National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan 2023 – 2031

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1

1.1 Background Information ............................................... 1

1.2 Justification for Developing the Strategy ..................... 3

1.3 Linkages with National and International Frameworks .............................................................. 5

1.4 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders ........... 7

1.5 Expected Results ......................................................... 8

1.6 Methodology ................................................................. 8

1.7 Layout of the National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan ............................................................. 9 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................... 11

2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................ 11

2.1 Overview .................................................................... 11

2.2 Strength ..................................................................... 11

2.3 Weakness .................................................................. 13

2.4 Opportunities .............................................................. 15

2.5 Threats ........................................................................ 16 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................ 19 3.0 VISION, MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES......................................................................... 19

3.1 Vision ........................................................................ 19

3.2 Mission...................................................................... 19 i

3.3 Objectives ................................................................. 19

3.4 Guiding Principles ..................................................... 19 CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................. 23

4.0 BAMBOO DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY......................... 23

4.1 Overview ................................................................... 23

4.2 Bamboo Production and Utilization ........................... 23

4.3 Market for Bamboo Products and Services ............... 25 4.4 Research and Innovation on Bamboo Resource Issues ....................................................................... 26

4.5 Institutions, Human Resources and Coordination ..... 27

4.6 Sustainable Investment and Financing Mechanisms . 28 4.7 Good Governance, HIV& AIDS, NCDS Prevention and Gender Mainstreaming ....................................... 29

4.7.1 Governance .............................................................. 30

4.7.2 HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Objective: .................................................................. 30

4.7.3 Gender ...................................................................... 31 CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................... 32

5.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS32 CHAPTER SIX ...................................................................... 37

6.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE STRATEGY37

6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework ...................... 37

6.2 Data Collection and Analysis..................................... 46

6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Reports ........................... 46

6.4 Use of Monitoring and Evaluation Information ........... 48 CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................ 49

7.0 THE ACTION PLAN TO IMPLEMENT THE STRATEGY . 49 ii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CBOs Community Based Organizations CCBs Community Climate Biodiversity Standards CO2 Carbon dioxide CSOs Civil Society Organizations CTI Confederation of Tanzania Industries DPs Development Partners FBD Forestry and Beekeeping Division FBOs Faith Based Organizations FITI Forest Industries Training Institute FTI Forestry Training Institute FFPOs Farm Forest Producer Organizations FYDP III Third Five Year Development Plan HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus INBAR International Network on Bamboo and Rattan LGAs Local Government Authorities MCDGWSG Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups MEST Ministry of Education Science and Technology MH Ministry of Health M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MSMEs Micro Small and Medium Enterprises MLHHSD Ministry of Land Housing and Human Settlement Development MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning MITI Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment NBDSAP National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan iii NCDs Non Communicable Diseases NCMC National Carbon Monitoring Centre NFPIS National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PO – RALG President Office Regional Administration and Local Government PO – PSM President Office Public Service Management PPP Public Private Partnership SHIMIVITA Shirikisho la Viwanda vya Misitu Tanzania (Tanzania Forest Industries Federation) SOs Strategic Objectives SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture TaFF Tanzania Forest Fund TANTRADE Tanzania Trade Development Authority TAFORI Tanzania Forestry Research Institute TARI Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute TCCIA Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture TF Task Force TFS Tanzania Forest Services Agency TIC Tanzania Investments Centre TPHPA Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority TPSF Tanzania Private Sector Foundation TTB Tanzania Tourist Board TTGAU Tanzania Tree Growers Association Union TZS Tanzania Shillings UDSM University of Dar es Salaam iv PREFACE The total coverage area of Bamboo in Tanzania is estimated at 1,025,033 ha. Bamboo naturally occurs in low altitude and mountainous areas. These resources if well managed, can contribute substantially to socio-economic development, environmental conservation and the national economy. The country is a founding member of International Organization for Bamboos and Rattan (INBAR) since 1997 and is eager to participate in the expanding global initiatives to develop bamboo resources. There has been a growing demand for bamboo products and services in rural, urban and peri-urban areas as well as in international markets, and yet, minimal efforts have been deployed to replenish the natural stocks and/or grow bamboos to complement natural sources in the country. The existing potential remains largely un-tapped. Lack of vibrant bamboo industry has been primarily attributed to the absence of a framework to sufficiently guide development of the industry. Nevertheless, the National Forest Policy of 1998 and its implementation Strategy 2021-2031 recognize bamboo as important contributor to achieving the forestry sectoral goals. Therefore, this National Bamboo Development Strategy and its Action Plan (2023 – 2031) have been developed to provide focus areas and guidance to solve the challenges and highlights opportunities for the development of a strong bamboo industry. This Strategy is centred on transforming sustainable management of bamboo resources to foster the green industries, livelihood promotion and strengthen production of high-value products and ecosystem services for domestic, regional and international markets. It is also consistent with the National Development Vision 2025 and associated with the Third National Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP III; 2021/22 – 2025/26) relating to competitiveness and industrialization for human development. v The Bamboo Strategy has been jointly developed and agreed with key stakeholders. It is our sincere hope that the Strategy will address the challenges and accelerates growth of the industry, and that by the end of 2031 Tanzania will be one of the leading producers and suppliers of high value bamboo products and services in the globe. To achieve this vision, all stakeholders need to work together to sustainably manage the bamboo resources and promote bamboo industries by adequately implementing the Strategy. I would therefore like to call upon all actors to join hands in implementing this Strategy and Action Plan, and contribute in realization of the forest sectoral objectives. Dr. Hassan Abbasi Said Permanent Secretary Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) through Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD) has taken a bold step to develop the National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2031) to catalyze the growth of a strong and vibrant bamboo sub-sector. The Strategy and Action Plan have been developed through a consultative process involving various key stakeholders to bring a sense of ownership and commitment towards implementation. Technical inputs from various experts and ground staff with vast field experience are highly appreciated. The first draft of the Strategy and Action Plan was developed by FBD in 2019 through the support of the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), East Africa Regional Office in Addis Ababa under the South-South phase-II project. Dr. Felician B. Kilahama (the former Director of Forestry and Beekeeping Division) who served as a Consultant, Dr. Selim Reza and Mr. Donald D. Kibhuti who supported funding through the South-South phase-II project are acknowledged. Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS) and Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative (MCDI) are acknowledged for supporting the Strategy development. One of the Taskforce (TF) comprised of Dr. Felician B. Kilahama, Dr. Paulo Lyimo (SUA), Ms. Fortunate Senya and Mr. Someni Mteleka all from TFS and Dr. Nancy Pima from TAFORI. The Ministry through FBD commissioned the final TF in February 2022 to finalize the Strategy and Action Plan. The TF was led by Dr. Samora A. Macrice (University of Dar es Salaam); and other members were Dr. Siima Bakengesa (TAFORI); Dr. Paulo Lyimo (SUA); Ms. Fortunate Senya (TFS); and Mr. vii Nssoko Edwin, James Nshare, Seleboni John and Mr. Nina Kisando all from MNRT. Lastly, the Forestry and Beekeeping Division and the entire MNRT management acknowledge the dedication and valuable inputs received from Dr. Ezekiel E. Mwakalukwa - the former Director of Forestry and Beekeeping as well as various stakeholders for their remarkable efforts in developing this Strategy and its Action Plan. I urge all stakeholders to use this tool effectively in order to acquire desired contribution of forestry sector to the national economy. Mr. Deusdedit K. Bwoyo Director Forestry and Beekeeping Division Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism viii DEFINITION OF TERMS Bamboo A woody plant with a hollow and ringed stem that is in the grass family (Poaceae). It includes tall treelike tropical or semitropical fast-growing grasses of the genera Bambusa, Arundinaria, Phyllostachys and Dendrocalamus (giant bamboo). Bamboo Sympodial with shorter rhizomes that stay clumps closer to their point of origin and do not spread so rapidly. They tend to grow outward from a central plant. Bamboo Usable materials obtainable from Resources bamboos, such as building poles, decoration panels, firewood, food and drink (bamboo shoots and bamboo local brew known as Ulanzi). Ecotourism Touristic visits to natural areas with the purpose of reinforcing nature conservation and sustaining the wellbeing of the local people. It usually includes interpreting nature and education. Oxygen bar A recreational place for fresh air, which is close to bamboo for health and body relaxation. Strategy Is an instrument prepared to guide the advancement and/or implementation of certain goals and objectives accompanied by activities and outputs in a systematic manner. ix Development Implies the process through which someone or something gets advanced or growing and changes into something valuable or becoming more advanced with notable improvements or attaining higher standards in terms of living conditions. x CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information Bamboo is a fast-growing woody grass in the family Poaceae. It comprises over 1,642 species belonging to 91 genera worldwide. Some of its members are giants, forming by far the largest members of the grass family. It is naturally distributed in the tropical and subtropical belts, between approximately 46° North and 47° South latitudes. Globally, the total area covered by bamboo resources is estimated to be about 31.5 million ha. Experiences show that for the past three decades or so, knowledge about bamboos had been growing particularly in Asia and the Pacific region including India and China. It is further acknowledged that there has been increasing demand for bamboo products especially in China. About 2.5 billion people in Asia, Africa and South America are using bamboo materials to manufacture products valued at US$ 7 billion annually. Therefore, bamboo resources are contributing to high-technology industrial raw materials and thus becoming an important substitute for ordinary wood. Bamboo resources are estimated to cover about 3.6 million ha in Africa. The continent has 15 genera and more than 20 species of bamboo that grow naturally. They include Yushania alpina, Hickelia africana, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Oreobambos buchwaldii and Thamnocalamus tessellatus. Additionally, Bambusa balcooa and Bambusa vulgaris have been naturalized in Africa. Bamboo grows well on the slopes of major mountains and highlands of East African countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Madagascar. 1 These bamboo resources support livelihoods and contribute to socio-economic development. Tanzania has four native bamboo species namely Yushania alpina, Hickea africana, Oxytenathera abyssinica and Oreobambos buchwaldii. Other exotic species include Bambusa bambos, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dendrocalamus nutans and Bamboo spp. Based on available data Bamboo species cover about 1,025,033 ha in Tanzania Mainland and are distributed in at least 11 administrative regions of Arusha, Tanga, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma, Njombe, Iringa, Mbeya, Katavi and Kigoma. About 62% (636,545 ha) of bamboos are found in the Southern zone in Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma regions. There is less abundance of bamboos in Arusha, Mbeya, Katavi and Tanga that constitutes to only 7.9% of the total available population. Most bamboo species are distributed in low altitudes compared to high altitude, and about 85.2% of bamboos are distributed below 1,500 meters above sea level. Commercial farming of bamboo in large scale plantations has not been realized in Tanzania. However, TFS has initiated bamboo plantations in North Ruvu, Sao Hill, Korogwe, Rondo, Ukaguru, Mtibwa and Wino. It is anticipated that bamboo planting in large-scale plantations will benefit the government, private sector as well as individual farmers including in carbon trading to mitigate climate change. Planting bamboos in form of woodlots/ plantations or in agroforestry systems in various landscapes will definitely supplement supplies of forest products and increase availability of raw materials for wood-based industries in Tanzania. Thus, the National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan (NBDSAP) are meant to increase as well as 2 effectively utilize the un-tapped potentials of bamboo resources such as eco-tourism, bioenergy and Carbon markets, and for environmental conservation and socio- economic development in Tanzanian. Currently, there are about 10 stakeholders owning small bamboo processing industries in Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Mbeya, Coast, Mtwara and Morogoro. Bamboo resources play an important role in the development of enterprises as well as transformation in rural development. The products include bamboo poles, mats, crafts, ornaments and basketry, furniture, construction materials, industrial products (bamboo sticks), bamboo bioenergy, bicycles, feed and fodder, source of food for human and households' clean energy. Expanding green markets offer new opportunities for the promotion of bamboo products. Additionally, economic empowerment through employment and income generation, different types of cottage and small-scale industries can be set up based on different forms and application of bamboo resources.

1.1 Justification for Developing the Strategy The current annual deforestation rate in Tanzania is estimated at 469,420 ha. Total wood volume is estimated at 3.3 billion m3. Demand for wood is estimated at 62 mill m3 while the supply is estimated at 42.8 million m3 resulting in a deficit of 19.5 million m3. The main reasons for deforestation include clearing of natural forests for agricultural expansion and over exploitation of wood for various demands mainly for timber and cooking energy. Thus, it is anticipated that embarking on developing the bamboo subsector will provide a sustainable mechanism for reducing deforestation and help to cover the existing wood deficit in the country. Empirical evidence shows that bamboo harvesting can take 3 place from 3 to 7 years depending on the growth rate. The life span of a bamboo clump ranges from 50 to 150 years at the end of which they flower and die off. Bamboo clumps have the potential to be harvested over the lifetime without replanting as compared to tree species, but also is a self-regenerating plant. When harvested, new shoots emerge which ensures a continuous and sustainable supply of bamboo resources unlike timber species where the crop rotation occurs only over several years. Bamboo has many benefits including rapid biomass accumulation, nutrient cycling, CO2 sequestration that aimed to mitigate climate change, absorption and sequestration of heavy metals and suitability for rapid regeneration/restoration of degraded landscapes just to mention few. Bamboos fast growth and short annual harvest cycle can speed up carbon sequestration at a rate of 4.5 and 6 times than other plant species. Deliberate efforts are needed to ensure sustainability in supply of propagation planting materials including high quality seeds, vegetative and tissue culture materials. It is further anticipated that increased bamboo production will enhance biodiversity conservation by reducing human pressure on the remaining natural forests and woodlands. Ecosystem services will also be secured including contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Few studies on important aspects of bamboo such as on market system analysis, distribution, population structure and uses have been conducted. Consequently, little is known on the, production, productivity, propagation materials and techniques for raising bamboo. However, available evidence reveals that the country has the potential for a vibrant bamboo industry within the foreseeable future. Also, the bamboo industry is a potentially viable option in the context of 4 increasing income generating activities for local communities and as a nation as whole. However, promotion of bamboo- based industries needs sustainable supply of bamboo raw materials. Thus, the demand for bamboo resources for industrial-based economy cannot be met under the current scenario. Hence, the importance and need for further promotion including research about bamboo industry cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, this Strategy intends to address bottlenecks in the entire bamboo value chains.

1.2 Linkages with National and International Frameworks Implementation of the NBDSAP will focus on addressing issues that require attention in the bamboo sub sector. These issues include; inadequate production, productivity and utilization, deforestation and forest degradation, low private sector involvement in bamboo industrial development, limited research on bamboo species in different agro- ecological zones, inadequate institutional and human resource capacity, low awareness of the potential of bamboo for eco – tourism and carbon trading, limited market environment (including standards and certification) and inadequate sustainable financial mechanisms to support bamboo value chains development. Relevant targets and actions are also elaborated in this strategy. The contribution of the bamboo to the conservation, management and sustainable development of these resources is clearly stipulated in the National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy (NFPIS) of 2021. The National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan (NBDSAP) have close linkages with the NFPIS and serves as implementation tool for the NFPIS. The NFPIS takes cognizance of bamboo as an important resource to fill in 5 wood deficit despite the little on-going improvements in bamboo through establishment of bamboo seed orchards and biotechnology to boost productivity. The NFPIS noted many uses of bamboo such as construction materials, furniture and artisanal products, restoration of degraded landscapes and mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Despite these uses, there are inadequate mechanisms to promote large-scale production of bamboo products and the associated services. In this case, a target of developing promotion mechanisms for production and utilization promotion is set by 2026. Also, two bamboo plantations are set to be established by 2031 in NFPIS. Additionally, use of bamboo resources can contribute to achievement of six of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals namely SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere; SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all; SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns; SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts; and SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss The development of this strategy is an implementation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Medium Term Strategic Plan that aims to develop and operationalize the National Bamboo Development Strategy by June, 2026. Moreover, the Third five years Development Plan (FYDP III) has specific interventions geared towards the realization of the targets of which bamboo can be used for promotion of renewable green energy technologies, Climate change adaptation and mitigation, natural resources conservations 6 and strengthening contribution of natural resources and products. Promoting bamboo will reduce the deforestation rate and protect biodiversity and environment. Also, bamboo can be useful to balance and fasten/ensure/enhance? the restoration of ecosystem services in terms of wildlife habitats, biodiversity, water regulation, carbon storage, and other services and support for the productive functions of the land for agricultural and other uses. AFR100 (African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative) can opt to use `bamboo to restore degraded and deforested landscapes of Tanzania. Bamboo contributes to implementation of Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD).

1.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders The main stakeholders of the bamboo sub-sector include the Government, private sector, academic and research institutions, media, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, community-based organizations (CBOs), and bamboo international based organization) and private individuals. The Central Government develops frameworks including policies, strategies, laws and regulations to effectively and efficiently manage the bamboo value chains as well as oversees their implementation. Private sector and local communities and private individuals will participate in the bamboo value chains as producers, traders, consumers, and are required to comply with laws and regulations governing the chain. Academic and research institutions produce skilled human resources and provide evidence-based interventions and knowledge for the sustainable development of bamboo value chains. Media, NGOs, FFPOs, CBOs and Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) provide supporting functions including extension services, networking, financing, awareness raising and capacity 7 building. Successful implementation of the NBDSAP depends on commitment of the key stakeholders in undertaking their roles and responsibilities. Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the NBDSAP will be done by the responsible Ministry through dedicated office/unit. Sectoral ministries are also important and will be engaged through joint interventions that require specific policy directives. Non-state actors and development partners will play role of capacity building in value chain interventions, and financing of sector development initiatives. Local communities and private individuals will be involved directly in bamboo development and conservation activities while the private sector is expected to play a significant role in enhancing sustainably the economic contribution of the sub-sector.

1.4 Expected Results Implementation of the NBDSAP will result to positive outcomes in bamboo value chains including well-coordinated bamboo business; adequate formalization of the bamboo value chains; increased market access and foreign exchange earnings; increased revenue collection; increased investments on bamboo for climate change adaptation and mitigation; sustainable bamboo production and improved technologies for production of various bamboo products and services for enhanced contribution of the bamboo in national economy.

1.5 Methodology A desk work was conducted to review in-country relevant documents to establish gaps that justify the preparation of the 8 NBDSAP. The reviewed documents included the National Forest Policy and its Act, National Agricultural Policy and its Acts, National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy, Ministerial Strategic Plan, The Third Five Years Development Plan and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Similarly, such documents from other African and global countries leading in bamboo development and with likewise ecological and economic settings were also reviewed. Reports from previous works and publications on bamboo value chains were instrumental as important inputs into the Strategy and Action Plan. Working sessions aimed to develop the content of the NBDSAP were organized and executed at different times. This was done to ensure that the developed Strategy improves bamboo business along the entire value chains. The Strategy focuses on strategic objectives, strategies and targets while Action Plan outlines activities needed to achieve targets set by the Strategy. Draft NBDSAP was shared during a validation workshop to capture inputs and buy-in ownership from diverse stakeholders including state and non-state actors. Stakeholders’ opinions were incorporated into the document to capture recent developments in the bamboo sub-sector.

1.6 Layout of the National Bamboo Development Strategy and Action Plan The NBDSAP is organized into seven chapters. Chapter one gives an account of introduction including background information about significance of bamboo sub-sector, justification for the NBDSAP, issues for implementation, roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, expected results, linkages to National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy (NFPIS) and methodology used in preparing this Strategy and Action Plan. The second chapter outlines the situation analysis with information on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Chapter three states the vision, 9 mission, objectives, and guiding principles. Chapter four depicts the Strategy. It presents the strategic actions from issues raised in the situational analysis and targets. Chapter five summarizes roles and responsibilities of stakeholders including the responsible ministries, sector ministries, forest sector authorities, local government authorities and private sector. Chapter six demonstrates a framework for monitoring and evaluation of the Strategy while Chapter seven contains the Action Plan for implementing the Strategy. 10 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Overview The development of the bamboo subsector is currently in its early stages, indicating significant room for growth and advancement. Bamboo is primarily utilized for sustenance purposes and the production of low-quality items, including fences, traditional houses, rudimentary furniture, mats, and household utensils. Unfortunately, the economic returns for farmers and other stakeholders involved in the bamboo value chains remain low. However, despite these challenges, bamboo subsector holds immense potential for expansion and improvement. With strategic interventions and concerted efforts, the subsector can undergo transformation and contribute to sustainable development.

2.2 Strength Tanzania possesses several strengths that contribute to the development of the bamboo subsector: (i) The country has a favourable climatic condition for growing bamboo. These ideal site conditions result in high productivity and growth rates of bamboo plantations. (ii) The government is fully committed to advancing the bamboo subsector, with a focus on poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. This dedicated support from the government provides a solid foundation for the sector's development and ensures the implementation of policies and initiatives that promote its growth. 11 (iii) The abundant availability of skilled and unskilled labour within the bamboo subsector. This provides a valuable resource for the industry, as the availability of skilled workers contributes to efficient production, processes and the development of high-quality bamboo products. (iv) Bamboo covers an estimated area of 1,025,033 ha which comprises native and exotic species. Also, there is a more abundant area that can be utilized for planting bamboo. (v) The presence of academic and research institutions which deal with bamboo development. Also, other organization such as TaFF, INBAR, NGOs, CBOs and private sector provides some support on research including bamboo and other timber and non-timber forest products. (vi) Bamboo has the capacity to conserve soils, biodiversity and water resources. (vii) The presence of a potential domestic market, coupled with opportunities for export, presents a promising avenue for the bamboo products from the country . (viii) The existence of supportive legal and regulatory frameworks that can support the development and management of the bamboo industry.  These are: National Forest Policy of 1998, The National Environmental Policy of 2021, Forest Act of 2002, National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy (2021 – 2031), National Climate Change Strategy 2021-2026, Tanzania Climate Smart 12 Agriculture Program 2015 – 2025, Tanzania Development Vision of 2025, CCM Manifesto of 2020, the Third National Five Years Development Plan (2021/22 – 2025/26), Environmental Management Act of 2004, National Investment Policy (1996), Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy 2003, National Economic Empowerment Policy of 2004, the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy 2003, the National Energy Policy of 2015, National Land Policy of 1995, Village Land Act of 1999 and Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996.  Various international obligations include the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

2.3 Weakness The country faces several weaknesses in the development of the bamboo subsector, including: (i) Inadequate funding for research, development, and logistics hampers the operational activities related to bamboo. Such situation restricts the ability to conduct necessary research, develop new technologies, and establish efficient logistics systems, hindering overall progress. (ii) Insufficient access to advanced machinery, processing techniques, and skilled personnel limits the efficiency and productivity of the sector, impeding its growth and competitiveness. 13 (iii) Inadequate awareness among stakeholders regarding the possibilities and potential of bamboo for socio- economic and environmental conservation. (iv) The presence of relatively large unmanaged natural stands of bamboo poses limitations to commercial or industrial processing. (v) Insufficient germplasm diversity hampers the diversification of bamboo products. Limited access to a wide range of bamboo species and varieties restricts the ability to develop innovative products and meet diverse market demands. (vi) The private sector has yet to fully recognize the profit potential of investing in the bamboo business. Limited awareness of the economic opportunities associated with bamboo hinders private sector engagement and investment, slowing down the sector's growth. (vii) The sustainable management of bamboo is inadequate, leading to poor quality bamboo. Bamboo is primarily extracted from natural bamboo forests without proper care or management, resulting in suboptimal quality and limiting its potential for value- added products. (viii) Mass production of bamboo seedlings is still restricted due to inadequate application of tissues culture technology. (ix) Low level of acceptance by stakeholders to test for HIV/AIDS as well as inadequate funding for HIV/AIDS and NCDs programmes. 14 (x) Gender disparity within bamboo value chains.

2.4 Opportunities The country presents several opportunities for the development of the bamboo subsector, including:- (i) Favourable international relations with countries such as China, Korea, Japan, India, Ghana, and Ethiopia foster knowledge exchange and expertise for bamboo development, opening avenues for collaboration and learning from successful bamboo industries. (ii) The global bamboo economy, valued at USD 59.30 billion in 2021, offers the country the potential to generate income for rural communities and contribute to the national economy. Emerging bamboo markets, particularly in timber substitutes such as flooring, panels, and non-traditional furniture, provide opportunities for growth and market diversification. (iii) The existing vibrant wood processing industry can be adaptable to integrate bamboo-based products processing, allowing for the expansion and diversification of the sector. (iv) Tanzania's climatic conditions and soil properties are conducive to the growth of various bamboo species, both indigenous and exotic. This makes the establishment of bamboo plantations highly viable, offering prospects for sustainable resource management and increased production. 15 (v) There is untapped potential in both local and international markets for raw bamboo culms and processed bamboo products. Exploiting these markets can lead to increased economic opportunities and revenue generation, benefiting local communities and the national economy. (vi) Bamboo is an ideal material for pulp and paper production, presenting opportunities for the establishment of bamboo-based paper industries. This can contribute to the growth of the pulp and paper sector while promoting sustainable resource utilization. (vii) Due to its versatility, rapid growth, and dense canopy, bamboo holds great potential to tap into the carbon market. By sequestering carbon dioxide, bamboo cultivation can contribute to carbon offset initiatives, supporting Tanzania's green growth agenda and creating additional income streams. (viii) The relative short gestation period of bamboo resource coupled with their multipurpose uses make them suitable for wood products. (ix) Availability of local and international markets which are yet to be fully exploited.

2.5 Threats The bamboo subsector of the country faces several challenges and threats, including: (i) Deforestation and degradation pose a significant threat to bamboo planting material (germplasm), impacting the availability and sustainability of bamboo resources. 16 (ii) There is stiff competition in international markets, which presents a challenge for Tanzanian bamboo products to establish a strong foothold and remain competitive. (iii) The importation of bamboo-based products poses a threat to the domestic industry, as it can potentially displace local production and hinder market growth. (iv) The level of social acceptance of bamboo as wood is currently low, which can limit its demand and utilization in various sectors. (v) Illegal exploitation of bamboo resources poses a threat to their long-term sustainability, as improper harvesting practices may lead to resource depletion and ecological imbalances. (vi) The influx of cheaper and environmentally unfriendly materials, such as rubber and plastic products, which serve as substitutes for bamboo products, can pose challenges to market demand and the adoption of bamboo as a sustainable alternative. (vii) Best practices need to be considered in the expansion of bamboo in the farming systems due to its creeping rhizome. (viii) Some bamboo are considered invasive, as they can grow quickly and difficult to eradicate. After thorough analysis of the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats, the following were key issues raised- Unsustainable bamboo production and utilization, limited market environment, limited research and innovation 17 in bamboo value chains, Inadequate institutional, human resource capacity and coordination on bamboo sub-sector development, Inadequate sustainable investment and financial mechanism to support bamboo value chains development and inadequate measures to address good governance, HIV/AIDS and gender in the bamboo subsector. 18 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 VISION, MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

3.1 Vision Ensured coordinated development of bamboo subsector for significant contribution in to socio-economic development and environmental conservation.

3.2 Mission Effectively manage and enhance utilization of bamboo resources for sustainable supply of bamboo products and environmental services to meet national and global needs.

3.3 Objectives i. Enhanced sustainable bamboo production and utilization; ii. Increased markets niches for sustainable bamboo products and services; iii. Promoted research and innovations on bamboos value chains; iv. Enhanced human and institutional operational capacities and coordination; v. Enhanced sustainable investment and financing for bamboo value chains development; vi. Promoted good governance, reduction in HIV/AIDS and gender mainstreaming in bamboo sub-sector.

3.4 Guiding Principles The following guiding principles underpin this strategy:

3.4.1 Reducing pressure on natural forests The annual demand of wood exceeds the supply by far 19 causing deforestation and land degradation and the government has targeted to reduce this wood deficit by promoting bamboo resources. Compared with tree species, bamboo has unique biological and ecological features, a wide value-addition possibility and high economic potential. It makes the ideal alternative to timber. This is because, once planted, it takes three to seven years for clumps to mature. Thereafter, annually selective harvesting is undertaken without degradation and deforestation. Bamboo can be promoted to enhance energy security of rural and urban households. It can also be promoted as a timber substitute for producing furniture, panels and boards for domestic consumption and exports.

3.1.1 Enhancing community livelihood security The majority of the population of Tanzania depends on agriculture as its primary source of livelihood and income. Bamboo, with its annual harvesting cycle, labour-intensive production, potentially diverse products and value addition, can become one of the main economic resources for smallholder farmers.

3.1.2 Job creation The bamboo industry is labour intensive, with a long supply- chain ranging from primary to secondary and tertiary value addition. Bamboo can be promoted to provide jobs and income for rural youth and women by promoting Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and high-end value addition.

3.1.3 Enhancing ecosystem services Bamboo forests have been intimately associated with human wellbeing for thousands of years. Various goods and services provided by bamboo forests that promote human well-being are regarded as ecosystem services. These provide 20 landscape restoration, prevention of soil and sediment loss, food supply, domestic and industrial raw materials, and carbon sequestration.

3.1.4 Market driven The bamboo market has a fundamental role in driving the forestry sector. However, necessary support shall be given by the government to promote bamboo clusters, upgrade product quality and market competitiveness of the bamboo products.

3.1.5 Climate resilient green economy Bamboo is a significant resource, but its economic and ecological potential in the country remain underutilized. Bamboo can play an important role in poverty alleviation, employment generation, economy development and environmental and forest protection (bamboo forests contribute to soil and water conservation). Being a renewable resource, bamboo is a perfect raw material for producing low- carbon, circular and environmentally friendly and resource- efficient products.

3.1.6 Gender and equity Bamboo contributes to gender and equity, with the participation of vulnerable communities aimed at equitable distribution of benefits derived from the sustainable management and value addition of bamboo.

3.1.7 Private sector–led and market-driven industry The private sector is expected to lead the development of the bamboo industry. This will be coordinated by government institutions, which shall provide the necessary support and regulatory frameworks. Since Tanzania is following a market-driven economy, every effort will be put in place to provide a level playing field for bamboo products. 21

3.1.8 Holistic and integrated development Bamboo growing and management shall be done in a sustainable manner with a focus on livelihood, economy and environmental development. 22 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 BAMBOO DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

4.1 Overview The National Bamboo Development Strategy contains sub- sections that closely follow the identified strategic objectives from issues raised in the situational analysis. Under each sub-section several strategies, targets and outcome indicators for improving bamboo value chains in the country are presented.

4.2 Bamboo Production and Utilization Issue: Unsustainable bamboo production and utilization Objective: Enhanced sustainable bamboo production and utilization. Strategies i. Raise awareness and build capacity on bamboo nursery, plantations and woodlots establishment and management. ii. Promote sustainable and appropriate sources of bamboo planting materials. iii. Promote and undertake end use specific and ecologically suitable bamboo plantations iv. Promote diversification, value addition and utilization of bamboo products. Targets i. 10,000 ha of bamboo plantations and woodlots established by June 2031. ii. Two (2) bamboo seed orchards established; iii. Eight (8) existing laboratories (1 at TAFORI and SUA, and 2 at TFS, TARI, and TPHPA) to produce bamboo planting materials equipped by June 2031; 23 iv. 200 personnel trained on establishment and management of nursery, woodlots and plantations by June, 2026; v. A tissue culture protocol for mass production of bamboo seedlings developed by June, 2025; vi. Seven (7) gene pool conservation site in forest zones established by June, 2031; vii. A national inventory of bamboo resources conducted by June, 2027; viii. A national database for bamboo resources developed and functional by June 2031; ix. Two (2) advanced technologies for efficient production innovated by June 2031; x. Forty percent (40) bamboo farmers adopted site species matching tool for bamboo plantation and woodlots establishment by June 2031; xi. Number of bamboo products increased from 10 to 50 by June 2031; xii. Twenty (20) bamboo processing industries developed by June 2031; xiii. Two (2) bamboo ecotourist attraction sites established by June 2031; xiv. National Guideline for sustainable utilization of bamboo products developed by June, 2031; xv. At least 30 percent of stakeholders aware on production and utilization of bamboo products by June, 2031; xvi. Number of bamboo species increased from 11 to 18 by June, 2031. Outcome Indicators i. Level of production of bamboo products; ii. Bamboo forest cover; and utilization level; iii. Revenues collected from bamboo plantation. 24

4.3 Market for Bamboo Products and Services Limited market environment Objective: Increased market niche for sustainable bamboo products and services Strategies i. Promote the use of sustainable bamboo products in the domestic market; ii. Develop quality and certification standards for bamboo products; iii. Develop market infrastructure for sustainable bamboo products; iv. Encourage diversification of sustainable bamboo products export markets. Targets i. A guideline for promoting sustainable bamboo products consumption developed; ii. Five (5) Promotion materials for marketing of bamboo utilization developed by June 2024; iii. Five (5) bamboo products external markets established by June 2031; iv. A bamboo products quality assurance and certification standard developed by June 2025; v. Two (2) registered bamboo projects for carbon credits in the international standards by June, 2026; vi. A bamboo products marketing information system established by June 2025; vii. A bamboo products trading centres in seven (7) forest zones established by June 2026; and viii. 20 products and 5 bamboo branded services developed by June, 2031. 25 Outcome indicators Level of production of bamboo products.

4.4 Research and innovation on Bamboo Resource Issue Limited research and innovation in bamboo value chains Objective: Promote research and innovation on bamboo value chains Strategies i. Promote bamboo species and provenance trials; ii. Enhance genetic improvement of bamboo species; iii. Promote awareness on bamboo researched information; iv. Promote innovation and efficient technologies on bamboo products. Targets i. Twenty (20) provenances species and provenances trials established by June, 2028; ii. A national protocol for bamboo resources assessment developed by June, 2025; iii. Five (5) Permanent Sample Plots established in each forest zone by June, 2028; iv. Three (3) studies on impact of bamboos on climate change (carbon credit), ecosystems, water use and biodiversity conducted by June, 2028; v. Two (2) priority bamboo species genetically improved by 2031; vi. Two (2) studies on anatomical, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of indigenous and exotic bamboo species conducted annually; 26 vii. A study on value chain analysis of bamboo products conducted by 2031; viii. Five (5) innovations and technologies on bamboo processing developed by June, 2031; ix. Establish bamboo value chain clusters in 8 regions. Outcome Indicators i. Level of production of bamboo products; and ii. Bamboo forest cover.

4.5 Institutions, Human Resources and Coordination Issue: Inadequate institutional, human resource capacity and coordination on bamboo sub-sector development. Objective: Enhance human and institutional operational capacities and coordination. Strategies i. Strengthen and promote bamboo based institutions; ii. Enhance human resource capacity in the bamboo sub-sector; iii. Strengthen coordination between public, local communities and private sector. Targets i. Ten (10) public and 50 private institutions have access to financial resources by June, 2031; ii. Functional coordination desk office established at FBD by June, 2024; iii. A bamboo information management system developed by June, 2025; iv. Fifty (50) persons from public and 50 from private sector trained on production, processing and 27 marketing annually by June, 2031; v. A national consultative forum involving local and international investors convened every two years from June, 2024; vi. 300 stakeholders trained on bamboo education and tailor-made training on bamboo production, processing technologies and marketing by June, 2027; vii. Five (5) bamboo-based institutions strengthened in technology by June, 2031; viii. An active PPP and joint venture between domestic and foreign investors established by June, 2031. Outcome Indicators i. Level of production of bamboo products; ii. Level of employment in forest sector; and iii. Customer satisfaction level.

4.6 Sustainable Investment and Financing Mechanism Issue: Inadequate sustainable investment and financial mechanism to support bamboo value chains development. Objective: Enhance sustainable investment and financing for bamboo value chains development. Strategies i. Promote bamboo export compensation scheme; ii. Promote forest landscape restoration through bamboo; iii. Mobilize funding from the government, development partners, multi-lateral agreement and private investors; 28 iv. Review legal frameworks to attract investors; and v. Promote public- private partnerships investments (PPP). Targets i. One export compensation scheme established by June, 2031; ii. Five (5) projects on carbon credit developed and operational by June, 2031; iii. Twenty percent (20) of degraded forests restored through bamboo by June, 2031; iv. Five (5) projects funded by the government, development partners and private sector by June, 2031; v. A fund-raising committee to mobilize funding created and operational by June, 2026; vi. Five (5) legislations reviewed and amended by June, 2031; vii. One regulation on investments enacted by June, 2027; viii. Two (2) national bamboo industrial parks established by June, 2027. Outcome Indicator i. Level of investment in bamboo sub – sector. ii. Revenue collected from forest sector; and iii. Audit opinion.

4.7 Good Governance, HIV& AIDS, NCDS Prevention and Gender Mainstreaming Issue: Inadequate measures to address good governance, HIV/AIDS, NCDs and gender in the bamboo subsector. 29

4.7.1 Governance Objective: Enhanced good governance in the bamboo sub sector Strategy Strengthen transparency, accountability and rule of law in the bamboo sub-sector. Targets i. Two (2) awareness programs conducted annually; and ii. Anti-corruption strategies for bamboo subsector customized by June 2025. Outcome Indicator Incidences of corruption.

4.7.2 HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Objective: Objective: Reduced Impact of HIV/AIDS and NCDs in the bamboo subsector Strategy Mainstream HIV/AIDS and NCDs supportive measures in the sustainable bamboo value chains. Targets i. HIV/AIDS and NCDs awareness programs increased from 10 to 30 by June 2031; and ii. Eighty percent (80%) persons living with HIV/AIDS in the bamboo sub-sector supported by June, 2031. 30 Outcome Indicators i. HIV/AIDS infection rate; and ii. HIV/AIDS Mortality rate.

4.7.3 Gender Objective: Mainstreamed gender equity and equality in the bamboo sub-sector Strategy Encourage and support women, youth and people with disabilities to participate in all aspects of bamboo subsector development. Targets i. A programme supporting women in the bamboo subsector established by June, 2031; and ii. Women, youth and people with disabilities participation in the bamboo value chains increased by 30% by June, 2031. Outcome Indicators Proportion of women, youth and people with disabilities in the bamboo subsector value chain. 31 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS

5.1 Overview For effective implementation of this strategy, coordination and knowledge of specific roles and responsibilities among stakeholders is important. This chapter therefore outlines key stakeholders and their specific roles and responsibilities. It enables effective communications among the various groups and facilitates full integration of the stakeholders into bamboo value chains development. The key stakeholders include state actors including key ministries, research institutions and local government authorities while non-state actors include private sector and development partners. MNRT through Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD) will have an overall monitoring role in the implementation of this Strategy. Sector Ministries will be engaged through joint implementation of interventions that require specific sector policy directives. Non-state actors and development partners will be engaged in building capacity in value chain interventions, financing and investing in bamboo plantation development initiatives. Local communities will be involved in plantation development activities and establishment of bamboo woodlots and small to medium processing industries. Private sector will play a significant role in enhancing the economic contribution of the wood-based products and services through value addition and trade. Roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder are presented in Table 1. 32 Table 1: Roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders in the development of bamboo sub-sector S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities 1 FBD  Develop policies, strategies, legislations and guidelines formulation;  Coordinate issues related to bamboo subsector  Create enabling environment and mechanisms for collaboration with National, Regional and International institutions in bamboo development;  Conducting monitoring, evaluation and reporting;  Promote public private partnership and encourage effective participation of stakeholders in bamboo industries development ;  Ensure compliance with international standards and guidelines; and  Ensure fulfilment of commitments made at regional and international protocols and agreements related to forest. 2 TFS  Law enforcement;  Establishing and managing high quality bambooplantations;  Issuing licenses, permits and certificates onproducts and research;  Developing institutional capacity to supportbamboo plantation activities;  Collecting bamboo revenues; and  Conducting extension services 3 Other  Creating enabling environment for key investments and trade; sector  Collaboration in extension, training, Ministries research and marketing; 33 S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities  Developing standards for different products;  Collection and dissemination of information;  Preparation of land use management plans including setting aside bamboo development areas for e.g. plantations, woodlots and industries;  Technical and financial support;  Licensing of bamboo-based industries and trade; and  Providing support in plantation establishment and management. 4 International  Cooperation in development of Organizations programmes and projects; and  Support in identification of appropriate and Development reliable funding sources; Partners  Financial and technical support as well astechnology transfer; and  Promote direct investments. 5 Financial  Concessional loans/grants and special Agencies financing window for growers, MSME’s and investors. 6 LocalGovern  Collaboration on establishment and ment management of plantations and woodlots; Authorities  Support establishment of industries for processing of value-added products.  Ensure capacity building and awareness for the private sector, staff and local communities. 34 S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities 7 Local  Establish community and private Communities bamboowoodlots  Participate in plantation establishment andmanagement  Preparation and enforcement of by-laws;  Promote partnership with the Private sector; and  Provide labour in plantations and bamboo-basedindustries. 8 Forest Based  Provide information needed for future Industries investment opportunities;  Processing and adding value to raw materials and sell to Traders 9 Traders of bambooMarketing products of bamboo products and services produced in the plantations and woodlots; and  Transport bamboo-based products from plantations and industries to consumers. 10 Non  Awareness raising and extension services; Governmental  Facilitate technical assistance, training, Organizations, researchand technology transfer; Farm Forest  Financing bamboo research; and Producer  Sensitize investment in bamboo industry Organizations, andtrade. Civil Society Organizations 11 Academic and  Conduct research, innovation and share Research technicalexpertise and information; Institutions  Participate in policy and legal processes;  Produce qualified personnel/ human resource tosupport for fut  Provide consultancy services. 12 Private Sector  Mobilize resources  Participate in bamboo development activities  Technology and new investment 35 S/N Stakeholder Responsibilities opportunities  Transfer of technical and managerial expertise 13 Media  Awareness creation  Provision of education 36 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE STRATEGY

6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework This framework shows how objectives are intended to make bamboo value chains sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally sound while improving the livelihoods. The strategy simplifies the overall monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system that can be adopted by key bamboo stakeholders to achieve the intended outcomes. The Ministry in collaboration with relevant stakeholders will have an overall responsibility for implementation of the strategy. Each stakeholder will have to establish a reliable internal monitoring system. Monitoring and evaluation will involve, among other things, establishing baselines, indicators and sources of information. Periodic tracking of progress on implementation of the milestones and targets will be done. In addition, there will be a mid-term review, which will focus on assessing whether the planned activities are in line with the achievement of set targets. Moreover, the review will involve conducting case studies, diagnostic studies, surveys, and beneficiary assessments to track any changes in terms of outputs realized over the period under review.

6.1.1 Overall and specific objectives The overall objective of M&E framework is to guide implementation of this Strategy. Specifically, it intends to: (i) Establish benchmark of indicators; (ii) Set targets and standards to guide implementation; (iii) Guide actors’ participation in implementation and 37 monitoring activities; and (iv) Control use of resources during implementation.

6.1.2 Guiding values The primary goal of this M&E system is to enable stakeholders in the bamboo subsector appreciate the progress made towards attainment of the intended objectives. Key guiding principles are: (i) Build capacity for M&E; (ii) Harmonization and alignment of the framework with other existing M&E systems; (iii) Adoption of Result-Based- Management approach; and (iv) Flexibility in applying the M&E framework.

6.1.3 Scope of M&E framework M & E framework provides overall bamboo sub sector development trends. The framework covers but is not limited to the following:- (i) Assessment of inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes and impacts of the Strategy; and (ii) Databases and reporting schedules used for the Strategy M&E framework. 6.1.4 6.1.3 Performance indicators The matrix of performance indicators is shown in Table 2. 38 Table 2: Performance indicators for the Strategy M&E Framework Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Enhanced Number of state-owned forest Level of 2023 MNRT Annually Forest sustainable plantations for sustainable Production of assessment bamboo bamboo production bamboo reports production and Number of bamboo farmers products; After Three utilization adopted sitespecies matching years Forest tool for bamboo plantation and Bamboo forest management woodlots cover; and reports Number of new and advanced and technologies for efficient production Number of woodlots for Revenues bamboo production collected from Annually Financial Number of plantations for bamboo reports sustainable bamboo under plantation. public-private partnership Number of tree seeds orchards for sustainable bamboo production Number of germplasm centres producing seeds for sustainable bambooproduction 39 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Size of community-owned forestplantation/woodlots for sustainable charcoal bamboo production Number of gene pool conservation site in forest zones Number and Size of private forest plantations for sustainable bambooproduction Number of certified forests/woodlots forsustainable bamboo production Number of designated sustainable bamboo production areas Number of tree seed banks for sustainable bamboo production Number of personnel trained on management of bamboo value chain Size of bamboo plantations Number of bamboo products Number of industries producing bambooproducts 40 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Number of institutions equipped. Increased Number of stakeholders’ Level of 2023 MNRT Annually Market market niche alternative bamboo promotion Production of Assessment for sustainable forum on bamboo reports bamboo products products and Number of private sectors services stakeholders involved in bamboo production and business Number sustainable bamboo products export markets Number of registered bamboo projects for carbon credits in the international standards Number of bamboo branded products and services Number of bamboo products trading centre at the district level 41 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Promote Size (ha) of land restored Level of 2023 MNRT Annually Forest research and by bamboo Production of assessment innovation on resources bamboo bamboo value products chains Number of studies on anatomical, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of indigenous and exotic bamboo species Number of innovations and technologies on bamboo processing Number of studies on impact of bamboos on ecosystems and biodiversity Number of priority bamboo species genetically improved Number of provenance species and provenances trials Number of Permanent Sample Plots in forest zones. Type of species used to rehabilitate and restoration of degraded land 42 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Guidelines document for sustainable bamboo harvesting techniques Enhanced Functional coordination desk Level office ofin 2023 MNRT Annually Annualreports human and place Production of institutional Number of bamboo based bamboo operational institutions strengthened products. capacities and Number of consultative Level of coordination forums involving local and employment in international investors forest sector. Number of people from public Customer trained on production, satisfaction processing and marketing level. Number of people from private sectortrained on production, processing and marketing Number of training institutions teaching sustainable bamboo production and utilization Number of operational informal skills development guidelinesfor sustainable production and utilization 43 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification Number of public financial resources Institutions accessed Number of private institutions accessed financial resources Enhanced Number of export compensation Level of 2023 MNRT Annually Financial sustainable scheme Investment in reports investments Number of projects on carbon bamboo sub – and financing credits sector Audit reports for bamboo Percentage of degraded forests value chains restoredthrough bamboo Revenue development Number of projects funded by collected from development partners, multi- forest sector lateral agreements and private sector Number of legislations reviewed and amended Number of regulations enacted Memorandum of agreement Audit signed opinion between private- public sectors in place Standards and codes of practice forbamboo products in place Functional national bamboo industrial park Enhanced Number of awareness Incidences 2023 MNRT Annually Annual 44 Objective Output Indicators Outcome Baseline Source Frequency Means of Indicators Year of reporting verification good programmes of corruption governance in reports the bamboo sub sector Reduced Number of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS NCDs 2023 MNRT Annually HIV/AIDS Impact of awareness programs infection rate. reports HIV/AIDS and Percentage of support to NCDs in the persons livingwith HIV/AIDS in HIV/AIDS bamboo the bamboo sub-sector Mortality rate. subsector Mainstreamed Number of women Proportion of 2023 Annually Annualreports gender equity programmes supportedin the females, and equality in bamboo subsector youth and the bamboo Percentage participation by peoplewith subsector women, youth and people with disabilitiesin Strategy disabilities in the bamboo the bamboo value chains. subsector value chain. 45

6.2 Data Collection and Analysis The main methods for data collection will be surveys, review of reports, field visits and institutional records. Data will be analyzed and disseminated to the relevant stakeholders for implementation.

6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Reports

6.3.1 Types of M & E reports The following are the main M&E reports: (i) Performance reports; (ii) Evaluation reports; (iii) Various reviews, studies, and survey reports; and (iv) Beneficiaries’ assessment.

6.3.2 Reporting schedule The reporting schedule is presented in Table 3. Table 3: Reporting schedule Types of reports Contents Frequency Performan Consolidated reports Quarterly, semi-and cereports covering progress onthe annual reports implementation of activities Evaluation Achievement of the Policy Twice (Mid-term in2026 reports objectives, challenges and and Finalevaluation in lessons learnt including 2031) Relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact/outcome and sustainability of interventions. Various reviews, Findings and As per need. Studies and recommendations on survey reports specificissues Policy review Overall achievements of After 10 Years the National Forest Policy objectives, challenges and lessons learnt. 46

6.3.3 Reporting Flows Reports on achievement of targets and milestones will be prepared by responsible institutions and forwarded to the Ministry responsible for forestry to produce consolidated performance reports on quarterly, semi-annual and annual basis. These reports will be disseminated to stakeholders for record and necessary actions. There will also be various meetings to discuss successes and challenges of the planned interventions. There will also be meetings involving external stakeholders. The schedule of meetings to track the implementation progress is indicated in Table 4. Table 4: Planned meetings S/N Type of meeting Frequency Chairperson Participants 1 Division Weekly Director of All staff of the meetings Forestry and Division Beekeeping 2 MNRT Twice a Permanent All Heads of management month Secretary Division meetings and Units 3 MNRT pre Twice a Assistant Assistant Management month Director M & E Directors and meeting Assistant Head of Units 4 Performance Quarterly Permanent All Heads of review meetings Secretary Divisions and Units 5 Steering Quarterly Co-chaired by MNRT, MDAs, committee PS MNRT and NSAs meetings PO - RALG and DPs 6 National Forest Quarterly Selected Retired forestry Advisory Chairperson officers,private Committee among sector, PO members RALG, 7 Mid-year review Twice per Permanent All Heads of meetings annum Secretary Division and Sections 8 Annual review Annually Permanent All Heads of meetings Secretary Division and Sections 47 9 Performance Annually Co-Chaired Forestry, Assessment between MDAs, NSAs Framework Government and DPs (PAF)meetings and Private Sector 10 Joint annual Annually DPP MNRT MNRT, MDAs, reviewmeetings NSAs and DPs

6.3.4 Feedback Mechanism A feedback mechanism will provide a two-way flow of information between report producers and users. The system will also incorporate stakeholders’ views in order to improve the reports and their submission.

6.4 Use of Monitoring and Evaluation Information Stakeholders will use M & E reports for:- i. Informed decision making; ii. Improving services delivery; iii. Demonstrated results as part of accountability; and iv. Planning. 48 CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 THE ACTION PLAN TO IMPLEMENT THE STRATEGY

7.1 Overview This Strategy covering all the eight (8) objectives has been developed in a participatory manner. The action plan seeks to address the eight (8) critical issues raised in this Strategy. The Plan will outline the steps and provide guidance on how to achieve the Strategy's objectives, targets, and outcomes through a series of activities. Specific activities to achieve each of the targets in this Strategy are identified and presented in the action plan (Table 5). The action plan matrix identifies and summarizes the implementation timetable, required budget, and responsible institutions for each activity. This Action Plan will be implemented with estimated cost of TZS 53,060,000,000. 49 Table 5: Results based action plan matrix for implementation of National Bamboo Development Strategy 2023- 2031 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Enhanced Raise 10,000 ha i. To acquire land for i. Level of 800 June, PO – RALG, sustainable awarenes of bamboo establishing productio 2031 MLHS, FBD, bamboo s and plantations bamboo woodlots n of TFS, production build and andplantations. bamboo TAFORI, and capacity woodlots ii. To establish and products Private utilization. on established manage 9,000,000 ii. Bambo sector, bamboo by June seedlings of o forest Communities nursery, 2031. bamboo nursery. cover and plantation iii. To plant and iii. Revenues CSOs. s and manage bamboo collected woodlots woodlots and from establish plantations. bamboo ment and Two (2) i. To establish and plantation 300 June, TFS, Private manage bamboo manage nursery of . 2031 Sector ment seed 200,000 improved and orchards bamboo Communities. established. seedlings. ii. To establish and manage 200 ha of bamboo seed orchards 50 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Eight (8) i. To rehabilitate 1500 June TFS, SUA, existing eight (8) 2031 TARI, TPHPA, laboratories laboratories. UDSM and (1 at TAFORI ii. To equip eight (8) TAFORI and SUA, laboratories with and 2 at modern facilities. TFS, TARI, and TPHPA) to produce bamboo planting materials equipped. 200 i. To prepare 1000 June, FBD, TFS, personnel training program. 2025 TAFORI, SUA, trained on ii. To facilitate UDSM, Private establishment trainingby sector, and involving 200 Communities, management personnel. Media and of CSOs nursery, woodlots and plantations. 51 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Promote At least 30 i. To conduct 200 June, FBD, TFS, sustainable percent of awareness 2031 PO – RALG, and stakeholders raising Private appropriate aware on meetings. sector, sources of production and ii. To develop and Communities, bamboo utilization of disseminate Media and planting bamboo awareness CSOs materials products. raising programmes using popular radios and televisions. iii. Produce and distribute extension materials (e.g. leaflets, brochures, briefs). 52 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million A tissue culture i. To collect sample 250 June, TFS, SUA, protocol for of high quality 2025 TARI, World mass production genetic materials. Vegetables, of bamboo To develop and TAFORI seedlings tissue developed. culture protocol for mass production of bamboo seedlings. Promote Seven (7) gene i. To identify and 1000 June, FBD, TFS, and pool conservation map the gene 2031 TAFORI, SUA undertake sites inforest pool and UDSM, end-use- zones conservation INBAR. specific and established. sites. ecologically To establish suitable gene pools in bamboo seven (7) forest plantation; zones. 53 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million A national i. To facilitate 3000 June, TFS, SUA, inventory of training of 50 2027 INBAR, bamboo experts on UDSM, resources inventory TAFORI conducted. ii. To conduct and Private assessment of sector bamboo resources Number of i. Germplasm 200 June, TAFORI, TFS, bamboo species transfer 2031 SUA, increased from ii. To establish 11 to 18. provenance trials iii. To identify lesser known indigenous bamboo species and propagate them. A national i. Mobilization of 3500 June, FBD, TFS, database for bamboo data. 2031 SUA, bamboo UDSM and resources TAFORI developed and functional. 54 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million ii. To conduct training on bamboo database management byinvolving 100 key actors. ii. To develop bamboo data standard template. Two (2) i. To convene four 2000 June, CSOs, advanced (4)awareness 2031 Private technologies for meetings on Sector, efficient Bamboo modern Media and production production SHIMIVITA innovated. technologies. FBD, ii. To conduct five TFS,TIC, (5) investors fora TPSF and on Bamboo TTGAU modern production technologies. 55 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Forty percent i. To develop 3000 June, FBD, TFS, (40) bamboo bamboo site 2031 TAFORI, SUA, farmers adopted species matching UDSM, site species tool. INBAR, matching ii. To facilitate Private Tool for bamboo training on use sector, plantation and of the tool by Communities woodlots involving 500 and CSOs. establishment. bamboo farmers. Promote Number of i. To facilitate 2800 June, CSOs, FBD, diversificatio bamboo training of 100 2031 TFS, n and products stakeholders on TAFORI, utilization of increased from diversification of SUA, bamboo 10 to Bamboo products UDSM, products 50. processing and INBAR, utilization. Communities ii. To develop 10 andPrivate new bamboo sector. products. 56 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Twenty (20) i. Mapping of 6000 June, PO – RALG, bamboo existing bamboo 2031 MITI, TIC, processing industries. TANTRADE, industries ii. Identification of CTI, TCCIA, developed. bamboo FBD, industrial parks. TFS and ii. To convene Private workshop with Sector. potentialinvestors in bamboo sub sector. Two (2) bamboo i. Identification of 1500 June, TFS, TTB tourist attraction tourist attraction 2031 andPrivate sites sites Sector. established. ii. To construct tourist infrastructure and facilities in the attraction sites. iii. Advertisement of tourist attraction sites. 57 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million National i. To prepare draft guidelines.120 June, FBD, Private guidelines for ii. To conduct a 2023 Sector and utilisation of stakeholders Communities. sustainable validation bamboo workshop. products developed. Increased Promote the A guidelinefor i. To prepare a i. Level of 120 June, FBD, Private market use of promoting guideline producti 2024 Sector and niche for sustainable sustainable ii. To conduct a on of Communities. sustainab bamboo bamboo stakeholders bamboo le products in products validation products bamboo the domestic consumption workshop and products market. developed. ii. Bambo and o forest services cover Develop A bamboo i. To prepare 800 June, FBD, TFS, quality and products quality assurance and 2025 Private Sector certification assurance and certification standard. and CSOs standards for certification ii. To conduct FBD, TFS and bamboo standard stakeholders Private Sector products. developed. validation workshop. 58 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Two (2) i. To prepare 900 June, FBD, TFS, registered bamboo projects 2024 TAFORI, SUA, bamboo projects description UDSM, for carbon documents for INBAR, credits inthe carbon credits Private international To register two (2) sector, and standards (e.g. projects in CSOs Verified Carbon voluntary carbon Standards or market. Community Climate Biodiversity Standard) A bamboo i. To prepare 480 June, FBD, TFS, products marketing 2025 CSOs marketing collaterals Develop information To design and market system develop infrastructur established. marketing e for information sustainable system. bamboo products A bamboo i. Identification 500 June, FBD, TFS, products trading of bamboo 2026 LGAs 59 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million centre in seven products and Private (7)forest zone trading sites. Sector established. ii. To construct seven(7) trading centres in forest zones. 20 products and i. To design and 200 June, FBD, TTB, 5 bamboo develop a brand 2031 TFS branded manual for and Private services bamboo products. Sector developed. ii. To convene two (2) stakeholders consultative meetings. Encourage Five (5) i. To conduct i. Level 200 June, FBD, TFS, diversificatio sustainable market of 2025 SUA n of bamboo assessments for product and UDSM sustainable products export bamboo products ion of bamboo markets To develop bam products established. bamboo products boo export export market product markets. guideline. s; and Bambo o forest cover 60 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Promote 20 provenance s i. To collect Level of 700 June, TFS, SUA, Promote bamboo species and bamboo planting Production 2028 UDSM and research species provenance trials materials. of bamboo TAFORI and and established. ii. To establish products innovation provenance andmanage 20 on trials. provenance trials bamboo value chains Encourage A national i. To prepare a 800 June, FBD, TFS, bamboo protocol for national protocol 2025 SUA, INBAR, vegetative bamboo for bamboo andTAFORI propagation resources resources Private Sector trials and assessment assessment. and protocols; developed To conduct a Communities stakeholders validation workshop. Enhance Five (5) ii. Site identification 400 June, TFS, SUA, genetic Permanent for Permanent 2028 UDSM, improvemen Sample Plots SamplePlots and TAFORI t of established in establishment in bamboo each forest each forest zone. species, zone. To establish five (5) 61 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million i. Permanent Sample Plot in forest zones. Promote Three (3) ii. To conduct 800 June, TFS, SUA, awareness studies on three (3)studies 2028 UDSM, and on bamboo impact of on impact of TAFORI researched bamboo on bamboo on information ecosystems and Ecosystems biodiversity and biodiversity. CSOs, Private conducted. iii. To conduct Sector and stakeholders Communities meetingfor dissemination of study findings. Two (2) priority i. To conduct 900 Jun, TFS,TAFORI, bamboo species assessment and 2031 SUA and genetically identification of UDSM improved best bamboo species Private ii. To conduct a sector, stakeholders Communities validation and CSOs workshop. 62 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Two (2) i. To conduct two 300 Annually TFS, TAFORI, studies on (2) studies on SUA and FITI anatomical, anatomical, Private sector, physical, physical, Communities, mechanical and mechanical and Media and chemical chemical CSOs properties of properties of indigenous and indigenous and exotic exotic bamboo bamboo species species. conducted ii. To conduct stakeholders meetingfor dissemination of study findings. A guidelinefor i. To prepare a 180 June, FBD, TFS, sustainable guideline for 2027 andTAFORI bamboo sustainable harvesting bamboo techniques harvesting developed. techniques. ii. To conduct a stakeholders validation workshop. 63 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million A study on value i. To conduct a 500 June, TFS,TAFORI, chain analysis of value chain 2031 SUA, bamboo analysis of UDSM products bamboo , Media and conducted. products. Private sector ii. To conduct a stakeholders meetingfor disseminate study’s findings. Promote Five (5) i. To identify best 900 June, FBD, TFS, innovation innovations and innovation and 2031 TAFORI, SUA, and efficient technologies on technologies UDSM, technologies bamboo ii. To convene INBAR, on bamboo processing stakeholders Private products developed. workshop sector, Communities and CSOs Enhance Strengthen Ten (10) public i. To prepare i. Level of 300 June, PO – PSM, human and and 50 private funding raising productio 2031 PO – RALG, and promote institutions have plan for bamboo. n of FBD, institution bamboo- access to ii. To convene bamboo TFS,TAFORI, al based stakeholders products. SUA,UDSM, operation institutions ii. Level f INBAR and employment Private sector 64 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million capacities financial Workshop for in forest and resources. learning business sector; and coordination plans development. iii. Customer Five (5) i. Appraisal of satisfactio 300 June, TAFORI, bamboo-based appropriate n level. 2031 FITI, VETA, institutions technological SUA, FTI, strengthened needs. SHIVIMITA, in technology ii. Purchase recent SIDO and technologies DPs iii. To organize exchange visits for learning purposes. Enhance Five (5) i. To facilitate training 850 June, FITI, TFS, human bamboo- of 25 staff on 2031 TAFORI, resource based bamboo based SUA, Private capacity inthe institutions technologies. Sector, DPs bamboo sub- strengthened ii. Equip five (5) and INBAR sector in technology. institutions FBD with required bamboo Based modern technologies. 65 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Strengthen Functional i. Appoint two 100 June coordination coordination (2) functional , between desk office officers. 2024 public, local established at ii. Provide communities FBD. officefacilities. and private sector A bamboo i. Stakeholder’s 280 Jun FBD,TFS, information consultation e, TAFORI,SUA management andmobilization of 202 and UDSM system data. 5 developed. ii. Design management information system. Fifty (50) i. Training 550 Annua FBD, TFS, persons from needs lly TAFORI, SUA, public assessments. UDSM, and 50 from ii. Conduct respective INBAR, private sector training of100 Private trained on stakeholders. sector, production, Communities processing and and CSOs marketing 66 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million annually A national i. Identification of 420 June, FBD, TIC, consultative investors 2031 TFS and forum involving of relevant potential Private sector local and investors. international ii. Convene four (4) investors investment fora. convened every two years 67 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million 300 stakeholder i. Develop specific 630 Jun MEST, FITI s trained on curricula. e, and FTI bamboo ii. Conduct training 202 education and involving 300 7 tailor- stakeholders. made training iii. Facilitate on bamboo participation of 50 production, bamboo processing stakeholders in technologies national and and marketing. international exhibitions. An active PPP i. To conduct 100 June, Private and joint engagement 2031 sector, TFS, venture meetings TAWA, between ii. Signing the TANAPA, domestic and Memorandum of CSOs, TIC foreign Understanding investors between partners. established iii. To conduct review meetings. 68 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Enhance Promote One export i. Develop a i. Level of 2000 Jun MITI, FBD, sustainable bamboo compensation compensation production e, MoFP, and investment export scheme guideline. of bamboo 202 Private sector and compensatio established. ii. Formulate products. 4 financing n scheme technicalcommittee. ii. Level of for bamboo ii. Design an export employment value compensation in forest chains scheme. sector; and developm Five (5) i. Prepare five iii. Customer 4500 June, FBD, TFS, ent projects on (5)project satisfactio 2031 TAFORI, carbon credits proposals. n level. SUA,UDSM, established ii. Develop DPs and and management plans. INBAR operational. ii. Registration of five (5) projects. Promote Twenty i. Conduct 5500 June, FBD, TFS, forest percent (20) of assessmentof 2031 TAFORI, SUA, landscape degraded degraded areas. UDSM, LGAs, restoration forests ii. Planting of bamboo. Private through restored ii. In situ conservation. sector, bamboo through Communities bamboo. CSOs and FFPOs 69 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Mobilize Five (5) i. Prepare five 200 June, FBD, TFS, funding from projects (5)project 2024 TAFORI, SUA, development funded by proposals. UDSM, DPs, partners, development ii. Organize two (2) and Private multi-lateral partners, multi- fund raising events. sector agreements lateral and private agreements investors and private sectors. A fund raising i. Awareness raising 100 June, DPs, CSOs, committee to to stakeholders. 2026 Private sector mobilize ii. Prepare operation and funding created guidelines. Communities and operational by June, 2026 Review legal Five (5) i. Collect 350 June, FBD, TFS, frameworks to legislations stakeholders 2031 TAFORI, attract reviewed and opinions SUA and investors amended. ii. Incorporate UDSM Stakeholders comments. 70 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Promote One i. Collect 280 June, FBD, TFS, public - private regulation stakeholders 2027 TAFORI, partnership s enacted. opinions SUA and investments ii. Incorporate UDSM (PPP). stakeholders comments. Two (2) i. Conduct 200 June, Private national engagement 2027 sector, ,MITI, bamboo meetings SIDO, industrial parks ii. Identification and SHIVIMITA established demarcation of potential areas iii. Develop the parks. Enhanced Strengthen Two (2) Conduct two (2) Incidences of 500 Annua PO – PSM, good transparency, awareness awareness meetings. corruption. lly CSOs, FBD, governance accountability programs Media and in the and rule of law conducted TFS bamboo sub in the annually sector bamboo Anti- corruption Review of anti – 200 June, PO - PSM, sub-sector. strategies for corruption strategies. 2025 FBD and TFS bamboo subsector customized. 71 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million Reduced Mainstream HIV/AIDS Conduct 20 HIV/AIDS 200 June, CSOs, MH Impact of HIV/AIDS and NCDs awareness sessions infection rate; 2031 FBD, Media HIV/AIDS And NCDs awareness on HIV/AIDS and and TFS And NCDs supportive programs and NCDs preventive Mortality rate. in the measures in increased from measures. bamboo the 10 to 30. subsector sustainable Persons living Support persons living 150 June, CSOs, bamboo with HIV/AIDS with HIV/AIDS. 2031 MHFBD value in the bamboo and TFS chains sub-sector supported by 80%. Mainstreame Encourage A programme Support women Proportion of 150 June, FBD, TFS, d gender and support supporting in bamboo sub women, youth 2031 Private sector, equity and women, youth, women in the sector. and people Communities, equality in the and people bamboo with disabilities FFPOs and bamboo sub with disabilities subsector in the bamboo CSOs sector to participate established subsector in all aspects value chain. 72 Objective Strategies Targets Activities Outcome Financial Time Responsible indicator Resource frame (TZS) Million of bamboo Women, youth, Organize 20 150 Jun, CSOs, sub sector and people sensitization meetings. 2031 MCDWYSG development. with FBD, TFS, disabilities Media and participation in Private sector the bamboo value chains increased by 30%. 73