National Anti-poaching Strategy 2023-2033

THE NATIONAL ANTI-POACHING STRATEGY [2023-2033] THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA M I N I S T R Y O F N AT U R A L R E S O U R C E S A N D T O U R I S M SECOND EDITION THE NATIONAL ANTI-POACHING STRATEGY [2023-2033] THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA M I N I S T R Y O F N AT U R A L R E S O U R C E S A N D T O U R I S M d i FOREWORD Tanzania remains committed to the sustainable management of its rich wildlife resources to contribute to the development of country and enhance the livelihoods of our people. Wildlife based tourism contributes more than 17 percent of GDP, 25 percent of foreign earnings and 1.6 million direct and indirect employments. The Government of Tanzania (GoT), acknowledges that poaching and illegal wildlife trade continues to be a serious threat to the survival of wildlife resources within the country and across national boundaries,. This reviewed National Anti-poaching Strategy 2023-2033 has been aligned with global, regional, and national frameworks for wildlife protection to intensify the war against poaching and all forms of wildlife related crimes. The Strategy has been developed premising that poaching and illegal wildlife trade can decimate wildlife species and seriously erode the natural capital of Tanzania. This Strategy is thus, an important instrument to guide and reinforce the on-going war against poaching and illegal wildlife trade. While we appreciate the great support and cooperation from stakeholders, we take this opportunity to call upon all our stakeholders once again within and outside the country to continue supporting the GoT through financial resources, knowledge and necessary equipment with the view to implementing this Strategy to prevent and combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Let’s all join hands to ensure that our wildlife resources continue to sustain our life through the provision of ecosystem goods and services and for socio-economic development in a manner that it brings hope for the future generations. Statement of Endorsement I hereby endorse this National Anti-poaching Strategy and call up upon all stakeholder to support its implementation ……………………………….. Hon. Mohamed Omary Mchengerwa (MP) Minister For Natural Resources And Tourism ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The government of the United Republic of Tanzania in the effort to combat poaching and illicit wildlife trade reviewed the National Strategy to Combat Poaching and illegal Wildlife trade 2014-2019 and developed the National Anti-poaching Strategy 2023–2033. This Strategy could certainly not have been completed without the support of various experts, professional and stakeholders who contributed to the review and updating process of this Strategy in varying extents, including their experience, expertise, logistics, guidance, encouragement and inspiration. While it is not possible to list all of them, we are nonetheless greatly indebted to the representatives of various agencies and institutions in the public and private sectors as well as civil society organizations. The Government further appreciates the financial support from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for facilitating the development of this Strategy as part of the implementation of the project on combating poaching and illegal wildlife trade in Tanzania through an integrated approach. The Government is committed to collaborate with various stakeholders both from public and non-public sectors to ensure effective implementation of this Strategy to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade. ……………………………………. Dr. Hassan Abbasi Said Permanent Secretary, Ministry Natural Resources And Tourism iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AU African Union AWF African Wildlife Foundation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals COBRA Global Wildlife Law Enforcement Operation COMIFAC Commission for Forest of Central Africa DCEA Drugs Control and Enforcement Authority EAC East Africa Community EALA East African Legislative Assembly ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society GCA Game Controlled Area GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ Germany Agency for International Cooperation GoT Government of Tanzania HAT Hotel Association of Tanzania ICCWC International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime ICPs International Cooperating Partners IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IMO International Maritime Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IWT Illegal Wildlife Trade LATF Lusaka Agreement Task Force LEAP Law Enforcement and Anti-Poaching Strategy M&E Monitoring and Evaluation M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism NAPS National Anti-Poaching Strategy NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority NGO Non- Governmental Organization NPS National Prosecution Services NSCPIWT National Strategy to Combat Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade NTAP National Taskforce Anti-Poaching NTSCIU National and Transnational Serious Crime Investigation Unit NWFSC National Wildlife and Forest Security Committee PAIS Problem Animal Information System PAMS Protected Area Management Solutions v PCCB Prevention and Combating Corruption Bureau PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PRODOC Project Document PROTECT Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation and Tourism RRG Rapid Reference Guide SADC Southern Africa Development Community SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SOPs Standing Operating Procedures TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TATO Tanzania Association of Tour Operators TAWA Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TCGs Tasking and Coordination Groups TFS Tanzania Forest Services TISS Tanzania Intelligence Security Service ToRs Terms of Reference TPA Tanzania Ports Authority TPDF Tanzania Peoples Defence Force TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority TRAFFIC Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network TWIX Trade in Wildlife Information exchange TWPF Tanzania Wildlife Protection Fund UFW United for Wildlife UNCAC United Nations Convention Against Corruption UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime URT United Republic of Tanzania USAID United States Agency for International Development VLFRs Village land forest reserves WCBF Wildlife Conservation Basket Fund WCO World Customs Organization WD Wildlife Division WENs Wildlife Enforcement Networks WFCS Wildlife and Forest Conservation Service WFCU Wildlife and Forest Crime Unit WHC World Heritage Convention WMA Wildlife Management Area WWF World Wide Fund for Nature vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The conceptual framework of the poaching levels in Tanzania 2 Figure 2: Structure of the NSCPIWT 2014 – 2019 8 Figure 3: The conceptual framework of poaching levels and how it relates to the revised NAPS 2023-2033 in Tanzania 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges of MNRT-WD in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade 9 Table 2: Key stakeholders of MNRT-WD and their roles 10 Table 3: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective one 17 Table 4: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective two 19 Table 5: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective three 20 Table 6: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective four 21 Table 7: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective five 22 Table 8: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective six 23 vii CONTENTS Foreword i Acknowledgements iii Abbreviations and Acronyms iv Executive Summary viii Chapter One 1. BACKGROUND 1 1.1. Poaching in Tanzania 1 1.2. Rationale for the Review 3 1.3. Scope of the Strategy 3 1.4. Methodological Approach 3 Chapter Two 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 8 2.1. Overview 8 2.2. Review of Vision, Mission and Strategic Goal in NSCPIWT 2014-2019 8 2.3. Performance Review of the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 9 2.4. SWOC Analysis 10 2.5. Stakeholder Analysis 12 2.6. Critical issues on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 15 2.7. Emerging issues on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 15 Chapter Three 3. THE ANTI-POACHING AND IWT STRATEGIES 16 3.1. Overview 17 3.2. Purpose 17 3.3. Vision 17 3.4. Mission 17 3.5. Strategic Goal 17 3.6. Strategic Objectives 17 3.7. Strategic Actions 18 Chapter Four 4. IMPLEMENTATION, FINANCING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 29 4.1. Overview 29 4.2. The Implementation Plan 29 4.3. Institutional Arrangement 29 4.4. Financing and Resource Mobilization 29 4.5. Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Reporting 29 Annexes Annex 1: Implementation Matrix: Strategic Goals, Actions, Activities and Verifiable Indicators 31 Annex 2: Financial Cost for Implementation of NAPS 2023 2033 45 Annex 3: Performance Indicators for NAPS 2023-2033 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 52 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent decades, poaching exploded in Tanzania between 2009 – 2015 threatening the survival of wildlife species including elephants. The 2013 report commissioned by the Wildlife Division and Frankfurt Zoological Society highlighted that Selous Game Reserve had lost 80% of its elephant population observed from the previous survey in 2005, when there were an estimated 65-70,000 elephants. With this rate, there would be no any elephants left in the Selous in four years’ time. The Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) observed the other upsurge in 2015 across the country’s elephant leading sanctuaries, Selous Game Reserve and Mikumi National Park (Selous-Mikumi ecosystem). The 2015 TAWIRI report revealed a further drop of elephant population to 43,521 from 109,000 observed in 2009 countrywide. This is about 60% decline in elephant population in five years (2009 – 2015), and is considered the worst crisis of poaching since 1989 when elephant population recovered following highly effective anti-poaching operations through Operation Uhai. The cause of all these declines was unrestrained, systematic poaching. This massive killing of elephants categorized Tanzania as one of the worst offenders in poaching and ivory trade alongside Kenya, Uganda, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand and China. The CITES warned these countries to stop the menace or face sanctions – that a ban on all legitimate wildlife trade would be enforced. They had up to March 2014 to prove that they had taken the necessary measures, including submitting specific action plans (a detailed national elephant action plan) on how they intended to tackle the problem of poaching and the illicit trade in ivory. In response, Tanzania vowed to take the fight to the poachers with a number of measures. There has been important initiative to integrate activities of international, regional, and sub regional anti-poaching frameworks into the national frameworks and implementation plans. The GoT through the MNRT developed the Tanzania Elephant Management Plan 2010-2015, which, among other issues, outlines strategies for elephant management. Also, in March 2010 the GoT adopted the African Elephant Action Plan 2010, which stipulates activities to be undertaken to ensure African elephants throughout the country are protected from multiple and serious threats they face. In May 2014, the GoT established the Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA) and transformed Wildlife and Forest Conservation Service to conservation military. TAWA is a paramilitary wildlife agency alongside Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), and Tanzania Forest Services (TFS), which together protect wildlife and forest resources in the country. The modes of operations of these agencies have been transformed from civilian to paramilitary operations (militarization of Wildlife and Forest Conservation Services), with the view to reinforce the anti-poaching drive in the country. The transformation of these conservation agencies aimed at addressing the weaknesses of the civilian operation framework, which failed to effectively and efficiently address issues of decline of discipline and accountability among ix staff, advanced poaching techniques and use of military weapons, inadequate staff endurance, proliferation of terrorism threats, limitations in the acquisition of military firearms and other equipment, which contributed to inefficiency in the management of wildlife protected areas. In 2014, the GoT developed and approved the National Strategy to Combat Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade (NSCPIWT 2014 2019). The need for a multi-agency approach to enhance inter-agency collaboration and coordination in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade prompted the GoT to establish the National Taskforce on Anti Poaching (NTAP) in August 2015. The NTAP is responsible to organize and coordinate intelligence-led anti-poaching operations (prevention, apprehension, investigation, and prosecutions of poaching and illegal wildlife trade (IWT) cases across poaching levels while implementing the NSCPIWT 2014-2019. Furthermore, there is an on-going IWT Project (2020-2025): Combating Poaching and the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Tanzania through an integrated approach. The project’s main objective is to address issues related to the illegal wildlife trade in Tanzania while re enforcing activities of the NTAP. The NSCPIWT 2014-2019, however, had five year life span and its tenure ended in 2019, hence warranting the need for the review and formulation of updated Strategy. This was important to ensure adequate authority and guidance to the WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, and articulation of IWT Project activities. It is against this background that this NAPS 2023-2033 has been developed with the view to provide a clear road map to wildlife law enforcement agencies and WFCS, and to outline fundamental actions in ensuring that functions and operations against wildlife related crimes are sustained over the coming ten years (2023 – 2033). This NAPS 2023-2033 identifies six strategic areas of focus for Tanzania to curb poaching and illegal wildlife trade, namely: (i) Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements; (ii) Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade; (iii) Engaging with consumer States; (iv) Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes; (v) Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade; and (vi) Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources. The implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 is estimated to cost US$ 166,454,000, and will take place in the next ten years, with 2023 being the starting year. Innovative ways of mobilizing financial and technical resources to support the effective implementation of the Strategy will be explored since it is facts that direct government funding to facilitate the implementation is limited. The strategy will be implemented by the MNRT-WD in collaboration with key stakeholders, including development partners, non-governmental organizations, inter governmental organizations, the private sector, local communities, and academia. Monitoring and evaluation will be conducted from time to time to track the performance and impact of the implementation of specific objectives, strategic actions and activities outlined in the strategy. More importantly, the implementation will undergo a midterm review and end of implementation period evaluation (terminal evaluation). Chapter One 1. BACKGROUND 1.1. Poaching in Tanzania 1 National Biodiversity Strategy 2015-2020 2 FAO (2022) Tanzania Biodiversity Information Management Tool (BIMT). https://aims.fao.org/news/tanzania-biodiversity-information-management-tool-bimt-access-data delineating-areas 3 MNRT (2016) Non detrimental Findings for African Lion 4 Rija, A. A & Kideghesho, J. R. (2020). Poachers’ strategies to surmount anti-poaching efforts in Western Serengeti, Tanzania. Geotechnologies and the Environment Vol. 22, Springer at http://www.springer.com/series/8088 Tanzania is endowed with abundant wildlife resources, including wild animals, forests, fish stocks, and marine resources. The country has set aside about 40 percent (6.5% of marine and 33.5 of terrestrial) of her land for biodiversity conservation, hence categorized as a ‘mega-diversity’ nation. 1 Biodiversity richness includes at least 316 mammal’s species, 1148 bird species (25 endemic), 566 reptiles and amphibians (171 endemic), about 10,000 of higher plants (11.2% endemic). 2 Furthermore, Tanzania ranks first in Africa for largest population in buffalo, lion and leopard, and has the third largest population of African elephant in the world.3 Wildlife resources in Tanzania have the potential to contribute significantly to socio-economic development through provision of ecosystem goods and services for which the health and wellbeing of human population depend. On the other hand, through tourism which is more than 80% wildlife-based, it accounts for more than 17% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and creates more than 1.6 million direct and indirect jobs. In addition, the wildlife contributes approximately 25% of annual total foreign earnings in the country. This indicates the significant role of wildlife sector in the economy and livelihood of our people. Despite its enormous contribution and potential, wildlife is faced with serious threat emanating from of poaching and trafficking of wildlife products. 4 Wildlife and wildlife products have been targeted by criminals often driven by subsistence and economic gains attributed to traditions, social status and p perceived medicinal value. Poaching and trafficking of wildlife and their products has contributed to the decline in wildlife population in some key species such as elephant and rhino. During the late 2000s to mid 2010s, Tanzania experienced massive wildlife poaching, particularly elephant and other endangered species, and the illegal trafficking of wildlife and wildlife products to consumer countries, predominantly in East Asia. Poaching caused a decline in elephant population by 60% (from 109,051 in 2009 to 43,521 in 2014). Wildlife illegally trafficked in 2011 was estimated at US$7.8 - 10 billion, while seizure records by TRAFFIC indicated that at least 45 tons of elephant ivory were shipped illegally from or through Tanzania to international markets in Asia since 2009. Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) estimated that the national elephant population could become extinct within seven years, if the 2014 rate of decline continued. In response to that, the government in collaboration with conservation partners and stakeholders took various measures including the development of a National Strategy to Combat Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade (NSCPIWT 2014-2019). The strategy aimed to support measures to tackle three issues: consumer demand, poverty and weak law enforcement embraced in three objectives namely; a) National and sub-national capacity for intelligence-led, highly coordinated law enforcement; b) Improving rural livelihoods through enhanced community-based management of natural resources; and c) Awareness raised in supply, transit and destination countries to help change attitudes towards wildlife crime and build international support. 2 The 2014-2019 NSCPIWT enabled wildlife-based institutions to focus and execute intelligence-led wildlife law enforcement activities in a more structured approach despite the challenges faced during its implementation. The implementation of the NSCPIWT has a number of successes in the conservation of wildlife resources including decline in elephant poaching, decline in ivory seizure incidents, increase in elephant numbers from 43,000 in 2014 to nearly 60,000 in 2019 and strengthening of the institutional arrangement in combating poaching and illegal wildlife trade. The 2014-2019 NSCPIWT was developed based on the understanding of the poaching act in Tanzania. This includes the source of the wildlife products and who is sourcing them, the local markets and trafficking methods, as well as facilitators supporting various part of this value chain as illustrated in the conceptual framework of the poaching levels in Tanzania. (Figure 01). LEVEL 5 Importers, traders, consumer buyers, market controllers, main financiers LEVEL 4 Transfer exporters, planners and facilitators LEVEL 3 Transporters, couriers, suppliers of arms and ammunitions, corrupt officials, direct link with dealers, financiers at source LEVEL 2 Transporters / couriers from PA's to the village or nearby towns, middleman / brokers LEVEL 1 Poachers, illegal firearm owners, corrupt officials 1 3 2 4 5 Figure 1: The conceptual framework of the poaching levels in Tanzania In this respect, the MNRT reviewed the implementation of the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 and develop a NAPS2023 2033 to enable the government to significantly reduce poaching and illegal trade in wildlife and forest products in Tanzania. The NAPS2023-2033 will continue to focus and pay specific attention to crime convergence along this value chain occurring at a network level, specific hub site and certain brokers involved in crime convergence. Further It will be focusing on identifying corrupt facilitators and related illicit financial flows and money laundering involved from levels 3 to 5. The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Background 3 1.2. Rationale for the Review The (NSCPIWT 2014-2019) Strategy had five-year life span and its tenure ended in 2019, hence warranting the need for the review, update and formulation of another strategy. This was important to ensure adequate authority and updated guidance to the implementing agencies. Besides, poaching, illegal trade and trafficking of wildlife and wildlife products continues to persist despite on-going national, regional and international efforts. At the same time, there are opportunities for harnessing institutional mandates and capacities to improve national efforts to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Hence, this Strategy provides clear road map to wildlife law enforcement agencies and other implementing stakeholders, as well as outlines fundamental actions in ensuring functions and operations against wildlife crimes are reinforced and sustained over the coming ten years (2023 – 2033). 1.3. Scope of the Strategy The scope of this strategy has been expounded to align with global, regional and sub-regional strategies for preventing and combating wildlife crimes and their related offences. It has also taken into account the changing environment in preventing and combating poaching, illegal trade, trafficking of wildlife and wildlife products, and their derived products. Further, wildlife crimes have become complex and manifesting in the forms of national and transnational organized criminal networks. Proceeds from wildlife crimes are linked with other serious crimes including money laundering, corruption, human trafficking and terrorism, which also necessitated the review of the scope to consider poaching and illegal wildlife trade as predicate offence. 1.4. Methodological Approach This Strategy is the outcome of the review and update of the previous National Strategy for Combating Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade (NSCPIWT) 2014-2019, whose tenure ended in 2019. The review and update process involved a desk-based review, with particular focus on the NSCPIWT (2014 2019) and its implementation report, the African Strategy on Combating Illegal Exploitation and Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora in Africa (2015), African Union on Preventing and Combating Corruption and Related Offences (2003), the SADC Law Enforcement and Anti-Poaching Strategy (2016-2021), SADC Protocol on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (2003), Scheme Relating to Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters within Common Wealth (1990) (Harare Scheme), the EAC Strategy to Combat Poaching, Illegal Trade, and Trafficking of Wildlife and Wildlife Products (2017-2022), the Arusha Declaration on Regional Conservation and Combating Wildlife/Environmental Crime (2014), the U.S. National Strategy for Combating Wildlife Trafficking (2014) as well as the South Africa National Integrated Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking (2017). The review also focused on the international anti-poaching frameworks, particularly the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), United Nations Convention against Illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance 1988 (Vienna Convention), United Nations Convention Against Corruption (2003) (UNCAC), Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime (1990) and Revised Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search and Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime and on Financing of Terrorism (2005), Financial Action Task Force (1989) (FATF Recommendations) Revised up to 2012, and the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC). The aim of this desk-based review was to align the NAPS 2023-2033 with global, regional and sub-regional strategies for combating poaching and illegal trade in wildlife with the view to ensure integration, harmonization, and streamlining of operational procedures, approaches, rules, actions, and practices in the fight against poaching and IWT. The necessary and relevant elements have been drawn from such strategies to allow the country to context, develop and implement this reviewed national strategy. 4 Best practices and recommendations for improvement in the NAPS 2023-2033 have also been explored from in-depth analysis of transboundary protocols on combating wildlife crime between Tanzania and neighbouring countries. These protocols, including the Tanzania and Kenya Cross-border Wildlife Security meetings (1998), the Tanzania and Zambia bilateral agreement on the conservation of shared Miombo-Mopane Ecosystem (2015), the Tanzania and Mozambique Bilateral Agreement of the Coordinated Conservation and Management of the Niassa-Selous Ecosystem (2015) as well as the Lusaka Agreement on cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora (1994). The development of the NAPS 2023-2033 was also informed by field experiences and lessons arising from the implementation of the previous Strategy. Informative views were also collected through consultations with those who were involved in the implementation of the NSCPIWT (2014-2019), which provided critical views on success, limitations, and areas of improvement for the anti-poaching strategy to remain relevant in solving wildlife law enforcement issues in Tanzania. In addition, the UNODC Workshop (organized in October 2021 in Dar es Salaam) on a rapid assessment of the country's situation concerning the legislative and enforcement effectiveness in tackling wildlife crime using the ICCWC Indicator Framework Toolkit was one of the activities and sources of information that informed this Strategy. Some of the recommendations from this Workshop have been conveniently transformed into actions under certain strategic goals of the Strategy. A number of stakeholders’ forums were organized by the MNRT (NTAP & TCGs) including the meeting in Arusha on 10th January 2022, the Wildlife Policy Forum for Ministerial Committee on 20th January 2022, and a series of virtual meetings with UNDP technical team. Important information was collected during these forums that enriched the Strategy. Valuable information on the background regarding poaching in Tanzania, illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wildlife products was also collected from the internet, books, scholarly journals, and other media, including newspapers. After the content analysis of the information collected, the draft NAPS 2023-2033 was developed and discussed in a series of meetings with the Ministerial team. It was then circulated to Ministerial committee, technical team, and key stakeholders for further inputs. The revised draft strategy was then prepared and presented in the stakeholders’ workshop for validation. This final version of the Strategy was finally produced after inputs, comments and additional information from the multi-stakeholders workshop. The structure and layout of this Strategy is a reflection of the generic process of the strategic plan - but with some adjustments to the process. It is also a reflection of the existing global, regional, and sub-regional anti-poaching strategies. The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Background 5 6 Chapter Two 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2.1. Overview This chapter analyses the internal and external operating environments of the MNRT’s interventions against poaching and IWT. It outlines the performance review of the previous Strategy (NSCPIWT 2014-2019) in terms of the achievements and challenges encountered during its implementation. It also presents stakeholders analysis, showing their expectations in terms of services offered as well as SWOC analysis. Critical issues to be addressed in the NAPS 2023-2033 have also been identified in this chapter. 2.2. Review of Vision, Mission and Strategic Goal in NSCPIWT 2014-2019 While vision and mission are important sections of the Strategy, by design, the previous Strategy had no such sections. In NAPS 2023-2033, both vision and mission have been added after integrating those of the MNRT. Also, the Strategic Goal of NSCPIWT 2014-2019 was “Tanzania provides an example of efficient and effective implementation of a national strategy for combating poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking”. This was to be achieved by development and implementation of innovative and collaborative strategies for law enforcement to reduce poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking. However, this Goal did not set targets and was narrow in scope by focusing mainly on law enforcement. Therefore, the review was taken to accommodate these aspects and reflect them in NAPS 2023-2033 in line with the current situations and needs as. 2.3. Performance Review of the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 2.3.1. Vision, Mission and Strategic Goal Vision and mission are important sections of the Strategy to set direction and means to achieve desired results, however, the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 had no such sections. The NAPS 2023-2033 has included both vision and mission after integrating those of the Wildlife Policy, 2007. The Strategic Goal of NSCPIWT 2014-2019 was “Tanzania provides an example of efficient and effective implementation of a national strategy for combating poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking”. This was to be achieved by development and implementation of innovative and collaborative strategies for law enforcement to reduce poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking. Nonetheless, targets were missing to measure its realization. Therefore, the review was taken to accommodate these aspects and reflect them in NAPS 2023-2033 in line with the current situations and needs as indicated in chapter three. 2.3.2. Achievements and Constraints of the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 The Strategy was designed to address three major challenges that were facing the conservation in Tanzania names weak law enforcement, poverty and consumer demand. To address these challenges, the Strategy had three strategic objectives, namely: a) National and sub-national capacity for intelligence-led, highly coordinated law enforcement; b) Improving rural livelihoods through enhanced community-based management of natural resources; and c) Awareness raised in supply, transit, and destination countries to help change attitudes towards wildlife crime and build international support (Figure 02). 8 Figure 2: Structure of the NSCPIWT 2014 – 2019 The Strategy had 35 outputs in total, out of which only 24 (68.6%) were completed in and remained 31.4 % were either partially and/or not completed during the implementation time-frame. The evaluation observed that the NSCPWT (2014 -2019) has enabled wildlife institutions to focus and execute multi agencies intelligence led approach in anti-poaching operations and control of illegal wildlife trade. The summary description of achievements for each strategic objective and general challenges are as follows: a). Major achievements of Strategic Objective 1: National and sub-national capacity for intelligence-led, highly coordinated law enforcement includes decline in elephant poaching and ivory seizure incidents outside the country, increase in elephant numbers from 43,000 in 2014 to nearly 60,000 in 2020, strengthening of the institutional arrangement in combating poaching and illegal wildlife trade by establishment of the National Task-force Anti-poaching (NTAP) and 10 Tasking and Coordination Groups in key ecosystem to coordinate intelligence led ant poaching operations. Establishment of Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA) to oversee the management of wildlife outside National Parks and Ngorongoro Conservation Areas, recruitment and capacity building for rangers, transformation of wildlife and forest sectors in to paramilitary, review of laws to provide for stringent penalties for wildlife perpetrators, b). Major achievements of Strategic Objective 2: Improving rural livelihoods through enhanced community-based management of natural resources includes review of the WMA regulations of 2012 to devolve more powers to community over management of wildlife; formulation of the human wildlife management Strategy 2020 – 2024 to enhance co-existence between people and wildlife; establishment of Payment of Ecosystem Service initiatives in Makame WMA, East Usambara, and Sasakwa Village, improvement of the revenue collection in WMA as a result of the use of technology and main-streaming of supervision. NATIONAL STRATEGY TO COMBAT POACHING AND ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE 2014 – 2019 POVERTY CONSUMER DEMAND WEAK LAW ENFORCEMENT NATIONAL AND SUB-NATIONAL CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENCE LED, HIGHLY COORDINATED LAW ENFORCEMENT; IMPROVING RURAL LIVELIHOODS THROUGH ENHANCED COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AWARENESS RAISED IN SUPPLY, TRANSIT AND DESTINATION COUNTRIES TO HELP CHANGE ATTITUDES TOWARDS WILDLIFE CRIME AND BUILD INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT. The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Situational Analysis 9 c). Major achievements Strategic Objective 3: Awareness rising in supply, transit and consumer countries includes establishment of several transboundary collaborative initiatives such as signing of MoU with consumer countries aiming at demand reduction; awareness raising campaigns targeting demand side and increase in political will to fight poaching and illegal wildlife trade. d). General challenges noted during review includes inadequate manpower, specialized skills, funds and equipment to facilitate anti-poaching operations; low levels of awareness among local communities; failure of WMA to attract potential investors and ineffective management of WMA due to insufficient capacity. 2.4. SWOC Analysis The analysis of strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges (SWOC analysis) was carried out with a view to determine their bearing on the implementation of NAPS 2023-2033. The strength and weaknesses are MNRT-WD internal factors while opportunities and challenges are external factors that affect positively or negatively anti poaching initiatives of the MNRT-WD. Table 1 indicates a list of strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges as identified during performance review of the implementation of NSCPIWT 2014-2019, consultation meetings, forum discussions, and desk review regarding the fight against poaching and illegal wildlife trade in general. Table 1: The Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges of MNRT-WD in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade STRENGTHS • Existing conservation policies, laws and regulations • Strong and committed leadership • Existing paramilitary force (WFCS) • Availability of committed personnel • Existing multi-agency NTAP and TCGs • Availability of research and training institutions within the Ministry • Good relationship with stakeholders • Collaboration within and between conservation institutions (TAWA, TANAPA, TFS & NCAA) • Availability of working gears and equipment • Availability of community-based conservation institutions such as WMA WEAKNESSES • Inadequate intelligence-led patrols • Ineffective and inefficient investigation and prosecution of wildlife cases • Lack of knowledge and skills for wildlife – based prosecutors • Presence of some unethical or dishonest personnel • Lack of skills on wildlife crime analysis; forensic and financial investigation • Lack of operational framework for NTAP and TCGs • Inadequate participation of local community in protection of wildlife resources OPPORTUNITIES • Political will and support from the GoT • Availability of development partners with interest in conservation activities • Availability of Tanzanian Embassies in transit and consumer States • Willingness of national and international agencies, NGO and private sector in collaboration to support anti poaching and counter IWT • Availability of international anti-poaching frameworks • Availability of other national policies, laws and regulations • Availability of other research and training institutions 10 CHALLENGES • Inadequate anti-poaching infrastructure (game posts, patrol roads, observation towers etc.) • Inadequate number of rangers • Inadequate patrol gears and vehicles to facilitate anti-poaching operations • Limited budget to cater for regular patrol costs • Prolonged and accumulation of wildlife cases • Poaching and IWT increasingly becoming more organized and sophisticated • Low level of general public awareness on natural resources conservation 2.5. Stakeholder Analysis Key stakeholders of the MNRT–WD with regard to poaching and illegal wildlife trade include the government itself, wildlife and forest conservation services, security and law enforcement agencies, local communities, political leaders, private sector, media, development partners, Intergovernmental Organizations, Non-Government Organizations, research and training institutions, and other conservation institutions. Given the need for concerted efforts within and between nations in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade, it was important to carry out a stakeholder analysis to identify important stakeholders and group them according to their levels of participation, interest, and influence in the implementation of NAPS 2023-2033. The overall idea is to determine how best to engage with each group of stakeholders throughout the implementation process. Table 2 indicates a list of key stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of NAPS 2023-33. Table 2: Key stakeholders of MNRT-WD and their roles Action 3: Key stakeholder group: The Government of Tanzania The Executive, Judicial and Parliament = Political will and support = Provide directives and guidance = Budget funding and support = Legal frameworks and interpretations = Active protection and effective management of wildlife resources enhanced = Government circulars and consultative meetings Action 4: Key stakeholder group: Government Conservation Institutions (TAWA, TANAPA, NCAA & TFS) = Implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Policy directives and guidance = Government circulars and regular meetings Action 5: Key Stakeholder group: Security and law enforcement agencies (TPDF, TISS, Police, DPP, PCCB, IMMIGRATION. TAA, TPA, TRA) = Implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Sharing of intelligence information = Collaboration and coordination Action 6: Key stakeholder group: Intergovernmental Organizations (INTERPOL, UNODC, WCO, ICCWC, IMO, UNDP, UNTOC, CITES, LATF) = Technical and technological support in implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Sharing of mutual matters of interest = Consultation meetings, Cooperation and collaboration MNRT EXPECTATIONS STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS MODE OF ENGAGEMENT The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Situational Analysis 11 Action 7: Key stakeholder group: Development Partners (World Bank, GEF, UNDP, USAID, JICA, GIZ-KfW) = Budgetary support in implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Technical support in implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Sharing of mutual matters of interest = Consultation meetings, technical cooperation and Collaboration Action 8: Key stakeholder group: Conservation-NGO’s (PAMS Foundation, Grumet Fund, FZS, TRAFFIC, WildAid, WWF, AWF, , WCS, WCST, STEP, People and Wildlife) = Technical and financial support to complement implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Engage in advocacy and awareness campaigns on poaching and IWT = Sharing research information on poaching and IWT = Sharing of mutual matters of interest = Consultation meetings, Collaboration and coordination Action 9: Key stakeholder group: Private sector (Airlines, Shipping lines, Telecommunication companies, Banks, Hunting companies, HAT, TATO) = Sharing of intelligence information = Financial support to complement implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Sharing of mutual matters of interest (Corporate social responsibility) = Consultation meetings, Collaboration and coordination Action 10: Key stakeholder group: Multi-agency Units (NTAP & TCGs) = Implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 = Policy directives and guidance = Government circulars and consultative meetings Action 11: Key stakeholder group: Research and Training Institutions (COSTECH, TAWIRI, TAFORI, SUA, UDSM, UDOM, NMIST, CAWM, Pasiansi, Luyuku Sekamaganga, Olmotonyi) = Provide knowledge and skills on conservation of natural resources = Provide research-based solutions on issues related to poaching and IWT = Priority research areas regarding poaching and IWT = Cooperation and Collaboration Action 12: Key stakeholder group: Local communities (WMAs, VLFRs and informers) = Sharing of intelligence information = Law enforcement partners = Benefit-sharing = Outreach actions = Consultation meetings, Collaboration and coordination in anti-poaching activities Action 13: Key stakeholder group: Media (TV stations, Radio stations, Print media, social media) = Dissemination of information to the public regarding poaching and IWT = Business = Collaboration 12 2.6. Critical issues on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 5 Rija, A. A & Kideghesho, J. R. (2020). Poachers’ strategies to surmount anti-poaching efforts in Western Serengeti, Tanzania. Geotechnologies and the Environment Vol. 22, Springer at http://www.springer.com/series/8088 There are several areas for improvements arising from situation analysis, but main ones are from the NSCPIWT 2014-2019 performance review, SWOC and stakeholder analysis. In view of this, the following are the critical issues: i. Organized Poaching and illegal Wildlife and Forest trade ii. Human perturbations (Bush meat trade, illegal fishing, and livestock) iii. Inadequate capacity in terms of manpower; financial; anti-poaching infrastructure, technology and equipment; iv. Ineffective and inefficient investigation and prosecution of wildlife cases v. Inadequate intra and inter-ministerial coordination in law enforcement vi. Illegal market for wildlife products; vii. Sophisticated methods for poaching and trafficking of illegal wildlife products viii. Low awareness among the general public on the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade to ecosystems and humankind; ix. Inadequate participation of local community in protection of wildlife resources x. Increased Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2.7. Emerging issues on poaching and illegal wildlife trade These are matters that have a bearing on poaching and illegal wildlife trade, but were not foreseen and therefore not taken into consideration in the previous NSCPIWT 2014-2019. Poaching and illegal wildlife trade is increasingly becoming too sophisticated. Poachers are abandoning their traditional methods of hunting (which are relatively easier to locate poaching sites by wildlife rangers) and switching to more sophisticated ways, including use of poisoning automatic weapon. There is also increasing use of more advanced means of concealing evidence of poaching, such as ivory powder, that make detection, identification, prevention, and prosecution of criminals along the entire chain of the illicit trade even more complex. The proliferations of means of transport and communication technologies are becoming serious issues in wildlife crimes. Increased uses of motorcycles (known as bodaboda in Swahili lingua) are increasingly replacing on-foot hunting. Their use in hunting is perceived by poachers to be safer than hunting on foot because they facilitate quick escape when detected by wildlife rangers or any other law enforcers. In addition, motorcycles have made it easier for poachers to supply bush-meat to meet urgent demands. Motorcycle headlamps are used to locate and confuse target species at night, hence making poaching a relatively easy endeavour. Increasing communication technologies, particularly the use of mobile phones, is also an emerging issue in poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Mobile phones have been a facilitating tool for poaching in recent years. Poachers use mobile phones in a poaching cycle: first, when planning a hunting trip to communicate with peers and explore possible suitable hunting sites; second, in the field to organize bush-meat porters from their villages when hunting is successful; third, to inform poaching peers if there is a danger of being arrested by law enforcers and fourth, to send location and coordinates to their gangs to easy their mobilization and collection of poached bush meat or any other wildlife products OR to provide locations of key species sightings to the more specialized and notorious gangs. Furthermore, corrupt and dishonest wildlife officers to communicate the anti-poaching plans and operations to poachers use mobile phones. 5 The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Situational Analysis 13 14 Chapter Three 3. THE ANTI-POACHING AND IWT STRATEGIES 3.1. Overview The previous strategy had three strategic objectives. All the three objectives have been retained in this reviewed Strategy with slight modifications and adjustments to reflect current needs and to integrate the global, regional, and sub-regional anti-poaching strategies. Three more objectives have been added to make them six in total in this reviewed strategy. The three added objectives have been domesticated from the global, regional, and sub-regional anti-poaching strategies as a way of integrating these into national anti-poaching frameworks. 3.2. Purpose The purpose of this National Anti-Poaching Strategy is to establish guiding principles and strategic priorities for Tanzania efforts to prevent and combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade in line with the MNRT’s long-term vision and mission of managing natural and cultural resources in the country. This strategy is set to be realized in a span of ten years, starting from 2023 through 2033. The Strategy is built upon the vision and mission of the Ministry and has strategic goal and six objectives as detailed in subsequent sections. 3.3. Vision A country with excellent protected and conserved wildlife resources for the present and future generations. 3.4. Mission Enhance active protection and effective management of wildlife resources through integrated approach. 3.5. Strategic Goal The overall goal of this strategy is to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade in Tanzania and across its transboundary ecosystems for sustainable management and conservation of wildlife resources by: a). Reducing poaching incidents of keystone species (elephants) by 2033. b). Reducing significantly bush-meat poaching and trade incidents by 2033 c). Reducing significantly domestic illegal wildlife seizure incidents by 2033; and d). Achieving zero international seizures of illegally traded wildlife products originating or transiting through Tanzania by 2033 16 3.6. Strategic Objectives The GoT through the MNRT has identified six strategic objectives (strategic priorities) to address poaching and illegal wildlife trade. The strategic objectives aim to: i. Strengthen capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements. ii. Strengthen international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade. iii. Engage with consumer States. iv. Enhance advocacy and public awareness on wildlife crimes. v. Promote studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade; and vi. Support community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources. A generalized conceptual framework of the wildlife crime value chain, as it occurs in the Tanzania and how this value chain relates to counter measures in the revised NAPS 2023-2033 is depicted in the figure 03 below. Figure 3: The conceptual framework of poaching levels and how it relates to the revised NAPS 2023-2033 in Tanzania EPoachers EIllegal firearm owners ECorrupt officials ETransporters / couriers from pa's to the village or nearby towns EMiddleman / brokers ETransporters / couriers ESuppliers of arms and ammunitions ECorrupt officials EDirect link with dealers EFinanciers at source EImporters, traders EConsumer buyers EMarket controllers EMain financiers ETransfer exporters EPlanners and facilitators of criminal act LEVEL 1 OBJECTIVE 1 OBJECTIVE 2 OBJECTIVE 6 OBJECTIVE 3 OBJECTIVE 4 OBJECTIVE 5 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 LOCAL CRIMINAL SYNDICATES INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL SYNDICATES LOCAL CRIMINALS PAs - WFCS MULTI-AGENCY - NTAPMULTI-AGENCY - TCGs The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania The Anti-Poaching & IWT Strategies 17 3.7. Strategic Actions To meet the above strategic objectives, the GoT through the MNRT will seek to undertake specific actions, each with a set of activities across each strategic objective. Also, there are performance or verifiable indicators for each strategic objective as elaborated hereunder. Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements The evolving nature of wildlife crime demands continuous capacity building to outpace the organized gangs. To accomplish this strategic objective, the GoT through MNRT must strengthen and enhance the intelligence-led enforcement operations that takes into account intelligence, investigative, prosecute, and judicial capabilities to respond to poaching and disrupt illegal trade and trafficking networks of wild fauna. This can be achieved by undertaking the following strategic actions and activities as stipulated in Table 3. Table 3: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective one ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Foster capacity building of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs to enforce laws Activity i: Provide appropriate tools, equipment, field operational gears, and appropriate technology to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Appropriate tools, equipment, field gears and technology in place Activity ii: Provide financial support to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Financial support secured Activity iii: Provide appropriate training to law enforcement personnel of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Training on weak areas conducted Activity iv: Deploy appropriate law enforcement personnel in strategic locations to detect smuggled wildlife products at entry and exit points = Number of personnel deployed in strategic locations = Joint Control at Exit points (Ports, Airports, border points) established = Enhanced shipping documents interpretation capacities at strategic border points Activity v: Establish a cooperative spirit among investigators, prosecutors and the judiciary to reduce wildlife crimes in Tanzania = Number of sensitization workshops organized = Number of convictions (conviction rates) = Severity of crime and sentence matched (severity of sentencing) Activity vi: Facilitate forensic investigation of wildlife crime = Forensic Lab at TAWIRI and DNA database established = Training on forensic wildlife crime conducted Activity vii: Facilitate proceeds-flow investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime = Training on investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime and related offences (fraud, money laundering, corruption, asset tracing and forfeiture of criminal assets) conducted Activity viii: Increase the number of rangers based on the needs of a particular wildlife protected area = MNRT, WFCS, and IUCN recommended numbers of rangers considered Activity ix: Regular review and update of legal frameworks to effectively address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Legal frameworks reviewed and updated 18 Action 2: Strengthen the multi-agency approach in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote joint efforts by governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, media, academia, and local communities to address wildlife crimes = Number of joint operations involved Activity ii: Support and engage in multinational wildlife trafficking enforcement operations = Number of multi-agency operations involved Activity iii: Recruit wildlife crime analysts to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Activity iv: Recruit more wildlife crime prosecutors to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Activity v: Maintain engagement with Prosecutors and awareness-raising with the Judiciary = Improved case outcomes (measured in terms of conviction rates and severity of sentencing) Action 3: Improve welfare of enforcement personnel Activity i: Provide improved salaries to enforcement personnel = Salary increase Activity ii: Provide improved allowances and other fringe benefits to enforcement personnel = Improved allowances and other fringe benefits Activity iii: Provide housing and medical cover to enforcement personnel = Improved housing and medical cover Action 4: Harness technology to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Support the introduction and use of Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology to Rangers and VGS = Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology introduced Activity ii: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime = Application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences enhanced Activity iii: Digitization of wildlife crime records to facilitate quicker and efficient information sharing among law enforcement agencies in the country = A national database on wildlife crime established The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania The Anti-Poaching & IWT Strategies 19 Strategic Objective 2: Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Combating wildlife trafficking requires the engagement and collaboration of governments in source, transit, and consumer countries throughout the world. The INTERPOL, LATF, and WCO, for example, facilitates cross – border investigation of crimes. The SADC Member States have agreed, under Protocols on Mutual Legal Assistance, to assist each other in investigations, prosecutions, and proceedings in a criminal matter, without regard for whether the act committed would be a criminal matter or not in the State being requested for assistance. The SADC Protocol on Extradition enables Member States to extradite any person within its jurisdiction who is wanted for prosecution or the imposition or enforcement of a sentence in the requesting Member State. As such, the transnational nature of wildlife organized crimes can best be addressed through national, sub-regional, regional and international collaboration by undertaking various strategic actions and activities. Table 4 highlights strategic actions and activities that can be undertaken to achieve the intended goals of this strategic objective. Table 4: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective two ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Enhance international cooperation Activity i: Identify and engage with international partners working to address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Numbers of engagement with international partners Activity ii: Exchange and share information and intelligence between enforcement agencies using platform such as EAC and SADC TWIX = Number of platforms and information shared and received Activity iii: Facilitate the establishment of synergies with existing regional and international initiatives in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of existing regional and international initiatives Activity iv: Continue implementing bilateral and multilateral agreements such as SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition = Extent of implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements Action 2: Strengthen work relations with international law enforcement agencies (INTERPOL, LATF, WCO etc.) in order to forge collaboration with law enforcement agencies in transit and destination countries Activity i: Engage with counterpart wildlife crime units/task forces and international law enforcement agencies to benefit from their technical expertise and network = Number of engagement with counterparts and international law enforcement agencies involved Activity ii: Enhance joint field security operations between wildlife law enforcement authorities at the national and international levels = Number of joint operations with international law enforcement agencies involved 20 Strategic Objective 3: Engaging with consumer States Markets for illegally traded wildlife products exist for different reasons within Tanzania and around the world. This implies that increasing anti-poaching and anti-trafficking enforcement efforts will have only limited success unless there are also efforts that simultaneously target to address the persistent market demand that drives this illicit trade in a national and global scale. Table 5 indicates the strategic actions and activities to forge engagement with consumer countries. Table 5: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective three ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Forge engagement with consumer States Activity i: Identify and map current transit and consumer countries = Identified new and emerging routes and destination Activity ii: Build partnerships with transit and consumer countries to reduce domestic demand for illegally traded wildlife products = Number of engagements with transit and consumer States = Number of Bilateral and Multilateral agreements Activity iii: Raise public awareness about the impacts of wildlife trafficking on species, the environment, security, and the economy = Changes in purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Poaching and IWT incorporated into the Content of Tanzania Safari Channel = Efficient coordination of NGOs and other stakeholders in place Activity iv: Integrate international communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks = Number of engagements with international communities Activity v: Activity v: Strengthen collaboration with international law enforcement agencies = Number of engagements with international law enforcement agencies = Number of MoU with other countries law enforcement agencies Action 2: Promote wildlife demand reduction in consumer countries Activity i: Discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of advocacy and awareness campaigns Activity ii: Examine the purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Changes in purchasing patterns Action 3: Leverage donor support to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade in Tanzania and within Africa Activity i: Encourage consumer States to support efforts towards combating poaching and illegal trade in wildlife products = Number of donors engaged = Efficient mechanism for coordinating donor support established Activity ii: Attract donor support to tackle poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of donor support attracted The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania The Strategy 21 Strategic Objective 4: Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes Public education is important in the fight against poaching and illegal wildlife trade, which are underlined by the demand for animal products. Therefore, an advocacy and public awareness approaches to reducing the demand for ivory, horns, hides and other wildlife products would definitely cut the central premise of the poaching industry. Increased public awareness of poaching and Illegal wildlife trade in Tanzania and beyond provides a starting point for stakeholder engagement in fighting the illicit trade. Undertaking the following strategic actions and activities stipulated in Table 6 can attain this strategic objective. Table 6: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective four ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Promote public awareness about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife Activity i: Identify and define the audience for awareness campaigns = Identified target audience for awareness campaigns Activity ii: Organize and conduct awareness campaigns to target audience = Number of awareness campaigns Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Action 2: Promote advocacy against wildlife crimes Activity i: Identify and define the audience for advocacy campaigns = Identified target audience for advocacy campaigns Activity ii: Organize and conduct advocacy campaigns to target audience = Number of advocacy campaigns = Publishing materials and dissemination media Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Action 3: Promote demand reduction efforts globally Activity i: Launch public campaigns at source to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns = Poaching incidents and number of trophies seized Activity ii: Launch public campaigns at destinations to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns = Changes in purchasing patterns 22 Strategic Objective 5: Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Research provides a better understanding of the relationships between the drivers of poaching, individual poacher motivation, structural enablers of poaching and wildlife trafficking, and market chains of wildlife crimes, including critical analysis of wildlife trafficking and distribution channels or networks within Tanzania and beyond. Studies and research on such areas provide an entry point towards developing appropriate and effective policy actions, strategies, and designing of interventions. The strategic actions and activities to promote studies and research on wildlife crimes are stipulated in Table 7. Table 7: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective five ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Enhance research-based decision-making regarding wildlife management and conservation Activity i: Identify priority research areas related with poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Priority research areas identified Activity ii: Support studies on priority areas = Number of studies undertaken on priority areas = Setting up scholarships and fees subsidies programmes Activity iii: Support research on priority areas = Setting up special fund for studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of research on priority areas supported Activity iv: Enhance collaboration with research institutions to design and implement international, regional, sub regional and national research programs = Established MoU with research institutions Activity v: Promote research-based decision-making in guiding practical solutions against poaching, illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wildlife and its products = Adoption and integration of research findings into actions Action 2: Harness technology in research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime research = Training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Establishment of forensic lab Activity ii: Build capacity on artificial intelligence and forensic science = Number of trainings on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Number of research conducted on artificial intelligence and forensic science Activity iii: Strengthen research on monitoring of poaching and illegal wildlife trade and improve technology on surveillance = Number of research conducted on monitoring of poaching and IWT Activity iv: Develop databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade = Databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade established Activity v: Promote transparency and data sharing, including the use of existing ones from INTERPOL, WCO, MIKE and ETIS Amongst others = Enhanced transparency and data sharing The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania The Strategy 23 Strategic Objective 6: Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources Local communities are essential partners on the ground and can be a powerful force in support of wildlife conservation and a front-line defence against poaching and illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wild fauna. Whilst high profit margin is considered as a key driver of wildlife crimes, widespread poverty and lack of employment opportunities are also key drivers that make local communities to easily get involved in the commission of wildlife crimes. Empowering local communities to engage into sustainable livelihood options can help wildlife resources from the brink of extinction. This can be achieved by undertaking the following strategic actions and activities outlined in Table 8. Table 8: Strategic actions, activities and verifiable indicators for strategic objective six ACTIVITIES VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Action 1: Empower local communities to pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods Activity i: Create, promote and support alternative livelihoods to poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of alternative sustainable livelihood options Activity ii: Manage human wildlife conflicts in order to reduce the cost of living with wildlife = Number of incidents of HWC = Human-Elephant Conflicts mitigation measures in place Action 2: Increase involvement and participation of local communities in protection of wildlife Activity i: Integrate local communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks = Community intelligence networks established = A toll-free communication system established to report wildlife and crimes = Members participating directly in wildlife protection activities Activity ii: Promote community-based crime prevention approaches = Number of crime prevention approaches established Activity iii: Promote conservation of wildlife outside protected areas by promoting private wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade = Number of wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade established = Number of environmentally friendly income generating activities supported Activity iv: Provide support to Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) = Capacity building to VGS and Village Natural Resources Committees = Community-based monitoring networks for villagers to report crimes across WMAs 24 The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania The Strategy 25 26 Chapter Four 4. IMPLEMENTATION, FINANCING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 4.1. Overview This chapter highlights on the implementation plan, including institutional arrangements to facilitate smooth implementation of the strategy. The chapter further presents financing and resource mobilization to support effective implementation as well as monitoring, evaluation and reporting implementation progress of the strategy. 4.2. The Implementation Plan The Implementation Plan (IP) of this strategy will be primarily at national level and beyond, with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (Wildlife Division) playing a pivotal leadership, cooperation, coordination, networking and convening roles. The implementation plan covers institutional arrangement, financing and resource mobilization, as well as monitoring, evaluation and reporting implementation progress. It also identifies options for capacity building, communication, advocacy and awareness, and to mobilize resources for effective implementation of the Strategy. A detailed implementation plan or matrix is annexed to this Strategy (Annex 1). 4.3. Institutional Arrangement This strategy will be implemented by the MNRT-WD in collaboration with key stakeholders, including non governmental organizations, inter-governmental organizations, the private sector, academia, and development partners. The implementation, however, will be at various levels and through annual action plans, with key institutions having specific and complementary roles to play in the institutional framework for implementation. The MNRT-WD will have the overall responsibility for achieving the strategy goals and objectives. The Ministry will be directly responsible for creating enabling conditions for implementation of the strategy. The MNRT-WD will continue to implement the law enforcement component of the strategy through its WFCS, NTAP, TCGs and other stakeholders. Ideally, poaching and illegal wildlife trade will be dealt by these institutions (WFCS, NTAP & TCGs) across five poaching levels. The WFCS will continue to deal with poaching level I as TCGs continue to combat poaching level II. The NTAP will also continue to deal with poaching level III and IV. Practically, however, strong collaboration in intelligence and operations across and between these institutions is highly expected, with particular attention to supporting each other. This means, immediate response can be given to any requests at WFCS or TCG level for back up in a planned or emergency operation. 28 It is important to note that since criminals operating at poaching level V along the crime chain are often located in transit and destination States beyond the reach of enforcement authorities in Tanzania, the MNRT-WD will coordinate international, regional and sub-regional operations, cooperation and engagement with such States. As such, the MNRT-WD shall coordinate, support and encourage engagement in joint operations with enforcement authorities of other nations, non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental bodies, communities and the private sector in the fight. The MNRT-WD will coordinate implementation of other components of the Strategy by various stakeholders, including non-governmental organizations, inter-governmental organizations, the private sector, academia and development partners. However, given the global nature of transnational organized crimes, the MNRT-WD through the WFCS and NTAP shall coordinate, support and engage in joint operations with enforcement authorities of other nations, engage with non-governmental organizations, inter-governmental bodies and the private sector in the fight against poaching and illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wild fauna. As mentioned, the strategy will be implemented through annual action plans. The subsequent sub-sections, therefore, presents the operationalization of the strategy. It highlights the institutions as means of implementation, including resource mobilization, monitoring and evaluation, and a plan of action. 4.3.1. The Government of Tanzania The Government of Tanzania (GoT) is expected to continue providing its political will and support in the fight against poaching and illegal trade and trafficking of wild fauna. The GoT is also expected to continue providing operational support for implementation of national conservation laws and multinational anti-poaching, wildlife trafficking enforcement operations. The pace of the GoT towards domestication and effective implementation of international agreements related to biodiversity conservation and enforcement is also a key element of political commitment. This would not only demonstrate the country’s efforts to conserve biodiversity, but also demonstrates its position and commitment to fight the illicit trade. 4.3.2. The MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, AND TCGs While the strategy is a Tanzania-wide instrument, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), mandated to manage wildlife resources in the country, has the responsibility to implement this strategy. As mentioned, the MNRT-WD will implement some of the components of the strategy through WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs. These institutions, however, have remarkable capacity challenges, ranging from insufficient equipment, inadequate staff to limited budget to undertake their intended roles. The TCGs are seriously affected. Most of them are almost inactive, ineffective, and even those which appears relatively active, are not operating at optimal capacity. It is, therefore, important that the capacity of these institutions to implement this strategy be strengthened through the implementation of capacity building components of the strategy. The multi-agency composition of the NTAP brings together a wealth of experience to tackles the illicit trade across different levels of poaching and illegal wildlife trade using coordinated intelligence-led operations of various agencies along the entire trade chain. The inter-agency intelligence-led approach is both proactive and reactive, and can penetrate the layers of secrecy and corruption that protect wildlife traffickers and facilitate their activities. Thus, it is important that conservation institutions, particularly Wildlife and Forest Conservation Service (TANAPA, TAWA, NCAA, and TFS) ensure that their anti-poaching plans integrate, reflect, and link with this strategy. 4.3.3. Development Partners International development partners such as the World Bank, Global Environmental Facility, UNDP, USAID, European Union and any other relevant financing institutions with interest in fighting against poaching and illegal trade and trafficking of wild fauna will be approached for assistance to provide technical and financial resources for supporting implementation of the strategy. The assistance will be targeted mainly towards supporting implementation of various components or sub-components of the strategy. The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania implementation, Financing, Monitoring & Evaluation 29 4.3.4. Intergovernmental Organizations It is important that WFCS and NTAP continue working closely with intergovernmental organizations on issues with common interest, given the need for collaboration, coordination, and joint enforcement operations between law enforcement agencies along the entire trade chain (from source to destination) within and outside countries in the fight against poaching and illegal trade and trafficking of wild fauna. Thus, WFCS and NTAP should continue working with inter-governmental organizations (such as the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC), UNODC Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime, International Maritime Organization (IMO), UNDP, and other relevant institutions) and continue engaging in their enforcement operations they organize from time to time. The WFCS and NTAP should also continue attending their workshops or training to establish link and maintain active working relationship, and eventually strengthen their capacity to fight the illicit trade. 4.3.5. Civil Society Civil society organizations such as NGOs and the private sector play an important role play in the fight against poaching and illegal trade and trafficking of wild fauna. These are important stakeholders to collaborate and work together transnationally or within the country. They can provide useful information regarding the illicit trade, conduct advocacy and awareness, research and provide other necessary resources for implementation of the strategy. In addition, they can provide financial support and equipment needed for implementation of the strategy. While more civil society organizations, including the private sector and other major groups are called upon and encouraged to collaborate with the MNRT to implement this strategy, the NTAP should continue working with PAMS Foundation, which has been providing financial and equipment support since 2016 to facilitate the joint intelligence-led operations of the multi-agency Taskforce. PAMS Foundation, AWF and its partner WildAid (dedicated to educating people about the impact of poaching), United for Wildlife (UFW), TRAFFIC, WWF, GIZ, AWF, STEP, TNC, TNRF, WCS, WCST, Grumet Fund, FZS, and other civil society organizations are potential stakeholders, which can be approached to support various components of the strategy. The Private sector such as Airlines, Shipping lines, Telecommunication companies, Banks, Hunting companies, HAT, and TATO are also potential stakeholders, which can be approached to share intelligence information and provide financial support to compliment implementation of NAPS 2023-2033 through their Corporate social responsibility. It is important to note that the MNRT is open to cooperate with any stakeholder from within and outside the country to work together on matters of mutual interest. However, efficient coordination of NGOs and other stakeholders working in supporting the implementation of the national strategy for combating wildlife crimes is vital to ensure smooth cooperation and collaboration. 4.4. Financing and Resource Mobilization The implementation of the strategy is estimated to cost US$ 166,454,000 in the next ten years. It is a fact that directs government funding to facilitate implementation of this strategy is limited. The GoT, MNRT, WFCS, and NTAP are, therefore, responsible for mobilizing financial and technical resources to support effective implementation of this strategy. Innovative ways of mobilizing financial and technical resources to support the effective implementation of the strategy will be used to attract funding from various stakeholders to facilitate the implementation. The indicative budget, including the potential funding agencies, to enable various activities that would realize the verifiable indicators or outputs is presented in Annex 2. The establishment of strategic partnerships with international financing institutions, civil society organizations, development partners, and the private sector is key towards achieving sustainable financing and resource mobilization for the implementation of the strategy. 30 The GoT, MNRT, WFCS and NTAP are therefore called upon to approach various stakeholders (development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, and the private sector) to work together, to provide financial support and/or to commit other resources (such as vehicles, equipment, field operational gears, technology) needed for the implementation of the strategy. Strengthening the capacity of WFCS, NTAP and TCGs is key to enhance professional competence, knowledge, and skills of their personnel to deal with poaching and illegal trade and trafficking of wild fauna. 4.5. Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Reporting Monitoring, evaluation, and reporting are important in tracking the progress, performance and impact of the implementation of specific objectives, strategic components and actions presented in this strategy. The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will involve, among other things, conducting baseline survey, assessing performance indicators, and setting M&E tools (for data collection) for each strategic objective. The monitoring and evaluation framework (Annex 3) provides verifiable indicators to monitor and evaluate the progress being made under each strategic objective. These will require results-oriented monitoring and key performance indicators to track the progress and ultimately assess the level of attainment of the set-out objectives outlined in the strategy. The overall responsibility for the M&E of the Policy implementation lies within the MNRT. The Ministry will play key roles in coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Strategy. The M&E Section in the Policy and Planning Department at the MNRT will lead the monitoring of these key indicators to track progress and ensure target outcomes are being achieved for each strategic objective. The Unit will be responsible for monitoring and evaluation of NAPS 2023-2033 in accordance with the established M&E procedures of the MNRT. The M&E Section shall develop the monitoring and evaluation tools for tracking the performance of implementation of the strategy annually, semi-annually and on quarterly basis using the monitoring and evaluation framework (Annex 3). The main methods of data collection will be review of existing reports, field visits, and surveys. Since the strategy will be implemented through annual action plans and will undergo midterm review as well as terminal evaluation, the M&E Section shall coordinate, implement, monitor and evaluate the Strategy using the framework for tracking the performance of implementation. Progress on implementation of the milestones and targets will be tracked periodically - annually, semi-annually and on quarterly basis. The M&E Section shall carry out the day-to-day monitoring and evaluation of the implementation progress and shall prepare appropriate reports and submit them to the MNRT. The year 2023 would be used as the baseline with reviews and reports carried out annually, semi-annually and on quarterly basis. However, the midterm review and terminal evaluation shall be conducted by independent expert from outside the MNRT, preferably qualified Professional Consultant(s) on specific terms of references in accordance with the established M&E procedures. Similarly, the Consultant(s) shall develop the monitoring and evaluation tools for conducting midterm review and terminal evaluation of the implementation of the strategy using the monitoring and evaluation framework. The Consultant(s) shall prepare evaluation reports and submit them to the MNRT WD. The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 31 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements Action 1: Foster capacity building of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs to enforce laws Activity i: Provide appropriate tools, equipment, field operational gears, and appropriate technology to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Appropriate tools, equipment, field gears and technology in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity ii: Provide financial support to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Financial support secured Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity iii: Provide appropriate training to law enforcement personnel of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Knowledge and skills development trainings conducted Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity iv: Deploy appropriate law enforcement personnel in strategic locations to detect smuggled wildlife products at entry and exit points = Number of personnel deployed against strategic locations = Joint Control at Exit points (Ports, Airports, border points) established = Enhanced shipping documents interpretation capacities at strategic border points Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, TRA Activity v: Establish a cooperative spirit among investigators, prosecutors and the judiciary to reduce wildlife crimes in Tanzania = Number of sensitization workshops organized and conducted = Number of convictions = Severity of crime and sentence matched Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Judiciary, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity vi: Facilitate forensic investigation of wildlife crime = Forensic Lab at TAWIRI and DNA database established = Number of training on forensic wildlife crime conducted Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Local communities, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity vii: Facilitate proceeds-flow investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime = Training on investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime and related offences (fraud, money laundering, corruption, asset tracing and forfeiture of criminal assets) conducted Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity viii: Increase the number of rangers based on the needs of a particular wildlife protected area = MNRT, WFCS, and IUCN recommended target for the number of rangers considered Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS Activity ix: Regular review and update of legal frameworks to effectively address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Legal frameworks reviewed and updated Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT ANNEX 1: IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX: STRATEGIC GOALS, ACTIONS, ACTIVITIES AND VERIFIABLE INDICATORS Annexes 32 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements Action 1: Foster capacity building of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs to enforce laws Activity i: Provide appropriate tools, equipment, field operational gears, and appropriate technology to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Appropriate tools, equipment, field gears and technology in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity ii: Provide financial support to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Financial support secured Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity iii: Provide appropriate training to law enforcement personnel of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs = Knowledge and skills development trainings conducted Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity iv: Deploy appropriate law enforcement personnel in strategic locations to detect smuggled wildlife products at entry and exit points = Number of personnel deployed against strategic locations = Joint Control at Exit points (Ports, Airports, border points) established = Enhanced shipping documents interpretation capacities at strategic border points Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, TRA Activity v: Establish a cooperative spirit among investigators, prosecutors and the judiciary to reduce wildlife crimes in Tanzania = Number of sensitization workshops organized and conducted = Number of convictions = Severity of crime and sentence matched Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Judiciary, Development partners, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity vi: Facilitate forensic investigation of wildlife crime = Forensic Lab at TAWIRI and DNA database established = Number of training on forensic wildlife crime conducted Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Local communities, Civil society organizations and the Private sector Activity vii: Facilitate proceeds-flow investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime = Training on investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime and related offences (fraud, money laundering, corruption, asset tracing and forfeiture of criminal assets) conducted Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity viii: Increase the number of rangers based on the needs of a particular wildlife protected area = MNRT, WFCS, and IUCN recommended target for the number of rangers considered Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS Activity ix: Regular review and update of legal frameworks to effectively address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Legal frameworks reviewed and updated Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 33 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Action 2: Strengthen the multi-agency approach in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote joint efforts by governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, media, academia, and local communities to address wildlife crimes = Number of joint operations involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Support and engage in multinational wildlife trafficking enforcement operations = Number of multi-agency operations involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Recruit wildlife crime analysts to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Activity iv: Recruit more wildlife crime prosecutors to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity v: Maintain engagement with Prosecutors and awareness-raising with the Judiciary = Number of training and awareness conducted = Increased Conviction rates = Severity of sentencing proportionate to crime committed Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Action 3: Improve welfare of enforcement personnel Activity i: Provide improved salaries to enforcement personnel = Salary increase Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Provide improved allowances to enforcement personnel = Improved allowances Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Provide housing and medical cover to enforcement personnel = Improved housing and medical cover Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Action 4: Harness technology to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Support the introduction and use of Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology to Rangers and VGS = Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology introduced Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime = Application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences enhanced Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Digitization of wildlife crime records to facilitate quicker and efficient information sharing among law enforcement agencies in the country = A national database on wildlife crime established Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners 34 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Action 2: Strengthen the multi-agency approach in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote joint efforts by governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, media, academia, and local communities to address wildlife crimes = Number of joint operations involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Support and engage in multinational wildlife trafficking enforcement operations = Number of multi-agency operations involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Recruit wildlife crime analysts to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Year 1 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Activity iv: Recruit more wildlife crime prosecutors to work in the MNRT = Number of training and recruitment Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity v: Maintain engagement with Prosecutors and awareness-raising with the Judiciary = Number of training and awareness conducted = Increased Conviction rates = Severity of sentencing proportionate to crime committed Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Action 3: Improve welfare of enforcement personnel Activity i: Provide improved salaries to enforcement personnel = Salary increase Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Provide improved allowances to enforcement personnel = Improved allowances Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Provide housing and medical cover to enforcement personnel = Improved housing and medical cover Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Action 4: Harness technology to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Support the introduction and use of Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology to Rangers and VGS = Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology introduced Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime = Application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences enhanced Year 1 - 3 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Digitization of wildlife crime records to facilitate quicker and efficient information sharing among law enforcement agencies in the country = A national database on wildlife crime established Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 35 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 2: Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Action 5: Enhance international cooperation Activity i: Identify and engage with international partners working to address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Numbers of and engagement with international partners Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Exchange and share information and intelligence between enforcement agencies using platform such as EAC and SADC TWIX = Amount of information shared and received Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations Activity iii: Facilitate the establishment of synergies with existing regional and international initiatives in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of existing regional and international initiative established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations Activity iv: Continue implementing bilateral and multilateral agreements such as SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition = Extent of implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Action 6: Strengthen work relations with international law enforcement agencies (INTERPOL, LATF, WCO etc.) in order to forge collaboration with law enforcement agencies in transit and destination countries Activity i: Engage with counterpart wildlife crime units/task forces and international law enforcement agencies to benefit from their technical expertise and network = Number of engagements with counterparts and international law enforcement agencies involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, and Inter-governmental organizations Activity ii: Enhance joint field security operations between wildlife law enforcement authorities at the national and international levels = Number of joint operations with international law enforcement agencies involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, and Inter-governmental organizations 36 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 2: Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Action 5: Enhance international cooperation Activity i: Identify and engage with international partners working to address poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Numbers of and engagement with international partners Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Exchange and share information and intelligence between enforcement agencies using platform such as EAC and SADC TWIX = Amount of information shared and received Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations Activity iii: Facilitate the establishment of synergies with existing regional and international initiatives in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of existing regional and international initiative established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Inter-governmental organizations Activity iv: Continue implementing bilateral and multilateral agreements such as SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition = Extent of implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Action 6: Strengthen work relations with international law enforcement agencies (INTERPOL, LATF, WCO etc.) in order to forge collaboration with law enforcement agencies in transit and destination countries Activity i: Engage with counterpart wildlife crime units/task forces and international law enforcement agencies to benefit from their technical expertise and network = Number of engagements with counterparts and international law enforcement agencies involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, and Inter-governmental organizations Activity ii: Enhance joint field security operations between wildlife law enforcement authorities at the national and international levels = Number of joint operations with international law enforcement agencies involved Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, and Inter-governmental organizations The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 37 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 3: Engaging with consumer States Action 7: Forge engagement with consumer States Activity i: Build partnerships with transit and consumer countries to reduce domestic demand for illegally traded wildlife products = Number of engagements with transit and consumer States = Number of Bilateral and Multilateral agreements Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Raise public awareness about the impacts of wildlife trafficking on species, the environment, security, and the economy = Changes in purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Poaching and IWT incorporated into the Content of Tanzania Safari Channel = Efficient coordination platforms for NGOs and other stakeholders in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity iii: Integrate international communities in law enforcement and monitoring network = Number of engagements with international communities Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity iv: Identify and map current transit and consumer countries = Identified new and emerging routes and destination Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Activity v: Strengthen collaboration with international law enforcement agencies = Number of engagements with international law enforcement agencies = Number of MoU with other countries law enforcement agencies implemented Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations Action 8: Promote wildlife demand reduction in consumer countries Activity i: Discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of advocacy and awareness campaigns = Efficient coordination platforms for NGOs and other stakeholders in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Examine the purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Changes in purchasing patterns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Action 9: Leverage donor support to combat poaching and illegal wildlife in Tanzania and within Africa Activity i: Encourage consumer States to support efforts towards combating poaching and illegal trade in wildlife products = Number of supports from consumer States = Efficient mechanism for coordinating donor support established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Attract donor support to tackle poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of donor support attracted Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners 38 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 3: Engaging with consumer States Action 7: Forge engagement with consumer States Activity i: Build partnerships with transit and consumer countries to reduce domestic demand for illegally traded wildlife products = Number of engagements with transit and consumer States = Number of Bilateral and Multilateral agreements Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Raise public awareness about the impacts of wildlife trafficking on species, the environment, security, and the economy = Changes in purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Poaching and IWT incorporated into the Content of Tanzania Safari Channel = Efficient coordination platforms for NGOs and other stakeholders in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity iii: Integrate international communities in law enforcement and monitoring network = Number of engagements with international communities Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity iv: Identify and map current transit and consumer countries = Identified new and emerging routes and destination Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Activity v: Strengthen collaboration with international law enforcement agencies = Number of engagements with international law enforcement agencies = Number of MoU with other countries law enforcement agencies implemented Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Inter-governmental organizations Action 8: Promote wildlife demand reduction in consumer countries Activity i: Discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of advocacy and awareness campaigns = Efficient coordination platforms for NGOs and other stakeholders in place Year 1 - 5 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Examine the purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition = Changes in purchasing patterns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Action 9: Leverage donor support to combat poaching and illegal wildlife in Tanzania and within Africa Activity i: Encourage consumer States to support efforts towards combating poaching and illegal trade in wildlife products = Number of supports from consumer States = Efficient mechanism for coordinating donor support established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations and Consumer countries Activity ii: Attract donor support to tackle poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of donor support attracted Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations, Development partners The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 39 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 4: Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes Action 10: Promote public awareness about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Identify and define the audience for awareness campaigns = Identified target audience for awareness campaigns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Organize and conduct awareness campaigns to target audience = Number of awareness campaigns = Published materials and engaged dissemination media Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Action 11: Promote advocacy against wildlife crimes Activity i: Identify and define the audience for advocacy campaigns = Number of target audience identified Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Organize and conduct advocacy campaigns to target audience = Number of advocacy campaigns = Number of published materials and dissemination media Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Action 12: Promote demand reduction efforts globally Activity i: Launch public campaigns at source to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns = Poaching incidents and number of trophies seized Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Launch public campaigns at destinations to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations 40 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 4: Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes Action 10: Promote public awareness about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Identify and define the audience for awareness campaigns = Identified target audience for awareness campaigns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Organize and conduct awareness campaigns to target audience = Number of awareness campaigns = Published materials and engaged dissemination media Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Action 11: Promote advocacy against wildlife crimes Activity i: Identify and define the audience for advocacy campaigns = Number of target audience identified Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Organize and conduct advocacy campaigns to target audience = Number of advocacy campaigns = Number of published materials and dissemination media Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Activity iii: Mobilize and sensitize key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of sensitization workshops = Number and affiliation of attendees Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Action 12: Promote demand reduction efforts globally Activity i: Launch public campaigns at source to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns = Poaching incidents and number of trophies seized Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations Activity ii: Launch public campaigns at destinations to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products = Number of campaigns Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Civil society organizations The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 41 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 5: Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Action 13: Enhance research-based decision-making regarding wildlife management and conservation Activity i: Identify priority research areas related with poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Priority research areas identified Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners, COSTECH Activity ii: Support studies on priority areas = Number of studies undertaken on priority areas = Set up scholarships and fees subsidies programmes Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Support research on priority areas = Financing Mechanism for studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade established = Number of research on priority areas supported Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iv: Enhance cooperation with research institutions to design and implement international, regional, sub regional and national research programs = Established MoU with research institutions Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs and Training and Research institutions Activity v: Promote research- based decision-making in guiding practical solutions against poaching, illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wildlife and its products = Number of decisions made based on researches findings Year 2 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Action 14: Harness technology in research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime research = Number of training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Forensic lab established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs & Training and Research Institutions Activity ii: Build capacity on artificial intelligence and forensic science = Number of training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Number of research conducted on artificial intelligence and forensic science Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs & Training and Research Institutions, COSTECH Activity iii: Strengthen research on monitoring of poaching and illegal wildlife trade and improve technology on surveillance = Number of research conducted on monitoring of poaching and IWT Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Research institutions, COSTECH Development partners Activity iv: Develop databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade = Databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Research institutions, NTAP, counterpart wildlife crime Units/task forces Activity v: Promote transparency and data sharing, including the use of existing ones from INTERPOL, WCO, MIKE and ETIS, amongst others = Enhanced transparency and data sharing Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Research institutions, NTAP, counterpart wildlife crime Units/task forces 42 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 5: Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Action 13: Enhance research-based decision-making regarding wildlife management and conservation Activity i: Identify priority research areas related with poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Priority research areas identified Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners, COSTECH Activity ii: Support studies on priority areas = Number of studies undertaken on priority areas = Set up scholarships and fees subsidies programmes Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iii: Support research on priority areas = Financing Mechanism for studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade established = Number of research on priority areas supported Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity iv: Enhance cooperation with research institutions to design and implement international, regional, sub regional and national research programs = Established MoU with research institutions Year 1 - 2 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs and Training and Research institutions Activity v: Promote research- based decision-making in guiding practical solutions against poaching, illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wildlife and its products = Number of decisions made based on researches findings Year 2 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs Action 14: Harness technology in research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Activity i: Promote and support application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime research = Number of training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Forensic lab established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs & Training and Research Institutions Activity ii: Build capacity on artificial intelligence and forensic science = Number of training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences = Number of research conducted on artificial intelligence and forensic science Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, NTAP, TCGs & Training and Research Institutions, COSTECH Activity iii: Strengthen research on monitoring of poaching and illegal wildlife trade and improve technology on surveillance = Number of research conducted on monitoring of poaching and IWT Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, Research institutions, COSTECH Development partners Activity iv: Develop databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade = Databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Research institutions, NTAP, counterpart wildlife crime Units/task forces Activity v: Promote transparency and data sharing, including the use of existing ones from INTERPOL, WCO, MIKE and ETIS, amongst others = Enhanced transparency and data sharing Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Research institutions, NTAP, counterpart wildlife crime Units/task forces The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 43 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 6: Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources Action 15: Empower local communities to pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods Activity i: Create, promote and support alternative livelihoods to poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of alternative sustainable livelihood options Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Activity ii: Manage human wildlife conflicts in order to reduce the cost of living with wildlife = Number of incidents of HWC = Human-Elephant Conflicts mitigation measures in place Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Action 16: Increase involvement and participation of local communities in protection of wildlife resources Activity i: Integrate local communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks = Community intelligence networks established = A toll-free communication system established to report wildlife and crimes = Community members participating directly in wildlife protection activities Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Promote community-based crime prevention approaches = Number of crime prevention approaches established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector Activity iii: Promote conservation of wildlife outside protected areas by promoting private wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade = Number of wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade established = Number of environmentally friendly income generating activities supported Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Activity iv: Provide support to Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) = Capacity building to VGS and Village Natural Resources Committees = Community-based monitoring networks for villagers to report crimes across WMAs Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Civil society organizations, Development partners 44 ACTIVITY VERIFIABLE INDICATOR TIME FRAME FOR THE OUTPUT RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS Strategic Objective 6: Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources Action 15: Empower local communities to pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods Activity i: Create, promote and support alternative livelihoods to poaching and illegal wildlife trade = Number of alternative sustainable livelihood options Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Activity ii: Manage human wildlife conflicts in order to reduce the cost of living with wildlife = Number of incidents of HWC = Human-Elephant Conflicts mitigation measures in place Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Action 16: Increase involvement and participation of local communities in protection of wildlife resources Activity i: Integrate local communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks = Community intelligence networks established = A toll-free communication system established to report wildlife and crimes = Community members participating directly in wildlife protection activities Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Civil society organizations, Development partners Activity ii: Promote community-based crime prevention approaches = Number of crime prevention approaches established Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector Activity iii: Promote conservation of wildlife outside protected areas by promoting private wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade = Number of wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade established = Number of environmentally friendly income generating activities supported Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Local communities, Civil society organizations, Private sector, Development partners Activity iv: Provide support to Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) = Capacity building to VGS and Village Natural Resources Committees = Community-based monitoring networks for villagers to report crimes across WMAs Year 1 - 10 GoT, MNRT, WFCS, Civil society organizations, Development partners The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 45 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements Outcome Indicator 1: Capacity building of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs to enforce laws 1: Appropriate tools, equipment, field gears and technology in place 1: Provision of appropriate tools, equipment, field operational gears, and appropriate technology to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs 13,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Financial support secured 2: Provision of financial support to WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs 30,150,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Training on weak areas conducted 3: Provision of appropriate training to law enforcement personnel of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs 2,640,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Number of personnel deployed against strategic locations 5: Joint Control at Exit points (Ports, Airports, border points) established 6: Enhanced shipping documents interpretation capacities at strategic border points 4: Deploying appropriate law enforcement personnel in strategic locations to detect smuggled wildlife products at entry and exit points 2,500,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 7: Number of sensitization workshops organized 8: Number of convictions (conviction rates) 9: Severity of crime and sentence matched (severity of sentencing) 5: Establishing a cooperative spirit among investigators, prosecutors and the judiciary to reduce wildlife crimes in Tanzania 2,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 10: Forensic Lab at TAWIRI and DNA database established 11: Training on forensic wildlife crime conducted 6: Facilitating forensic investigation of wildlife crime 8,800,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 12: Training on investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime and related offences (fraud, money laundering, corruption, asset tracing and forfeiture of criminal assets) conducted 7: Facilitating proceeds-flow investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime 990,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 13: The MNRT, WFCS, and IUCN target for the number of rangers considered 8: Increase the number of rangers based on the needs of a particular wildlife protected area 2,820,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 14: Legal frameworks reviewed and updated 9: Conducting regular review and update of legal frameworks to effectively address poaching and illegal wildlife trade 660,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector ANNEX 2: FINANCIAL COST FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAPS 2023-2033 46 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Outcome Indicator 2: Enhanced multi-agency approach in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Number of joint operations involved 1: Joint efforts to address wildlife crimes 5,300,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of multi-agency operations involved 2: Supporting and engaging in multinational wildlife trafficking enforcement operations 7,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of training and recruitment 3: Recruiting wildlife crime analysts 2,640,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Number of training and recruitment 4: Recruiting more wildlife crime prosecutors 2,640,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 5: Case outcomes (conviction rates and severity of sentencing) 5: Maintaining engagement with Prosecutors and awareness-raising with the Judiciary 1,100,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 3: Improved welfare of enforcement personnel 1: Salary increase 1: Providing improved salaries to enforcement personnel 4,800,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Improved allowances 2: Providing improved allowances to enforcement personnel 2,400,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Improved housing and medical cover 3: Providing housing and medical cover to enforcement personnel 4,640,000 Outcome Indicator 4: Enhanced application of technology to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology introduced 1: Supporting the introduction and use of Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology to Rangers and VGS 1,550,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences enhanced 2: Promoting and supporting application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime 3,300,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: A national database on wildlife crime established 3: Digitization of wildlife crime records to facilitate quicker and efficient information sharing among law enforcement agencies in the country 4,400,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 1: USD 103,930,000 The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 47 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 2: Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade Outcome Indicator 1: Enhanced international cooperation in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Numbers of engagement with international partners 1: Identifying and engaging with international partners working to address poaching and illegal wildlife trade 2,600,000 GoT, Development partners, Inter governmental organizations, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of information shared and received 2: Exchange and share information and intelligence between enforcement agencies using platform such as EAC and SADC TWIX 770,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of existing regional and international initiatives 3: Facilitating the establishment of synergies with existing regional and international initiatives in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade 650,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Extent of implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements 4: Continue implementing bilateral and multilateral agreements such as SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition 1,320,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 2: Enhanced work relations with international law enforcement agencies 1: Number of engagement with counterparts and international law enforcement agencies involved 1: Engaging with counterpart wildlife crime Units/task forces and international law enforcement agencies to benefit from their technical expertise and network 820,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of joint operations with international law enforcement agencies involved 2: Enhancing joint field security operations between wildlife law enforcement authorities at the national and international levels 8,900,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 2: USD 15,060,000 48 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 3: Engaging with consumer States Outcome Indicator 1: Engagement with consumer States 1: Number of engagement with transit and consumer States 2: Number of Bilateral and Multilateral agreements 1: Building partnerships with transit and consumer countries to reduce domestic demand for illegally traded wildlife products 1,600,000 GoT, Development partners, Inter governmental organizations, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Changes in purchasing patterns 4: Poaching and IWT incorporated into the Content of Tanzania Safari Channel 5: Efficient coordination of NGOs and other stakeholders in place 2: Raising public awareness about the impacts of wildlife trafficking on species, the environment, security, and the economy 670,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 6: Number of engagements with international communities 3: Integrating international communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks 550,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 7: Identified new and emerging routes and destination 4: Activity iv: Identifying and mapping current transit and consumer countries 450,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 8: Number of engagements with international law enforcement agencies 9: Number of MoU with other countries law enforcement agencies 5: Strengthening collaboration with international law enforcement agencies 550,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 2: Wildlife demand reduction in consumer countries 1: Number of advocacy and awareness campaigns 1: Discouraging the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products 1,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Changes in purchasing patterns 2: Examining purchasing patterns in a context broader than personal desire or cultural tradition 800,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 3: Donor support to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Number of donors engaged 2: Efficient mechanism for coordinating donor support established 1: Encouraging consumer States to support efforts towards combating poaching and illegal trade in wildlife products 200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of donor support attracted 2: Attracting donor support to tackle poaching and illegal wildlife trade 150,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 3: USD 5,970,000 The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 49 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 4: Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes Outcome Indicator 1: Enhanced public awareness about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Identified target audience for awareness campaigns 1: Identifying and defining the audience for awareness campaigns 100,000 GoT, Development partners, Inter governmental organizations, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of awareness campaigns 2: Organizing and conducting awareness campaigns to target audience 900,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of sensitization workshops 4: Number and affiliation of attendees 3: Mobilizing and sensitizing key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 2: Advocacy against wildlife crimes 1: Identified target audience for advocacy campaigns 1: Identifying and defining the audience for advocacy campaigns 100,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of advocacy campaigns 3: Publishing materials and dissemination media 2: Organizing and conducting advocacy campaigns to target audience 1,500,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Number of sensitization workshops 5: Number and affiliation of attendees 3: Mobilizing and sensitizing key stakeholders about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 3: Wildlife demand reduction globally 1: Number of campaigns 2: Poaching incidents and number of trophies seized 1: Launching public campaigns at source to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products 700,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of campaigns 4: Changes in purchasing patterns 2: Launching public campaigns at destinations to discourage the sale and purchase of illegally traded wildlife products 3,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 4: USD 8,700,000 50 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 5: Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade Outcome Indicator 1: Research based decision-making regarding wildlife management and conservation 1: Priority research areas identified 1: Identifying priority research areas related with poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of studies undertaken on priority areas 3: Set-up scholarships and fees subsidies programmes 2: Supporting studies on priority areas 10,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Set-up special fund for studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 5: Number of research on priority areas supported 3: Supporting research on priority areas 10,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 6: Established MoU with research institutions 4: Enhancing collaboration with research institutions to design and implement international, regional, sub-regional and national research programs 2,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 7: Adoption and integration of research findings into actions 5: Promoting research- based decision-making in guiding practical solutions against poaching, illegal wildlife trade and trafficking of wildlife and its products 1,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 2: Application of technology in research regarding poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences 2: Establishment of forensic lab 1: Promoting and supporting application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences in wildlife crime research 2,640,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 3: Number of trainings on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences 4: Number of research conducted on artificial intelligence and forensic science 2: Building capacity on artificial intelligence and forensic science 1,500,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 5: Number of research conducted on monitoring of poaching and IWT 3: Strengthening research on monitoring of poaching and illegal wildlife trade and improve technology on surveillance 2,150,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 6: Databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade established 4: Developing databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade 1,200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 7: Enhanced transparency and data sharing 5: Promoting transparency and data sharing, including the use of existing ones from INTERPOL, WCO, MIKE and ETIS, amongst others 100,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 5: USD 27,594,000 The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 51 OUTPUTS/VERIFIABLE INDICATORS ACTIVITIES INDICATIVE BUDGET (US$) POTENTIAL FUNDING AGENCIES Strategic Objective 6: Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources Outcome Indicator 1: Local communities empowered to pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods 1: Number of alternative sustainable livelihood options 1: Creating, promoting and supporting alternative livelihoods to poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 2: Number of incidents of HWC 3: Human-Elephant Conflicts mitigation measures in place 2: Managing human wildlife conflicts in order to reduce the cost of living with wildlife 1,000,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Outcome Indicator 2: Increased involvement and participation of local communities in protection of wildlife 1: Community intelligence networks established 2: A toll free communication system established to report wildlife and crimes 3: Members participating directly in wildlife protection activities 1: Integrating local communities in law enforcement and monitoring networks 350,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 4: Number of crime prevention approaches established 2: Promoting community-based crime prevention approaches 200,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 5: Number of wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade established 6: Number of environmentally friendly income generating activities supported 3: Promoting conservation of wildlife outside protected areas by promoting private wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade 1,500,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector 7: Capacity building to VGS and Village Natural Resources Committees 8: Community-based monitoring networks for villagers to report crimes across WMAs 4: Providing support to Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) 1,150,000 GoT, Development partners, NGOs, and the Private sector Budget sub-total for Strategic Objective 6: USD 5,200,000 TOTAL STRATEGY BUDGET: USD 166,454,000 52 VERIFIABLE INDICATORS OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE SOURCE OF INFO or MEANS OF VERIFICATION Strategic Objective 1: Strengthening capacity to enforce national laws and implement bilateral and multilateral agreements 1: Appropriate tools, equipment, field gears and technology in place 2: Financial support secured 3: Training on weak areas conducted 4: Number of personnel deployed against strategic locations 5: Joint Control at Exit points (Ports, Airports, border points) established 6: Enhanced shipping documents interpretation capacities at strategic border points 7: Number of sensitization workshops organized 8: Number of convictions (conviction rates) 9: Severity of crime and sentence matched (severity of sentencing) 10: Forensic Lab at TAWIRI and DNA database established 11: Training on forensic wildlife crime conducted 12: Training on investigations and prosecution of wildlife crime and related offences (fraud, money laundering, corruption, asset tracing and forfeiture of criminal assets) conducted 13: The MNRT, WFCS, and IUCN target for the number of rangers considered 14: Legal frameworks reviewed and updated Capacity building of WFCS, NTAP, and TCGs to enforce laws E Annual progress reports E Survey reports E Judicial proceedings reports 15: Number of joint operations involved 16: Number of multi-agency operations involved 17: Number of training and recruitment 18: Number of training and recruitment 19: Case outcomes (conviction rates and severity of sentencing) Enhanced multi agency approach in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade E Law enforcement and arrest records E Conviction reports 20: Salary increase 21: Improved allowances 22: Improved housing and medical cover Improved welfare of enforcement personnel 23: Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool technology introduced 24: Application of Artificial Intelligence and forensic sciences enhanced 25: A national database on wildlife crime established Enhanced application of technology to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade ANNEX 3: PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR NAPS 2023-2033 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK The National Anti-Poaching Strategy (2023-2033)Tanzania Annexes 53 VERIFIABLE INDICATORS OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE SOURCE OF INFO or MEANS OF VERIFICATION Strategic Objective 2: Strengthening international collaboration in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Numbers of engagement with international partners 2: Number of information shared and received 3: Number of existing regional and international initiatives 4: Extent of implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements such as SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition Enhance international cooperation in fighting poaching and illegal wildlife trade E Implementation reports 5: Number of engagement with counterparts and international law enforcement agencies involved 6: Number of joint operations with international law enforcement agencies involved Strengthen work relations with international law enforcement agencies Strategic Objective 3: Engaging with consumer States 1: Number of engagement with transit and consumer States 2: Number of Bilateral and Multilateral agreements 3: Changes in purchasing patterns 4: Poaching and IWT incorporated into the Content of Tanzania Safari Channel 5: Efficient coordination of NGOs and other stakeholders in place 6: Number of engagements with international communities 7: Identified new and emerging routes and destination 8: Number of engagements with international law enforcement agencies 9: Number of MoU with other countries law enforcement agencies Engagement with consumer States E Implementation reports E Survey reports 10: Number of advocacy and awareness campaigns 11: Changes in purchasing patterns Wildlife demand reduction in consumer countries 12: Number of donors engaged 13: Efficient mechanism for coordinating donor support established 14: Number of donor support attracted Donor support to combat poaching and illegal wildlife trade 54 VERIFIABLE INDICATORS OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE SOURCE OF INFO or MEANS OF VERIFICATION Strategic Objective 4: Enhancing advocacy and public awareness of wildlife crimes 1: Identified target audience for awareness campaigns 2: Number of awareness campaigns 3: Number of sensitization workshops 4: Number and affiliation of attendees Public awareness about the value of wildlife and the impact of poaching and illegal wildlife trade E Implementation reports E Survey reports 5: Identified target audience for advocacy campaigns 6: Number of advocacy campaigns 7: Publishing materials and dissemination media 8: Number of sensitization workshops 9: Number and affiliation of attendees Advocacy against wildlife crimes 10: Number of campaigns 11: Poaching incidents and number of trophies seized 12: Number of campaigns 13: Changes in purchasing patterns Wildlife demand reduction globally Strategic Objective 5: Promoting studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 1: Priority research areas identified 2: Number of studies undertaken on priority areas 3: Set-up scholarships and fees subsidies programmes 4: Set-up special fund for studies and research on poaching and illegal wildlife trade 5: Number of research on priority areas supported 6: Established MoU with research institutions 7: Adoption and integration of research findings into actions Research based decision-making regarding wildlife management and conservation E Implementation reports 8: Training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences 9: Establishment of forensic lab 10: Number of training on artificial intelligence and forensic sciences 11: Number of research conducted on artificial intelligence and forensic science 12: Number of research conducted on monitoring of poaching and IWT 13: Databases, monitoring systems and observatories on illegal wildlife trade established 14: Enhanced transparency and data sharing Application of technology in research regarding poaching and illegal wildlife trade 55 VERIFIABLE INDICATORS OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE SOURCE OF INFO or MEANS OF VERIFICATION Strategic Objective 6: Supporting community engagement in conservation and sustainable management of wildlife resources 1: Number of alternative sustainable livelihood options 2: Number of incidents of HWC 3: Human-Elephant Conflicts mitigation measures in place Local communities empowered to pursue alternative sustainable livelihoods E Implementation reports E Survey reports 4: Community intelligence networks established 5: A toll free communication system established to report wildlife and crimes 6: Members participating directly in wildlife protection activities 7: Number of crime prevention approaches established 8: Number of wildlife farming, wildlife ranching, wildlife zoos, and game meat trade established 9: Number of environmentally friendly income generating activities supported 10: Capacity building to VGS and Village Natural Resources Committees 11: Community-based monitoring networks for villagers to report crimes across WMAs Increased involvement and participation of local communities in protection of wildlife E Law enforcement and arrest records E E Wildlife crime reports 56 57 For more information, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Government City - Mtumba, Prime Minister's Street, P.O.Box 1351 40472 Dodoma, Tanzania. ps@ maliasili.go.tz | dw@ maliasili.go.tz www.maliasili.go.tz