National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy (2023 - 2033)

1.0 Background ............................................................................................1

1.1 Country Profile ...................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Location and Physiographic condition ................................................ 1

1.2.2 Climate .............................................................................................. 3

1.2.3 Socio economic .................................................................................. 3

1.2.4 The Economy ..................................................................................... 3

1.3 Restoration in Tanzania ........................................................................ 5

1.4 Rationale for FLR strategy .................................................................... 7

1.5 Objectives of the Strategy ......................................................................9

1.5.1 Overall objective .................................................................................9

1.5.2 Guiding Principles for FLR ..................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO: SITUATION ANALYSIS .................................................... 11

2.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ............................................ 11

2.1.1 Policy Framework ............................................................................ 12

2.1.2 Legal Framework .............................................................................. 14

2.1.3 Institutional Framework ..................................................................... 19 2.1. 4 Multilateral Enviroment agreements .................................................21

2.2 Land Degradation Status in Tanzania ..................................................22

2.2.1 Land Degradation Status across the Regions ...................................22

2.2.2 Land Degradation Status across the Sectors ....................................22

2.3 Restoration Initiatives .......................................................................... 31

2.4 Restoration Challenges ........................................................................34

2.4.1 General challenges ...........................................................................34

2.4.2 Specific FLR challenges for Tanzania ............................................... 35

2.5 Restoration Opportunities ....................................................................38 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 CHAPTER THREE: STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS AND ACTION PLAN .40

3.1 Vision, Mission and Goal .....................................................................40

3.1.1 Vision ................................................................................................40

3.1.2 Mission ..............................................................................................40

3.1.3 Goal ..................................................................................................40

3.1.4 Expected results ...............................................................................40

3.2 Priority Interventions ........................................................................... .41

3.2.1 Ecosystem Services ..........................................................................42

3.2.2 Forest, Biomass Energy and Wildlife ...............................................43

3.2.3 Agriculture .........................................................................................47

3.2.4 Land and Water ................................................................................49

3.2.5 Livestock & Fisheries ........................................................................53

3.2.6 Cross-cutting issues ..........................................................................53

3.3 Implementation Action Plan .................................................................54 CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ..........................................................65

4.1 Institutional Arrangement .....................................................................65

4.2 Coordination ........................................................................................65

4.3 Information and communication ...........................................................67

4.4 Reporting Arrangement ........................................................................67

4.5 Resource Mobilization ..........................................................................67

4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................68 APPENDICES ...............................................................................................69 Appendix 1: Estimated Costs - Ecosystem Services .................................69 Appendix 2: Estimated Costs - Land/Soil Conservation Contribution to Food Security, and Livelihood of Communities ..................... 72 Appendix 3: Estimated Costs - Integrated Spatial Land Use Planning and Management ..................................................................74 Appendix 4: Estimated Costs - Water Catchment Restoration Contribution to Land and Water Management .......................................... 77 Appendix 5: Estimated Costs - Integrated Water Resources Management ..........................................................................82 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Appendix 6 should be Estimated Costs - Improved Fisheries Systems .... 84 Appendix 7: Esimated Costs All Activities .................................................. 87 REFERENCES ................................ ... ... ... ... .....................................88 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background The United Republic of Tanzania (URT) is experiencing extensive land degradation in all agro-ecological zones leading to reduced ability of the land to render sufficient ecosystem goods and services. However, the magnitude, extent and negative impact on people's livelihood and environment vary widely across the agro-ecological zones. According to the ROAM report 14% of Tanzania is highly degraded particularly in miombo woodlands and semi-arid areas. Besides impacts of land degradation on food security, it also contributes to pollution and siltation of water bodies, damage of transport infrastructure, loss of biodiversity, poverty and land use conflicts such as farmers and pastoralists in various parts of the country arising from declined soil productivity. Efforts to curb land degradation have a long history in Tanzania. In the 1970's and 1980's, the government instituted measures to control land degradation by establishing and implementing restoration programmes and projects including Soil Conservation Programme Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO), Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga (HASHI), Land Management Programme (LAMP) in Manyara, Soil Erosion Control and Agroforestry Project (SECAP) in Lushoto, Hifadhi Mazingira (HIMA) in lringa and, Hifadhi ya Misitu ya Asili ya Jamii (HIMA) - Zanzibar. Furthermore, efforts were made to address land degradation by establishing forest plantations, ranches, and conservation of water catchments, agro-pastoralism, and agroforestry practices that helped communities to identify local natural resource problems and agree on solutions. More emphasis was given to various functions within the landscape to ensure consensus among stakeholders and equilibrium between ecological integrity and improved human well-being . Despite these efforts by key sectors, land degradation continued in various parts within the country that brought negative impacts on social, economic, ecological, and physical environment.

1.1 Country Profile

1.2.1 Location and Physiographic condition Tanzania is located on the East Coast of Africa between latitudes 1° South and 12° South and between longitudes 29° East and 41 ° East (Figure 1). It extends from Lake Tanganyika in the West, to the Indian Ocean in the East, NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Lake Victoria in the North, to Lake Nyasa and River Ruvuma in the South. 'Tanzania shares borders with Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia to the West, Malawi, and Mozambique to the South.' The total area of Tanzania is 945,087 km 2 of which the Mainland comprises of 939,702 km 2 and the Islands of Zanzibar, in the Indian Ocean, comprise of 2,654 km 2 . 30"0'0"E 3;•o·o·E ◄0"0'O"E UGANDA t !;: q; Ill 0 0 :.i:: q; Cl :.i:: "' b t MOZAMB I QUE a 55 110 220 330 440 -==-==-- -== :::::11- - Kllometers REFERENCE • • • • International Boundary -+-+- Railways c:=i Regional Boundary - - Major Rivers Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 O waterBody Datum: WGS 1984 Units: Degree Figure 1: The map of the United Republic of Tanzania showing international boundaries NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 The Mainland is dominated by large central plateau, covered with grasslands, plains and rolling hills. The Serengeti Plain is a large geographical area that spans some 30,000 km 2 . The country has some belts of highlands, including, Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m.a.s.1.) the highest mountain in Africa, Mount Meru (4,566 m.a.s.1.) and other mountain ranges such as Livingstone, Kipengere, Udzungwa, Uluguru, Nguu, Usambara and Pare. Zanzibar is relatively flat with some hilly areas particularly in the western part of Pemba. The soils in Zanzibar can be categorized as deep and coral rag soils. The deep and fertile soils occur in the western part of Islands where most of permanent agriculture is practiced.

1.2.2 Climate The climate of Tanzania is influenced by the monsoon winds, the Southerly monsoons and the Northerly monsoons. The Southerly monsoons begin in April ending in September and they are usually strong and predominant. They are characterized with lower temperatures (approximately 25 °C) and bring the long rains (Masika) from March to May. The Northerly monsoons begin in November ending in February. These are lighter winds and are predominantly northerly. The northerly monsoon is characterized with high air temperatures (>30 °C) and bring the short rains (Vuli) from November to December. The mean relative average humidity in Tanzania is recorded as 44.6%; and on monthly basis, it ranges from 30% in September and October to 58% in March. The coastal areas are more humid compared to the rest of the country.

1.2.3 Socio - economic The 2022 National Census estimated the population at 61,741,120 million. The population is increasing rapidly at a growth rate of 3.2%. Population has tripled since 1967 and at the current rate, the population is set to double in the next 26 years. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors account for 26.8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (URT, 2019b), and employ 75.9% of the workforce. Tanzania has been characterized by political stability and strong economic growth during the last decade. The country has abundant natural resources capable of supporting economic growth with perspectives for future extraction of a wide range of minerals including uranium and natural gas.

1.2.4 The Economy The economic growth in Tanzania was strong and on track in 2018/2019, despite slow private sector credit growth. Real output grew by 7.1 percent NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 in 2017, from 7.0 percent recorded in each of the preceding three years. The main drivers of the growth were construction, transport and storage, and agriculture. Meanwhile, mining and quarrying, water supply, transport and storage, information and communication, and construction sectors grew faster than other sectors. Service activities contributed about 36 percent of nominal GDP. Tanzanian economy depends on climate sensitive sectors which have significant contribution to GDP and employment, which include Agriculture, Mining, Tourism, construction and Transportation. Since 2018, Tanzania economy has been growing at an average of 7%. The main drivers of the growth were construction, transport and storage, and agriculture. Meanwhile, mining and quarrying, water supply, transport and storage, information and communication , and construction sectors grew faster than other sectors. Service activities contributed about 36 percent of nominal GDP (URT, 2021 ). NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

1.3 Restoration in Tanzania Tanzania is signatory to a number of regional and global agreements, protocols and conventions including the Rio Conventions. The concept of sustainable development gained popularity after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro with emergency of new policies and strategies to correct the past mistakes. Land degradation was considered a result of interrelated constraints whose solutions requ ire multi-sectoral approach and adequate stakeholders' involvement. In response to this, Tanzania embarked on formulation of policies to address the degradation problems. Some of the key policies addressing land degradation issues in Tanzania include Agriculture Policy 2021 and Livestock Policy of 2006, National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 and the National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 1997. Some of the strategies are the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001, Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Water Catchments (SUALDWC) of 2006 and the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) locally known as Mkakati wa Kuondoa na Kukuza Umaskini Tanzania (MKUKUTA) that was approved in 2005. Moreover, Tanzania is making commendable efforts through various institutions (both private and public) in addressing the ongoing threat of land degradation and deforestation. For example, the National Tree Planting Programme (2017-2022); Greening Cities (2019-Ongoing); National Strategy Conservation on Land and Water sources (2019-2024), National strategy on Conservation of Coastal Environment, Lakes, Dams and Rivers (2019-2024 ); the forest rehabilitation of targeted water catchments under the National Water Sector Development Programme (2014-2019). Other initiatives include Zanzibar Long Term Forest Resources Management Plan (2015-2025), demonstration of conservation and development benefits through Integrated and Village Land Use Plan.; Upgrading Forest Reserves to Nature Forest reserves, and Agroforestry programmes. Other efforts in addressing land degradation in Tanzania include the Land Degradation Neutrality (LON) a Global initiative led by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The LON aims at ensuring a sustainable social economic development in the country by implementing strong national environmental policies to protect the ecosystem. In addition, the United Republic of Tanzania has considered mobilizing resources, soliciting and influencing partnerships with international partners, business community, national and international non-governmental organizations as important. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 The FLR process requires sufficient momentum, guidance and support from all stakeholders (public and private sectors) to withstand obstacles, crises, shocks and their complex impacts across political, economic, social and ecological domains. Clearly, adaptive management, monitoring and long-term active engagement of all stakeholders are key to the long-term viability and success of FLR and other landscape approaches. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

1.4 Rationale for FLR strategy Forest Landscape and environmental degradation remain as one of the priority environmental and socio-economic challenges in the country and globally in spite of continued conservation and management efforts over several past decades. According to the Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunity Assessment Report (2021 ), at least 14% of the total land area in the country is highly degraded particularly in miombo woodlands and semi-arid areas. Continued degradation of a wide range of landscapes and ecosystems is estimated to amount to an economic loss of at least five percent of the national GDP and affects severely a significant proportion of the population who depend most directly on their immediate environment for survival. In response to widespread forest landscape degradation, numerous global and regional initiatives and commitments have been adopted , particularly the Bonn Challenge that targets to restore 350 million hectares of degraded landscapes by 2030 globally. Other relevant international frameworks include Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 15 Life on land; Goal 1 Poverty; Goal 2 - Zero hunger; Goal 3 - Good health and wellbeing; and Goal 13 on Climate Action); Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); and the Paris Agreement. Consequently, at the regional level, the adoption of the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100) of 2015 to restore 100 million hectares of land in Africa by 2030, provides revitalized drive and blueprint for addressing landscape degradation which will also contribute in climate change adaptation and mitigation, biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services. Similarly, Agenda 2063 (The Africa We Want), among others, emphasizes on enhancing regional efforts for environmental sustainability and climate resilience. In 2018, Tanzania committed to restoring 5.2 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 under the AFR 100 initiative. Key national policies and strategies such as the Third Five Year Development Plan (2021/22-2025/26), the National Environment Policy (2021 ), the National Environmental Master Plan for Strategic Interventions (2022-2032), the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021-2026), the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014 ), the Nationally Determined Contribution (2021 ), NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 The National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (2019-2029), the National Forest Implementation Strategy (2021-2031) support this target. Together, these frameworks promote synergies, cross-sectoral coordination, and stakeholder engagement to address landscape degradation effectively. In Tanzania, land degradation has a long history since 1970's. The Government has been implementing restoration programmes and projects in various parts of the country. The overall implementation of these restoration efforts has had mixed results. Some of the notable achievements includes increasing protected area to about 40 percent of the total land area; demarcating, gazetting and protecting water sources; country-wide tree planting campaign; development and implementation of land-use plans; and increasing land area under irrigation. However, some of the challenges encountered include increasing deforestation; inadequate capacity of various institutions responsible for forest landscape restoration; Unsustainablehuman activities; Inadequate compliance to relevant legislation, uncoordinated efforts among actors and low level of awareness among key stakeholders. It is against this background that, addressing forest landscape degradation requires sustained and long-term coordinated efforts, which are vital for better management and restoration of degraded landscape resources. In this regard, the formulation of the National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy is an opportunity to consolidate national experience and direct future actions to combat land degradation and associated drivers in a more focused , strategic, holistic and effective manner using participatory approaches that capture the interests, needs, experience and expectations of all stakeholders. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

1.5 Objectives of the Strategy

1.5.1 Overall objective To attain sustainable forest landscape ecosystems that improves and supports livelihoods, socio-economic development and environmental integrity. Specific objectives a) Restore deforested and degraded landscapes to meet the national target of 5.2 million hectares b) Enhance ecological services for improved water-, food- and energy security c)Strengthen institutional capacity, coordination and collaboration for sustainable forest landscape restoration d) Promote gender-responsive planning and implementation by strengthening community livelihood for the sustainability of forest landscape restoration initiatives

1.5.2 Guiding Principles for FLR Successful FLR integrates a number of guiding principles, including(ITTO, 2020): i. Focus on landscapes: It restores entire landscapes, not individual sites. Restoration typically entails balancing across the landscape a mosaic of interdependent land uses such as protected forest areas, ecological corridors, regenerating forests, other natural ecosystems, agroforestry systems, agriculture, improved fallow systems, well-managed plantations, and riparian strips-to meet a variety of human needs and nature. ii. Restore ecological functionality: It restores the ecological functionality of the landscape, such as its richness as a habitat, its ability to contain erosion and floods, and its resilience to climate change and various disturbances. This can be done in many ways, one of which is to restore the landscape toward the pre-human disturbance or "original" vegetation, but other strategies may also be used. iii. Allow for multiple benefits: It generates a suite of ecosystem goods and services by intelligently and appropriately increasing tree cover across the landscape. In some places, trees are added to agricultural lands without forming a forest canopy in order to enhance food production, reduce erosion, provide shade, and produce firewood . NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 In other places, trees are added to create a closed canopy forest capable of sequestering large amounts of carbon, protecting downstream water supplies, and providing rich wildlife habitat. iv. Recognize that a suite of interventions is possible: It embraces a wide range of strategies for restoring trees on the landscape. For instance, some strategies make way for "nature to take its course" (e.g., curtailing livestock grazing to allow trees to spontaneously regrow), while others involve very active human intervention (e.g., tree planting). v. Involve stakeholders: It actively engages local stakeholders - including landowners, land managers, communities, civil society, governments, and the private sector, in decisions regarding restoration goals, implementation methods, and trade- offs. It is important that the restoration process respects local stakeholders' rights, aligns with their land management needs, and provides them with benefits. Active, voluntary involvement of local stakeholders can lead to better buy-in, greater access to local knowledge, motivated land managers, and less need for external resources. vi. Tailor to local conditions: It adapts to fit local social, economic, and ecological contexts; there is no "one size fits all. vii. Manage adaptively: It adjusts restoration strategies over time as environmental conditions, human knowledge, and societal values change. It leverages continuous monitoring and learning to make adjustments as the restoration process progresses. viii. Avoid conversion of natural ecosystems: It does not call for increasing tree cover beyond what would be ecologically appropriate for a particular location, and should not cause any loss or conversion of natural forests, grasslands, or other ecosystems (e.g., into tree or crop plantations). Restoration should complement, not undermine, ecosystem conservation efforts. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS

2.1 Policy, Legal, Institutional Frameworks and Multilateral Environment Agreements Several national policies and legal instruments guide forest landscape restoration in Tanzania. Some of these are discussed below.

2.1.1 Policy Framework a) The National Forest Policy (1998) The Overall objective of the National Forest Policy is to enhance contribution of forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania together with conservation and management of Tanzania's natural resources for benefit of the present and future generations. However, wider stakeholders' engagement in forest conservation initiatives has been well advocated in National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy of 2021- 2031 which ensures a broad spectrum of achievement including restoration activities at various levels. b) The National Land Policy (1997) The overall aim of this Policy is to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system, encourage optimal use of land resources and facilitation of broad-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering ecological balance of the environment. c) The National Environment Policy (2021) The second National Environmental Policy was created to address gaps in the first one. It gives better guidance on new environmental problems like climate change and invasive species, which are important for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR). The policy provides a clear plan for managing the environment in a way that works well with both national and global goals. To succeed, it requ ires strong institutions, public involvement, and action across all sectors. Key objectives of the policy support Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) by promoting sustainable land use, water resource management, conservation of forest ecosystems and biodiversity, climate change adaptation, and improved environmental governance. These efforts contribute to restoring degraded landscapes, ensuring food security, alleviating poverty, and increasing the contribution of environmental resources to Tanzania's economy. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 d) The National Fisheries Policy (2015) The Policy advocates promotion of public awareness on environmentally friendly fisheries and aquaculture practices, climate change issues and sustainable environmental conservation ; strengthening capacity to ensure compliance to fisheries related environmental laws and regulations; and striving to improve adaptation measures to climate change effects and deal with all the risks involved. e) The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (1998) The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania is a national policy prepared with a vision to promote the conservation of biological diversity, administer, regulate and develop wildlife resources, involve all stakeholders in wildlife conservation and sustainable utilization, as well as in fair and equitable sharing of benefits. This policy addresses the need to protect all habitats which contribute to sustainable management of wildlife hence adding levels of restored vegetation cover for the same hence cumulative national restoration strategy. f) The National Water Policy (2002) The main objective of this Policy is to improve health and alleviate poverty of the rural population through improved access to adequate and safe water; manage water supplies at the lowest appropriate level as opposed to the centralized command control approach; promote participation of the private sector in the delivery of goods and services and to improve health through integration of water supply, sanitation and hygiene education. Waste water and environmental management is a point of emphasis addressed in this Policy with intent to have a wastewater treatment system which is environmentally friendly in order to ensure domestic and industrial wastewater is not haphazardly discharged to contaminate water sources and the environment; putting in place legislation requiring industries to pre-treat their wastewater before discharging into municipal sewerage system; strengthening legislation enforcement mechanism at the same time industries and other institutions in the research and development of least cost technologies for wastewater treatment and recycling will be encouraged and industries shall be required to use environmentally friendly raw materials with less toxic elements and adopt cleaner production technology. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 g) The National Livestock Policy (2006) The National Livestock Policy aims to develop a competitive and more efficient livestock industry that contributes to the improvement of the well-being of the people whose principal occupation and livelihood is based on livestock; contribute towards national food security through increased production, processing and marketing of livestock products to meet national nutritional requirements; promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources related to livestock production in order to achieve environmental sustainability; strengthen technical support services, develop and disseminate new technologies; and Mainstream cross-cutting and cross-sectoral issues such as land and environment, among other. The Policy, in connection with Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy, addresses issues of Forage Conservation bearing in mind that forage conservation is hampered by changes in weather conditions, low pasture and forage yields, inadequate knowledge on the conservation methods for promotion of forage conservations to ensure feed availability during unfavorable conditions and scarcity in order to increase livestock productivity. Constraint of water supply for livestock and mitigation measures to ensure sustainability thereof, has as well, been captured in this Policy. Water for livestock in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas is constrained by inadequate water harvesting expertise, high cost of earth moving and dam construction equipment, uneven distribution of water sources and weak water users' associations. Water supply for livestock is expected to be mitigated through development, utilization and maintenance of reliable water sources for livestock production. h) The Mineral Policy of Tanzania (2009) The Policy, as far as Forest Land Restoration Strategy is concerned, suggests viable effort that will promote safety and maintain hygiene conditions and protect the environment in mining areas; the Government to continue collaborating with stakeholders to ensure that small scale miners preserve the environment; accrual of geo-information to be used for effective management of geo-hazards and the environment; and the need for the Government to strengthen the capacity of Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) in collecting, processing , interpretation, archiving and dissemination quality geo-scientific information, maps and data in provision of reliable laboratory and geo-technical services as well as in monitoring geo-hazards and the environment; improvement of management systems for health, safety and NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 environment in order to increase safety and environmental performance in mining operations; the need for the Government to strengthen monitoring and regulation of the mining industry to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects on health and safety, environment and social issues; and the Government will to continue collaborating with stakeholders to ensure that small, medium and large scale miners preserve the environment. i) The National Natural Gas Policy (2013) The Policy addresses health, safety and environment protection as one of the challenges surrounding the fast-growing natural gas industry that have to be mitigated through Compliance with health, safety and environmental standards. The Policy further advocates adequate disaster management systems to prevent adverse impact and protect people's health, safety and environment and enforcement of sound practices in environment, health and safety management in concurrence with the Forest Land Restoration Strategy. j) The National Agricultural Policy (2013) The Policy aims among others at fighting land degradation, favoring organic agriculture and the production of biofuel crop production for increased use as a renewable energy, and more broadly to take adequate measures to improve adaptation to climate change effects.

2.1.2 Legal Framework The National Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy is developed within Tanzania's existing legal framework, which advocates for and provides an enabling environment for the implementation of restoration programs. The key legal frameworks supporting this strategy are outlined below: a) The Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 The Act provides for promotion and enhancement of the forest sector's contribution to the sustainable development of Tanzania together with conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations, meanwhile, ensuring ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility. Periodic amendments have been made in order to streamline global changes in forest management initiatives. The amendment enactment with the Government Notice Number 85 of 2020 and Government Notice Number 59 of 2022 has created more enabling conditions for wide stakeholders' engagement in forest management initiatives including restorations. This has been recently addressed by the Government Notice number 636 of 2022 which provides the NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 mandatory attributes of restoration initiatives in the course of operationalization of carbon emissions reduction trade (CER) in any forest ecosystems. Furthermore, there joint initiatives which has enabled the upgrading some of forest ecosystems to Man and Biosphere Reserves (MAB) an international status which constitutes mankind as part of conservation initiatives (restoration inclusive). Such forest ecosystems include the East Usambara Mountains as well as the Marine seascape of Rufiji, Kibiti, Mafia and Kilwa. These ecosystems are recognized internationally by UNESCO among other 73 worldwide Man and Biosphere Reserves. b) The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 This statute has been enacted to provide for legal and institutional framework to: serve the purpose of ensuring sustainable management of environment; outline principles for management, impact and risk assessments, prevention and control of pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public participation, compliance and enforcement; provide basis for implementation of international instruments on environment; provide for implementation of the National Environment Policy; repeal the National Environment Management Act of 1983 and provide for continued existence of the National Environment Management Council as well as to provide for establishment of the National Environmental Fund and to provide for other related matters. c) Tanzania Extractive Industries (Transparency and Accountability) Act No. 23 of 2015 The Act amends section 22 of the Principal Act by adding section 22A immediately after section 22 to provide for matters related to audit of environmental management expenditures of mining entities for the purpose of assessment of compliance to mine closure plans. d) The Animal Welfare Act No. 19 of 2008 This Act poses responsibility to the local government authorities to take reasonable efforts to avoid environmental pollutions that would have caused by abandoned livestock carcass. e) The Petroleum Act No. 21 of 2015 This Act caters for provisions with respect to strategic assessment of the social and environmental impact of the potential petroleum activities on national development, local communities, environment and risk of pollution, trade and tourism, agriculture and fisheries, potential economic and social NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 impact of the petroleum activities and other activities related to petroleum industry. f) The National Parks Ordinance Chapter 282 of the 2002 The Act provides for the establishment, control and management of national parks and for related matters. g) The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009 The Act has been enacted to make better provisions for the conservation, management, protection and sustainable utilization of wildlife and wildlife products and to provide for other related matters. h) The Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003 The Act makes, among the rest, provisions for sustainable development, protection, conservation, aquaculture development, regulation and control of fish, fish products, aquatic flora and its products and for related matters. Furthermore, there ongoing efforts to improve fish and marine management by adhering to Marine Spatial Planning approach which ensures inclusion of all adjacent ecosystems to marine areas. It is in this aspect that there should be an application of a concept of restoring forests in areas which contribute to fisheries sector like the mangrove forest reserves in Tanzania. i) The Marine Parks and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994 This legislation provides for the establishment, management and monitoring of marine parks and reserves, to establish a Park and Marine Reserves Unit, and to repeal certain provisions of the existing legislation. Most marine parks border the mangrove forest ecosystems. The Marine Spatial Planning approach has been developed which ensures shared management of adjacent ecosystems to customize similar objectives like restoration and protection of mangrove ecosystems in Tanzania. j) The Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009 The Water Resources Management Act, is a statute enacted by Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania to provide for institutional and legal framework for sustainable management and development of water resources; to outline principles for water resources management; to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution; provide for participation of stakeholders and the general public in implementation of the National Water Policy, repeal of the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act and to provide for related matters. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 k) The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999 The Village Land Act is a statute enacted to provide for the management and administration of land in villages and for related matters. Most of government agencies like TFS have developed and facilitated Village Land Use Plans to address smooth resources conflict management hence contribution to forest conservation initiatives which include restoration in selected sites at village land in order to reduce pressures on utilization of forest resources to adjacent forest reserves ecosystems. I) The Land Act No. 4 of 1999 The Land Act is a piece of legislation providing for the basic law in relation to la nd other than the village land, management of land, settlement of disputes and related matters. Land planning conflict resolution mechanism have been developed by the Government where there usually inter-ministerial consultations before issuance of land use permits. m) The Urban Planning Act No. 8 of 2007 An Act to provide for the orderly and sustainable development of land in urban areas, to preserve and improve amenities; to provide for the grant of consent to develop land and powers of control over the use of land and to provide for other related matterThis provides legal prescriptions on how best to plan towns and cities in order to accommodate development and establishment of well afforested avenues, streets or parks for aesthetic values as well as other forest ecosystem services. n) The Mining Act No. 14 of 2010 This Act has been enacted to re-enact with substantial amendments the provisions that regulate the law relating to prospecting for minerals, mining, processing , and dealing in minerals; granting, renewal and termination of mineral rights; payment of royalties, fees and other charges and any other relevant matters. There are updated mechanisms set to regulate provisional restoration of mining sites in the course of operationalization of mining schemes. TFS is mandated to regulate all mining permits within Forest Ecosystems in order to ensures management of forests within the mining site. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 o) The Local Government District Authorities Act No. 7 of 1982 The Local Government (District Authorities) Act has been enacted to make better provisions for, and to consolidate laws relating to, local government, repeal the Local Government Ordinance, repeal certain other written laws and provide for other matters connected with or incidental to the organization of local government in Mainland Tanzania. This Act has provided provisions of establishment of village By- laws which gives backing-up of forest related laws governing the protection of restored forests at village land, town councils land, municipal and Cities land hence helping the consolidation of restoration efforts in Tanzania. Also, this act provides prescriptions that every established village should have enough area set aside for sustainable agriculture as well as expansion areas for agriculture in order to accommodate forecasted population rate increment in Tanzania. p) Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982 The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act is a legal instrument enacted to make better provisions for the establishment of urban authorities for the purposes of local government, provide for the functions of those authorities and for other matters connected with or incidental to those authorities. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

2.1.3 Institutional Framework National development frameworks, plans, and strategies related to forest landscape restoration are outlined below: a) National Environmental Master Plan for Strategic Interventions (2022 - 2032) The Master Plan guides environmental management and sustainable development over 2022 - 2032. The plan aims to address key environmental challenges such as land degradation, deforestation, pollution, and climate change impacts. It outlines strategic interventions to enhance biodiversity conservation, promote sustainable use of natural resources, and strengthen resilience against environmental risks. The plan also emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral coordination, community participation, and integration of environmental considerations into national development planning. b) National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy (2021 - 2031) The strategy operationalize the objectives outlined in the National Forest Policy. Its primary aim is to ensure that forest and tree resources are effectively conserved, managed, and utilized sustainably to meet both current and future demands. The strategy emphasizes enhancing biodiversity conservation, promoting sustainable livelihoods, and strengthening forest governance. It also focuses on increasing community participation in forest management and aligning national efforts with international commitments related to forestry and environmental conservation . c) Tanzania National Tree Planting Day, 1 April Tanzania's National Tree Planting Day is observed annually on April 1st. Established in 2009, the initiative aims to combat deforestation and promote environmental conservation . On this day, various activities are organized by government agencies, schools, and community groups, including tree planting events and educational programs focused on the benefits of afforestation and sustainable land management. These efforts contribute to restoring degraded lands, enhancing biodiversity, and raising public awareness about the importance of trees in environmental health. d) National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021-2026) The strategy aims at addressing climate change challenges while promoting sustainable development. It focuses on enhancing the country's capacity to adapt to climate change impacts and participate in global mitigation efforts. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Its specific objectives include integrating climate change considerations into national development plans strengthening institutional and technical capacities, and mobilizing resources for effective implementation. The strategy emphasizes cross-sectoral collaboration and aligns with international commitments, such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. e) National Agroforestry strategy II (2024 - 2031) This second Agroforestry Strategy aims to address key challenges that hindered the achievement of goals under the first strategy. These include the limited capacity of the extension system to support agroforestry, inadequate coordination and implementation across sectors, and a lack of sustainable financing mechanisms for agroforestry research and development. Additionally, the strategy seeks to enhance the role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation, mitigation, and resilience initiatives. Overall, it outlines strategies and targets that deliver multiple benefits to farming communities, while conserving forest resources and sustaining landscapes and the environment. This is highly relevant to achieving the goals of the National Forest Policy and the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) framework. f) National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan (2023 - 2031) The National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan was developed to unlock the vast potential of bamboo resources in Tanzania. With an estimated coverage of 1,025,033 hectares, bamboo presents a valuable opportunity to meet the growing demand for bamboo products and services in rural , urban, and peri-urban areas, as well as in international markets. The strategy identifies priority areas and offers a clear roadmap for addressing existing challenges while capitalizing on opportunities to establish a vibrant and sustainable bamboo industry. Through the promotion of sustainable bamboo production and utilization, it aims to reduce the national wood deficit, enhance carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation, and ease pressure on remaining natural forests and woodlands. Bamboo is also strategically positioned to support Tanzania's Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) efforts. Its rapid growth, strong root systems, and ecological adaptability make it an effective species for restoring degraded landscapes, improving soil stability, and fostering biodiversity. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Overall, the strategy contributes to socio-economic transformation, environmental sustainability, and the achievement of national development goals. It aligns with Tanzania's broader vision for a green economy and underscores bamboo's role in advancing both climate resilience and sustainable land management.

2.1.4 Multilateral Environment Agreements The United Republic of Tanzania is a party to various international and regional initiatives because they align with the country's development priorities, environmental challenges, and international commitments. Relevant international and regional initiatives related to Forest Landscape Restoration include: a) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Supports FLR by promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which is integral to restoring ecological integrity and resilience in forest landscapes. b) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) The UNCCD promotes sustainable land management and the restoration of degraded lands, particularly in arid , semi-arid , and dry sub-humid areas. c) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) FLR contributes to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration and enhances adaptation by improving ecosystem resilience. Restoration initiatives also support the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). d) International Arrangement on Forests and the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017-2030 These frameworks explicitly support FLR through the Global Forest Goals, which emphasize increasing forest area, enhancing forest health and resilience, and promoting sustainable forest management. e) SADC Protocol on Environmental Management for Sustainable Development (2014) This protocol calls for harmonized regional strategies to address climate change, land degradation, and environmental challenges. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 It supports FLR by encouraging coordinated restoration actions among member states. Tanzania signed the protocol in 2015. f) SADC Vision 2050 (adopted in 2020) Recognizes the role of natural resources, including forests, in sustainable development and regional resilience. It promotes integrated landscape approaches, including FLR, to ensure environmental sustainability and improved livelihoods across the region.

2.2 Land Degradation Status in Tanzania

2.2.1 Land Degradation Status across regions Very severely degraded areas range from 13% (Table 1) to 14% (Table 2). In mainland Tanzania, the regions with the highest levels of degradation are Tabora, Lindi, Ruvuma, Dodoma, and Singida (Figures 2 and 3). In Zanzibar, the regions of Kusini Pemba, Kaskazini Pemba, and Kaskazini Unguja are the most affected by severe degradation (Figure 4 ). Table 1: Severity of Land Degradation in Tanzania According to Land Degradation Neutrality Report (2018) Severity Area (Ha) Percentage Not degraded 1,597,513 1.8 Light degraded 14,517,954 16.39 Moderate degraded 39,471,823 44.56 Severe degraded 21 ,588,160 24.37 Very severe degraded 11,397,484 12.87 Table 2: Severity of Land Degradation in Tanzania According to ROAM (2021) Severity Area (Ha) Percentage Low degraded 47,307,263 54 Moderate degraded 28,001 ,822 32 High degraded 12,330,723 14 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 30' 0'0"E 35' 0'0"E 40' 0'0''E 0 (J z 0 (J KENYA s UJ ...u.. :I 0 ~ ...J 11:1 ::, Q. w ~ .b Ill 0:: (J ~0:: (J 0 ~ UJ C Legend - International Boundary 0 TFS zones [ ~_] regions Water body ~ D~adation Classes CRS· WGSl\4 0 - Low ? ~ D Moderate ZAMBIA - High 280 28D Figure 2: Land degradation status in Tanzania by regions 4000 ~ 3000 b Degradation Level ~ X High Moderate ~ 2000 ■ Low <C 1000 0 ■ Regions Figure 3: Degraded area (Ha) by regions - Tanzania Mainland NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 9000 <II Degradation Level :S eooo ■ High <II ~ Moderate <( ■ Low 3000 0 I Regions Figure 4. Degraded area (Ha) by regions - Tanzania Zanzibar

2.2.2 Land Degradation Status across the Sectors a) Forests Forests are essential to life on earth, yet deforestation and forest degradation continue at an alarming rate. Tanzania's forested area covers 48.1 million hectares (URT, 2015b) and declined at an average rate of 420,500 hectares per year between 2010 and 2020(FAO, 2020). At the same time, the national annual wood deficit is 19.5 million m3, with demand and supply estimated at 62.3 million m3 and 42.8 million m3, respectively (URT, 2015b). This persistent deficit underscores the growing pressure on forest resources to meet both domestic and international demand. Deforestation is taking place in unreserved forest land (general land) but also some of the protected areas. The main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are clearing for agriculture, overgrazing, wildfires, charcoal making, persistent reliance on wood fuel for energy, lack of efficient production and marketing, over-exploitation of wood resources and uncontrolled small-scale mining. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Due to ongoing deforestation, Tanzania's current Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL)is estimated at 43,736,974 tCO2e/year, which accounts for 0.69% of the carbon stock of 6,327,717,997 tCO2e in the country's forested land (URT, 2017). This makes the land-use change and forestry sector the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, followed in succession by the agriculture, energy, waste, and industries (URT, 2021b). b) Biomass Energy Households consume 72% of the total energy in Tanzania, with biomass contributing about 90% of their primary energy supply. Among biomass sources, firewood accounts for 65%, charcoal 26.2%, while the remain ing share comes from LPG, electricity, and other sources(Clements & Todd, 2022). Charcoal is the primary source of household energy in urban areas, as it is considered affordable and easy to transport, distribute, and store. However, charcoal use poses significant environmental risks due to inefficient production methods-particularly the widespread use of Traditional Earth Mound Kilns (TEMK), which result in substantial wood waste (URT, 2019a). Moreover, charcoal production is generally associated with unsustainable harvesting practices (World Bank, 2009). Nearly one million tons of charcoal is consumed annually, leading to the loss of approximately 100,000 to 125,000 hectares of forest each year (World Bank, 2009). Unless the energy sector is strengthened to meet the demands of Tanzania's rapidly growing urban population, the consumption of charcoal-which stood at 2.3 million tonnes in 2012 and is projected to double by 2030 (Cameo Clean Energy (Tanzania) Limited, 2014)-will continue to accelerate forest degradation and loss. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 c) Wildlife Tanzania is among the 15 countries globally with the highest number of endemic as well as threatened species. It's a home to about 20% of African's large mammals. Despite being a country rich in wildlife, it experiences a rapid loss of wildlife species and their habitat. Loss of wildlife habitat that is mainly due to deforestation, encroachment, land degradation, and human population increase. The Government of Tanzania is committed to effectively managing the wildlife resources for the benefit of its citizens. In 1998 the Government adopted the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania that identified challenges facing the wildlife sector such as habitat destruction resulting from deforestation and forest degradation as a result of population pressure of local communities living adjacent to protected areas. d) Agriculture Tanzania relies heavily on rain-fed agriculture, with most people depending on small-scale farming for their livelihoods. Agriculture is a key part of the economy, contributing 24% of the national GDP and employing about 66.9% of the population, especially in rural areas(URT, 2015a). By 2030, the country's population is expected to reach 80 million, with over 70% relying on agriculture to survive. Tanzania has 94.5 million hectares of land, of which 44 million hectares are suitable for farming. However, only 24% of this land is currently under cultivation . About 29.4 million hectares have potential for irrigation , but by 2013, only 450,392 hectares had been developed just a small portion of the total potential. Most farming is done by smallholder farmers on plots ranging from 0.9 to 3 hectares. These farmers depend on rainfall and use traditional, low-input farming methods. As a result, land productivity is declining, and soil erosion and degradation are widespread . Low yields and poor-quality crops lead to low incomes. To cope, many farmers turn to shifting cultivation clearing new land for farming which worsens deforestation and land degradation. These challenges show the need for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR), which can help restore damaged land, improve agricultural productivity, and protect the environmen NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 e) Land Land is a natural resource on which most people in the country rely for their livelihoods. Of Tanzania's total area of 94.5 million hectares, approximately 88.6 million hectares is land, while the remainder is covered by water. According to Section 2 of the Land Act of 2002, Tanzanian land is classified into three categories: reserved land , village land, and general land-which refers to land that is neither reserved nor village land. Village land makes up about 70% of the total land area, reserved land accounts for 28%, and general land comprises the remaining 2%(World Bank, 2015). The increasing demand for land, driven by population growth and unsustainable human activities, has greatly contributed to land degradation, posing a threat to both social and economic development. These trends are being further accelerated by the effects of climate change. The economic impact of land degradation is considerable, especially in areas with high levels of poverty. More than five years ago, the total annual economic value of land lost due to degradation was estimated at approximately USO 10.2 billion(URT, 2014). Efforts to address land degradation effectively are often hindered by the lack of reliable data on its extent and severity. f) Water Water is a basic natural resource for socio - economic development. It is fundamental for various social - economic development activities such as industrial production, irrigated agriculture, livestock keeping, mineral processing , hydropower production, navigation and recreation and tourism . Water resources are an important input into Tanzania's economy and include rivers, lakes, wetlands, springs, reservoirs and groundwater aquifers. They are used in agricultural production through irrigation and processing in agro-industries as well as in industrial production and power generation. Adequate water flows support the country's forests, grasslands, and coastal resources, which provide services (such as food, fodder, fuel wood , timber and other products) and other services (climate regulation, cultural and supporting services). Water which flows in national parks and protected areas support the tourism sector which is a key foreign exchange earner for the country. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 The total area of freshwater in Tanzania is 54,337 km 2 , which accounts for about 6.1 % of the country's total surface area. Water resources include rivers, lakes, wetlands, springs, reservoirs, and groundwater aquifers. Notably, lakes such as Tanganyika, Nyasa, and Victoria are shared with neighboring countries. Water resources management in Tanzania is organized into nine river/lake basins: Pangani, Wami-Ruvu, Rufiji, Ruvuma and the Southern Coast, Lake Nyasa, the Internal Drainage Basin, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Victoria. Management is coordinated at multiple levels, including the National Water Board (NWB), Basin Water Boards (BWBs), Catchment Water Committees (CWCs), and Water Users Associations (WUAs) at the community level. Water is a vital natural resource for Tanzania's socio-economic development, supporting key sectors such as industrial production, irrigated agriculture, livestock keeping, mineral processing, hydropower generation, navigation, recreation, and beach tourism . It also sustains wildlife and habitats essential to the tourism industry and underpins the fishing sector, with freshwater fisheries contributing approximately 85% of the country's total fish production, while marine fisheries account for the remaining 15%. The demand for and availability of water for various uses directly influence the current and future state of Tanzania's water resources in both quantity and quality. According to the Water Sector Status Report (2015-2020), the country's annual renewable water resources are estimated at 126,262 million m3 - equivalent to about 2,330 m3 per capita per year. This exceeds the global water stress threshold of 1,700 m3 per capita. However, this figure reflects physical availability rather than economic accessibility, meaning not all water is readily usable due to financial and infrastructural constraints status (URT, 2020). Furthermore, there is significant spatial variation across the country; while some river basins have abundant water resources, others are already experiencing stress. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 g) Livestock Tanzania has the third-largest livestock population in Africa, comprising 25 million cattle 98% of which are indigenous breeds along with 16.7 million goats, 8 million sheep, 2.4 million pigs, and 36 million chickens. About 36% of farm households in Tanzania are engaged in livestock keeping, with 1% as pure livestock farmers and 35% as mixed crop-livestock farmers . The livestock sub-sector contributes 5.9% to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Pure livestock keeping, dominated by traditional cattle, sheep, and goats, is concentrated in the savannah plains of northern Tanzania (Arusha and Manyara), where climatic and soil conditions are unfavorable for crop production. Agro-pastoralism, on the other hand, is practiced in the low-rainfall areas of the western (Shinyanga and Tabora) and central (Dodoma and Singida) zones, where shifting cultivation of sorghum and millet is common . Moreover, smallholder dairy production is found in the Pwani Region, the Northern Zone, the Southern Highlands Zone, Kagera Region, and in peri-urban and urban areas around major cities and towns. In addition, commercial ranching primarily through the National Ranching Company (NARCO) accounts for about 7% of the marketed milk. The livestock sub-sector faces challenges related to limited land tenure, which does not adequately account for high land carrying capacity and , in turn, restricts access to water and pasture resources. This limitation is primarily due to the slow pace of land allocation and the granting of ownership rights for grazing areas. Additional factors affecting productivity include the conversion of grazing areas into croplands and game reserves, as well as the migration of livestock farmers, which hinders long-term development of the areas they settle. Compounding these structural challenges is Tanzania's highly variable and complex climate. Current trends indicate rising temperatures and increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which have already negatively impacted livestock production. Climate change is expected to further amplify existing pressures on grazing land and water resources, intensifying competition among different land uses. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Therefore, addressing land tenure issues must go hand in hand with urgent adaptation measures aimed at improving water, soil, and pasture management. Such measures are essential for building the resilience of both smallholder and commercial livestock systems to current climate variability and future climate change. h) Fisheries Tanzania is among the leading fisheries nations in Africa, ranking in the top 10 countries in terms of total capture fisheries production . Fisheries are practiced in both inland and marine environments. Inland water bodies-including Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, Lake Rukwa, Lake Eyasi, and other small lakes, rivers, and dams account for approximately 83% of the country's total fish production . The marine environment of the Indian Ocean contributes about 14%. In 2014, the sector employed 183,800 full-time fishers, and around 4 million people derived their livelihoods from fisheries-related activities. The sector has been growing at an average annual rate of 5.5%, contributing 2.4% to the national GDP, and is therefore prioritized in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). However, the expansion of land use for agriculture and construction , along with unsustainable agricultural practices, is degrading natural habitats around lakes, rivers, and basins leading to increased sedimentation . Runoff from mountainous areas surrounding the lakes carries an average of 100 tons of soil per hectare per year into the lakes. The clearing of vegetation along basins and riverbanks is a major cause of erosion , resulting in reduced lake depths and, in some cases, drying of lakes such as Lake Rukwa and Lake Manyara. Furthermore, the marine ecosystem which includes major estuaries, mangrove forests , coral reefs, sandy beaches, cliffs, seagrass beds, and muddy tidal flats is under significant threat. Pressures on coastal resources, especially the destruction of mangroves due to illegal logging, conversion for rice farming, fish smoking, and charcoal production, are contributing to the decline of mangrove forests along Tanzania's coast. Additionally, the mining of coral for construction materials are further degrading the marine environment and depleting fishery resources. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

2.3 Restoration Initiatives Tanzania , through government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) and non-state actors, has previously implemented a myriad of restoration initiatives (projects/programmes) aiming at halting the rate of deforestation and land degradation. Some of the initiatives are: i)Vice President's Office (VPO), Division of Environment: The Vice President's Office (VPO) has been supporting several medium- and large-scale restoration programmes in semi-arid areas, including the implementation of sustainable land management projects in the Southern Highlands and around Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika. Recently, in collaboration with the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the National Environment Management Council (NEMC),the VPO has begun implementing the Integration of Landscape Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation project. Funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), this project aims to restore approximately 1,000,000 hectares of degraded and deforested land . ii) Ministry of Livestock: In recognition of livestock challenges and related conflicts with farmers, the Ministry is working with local governments to conduct an assessment in 12 regions to identify and formalize ownership of grazing areas. The target is to cover 2.3 million hectares across Tanzania, with the aim of issuing Certificates of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCROs) to local communities. iii) Embassies in Tanzania: Embassies, such as the Embassy of Finland, have implemented and financed programs such as Forest Ecology, Land Management, and Ecosystem Services Aiming at Restoration (2002-2013) in the East Usambara Mountains, in collaboration with World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Tanzania and the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group {TFCG). This program focused on preventing the loss of globally important biodiversity values of the forests; improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities through various nature-based income-generating activities and village savings and loan schemes; and supporting deliberate efforts to restore and maintain the multiple functions of forests within the landscape. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 iv) Local government: The government has succeeded in implementing Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) at the village level, with 133 forest reserves gazetted, while an additional 258 forest reserves are in the process of being gazetted to increase the reserved forest area. v) Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS): It has been supporting forest restoration in various areas across Tanzania through initiatives such as Participatory Forest Management (PFM), planting native tree species in degraded and deforested areas, supporting forest plantations and small-scale woodlots across the country, and upgrading 23 Forest Reserves to Nature Forest Reserves, covering a total area of 961,274.22 hectares. Moreover, it supports other restoration initiatives such as beekeeping activities, nature based tourism, and natural regeneration . Additional projects aimed at enhancing the network of Nature Forest Reserves have been implemented in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The beekeeping sector also contributes to restoration efforts through the establishment of bee reserves, apiaries, and bee farms. Recently, the authorization of nature-based ecotourism in forest reserves has added value by delineating specific zones for restoration and ecotourism particularly evident in all mangrove forest reserves. vi) National Land Use Planning Commision (NLUPC): The NLUPC is implementing restoration through support for village land use plans in collaboration with various stakeholders such as the VPO, TFS, and others. The NLUPC has called for their involvement in the process, given the role of villages in land and forest issues in Tanzania. For example, as of 2017, only 13.9% of villages (1 ,741 villages) have land use plans. vii) Department of Forestry Development of Zanzibar: The department is working with several local (e.g., ZACCA) and international partners (e.g, WCS) to restore coral rag and mangrove areas in Zanzibar. viii) Zanzibar Civil Society Alliance on Climate Change (ZACCA): ZACCA has implemented several restoration projects, including: enhancing mangrove restoration in South Unguja, North Unguja, Chakechake, Micheweni, and Mkoani District of Pemba (2016); strengthening the capacity of community groups on climate-smart agriculture technologies (2016-2017); raising awareness on community forest management (2015); and promoting civil society engagement in climate change governance and accountability in Zanzibar (2017). NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 ix) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS): WCS works with government nature reserves in the Southern Highlands, including Kalambo and the Rungwe Mountains. It's support includes tree planting to restore degraded land and water catchment areas. x) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF): WWF has supported restoration efforts in Tanzania and beyond since the early 2000s. More recently, it has focused on restoring nature forest reserves such as Pugu, Vikindu, and Kazimzumbwi. WWF has also supported the government in accessing large-scale funding for restoration in both mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar through the Trillion Trees Programme, in partnership with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Additionally, WWF has supported the Greening Dodoma initiative in collaboration with TFS and the Vodacom Foundation. xi) Wetlands International: Wetlands International supports the restoration of 53,255 hectares of mangroves in the Rufiji Delta through planting and natural regeneration. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

2.4 Restoration Challenges

2.4.1 General challenges It is not easy to stop a vicious cycle of degradation caused by over-exploitation of natural resources and replace it with a virtuous cycle of Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR). Challenges include how to ensure meaningful participation by marginalized stakeholders, as FLR is: i) Time consuming: Trees take time to grow and engaging diverse stakeholders is time-consuming. Stakeholders need opportunities to learn about each other and to discuss, negotiate and agree on different aspects of FLR. These include priorities, boundaries, budgets, roles and responsibilities. FLR also touches upon deep-rooted, sensitive issues, such as land rights and tenure, land-use planning, illegal logging and wildlife hunting. These issues require a much longer process. ii) Costly: There are considerable direct costs associated with coordination, stakeholder engagement and implementation of FLR interventions. There are also costs of foregone opportunities, such as those related to reduced harvests or income lost as result of changing from the existing land use. iii) Unfair: The general benefits of FLR will be enjoyed by landscape stakeholders and other indirect groups. However, poor people and other marginalized groups will be more deeply affected by the immediate restrictions in resource access and use that result from FLR. This could put the success of FLR in peril. Early and careful calculation of costs and benefits for each group, especially the most marginalized groups, should be carefully studied 20 . iv) Producing unquantifiable goods and services: The Economics of Restoration 21 states that economic tools can help quantify non-monetary benefits and costs, Also' many ecosystem goods and services are not amenable to market valuation despite their indisputable ecological or social values. This poses an enormous challenge in discussions and negotiations among stakeholders who decide FLR priorities. v) Resulting to conflicting views: Interest-based conflicts among stakeholder groups are almost unavoidable during FLR processes. The Government may pursue ecological and environmental gains, while local communities prioritize economic targets. Trade-offs are inevitable. It is therefore crucial to facilitate negotiations and resolve conflicts, ideally with a neutral moderator. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033

2.4.2 Specific FLR challenges for Tanzania In addition to the general challenges, the following key factors contribute to making FLR process in Tanzania more challenging: i) Unsustainable Livestock Management Practices: Land, water and rangelands are the main resources which support the livestock production system in the country. However, only 40% of the rangeland is currently available for livestock grazing. The continued shrinking of grazing land due to population pressure and conversion of traditional grazing areas to other land uses greatly constrains the sustainability of extensive livestock production system. Additionally, conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in search of pastures, water, and areas for crop production have been a persistent problem in many regions and districts. Experience shows that uncontrolled grazing in both urban and rural areas is a major factor responsible for destruction of forests, planted trees, and restored areas. As opposed to crop production, livestock require vast areas for grazing, highlighting the need to improve livestock facilities in pastoral designated areas of village land use plans and adopting landscape approaches. This initiative may require improving pasture and grazing management. However, livestock movements from one area to another (within or outside the villages/districts/regions) searching for water and pasture as well as for trading purposes is inevitable. These movements may result in destruction of the planted trees as well as the restored land. ii) Inadequate Coordination of Environmental best Practices: Land use and other development activities are important but the concern is on how best people can use land sustainably. There are various best practices in the country based on the sectors such as Agriculture, Forestry, Water, Livestock, Fisheries, Wildlife and Energy. These practices include Integrated Soil fertility management, conservation agriculture, rain water harvesting, and smallholder irrigation management, cross slope barriers, agroforestry, pastoralism and rangeland Management, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), and Income Generating Activities (IGAs). Currently, the implementation of these best practices from various sectors is not adequately coordinated. Proper coordination of these best practices will help address forest and land degradation challenges, including the protection of the restored lands and the planted areas. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033 iii) Incidences of wildfires: Wildfire is one of the most destructive agents for forests and other related ecosystems. Efforts to control incidences of wildfire will contribute significantly in preventing the destruction of the planted trees as well as the restored lands. iv) Inadequate compliance to relevant legislations: Existing legislations need to be adhered to safeguard forests and planted trees in all land types. Purposeful initiatives by decision makers are required to facilitate execution of voluntary and/or forced compliance to laws and regulations to attain tree planting goals. v) Inadequate incentives for tree planting and management: Incentives to the participating communities, institutions and other stakeholders are very essential to ensure that the trees are planted and sustainably managed. Through these incentives, the public will be sensitized to increase their efforts and continue improving the environment. The idea behind these initiatives is to; a) Recognize efforts and contributions of the society or groups involved in planting and managing trees; b) Sensitize the public to recognize the importance of planting and managing trees; c) Motivate the public to effectively participate in tree planting and management; d) Increase responsibility of various stakeholders in the issues pertaining to planting and management of trees; and e) Widen the scope of public participation and responsibility to plant and manage trees. vi) Unsustainable human activities in vulnerable areas: Mountain ecosystems provide vital environmental services, including freshwater, biodiversity, and other benefits essential to human well-being worldwide. They are critical for sustainable national development, poverty alleviation, and the transition to a green economy. However, recent environmental, economic, and social changes have made many mountain regions increasingly prone to disasters. Degradation caused by unsustainable agricultural practices, livestock overgrazing, and timber harvesting has great downstream impacts, affecting millions of people through reduced hydropower generation, diminished ecosystem services, and lower crop and livestock productivity. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 vii) Unsuitable tree species in water catchments: Planting high water consuming tree species in water catchment areas can reduce water availability. Therefore, it is important to prioritize the use of water-conserving tree species in these areas. Identifying and prohibiting the planting of unsuitable species near water sources is highly recommended. Promoting appropriate, water efficient tree species is one of the most effective strategies for sustainable restoration in catchment zones. viii) Inadequate use of alternatives to wood-based energy sources and building materials: The lack of alternative and reliable sources of energy for cooking, lighting, and building materials in Tanzania places tremendous pressure on forest resources, due to the heavy reliance on biomass for energy and on timber and poles for construction. Biomass accounts for about 90% of all cooking energy sources in the country. Charcoal is predominantly used in urban areas, while firewood is commonly used in rural areas. It is estimated that the per capita consumption of wood fuel in Tanzania is one cubic metre per year amounting to approximately 50 million stacked cubic metres consumed annually for energy alone. Moreover, traditional charcoal production, which relies on inefficient kilns, has contributed significantly to deforestation, environmental degradation, and land degradation. The demand for charcoal is expected to rise further in the coming years due to rapid population growth. ix) Shifting Cultivation: Shifting cultivation is one of the main subsistence activities of small- scale societies and rural populations. Shifting cultivation, especially through conversion in which native forests/vegetation are cleared, ends in deforestation. In this case, initiatives to promote improved agriculture and livestock practices such as mixed farming, agroforestry and zero grazing - are necessary. In addition, measures to discourage shifting cultivation practices should be implemented while encouraging farmers in these areas to adopt agroforestry. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

2.5 Restoration Opportunities To restore the 5.2 million hectares pledged by Tanzania as a contribution to AFR100 which accounts for 42% of the highly degraded areas. Restoration opportunities were mapped based on national restoration objectives. These objectives include enhancing climate resilience, conserving biological diversity, ensuring gender equity and equality, improving food security, alleviating poverty, enhancing water yield, and increasing energy resources. Zones identified with the most optimal areas for restoration include the Central Zone (covering Dodoma, Manyara, and Singida regions) at 38%, the Western Zone (covering Katavi, Kigoma, Shinyanga, and Tabora regions) at 19%, and the Southern Highlands (covering lringa, Mbeya, Njombe, Rukwa, and Songwe regions) at 14% all in mainland Tanzania (Figure 5; Table 3) J) Lake ~Zanzibo Zone Western Legend Low Moderate 1111 High Scale: 1:7,000,000 250 500 K Figure 5. Spatial distribution of restoration opportunities in Tanzania Table 3: Restoration opportunities per restoration objective in hactare. FLR Water Food Poverty Gender Climate Biomass Biodiversity Total Zone yield security Change energy conservation z Central 229289 169489 689563 6984 758539 87,011 13,468 1,954,343 ~ 0 z Eastern 6769 36040 115881 3248 63989 20,067 8,070 254,062 )> r 'T1 0 Lake 22769 150718 208644 11261 169675 51,086 2,117 616,270 ::0 m ~ Northern 13343 33479 87674 2739 145148 19,352 7,934 309,669 r )> z NC 0 en NC") Southern 88 28226 211983 2275 48878 22,732 2,923 317,105 w )> N ,, cm ~ ::0 m Southern highlands 11585 116544 354769 5992 166412 58,196 9,058 722,556 a ::0 ~ Western 33095 205414 463462 8818 139450 12,5015 9,740 984,994 0 z ~ Zanzibar 725 1220 2220 1105 2855 6,210 10,855 25,190 ::0 ~ m Total 317,663 741,129 2,134,196 42,420 1,494,947 389,669 64,165 5,184,190 Cl -< Source: ROAM report (2021) NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS AND ACTION PLAN

3.1 Vision, Mission and Goal

3.1.1 Vision To revitalize Tanzania's degraded lands, thereby enhancing ecological integrity and human well-being.

3.1.2 Mission To integrate forest landscape restoration into national development plans to promote environmental sustainability, drive economic growth, and enhance food security in Tanzania.

3.1.3 Goal To restore 5.2 million hectares of degraded land in Tanzania.

3.1.4 Expected results The Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) Strategy is expected to achieve the following results: i) Increased climate resilience: a) Restore soil fertility to boost yields, diversify farming systems and facilitate adaptation of farmers to erratic weather patterns b) Reduce landslide risks, reduce consequences of flooding/extreme weather events c) Support ecosystem-based adaptation d) Reduce GHG emissions from agriculture e) Increase carbon sequestration ii) Improved food security: a) Reduce soil and nutrient loss, restore soil organic matter content, increase and diversify crop yields and cultivars, enable more efficient use of inorganic inputs. b) Increase rural access to and availability of food by increasing the production of timber, fuel-wood, fodder, honey, mushrooms, and other non-timber forest products that directly or indirectly contribute as alternative sources of income to the food security of rural communities. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 iii) Increased energy resources: a) Increase supplies of locally managed and sustainable sources of fuelwood b) Decrease sedimentation in catchments of hydropower infrastructure to boost energy outputs iv) Increased water yield: a) Control erosion and reduce sedimentation b) Protect and conserve water sources v) Conserved biodiversity: a) Conserve and restore biodiversity b) Protect, accelerate regeneration, and restore native ecosystems and threatened species across landscapes c) Protect ecosystems and ecological functions vi) Ensured gender equity and equality: a) Promote equity ownership of means of productions among women, men and youth b) Promote agricultural/forestry education, extension and technical training for women , men and youth c) Facilitate access to finance for women, men and youth in agriculture and forestry. vii) Reduced poverty: a) Enhance sustainable management of land and water resources Strengthen coordination between agriculture, forestry, and other relevant sectors. b) Strengthen value chainsto forestry and agricultural products and entrepreneurship c) Introduce other sustainable income generating activities

3.2 Priority Interventions This strategy targets the restoration opportunities identified in Section 2.5. The spatial distribution of restoration activities across different zones is complementary, allowing for a variety of landscape restoration approaches. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 These diverse approaches address the drivers of degradation while also creating synergies that deliver benefits across key thematic areas: ecosystem services; forests, biomass energy, and wildlife; agriculture; land and water; and livestock and fisheries. The interventions outlined in this strategy fall within these thematic areas.

3.2.1 Ecosystem Services Tanzania has significant potential to benefit from ecosystem service incentives, including the implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) programmes in the Eastern Arc Mountains, as well as carbon credits, ecotourism, biodiversity offsets, and international funding through the protection and management of forests such as mangroves, montane forests, and miombo woodlands. Intervention 1: Promoting Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES) Intervention Description In Tanzania, the loss of forests and land degradation is driven by weak conservation practices, unsustainable land use, and limited financial benefits from maintaining healthy ecosystems. For many farmers and land users, there's little economic motivation to adopt restoration-friendly practices. To reverse this trend, targeted incentives are essential to support the adoption of sustainable land and forest management. These incentives can help improve agricultural and livestock productivity, reduce deforestation, and prevent encroachment into protected areas. Effective Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) requires enabling policies that recognize and empower local communities as stewards of the land. The government should identify and prioritize areas for restoration, clarify land use rights and responsibilities, and establish fair systems for sharing the benefits that come from healthy ecosystems. Incentives may include payments for ecosystem services, where communities are compensated for conservation actions that enhance water availability, carbon storage, and biodiversity. Add itional measures involve supporting soil fertility and sustainable agriculture techniques, investing in waste management infrastructure to reduce land degradation, and ensuring secure land tenure to encourage long-term restoration and responsible resource use. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 To ensure these incentives are effective, restoration funds must be accessible and inclusive especially for smallholders and local communities. Currently, barriers such as lack of information, complex application processes, bureaucratic paperwork, and restrictive eligibility rules limit access. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to enabling large scale, community-driven restoration that delivers both environmental and livelihood benefits (Appendix 1). Intervention 1: contributes to climate resilience, water yield, and poverty alleviation strategic objectives.

3.2.2 Forest, Biomass Energy and Wildlife Restoration a) Forest Restoration Intervention 2: Forest management (including protection of existing forest, natural forest management and improved forest plantation or woodlands management). Intervention description Land degradation in Tanzania is fueled by several interlinked factors, including inadequate planning for population growth, persistent poverty, climate change, and the growing global demand for timber and non-timber forest products. These pressures have led to widespread ecosystem degradation, threatening both environmental integrity and community livelihoods. To reverse these impacts, it is crucial to invest in the restoration of degraded, damaged, or destroyed forest landscapes. Restoration plays a vital role in rebuilding ecosystem functions by repairing degraded lands, re-establishing native vegetation and wildlife, and, where full recovery is not feasible, creating new, functional ecosystems that continue to deliver essential ecological services. Tanzania has already demonstrated success in this area through initiatives such as Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga (HASHI), Hifadhi Ardhi lringa (HIMA), and Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO). These programs offer valuable lessons and are widely recognized as best practices in forest landscape restoration and natural regeneration . The overarching goal of such restoration efforts is to enhance biodiversity, improve ecosystem resilience, and support sustainable livelihoods. Achieving this requires setting clear ecological targets, implementing strategic NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 management practices, and continuously monitoring progress to ensure long-term environmental and social benefits potential areas for biodiversity conservation identified through Tanzania's ROAM (Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology) process are listed in Table 4. Table 4: Restoration opportunities for Biodiversity conservation Total Potential Objective Zones Opportunity Districts Opportunity (%) (ha) Bahi, Chamwino, Chemba, Kondoa, Kongwa, Central 13,468 21 Mpwapwa, Babati, Hanang, Kiteto, Mbulu, Simanjiro, lkungi, lramba, ltigi, Manyoni. Biodiversity llala, Kigamboni, Kilombero, Kilosa, Morogoro, conservation 8,070 Mvomero, Ulanga, Kibaha, Kisarawe, Mkuranga, Eastern 13 Rufiji, Chalinze, Gairo, Malinyi, Bagamoyo, improved Temeke, Ubungo, Kibiti. (64165 ha) Lake 2,117 3 Bukombe, Chato, Geita, Mbogwe, Nyang'hwale, Biharamulo, Bukoba, Kyerwa, Missenyi, Muleba, Ngara, Butiama, Bunda, Musoma, Rorya, Serengeti, Tarime, llemela, Kwimba, Magu, Misungwi, Nyamagana, Sengerema, Ukerewe, Busega, ltilima, Maswa, Meatu, Karagwe, Bariadi, Buchosa. Arumeru, Arusha, Karatu, Longido, Monduli, Northern 7,934 12 Ngorongoro, Hai, Moshi, Mwanga, Rombo, Same, Siha, Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe, Lushoto, Mkinga, Pangani, Muheza. Kilwa, Lindi, Liwale, Nachingwea, Ruangwa, Southern 2,923 5 Masasi, Mtwara, Nanyumbu, Newala, Tandahimba, Mbinga, Namtumbo, Nyasa, Songea, Tunduru , Madaba Southern lringa, Kilolo, Mufindi, Chunya , lleje, Kyela, 9,058 14 Mbarali, Mbeya, Mbozi, Momba, Rungwe, Highland Ludewa, Makete, Njombe, Wanging'ombe, Kalambo, Nkasi, Sumbawanga, Songwe. Miele, Mpanda, Buhigwe, Kakonko, Kibondo, Western 9,740 15 Kigoma , Uvinza, Kishapu, Shinyanga, lgunga, Kaliua , Nzega, Sikonge, Tabora , Urambo, Uyui, Kahama, Kasulu , Mpimbwe Mkoani, Central, South, West B, North B, Zanzibar 10,855 17 Chakechake, Micheweni, North B Intervention 2 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, energy resources, and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 b) Biomass Energy Intervention 3: Promote the use of alternative energy sources Tanzania has a wide range of alternative energy resources, including biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, and wind . However, much of this potential remains underutilized. Expanding the use of these clean and environmentally friendly energy sources can help increase access to sustainable and modern energy services. Promoting alternative energy technologies also supports Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) by reducing pressure on natural forests for fuelwood. Intervention description In Tanzania, woodfuel remains the dominant source of biomass energy, widely used for household cooking, tobacco curing, brick making, and drying tea leaves. Although national energy policies and poverty reduction strategies aim to reduce this reliance by promoting cleaner fuels and improving energy efficiency, progress has been limited. Without stronger and more coordinated action, the country is likely to remain heavily dependent on biomass energy. Shifting toward more sustainable energy use requires a combination of strategic and integrated interventions. Promoting alternative cooking fuels particularly Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for household use can significantly reduce charcoal consumption . This shift must be supported by public awareness campaigns and targeted marketing that encourage adoption of cleaner fuels, especially when these alternatives are compatible with existing cooking technologies. Simultaneously, improving the sustainability of biomass energy calls for enhanced efficiency in both production and consumption . Expanding access to appropriate and affordable alternative energy sources will reinforce this transition . These efforts must be anchored in strong institutional frameworks and effective policy implementation to ensure a smooth, inclusive, and long-term energy shift. On the production side, promoting cleaner technologies for charcoal production and the widespread use of energy-efficient stoves will help reduce woodfuel consumption . Supporting income-generating activities for communities engaged in energy production and distribution will further strengthen local involvement and benefits. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 In parallel, establishing accessible and attractive financing mechanisms is critical to making sustainable energy solutions affordable and scalable across different regions and income levels. Potential areas for improved wood fuel identified through Tanzania's ROAM (Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology) process are listed in Table 5 Table 5: Restoration opportunities for Biomass energy Total Potential Objective Zones Opportunity Districts Opportunity (%) (ha) Bahi, Chamwino, Chemba , Kondoa , Kongwa , Central 87,011 22 Mpwapwa, Babati, Hanang, Kiteto, Mbulu, Simanjiro, lkungi, lramba, ltigi, Manyoni. Biomass llala, Kigamboni, Kilombero, Kilosa, Morogoro, energy 20,067 Mvomero, Ulanga, Kibaha, Kisarawe, Mkuranga, Eastern 5 Rufiji, Chalinze, Gairo, Malinyi, Bagamoyo, Improved Temeke, Ubungo, Kibiti. (389,669 ha) Bukombe, Chato, Geita , Mbogwe, Nyang'hwale, Lake 51 ,086 13 Biharamulo, Bukoba, Kyerwa, Missenyi, Muleba, Ngara, Butiama, Bunda, Musoma, Rorya, Serengeti, Tarime, llemela, Kwimba , Magu, Misungwi, Nyamagana, Sengerema, Ukerewe, Busega, ltilima, Maswa, Meatu, Karagwe, Bariadi, Buchosa. Arumeru , Arusha, Karatu , Longido, Monduli, Northern 19,352 5 Ngorongoro, Hai, Moshi, Mwanga, Rombo, Same, Siha, Handeni, Kilindi , Korogwe, Lushoto, Mkinga, Pangani, Muheza. Kilwa , Lindi , Liwale, Nachingwea, Ruangwa , Southern 22,732 6 Masasi, Mtwara, Nanyumbu, Newala, Tandahimba, Mbinga, Namtumbo, Nyasa, Songea, Tunduru , Madaba Southern lringa, Kilolo, Mufindi, Chunya, lleje, Kyela, 54,196 15 Mbarali, Mbeya, Mbozi, Momba, Rungwe, Highland Ludewa, Makete, Njombe, Wanging'ombe, Kalambo, Nkasi, Sumbawanga, Songwe. Miele, Mpanda, Buhigwe, Kakonko, Kibondo, Western 125,015 32 Kigoma, Uvinza, Kishapu, Shinyanga, lgunga, Kaliua, Nzega, Sikonge, Tabora, Urambo, Uyui, Kahama, Kasulu , Mpimbwe Mkoani, Central , South, West B, North B, Zanzibar 6,210 2 Chakechake, Micheweni, North B Intervention 3 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, energy resources, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 c) Wildlife Restoration Intervention 4: Habitat connectivity Intervention description Habitat loss, fragmentation, and intensive land use have greatly reduced ecosystem productivity, leading to species loss, disrupted natural processes, and declining ecosystem services. Restoring these areas is crucial for recovering ecological functions and supporting both wildlife and human livelihoods. Restoration efforts will focus on planting native trees to stabilize soils and prevent erosion, collecting and cultivating seeds, and improving seedling survival and growth. These actions will help restore habitat structure, diversity, and resilience. Wildlife restoration will aim to reintroduce healthy animal populations and restore their role in ecosystems. This process will ensure the protection of source populations, identify suitable and sustainable release sites, involve local communities, and continuously monitor progress to ensure success. Results will be transparently shared with all stakeholders. In areas severely degraded with limited natural regeneration , two approaches will be used: Passive restoration to encourage natural regrowth through assisted natural regeneration (ANR), and active restoration, which involves direct seeding or tree planting to speed up recovery. Wildlife habitat restoration will align with Tanzania's Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM), ensuring a comprehensive approach to restoring both forest ecosystems and the landscapes that support biodiversity and human communities. Intervention 4 contributes to climate resilience and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives

3.2.3 Agriculture Intervention 5: Climate Smart Agriculture Intervention description NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach aimed at making agriculture more resilient to climate change while ensuring food security and sustainable development. Its goals are to increase agricultural productivity and income, enhance climate resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In Tanzania, two key CSA practices are Conservation Agriculture (CA) and Agroforestry, both of which improve productivity while preserving the environment. CA focuses on soil and crop management practices that minimize soil disturbance and promote biodiversity. It has proven to boost crop yields sustainably by minimizing mechanical soil disturbance, maintaining continuous soil cover, and using crop rotations that include legumes and trees to enhance soil fertility. Agroforestry integrates trees with crops or livestock within the same land area, either simultaneously or over time, to improve land productivity and ecological health. Tanzania has a long- standing tradition of agroforestry, with notable examples such as the Chagga home gardens in the northeast, Kagera and Mara home gardens in the northwest, Usambara domestication systems in the northeast, and the Sukuma "Ngitili" silvopastoral system in the west. These systems replicate natural ecosystems by using multi-layered planting to promote biodiversity, conserve soil, and support sustainable livelihoods The Second National Agroforestry Strategy (2024 - 2031) builds on this foundation, aiming to integrate sustainable agroforestry practices into 15 million households by 2030. The strategy supports national goals of enhancing food security, increasing incomes, and promoting environmental conservation . By combining conservation agriculture and agroforestry under the CSA umbrella, Tanzania is paving the way for a resilient agricultural sector that meets both present and future needs. Potential areas to improve food security identified through Tanzania's ROAM (Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology) process are listed in Table 6. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Table 6: Potential Restoration opportunities for food security Total Potential Objective Zones Opportunity Distric1s Opportunity (%} (ha} Bahi, Chamwino, Chemba, Kondoa, Kongwa, Central 169,489 23 Mpwapwa, Babati, Hanang, Kiteto, Mbulu, Simanjiro, lkungi, lramba, ltigi, Manyoni. llala, Kigamboni, Kilombero, Kilosa, Morogoro, Mvomero, Ulanga, Kibaha, Kisarawe, Mkuranga, Eastern 36,040 5 Rufiji, Chalinze, Gairo, Malinyi, Bagamoyo, Temeke, Ubungo, Kibiti. Bukombe, Chato, Geita, Mbogwe, Nyang'hwale, Lake 150,718 20 Biharamulo, Bukoba, Kyerwa, Missenyi, Muleba, Ngara, Butiama, Bunda, Musoma, Rorya, Food Serengeti, Tarime, llemela, Kwimba, Magu, Security Misungwi, Nyamagana, Sengerema, Ukerewe, (741 ,129 ha) Busega, ltilima, Maswa, Meatu, Karagwe, Bariadi, Buchosa. Arumeru, Arusha, Karatu, Longido, Monduli, Northern 33,479 4 Ngorongoro, Hai, Moshi, Mwanga, Rombo, Same, Siha, Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe, Lushoto, Mkinga, Pangani, Muheza. Kilwa, Lindi, Liwale, Nachingwea, Ruangwa, Southern 28,226 4 Masasi, Mtwara, Nanyumbu, Newala, Tandahimba, Mbinga, Namtumbo, Nyasa, Songea, Tunduru, Madaba Southern lringa, Kilolo, Mufindi, Chunya, lleje, Kyela, 54,196 16 Mbarali, Mbeya, Mbozi, Momba, Rungwe, Highland Ludewa, Makete, Njombe, Wanging'ombe, Kalambo, Nkasi, Sumbawanga, Songwe. Miele, Mpanda, Buhigwe, Kakonko, Kibondo, Western 205,414 28 Kigoma, Uvinza, Kishapu, Shinyanga, lgunga, Kaliua, Nzega, Sikonge, Tabora, Urambo, Uyui, Kahama, Kasulu , Mpimbwe Mkoani, Central, South, West B, North B, Zanzibar 1,220 0 Chakechake, Micheweni, North B Intervention 5 contributes to food security, climate resilience, poverty alleviation, energy resources, and gender equity and equality strategic objectives

3.2.4 Land and Water Intervention 6 : Soil and water conservation practices such as community check dams, water reservoirs, gully plugs. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Intervention description Since 80% of Tanzanians depend on agriculture that relies on natural rainfall, the country faces a growing risk of reduced water yields potentially leading to increased poverty if current trends continue. To build resilience in soil and water use, especially in affected areas, a combination of engineering, social, administrative, and research and development strategies should be implemented to support effective restoration. Land and soil conservation interventions include agroforestry practices, community-based forest management through the establishment of village, private, and individual forests, and the introduction of improved farming techniques such as climate-smart agriculture. These efforts are complemented by awareness creation to support land use planning , the management of invasive species, the construction of check dams, and improved soil moisture management. Furthermore, promoting the engagement of women and youth in restoration activities is key. Effective land and soil conservation can significantly enhance food security and improve the livelihoods of communities within the targeted restoration landscapes (Appendix 2). Intervention 6 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives Intervention 7: Integrated spatial land use planning and management Intervention description Land laws provide tools to manage and control land use; however, challenges remain . In urban areas, informal settlements leave little room for green development, while in rural areas, thousands of acres are being converted into uncontrolled woodlot blocks, farms, settlements, and areas of overgrazing often resulting in land degradation and conflicts. Integrated spatial land use planning and management serves as a critical tool to reduce the extent of land requiring reclamation and to ensure that restored areas are sustainably maintained for long-term landscape benefits (Appendix 3). This intervention involves activities such as land use mapping, demarcation of areas under Government Notices (GNs), participatory land use planning, and the formalization of land tenure systems in both urban and rural settings. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 It also includes capacity building in natural resource governance, focusing on land law enforcement, policy integration, and coordination across relevant sectors. Intervention 7 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, energy resources, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives Intervention 8: Water catchment restoration Intervention description The intervention includes activities such as the conservation of water catchment areas, restoration of riverbanks, promotion of agroforestry practices, and implementation of community-based forest management. Additionally, it involves the introduction of improved farming practices and techniques, establishment of vegetation buffer zones around water catchments, and soil erosion control measures. These efforts also support the adoption of sustainable energy technologies for heating and cooking, the establishment of cattle troughs, and the promotion of payment for ecosystem services through public-private partnerships (PPP). Strengthening law enforcement is also an integral component of this intervention. Intervention 8 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, energy resources, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives Intervention 9: Mainstreaming Integrated water resources management Intervention description This intervention aims to integrate Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) principles into the sustainable management of water resources, ensuring the well-being of the population, supporting socioeconomic growth, conserving environmental vitality, and enhancing resilience to water-related disasters. By coordinating the planning and implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), this initiative will promote green, sustainable, inclusive, and resilient development. The intervention will focus on strengthening water user associations, developing water supply infrastructure, and creating water allocation plans, while also supporting the implementation of water resource management guidelines. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 Furthermore, it will conduct comprehensive assessments of water resources and their distribution, ensuring that water management practices align with FLR objectives, such as restoring degraded lands, protecting ecosystems, and enhancing water catchment areas for long-term sustainability. According to the ROAM report, 0.1% of the country has been identified as having low annual water yield. This is largely attributed to geographical factors, as most of these areas fall within semi-arid regions that experience high transpiration, high evaporation, and low precipitation. In addition, anthropogenic activities such as farming and overgrazing further contribute to the low availability of water in Tanzania. The ROAM report highlights potential areas for enhancing water yield, including the Central Zone (Dodoma, Manyara, and Singida), the Northern Zone (Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Tanga), the Western Zone (Tabora and Shinyanga), and the Lake Zone (Mara, Mwanza, and Simiyu). (Table 7). Table 7: Estimated low annual water yield in Tanzania Low Annual Water Per cent of Low Annua l Zones Yield Area {Sa.km) Water Yield Area {Sa .km) Districts lramba. Kondoa , Mpwapwa, Singida , Kongwa , Manyoni, Chamwino, Singida Urban, Dodoma Urban, lkungi, Bahi, Mkalama, Chemba, Babati, Ce ntral I 126669 51.02 HananQ, Mbulu, Simaniiro, Kiteto Lushoto, Monduli, Rambo, Meru, Mwanga , Same, Northern I 36328 14.63 Moshi, Hai, Siha, Ngorongoro, Karatu , Korogwe , Arusha, Handeni, Kilindi, Lona ido Southern highlands I 355 12 14.30 - Chunya , lri nga. Mufi ndi, Wanging'ombe, lringa Urban, Kilolo, Kwimba, Mbarali - Nzega, Shinyanga, Shinyanga Urban, lgunga, Western Lake II 29470 17638 11.87 7.10 Kishapu, Uyui, Kahama, SikonQe, Bariadi, ltilima, Maau, Serenaeti, Meatu, Bunda Eastern I 2482 1.00 Kilosa, Gairo Southern I 171 0.07 Nachingwea , Liwale, Maswa Intervention 9 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, poverty alleviation, energy resources, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

3.2.5 Livestock & Fisheries Intervention 10: Improved Fisheries Systems Intervention description An improved fisheries system is a key intervention for restoring ecosystem services, promoting sustainable conservation, and ensuring the responsible use of natural resources for the well-being of communities. Core activities include the restoration of fisheries breeding sites, development of fisheries value chains to curb overexploitation, and rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems, especially mangroves and seagrasses. The intervention also emphasizes the enforcement of land use plans, promotion of coastal ecotourism, and strengthening of community-based management of fisheries. Additional efforts involve supporting seaweed farming, enhancing salt mining practices, and raising community awareness on climate-smart approaches to natural resource use such as energy-efficient fish smoking, environmentally friendly construction materials, and alternative energy sources. Intervention 10 contributes to climate resilience, water yield, food security, poverty alleviation, energy resources, gender equity and equality and biodiversity conservation strategic objectives

3.2.6 Cross-cutting issues a) Gender Integrating gender in forest landscape restoration (FLR) helps increase the involvement of women, youth, and vulnerable groups in planning and implementation. Currently, FLR is mostly led by men, while women and youth are often limited to basic roles like managing tree nurseries and planting trees. This strategy aims to promote gender equality and ensure that women , youth, and vulnerable groups are included at all stages of the FLR process. Intervention 11: Support women, youth and people with disabilities to participate effectively in forest landscape restoration planning and implementation NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 b) Good governance Good governance helps FLR achieve its social, economic, and environmental goals. It ensures that FLR activities are well planned, implemented, and monitored. Good governance also promotes transparency, accountability, and fair sharing of benefits among all people involved. Intervention 12: Strengthen transparency, accountability and rule of law in forest landscape restoration.

3.3 Implementation Action Plan Landscape restoration is a key initiative in the United Republic of Tanzania for contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals. It supports job creation, increases income, enhances biodiversity conservation , and strengthens climate change mitigation and adaptation. To realize these outcomes, the implementation action plan (Table 8) plays a central role. The plan outlines thematic areas, specific objectives, corresponding strategies, targets, indicators, indicative budgets, timelines, means of verification, and responsible institutions. The provided cost estimates are based on past experience and literature; however, actual costs should be determined at the time of implementing specific interventions. Table 8: Forest Landscape Restoration Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Time Budget(lZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators In mllllons) Responsible Institutions frame Verification Forest z Percentage change ~ of land cover 0 To enhance Forests MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, z Forest )> periodic forest ecosystems Number of mapped ecosystem TFS, TAFORI, LGAs, NGOs, r ecosystems assessments areas and size 2023-2033 1,000,000 private sector, research "T1 assessment 0 assessment and conducted by institutions, academia, media, Monitoring Percentage of reports communities ::a 2033 endemic, m threatened and ~ endangered species ~ To promote Wood lot and Woodlot and MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, z establishment of Natural Number, areas and TFS, TAFORI, LGAs, NGOs, NC natural C (/) Biodiversity Woodlot and regeneration size, types of 2023-2033 2,500,000 private sector, academia, N (") regeneration conservation Natural promoted by species reports research institutions, media, w )> improved regeneration 2030 communities "' cm -a Updated database ~ ::a Number of m Biodiversity information pathways MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, a ::a To enhance biodiversity informati on Number of awareness Functional biodiversity TANAPA, TAWA, TAWIRI, LGAs, NGOs, private sector, ~ information systems programs 2023-2027 1,000,000 information academia, research 0 systems enhanced by system institutions, media, z 2027 Data and communities ~ information ::a ~ Accessible and m utilized C> -< Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification Restoration and To promote upgrading of MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, restoration and unreserved Size and area Ecosystem TFS, TAFORI, LGAs, NGOs, upgrading of forest 2023-2033 2,000,000 restoration private sector, academia, unreserved forest ecosystems Number of reports research institutions, media, ecosystems upgraded forests communities promoted by 2033. z Participatory forest ~ Strengthen and Number of villages VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- 0 scale up of PFM PFM best with PFM management Zanzibar, MNRT, MAINL- z practice for FLR reports Zanzibar, TFS, TAFORI , )> best practice for strengthened 2023-2033 1,500,000 LGAs, NGOs, private sector, r FLR in unreserved Size and area "T1 and scaled up Forest academia , research 0 and reserved ::a by 2033 Number of best landscape institutions, media , forests practices communities m ~ restoration reports Number of research ~ z VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- NC Research , Number of FLR best 0 (/) To enhance practice Zan zi bar, MNRT, MAINL- NC, research , innovation for Zan zi bar, TFS, TAFORI , w )> innovation and FLR best Number of 2023-2033 500,000 FLR research LGAs, NGOs, private sector, N -a om practice reports dissemination of enhanced by innovations academia , research ~ ::a FLR best practice 2033 institutions, media , m Number of research findi ngs disseminated communities a ::a Wildlife ~ 0 VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- z Restoration and Zanzibar, MNRT, MAINL- ~ Promote restoration W ildlife Management of Zanzibar, TANAPA, TAWA, and management Number, size and areas corridor wildlife 2023-2033 2,000,000 TAWIRI , LGAs, NGOs, of wildlife migratory increased by of cc rrido rs restoration academia, research ~ corridors 2033 reports institutions, private sector, m C> media communities -< VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Water RALG , MNRT, MAINL- Promote restoration Water resources resources Zanzibar, MoWI, TANAPA, and sustainable restored and management Number, size and types TAWA, TFS, Basin management water sustainably 2023-2033 2,500,000 reports. of resources Authorities , LGAs, NGOs, resources adjacent managed by Catchment academia, research to wildlife areas 2033 restoration institutions, private sector, reports media, communities Sub-total (1) 13,000,000 I Objective I Strategies Targets Indicators Time frame Budget(TZS in millions) Means of Verification Responsible Institutions nomote Development VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- Improved development and Energy and utilization of Zanzibar, ME, MNRT, energy utilization of Number of users , efficient efficient energy MAINL-Zanzibar, TFS, LGAs, security efficient energy number and types of 2023-2033 3,000,000 promotion and technologies NGOs, academia, research technologies to technolog ies adoption I promoted by institutions, private sector, reduce pressure on 2033 usage reports media, communities z restored forest ~ Number and types Energy 0 of Energy sources efficient z Promote and Conservation promotion and VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- > r- based energy Number and types adoption I RALG, ME, MNRT, MAINL- 'T1 strengthen FLR sources and of users usage reports Zanzibar, TFS, LGAs, NGOs, 0 based energy 2023-2033 1,000,000 ;a tools strengthen academia, research sources and and promoted by Number and types institutions, private sector, m initiatives 2033 of initiatives media, commun ities ~ r- > z Efficiency in Number of Charcoal VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- NC 0 (/) Promote efficient charcoal producers adopted in production and RALG, ME, MNRT, MAINL- N (") charcoal production production and value addition 2023-2033 3,000,000 value addition Zanzibar, TFS, LGAs, NGOs, w> and value addition value addition report academia, research I "'IJ technologies increased by institutions , private sector, ~m Number of users 2033 media, commun ities ~~ Sub-total (2) Agriculture 7,000,000 a ;a Promote available VPO , FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- ~ 899,895 (Ha) of Agricultura l RALG, MoA, MNRT, MAINL- 0 restoration best degraded Number and size land Zanzibar, MoWI, TFS, TARI , z practice for 2023-2033 2,000,000 management of agriculture land restored by 2033 restored land restoration reports LGAs, NGOs, academia, research institutions, private ~ ;a agricultural land Improved sector, media , communities ~ food security VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- m C) Promote restoration Zanzibar, MoA, MNRT, -< Efficient water based efficient Number and types of Agricultura l MAINL-Zanzibar, MoWI, TFS, technologies water use irrigation technologies in 2023-2033 2,000,000 water use TARI, LGAs, NGOs, promoted by technologies in place reports academia, research agriculture land 2033 institutions, private sector, media, commun ities Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification Promote Type and number of VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Practices and value chain appropriate Agricultural RALG , MoA, MIT, SIDO , technologies for technology and practices and sector value VET A, LGAs, NGOs, value addition practices adopted 2023--2033 1,000,000 technologies for addition academia, research promoted by value addition of reports institutions, private sector, 2033 Number of users agricultural produce media, communities z Climate risk ~ Promote cl imate prediction and Number and types of VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, MoA, 6 risk prediction and management Crop pest and Climate PO-RALG, LGAs , NGOs, z management mechanism in diseases controlled 2023--2033 1,000,000 prediction and academia, research > r management mechanism in agriculture institutions, private sector, "T1 system 0 agriculture sector sector promoted media, communities ;:o by 2033 m Livestock ~ Establishing and Livestock VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- r strengthening infrastructures Livestock RALG , MLF, TALIRI, LGAs, > z Number, size and type livestock established and 2023--2033 3,000,000 infrastructure NGOs, academia, research NC of infrastructures 0 V, infrastructures in strengthened by report institutions , private sector, NO priority landscapes 2033 media, communities W;t. Rangeland Number and size of VPO, FVPO-Zanzi bar, PO- N 'ti om Promoting restoration and systems rangelands Rangeland RALG , MLF, TALIRI, LGAs, ~ ;:o management of restored and 2023--2033 2,000,000 restoration NGOs. academia, research m rangeland systems managed by 2033 Mechanisms for Rangeland management plans Type and number reports institutions, private sector, media, communities VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- a ;:o Strengthen controlling of identified species Invasive RALG , MLF, TFS, TAWA, ~ mechanisms for invasion of alien 2023--2033 1,000,000 species oontrol TANAPA, TALIRI, LGAs, 6 controlling invasion species Mapped areas, size report NGOs, academia, research z of alien species strengthened by institutions, private sector, 2033 and area media, communities ~ ;:o ~ " .• Promoting adoption keeping VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- of livestock keeping RALG , MLF, TFS , TAWA, m technologies Type of technologies Livestock C, technologies and best practices for and best and best practices , 2023-2033 2,000,000 sustainability TANAPA, TALIRI, LGAs, NGOs, academia, resea rch -< practices for number of users reports environmenta l environmental institutions, private secto r, sustainabi lity susta inability media, commun ities adooted bv 2033 Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification I ypes OT Systems for systems VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Strengthening early warning RALG, MLF, TFS, TAWA, Cl imate early systems fo r early and control of Type and TANAPA, TALIRI, LGAs, 2023-2033 2,000,000 wa rning warning and control cli mate risks number of users NGOs, academia, research systems report of climate risks strengthen by institutions, private sector, 2033 Risk areas media. commun ities z mapped ~ Fisheries 0 z Conservation of VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- )> Promoting and fisheries Percentage of Fisheries RALG, MLF, MoWI , Basin r strengthening resources conserved fisheries resources Authorities, TAFIRI, LGAs, 'T1 2023-2033 3,000,000 0 conservation of promoted and resources , size and conservation NGOs, academia, research ;;o fisheries resources strengthened by area report institutions, private sector, m 2033 Climate media, communities VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- ~ Promoting climate Climate resilient Type and number of r aquaculture technologies resilient RALG , MLF, MoWI , Basin )> resilient technologies 2023-2033 2,000,000 aquaculture Authorities , TAF IRI , LGAs, z aquaculture promotion and NGOs, academia, research NC promoted by Percentage increase of 0 CJ) technologies adoption / use institutions, private sector, N C') 2033 aquaculture initiatives w )> report media, commun ities Restoration and N ,, Promoting and Number and size of VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- cm strengthening the management of restored Coastal and Zanzibar, MLF, MoWI, Basin ~ ;;o restoration and coastal & marine ecosystems marine Authorities, TAFIRI, LGAs, m management of coastal and marine ecosystems ecosystems promoted and strengthened by Change in fisheri es stocks 2023-2033 2,000,000 restoration report NGOs, academia, research institu tions, private sector, media. com munities a ;;o 2033 ~ Sub-total (3) 23,000,000 0 z Land and water Promote the adoption of ~ technolog ies and Technologies Type and number of Sustainable VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- ~ practices for the and practices for technologies and soil-water Zanzibar, MoA, MoWI, LGAs, m improving soil practices NGOs, private sector, Cl improve ment of soil ferti lity and water practices 2023-2033 2,500,000 promotion and aca demia , research -< fertility and water quality quality adopted Type and adoption/ use institu tions, media, Soil and by 2033 number of users report communi ties Water quality Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification Improved Mechanisms for VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- controlling and RALG, MoA, MoWI, TPRI, Strengthen managing the NEMC, LGAs, NGOs, private Types of agro- mechanisms for use of agro- chemicals used Agro- sector, academia, controlling and chemicals 2023-2033 1,000,000 chemicals improved by managing the use 2033 Water and soil quality usage report research institutions, z of agro-chemicals ~ media, communities 0 z )> VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- r Zanzibar, MLHS, NLUPC, 'T1 To develop and Land use plans Number of land use LGAs, NGOs, private sector, 0 plans approved academia, research ::0 strengthen the developed and 2023-2033 3,000,000 Land use m ~ implementation of strengthened by planning report institutions, media, land use plans 2033 Number of title deeds communities issued r )> z NO c:, CJ) Types of VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- NC') invasive species RALG, MNRT, MAINL- w )> To promote the control and Invasive species controlled and Invasive Zanzibar, TAWA, TFS , N -c c:, m Area and size 2023-2033 1,000,000 species control TANAPA, LGAs, NGOs, w ::0 management of managed by report private sector, academia, Wm invasive species 2033 Tedmiques used research institutions, media, communities a ::0 ~ Water sector VPO , FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- 47,276 ha of 0 Promote the degraded water RALG, MoWI , Basin z Water Authorities, MNRT, MAINL- identification, restoration and catchments restored and Number, area and size 2023-2033 2,000,000 catchment Zanzibar, TFS, NEMC, LGAs, ~ of water catchments restoration NGOs, private sector, ::0 management of sustainably managed by reports academia, research ~ water catchments institutions, media, m 2033 C) communities -< VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- 75,642 ha of RALG, MoWI , Basin Strengthen Water water sources Authorities, MNRT, MAINL- mechanisms for the Number, types and size management sustainably 2023-2033 1,000,000 Zanzibar, TFS, LGAs, NGOs, management of of water sources plans and managed by private sector, academia , water sources reports 2033 research institutions, media, communities Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification Vl-'U, PO-RALG, t-Vl-'U- Types of Zanzibar, MoWI , Basin technologies Authorities , MNRT, MAINL- Promote the Appropriate rain Zanzibar, TFS, LGAs, NGOs, Water adoption of rain water harvesting Number of users private sector, academia, 2023-2033 3,000,000 harvesting water harvesting technologies research institutions, media , technologies adopted by 2033 Quantity of water reports communities z harvested ~ 0 z )> VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- r- RALG, MoWI , Basin "T1 Water quality Authorities, MNRT, MAINL- 0 Strengthening Water quality ;:a management Effluent Zanzibar, TFS, NEMC, LGAs, m water quality discharge permit reports ~ and control NGOs, private sector, management and 2023-2033 1,500,000 academia, research mechanisms control mechanisms improved by Water use permits Water use institutions, media, ~ 2033 reports communities z NC C (/) ~ (") ' )> Mining N "C cm Sustainable ~;:a Promote and mining ESINEIA m strengthen sustainable mining technologies and technologies and practices for reducing Types of technologies complianoe reports VPO, PO-RALG, FVPO- Zanzibar, MM, MoWI , Basin Authorities, MNRT, MAINL- a ;:a practices for degradation and Number of users 2023-2033 2,000,000 Zanzibar, TFS, NEMC, LGAs, NGOs, private sector, ~ reducing pollution of the 0 degradation and environment Number and types Environmental academia, research z of mines audit in stitutions, media, pollution of the environment promoted and strengthened by /inspection communities ~ ;:a reports 2033 ~ Sub-total (4) m 17,000,000 C, -< Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame In millions) Verification Climate change resilience Mainstreaming Promoting of climate VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- mainstreaming change issues in RALG, MoWI , MoA, MLF, Ml, climate change all sectoral Number and type of Climate MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, issues in all programmes, programmes, strategies 2023-2033 2,000,000 mainstreaming NEMC, LGAs, NGOs, private z sectoral programmes, strategies and and action plans report sector, academia, research ~ strategies and action plans in stitutions, media, 0 promoted by communities z action plans ~ 2033 r "T1 Poverty alleviation 0 Cross ::a Type and number of VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- m cutting Promoting the scale up of sustainable Sustainable sustainable livelihood RALG, MoWI , MoA, MLF, Ml, MNRT, MAINL-Zanzibar, ~ livelihoods Household livelihoods options options scaled programs 2023-2033 3,000,000 income report LGAs, NGOs, private sector, ~ in target up by 2033 academia, research z landscapes Number of institutions, media, NC beneficiaries C (/) Mechanisms for Type and number of communities VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- .~ ~o N 1J cm Strengthening improving RALG, MoFP, MNRT, mechanisms for access to market market and financial Market and MAINL-Zanzibar, MoA, MLF, ~ ::a services financial m improving access to market and fi nancial services and financial services strengthened by Number of beneficiaries 2023-2033 1,500,000 service access reports Fis , LGAS, NGOs, private sector, academia, research institutions, media, a ::a ~ 2033 communities l~UI IU,:,I programmes UI VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- 0 Programmes for RALG, MoFP, MNRT, z Promote value addition of MAINL-Zanzibar, MoA, MLF, programmes for value addition of limber and NTFPs Types and value of timber and 2023-2033 2,000,000 T&NTFPs value addition Fis, LGAS, SI00, VETA, NGOs, private sector, ~ ti mber and NTFPs promoted by NTFPs reports academia , research ~ 2033 institutions, media, m Number of C> beneficiaries co mmuniti es -< Gender VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Type and number RALG, MNRT, MAINL- Gender inclusive of initiatives Promote gender Zanzibar, TFS, MoHCDGEC, FLR initiatives Gender/ FLR inclusive FLR 1,000,000 LGAS, NGOs, private sector, promoted by Number of women 2023-2033 reports initia tives academia, research 2030 and youth groups institutions, media, engaged communities Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responslble Institutions frame in millions) Verification VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Gender issues Type and number of RALG, MNRT, MAINL- Promoting gender mainstreaming programmes Gender Zanzibar, TFS, MoHCDGEC, mainstreaming to to all FLR 2023-2033 1,000,000 mainstreaming LGAS, NGOs, private sector, all FLR programmes by Types of gender issues reports academia, research programmes 2033 institutions, media , commun ities z Indigenous VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- RALG, MNRT, MAINL- ~ Promote the Local knowledge knowledge Zanzibar, TFS, MoHCDGEC, 0 integration of local integrated in z Type of local knowledge 2023-2033 750,000 documentation COSTECH , LGAS , NGOs , )> knowledge in FLR FLR initiatives r and usage private sector, academia, initiatives by 2033 'T1 reports research institutions, media, communities 0 ::0 m ~ Sectoral coordinati on Partnership r repcrts )> z VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- NC Strengthening inter- Inter-sectoral Joint meetings 0 CJ) RALG, MNRT, MAINL- NO sectoral collaboration w )> Stakeholder / Zanzibar, TSF, LGAS, NGOs, collaboration and and coordination Joint operations 2023-2033 2,000,000 N ,, sectoral private se ctor, academia, coordination at all strengthened by research institutions , media, om coordination level 2033 Integ rated plan commun ities ~ ::0 reports m a ::0 Awareness raising and capacity building ~ Number of 0 Promoting Awareness awareness programs VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- z ~ raising and awareness ra ising Awareness RALG , MNRT, MAINL- capacity building Number of and capacity and capacity Zanzibar, TSF, LGAS, NGOs, ::0 promoted for the 2023-2033 1,500,000 ~ bu ilding on the capacity building building private sector, academia, implementation programs implementation of of FLR strategy repcrts research institutions, media, m FLR strategy commun ities Cl by 2033 Information -< dissemination channels Research and Innovation Research and innovation on VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- To promote FLR related RALG , MNRT, MAINL- research and Type and number of Research/ sustainable Zanzibar, TSF, LGAS, NGOs, innovation on FLR resea rch and 2023-2033 2,000,000 innovation water private sector. academia , related sustainable innovations repcrts management research institutions , media, water management promoted by commun ities 2033 Time Budget(TZS Means of Objective Strategies Targets Indicators Responsible Institutions frame in millions) Verification Law enforcement Mechanisms for VPO, FVPO-Zanzibar, PO- Strengthen the enforcement Levels of Law RALG, MNRT, MAINL- mechanisms for the of FLR related compl iance enforcement of FLR regu latory 2023-2033 1,850,000 enforcement Za nzibar, TSF, LGAS, NGOs, z regulatory frameworks Prosecution trends and court reports private sector, academia , research institutions, media , ~ framewo rks strengthened by com munities 0 2033 z )> Sub-total (5) 18,600,000 r "T1 Grand total 78,6000 ,000 0 ::a m ~ ~ z NC 0 (/) NC, w )> N -a om ~ ::a m a ::a ~ 0 z ~ ::a ~ m C> -< NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

4.1 Institutional Arrangement A wide range of actors shall be responsible for the implementation of the Forest Landscape Restoration Strategy. The FLR will be implemented through sectoral Ministries and LGAs, Private sectors, NGOs, CBOs and communities. The sector Ministries and LGAs are required to mainstream FLR strategic interventions and subsequent targets in their respective sectoral policies and strategies. Furthermore, cooperation among stakeholders at national, regional as well as international levels will be of paramount importance. The key actors include the Ministry responsible for the environment, relevant Sector Ministries from Mainland and Zanzibar, Regional Secretariats, Local Government Authorities, the National Environment Management Council (NEMC), the Department of Environment Zanzibar, the Department of Forestry and Non-Renewable Resources, and Tanzania Forest Fund. Other players include Development Partners, Academic and Research Institutions, International and Local Non-governmental organizations, the Private Sector, Civil Society Organizations, Media, and Local Communities.

4.2 Coordination The general implementation of this Strategy will be coordinated at the sector level (Figure 12) whereby the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources, Livestock and Fisheries (MAINRLF) - Zanzibar will provide policy guidance throughout the implementation process of FLR. TFS and the Department of Forestry and Non-Renewable Resources in collaboration with other stakeholders will ensure effective implementation of FLR strategy. Institutional Framework ensure coordination across ministries, regional secretariats, villages, and non-state actors, fostering cohesive planning and adaptive implementation. This structure harmonizes national priorities, local action, and stakeholder partnerships to achieve FLR goals (Figure 12). NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM - DIRECTOR OF FOREST AND BEKEEPING H TFS-AFRl00 NATIONAL AFRl00 (NATIONAL FOCAL POINn WORKING GROUP H 1 11' 11' NON STATE ACTORS SECTOR VPO-DOE PORALG (DPs, CBOs, NGOs) MINISTRIES REGIONAL SECRETARY LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES VILLAGES/STREET/COUNCIL Figure 12: Institutional Framework for FLR strategy implementation in Tanzania NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

4.3 Information and communication To ensure effective communication for FLR, the strategy will use existing communication tools; television, radio, social media, newsletters, posters, exhibitions, workshops, and meetings to reach and engage the general public and promote FLR implementation. In addition, a new platform for sharing the experiences, updates, lessons, and progress of FLR with key actors will be formed. A cross-sector communication unit comprising representatives from sectors involved in FLR implementation, will oversee media selection by analyzing factors like audience demographics, geographic reach, policy alignment and performance metrics. Messages will be tailored to address region-specific needs and strategic priorities, ensuring relevance and impact. Regular feedback and performance reviews will refine outreach approaches, fostering transparency and inclusivity.

4.4 Reporting Arrangement Tanzania Forest Services (TFS), as the national focal point for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR), is responsible for compiling and reporting the country's FLR implementation status to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT). The MNRT then consolidates and transmits this information to the African Union Development Agency -NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD), which serves as the continental coordinator for FLR efforts across Africa .

4.5 Resource Mobilization A resource mobilization plan shall be developed by the lead Ministry to ensure the effective implementation of FLR strategy. Successful financing of this strategy will require the mobilization of additional resources from the public and private sectors and development partners. Specifically, through contributions from various funding sources including Government budget, NEPAD contributions, private sector Partnerships, development Partners, international non-governmental organizations, bilateral Partners and Multilateral Development Banks, multilateral arrangements under the Bonn Challenge and Paris Agreement (Le.funds from Climate change programmes). Central and local government through their sector budgets and plans shall allocate substantial human, physical and financial resources within available means for the implementation of this strategy. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033 The resource estimates will be determined by the scope of work and approved activities of the strategy and Implementation Action Plan. Sector Ministries, Government Agencies, International and Local Non-Government Organization, Private Sector, Local Communities, Civil Society Organizations and other actors will be required to mobilize resources for the implementation of FLR strategy.

4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are essential for tracking the progress and effectiveness of the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) strategy. The information from Monitoring & Evaluation will be used to guide the implementation of the Plan with the view to maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of the interventions. Evaluations will be conducted twice a year (mid-term and final) for the whole period of the FLR strategy. The mid-term evaluation will assess the implementation of strategic interventions and provide an opportunity to adjust the implementation plan . The final evaluation will occur at the end of the ten-year Restoration Strategy to measure results achieved against planned activities. However, annual assessment will be done to ensure successful implementation of FLR strategy. APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Esti mated Costs- Ecosystem Services (PES) z ~ 5 z Specific restoration activities Benefi ts Primary contribution to national goals Estimated area of opportunity Respons ible area of country Estimated costs (TZS) > r (ha) 'T1 0 ;;o Contribution to m Identify fiscal and financial Access to loans and 5.2 million ha MNRT/MoFP 20% 20,000,000 ~ middle-income an d incentive schemes. fi nance industrial r develop ment bv 2025 > z Easy acqu isition of soft and Establish/enforce incentive NC hard loans and increasing Contribution to 0(/) schemes (existing funds, MNRT/MoFP/lnv NO income from the sub-forest middle-income and 5.2 million ha 20% 25,000,000 certifica tion standards, estment Bank w> fiscal, PES, etc) sector through payme nt of industrial N ,, ecosystem services development by 2025 om ~ ;;o m La nd tenure/property rig hts reform La nd use plans developed by offering CCROs hence reduce conflicts Co ntri but ion to 1he number of villages with land use plans out of 12545 villages Villages under 5.2 million out of 12,54 5 villa ges MNRT/Ministry of Lands 400 villages 50,000,000 a ;;o ~ Enabling environment of 5 Reduced usage of All households z Use of improved cooking middle-income and MNRT/Ministry 5,000,000 stoves fuelwood and a llied smoking diseases industrial develop ment under the restoration area of Energy Ha 45,000,000 ~ ;;o by 202 5 ~ Forest sector to m Cl accrue more -< The resea rch info shed financial Resea rch and stud ies for More information regarding 14.8M more light on how to resources for MNRT/ VPO 150,000,000 PES PES in place manage PES sustainable forest management Specific restoratio n Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area Responsible area of Estimated activities national goals of opport unity country costs(TZS) (ha) Extension activities : Restoration is well Enabling environment of z understanding the va lue and understood to all middle-income and All stakeholders MNRT 5,000,000 200,000,000 ~ best practices to promote stakeho lder's public at industrial development and the entire 5 ecosystem functions large by 2025 public z )> r Strengthening farmer's 'T1 The farmer's group Contribution to 0 group on climate resilient ;;o benefited and income mi ddle-income and 5.2 million ha MNRT 5,000,000 50,000,000 markets & value chains- m increased by value industrial farmer cooperatives addition development by 2025 ~ r Strength ening of national Contribution to )> Traini ng manual All stakeholders z and local institutiona l middle-income and MNRT 5,000,000 50,000,000 developed and approved and beneficiaries NC capacity (training) industrial 0 V) development by 2025 NO w )> Fisca l incentives : Seed and Contribution to N ,, seed ling supply systems are Improved seeds and middle-income and 65,000,000 teak MNRT 5,000,000 130,000,000,000 om en hanced to provide seedling procured industrial seeds ~ ;;o m materials for pla nti ng . Farmers w ith skill s, development by 2025 Contribution to All target groups 5,000,000 a ;;o ~ Farmer field schools and 43,550,000 knowledge, and practical middle-income and withi n the MNRT 20,000,000 exchange visits tree experience industrial restoration area 5 development by 2025 seedlings z Finan cial incentives: ~ ;;o Stakeholders exempted ~ Land rent exception for from paying land rent and Contribution to All target groups MNRT/MoF/M m forest/lan d managers for middle-income and withi n the 5,000,000 25,000,000 Cl conservation purposes. innovators awarded industrial restoration area LHHSD -< environment prize. developmen t by 2025 Environmental Awards Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area Responsible area of Estimated activities national goals of opportunity country costs(TZS) (ha) Forest resto ration Contribution to middle All ta rget groups mai nstreamed as an A well-established system income and industrial within restoration MNRT 5,000,000 20,000,000 economic activity (Fi nancia l of accruing loans in place development by 2025 area insti tu tions/Banks, etc). z Insura nce to cover forest A well-established system Contri bution to middle Insura nce MNRT/MoFP 5,000,000 30,000,000 ~ development and fa rmers of getti ng insurance in income and industrial companies and 5 place development by 2025 al l stakeholders z )> r I TOTAL 130,685,000,000 'T1 0 ;;o m ~ r )> z NC 0 V) NO w )> N ,, om ~ ;;o m a ;;o ~ 5 z ~ ;;o ~ m Cl -<

Appendix 2: Estimated Costs - Land/Soil Conservation Contribution to Food Security, and Livelihood of Communities Specific restoration Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated part of Benefits objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs country Improved food security, improved soil z fertility, land stabilization and erosion Vision 2025 Target - 3.1 ~ Agroforestry practices control, source of wood products High-quality livel ihood 141 ,828.75 195,723,675 0.15 5 (firewood , livestock fodder, building z )> poles), r soil moisture restoratio n 'T1 Vision 2025 Target 3.2 0 ;;o Good Governance and m Ru le of Law ~ r SDG15 )> z NC Five years DP 0 (/) NO Community- based forest Improve community access and use w )> management through the rights for forest resources , improve UN-Decade on N ,, Ecosystem Restoration 283,657.5 391,447,350 0.30 om establishment of village, community livelihood , strengthen ~ ;;o private and individual forests ownership of forest resources , m Bonn Challenge Conserve and restore a ;;o biodiversity. ~ Poverty reduction 5 z Climate resilience ~ ;;o Food security Introduction of improved Increase climate adaptation and ~ m farming practices and resilience , Improve food security and Poverty reduction 141 ,828.75 195,723,675 0.15 Cl techniques livelihood. -< Climate resilience Acceptance of restoration strategy, Conserve and restore Awareness creation Increased knowledge of landscape 47,276.25 65,241 ,225 0.05 biodiversity restoration, environmental education To support the development of Conflict resolution mechanism , Sustainable land uses 189,105 260,964,900 0.20 village land use plans sustainable land uses, Specific restoration Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated part of Benefits objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs country To support the management of Conserve and resto re Ensures biodiversity restoration , 47,276.25 65,241,225 0.05 invasive species biodiversity Control erosions and reduce land degradation, Climate resilience Establishment of check dams and soil moisture management 42,276.25 58,341 ,225 0.04 z Potential for improving livelihood (fish farming) Poverty reduction ~ 5 Promote women and youth Gender mainstreaming and compliance. Gender equality z )> engagement on restoration Increases voices of women and youths Conserve and restore _ 42,276.25 58,341 ,225 0.04 r activities. 'T1 on landscape restoration biodiversity. 0 ;;o rotal 1,291,024,500 m ~ r )> z NC 0 V) NO w )> N ,, om ~ ;;o m a ;;o ~ 5 z ~ ;;o ~ m Cl -<

Appendix 3: Estimated Costs - Integrated Spatial Land Use Planning and Management The primary Specific restoration Estimated area of Estimated Part of Benefits contribution to objectives/activities opportunity (ha) costs country national /Regiona l z /Global coals ~ SDG15. Protect, restore 5 and promote sustainable z )> use of terrestrial r Sustainability of the proposed land uses ecosystems, sustainably 'T1 Land management and Law for reduction of land degradation due to enforcement improper adherences to the land use manage forests, combat 85,097.25 223,975.962 0.09 0 desertification and halt ;;o plans. m and reverse land degradation and halt ~ biodiversity loss. r )> SDG6. Ensure availability z NC and sustainable 0 V) Socio-Economic Benefits of NO Implemented Water Resources management of waler and w )> Development Projects are Maximized in sanitation for all N ,, om the water Catchment and Basin areas. ~ ;;o SDG7. Ensure access to m Management of water use Establish Institutional arrangement and stakeholder engagement for the affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. 47,276.25 124,431 ,090 0.05 a ;;o ~ implementation of the WRB IWRMDP 5 Water resources are efficiently used for Vision 2025, Target 3.1 z High-quality livelihood more productivity with less water through reduction of water consumption ~ ;;o and increased water productivity. Universal access to safe ~ water. m Cl Acceptance of restoration strategy, Vision 2025, Target 3.2 -< Good Governance the Increased knowledge on landsca pe Rule of Law A learning Awareness creation restoration , 75,642 199,089,744 0.08 society that is confident, learns from its own environmental education development experience and that of others and The primary Specific restoration Estimated area of Estimated Part of Benefits contribution to objectives/activities opportunity (ha) costs country national /Regiona l /Globa l goals owns and determines its development agenda The environment is green , clean and full z of life , effectively protected. SDG15. Protect, restore ~ and promote sustainable 5 use of terrestrial z Water source areas provide a regulated )> Environmental Protection supply of high-quality water. ecosystems, sustainably r manage forests , combat 85,097 223,975,304 0.09 'T1 and Conservation 0 desertification and halt ;;o Ripa rian vegetation protects river banks, and reverse land m coastal areas are stabilized and protected against floods and high tides degradation and halt biodiversity loss. ~ and biodiversity is increasing r )> z SDG9. Build resilient NC 0 V) infrastructu re, promote NO Disaster Risk Management inclusive and sustainable 47,276 124,430,432 0.05 w )> industrialization and foster N ,, innovation om ~ ;;o Areas of different land uses identified, m Urban planning and help rationa l resource allocation, conflict resolution mechanism, harmonization of land use about environmental a ;;o formalization of land conservation Aichi Target- strategic 37,821 99,544,872 0.04 ~ ownership goal 5 z Strengthen land ownership, incentive for investment, a n d ensures responsible ~ ;;o landscape restoration. ~ Sectoral integration, m Cl Village land use planning Sustainable land uses 104,007 273,746,424 0.11 -< Conflict resolution mechanism, reduction of inversion to public land Primary contribution to Specific restoration Estimated area of Estimated Part of Benefits national /Regional objectives/activities opportunity {ha) costs country /Global goals Capacity building on natural resou rces governance (law Improved natural resources governance A well-educated and enforcement, poli cy at all levels, con tributing to landscape 170 ,163,977.4 5.5 learn ing society 5.2 M integration, sector restoration coordin ation) z Total 1,439,357,805 ~ 5 z )> r 'T1 0 ;;o m ~ r )> z NC 0 V) NO w )> N ,, om ~ ;;o m a ;;o ~ 5 z ~ ;;o ~ m Cl -<

Appendix 4 : Estimated Costs - Water Catchment Restoration Contribution to Land and Water Management z Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated Part of ~ objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country 5 Land use and degree of degradation z )> Water catchment mapping Sustainable land uses 47,276 124,430,432 0.05 r identified 'T1 Poverty reduction , 0 ;;o m Food Security, Food security improved , Soil fertility ~ r improved, land stabilization and erosion Energy resources, )> Agroforestry practices control, source of wood products 66,186 9,133,668 0.07 z NC (firewood , livestock fodder, building Climate resilience , 0 V) NO poles). soil moisture restoration w )> Water supplies improved, N ,, om ~ ;;o m Buffer strips Rivers , wetla nds, and forests protected, soil erosion controlled and livelihood improved Poverty reduction , Biodiversity controlled, 75,642 10,438,596 0.08 a ;;o Food security ~ 5 z Multi-sectoral Climate resil ience Implementation of IWRMD sustainable water resources 75,642 10,438,596 0.08 ~ ;;o management plans Poverty Reduction ~ m Biodiversity Cl Mapping and gazette water sources protected Climate resilience 18,910 49,771 ,120 0.02 -< Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated Part of objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country potential water sources improved quality and quantity Poverty Reduction Biodiversity z energy Resources ~ Food security 5 z )> Climate resil ience r identification and 'T1 demarcation of water water availability improved Poverty Reduction 75,642 10,438,596 0.08 0 ;;o sources m Biodiversity ~ r Energy resources )> Food security z NC 0 V) Climate resil ience NO w )> increased water supply for the N ,, Intra-basin water transfer Poverty reduction 47,276 6,524,088 0.05 om environment and social and economic ~ ;;o needs m Biodiversity Energy resources a ;;o Food security ~ Climate resilience 5 z New Water sources identification and improved water source availability Poverty Reduction 47,275 6,523,950 0.05 ~ ;;o development. Biodiversity ~ m Cl Energy Resources -< Food security flood control and improve water Rainfall harvesting 56,736 7,829,568 0.06 availability Climate resilience Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated Part of objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country Poverty reduction Biodiversity z Energy resources ~ Food security 5 z )> Climate resilience r 'T1 Demand management reduction of water shortage impact Poverty reduction 47,276 6,524,088 0.05 0 ;;o m Biodiversity ~ r Energy resources )> Food security z NC 0 V) Promote and encourage Climate resilience NO w )> livelihood projects that N ,, reduce pollution and water resources conservation Poverty Reduction 56,731 43,828,878 0.06 om enhance conservation of ~ ;;o m water sources. Biodiversity Energy Resources a ;;o Food security 56,731 45,765,150 0.06 ~ 5 Climate resilience z Conduct research and studies to restore water improved techniques for water source Poverty Reduction ~ ;;o management sources. Biodiversity ~ m Cl Energy resources -< Food security Mapping point and nonpoint Pollution control 37,821 99,544,872 0.04 sources of pollution Climate resilience Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated Part of objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country Poverty reduction Biodiversity z Energy resources ~ Food security 5 z )> Climate resilience r 'T1 Strengthen cross-sectoral sustainable water resources 0 Poverty reduction 56,731 7,828,878 0.06 collaboration management ;;o m Biodiversity ~ r Energy resources )> Food security z NC 0 V) Climate resilience NO w )> Improved irrigation reduced water loss, increased water N ,, Poverty reduction 28,365 3,914,370 0.03 om techniques availability ~ ;;o m a Biodiversity Energy resources ;;o Food security ~ 5 Climate resilience z Establishment of alternative reduced water source degradation Poverty Reduction 37,821 5,219,298 0.04 ~ ;;o livelihood, Biodiversity ~ m Cl Energy resources -< Implementation of policies, Food security 37,821 5,219,298 b .04 legislation, plans, strategies ensure compliances and programmes Climate resilience Specific restoration Benefits Primary contribution to Estimated area of Estimated Part of objectives/activities national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country Poverty Reduction Biodiversity z Energy resources ~ Food security 5 z )> flood control Climate resil ience r 'T1 0 River Restoration reduction of siltation , reduced erosion Poverty reduction 28,365 3,914 ,370 0.03 ;;o m restored riverine Biodiversity ~ r )> Energy resources z Food security NC 0 V) NO w )> Climate resilience N ,, om Environmental flow improved water allocation for various ~ ;;o Poverty reduction 37,821 5,219 ,298 0.04 assessment (EFA) needs m Biodiversity a ;;o Energy resources ~ ~otal 1462,507, 114 5 z ~ ;;o ~ m Cl -<

Appendix 5: Estimated Costs - Integrated Water Resources Management Specific restorati on Primary contribution Estimated area of Estimated Part of Benefits objectives/activities to national goals opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country z Poverty reduction , ~ 5 Food Security, z Determination and )> r Establishment of Climate Energy resources , 'T1 Disaster risk management 236,381 138,000,000 0.25 Change Adaptation 0 Measures and Practices ;;o Climate resilience , m Water supplies ~ r improved, )> Poverty reduction , z NC 0 V) Food security, NO w )> Water resources N ,, Environmental sustainability, water demand Energy resources, om management and 94,552 130,481 ,760 0.10 ~ ;;o management and disaster prevention. development m Climate resilience, Water supplies a ;;o improved, ~ Irrigation Efficiency and Water Productivity 5 Improvement Poverty reduction , z Water Demand Biodiversity controlled, 113,463 156,578,940 0.12 ~ ;;o Management Upgrading and Improvement of Domestic/ Commercial/ Institutional Water Supply and ~ m Distribution System Cl Strengthening community participation and Gender equality -< Water Governance 75,642 138,000,000 0.08 stakeholder communication Climate resilience Food security Public Health and good sanitation z Catchment Management Riparian Area Biodiversity controlled ~ Environmental Protection Management Environmental Management 189,105 260,964 ,900 0.20 5 and Conservation z and Pollution Control )> Climate Requlation r To develop and Food and Water 'T1 implement a basin and 0 prepared and resilient against water related Security ;;o 236,381 138,000,000 0.25 m catchments drought/flood disasters early warning system k::limate resilience ~ r )> z NC Total 962,025,600 0 V) NO w )> N ,, om ~ ;;o m a ;;o ~ 5 z ~ ;;o ~ m Cl -<

Appendix 6: Esti mated Costs - Improved Fisheries Systems Specific restoration Primary contribution to national Estimated area of Estimated area of Estimated % of Benefits objectives/activities goals opportunity(%) opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country URT NLD Targets z Rangeland restoration improved Pastu re areas ~ and community-based 5 livestock (rangeland) z management )> 5 Years Development Plan r improved livestock 50% infrastructures 'T1 1. Extension services 0 ;;o Vision 2025 objectives: Food m 2. Integrated Land use Improve livestock value security, growth of the national (NLD - Improve land ~ plan economy, the well-being of fisheries productivity of shrub r chai ns. 2,599,250 25,992,500,000 49.76% )> stakeholders and conserving and grassland on environment. 1,714,500ha by 2030) z 3.Construction of Charco- NC dams and rainwater Pastoral Comm unity 0 V) well being NO harvesting w )> N ,, Grazing Land and Animal Feed om 4 . Capacity buil ding in Resources Act of 2010 (Grazing ~ ;;o adaptation and mitigation land use plans, Land Developmen t) m methodologies for livestock keeping frameworks and spatial plans a ;;o Restoration of coastal ecosystems and increase fish stock and security National Fisheries Policy 2015 398,130 ~ commun ity-based 5 fisheries management. z URT NLD Targets 20% of coastal line ~ ;;o breed ing sites restoration length 1. Resto re degraded ~ 6,200,000 Ha is 3,981 ,300,000 7.62% mangrove forest and covered by various strengthening VN RC and water m 5 Years Development Plan Cl BMU Improve fisheries value -< chains. bodies, diverse river 2. Prepare spatial plans systems, and Specific restoration Primary contribution to national Estimated area of Estimated area of Estimated %of Benefits objectives/activities goals Opportunity (%) opportunity (ha) costs (TZS) country for marine environment Community wellbeing Vision 2025 objectives: Food numerous wetlands) and inland water bodies security, growth of the national economy, the well-being of fisheries z Improve salt mining stakeholders and conserving environment. (6,400,000 Ha of ~ territorial water area) 5 z Zanzibar Development Vision )> Reduce pressure on mangroves 2050 r 'T1 0 ;;o Improve seaweed famiing Strategic Direction : m ~ Effectively coord in ating and r managing the development of the )> ocean and its endowmen ts for z NC significant. 0 V) NO w )> Contribution to N ,, economic prosperity. om Fisheries Policy 2015 ~ ;;o m Coastal Communities wellbeing 5 Years Development Plan a ;;o Vision 2025 objectives: Food ~ Natural resources security, growth of the national 50% around 5 economy, the well-being of fisheries communities and z Promote Ecotourism protection 2,611 ,750 26,117,500,000 50% stakeholders and conserving environment. nationally managed areas ~ ;;o ~ reduce pressure on Zanzibar Development Vision m pelagic and other fish 2050 Cl species -< Strategic Direction: Specific restoration Primary contributio n to national Estimated area of Estimated area of Estimated % of objectives/activities Benefits goals Opportunity{%) opportunity (ha) costs {TZS) country Building an integrated, inclusive and sustainable tourism secto r as a reliable economic industry and a market for other z Sectors by promoting high-value ~ tourism, creating decent jobs for 5 locals and ensuring that most z )> touris t dollars spent stay in Za nzibar r 'T1 Fisheries Policy 2015 50% of fishers and 0 Pastoralist (3.9 ;;o Hou se holds are m pastoral) 2,611 ,750 26,11 7,500 ,000 50% ~ 5 Years Development Plan r Improved fish smoking )> methods z NC 202,050 fishers operating 0 V) Increase awareness in Vision 2025 objectives: Food about 60,000 artisana l NO w )> communiti es on security, growth of the national 'ishing vessels) N ,, Responsible use of sustainable natural natural resources economy, lhe well-being of fisheries om resource use stakeholders and conserving ~ ;;o environment. m Climate-smart practices a ;;o Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 ~ 5 z ~ Strategic Direction: ;;o Pursuing comprehensive green and blue ~ m Cl development th rough the -< sustainable management of Environ ment and Natural Resources (ENR) and climate resi lience, contributi ng to socio- economic development goals Total 82,208,800 ,000 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033

Appendix 7: Esimated Costs_AII Activities No. Restoration objective/Activity Estimated costs (TZS) 1 Ecosystem Services (PES) 130,685,000,000 2 Land/Soil Conservation Contribution to Food Security, and Livelihood of Communiti es 1,291,024 ,500 3 1.439,357,805 Integrated Spatial Land Use Planning and Management 4 Water Catchmen t Restoration Contribution to Land and Water Management 462 ,507,114 5 Integrated Wa ter Resources Management 962 ,025,600 6 Improved Fisheries Systems 82,208,800,000 ~ Grand tota l 217,048,715,019 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033 REFERENCES Cameo Clean Energy (Tanzania) Limited. (2014). Biomass Energy Strategy ( BEST ) Tanzania: Tanzania Biomass Energy Strategy and Action Plan. http://www.euei-pdf.org/sites/defaultlfiles/field_publication_file/BEST_B iomas s_Energy_Strategy_Tanzania_Final_Version_April_2014.pdf FAQ. (2020). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report. In FAQ, Rome. https://doi.org/10 .4324/9781315184487-1 ITTO. (2020). Guidelines for Forest Landscape Restoration in the Tropics. ITTO Policy Development Series No. 24. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) . www.itto.int Sabogal, C., Besacier, C., & McGuire, D. (2015). Forest and landscape restoration : concepts, approaches, and challenges for implementation. In FAO, Forest and Landscape Restoration (Vol. 66, Issue 245, pp. 3-10). Unasylva: An International Journal of Forestry and Forest Industries. chrome-extension ://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://openknowledg e.fao .org/server/api/core/bitstreams/54b52f00-9d3d-4207-b3bc-32ce0eb652f e/content URT. (2014). Status of Land Degradation in Tanzania (p. 190). URT. (2015a). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy-II 2015/2016-2024/2025. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan 160643.pdf URT. (2015a). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy-II 2015/2016-2024/2025. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan160643.pdf URT. (2015b). National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania Mainland: Main Results. United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism . Dar Es Salaam. URT. (2017). Forest Reference Emisssion Level Submission to the UNFCCC (Issue November). United Republic of Tanzania, Vice President's Office. Dodoma. URT. (2019a). The Potential and Optimal Strategies for Charcoal Sub-Sector Development in Tanzania. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT). chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.tfs.go.tz/u ploads/MNRT_2019_National_Charcoal_Study.pdf URT. (2019b). The Revised National Accounts Statistics for Tanzania Mainland, Base Year 2015: Summary Report. NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033 URT. (2020). Water Sector Status Report 2015-2020. chrome-extension ://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.maji.go.tz /uploads/publications/en1593170637-WSSR 2015 - 2020.pdf URT. (2021 ). Highlights on the First Quarter Gross Domestic Product (January - March) 2021, Base Year 2015. World Bank. (2009). Environmental Crisis or Sustainable Development Opportunity?Transforming the charcoal sector in Tanzania A Policy Note (Issue March, p. 72). World Bank. (2015). Tanzania - LGAF Synthesis Report. In Tanzania LGAF Synthesis Report. https://doi.org/10.1596/28512 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023 -2033 NATIONAL FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION STRATEGY 2023-2033