hospitality and development 3 bush camps star hotels, and hospitality and camps, 1 5-star hospitality and tourism Kambombo, lodges tourism hotel, and 1 tourism infrastructure Tembwe, and constructed environment lodge environment Chikwa, 1 5-star constructed hotel Chifunda, Increased and 1 lodge in number of Lundu tourists Chiefdom. Increased local revenue 174 Enhancement of Restocking of Wildlife Large mammal Elephants and Population of No. of elephants Increased wildlife wildlife Management aerial surveys buffaloes key species and Buffaloes number of management in conducted restocked increased restocked tourists in the the district Restocking of district large mammals in Nyika National Park To promote crop Promoting Agribusiness Promote crop Food fare Increased No. of food fare Increased diversification agricultural development diversification of centers diversification of centres production of crop soya beans, established crops produced established rice, soya diversification groundnuts, (Rice, soya beans, and and rice by beans, and ground nuts establishing a ground nuts) food fare center/venue in the district. To improve Facilitate food Agribusiness Conduct Farmer camps Increased No. of farmers Improved knowledge of processing development Training in food trained in food number of camps trained practice of food food processing and nutrition processing and processing and camps trained in food processing and and nutrition training nutrition in all 31 nutrition in practicing processing and nutrition in camps food processing nutrition agricultural and nutrition camps To improve Establishing Early warning Strengthen Camps with Improved No. of camps Improved disaster early warning and surveillance existing early established resilience to with established resilience to resilience systems systems warning systems early warning climatic early warning climatic equipment in by installing systems impacts systems impacts all 31 camps early warning equipment in all Reduced loss of 31 camps in the crop harvests district 175 To promote Establish Irrigation Promote Farmer field Increased No. of field Improved climate-smart farmer field development Climate Smart demonstration number of demonstration agricultural agriculture demonstration Agriculture centers camps centers practices and centres through established practicing established in 31 environmental establishing sustainable camps sustainability farmer field agriculture demonstration centres (CSA) in all 31 agricultural camps of Chama district by 2035. To increase Establish Agribusiness Enhance Market centers Increased No. of market Improved access to the market centers development market linkages established and access to the centres access to the market and and construct by establishing 8 crop storage market and established and market and storage for crop crop storage market centers depots crop storage crop storage improved crop harvests depots in the district constructed depots depots storage and constructed constructing 7 Increased crop storage agricultural depots production and productivity To enhance rice Establish an Agribusiness Promote Agro- Increased rice An established Improved rice production and agro- development agricultural processing processing rice agro- processing and develop the rice processing technologies industries processing trade both processing value industry and value established industry within and chain chains for rice outside the production by district establishing an agro-processing industry 176 To enhance Establishing Livestock Construct 4 Livestock Improved No. of Improved livestock livestock development livestock centres livestock constructed livestock trade management in centres centres in constructed management livestock in the district the district Kalovya, centres Kanyelele, Chasato, and Chizimba To enhance Establishing Agribusiness Construct 4 Livestock Increased No. of livestock Increased livestock trade in livestock development livestock market market centres livestock trade market centres number of the district market centres centres in established established livestock Chifunda, farmers and Mapamba, traders Chikwa, and Tembwe To promote Constructing Agribusiness Construct 2 Livestock Improved No. of slaughter Improved hygiene in slaughter development livestock slaughter management facilities handling of livestock product facilities slaughter facilities of livestock constructed livestock management facilities constructed products products Reduced spread of diseases To increase Plant pasture Livestock Plant 40ha of Hectares of Increased No. hectares of Improved pasture for for livestock development pasture (10ha Pasture planted pasture for pasture planted livestock livestock grazing Farmer’s livestock production training centre, grazing 10ha Chasato, Improved 10ha Kaozi, and livestock 10ha Kanyelele) product quality To improve Construction Livestock Construct 5 dip Dip tanks Improved No. of dip tanks Improved livestock health of dip tanks development tanks (FTC, constructed livestock health constructed livestock health 177 Kanyelele, Chasato, Improved Kalovya, and livestock trade Kaozi) To promote Establish Public Artisanal and PPPs for PPPs established Improved No. of PPPs for Improved traditional and Private small-scale artisanal small- artisanal small- artisanal small- economic non-traditional Partnerships mining scale mining scale mining scale mining recognition of minerals encouraging development established in all economy established traditional and small-scale 7 Chiefdoms non-traditional artisanal (Kambombo, minerals in mining Lundu, Chibale, Chama district development Mulilo, Chikwa, both nationally Tembwe, and and Chifunda) internationally To promote Fence off Livestock Settlement Affected Reduced No. of affected Increased livestock human development fencing in areas settlement number of settlement livestock production in the settlements to prone to areas fenced human-wildlife areas fenced production and district reduce Human-Wildlife off conflict cases off livestock trade human-wildlife conflict and loss of conflict cases (Chifunda, and livestock Chikwa for a start) SECTORS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION MAIN OBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS To upgrade the To upgrade Road Reconnaissanc km of Improved No. of km of Provides easy district’s township development e, mobility township roads access and 178 road network by roads to and survey and township roads within the upgraded to reduces 2035 bituminous maintenance mapping to district bituminous stagnant water. standard of road network bituminous resulting in Standard Facilitate the standard increased No. of km of upgrading of No. of km of economic township roads 15km township roads activity and surveyed of township surveyed reduced No. of crossing roads to No. of crossing number of points bituminous points accidents constructed standard constructed Comprehensive Facilitate database of construction of township roads 3 in Crossing points the district Improved accessibility Rehabilitate Facilitate km of Better No. of km of Reduced feeder roads upgrading feeder roads accessibility to feeder development to all-weather of km of feeder upgraded to all- isolated regions roads upgraded gap between gravel roads to all- gravel within the to rural and urban standard gravel standard district for gravel standard areas standard farmers and locals To construct a Conduct Construction and Facilitate the Bus station Improved No. of bus Improved modern, feasibility infrastructure construction of constructed public station public efficient, and studies and development modern bus transportation constructed perception of safe bus station site analysis station public that enhances Public transportation the public consultations transportation in and the district stakeholder engagement 179 Maintain district Upgrade the Aviation Facilitate the Airstrips Improved No. of airstrip Increased airstrips district airstrips development upgrading of upgraded airfield upgraded number of 1no. Airstrip No. of airstrips accessibility 3no. Airstrip flights landing Vegetation maintained Stimulate local maintained control around economic 3no. airstrips growth Improve district Construction Communication Facilitate the Communicatio Improved No of Increase in communication of technology construction of n mast communication communication mobile network infrastructure by communicatio development 5no. constructed coverage and masts coverage (%) 2035 n mast Communicatio quality constructed Reduction in n mast Enhanced dropped connectivity calls/complaint and s (%) accessibility SECTORS EDUCATION, HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES MAIN OBJECTIVE ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS To increase Constructing Public and social Construction of Staff houses Improved No. of staff Increased and access to housing housing 28 staff houses constructed accommodatio houses improved decent public infrastructure (Departments of n for staff constructed housing for staff and social Agriculture-3, housing Veterinary-3, 180 Education-6, Improved Forestry-3, access to public Health-8, services Zambia Police- provision 3, and Immigration-2) To promote Improve/upgr Settlement Improve/upgra Settlement Improved land No. of Improved living coordinated ade the improvement de Mtayachalo upgraded use and settlement area environment land use and settlement settlement coordinated upgraded and settlement area area coordinated development development area development To improve water Construction Infrastructure Construction of Dams Improved water No. of Dams Improved water storage and of dams development two dams for constructed storage and constructed supply and irrigation and water storage irrigation irrigation maintenance and irrigation To enhance Protecting well Infrastructure Establish and Well fields and Improved water No. of well fields Enhanced water supply and fields and local development enhance the local aquifers management and aquifers water resource resource aquifers and and management are protected and water protected management management drilling maintenance of 2 well fields, as well as drilled supply No. of boreholes (well fields and boreholes 25 local boreholes drilled aquifers Aquifers, and 5 protected) and boreholes in the improved water district supply To improve Construct Infrastructure Construct 10 Mechanized Improved No. of Improved institutional mechanized development mechanized water systems institutional mechanized institutional water supply water and water systems constructed water supply water systems water supply, reticulation maintenance within ten constructed hygiene, and systems institutions years sanitation 181 To improve Construction Sanitation and Promote public Public sanitation Improved No. of public Improved public hygiene of public toilets hygiene sanitation by facilities sanitation in toilets sanitation in and sanitation in in public promotion constructing 5 constructed in public constructed in public public institutions institutions public toilets in 5 public institutions public institutions public institutions institutions institutions in the Reduced next 5 years contraction and spread of diseases To enhance Construction Increase access Construction of Mini-hospitals Improved No. of mini- Improved health care of mini- to quality health 3 mini-hospitals constructed access to hospitals healthcare service provision hospitals care in Chikwa, quality health constructed service provision Chibale, and care Reduced Lundu fatalities and improved disease control To enhance Construction Secondary Construct 3 Secondary Improved No. of Improved access to quality of education education secondary schools access to secondary quality of education facilities schools (1 in constructed quality schools secondary Chiri Zone, a secondary constructed education Girls Boarding education Secondary school in Kaozi, and a special needs secondary school in Kamphemba) 182 To enhance Upgrade Primary Upgrade 5 Community Increased No. of Improved primary level community education community schools access to community quality of education schools to schools to upgraded primary level schools primary level primary level primary level education upgraded to education (Makeni, primary level Kajimomo, schools Samamba, Mwanisiya, and Sambako) To increase Construction Enhance access Construction of Classroom Improved No. of Improved access to quality of classroom to quality, 5 CRBs in the blocks access to classroom access to education blocks (CRBs) equitable and next 10 years constructed quality blocks quality inclusive equitable, and constructed equitable, and education inclusive inclusive education education at all levels. To increase Establish ECE Early childhood Establish ECE ECE centres Improved No. of ECE Improved ECE access to early centres education centres in all 149 established access to ECE centres childhood primary and established education (ECE) community in the district schools by 2035 To promote Establish Infrastructure Establish Recreational Improved No. of Improved physical recreational development recreational facilities access to recreational physical health education and facilities facilities in all established recreational facilities of learners physical health 161 schools in facilities established of learners the next 10 years 183 To enhance Extend water Infrastructure Connect 90% of Households in Improved % of households Improved water access to water reticulation development households in the urban area access to water connected to supply and supply in urban and supply and the urban area connected to supply in urban water supply in sanitation in areas network maintenance to the water the water areas urban areas urban areas supply and reticulation and reticulation supply network network by 2035 To enhance Drilling, Infrastructure Provide 90% of Water points Improved No. of water Improved water access to water equipping and development rural households provided to 50 access to clean points provided supply and supply in rural rehabilitation and with clean and villages giving water supply in to 50 villages sanitation in areas of boreholes maintenance safe water by access to clean rural areas giving access to rural areas 2035 safe water clean safe water To improve water Rehabilitate Infrastructure Rehabilitate the Rehabilitated Improved water No. Improved water management water storage development old water water storage supply and rehabilitated supply and tank and storage tank tank management water storage management maintenance tanks To improve Construct Sanitation and Construct 1 A sewer pond Improved No. of sewer Improved sanitation levels sewer pond hygiene sewer pond and constructed sanitation ponds sanitation, in the district and procure promotion procure 1 and a vacuum constructed hygiene, and vacuum vacuum tanker tanker procured and vacuum public health tanker tankers procured To enhance solid Procure skip Solid waste Enhance solid Skip loader and Improved solid No. of skip Improved waste loader, skip management waste skip bins waste loaders and skip sanitation and management bins, construct management procured, management bins procured public hygiene refuse bays, (Procure 1 skip refuse bays No. of refuse and have loader, two skip constructed, bays dumpsite bins, construct 2 and dumpsite constructed refuse bays, and 184 approved by have dumpsite approved by No. of dumpsite ZEMA approved by ZEMA approved by ZEMA) ZEMA To enhance child Assist Child protection Child protection Caseloads Enhanced child No. of Enhanced child and adolescent vulnerable program managed and adolescent caseloads and adolescent protection and children and (children and protection managed protection reduce adolescents adolescents Reduced child Safer vulnerability through assisted through vulnerability environment for caseload community children and management caseload adolescents management) To reduce Promote Social Cash Social Cash Caseload Reduce No. of Reduce vulnerability access to Transfer Transfer managed vulnerability caseloads vulnerability levels social cash levels managed levels transfer To enhance Assist Disability services Disability Caseload Enhanced No. of Reduced access to vulnerable services managed access to caseloads vulnerability for disability services differently- (Caseload disability managed differently abled management services abled individuals for vulnerable individuals through differently- caseload abled management individuals) To reduce Enhance Livelihood and Livelihood and Caseload Enhance No. of Reduced vulnerability access to cash empowerment Empowerment managed access to cash caseloads vulnerability levels among grants, training schemes Decentralisatio grants, training managed levels for women within in life skills, decentralization n (Women in life skills, women the district micro-credit, empowerment) micro-credit, and and empowermen empowerment 185 t support for support for vulnerable vulnerable women women To enhance Promote Self-help Self - Help Caseload Increased No. of Reduced access to access to self- initiatives Initiatives managed number of caseloads vulnerability welfare help initiative promotion vulnerable managed levels programs (Training in beneficiaries Increase in mindset accessing the innovative change, access program ventures and to food security alternative packs, support livelihoods with livestock, and support with agricultural insurance) SECTORS ENERGY MAIN OBJECTIVE PROMOTE ENERGY MIX GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS To enhance Extension of Electricity Upscale Households Increased No. of Increased access to the electrical transmission and distribution connected to number of households number of electrical power power supply distribution network to 1000 the electrical houses with connected to households with supply grid households by power supply access to the electrical access to 2035 grid electrical power power supply electrical power supply grid supply To promote the Establish a Green and Facilitate the Solar power Increased No. of solar Increased establishment of solar power renewable establishment of plant alternative power plants number of plant energy a solar power established energy sources established 186 alternative plant in alternative energy sources Kambombo energy sources chiefdom by Reduced 2035 dependency on hydro-electric power supply To establish a Facilitate the Infrastructure Facilitate the Filling station Established No. of filling Improved local supply of establishment development establishment of established access to local stations supply of fuel in fuel of a filling a filling station in fuel service established the district station the district by provision 2035 SECTORS MAIN OBJECTIVE ENHANCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS To enhance Establish Sustainable land, Place 250,000 Hectares Enhanced forest No. of hectares Improved forest forest community forest, and water Ha under placed under management placed under resource management forest management community community and protection community management and protection management forest forest forest and protection area and management management management promote smart and promote forest smart forest management management within 5 years. (Mulilo, Chibale, Kambombo) 187 To enhance Capacity build Sustainable land, Strengthening CFMGs Improved forest No. of CFMGs Improved forest forest CFMGs forest, and water the capacity of capacity-built in management capacity-built in management management management exiting 17 forest forest and protection and protection CFMGs management management Reduced rate of forest depletion To restore Establish a Sustainable land, Restore 500 Hectares of Revived forest No. of hectares Revived forest degraded forest nursery of forest, and water hectares of degraded forest areas and of degraded cover areas seedlings and management degraded forest area vegetation forest area Reduction in plant them to area by replenished along replenished erosion replenish establishing and riverbanks Increase in degraded managing a riverbank forest areas nursery of vegetation Protect riverine 500,000 tree cover ecosystem seedlings To reduced Capacity- Sustainable land, Encouraging CFMGs Reduced No. of CFMGs Reduced forest dependence on build CFMGs in forest, and water forest-based capacity-built in dependency of capacity-built in depletion rate forest resource forest-based management industries forest-based forest-depleting forest-based depletion industrialisatio through industries economic industries Increased n for forest capacity- activities such alternative sustainability building training as charcoal forest-based in the 17 CFMGs production economic communities activities To promote Establish a Sustainable land, Promote Climate-smart Increased No. of climate- Enhanced research in climate-smart forest, and water research and technologies knowledge on smart knowledge on climate-smart technology management development in established water technologies water technology for and research it water resources (Water management established management climate change to deduce and harvesting for climate (Water and harvesting resilience impact in management climate-smart resilience and harvesting for climate mitigating by establishing technology) climatic impact climate-smart change climate one climate- mitigation technology) resilience change smart water 188 harvesting Improved flood technology water control To encourage Enhance Sustainable Promoting Climate smart Increased No. of climate Increased sustainable training in agriculture Climate Smart agriculture number of smart number of agriculture climate smart promotion Agriculture technologies camps agriculture climate smart agriculture (CSA) in the 30 promoted in 31 implementing technologies technologies agricultural camps climate smart promoted in 31 implemented in camps of agriculture camps 31 camps Chama district by 2033. Improved agricultural practices To promote the Establish clean Green and Establish Off- Off-grid energy Increased No. of off-grid Increased establishment of and renewable Grid Energy solutions number of energy solutions renewable alternative renewable off- energy Solutions (a established alternative established energy sources energy sources grid energy Solar power energy sources source (Solar plant in the Reduced power plant) Kambombo dependency on area) wood fuel Flood Flood Risk Conduct flood- Flood warning Reduced flood- 2no. flood-risk Reduction in preparedness, assessment and risk mapping systems installed related maps produced flood-related response and mapping and assessment Flood-risk maps damage 50% population damages To improve recovery Flood plain Training camp produced Decrease flood- covered by Decrease in disaster management officers in 31 Number of related early warning flood-related mitigation and Community- camps in early community displacement systems displacement adaptation based flood risk warning systems training sessions Improved 24 community Increase in management Conduct conducted public training sessions public community awareness of conducted awareness of flood flood risk flood risk 189 preparedness Evacuation Enhanced 1no. flood Reduction in training plans emergency evacuation response time to Develop a flood established response plan developed flood evacuation capabilities emergencies plan Reduced Economic losses economic losses due to flooding Drought Drought Risk Water Number of Decreased 5no. water Increase in preparedness, assessment and harvesting and water drought-related harvesting drought-related response and mapping storage harvesting water scarcity structures water scarcity recovery Water infrastructure structures built Improved constructed Increase in conservation and constructed Number of drought 180 people drought efficiency Irrigation system people trained resilience trained in resilience Early warning development in drought among drought among systems community preparedness communities preparedness communities Community- drought Water Water Reduction in the based drought preparedness conservation conservation number of management training measures measures drought-related implemented adoption rate livestock deaths SECTORS GOVERNANCE MAIN OBJECTIVE PROMOTE INCLUSIVE GOVERNANCE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL BY 2035 SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTPUT OUTCOME OBJECTIVES INDICATORS INDICATORS Enhance citizen Inclusive Policy Citizen Stakeholder Participatory Increased No. of Increase in participation in Development Engagement engagement Budgeting Plans Citizen Participatory citizen decision-making Public Program meetings developed Participation Budgeting Plans participation processes in all Engagement Participatory Improved developed rate the wards and Governance PLUPs Decision- Reduction in Consultation Initiative developed Making Quality No. of PLUPs decision- developed 190 Participatory Community Women in Enhanced making Budgeting Development WDCs Transparency No. of women in complaints Citizen-Led Program and WDCs Improvement in Planning Public Policy Women Accountability transparency Dialogue Series In civic Stronger No. of women and Civic Education leadership Community In civic accountability and Awareness Cohesion leadership ratings Program Youths in civic More Increase in leadership Responsive No. of youths in community Governance civic leadership cohesion and social capital Citizen satisfaction with governance services Strengthen Land Establishing Land Facilitate the Planning Enhanced No. of planning Reduction in Management planning administration establishment of agreements Coordinated agreements land use and agreements and two planning developed development developed conflicts Administration with traditional management agreements in and land use No. of Local Reduction in for the Local leadership Kambombo Local Area Plan Area Plans land Authority by 2035 Establishing and Chikwa developed developed encroachments local area chiefdoms Better plans Facilitate infrastructure establishment of planning and one Local Area provision Plan within the township boundary To enhance Capacity Capacity Facilitate the WDCs Improved No. of WDCs Improved decentralization building Ward development capacity undertaking implementation undertaking participation of of government lower-level 191 Development building of all 24 capacity policies at ward capacity structures in Committees WDCs building level building identification of priority projects, Increased number of beneficiaries accessing empowerment and bursary support programmes 192 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK Introduction The Spatial Development Framework (SDF) guides the district's growth by aligning future development with its vision, mission, and goals. It optimizes land use, maximizes infrastructure, protects the environment, and enhances transportation, settlements, and cultural sites, ensuring sustainable and organized development. Baseline situation/trends Chama District has seen substantial changes in recent decades, largely driven by population growth, which has increased demand for housing and led to a gradual improvement in building quality. However, many structures remain substandard, which heightens vulnerability to floods, particularly in areas like Vilimukulu, Lunzi, Mapamba, Mwalala, Kalinkhu, and Mphalausenga wards. Water and sanitation have progressed gradually, with population growth straining both urban and rural water supplies. Partnerships, especially in Chama South, have been established to enhance water infrastructure, with support from organizations like World Vision, UNICEF, and TRALARD. Nevertheless, sanitation remains a critical issue, with only Muchinga Ward declared open-defecation-free out of 24 wards. Electricity, primarily supplied by ZESCO, recently improved with the district’s connection to the national grid in late 2023, leading to infrastructure expansion. Projects to extend the power distribution to Chikwa, Tembwe, and Kambombo chiefdoms are underway, alongside a solar project in Lundu. Still, only Kamphemba Ward has partial access to the national grid. 193 Forestry resources face pressure due to settlement encroachment in the Lundazi National Forest. Efforts by the government and partners to promote sustainable management through community forest areas (CFMAs) are promising, though challenges remain. A pressing issue is balancing environmental protection with the demand for resources, such as the government’s goal to provide desks for students by December 2024, which intensifies forest resource use. Mining remains largely undeveloped, limited to exploration and small-scale activities, mainly in the Lundazi forest, adding complexity to conservation efforts. Tourism continues to be economically important, with community resource boards (CRBs) funding projects in Lundu, Kambombo, Tembwe, Chikwa, and Chifunda, although human-wildlife conflicts, particularly during droughts, have increased in Chama South. Agriculture has diversified, moving beyond traditional cotton and rice to include maize, soybeans, and other crops. Livestock farming, predominantly in the North constituency where wildlife conflicts are minimal, and fish farming are also developing, though they need further infrastructure and resources. Population growth has heightened demand for social services, including health, education, and social welfare. The Constituency Development Fund (CDF) of 2021 has aided in road improvements and educational support, including secondary school funding and skills training. Social welfare has received boosts in grants and loans under the new CDF, improving literacy but also leading to an increase in educated youth seeking employment outside the district. Commerce and trade have expanded, aided by the CDF, leading to more cooperatives and economic activities such as small-scale milling, poultry, and livestock trading. However, growth is limited by a lack of commercial banking services, with only NATSAVE bank and one official market serving the district. 194 The ‘Do-Nothing’ Outcomes Long-term development requires substantial investment, often at a high cost. To understand if such an investment is essential, here is an analysis of potential outcomes if current conditions persist. Firstly, population growth in Chama district is inevitable and central to future developments. With over 70% of the population relying on subsistence farming, agriculture is both a critical economic driver and a significant source of environmental stress. Population growth will increase the demand for food, leading to a need for more agricultural land and mounting pressure on protected areas. If left unchecked, this expansion threatens sectors like forestry and energy, impacting multiple areas. Population growth also raises the demand for social services. Housing demand is already high, and without targeted development, the housing shortage will worsen, bringing additional challenges. Rising demand may attract more real estate developers but also lead to social and spatial conflicts, including land use clashes and boundary encroachments. This will further complicate development across sectors such as water, sanitation, and health. Similarly, population increases will stress water and sanitation infrastructure. Without proactive solutions, residents might turn to harmful practices, jeopardizing the district’s goal of Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. This shift could heighten exposure to waterborne diseases, especially during rainy seasons or in the event of flooding. Increased population will also strain health services and infrastructure, which are already stretched thin. Accessibility issues, especially due to limited transport infrastructure, will intensify. The rising demand on healthcare will further stress the district’s social welfare sector. 195 A vulnerable, unhealthy society is a poor one, especially since 57% of Chama’s population is aged 0 to 19 and reliant on a relatively small workforce. Mortality among the working-age population increases dependency and may push many young people towards negative coping mechanisms for survival. Alternative spatial development scenarios In the following sections, Chama district highlights scenarios deemed to be able to address the core issues being faced within the district. First scenario “A socio-economically sound and sustainable district by 2045” The first scenario depicted by the district focuses on improving the lives of the residents through promoting already existing economic activities such as agriculture and tourism as well as boosting recreational and sporting activities, sustainable natural resource management, and mining. Rationale Of Scenario 1 Through this scenario, the district will be able to maximize the received benefits of its natural resources and sustain them through alternative economic activities that encourage environmental conservation; activities such as community forest management areas, carbon harvesting, and beekeeping among others. Map 20 illustrates scenario 1 196 Map 20: Map of Scenario 1 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 197 Second scenario “An inter-linked, industrious and sustainable district by 2045” In this scenario, the district is looking at taking advantage of its geographical location. Chama is surrounded by five (05) districts and shares a border with Malawi on the eastern side. Subsequently, the district is a good prospect for the generation of electrical power through solar power plants. Rationale Of Scenario 2 By developing the road network, the district can promote economic regional trade with its neighbors. This in turn will boost industrial activity, hospitality for transit visitors, and expand the current market for tourism. Map 21 illustrates scenario 2 198 Map 21: Map of Scenario 2 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 199 Third scenario “An inclusive, economically stable and sustainable District by 2045” Like the two scenarios listed above, the third scenario also looks at promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. However, this scenario takes a step further by focusing on enhancing the use of water resources. Rationale Of Scenario 3 Through the development of water harvesting infrastructure in key strategic positions, the district will boost a number of economic activities within these areas. Establishing dams and weirs will help transition farmers to improved irrigation cultivation practices, protect the local scenery for tourism, encourage industrialization, and mining. This will be topped off by developing an internal road network within the district linking these locations together. Map 22 illustrates scenario 3 200 Map 22: Map of Scenario 3 Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 201 Chosen spatial development scenario Table 36: Advantages of the scenarios SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2 SCENARIO 3 ✓ Promotion of rice cultivation ✓ Attract more attention to the ✓ Promote the development of in areas like Chibale, development of the road water harvesting Mazonde, Chisunga, infrastructure and overall infrastructure in the district Manthepa, Mphyanakunda, network in the district and the (Dams and weirs) Katangalika, Kambombo, region ✓ Promote alternative forms of Tembwe, Buli, Lunzi, and ✓ Further development of the agricultural practices (Drip Chifunda among others) regional and international irrigation) ✓ Increase recreational and market ✓ Enhance scenic beauty for sporting activities in the ✓ Enhance the development of tourist facilities (Water bodies district hospitality facilities in the combined with tourism ✓ Preserve and promote district (Hotels, lodges, truck facilities such as hotels) cultural heritage through the parking, etc.). ✓ Development of an internal protection of heritage sites ✓ Promote alternative interlinking road network of ✓ Promote beekeeping electricity generation (Solar the wards in the district power plants) 202 ✓ Increase the market for ✓ Develop a platform for ✓ Encourage the expansion of carbon trading industrial economic growth in livestock production ✓ Develop a foundation for the district (Value addition in ✓ Strengthen corporation and commercial mushroom the value chain. Production collaboration among growing of finished and packaged traditional leadership in the ✓ Promote the growing of wild goods) district fruits ✓ Promote mining ✓ Promote mining Table 37: Disadvantages of the scenarios SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2 SCENARIO 3 ✓ The increase in demand for ✓ Loss of local forests due to ✓ Potential threat for bigger agricultural produce such as bush clearing for road impacts from floods in an rice threatens the extent of networks event of infrastructural local forest areas ✓ The road network will malfunction ✓ Possible increase in Human- subsequently attract new ✓ Demand for colossal funding Wildlife coexistence informal settlements for the maintenance of water challenges due to increased harvesting infrastructure 203 cultivation and crop ✓ The threat of an externally ✓ Loss of land by the local production dominated market communities as a result of the ✓ Potential threat to the (Increased accessibility for scale of water harvesting- ecosystem as a result of briefcase buyers) related projects mining ✓ Increased pollution as a result ✓ Potential threat of increased ✓ Increases social issues such as of increased industrial activity poaching activity especially HIV/AIDS, early marriages, ✓ Issues of in areas encouraging wildlife and school dropouts among immigration/immigrants due existence as a result of others choosing to pursue to an increase in foreign increased artificial water economic activities over trade bodies. education ✓ Increases social issues such as ✓ Potential threat of disease HIV/AIDS, early marriages, outbreak among livestock as and school dropouts among a result of population others choosing to pursue increase economic activities over ✓ Potential threat of boundary education disputes between chiefdoms ✓ Threat of environmental degradation as a result of mining activities 204 Following an in-depth consideration, the chosen spatial development scenario is a hybrid of certain aspects from the combined three scenarios (Table 36 and Table 37). Aspects that gave more promise include; SCENARIO ONE (1) ✓ Promote the protection of heritage sites ✓ Promote conservation of natural resources SCENARIO TWO (2) ✓ Development of road infrastructure ✓ Upscale rice production and enhance value addition ✓ Development of the regional market ✓ Promote the development of hospitality facilities (Hotels, lodges, truck parking, etc.) ✓ Promote alternative electricity generation (Solar Power Plant) ✓ Develop a platform for industrial economic growth in the district (Value addition by producing finished products) SCENARIO THREE (3) ✓ Promote the development of water harvesting infrastructure ✓ Promote collaboration among traditional leadership The aspects mentioned above are deemed to be the most effective and efficient way to guide the district to its desired outcome; “An interlinked, socio- economically sound and environmentally sustainable district by 2045” Map 23 illustrates the chosen scenario 205 Map 23: Map of the chosen scenario Source: Chama Town Council (2024) 206 LAND USE PLANNING OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES Land use planning objectives and strategies for improving, maintaining, or protecting the environmental aspects of development As a matter of great importance, the environmental aspect of development remains crucial as it determines the outcome of the overall growth in the district. Under this section, the district zeros on what planning objectives and strategies can be used to protect the environment. To start with, the district considers several factors that cause an impact on the environment. The parameters chosen involve which sectors contribute the most to land clearance and environmental pollution (Land, water, air, and noise pollution. Thermal, light, and radioactive pollution have not been considered due to limited occurrence in the district). Table 38: Identification of the Areas to Be Improved. Maintained or Protected IMPROVED MAINTAINED PROTECTED • Catchment areas • Open spaces and • National forest along river banks to water capture • Local forests mitigate erosion (Tree catchment areas • Animal corridors replanting), • Water aquifers • Community Forest management areas • REDD Zones • Water aquifers Statement as to the type of development to be permitted within the identified area Areas Of Improvement 207 Based on the identified characteristics of areas to be improved, the recommended developments must uphold the objective of improving the area; As such, activities in such areas will include the development of Community Forest Management areas (CFMA), and tree nurseries among others. Exceptions will be made when proposed developments supersede the stated function and bare minimum repercussions to the general well-being of the environment. Areas To Be Maintained Developments in such areas will be routine-based and will involve the restoration of public spaces, facilities, and amenities. Examples include rehabilitation. Areas To Be Protected Sensitive areas such as those mentioned above call for significant attention. As such, developments are restricted in such areas. However, there are some exceptions in some instances; Permitted developments in sensitive zones include the development of public infrastructure such as roads, communication towers, sewer ponds and other public amenity facilities. Identification of activities required for implementation Areas of improvement – Establishment of CFMAs, botanic nurseries, public sensitization, environmental campaigns, and other related activities. Areas to be maintained – Rehabilitation works and refurbishments. Areas to be protected – Road formation, stakeholder engagement, sensitization, environmental protection campaigns, and relocation in some instances. 208 Land use planning objectives and strategies for improving, maintaining or protecting the environmental, social and economic aspects of development Identification of the areas Regarding the social-economic aspects of development in the Chama district, the areas identified include; ✓ Settlement areas, ✓ Public utility catchment areas (Water aquifers, power stations, sanitation facilities or treatment plants, power buffer zones, etc.) ✓ Specialized land use zones (Residential, commercial, industrial, mining, forest concession areas, etc.) Statement As to The Type of Development to Be Permitted About the social economic state of the district, developments will be implemented in accordance to the respective prescribed land use functions and zones. Identification of planning activities required to implement the policy Activities undertaken to implement development will include but not be limited to; ✓ Public sensitization, ✓ Development control, ✓ Development enforcement, ✓ Stakeholder engagement, 209 Specific protection zones, areas of environmental sensitivity or cultural and historical importance or areas of importance for disaster management purposes Identification of the areas The district has identified and noted both areas of cultural and historical importance as well as areas sited for disaster protection. This section outlines these areas based on the various sectors in the district. Table 39: Areas of cultural, historical, and protected zones SECTOR SIGNIFICANT PROTECTION ZONES HOUSING Areas zoned for residential land use. This also include township boundary extension areas. WATER AND SANITATION Water aquifers and reservoirs, water bodies, water harvesting infrastructure sites, dumpsites ENERGY Power plants, buffer zones, and way leaves. ENVIRONMENT AND National forests, community forest management FORESTRY areas, community resource board areas, river buffer zones, and Carbon farming forests. MINING Mining sites TOURISM Animal corridors, heritage sites, protected areas, and national parks AGRICULTURE Farm lands, farm blocks and farm schemes, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES Grazing pasture lands, hatcheries and fish ponds HEALTH Health facilities, cemeteries, TRANSPORT AND Air strips, road surfaces, road reserves, crossing COMMUNICATION points, bridges, bus stations, communication towers 210 EDUCATION School premises, production units, play parks, staff housing blocks SOCIAL PROTECTION Judicial institutions, adult homes, correctional facilities, border posts, COMMERCE AND TRADE Markets, Abattoirs, and storage sheds Statement as to the type of development to be permitted Developments within these areas will be determined by the respective legal prescriptions based on the respective land-use, area zoning, and legal precedence or Acts. Identification of activities required for implementation In terms of implementation of developments, a number of activities will be undertaken at different intervals and stages which will include but not be limited to; ✓ Community engagements and sensitization campaigns, ✓ Stakeholder engagements, ✓ Land Use planning, ✓ Infrastructure development, Protection of national and regional interests, policies and guidelines Game management area As a creation of the Zambia Wildlife Act, of 2015, Chama district is a Game Management Area and therefore an area of national interest. Furthermore, the establishment of the GMA is for the sustainable utilization of wildlife. 211 National forest Just as is the case of the GMA, a national forest is a creation of the Forestry Act,

2015. While the case of the GMA is meant for the preservation of wildlife, the Forest Act addresses the protection and preservation of forest areas in the country. Identification of the areas As stated earlier, Chama district in located in a game management area and part of its territory in gazetted as a national forest namely Lundazi National Forest. The Lundazi National Forest stretches over most of the eastern part of the district covering a significant area of the Chama South constituency and part of the eastern territory of the Chama North constituency. Statement as to the type of development to be permitted With reference to the Zambia Wildlife Act 2015, settlements, agriculture, and game ranching are permitted developments within the game management area. However, activities such as mining are only permitted provided the prescribed parameters under the Act are observed; These include environmental protection measures, consent from traditional leadership depending on the land status, and any other legal prescription that applies within the area in question. Identification of activities required for implementation Similar to developments in the previous sections, activities within the GMA and National Forest are equally subject to; ✓ Community engagements and sensitization campaigns, ✓ Stakeholder engagements, ✓ Land Use planning, ✓ Infrastructure development, 212 Informal Settlements As stated earlier in the initial chapters, informal settlements are unplanned settlements as described under the Urban and Regional Planning Act, 2015. 92% of Chama district is unplanned with only 8% planned territory in Kamphemba ward. Identification of the informal settlements to be upgraded. Chama District, with 92% of its land unplanned, is prioritizing the Mtayachalo settlement and planning agreements in two chiefdoms for development initiatives. Mtayachalo Area: Located in Kamphemba Ward with 334 households, Mtayachalo is set for an upgrade to improve public services, including land use planning, electrification, water, sanitation, and waste management. Planning Agreements with Chiefs: In line with the Urban and Regional Act of 2015, the district aims to establish formal agreements with Chief Kambombo in the north and Chief Chikwa in the south to guide development. Kaozi Area (Kambombo Chiefdom): Recognized for agricultural growth, Kaozi is developing an agricultural camp, a livestock dip tank (75% complete), and has proposals for a health post, primary school, and boarding school, plus 10 hectares for grazing. Chikwa Chiefdom: Known for tourism potential, Chikwa features guesthouses, nine camps, and a safari camp. It’s a primary tourist destination and one of five proposed sites for a community bush camp. These efforts aim to drive structured growth, support local economies, and enhance service provision in the district. 213 General description of improvement inputs or other management responses required. Implementing proposed settlement upgrades and planning agreements will foster growth in various district areas. These agreements necessitate the creation of Local Area Plans (LAPs), developed with the Eastern Provincial Planning Authority and other stakeholders per the Urban and Regional Planning (URP) Act. Similar to the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), LAPs will address specific issues within targeted areas, including environmental assessments, socio-economic surveys, and community engagement. Key management steps include formally designating areas for these planning agreements as required by Section 25, subsection d, I of the URP Act. General statement about the appropriate building and land use controls to be applied in those areas. All land uses and functions will be determined in accordance to the relevant laws and statutory regulations. Below is a tabulation of the policy documents to be consulted. Table 40: Various planning aspects with respective policy documents PLANNING ASPECT POLICY POCUMENT LAND USE PLANNING 1. URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING ACT, 2015 2. PUBLIC HEALTH ACT BUILDING STANDARDS 1. URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING ACT, 2015

2. PUBLIC HEALTH ACT SPECIAL USE ZONING 1. PUBLIC HEALTH ACT

2. MINES AND MINERALS ACT 214 Other documents relevant to building and land use controls that are not necessarily Acts will be consulted. Instances like the Doxiadis Lusaka City Development Plan will help in the planning process. IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION. The implementation of area upgrading involves a number of activities some of which are iterative in nature. Activities include; ✓ Community engagements and sensitization campaigns, ✓ Stakeholder engagements, ✓ Land Use planning, ✓ Approval of Land Use local area plans, ✓ Numbering and Survey Areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities Implementing proposed settlement upgrades and planning agreements will foster growth in various district areas. These agreements necessitate the creation of Local Area Plans (LAPs), developed with the Eastern Provincial Planning Authority and other stakeholders per the Urban and Regional Planning (URP) Act. Similar to the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), LAPs will address specific issues within targeted areas, including environmental assessments, socio-economic surveys, and community engagement. Key management steps include formally designating areas for these planning agreements as required by Section 25, subsection d, I of the URP Act. 215 PART FOUR - IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMME The next section presents Chama district’s financial plan, detailing investments in social services, infrastructure, and other essential capital projects to advance the district's development goals and strategies. This capital investment plan is organized by sector and is based on the priorities outlined in the Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP). Table 41: Specific objectives, strategies, programmes and suggested projects over the next five years SDA 1 ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION AND JOB CREATION SECTORS TOURISM, AGRICULTURE, MINING, AND MANUFACTURING MAIN DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH TOURISM PROMOTION, AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION, AND OBJECTIVE VALUE ADDITION SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET (K) RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 216 To promote Develop the Infrastructure Rehabilitation of 1,200,0 1,200,0 1,200,0 1,200,0 1,200,0 DNPW, CTC local outfitter road development 10 kilometers and 00 00 00 00 00 tourism infrastructure construction of 10 2km 2km 2km 2km 2km kilometers of Chikw Mund Chifun Muchi Temb outfitter roads a - alang da nga we rehabil a – Rehabi Rehabi Constr itation rehabil litation litation uction itation 1,400,0 1,400,0 1,400,0 1,400,0 00 1,400,0 00 00 00 2km 00 2km 2km 2km Vwaza 2km Mang Chipal Chipal - Mund a a a constr alang Constr constr Constr uction a - uction uction uction constr uction To promote Developing Infrastructure Construction of 3 1,700,0 1,700,0 1,700,0 3,500,0 2,000,0 DNPW, CTC, local hospitality development bush camps 00 00 00 00 00 Ministry of Tourism tourism and tourism Kambombo 1 1 1 1 1 infrastructure (2025), Tembwe Kamb Temb Chikw Chifun Lundu (2026), and ombo we a bush da 5- Lodge Chikwa (2027), 1 camp 217 5-star hotel in bush bush star Chifunda (2028), camp camp hotel and 1 lodge in Lundu Chiefdom (2029). To enforce Restocking of Wildlife Restocking of 3,000,0 3,000,0 3,000,0 3,000,0 3,000,0 DNPW, Ministry of wildlife wildlife Management large mammals 00 00 00 00 00 Tourism managem Elephants - 25 25 25 25 25 ent in the 25/per year Nyika Nyika Nyika Nyika Nyika district Buffalos - 100/per 4,000,0 4,000,0 4,000,0 4,000,0 4,000,0 year 00 00 00 00 00 100 100 100 100 100 Chifun Chifun Chimp Chasa Mang da da hamb to a a To promote Promoting Agribusiness Promote crop 60,000 61,000 66,000 70,000 78,000 Agriculture Dept, crop agricultural development diversification of 1 1 1 1 1 District admin, diversificati crop soya beans, Kwenj Kwenj Kwenj Kwenj Kwenj CTC, COMACO on diversification groundnuts, and e e e e e rice by venue venue venue venue venue establishing a food fare 218 center/venue in the district. To improve Facilitate Agribusiness Conduct Training 400,00 450,00 480,00 500,00 510,00 Agriculture Dept, knowledge food development in food 0 0 0 0 0 District admin, of food processing processing and 4 4 4 4 4 COMACO processing and nutrition nutrition in all 31 Quarte Quarte Quarte Quarte Quarte and training camps rly rly rly rly rly nutrition To improve Establishing Early warning Strengthen 42,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 Agriculture Dept disaster early warning and existing early 7 6 6 6 6 resilience systems surveillance warning systems Buli, Dungul Mang Nthonk Chasa equipment in systems by installing early Cham ungu, a, o, to, all 31 camps warning a Kalovy Manth Sitwe, Kamfut equipment in all central a, epa, Temb u, 31 camps in the , Kamb Mapa we, Kaozi, district Chibal ombo, mba, Zoole, Kasela, (Rain gauges K e, Kanyel Mulilo, Chimp Mung 5,000 each and Chifun ele, Mund amba, walala Weather radios K da, Katan alang Chituk , and 1,000) Chigo galika, a, ula, Pondo ma, Lundu Ng’anj Chikw o a, Bazimu 219 Chilub anam a, To promote Establish Irrigation Promote Climate 700,00 600,00 606,00 612,00 624,00 Agriculture Dept climate- farmer field development Smart Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 smart demonstratio through 7 6 6 6 6 agriculture n centres establishing Buli, Dungul Mang Nthonk Chasa farmer field Cham ungu, a, o, to, demonstration a Kalovy Manth Sitwe, Kamfut centres (CSA) in central a, epa, Temb u, all 31 agricultural , Kamb Mapa we, Kaozi, camps of Chama Chibal ombo, mba, Zoole, Kasela, district by 2035. e, Kanyel Mulilo, Chimp Mung Chifun ele, Mund amba, walala da, Katan alang Chituk , and Chigo galika, a, ula, Pondo ma, Lundu Ng’anj Chikw o a, Bazimu Chilub anam a, 220 To increase Establish Agribusiness Enhance market 4,000,0 4,400,0 4,000,0 4,400,0 2,300,0 Agricultural Dept, access to market development linkages by 00 00 00 00 00 MoA the market centers and establishing 8 4 4 2 2 1 and construct market centers in Market Market storag storag storag storage for crop storage the district and center center e e e crop depots constructing 7 s s depots depots depot harvests crop storage 2,200,0 depots 00 2 storag e depots To enhance Establish an Agribusiness Promote 2,750,0 Agricultural Dept, rice agro- development agricultural 00 MoA production processing technologies and 1 Agro- and industry value chains for proces develop rice production sing the rice by establishing plant/ processing an Agro- industr value chain processing y industry 221 To enhance Establishing Livestock Construct 4 4,000,0 4,400,0 4,600,0 5,000,0 Dept of Fisheries livestock livestock development livestock centres 00 00 00 00 and Livestock, managem centres in Kalovya, 1 1 1 1 MoFL ent in the Kanyelele, Kalovy Kanyel Chasa Chizim district Chasato, and a ele to ba Chizimba To enhance Establishing Agribusiness Construct 4 3,000,0 3,200,0 3,300,0 3,400,0 Dept of Fisheries livestock livestock development livestock market 00 00 00 00 and Livestock, trade in the market centres in 1 1 1 1 MoFL district centres Chifunda, Chifun Mapa Chikw Temb Mapamba, da mba a we Chikwa, and Tembwe To promote Constructing Agribusiness Construct 2 6,500,0 7,000,0 Dept of Fisheries hygiene in slaughter development livestock 00 00 and Livestock, livestock facilities slaughter facilities 1 1 MoFL product (Less than 500 Kamp Kaozi managem heads/day) hemb ent a To increase Plant pasture Livestock Plant 40ha of 6,000,0 Dept of Fisheries pasture for for livestock development pasture (10ha 00 and Livestock, livestock grazing Farmer’s training 40ha 222 centre (FTC), FTC-10, Forestry Dept, 10ha Chasato, Chasa Agricultural Dept 10ha Kaozi, and to-10, 10ha Kanyelele) Kaozi- 1,500,000 per 10, 10Ha and Kanyel ele-10 To improve Construction Livestock Construct 5 dip 2,100,0 2,100,0 4,200,0 2,300,0 Dept of Fisheries livestock of dip tanks development tanks 00 00 00 00 and Livestock, health 15 meters long, 7 1 1 2 MoFL meters wide, and FTC Kanyel Chasa 1 4 meters deep ele to Kaozi (FTC, Kanyelele, And Chasato, Kalovy Kalovya, and a Kaozi) To promote Establish Public Artisanal and PPPs for artisanal CTC, traditional Private small-scale small-scale mining Government, and non- Partnerships mining established in all 7 NGOs traditional encouraging development Chiefdoms minerals small-scale (Kambombo, artisanal Lundu, Chibale, 223 mining Mulilo, Chikwa, development Tembwe, and Chifunda) To promote Fence off Livestock Settlement fencing Fence Fence livestock human development in areas prone to off off production in settlements to Human-Wildlife areas areas the district reduce conflict (Chifunda, in in human-wildlife and Chikwa for a Chifun Temb conflict cases start) da we and chiefd Chikw om a Chiefd oms SECTORS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION MAIN DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTIVE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 224 To upgrade To upgrade Road Reconnaissance, 2,200,0 40,000, 40,000, 40,000, CTC the district’s township development survey and 00 000 000 000 road roads to and mapping 2 - 5km 5km 5km network by bituminous maintenance of road network crossin road road road 2035 standard Facilitate the g point upgra upgra upgra upgrading of in de in de in de in 15km Manth Kamp Kamp Kamp of township roads epa hemb hemb hemb to and a a a bituminous Kalinkh standard u 1,100,0 Facilitate wards 00 construction of 3 1 - Crossing points crossin g point in Chipal a Rehabilitate Facilitate 10,000, 7,000,0 5,000,0 CTC feeder roads upgrading 000 00 00 to all-weather of 10km of feeder 3km 3km 4km 225 gravel roads to all- In In In standard gravel Chisun Mbazi Chibu standard ga ngwe To Conduct Construction Facilitate the 1,200,0 CTC construct a feasibility and construction of 00 modern, studies and infrastructure modern bus 1 efficient, site analysis development station Kamp and safe Public hemb bus station consultations a that and enhances stakeholder the public engagement transportati on in the district Maintain Upgrade the Aviation Facilitate the 150,00 1,300,0 CTC district district development upgrading of 0 00I airstrips airstrips 1no. Airstrip 3 Airstrip (1,300,000) Airstrip upgra Vegetation s de in control around veget Kamp 3no. airstrips 226 (50,000 per ation hemb airstrip) control a Improve Construction Communicatio Facilitate the 4,000,0 4,000,0 2,000,0 district of n technology construction of 00 00 00 communic communicati development 5no. 2 2 1 ation on mast Communication Mazon Lundu Chasa infrastructur mast de to e by 2035 ward SECTORS EDUCATION, HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES MAIN ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY OBJECTIVE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 To increase Constructing Public and Construction of 4,200,0 4,200,0 5,600,0 4,200,0 1,400,0 CTC, MoA, MoH, access to housing social housing 28 staff houses 00 00 00 00 00 MoLNR, Ministry of decent infrastructure (Departments of 3-Agric 6- 8 3- 2- Home Affairs and public and Agriculture-3, 3-Vet Educat Health Forestr Immigr Internal Security, social Veterinary-3, ion y ation Zambia Police, housing Education-6, Immigration 227 Forestry-3, 3- Health-8, Zambia Police Police-3, and Immigration-2) 700,000 per staff house To promote Improve/upgr Settlement Improve/upgrad 400,00 CTC, EPPA coordinate ade the improvement e Mtayachalo 0 d land use settlement settlement 1 and area Mtaya settlement chalo developme nt To improve Construction Infrastructure Construction of 30,000, 30,000, DWRD, Ministry of water of dams development two dams for 000 000 Water storage and water storage 1 1 Development and maintenance and irrigation Mzand Chasa and Sanitation irrigation e to (MoWDS) To enhance Protecting Infrastructure Protect 2 well 400,00 5,000,0 60,000 400,00 DWRD, Ministry of water well fields and development fields, 25 local 0 00 3 0 Water supply and local aquifers and Aquifers, and drill 2 25 well boreh 2 Development resource maintenance aquifer fields boreh 228 managem and drilling 5 boreholes in the s in 15 - oles oles and Sanitation ent boreholes district Kamp C/Nort drilled drilled (MoWDS), CTC hemb h a 10 – protec C/Sout ted h protec ted To improve Construct Infrastructure Construct 10 750,00 500,00 500,00 750,00 DWRD, Ministry of institutional mechanized development mechanized 0 0 0 0 Water water water and water systems 3 2 2 3 Development supply reticulation maintenance within ten and Sanitation systems institutions in 5 (MoWDS), CTC, years MoE To improve Construction Sanitation and Promote public 400,00 200,00 200,00 200,00 DWRD, Ministry of public of public hygiene sanitation by 0 0 0 0 Water hygiene toilets in promotion constructing 5 2 1 1 1 Development and public public toilets in 5 and Sanitation sanitation in institutions public institutions (MoWDS), CTC, public in the next 5 years MoE institutions 229 To enhance Construction Increase Construction of 3 800,00 820,00 850,00 MoH, CTC, Dept health care of mini- access to mini-hospitals in 0 0 0 Health service hospitals quality health Chikwa, Chibale, 1 1 1 provision care and Lundu Chikw Chibal Lundu a e To enhance Construction Secondary Construct 3 1,600,0 1,630,0 1,670,0 MoE, DEBS, CTC, access to of education education secondary 00 00 00 quality facilities schools (1 in Chiri 1 1 1 education Zone, a Girls Chiri Kaozi Kamp Boarding hemb Secondary a school in Kaozi, and a special needs secondary school in Kamphemba) To enhance Upgrade Primary Upgrade 5 1,500,0 1,050,0 MoE, DEBS, CTC primary community education community 00 00 level schools to schools to 3 2 education primary level primary level Maken Mwani (Makeni, i, siya Kajimomo, Kajimo and Samamba, mo, 230 Mwanisiya, and and Samba Sambako) Sama ko mba To increase Construction Enhance Construction of 5 1,800,0 900,00 1,000,0 1,100,0 MoE, DEBS, CTC access to of classroom access to CRBs in the next 00 0 00 00 quality blocks (CRBs) quality, 10 years 2 1 1 1 education equitable and inclusive education To increase Establish ECE Early childhood Establish ECE 2,500,0 2,500,0 2,500,0 2,500,0 4,900,0 MoE, DEBS access to centres education centres in all 149 00 00 00 00 00 early primary and 25 25 25 25 49 childhood community education schools by 2035 (ECE) in the district To promote Establish Infrastructure Establish 300,00 300,00 300,00 300,00 4,100,0 MoE, DEBS physical recreational development recreational 0 0 0 0 00 education facilities facilities in all 161 30 30 30 30 41 and schools in the physical next 10 years 231 health of learners To enhance Extend water Infrastructure Connect 90% of 300,00 312,00 331,00 380,00 EWSC, DWRD, access to reticulation development households in the 0 0 0 0 CTC water and supply and urban area to the 10% 10% 10% 13% supply in network maintenance water supply and 227hh 227hh 277hh 295hh urban reticulation areas network by 2035 (Current status 1088/2273 – 47%) To enhance Drilling, Infrastructure Provide 50 1,700,0 1,700,0 1,700,0 1,700,0 1,700,0 DWRD, CTC access to equipping development waterpoints to 50 00 00 00 00 00 water and and villages with 10 10 10 10 10 supply in rehabilitation maintenance clean and safe water water water water water rural areas of boreholes water by 2035 points points points points points To improve Rehabilitate Infrastructure Rehabilitate the 90,000 EWSC water water storage development old water storage 1 managem tank and tank ent maintenance 232 Kamp hemb a To improve Construct Sanitation and Construct 1 sewer 1 1 EWSC sanitation sewer pond hygiene pond and Vacuu sewer levels in the and procure promotion procure 1 m pond district vacuum vacuum tanker tanker constr tanker procur ucted ed To enhance Procure skip Solid waste Enhance solid 600,00 CTC solid waste loader, skip management waste 0 managem bins, management 1 skip ent construct (Procure 1 skip loader refuse bays, loader, 50 skip procur and have bins, construct 2 ed, dumpsite refuse bays, and 1 approved by have dumpsite dumps ZEMA approved by ite ZEMA) appro ved by ZEMA 60,000 233 50 skip bins procur ed To enhance Assist Child Child protection 1 1 1 1 1 Community child and vulnerable protection program Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Development, adolescent children and (children and caselo caselo caselo caselo caselo Welfare protection adolescents adolescents ad ad ad ad ad and reduce through assisted through mana mana mana mana mana vulnerability caseload community ged ged ged ged ged managemen caseload t management) To reduce Promote Social Cash Social Cash 1 1 1 1 1 Community vulnerability access to Transfer Transfer Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Development, levels social cash (Caseloads caselo caselo caselo caselo caselo Welfare transfer managed) ad ad ad ad ad mana mana mana mana mana ged ged ged ged ged To enhance Assist Disability Disability services 1 1 1 1 1 Community access to vulnerable services (Caseload Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Development, disability differently- management for caselo caselo caselo caselo caselo Welfare services abled vulnerable ad ad ad ad ad 234 individuals differently-abled mana mana mana mana mana through individuals) ged ged ged ged ged caseload managemen t To reduce Enhance Livelihood and Livelihood and All All All All All Community vulnerability access to empowerment Empowerment allocat allocat allocat allocat allocat Development, levels cash grants, schemes Decentralisation ed ed ed ed ed Welfare, CTC among training in life decentralizatio (Women funds funds funds funds funds women skills, micro- n empowerment) disburs disburs disburs disburs disburs within the credit, and ed ed ed ed ed district empowerme nt support for vulnerable women To enhance Promote Self-help Self - Help All All All All All Community access to access to self- initiatives Initiatives enrolle enrolle enrolle enrolle enrolle Development, welfare help initiative promotion d d d d d Welfare, MoA, programs (Training in studen studen studen studen studen Dept Agriculture mindset change, ts ts ts ts ts access to food trained trained trained trained trained security packs, , all , all , all , all , all support with securit securit securit securit securit 235 livestock, and y y y y y support with packs packs packs packs packs agricultural receiv receiv receiv receiv receiv insurance) ed ed ed ed ed distribu distribu distribu distribu distribu ted, all ted, all ted, all ted, all ted, all applic applic applic applic applic ant ant ant ant ant farmer farmer farmer farmer farmer s s s s s insured insured insured insured insured SECTORS ENERGY MAIN PROMOTE ENERGY MIX GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 To enhance Extension of Electricity Upscale 50 100 300 300 250 ZESCO, REA access to the electrical transmission distribution electrical power supply and distribution network to 1000 grid 236 power households by supply 2035 To promote Establish a Green and Facilitate the 1 ZESCO, REA the solar power renewable establishment of establishme plant energy a solar power nt of plant in alternative Kambombo energy chiefdom by sources 2035 To establish Facilitate the Infrastructure Facilitate the 1 CTC a local establishment development establishment of supply of of a filling a filling station in fuel station the district by 2035 SECTORS MAIN ENHANCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 237 To enhance Establish Sustainable Place 250,000 Ha 250,00 250,00 250,00 250,00 250,00 Dept Forestry forest community land, forest, under 0 0 0 0 0 managem forest and water community forest 50 50 50 50 50 ent and managemen management management Kamb Chibal Chibal Mulilo Mulilo protection t area and and promote ombo e e promote smart forest smart forest management managemen within 5 years. t (Mulilo, Chibale, Kambombo) To enhance Capacity Sustainable Strengthening 150,00 105,00 Forestry Dept, forest build CFMGs land, forest, the capacity of 0 0 DWRD, CTC managem and water exiting 17 CFMGs 10 7 ent and management Chabu Lundu, protection lika, Luvila, Chifun Magol da, ogodo Chikw , a, Luswa Chilum ng’om ba, be, Chisop Mulilo, e, Nthab 238 Kamb alumb ombo, a, Kamb Temb ombo we, nature and park, Tiyesek Kamim o bili, Kateny a, and Limwe zi To restore Establish a Sustainable Restore 500 300,00 250,00 250,00 250,00 250,00 Forest dept, CTC degraded nursery of land, forest, hectares of 0 0 0 0 0 forest areas seedlings and and water degraded forest 100 100 100 100 100 plant them to management area by Lundaz Lundaz Muchi Mazon Chisun replenish establishing and i i nga de ga degraded managing a nation nation ward ward ward forest areas nursery of 500,000 al al tree seedlings forest forest To reduced Capacity- Sustainable Encouraging 300,00 210,00 Forest dept, CTC dependen build CFMGs land, forest, forest-based 0 7 ce on forest in forest- industries through 10 239 resource based and water capacity- Chabu Lundu, depletion industrializati management building training lika, Luvila, on for forest in the 17 CFMGs Chifun Magol sustainability communities da, ogodo Chikw , a, Luswa Chilum ng’om ba, be, Chisop Mulilo, e, Nthab Kamb alumb ombo, a, Kamb Temb ombo we, nature and park, Tiyesek Kamim o bili, Kateny a, and Limwe zi 240 To promote Establish a Sustainable Promote 1 DWRD research in climate-smart land, forest, research and Climat climate- technology and water development in e smart and research management water resources smart technology it to deduce and techn for climate impact in management by ology change mitigating establishing one establi resilience climate climate-smart shed change water harvesting technology To Enhance Sustainable Promoting 300,00 300,00 300,00 Dept Agriculture encourage training in agriculture Climate Smart 0 0 0 sustainable climate smart promotion Agriculture (CSA) 10 10 10 agriculture agriculture in the 30 agricultural camps of Chama district by 2033. To promote Establish Green and Establish Off-Grid 1 ZESCO, REA the clean and renewable Energy Solutions establishme renewable energy (a Solar power nt of off-grid plant in the alternative energy 241 energy source (Solar Kambombo sources power plant) area) Promote in Early warning 2 Early warning 1 1 Dept Agriculture, early warning system systems installed Forestry and systems Livestock training of Local Authority officers in camps Flood Flood Risk Conduct flood- 2 Local Authority To improve preparedness assessment risk mapping and 10 10 11 DMMU disaster , response and mapping assessment 5 5 5 5 5 Dept Agriculture, mitigation and recovery Flood plain Training camp 1 Forestry and and management officers in 31 Livestock adaptation Community- camps in early based flood risk warning systems management Conduct community flood preparedness training Develop a flood evacuation plan 242 Drought Drought Risk Water harvesting 1 1 1 1 1 Local Authority preparedness assessment and storage 1 1 1 DMMU , response and mapping infrastructure 5 5 5 5 5 Dept Agriculture, and recovery Water constructed Forestry and conservation Irrigation system Livestock and efficiency development Early warning community systems drought Community- preparedness based drought training management SECTOR GOVERNANCE MAIN PROMOTE INCLUSIVE GOVERNANCE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL BY 2035 OBJECTIVE SPECIFIC STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET RESPONSIBLE OBJECTIVES AGENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Enhance Inclusive Citizen Stakeholder 200,00 200,00 200,00 200,00 200,00 CTC citizen Policy Engagement engagement 0 0 0 0 0 participatio Development Program meetings 4 4 4 4 4 n in stakeh stakeh stakeh stakeh stakeh 243 decision- Public Participatory Quarterly older older older older older making Engagement Governance meetings meetin meetin meetin meetin meetin processes in and Initiative gs gs gs gs gs all the Consultation Community wards Participatory Development Budgeting Program Citizen-Led Public Policy Planning Dialogue Series Civic Education and Awareness Program Strengthen Establishing Land Facilitate the 150,00 400,00 CTC, EPPA Land planning administration establishment of 0 0 Managem agreements and two planning 1 Local 2 ent and with management agreements in area planni Administrati traditional Kambombo and plan ng on for the leadership Chikwa Kamp agree Local Establishing chiefdoms hemb ments Authority by local area Facilitate a (1 2035 plans establishment of Kamb 244 one Local Area ombo Plan within the and 1 township Chikw boundary a) Improve Capacity Capacity Facilitate the 300,00 CTC, Local the building Ward development capacity building 0 Impact, and capacity of Development of all 24 WDCs 24 cooperating all 24 WDCs Committees capac partners ity buildin g trainin gs condu cted in all 24 wards 245 CHAMA TOWN COUNCIL’S FINANCIAL PLAN Purpose The aim of this Long-Term Financial Plan is to raise awareness about potential financial challenges and opportunities that the Council may encounter, guiding the Institution’s financial and operational decision-makers in preparing for these possibilities. This five-year financial plan is part of a broader initiative by the Council to strengthen its long-term financial planning and management strategies. Scope The Council's Financial Plan for Fiscal Years 2025 to 2035 outlines the revenues and expenditures for all Council funds, including the General Fund and special funds, over five years. Description of Development Process Furthermore, this section of the implementation program describes the policies and financial abilities to manage the investment needs associated with its spatial development and built environment through the costing and financing of all strategies formulated to ensure that the objectives and strategies of the IDP are well implemented. A capital investment plan would classify specific public projects as well as a general schedule. The capital Investment Programme is prepared for five years (2022 to 2026) only and is associated with the Medium- Term Expenditure Framework, and is directly related to the priorities, objectives and strategies of the IDP. 246 Forecast Background Revenue and Expenditure History Table 42: Five-year revenue history REVENUE SOURCES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Local Taxes 83895 58454.7 26788 56377.55 37277.5 31927.5 Fees & Charges 630895.4 670243.2 526778.82 589069.5 701944.5 470298 Licenses 20895 10615 6240 38910 26615 27355 Levies 299215.5 287189.21 215501.75 263486 282423 290166.75 Permits 42416 54105 27335 45502 128873 84415 Charges 543750 79840 Local Government 7694601 9374310.56 9377093.23 11010102.16 37784448.8 9305623.61 Equalisation Fund Grant in Lieu of Rates 375000 Constituency Development 76542.75 3261594.78 3263252.51 31184402.13 45953462.94 Fund Sector Grant 7284276 Other Grants 601437.54 8264000 Other Incomes 633186.73 Commercial Venture 152452 Other Receipts 72408.88 36171.82 82349.48 1034689.71 247 National Support (Grants) 10276030.8 TOTAL 8920870 13752684.3 14126776.3 52638991.05 50414549.4 63902364.8 Table 43: Five-year expenditure history 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Planning 1013794.77 Local Governance 2193803.39 Economic and business 5820 development Public health and Environmental 887549.16 protection Housing and Community 2729922.01 Amenities Recreation Culture and Religion 8000 Public order and safety 749822.08 Management and support 5275322.49 Services Resource Mobilization 1761790.57 Constituency Development 49206236.5 Fund Other Grants Borrowings Commercial Venture Other Receipts 248 Personnel Emoluments 4065498 5246443 6302736.66 6840875.88 Use of goods and services 3783901 4519395.77 4968504.23 10499450.15 Financial Charges Social benefits 3891150 Non-financial Assets Acquisition 2864875 1436773.8 3164568.27 258874.54 Financial Assets Loan Repayments Other payments 1033256 1248151.71 655342.08 931797.92 TOTAL 11747531 12450764.3 15091151.2 22422148.49 63832060.9 Revenue and Expenditure forecast Table 44: Five-year revenue forecast REVENUE DESCRIPTION 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Local taxes/rates Residential 25200 26964 28851.48 30871.0836 33032.05945 35344.30361 Industrial 7650 8185.5 8758.485 9371.57895 10027.58948 10729.52074 Subitem total 32850 35149.5 37609.965 40242.66255 43059.64893 46073.82435 Personal levy 43995 47074.65 50369.8755 53895.76679 57668.47046 61705.26339 Subitem Total 43995 47074.65 50369.8755 53895.76679 57668.47046 61705.26339 Revenue description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Fees and Charges Plan scrutiny fee 45250 48417.5 51806.725 55433.19575 59313.51945 63465.46581 249 Rentals/lease of Council’s 106000 113420 121359.4 129854.558 138944.3771 148670.4835 properties Non-Land Application form fees 35600 38092 40758.44 43611.5308 46664.33796 49930.84161 Market fees 109500 117165 125366.55 134142.2085 143532.1631 153579.4145 Loading fees (buses, trucks, 86720 92790.4 99285.728 106235.729 113672.23 121629.2861 trains, taxies etc.) Hire of halls 15000 16050 17173.5 18375.645 19661.94015 21038.27596 Refuse disposal 55200 59064 63198.48 67622.3736 72355.93975 77420.85553 Notice of marriage fees 2500 2675 2862.25 3062.6075 3276.990025 3506.379327 Farm produce fee 80000 85600 91592 98003.44 104863.6808 112204.1385 Billboards and banners 15269 16337.83 17481.4781 18705.18157 20014.54428 21415.56238 Hire of Transport and Equipment 16500 17655 18890.85 20213.2095 21628.13417 23142.10356 Penalties 6750 7222.5 7728.075 8269.04025 8847.873068 9467.224182 Sale of Bid Documents 24000 25680 27477.6 29401.032 31459.10424 33661.24154 Telecommunication site rentals 110000 117700 125939 134754.73 144187.5611 154280.6904 Other fees and charges 68408 73196.56 78320.3192 83802.74154 89668.93345 95945.75879 Subitem Total 776697 831065.79 889240.3953 951487.223 1018091.329 1089357.722 Revenue Description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Licenses Liquor license 27000 28890 30912.3 33076.161 35391.49227 37868.89673 Firearm and ammunition license 8550 9148.5 9788.895 10474.11765 11207.30589 11991.8173 Dog licence 1500 1605 1717.35 1837.5645 1966.194015 2103.827596 Other Licenses 7500 8025 8586.75 9187.8225 9830.970075 10519.13798 Subitem Total 44550 47668.5 51005.295 54575.66565 58395.96225 62483.6796 250 Revenue Description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Levies Pole levy 568 607.76 650.3032 695.824424 744.5321337 796.649383 Trading (Retail) Consumable 229500 245565 262754.55 281147.3685 300827.6843 321885.6222 groceries business Other levies 128120 137088.4 146684.588 156952.5092 167939.1848 179694.9277 Subitem Total 358188 383261.16 410089.4412 438795.7021 469511.4012 502377.1993 Revenue Description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Permits Herbalist permit 1000 1070 1144.9 1225.043 1310.79601 1402.551731 Nursery, pre-school permits 3000 3210 3434.7 3675.129 3932.38803 4207.655192 Fire certificate 12600 13482 14425.74 15435.5418 16516.02973 17672.15181 Extension of Business hours 12000 12840 13738.8 14700.516 15729.55212 16830.62077 permit Social gathering permit 3000 3210 3434.7 3675.129 3932.38803 4207.655192 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary 121000 129470 138532.9 148230.203 158606.3172 169708.7594 permits Subitem Total 152600 163282 174711.74 186941.5618 200027.4711 214029.3941 Revenue Description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Charges Premium Plot-Residential 380000 406600 435062 465516.34 498102.4838 532969.6577 Subitem Total 380000 406600 435062 465516.34 498102.4838 532969.6577 Revenue Description Other Incomes 251 Surplus/ Deficit from Commercial 775000 829250 887297.5 949408.325 1015866.908 1086977.591 Ventures Other Income 40000 42800 45796 49001.72 52431.8404 56102.06923 Subitem Total 815000 872050 933093.5 998410.045 1068298.748 1143079.661 Revenue Description 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 National Support (Grants) Constituency Development 72116301 77164442.07 82565953.01 88345569.73 94529759.61 101146842.8 Fund Roads Grant 3200587 3424628.09 3664352.056 3920856.7 4195316.669 4488988.836 Health Grant 5559779 5948963.53 6365390.977 6810968.345 7287736.13 7797877.659 Local Government Equalization 12407498 13276022.86 14205344.46 15199718.57 16263698.87 17402157.79 Fund Grants in lieu of Rates 500000 535000 572450 612521.5 655398.005 701275.8654 Other Grants 49211795 52656620.65 56342584.1 60286564.98 64506624.53 69022088.25 Subitem Total 142995960 153005677.2 163716074.6 175176199.8 187438533.8 200559231.2 Grand Total 145599840 155791828.8 166697256.8 178366064.8 190851689.3 204211307.6 Table 45 : Five-year expenditure forecast S/N REVENUE 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 RESOURCES 252 Personal emoluments OfficeCost Buildings (Repair & Maintenance) Vehicle Running Costs Other Admin Requisites Services 253 Training & Staff Development Travel Expenses Legal Non-Financial Assets TOTAL 254 Revenue Collection Efficiency of the CHAMA Town Council The section below provides details of CHAMA Town Council revenue collection efficiency. Assessment of Current and Potential Revenue Streams CHAMA Town Council revenue is low due to low levels of compliancy when it comes to payments of rates and levies by business owners in the district. Sources of revenue includes Property Rates, Business Levy, and Grain Levy among many others. Own Sources of Revenue (OSR) A major component of the CHAMA Town Council’s revenue streams includes: 1) Lease and sale of Council land; 2) Property rates and taxes; 3) Business and Personal Levies; External Sources of Revenues for Implementation The implementation of CHAMA IDP will mainly depend on funding from the Government, Donor Agencies, and Private Investors. The council receives Constituency Development Funds (CDF) for community driven projects, the Local Government Equalization Fund (LGEF), Grants-in-lieu of rates for implementation of Capital Projects and Developmental Programmes. 255 Main Factors affecting Revenue Collection and Management Main factors affecting revenue collection in the district is lack of transport, inadequate staff and lack of awareness on the importance of residents and business owners to pay rates and taxes. Programmes for the Preparation of Local Area Plans CHAMA Town Council shall develop Local Area Plans for the IDP from 2022 onwards as outlined below: Phase 1: Informal Settlements upgrading (2025 – 2029) Phase 2: New Developments (2025 – 2030) Phase 3: Urban Regeneration (2031 – 2037) 256 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN Table 46: Monitoring and evaluation plan SECTORS TOURISM, AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURING MAIN OBJECTIVE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY THROUGH TOURISM PROMOTION, AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION, AND VALUE ADDITION STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 INDICATOR DATA Develop the Infrastructure Rehabilitation of 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 No. of Progress Monthly outfitter road development 10 kilometers and 2km 2km 2km 2km 2km kilometers of reports infrastructure construction of Chikwa - Mundalanga – Chifunda Muchinga Tembwe outfitter 10 kilometers of rehabilitation rehabilitation Rehabilitation Rehabilitatio Construction roads outfitter roads n rehabilitated 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 and 10 2km 2km 2km 1,400,000 2km kilometers of Vwaza - Mundalanga - Manga 2km Chipala outfitter construction construction Construction Chipala Construction roads construction constructed Developing Infrastructure Construction of 3 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 3,500,000 2,000,000 No. of bush Progress Monthly hospitality and development bush camps 1 1 1 1 1 camps, 5-star reports tourism Kambombo Kambombo Tembwe bush Chikwa bush Chifunda 5- Lundu hotels, and infrastructure (2025), Tembwe bush camp camp camp star hotel Lodge lodges (2026), and constructed Chikwa (2027), 1 5-star hotel in Chifunda (2028), and 1 lodge in Lundu Chiefdom (2029). Restocking of Wildlife Restocking of 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 No. of Game wildlife Management large mammals 25 25 25 25 25 elephants viewing, Elephants - Nyika Nyika Nyika Nyika Nyika and Buffaloes Transfer 25/per year 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 restocked certificates, 100 100 100 100 100 Records of 257 Buffalos - 100/per Chifunda Chifunda Chimphamba Chasato Manga acknowledg year ement of receipt, and Inventory reports, Promoting Agribusiness Promote crop 60,000 61,000 66,000 70,000 78,000 No. of food Documentati agricultural crop development diversification of 1 1 1 1 1 fare centres ons of official diversification soya beans, Kwenje Kwenje venue Kwenje venue Kwenje Kwenje established recognition, groundnuts, and venue venue venue certificate of rice by completion, establishing a Attendance food fare reports center/venue in the district. Facilitate food Agribusiness Conduct Training 400,000 450,000 480,000 500,000 510,000 No. of Crop storage processing and development in food 4 4 4 4 4 farmers inventory nutrition training processing and Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly camps reports, nutrition in all 31 trained in Activity camps food reports processing and nutrition Establishing early Early warning Strengthen 42,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 No. of camps Early warning warning systems and existing early 7 6 6 6 6 with reports equipment in all surveillance warning systems Buli, Chama Dungulungu, Manga, Nthonko, Chasato, established 31 camps systems by installing early central, Kalovya, Manthepa, Sitwe, Kamfutu, early warning warning Chibale, Kambombo, Mapamba, Tembwe, Kaozi, Kasela, systems equipment in all Chifunda, Kanyelele, Mulilo, Zoole, Mungwalala, 31 camps in the Chigoma, Katangalika, Mundalanga, Chimpamba, and Pondo district Chikwa, Lundu Ng’anjo Chitukula, (Rain gauges K Chilubanam Bazimu 5,000 each and a, Weather radios K 1,000) Establish farmer Irrigation Promote Climate 700,000 600,000 606,000 612,000 624,000 No. of field Field field development Smart Agriculture 7 6 6 6 6 demonstratio demonstratio demonstration through Buli, Chama Dungulungu, Manga, Nthonko, Chasato, n centers n reports from centres establishing central, Kalovya, Manthepa, Sitwe, Kamfutu, established in all trained farmer field Chibale, Kambombo, Mapamba, Tembwe, Kaozi, Kasela, 31 camps camps demonstration Chifunda, Kanyelele, Mulilo, Zoole, Mungwalala, centres (CSA) in Chigoma, Mundalanga, and Pondo 258 all 31 agricultural Chikwa, Katangalika, Ng’anjo Chimpamba, camps of Chilubanam Lundu Bazimu Chitukula, Chama district a, by 2035. Establish market Agribusiness Enhance market 4,000,000 4,400,000 4,000,000 4,400,000 2,300,000 No. of market Market centers and development linkages by 4 4 2 storage 2 storage 1 storage centres centre construct crop establishing 8 Market Market centers depots depots depot established revenue storage depots market centers in centers 2,200,000 and crop reports, the district and 2 storage storage Crop storage constructing 7 depots depots inventory crop storage constructed reports depots Establish an agro- Agribusiness Promote 2,750,000 An Production processing development agricultural 1 Agro- established reports industry technologies processing rice agro- and value chains plant/ industry processing for rice industry production by establishing an Agro-processing industry Establishing Livestock Construct 4 4,000,000 4,400,000 4,600,000 5,000,000 No. of Livestock livestock centres development livestock centres 1 1 1 1 constructed service in Kalovya, Kalovya Kanyelele Chasato Chizimba livestock reports Kanyelele, centres Chasato, and Chizimba Establishing Agribusiness Construct 4 3,000,000 3,200,000 3,300,000 3,400,000 No. of Livestock livestock market development livestock market 1 1 1 1 livestock market centres centres in Chifunda Mapamba Chikwa Tembwe market revenue Chifunda, centres reports Mapamba, established Chikwa, and Tembwe Constructing Agribusiness Construct 2 6,500,000 7,000,000 No. of Meat slaughter development livestock 1 1 slaughter production facilities slaughter Kamphemba Kaozi facilities reports, facilities constructed permit (Less than 500 issuance heads/day) reports 259 Plant pasture for Livestock Plant 40ha of 6,000,000 No. hectares Land use livestock grazing development pasture (10ha 40ha of pasture land cover Farmer’s training FTC-10, planted reports centre (FTC), Chasato-10, 10ha Chasato, Kaozi-10, and 10ha Kaozi, and Kanyelele-10 10ha Kanyelele) 1,500,000 per 10Ha Construction of Livestock Construct 5 dip 2,100,000 2,100,000 4,200,000 2,300,000 No. of dip Service dip tanks development tanks 1 1 2 tanks delivery 15 meters long, 7 FTC Kanyelele Chasato 1 constructed reports meters wide, and And Kalovya Kaozi (Statistics of 4 meters deep disinfection (FTC, Kanyelele, reports) Chasato, Kalovya, and Kaozi) SECTORS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION MAIN OBJECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY INDICATOR INFORMATIO N 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 To upgrade Road Reconnaissance, 2,200,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 No. of km of Progress Monthly township roads development survey and 2 -crossing 5km road 5km road 5km road township reports to bituminous and mapping point in upgrade in upgrade in upgrade in roads standard maintenance of road network Manthepa Kamphemba Kamphemba Kamphemba upgraded to Facilitate the and Kalinkhu bituminous upgrading of wards 1,100,000 Standard 15km 1 -crossing No. of km of of township point in township roads to Chipala roads bituminous surveyed standard No. of Facilitate crossing construction of 3 points Crossing points constructed 260 Rehabilitate Facilitate 10,000,000 7,000,000 5,000,000 No. of km of Progress feeder roads to upgrading 3km 3km 4km feeder reports, all-weather of 10km of feeder In Chisunga In Mbazi In Chibungwe roads certificate of gravel standard roads to all- upgraded to completion gravel gravel standard standard Conduct Construction Facilitate the 1,200,000 No. of bus Revenue feasibility studies and construction of 1 station collection and site analysis infrastructure modern bus Kamphemba constructed reports, Public development station certificate of consultations completion, and stakeholder progress engagement reports Upgrade the Aviation Facilitate the 150,000 1,300,000I No. of airstrip Activity district airstrips development upgrading of 3 Airstrips Airstrip upgraded reports, 1no. Airstrip vegetation upgrade in 3no. Airstrip (1,300,000) control Kamphemba maintained Vegetation control around 3no. airstrips (50,000 per airstrip) Construction of Communicatio Facilitate the 4,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 No of Certificate of communication n technology construction of 2 2 1 communicati completion mast development 5no. Mazonde ward Lundu Chasato on masts Communication constructed mast SECTORS EDUCATION, HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES MAIN OBJECTIVE ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE DELIVERY STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY INDICATOR INFORMATIO N 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Constructing Public and Construction of 4,200,000 4,200,000 5,600,000 4,200,000 1,400,000 No. of staff Certificates housing social housing 28 staff houses 3-Agric 6-Education 8 Health 3- Forestry 2- houses of infrastructure (Departments of 3-Vet 3- Police Immigration constructed completion Agriculture-3, 261 Veterinary-3, Education-6, Forestry-3, Health-8, Zambia Police-3, and Immigration-2) 700,000 per staff house Improve/upgrad Settlement Improve/upgrad 400,000 No. of Upgrade e the settlement improvement e Mtayachalo 1 settlement completion area settlement Mtayachalo area report, upgraded occupancy licenses, title deeds Construction of Infrastructure Construction of 30,000,000 30,000,000 No. of Dams Certificate of dams development two dams for 1 1 constructed completion and water storage Mzande Chasato maintenance and irrigation Protecting well Infrastructure Protect 2 well 400,000 5,000,000 60,000 400,000 No. of well Certificates fields and local development fields, 25 local 2 aquifers in 25 well fields 3 boreholes 2 boreholes fields and of aquifers and and Aquifers, and drill Kamphemba 15 - C/North drilled drilled aquifers completion, drilling boreholes maintenance 5 boreholes in the protected 10 – C/South protected activity district protected No. of reports boreholes drilled Construct Infrastructure Construct 10 750,000 500,000 500,000 750,000 No. of Certificates mechanized development mechanized 3 2 2 3 mechanized of water and water systems water completion, reticulation maintenance within ten systems activity systems institutions in 5 constructed reports years Construction of Sanitation and Promote public 400,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 No. of public Certificates public toilets in hygiene sanitation by 2 1 1 1 toilets of public institutions promotion constructing 5 constructed completion, public toilets in 5 in public activity public institutions institutions reports in the next 5 years 262 Construction of Increase Construction of 3 800,000 820,000 850,000 No. of mini- Certificates mini-hospitals access to mini-hospitals in 1 1 1 hospitals of quality health Chikwa, Chibale, Chikwa Chibale Lundu constructed completion, care and Lundu activity reports Construction of Secondary Construct 3 1,600,000 1,630,000 1,670,000 No. of Completion education education secondary 1 1 1 secondary certificates, facilities schools (1 in Chiri Chiri Kaozi Kamphemba schools progress Zone, a Girls constructed reports Boarding Secondary school in Kaozi, and a special needs secondary school in Kamphemba) Upgrade Primary Upgrade 5 1,500,000 1,050,000 No. of Ministry community education community 3 2 community appraisal schools to schools to Makeni, Mwanisiya and schools report, primary level primary level Kajimomo, Sambako upgraded to certificate of (Makeni, and primary level completed of Kajimomo, Samamba schools school Samamba, upgrade Mwanisiya, and Sambako) Construction of Enhance Construction of 5 1,800,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 No. of Certificate of classroom blocks access to CRBs in the next 2 1 1 1 classroom completion (CRBs) quality, 10 years blocks equitable and constructed inclusive education Establish ECE Early childhood Establish ECE 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 4,900,000 No. of ECE Certificate of centres education centres in all 149 25 25 25 25 49 centres completion primary and established of ECE centre community establishmen schools by 2035 t Establish Infrastructure Establish 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 4,100,000 No. of Certificate of recreational development recreational 30 30 30 30 41 recreational completion, facilities facilities in all 161 Ministry 263 schools in the facilities assessment next 10 years established reports Extend water Infrastructure Connect 90% of 300,000 312,000 331,000 380,000 % of Subscription reticulation and development households in the 10% 10% 10% 13% households reports and supply network and urban area to 227hh 227hh 277hh 295hh connected billing records maintenance the water supply to water and reticulation supply in network by 2035 urban areas (Current status 1088/2273 – 47%) Drilling, Infrastructure Provide 50 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 No. of water Certificates equipping and development waterpoints to 50 10 water 10 water points 10 water points 10 water 10 water points of rehabilitation of and villages with points points points provided to completion boreholes maintenance clean and safe 50 villages water by 2035 giving access to clean safe water Rehabilitate Infrastructure Rehabilitate the 90,000 No. Certificate of water storage development old water 1 rehabilitated completion, tank and storage tank Kamphemba water water maintenance storage tanks storage reports Construct sewer Sanitation and Construct 1 1 1 sewer pond No. of sewer Certificate of pond and hygiene sewer pond and Vacuum constructed ponds completion, procure vacuum promotion procure 1 tanker constructed delivery notes tanker vacuum tanker procured and vacuum tankers procured Procure skip Solid waste Enhance solid 600,000 No. of skip Delivery loader, skip bins, management waste 1 skip loader loaders and notes, construct refuse management procured, skip bins certificate of bays, and have (Procure 1 skip 1 dumpsite procured completion, dumpsite loader, 50 skip approved by No. of refuse ZEMA letter of approved by bins, construct 2 ZEMA bays Approval ZEMA refuse bays, and 60,000 constructed have dumpsite 50 skip bins No. of approved by procured dumpsite ZEMA) 264 approved by ZEMA Assist vulnerable Child Child protection 1 1 1 1 1 No. of Caseload children and protection program Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual caseloads managemen adolescents (children and caseload caseload caseload caseload caseload managed t report through adolescents managed managed managed managed managed caseload assisted through management community caseload management) Promote access Social Cash Social Cash 1 1 1 1 1 No. of Caseload to social cash Transfer Transfer Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual caseloads managemen transfer (Caseloads caseload caseload caseload caseload caseload managed t report managed) managed managed managed managed managed Assist vulnerable Disability Disability services 1 1 1 1 1 No. of Caseload differently-abled services (Caseload Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual caseloads managemen individuals management for caseload caseload caseload caseload caseload managed t report through vulnerable managed managed managed managed managed caseload differently-abled management individuals) Enhance access Livelihood and Livelihood and All allocated All allocated All allocated All allocated All allocated No. of Caseload to cash grants, empowerment Empowerment funds funds disbursed funds disbursed funds funds caseloads managemen training in life schemes Decentralisation disbursed disbursed disbursed managed t report skills, micro- decentralizatio (Women credit, and n empowerment) empowerment support for vulnerable women Promote access Self-help Self - Help All enrolled All enrolled All enrolled All enrolled All enrolled No. of Caseload to self-help initiatives Initiatives students students students students students caseloads managemen initiative promotion trained, all trained, all trained, all trained, all trained, all managed t report programs (Training in security security packs security packs security security mindset change, packs received received packs packs access to food received distributed, all distributed, all received received security packs, distributed, applicant applicant distributed, distributed, support with all applicant farmers insured farmers insured all applicant all applicant livestock, and farmers farmers farmers support with insured insured insured 265 agricultural insurance) SECTORS ENERGY MAIN OBJECTIVE PROMOTE ENERGY MIX GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY INDICATOR INFORMATIO N 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Extension of the Electricity Upscale 50 100 300 300 250 No. of Subscription electrical power transmission distribution households reports and supply grid and distribution network to 1000 connected billing records households by to the 2035 electrical power supply grid Establish a solar Green and Facilitate the 1 No. of solar Certificate of power plant renewable establishment of power plants completion, energy a solar power established subscription plant in reports, and Kambombo billing records chiefdom by 2035 Facilitate the Infrastructure Facilitate the 1 No. of filling Certificate of establishment of development establishment of stations completion, a filling station a filling station in established transaction the district by records 2035 SECTORS MAIN OBJECTIVE ENHANCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY INDICATOR INFORMATIO N 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Establish Sustainable Place 250,000 Ha 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 No. of Certificate of community forest land, forest, under 50 50 50 50 50 hectares encorporatio management and water community forest Kambombo Chibale Chibale Mulilo Mulilo placed under n area and management management community promote smart and promote forest smart forest 266 forest management managemen management within 5 years. t (Mulilo, Chibale, Kambombo) Capacity build Sustainable Strengthening 150,000 105,000 No. of CFMGs Certificate of CFMGs land, forest, the capacity of 10 7 capacity- completion, and water exiting 17 CFMGs Chabulika, Lundu, Luvila, built in forest CFMG management Chifunda, Magologodo, managemen activity Chikwa, Luswang’omb t reports Chilumba, e, Mulilo, Chisope, Nthabalumba, Kambombo, Tembwe, and Kambombo Tiyeseko nature park, Kamimbili, Katenya, and Limwezi Establish a Sustainable Restore 500 300,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 No. of Land use nursery of land, forest, hectares of 100 100 100 100 100 hectares of Land cover seedlings and and water degraded forest Lundazi Lundazi Muchinga Mazonde Chisunga degraded reports plant them to management area by national national forest ward ward ward forest area replenish establishing and forest replenished degraded forest managing a areas nursery of 500,000 tree seedlings Capacity-build Sustainable Encouraging 300,000 210,00 No. of CFMGs Production CFMGs in forest- land, forest, forest-based 10 7 capacity- reports based and water industries through Chabulika, Lundu, Luvila, built in forest- industrialisation management capacity- Chifunda, Magologodo, based for forest building training Chikwa, Luswang’omb industries sustainability in the 17 CFMGs Chilumba, e, Mulilo, communities Chisope, Nthabalumba, Kambombo, Tembwe, and Kambombo Tiyeseko nature park, Kamimbili, Katenya, and Limwezi Establish a Sustainable Promote 1 No. of Activity climate-smart land, forest, research and climate- reports, 267 technology and and water development in Climate smart research it to management water resources smart technologies deduce impact and technology established in mitigating management by established (Water climate change establishing one harvesting climate-smart climate- water harvesting smart technology technology) Enhance training Sustainable Promoting 300,000 300,000 300,000 No. of Activity in climate smart agriculture Climate Smart 10 10 10 climate smart reports, agriculture promotion Agriculture (CSA) agriculture certificates of in the 30 technologies completion agricultural promoted in camps of 31 camps Chama district by 2033. Establish clean Green and Establish Off-Grid 1 No. of off-grid Certificate of and renewable renewable Energy Solutions energy completion, off-grid energy energy (a Solar power solutions subscription source (Solar plant in the established reports, billing power plant) Kambombo records area) Promote in early Early warning Training 120,000 120,000 132,000 No. of officers Certificates warning systems system agriculture 10 10 11 in camps of training of officers in 31 trained in completion, officers in camps camps in early early warning early warning warning systems systems reports (surveillance, data collection, and reporting). SECTOR GOVERNANCE MAIN OBJECTIVE PROMOTE INCLUSIVE GOVERNANCE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL BY 2035 STRATEGIES PROGRAMMES PROJECTS TARGET OUTPUT SOURCE OF FREQUENCY INDICATOR INFORMATIO N 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 268 Inclusive Policy Citizen Stakeholder 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 No. of Availability of Development Engagement engagement 4 stakeholder 4 stakeholder 4 stakeholder 4 stakeholder 4 stakeholder Participatory participatory Public Program meetings meetings meetings meetings meetings meetings Budgeting budgeting Engagement Participatory Quarterly Plans plan and Consultation Governance meetings developed Participatory Initiative Availability of Budgeting Community No. of PLUPs PLUPs Citizen-Led Development developed Planning Program Number of Public Policy No. of women in Dialogue Series women in WDCs Civic WDCs Education and Number of Awareness No. of women in Program women civic In civic leadership leadership Noumber of No. of youths youths in civic in civic leadership leadership Establishing Land Facilitate the 150,000 400,000 No. of Availability of planning administration establishment of 1 Local area 2 planning planning approved agreements with and two planning plan agreements (1 agreements planning traditional management agreements in Kamphemba Kambombo developed agreements leadership Kambombo and and 1 Chikwa) No. of Local Establishing local Chikwa Area Plans Available area plans chiefdoms developed approved Facilitate Local area establishment of plans one Local Area Plan within the township boundary Capacity Capacity Facilitate the No. of WDCs Certificated building Ward development capacity undertaking of Development building of all 24 capacity completion, Committees WDCs building 269 Activity reports 270 CONCLUSION Aligned with the Urban and Regional Act of 2015, the Eastern Provincial Planning Authority, in collaboration with various government bodies, organizations, stakeholders, and district residents, has completed the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Chama District. This ten-year roadmap reflects a collective and extensive effort to guide the district's development. Efforts to create this document began in 2019 but faced numerous setbacks. In 2022, the process gained renewed momentum after the passage of a council resolution, allowing the district to gather and record key issues from all 24 wards through thorough public consultations documented in the Planning Survey and Issues Report (PSIR). This groundwork informed the Development Framework, which outlined specific interventions to address the district’s challenges. The framework then underwent a careful review to determine necessary resources, culminating in the Implementation Plan. The IDP’s preparation involved significant engagement with residents, government agencies, line ministries, and non-governmental organizations. Chama District acknowledges the dedication of all contributors and remains committed to achieving its vision: “An interlinked, socio-economically sound, and sustainable district by 2045.” 271