Tanzania National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Document

Tl-l] UMlT]D :Rl:PU:Bllt 01 TANZANlA MINISTRY OF NATIJRAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM NATIONAL FISHERIES SECl'OR POLICY AND srRATEGY STAT£MENT DECEMBER, 1997 MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM NATIONAL FISHERIES SECTOR POLICY AND STRATEGY STATEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ........... ~ .................................................. . I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..... ~ .............................. . 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR .......... . 2.1 Resource Base .................................................. . 2.2 Constraints and Opportunities in the Fisheries Sector . 2.3 Stakeholder Participation (private sector. NGOs. etc.) 2.4 Poverty Alleviation ... . , .................................. · ..... . 2.5 Regional and International Co-operation ................. . 3. THE NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY AND STRA- TEGY STATEMENT ............................................... . 3.1 Goal ................................................................ . 3.2 Objectives ........................................ . . ............... . 3.3 Policy & Strategy Statements ............................... . 3.3.1 Resource Management and Control Mechanism .... . 3.3.2 Improved Knowledge of the Fisheries Resource Base 3.3.3 Applied/Strategic Research ............................... . 3.3.4 Efficient Resources Utilisation and Marketing ....... . 3.3.5 Training and Education .................................... . 3.3.6 Fisheries Resour.ces and Aquatic Environment Pro- tection ........................................................... . 3.3. 7 Aquaculture Development ................................ . 3.3'.8 Community Participation .................................. . 3.3. 9 Fisheries Information Management ............ ; ........ . 3.3.10 Gender and Fisheries Sector Development ......... . 3.3. l l Inter Sectoral Collaboration ............ ~················· 3.3.12 Integration of Fisheries into Coastal Area Mana- gement .......................................................... . 3.3. 1.3 Regional and International Cooperation .......... , .. . 4. PROGRAMME OF ACTION ..................................... . 4. I A need for revised Fisheries Legislation ................. . 5. FUNDING ................................................................ . 5.1 Categories of Funding ......................................... . 5.1.1 Recurrent and Development Activities ................ . 5.1.2 Voluntary Contributions ............ , ..................... .. 5.;2 Investrnents ...................................................... . 6. ANNEXES Annex t: Annex 2: ............................................................... . lll IV l 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 22 THE FISHERIES SECTOR POLICY AND STRATEGY STATEMENT Acronyms, Abbreviations and Definitions. EEZ SWOT FAO ·JCZM .. NEMC NM Aquaculture Community Community Parti­ cipation Efficiency Efl'e<:tiveness -Exclusive Economic Zone. -Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities • and Threats. -. Food Agricultural Organisation. -Integrated Coastal Zone (area) Management. -National Environment Management Council . -National Mile. -The art of culturing fish and/or crusteans and/or seaweeds. -Group of people sharing same 4nterests in fisheries. -Empowerment -of the community to identify their own problems, seek their own solution, and implements their own decisions. -A measure of the "productivity" for the imple­ mentation process - how economically inputs are converted into outputs. -A measure of the extent to which a project ,or programme is successful in achieving its obje- ctives. • tV 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Background: Whereas fisheries resources have been sensibly managed, developed and utilised by the local communities and other user~, they have also been altered and destroyed in some cases, on the grpunds that they are indefinitely renewable. It has, however, been reaHsed that these renew­ able resources are limited,: and thus there has been a need to seek ways and means to better conserve, manage and develop them on sustainable basis. • • Existing planned national policies for conservation, management and development of natural resources face ·identical problems. These include conflicting sectoral policies, lack of general appreciation of the values of the natural resources and therefore· their need; for ·conservation and management, as well as lack of a central point for co-ordination of management actions. Thus the present fisheries policy and strategy statement addresses these problems as well as setting the scene for· ~II that the nation wants for her fisheries resources. The statement focuses on the promotion of sustainable exploitation, utilisation· and marketing of fish resources to provide food, income, employment and'foreign exchange, earnings and effective protection of the aquatic environment to sustain development. The main areas of concern to the sectors' development efforts are:- - Improved resource management and controL - Integration of environmental· protection and ,qevelopment. - Improved training and education. - Improved knowledge of the Fisheries resource base. - Efficient resource utilisation and Marketing. - Applied/strategic research. - -Aquaculture development. - Community participation. - Fisheries information management. - Gender and development. - Cross-sectoral collaboration. - Integrated coastal area management and - Regional and international co-operation. This document forms the policy • statement and strategy for the Fisheries Sector. The policy encompasses the need for a change ·in at­ . titude towards fisheries resources use practices as well as the necessity to manage, conserve and develop·them for good of all and for prosperity. 1 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR 2.1 Resource Base Tanzania is well endowed with water resources, sharing three of the largest inland lakes in Africa, a diverse river system, numerous wetland and an ocean coast line. The country is reasonably rich in marine and inland fishery resources and therefore a significant fisheries sector. The Fisheries sector has a lot of economic and social significance to the country. The sector contributes around 10% of the National GDP. It is the main source of protein to nearly one third of the country's population. It provides a source of employment and livelihood to a substantial number of people. Around 80,000 fishermen are employed fun time in the fisheries and a few other millions derive their economic livelihood from the sector in one way or another in fisheries retated activities. It is also a source of recreation, tourism and foreign-exchange. In terms of animal protein availability, fish cont ribute about 30% of the total animal protein in take. Tots is significant as the majority of the consumers are relatively low-income earners who cannot afford other more expensive sources of protein. There is a growing demand for fish created by population growth estimated at 3.5% per annum. The present potential yield estimates suggesrthat, about 730,000 met­ ric tons of fish can be harvested from the natural waters as follows:- Lake Victoria ........................................................... 200,000mt Lake Tanganyika ........................................................ 300,000mt Lake Nyasa .............................................................. 100,000mt Other lakes, dams and reservoirs .......................... ........ ·: 30,000mt Marine waters (teritorial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,000mt 730,000mt The present annual fish catch is estimated at 350,000mt. There is therefore room for increased production. • The EEZ has not been exploited significantly, and there is therefore a potential to increase landings of tuna and similar fish species. Available data shows that certain traditional fisheries are either being fully or near full exploitation, where as others are being little exploited, but can offer a good potentialfor increased production. While efforts are being made to develop new fisheries, the currently exploited fisheries need to be managed to sustain production and improve handling and processing to reduce losses in order to meet the needs of the growing population and the future generations and in this way contribute to food security. • • 2 Aquaculture . . A number of fresh water fish species, brackish water and marine species of fauna and flora are suitably potential fpr aquaculture. There is a potential for increased fish production through aquaculture to com­ plement the capture fisheries. The development of aquaculture, .how­ ever, needs to be guided by promoting and incorporating the manage­ ment principles to ensure aquaculture sustainability. 2.2 Constraints and Opportunities. in the Fisheries Sector The sector is faced by many problems. Some of the long-term problems are: - Insufficient information on the resource base. - Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient utilisation .. - Inadequate capacity to carry out research. - Poor handling and inadequate processing methods and technologies. - Under developed recreational/sport fisheries potential. - Poor transport and distribution network leading to high levels of Post-harvest losses. • - Inadequate Fish Inspection and Quality Control mechanisms. - Inadequate national capacities .and infrastructure in training in- stitutions. • - Invasion of noxious aquatic plants especially the wate.r hyacinth in Lake Victoria. - Environmental degradation and inability to integrate environmen­ tal· protection with development. - • Insufficient knowledge on the contribution of aquaculture to indi­ vidual household economies. - Insufficient empowerment of the local communities. - Poor interaction between players in community and community related issued and activities. -. • Scanty information on the traditonaVlocal knowledge of fisheries resource. - Unfavourable credit condition frorr. lending financial institutions. Besides there are a number of constraints that limit the capacity of the sector to solve the problems and they include the following: - Lack of recognition of the long-term value and contribution of the fisheries resources to the economy. - In adequate financial and technical resources. - Low level of technology among the artisanal fishing communities. - Inadequate support services including research and extension per- sonnel and proper equipment for fishing, handling and transport , facilities. 3 - Lack of appreciation of the gender perspectives in the fisheries activities. . . . • - Donor reliance on funding national projects. - Inability to exploit the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In spite of th.e above mentioned problems and constraints, there are opportunities in the sector that could be promoted to facilitate increased contribution of the sector to the national economy. These are: - The resource potential is vast (both capture fishery and aquacul­ ture) to attract investment in the sector. - There is sufficient human resources. -· There is demand for fisheries products from both foreign and domestic markets-. • . · -. Fish quality management can be ·improved to satisfy traditional and new markets. · . - Some donors and partners are interested in assisting fisheries de­ velopment in the country. - The 200nm EEZ has considerably increased tl le natural resource base under the national jurisdiction and ~ yet to ·be exploited. 2.3- Stakeholder Participation (Private Sector, NGOs, etc) The private sector, the community, non-governmental organisations and other non-state actors have a very useful role to play in the develop­ ment, management and sustainable utilisation of the fisheries resources. They possess diverse experience; expertise and capacity in various fields relevant to the fisheries sector .1berefore their full potential have to be tapped, enabled and strengthened in support of the efforts to achieve the sector objectives. The active involv;ment of\he1private sector and NGOs in the fisheries sector would enhan~ investment, improve business and general manage­ ment in the fishing industry,. revitalise financing, operations and transpor­ tation/marketing of the fisheries products . . The possible areas of participation, co-operation ancf/ot technical as­ sistance include:-. • Investment in the fishing industry i.e. in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), territorial waters ih joint venture with the local fishing industry. • • . • Investment in the production df fisheries inputs, such as boat build­ . ing, production and importation of fishing gears, equipment and spares. 4 • Business operations, both local and export of value added fisheries products, Eco-tourism, s~ and ornamental fishirtg, etc. • Co-operation in joint research and training so as to improve the efficiency of research findings, capacity building and extension services. • • Technical assistance and co-operation in the development of the aquaculture practice. • Development of the fisheries infrastructure, in particular fish hand­ ling, processing, distribution and marketing. • Empowerment of communities to participate in the management and conservation of the fisheries environment by ensuring respon- · sible fishing principles by all communities. 2.4 Poverty Alleviation Fisheries significantly contribute to the supply of food, that is high quality protein and nutrients, employ many people and generate substan­ tial mcomes. Thus development efforts in the fisheries sector have to consider the valid objective to eradicate/alleviate poverty. - Given the situation that the majority of the people in Tanzania live in the rural areas and are poor, the role of the government is to assist the local communities to become aware of their own situation and support them to become responsible for their own destiny by making better use of the fish resources. The following· strategies will be undertaken in order to promote fish production.and generate income through employment creation as a mea­ sure to alleviate poverty:- • Encourage the allocation and utilisation of fisheries resources in favour of the rural community so that they result to human welfare development. • Empowerment of women, regarded as natural resources managers in the society access to resources as a critical factor in the effective eradication of poverty. • Promotion of private investment in the sector in order to stimulate fish production, processing and marketing and other related social economic activities. 5 2.5 Regional and International Co~peration The national obligation to manage the fisheries resource extends beyond nationalwaters, as fish does not recognise man made boundaries. In addressing issues that relate to the management, sustainable utilisation and conservation of the aquatic resources and environment we find ourselves drawn into the international arena. Most transinational issues involve shared fish stocks and pollution. Fish stocks aswith pollution recognises no political boundary. This calls for the collective efforts of the ripaJiiiin states and governments in de­ veloping management measures to resolve resource use conflicts. reduce or mitigate negative impact and to develop common standards and pro­ cedures (or monitoring. It also calls for concerned nations to recognise the mutuai-impact of development activities and to implement the relev­ ant International agreements/conventions and codes of conduct for re- sponsible fishing. • Given this situation, the fisheries policy recognises this noble obliga­ tion; and in the implementation of the policy strategies; activities will be developed along these lines. The policy strives to foster regional and international co-operation for purposes of development. sustainable utilisation and conservation of the fisheries resources and environment for the benefit of mankind. 3. THE NATIONAL FISHERIES POLICY AND STRATEGY STATE­ MENT 3.1 Goal: The overall goal of the National Fisheries Policy is to promote conser­ vation, development and sustainable management of the Fisheries Re­ sources for the benefit of present and future generations. 3.2 Objectives The main objectives are:- - To put into efficient use available resources in order to increase fish production so as to improve fish availability as well as contri­ bute to the growth of the economy. - To enhance knowledge of the fisheries resource base. - To establish national strategic research programmes that are re- sponsive to the fisheries sector. - Improving fisheries products utilisation and their marketability. 6 - Develop national training .and educational progr-amm~ based on assessed needs an·d the use of national arid interrtational training institut~ons optimised. • • • - To encourage and support all initiatives leading to the· protection·· and sustainable use of the fish stock and aquatic resources: - - Protect productivity and biological diversity of coastal and aqu~tic ecosystems through prevention of habitat destruction, pollution and over exploitation. - Promote small scale, semi-intensive aquaculture systems with sim- ple technologies and low capital investment. - - Promote sound util1sation of the ecological capacity of water based areas as a means of generating income and diet.~ ' - Promote effective farm and. (ish liealth management practices favouring hygienic measures and vaccines. - Improve involvement of the fisher c~mniunities inthe planning development and management of fishery resources, - Improve availability,- accessibility and exchange of fisheries infor­ mation. - Incorporate gender perspective in the development of the Fisheries ~ector. - Strengthen collaboration on -cross-sec'toral issues between the fisheries sector and other s¢ctors. - Develop and strengthen iq.ter-sectoral co-oper·ation in general fisheries development to minimise opei;ational conflicts; - Pursue a continuing fisheries integrated programme of effective management of coastal zone to meet the ecological and social economic needs of the present and future generation. - To strengthen regional and international collaboration in the sus­ tainable exploitation, management and conservation of i:esources in shared water bodies. - - Effective utilisation of the Exclusive Economic Zone promoted and achieved. • 3. 3 Policy and Strategy Statements: 7 . Resources Management and Control Mechanism. Policy Statement (Ii To put to efficient use aYaUable resources in order tr increase fish production so as to improve fish availabi)ity as well as . o •tribute to the growth of the «onomy. Stl itegies ~ Improve fisheries statistica1 -data coJlc.ction and processing. - • Facilitate development and maintenance of the fisheries and related infrastructure. • Provide investment guidelines in the fisheries sector to facilitate creatjon of ~mployment to the nationals and promote better indust- rial Hnkages. • • Regulate jnvestment in the fisheries sector based on the available re.sour-ees and capacity utilisation. • Provide adequate extension services. • Encourage self-help programmes within the fisher communities . .,. Encourage the fisher community (artisanal fisherfolk, fish farmers, etc) to form Fisheries Development Trust Funds, cred;t schemes as appropriate. • Facilitate all initiatives geared towards availability of fisherie~ in­ puts (i.e. spares, gears, equipment, etc). * Encourage domestic fish consumption. • Provide mitigative measures in fisheries development activities in order to resolve ~onflicting objectives. • Improve and harmonise legislatfon. • Improve licensing mechanism by issuing specific gutdelmes in key fishery, e;g. prawn fishing, artisanat fishing, etc. * Require all fishing companies and operators to submit timel} and accurate statistical information on thcir operations. • Enhance the fisheriesobserver programme in commercial fishing. • Conduct joint surveittance and enforcement in collaboration with other related agencies and communities to ensure effecrive im­ plementation of the fisheries and related legislation. • Strengthen government revenue collection system in the fisheries sector to ensure harmonisation with other agencies. The various fees and royalties to be regularly reviewed. 8 ·,3.J.2 Improved Knowledge of the Fisheries- Resoiu"«s Base. Policy Statement (2) To ~ knowledge of the fisheries resource base. ~tegies •·Improve collection and processing of information·forfisheries man- • agement purposes. • • Facilitate availability -Of resear-ch findings on the resource base through publication and/or other measures. • Encourage the assessment of the fisheries resources. • Promote research of under-utilised fish stocks for possible exploi­ tation. • Facilitate and promote acquisition and documentation of traditional fisheries knowlecJ.se. • 3.3.3 Applied/Strategic Researdt. Policy· Statement (3) To -establish .national strategic/applied reseach programmes that are responsive to the fisheries sector. Strate gies • Identify priority national needs for research • Strengthen national Fisheries Research Institutions. •· Develop short, medium and long-term pational research plans. • Promote national and regional resear-ch --coa.operation. · • Develop and maintain database of the national fisheries and related scientists and research findings. 3.3A Efficient Resources Utilisation and Marketing Pelicy Statement (4) To improve Fisheries products utilisation and their marketability. Strategies • Encourage the use-of environmenta11y friendly fishing technologies and gear. • Promote national capacities in co-operation with small-scale indus­ tries to pr-oduce fisheries"'accessories. * Encourage private enterprise development in the fisheries sector by promoting commercial fishing. Priority will be given to nationals . especially in the territorial waters. 9 * Estab~ish National quality contrpl standards for fisq products,~. * r~omot~ .. the use ?f improv~d an~ appropriate t~chnolo~esin th~ post hc!rvest handling and processmg m order to improve the shelf­ life of fish and fish products for local consumption and export. * Ensure imp~oved quality of fishefY products to meet the require- • ment of the international markets. ' * Facilitate the promotion of fish marketing and distribution-in col- laboration with the private, industry and. trade sectors. * Promote the availability of fish and fishery products to low income groups. * Encourage exportaticin of vafue added fish and fishery products. * Regulate irµportation and exportation offish and produ~ts in order to safeguard the National Food Security .. * Promote Eco-tourism and recreation.;i.1/sport fishjng:. * Col)tol of ornamental fish trade. . ' ' . ' . 3.3.5: Training arid Education. , Policy Statement (5) To establish National training and edutatidnal programmes based on assessed needs and optimise the use of na­ tional and international training institutions. Strategies: * Develop national training prog(amme an d implement .it based on assessed needs to meet the human resources requirements of the fisheries sector. * Develop curricula in national fisheries training and equcational institutions based on assessed fisheries training needs: * Assess regularly the fisheries sector training needs based on specific requirements for human resources with specific refer­ ence to fisheries development programmes. * Strengthen the capacity and infrastructure in the national fisheries training and research institutions. * Collaborate with the Human Resources Developmt:nt sector and others sectors in the devefopmeflt of a sustainc\ble funding mechanisms. * Develop relevant vocational training programmes for artisanal fisherfolks. - 10 * In collaboration with other sectors facilitate the development of a viable and sustainable scheme. ii} order. to improve access - to natfonal training institutions. - 3.3.6 Fish~ries.Resources and aquatic environment protection. Policy Statement (6) To integrate conservation and sustainable Utilisation of the fisheries resources into the social economic Programmes of the community. - - Policy Statement (7) To encourage and support all initiatives leading to the protection and sustainable use of the fish stock and aquatic resources . . ·' - . ' ; • Policy Statement (8) To protect the productivity and biological diversity of coastal and aquatic ecosystems through prevention of habitat destruc­ tion, pollution and over exploitation. • Strategies: --. - * Develop environmental 'impact assessment "(EIAY guidelines and ensure that EIA is carried out and taken into consideration in all fisheries sector projects. * Promote the development of alternative sources -of income generating activities to fisheries. * Control/ban destructive fishing and processing 1')ethods. * Monitor and review environmental protection measures applied in the fisheries sector. • * Promote protection of the fragile Eco..:system, Eco-system pro­ cesses and conservation of biodiversity prog!amme. * Protect endangered and threatened aquatic species throughout their life. * Protect vulnerable speci~, h.abitals and areas of special ecolog­ ical significanc~ through accordance of special legal status to such areas e.g. marine parks, marine reserves and closed breed­ mg areas. * Discourage mining of live coral to minimise destruction of coral reef ecosystem in order to protect-the coastal area environment. * Collaborate with other relevent sectors to develop water quality monitoring system. * Promote efforts that combat the spread of noxious-water weeds e.g. water hyacinth. 11 • Discourage .the introduction or translocation of exotic spede!f. between water-systems unless sound scientific evidence guaran­ tees safety of g~netic integrity of the Eco-systems. • Maintain and update regularly an inventory of all described fish and other aquatic species. • Adopt relevant regional and in~rnational protocols and ,reaties. for protection and conservation of the fisheries resources and aquatic environment. • Pmmote collaborative management approaches with user com­ munities to areas designated as protected areas such· as Marine Parks and Marine Reserves, etc. 3 .3. 7 Aquaculture Devefopment .. Policystatement(9) Topr-omotesmallscale, semi-intensiveaquacul­ ture systems with simple technologies and low capital investment. Policy Statement (10) To promo/,f! the soulid utilisation of the ecolog­ kal capacity of water based areas as a means to promote diversifi­ cation of income sources and diet . ... Policy Statement (11) To promote effective farm and fish health manQgement practices favouring hygienic measures and vaccines. Strategies: * Initiate the establishment of code of conduct for aquaculture to provide guideline to address issues such as site selection, construction, suitable species, introduction of exotic species, water abstraction, spread of disease and effluent control. * Establish effective procedures specific to aquaculture to under­ take- appropriate environmental assessment and monitoring . with the aim of minimising adverse ecological changes and re­ lated economic and social consequences resulting from water extraction, land use, -discharge of effluent, use of drugs and chemicals and other aquaculture activities. * Promote research to identify better performing species for aquaculture development. *' Encourage the use of available own farm resources rather than outside inputs. * Promote extension of viable aquaculture technologies approp­ riate for small scale and/or semi intensive level. 12 * Produce and I"egutarly update aquaculture development strategies and plans as required to ensure that aquaculture de­ velopment is ecologicaHy sustainable and allow rational use of resources shared by aquaculture and other- activities. Encourage the private sector.· non-governmental organisations (e.g. religious institutions. youth groups. e.tc) to participate in aquaculture development. * Promote the utilisation of small water bodies. dams and reser-. voirs for aquaculture. •• Promote the integration of aquaculture ir,to other farming pro­ duction systems among the rural communities.· Promote where appropriate the mdusion of aquaculture m water supply and/or irrigatiori development program~s. * Promote and propagate aquaculture in order to irn:rease fish production and provide income. . * Ensure that the livelihood of local·communities and their access to fishing grounds are not affected by aquaculture developmenL * Establish. maintain and develop an appropriate legal and ad­ ministrative framework which facilitates the development of sustainable aquacutture. * Ensure safe. effective and minimal u~ of therapeutants. hor­ mones and drugs. antibiotic andother disea.se-controf chemicals. * Ensure the food safety of aquacultUl"e products and promote effort which mamtain product .quality and improve their value thro~gh particular care before and during harvesting and on site processing and m storage and trasport of the product. 3.3.8 Community Participation. Policy Statement (/2) To improve the involvement of the fisher communities in the planning, de i elopment and management of fisher}' resources. Strategies: * Encourage formation of fisher associations. co-operative and groups and support their activities * Sensitise decision-makers at all level on the importance of in­ volving fisher communities in the development of the sector .activities. 13 * Encourage the involvement of the fisher community in policy formufation anti impleihentation through their relevant institu­ tions, i.e. vill<\ge/couritils·. associations, etc. * Identify issues relevant to community participation in the sector and collaborate with other related sectors to enhance this par­ ticipation. * Encourage formulation of projects, which aim at promoting involvement of communities in the management of fisheries resource. * Facilitate and promote sharing and exchange of skills and know­ ledge throug,h extension services. * Entrust the management responsibilities of landirlglsitts or other facilities and utilities to fisher communities. * Facilitate -the formt,Ilation of village by-laws relevant to the fisheries sector to enhance sustainable exploitation and utilisa- tion of the resources. ' 3. 3. 9 Fisheries Information Management. Policy Statement (13) To improve the availability, accessibility and exchange of fisheries information. Strategies. * Build the capacity of the Fisheries Department to manage the: fisheries information. * Establish data base on fisheries and related information . • ' * Maintctin and regularly update a database on fisheries and aquaculture as well as rexperts, institutions, as well as resource base. * Facilitate information exchange thr(mgh documentation ser­ vices and establishment of stakeholder network. * Encourage and promote inter and intra sectoral exch~nge of fisheries information. * Promote awareness of fisheries information source~ and services available within and outside the country. * Facilitate production and dissemination of the information de­ signed to meet the needs of the user groups (scientists, policy makers, planners. fish farmers, industrialists, and fisherfolk). 14 3.3.10 Gender and Fisheries Sector Development. Policy statement ( 14) To incorporate Gender perspective in the development of the Fisheries sector. Strategies * Encourage inclusion of gender perspective m the planning and implementation of fisheries undertakings. ·* Attend issues that affect or hinder women active participation in the fisheries activities. * Encourage gender equity at all levels of fisheries development. 3.3.11 Inter Sectoral Collaboration Policy statement ( 15) To strengthen collaboration on crtlss-scc­ toral issues between the fisheries sector and other sectors. Policy Statement (16) To develop and strengthen inter-sectoral c o-operatio~ in general fisheries. development to minimise opera- tional conflicts. • -··-··-· -~··· ,, .. ..., Strategies * Collaboration with other sectors in the implementation of Agenda 21 National Programmes and recommendations on th~ Fisheries Sector. * Conduct joint planning meetings with related sectors of both the Union and Zanzibar Government. * Conduct joint meeting with all sectors related to Natural Resources, tourism and environment in areas of training, information, enforce­ ment, conservation and natural resources management. * Disseminate information on regional and international trade pro­ tocols to fisheries stakeholder in collaboration with industry, com­ merce and trade sector. * Promote fish and fish products m<;1rket1ng, and distribution in' collab­ oration with private, industry and trade sector. , ' * In collaboration with water and agricultural sectors, promote where appropriate the inclusion of aquaculture in water supply and/or irrigation development programme. 3.3.12 Integration of Fisheries into Coastal Area Management: Policy Statement (17) To pursue continuing Fisheries integrated prog- , ramme of effective management of coastal zone to meet the ecological and social economic needs of the present and future generation. 15 Strategies * Ensure that the Fisheries sector and fishing communities are rep­ resented and/or consulted in the decision making process and in­ volved an other activ'.ties related to coastal area management, p'tan­ ning anci development. "" Promote the estabhshment of procedures and mechanism at ap­ propriate administrative level to setde conflicts which arise within the fisheries sector and between fisheries resources users and other users of coastal area , * Facilitate the adoption of . fisheries practices that avoid conflict among fisheries resource users and between them and other users of the coastal areas.· i * Promote multidisciplinary research in support of coastal ar~a man- agement in particular on its environmental, biological, eccinomic, social, legal and institutional aspects. ' * Promote the creation of aw~reness of the need for the protection and management of .eoastal resources and the participation in the management process by those affected. " • 3.3. 13 Regional and International Co-operation: Poracy Statement (18) To strengthen regional and lnternationalicollab­ oration in the sustainable exploitation, management and conservption of resources in shared water bodies and the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) . Strategies ., * Develop the national capacity in exploiting our terntoria1 water and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) by entering in jdint ven­ ture with countries or companies that have advanced fisheries technology. . ' . * Strengthen environmental conservation strategies by improved sur­ veillance against prohibitive fishing practices and water pollution through co-operation with other national and international institu­ tions. The thrust is to harmonise relevant legislation for purposes of easy enforcement. • * Actively participate in Regional and International fora to enl1ance sustainable management of resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone, (EEZ) as provided for under UN conventions and .also in Inland waters ' 16 4. PROGRAMME OF ACTION 4.1 A need for revised Fisheries Legislation: . The Fisheries Act (1970) is the major legal instrument for the current fbheries policy being established. Other instruments include the Ter!ito~ial S eaand Exclusive Economic Zone Act (1989), The Tan­ zama F1shenes Research Institute Act (1980) and the Marine Parks and Reserves Act (1994). Most of these laws need to be revised and subsidiary legislation updated from time to time in order to meet the requirement of the policy. . 4.2 The Establishment of the National Fisheries Program~e to be known as the Tanzania Fisheries Action Plan will be developed to take care of the implementation of 1he policy strategies. Development of the programme will take the following steps:- 4 2.1 Define and update an mvestment program including both public implementation of the Fisheries Policy. 4.2.2 Define and update a capacity Building Program (e.g. lnstitu·- • tional Strengthening Program) to assist the implementing in­ stitutions to fulfil their respective roles in policy implementa­ tion, and • 4.2.3 Estab[sh Management in >orniation system for the continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of policy implementat ·on 4.3 The establishment of Fisheries Development Advisory Committee comprising of user group/stakeholders (scientists. policy makers. planners. fish farmers, industnalists, •fisherfolk. etc) to advice the government on various fisherks relates issues .. 5. FUNDING Funding of the Fisheries Sector Programme of Action is a major challenge to the Government. In view of the current financial difficulties faced by the country. it would he unrealistic to assume the Government would finance its programmes of action from its own sources in a long term. The major part of the programme ot action will depend on support from other stakeholders (donors. etc.). \1 5. 1 Categories of Funding 5.1.1 Recurrent and Development Activities: The sector will strive to finance its administrative, management and development programmes from its own sources. The delevepo­ ment of the Retention Scheme will assist the sector to increasingly finance its own priority programmes .. To be more effective the sector will need to make and implement critical policy decisions, which will reduce the sector/government from donor dependency to self-reliance. For this move to be attractive to the government, all national fisheries projects will need to be critically reviewed and screened. Fisheries projects which are cost-effective and with clear national benefit, will. be supported. • Areas that the sector intends to pursue in collaboration with part­ ner agencies include surveillance, conservation~ aquaculture, re­ search, extension services, training, etc. These will be screened on the basis of sustainability. 5.1.2 Voluntary Contributions: Interested organisations or any other parties cou1d contribute to a part of a project e.g. a fishing company could fund a project on research as the result could benefit its operations or an interna­ tional NGOs couJd fund a conservation and development initiative as part of its objective. 5.2 Investments: Investment in the fisheries sector for commercial development will continue to be encouraged and supported. There are concessionary funding arrangements provided by financial institutions; such as World Bank, African Development 'Bank, etc. Efforts will be made to encourage citizens, private sector etc. to access these funding from commercial financiers through conventional mechanisms and institutions. Investment guideline~ in the fisheries sector will be developed to facilitate these efforts. Annex. I INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Roles and Responsibilities of The Participating Institutions Toe various participating Institutions and Stakeholders will be in­ volved in the implementation and monitoring of the Sector Policy. The roles and responsibilities of these institutions will he as follows:- 1. Fisheries Department: The Department will be responsible for the fisheries management and admir1istration as well as conservation. This cntails:- (a) Formulation of the policy and ove-rsee its implementation. (b) Sectoral planning and budgeting. ( c) Formulation and review legislation. (d) Law r:nforcement and surveillance. (e) Monitoring and evaluation of the sector perforn1ance. (f) Management information system. (g) Ma•1power planning and human resources development. (h) Extension services. (i) Research, Training and Curriculum Development. {j) Co-ordination of other stakeholders. (k) Licensing. (I) Revenue collection. • (m) International Co-operation collaboration. H. Local Government: Considering the devolution ·of powers fn'>m the '-·entral to the local government; the management responsibility of the lot.'al g ll\"\.'rnmcnt in the fisheries sector has been expanded both in scope and scale. In this context local government will be rcspl)nsibk· for:- (a) Issuing licences for artisanal and smatt-scak tishcrk·s operations.. (b) Co-ordination of extension services. (c) Law enforcement and surveillance. (d) Issuing of By-laws and participation in the formulation of reg· ulations. ( e) Revenue collection emanating from various kes. (f) Involvement in the conservation of aquatic and Cl)~1stal a·rcas. (g) Proposition of areas with conservation and biodive,:sity values for subsequent gazettement as protected ar'-·as. (h) Involvement in the management of fllJUatic and coastal pro­ tected area e.g. marine parks. marine reserves. l'tc. (i) Promotion of aquaculture and quality seed production. 19 III. Local Community: The management of the fisheries resources for sustained production entails among other things a change in attitude towards fisheries resource use practice. Thus the user community who arc in day to day contact with the resource have to be empowered to become aware of their own situation and support them to become responsible for their own destiny. Their role thc,efore will bc:- (a) Employment in fisheries management. utilisation sHH.l fisheries based industry. • (b) Production of the various fisheries products and services .. (c) Conservation and management of· aquatic resources and aquaculture practice. (d) Participation in joint management in aquatic and coastal pro­ tected areas. (e) Formulation and enforcement of By-laws. IV. Non-Government Organisation (NGO's): In order to enhance the capacity and foster sustainable development of the fisheries. sector the role of NG O's is vital as a catalytic means in the implementation of fisheries management decision and policy making. The NGO's will therefore be responsible for:- (a) Awareness and extension services. (b) Capacity building. (c) Training and technical assistance. ( d) Financing of fish~ries and environment activities. ( e) Promote gender roles, women and user community empowerment. V. Private Sector: The private sector wilt enhance investment, improve business and general management in the fishing. industry. revitalise financing op­ erations and marketing of fishery products. The private sector will therefore be responsible for:-. • (a) Sustainabte harvesting and utilisation of fisheries resources. (b) Facilitate and/or finance of investment in the fisheries sector. (c) Provision of employment and fisheries inputs and services. (d) Production of food and by-products. • ( e) Marketing of products. (f) Application of biodiversity guideline in fishcr1cs management. (g) ·Application of FIA in fisheries investment. 20 (h) Involvement in the conservation areas, development and sustainable management. (i) Provision of awareness and extension services. (j) Investment in environmental sound production technologies. (k) Eco-tourism development. VI. Regional and International Community: These are partners in sustainable development. Their roles there­ fore will be:- ( a) Provision of financial assistance. (b) Capacity building through Technical Assistance. training, re- search and transfer of techt'lology. • (c) Facilitate in the implementation of international obligations. ( d) Promote Technical Co-operation among Developing Coun­ tries. VII. Government Agencies and Other State Machinery: They will assist in the management for fisheries Administration and, environmental conservation. 21 Annex.2 Approach to the Formulation of the Policy and Strategy Statement: The need for the Fisheries sector policy statement was felt way back in the mid 1980's. This was the time when the country had embarked on policy and institutional reforms in grder to revamp the national economy and facilitate the wholesome growth. Ever since a number of important measures have been initiated by the Government to promote economic and political changes. Economic reforms are being undertaken with increased role for the private sector, liberalised economy and free market.-Political pluralism and the demo­ cratisation process are all meant to increase the accountability of the central government to her citizen. Initial work involved collection of the information on the type of activities that were being undertaken or planned. Detailed analysis of the sector based on sector performance and prospects was produced. A policy-planning workshop was convened in august 1988, in Dar es Salaam; to discuss on the sector po1icy framework. The workshop analysed the key issues necessary for the sector develop­ ment. AU areas of concern in the subsector were discussed and recom­ mended the formulation of the fisheries sector policy and strategy state­ ment. A draft policy ducument was produced; but given the various reforms that were being undertaken by the government; it was not possible to finalise the ducument. Further impetus -came from the need to balance conservation of the fisheries re.sources and aquatic environ­ ment with development of the sector. In October 1991 a planning workshop was held on Mafia Island to discuss on the conservation strategy within the Fisheries sector. This came about due to increased pressure on the fish stock from excessive exploitation and destructive resource use practice. The workshop recom­ mended the change in the approach to sustainable management instead of the development approach. The thrust was to include conservation of the aquatic environment and its resources in the socio- economic plans of the community. Sustainable utilisation and community partici­ pation in the conservation programs were the key words. With the formulation of the National Conservation Strategy f.or Sus­ tainable Development (NCSSD) and National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), expanded the scope of the areas to be addressed by the Fisheries sector po1icy. These were further expanded with the onset of the Rio, pedaration of 1992 on Environment and Development con- tained in Agenda 21. 22 Agenda 21 Emphasised the need for the integrated approach in the management of the economic undertaking to achieve sustainable de­ veloBment. During this stage efforts to formulate the national environment policy framework wete gaining momentum. The environmental consideration was to be mainstreamed in the decision making process at all levels. The environmental policy framework was to provide guidelines, plans and give guidance to the determination of priority actions and provide . for monitoring and regular review of national policies, plans and prog­ rammes. It further sought to provide for sectoral and inter sectoral policy analysis in order to achieve compatibility among sectors and interest groups and harmonisation of the sectoral policies. The role of the fisheries in the overall environmental framework was defined with the mandate to ensure aquatic environmental protection through sustainable management practices. The draft fisheries sector policy document was then revised to take on board all those changes and recommendations made by 1993. A national workshop to discuss on the revised document was held in Dodoma, in June 1993. The work­ shop was attended by representatives from the government, local govern­ ment, private sector, fisherfolks associations, financial institutions, indus- :, tries and politicians. Additional information that enriched the develop- ,. ment of the National Fisheries Policy was obtained from the review comments by various ministries who reviewed the document. In revising that draft a consideration on the developments in world fisheries and , within South· Africa Development Community (SADC) was made. Also t the East Africa Co-operation and the need to harmonise the fisheries policy of the countries bordering the large lakes of Africa. The draft proposal was sent to the cabinet for adoption in 1994. Unfortunately the process for adoption took a longer period than anticipated. The sequence of events that took place between that time and 1997 lead to rendering some of the statement obsolete necessitating for rewriting of the document. This new document constitutes a rewritten policy. In the rewriting of this document a considerat!on was made to take on board the present role of the government as the custodian of policy and co-ordination. The increasing devolution of powers to private sector, increasing role of community involvement in the planning and implementation; issues of gender balance and .poverty alleviation. Also the role of Tanzania to fulfil her international obligation in the development and conservation of the fisheries resources and aquatic environment. Further input into this document was taken from the National Fisheries conference held in Mwanzc. in September 1996; and the National meeting to discuss on the fish quatity improvement and related investment proposals held in Mwanza in November 1996. 23 Based on the analysis of v51rious information and inputs; the National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement was formulated. This statement will guide the development process- in the se~tor and future actions for the sector. It is envisaged that the statement should be re­ viewed and elaborated regularly to keep pace with the developments in the country, region and globally. 24