National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor

1.1 RATIONALE FOR THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOR 1 2 THE CONTEXT OF CHILD LABOR IN TANZANIA 2 2.1 DEFINITION OF A CHILD, CHILD LABOR AND WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR 2

2.1.1 DEFINITION OF A CHILD 2 2.1.2 DEFINITION OF CHILD LABOR AND WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR 2

2.1.3 INCIDENCE OF CHILD LABOR 4 3 CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR IN THE COUNTRY: AN ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM AREAS 5

3.1 POVERTY AND INADEQUACIES IN SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURES 5

3.1.1 POVERTY AND ECONOMIC CAPACITY BUILDING 5

3.1.2 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 5

3.2.3 MEASURES TO IMPROVE EMPLOYMENT 5

3.1.4 WEAK CAPACITY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL POLICY 6

3.2 WEAK ENFORCEMENT OF THE EXISTING LABOR LAWS 7 3.3 INADEQUATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RELEVANT POLICIES RELATED TO CHILD PROTECTION 8 3.4 AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO QUALITY AND RELEVANT EDUCATION 10

3.5 SOCIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES 11

3.6 CHILD TRAFFICKING 12 4 NATIONAL RESPONSES TO CHILD LABOR 14 ii

4.1 RATIFICATION OF CONVENTIONS 14 4.2 LAUNCHING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TIME BOUND PROGRAMME (TBP) 14

4.2 OTHER INITIATIVES 15 5 PROCESS FOLLOWED IN DEVELOPING THE NPA 16 6 KEY ISSUES ADDRESSED, OBJECTIVES AND AGREED ACTIONS 16

6.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVES 17 KEY ISSUE 1: POVERTY ALLEVIATION 19 OBJECTIVE 1.1 19 OBJECTIVE 1.2 21 KEY ISSUE 2: LEGAL FRAMEWORK 21 OBJECTIVE 2 21 KEY ISSUE 3: SOCIAL PROTECTION AND RELATED CHILD LABOR POLICY ISSUES AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 22 OBJECTIVE 3.1 22 OBJECTIVE 3.2 23 KEY ISSUE 4: AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, QUALITY AND RELEVANCE OF EDUCATION 24 OBJECTIVE 4.2 25 OBJECTIVE 4.3 26 KEY ISSUE 5: WITHDRAWAL, REHABILITATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION 26 OBJECTIVE 5.1 26 OBJECTIVE 5.2 27 KEY ISSUE 6: CHILD TRAFFICKING 27 OBJECTIVE 6 27 KEY ISSUE 7: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 28 iii OBJECTIVE 7 28 KEY ISSUE 8: SECURING STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT AND ENSURING THE NAP IS IMPLEMENTED 29 OBJECTIVE 8 29 LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX 30 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 45 A) INDICATORS AT NATIONAL LEVEL 45 B) DISTRICT AND COMMUNITY INDICATORS 45 iv Abbreviations ATE = Association of Tanzania Employers BOT = Bank of Tanzania CL = Child Labor CLMS = Child Labor Monitoring System CLU = Child Labour Unit CRC = Child Rights Convention CSOs = Civil Society Organizations FBOs = Faith Based Organizations GSESP = Girls Secondary Education Support Project ILO = International Labour Organisation IPEC = International Programme on the Elimination of child Labour ISW = Institute of Social Work KIWOHEDE = Kiota Women Health and Development Organization LGAs = Local Government Authorities MCDGC = Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children MDAs = Ministries, Departments and Agencies MDGs = Millennium Development Goals MKUKUTA = Mkakati wa Kuondoa Umasikini Tanzania MoLEYD = Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development NISCC = National Inter-Sectoral Coordination Committee NAP = National Action Plan NSGRP = National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty PEDP = Primary Education Development Program PMO = Prime Minster’s Office PSW = Para-Social-Workers. PRSP = Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RALG = Regional Administration and Local Government REPOA = Research on Poverty Alleviation SEDP = Secondary Education Development Program SMEs = Small and Medium Enterprises SVSDA = Strategy for Vocational Skills Development in Agriculture TBP = time Bound Programme v TEACH = Win rock international/Tanzania Education Alternatives for Children TUCTA = Trade Union Congress of Tanzania UNICEF = United Nations Children Funds UTSP = Urambo Tobacco Sector Project VETA = Vocational Education Training Authority WFCL = Worst Forms of Child Labor vi Preface and Acknowledgement Preface This plan of action has been designed for use in the prevention and responses to worst forms of child labor in the country. The worst forms of child labour constitute exploitation and gross violations of human rights for boys and girls, with detrimental physical, emotional and mental consequences to the child. Exploitation and gross violation of human rights takes place at the household level, community level, in institutions and in enterprises. WFCL prevention efforts and responses must therefore be directed at addressing socioeconomic issues at the households’ and community levels, and in institutions and enterprises. Besides, power to prevent and influence responses against WFCL would require mainstreaming and designing policies and legislations and procedures that provides for mandated responses by both designated public or state agencies and the non-state stakeholders. Stakeholders have identified issues and interventions that would address WFCL labor problems at all levels. The plan of action is therefore intended for all stakeholders, including the WFCL target group i.e. children under the age of 18. Collaborative participation in the implementation of this action plan is therefore crucial for best results. Acknowledgement This is a product of stakeholders involved in the prevention and responses to eliminate worst forms child labor in Tanzania. Our indebtedness and gratitude to many individuals and organizations, particularly the ILO, who have tirelessly provided resources in terms of time, human and financial resources that enabled to shape this National Action Plan (NAP), cannot be adequately be conveyed in a few words. We would like to thank Mr. Yaw Ofosu, Mr. William Mllya and Noreen Toroka from the ILO for their technical support. Their inputs have strengthened the NAP. We also would like to thank Dr. Robert Mhamba of the Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam for the technical input and for leading the NAP designing process. We are also very appreciative of the advice, criticisms, and suggestions from Mr. Nestory Mloka, Coordinator of Child Labor in the Ministry of labor, Youth Development and Sports, and from the many reviewers, both from the government and from the non-state organizations, who provided detailed and insightful comments that contributed to the good state of the NAP. Specifically we would like to acknowledge the inputs from WINROCK International, The Trade Union Congress of Tanzania (TUCTA) and the Association of Tanzania Employers (ATE). We also would like to acknowledge the enthusiastic support we received from the NAP Task Force Committee from the beginning of the NAP development process to the final stage. vii Foreword The prevention and response against Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL), have become one of the critical challenges in the country towards the realization of the international, and national objectives of ensuring the rights of the child as enshrined in the ILO Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (No. 182), the Child Rights Convention (CRC). Persistent poverty, HIV and AIDS and the spillover effects in our economy, of the global economic downturn, following the credit-crunch in the USA and in the Western Europe Countries, have compounded the challenges of elimination of WFCL. The realization of the rights of the child and the elimination of WFCL requires advancement of the social development agenda to protect, and restore children’s dignity and well being of children by creating new openings to help fulfill children’s rights to survival, development, and protection. This requires collective effort from government, business sector, civil society and the strengthening of community responses. This is the cornerstone of this Plan of Action for the Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labor in Tanzania. To this end we will continue to foster inter-governmental cooperation and also enlist the support of donors and of both local and international development agencies and Civil Society Organization (CSOs). These partnerships will ensure that policies and plans are being translated into realities that will benefit orphans and vulnerable children in their communities. The Plan of Action reflects the collective commitment of government, faith-based organizations, community-based organizations, civil society and the business sector and serve as a guiding tool to the prevention, and responses to the elimination of WFCL in Tanzania. It seeks to reinforce the existing commitments and efforts to create a supportive and enabling environment for our children’s rights to survival, development and protection by putting in place a framework for preventing and responding to WFCL. Minister, Ministry of Labor, Youth Development and Sports Tanzania Government viii 1 Background

1.1 Rationale for the National Action Plan for the Elimination of Child Labor The ILO (2006) Global Report shows a modest decrease in child labor and children in hazardous work in sub Sahara African (SSA) countries despite years of global consensus to tackle and eliminate the worst forms of child labor as a main priority for national and international action. Besides the persistence of child labor and children in hazardous work in sub Sahara African (SSA) countries, the rationale for the national action plan (NAP) for the elimination of worst forms of child labor is therefore in response to the need for a global action plan to reach the target of eliminating WFCL by 2016 and the African Union pledge which targets at elimination of WFCL in Africa by 2015. Furthermore, Tanzania is a signatory to the of the UN Conventions including the UNICEF’s Child Rights Convention (CRC), the ILO Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (No. 182). In order to show progress in the elimination of WFCL, immediate and effective measures have to be undertaken. The NAP becomes a critical guiding tool towards this end. Tanzania’s National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) targets elimination of worst of child labor as one of the important measures to tackle poverty. The country’s new labor law i.e. the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 (Part Two, Sub Part A Section 5), and the 2008 Child Development Policy are also part of the interventions designed among others, to tackle the worst forms of child labor in the country. These instruments are intended to enable Tanzania move from ratification of the international conventions to country legislative, policy and practical programmatic interventions. The National Action Plan for the elimination of Child Labor in Tanzania therefore geared towards enabling the country fulfill its commitments to both the international community and to the Tanzania citizens particularly the children. 1 2 The Context of Child Labor in Tanzania

2.1 Definition of A Child, Child Labor and Worst Forms of Child Labor

2.1.1 Definition of a Child Different definitions of a child a provided in Tanzania’s statutes range from children under the age of 12 to 18.1 The definition of a “Child” in this NPA is guided by the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 (Part Two, Sub Part A Section 5), and the 2008 Child Policy, which recognizes any person under the age 18 as a child and prohibits employment of a person who is under 15 years and also prohibits employment of a person under 18 in hazardous jobs and working conditions, inline with the CRC, and the ILO Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (No. 182).

2.1.2 Definition of Child Labor and Worst Forms of Child Labor Not all work done by children should be classified as child labor that is to be targeted for elimination. Children or adolescents’ participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling is generally regarded as being something positive. This includes activities such as helping their parents around the home, assisting in a family business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays. These kinds of activities contribute to children’s development and to the welfare of their families; they provide them with skills and experience, and help to prepare them to be productive members of society during their adult life. The ILO makes a distinction between economically active children, child labor and children in hazardous work. These categories are as follows: i. “Economic Activity” is a broad concept that encompasses most productive activities undertaken by children, whether for the market or not, paid or unpaid, for a few hours or full time, on a casual or regular basis, legal or illegal; it excludes chores undertaken in the child’s own household and schooling. To be counted economically active, a child must have worked for at least one hour on any day during the seven-day reference period“ Economically active children” is a statistical rather than a legal notion. ii. “Child Labor” is a narrower concept than children aged 12 year and older who are working only a few hours a week in permitted light work and those aged 15 years and above whose work is not classified as “hazardous” iii. “Hazardous work” by children is any activity or occupation that, by its nature or type, has or lead to adverse effects on the child’s safety, health (physical or mental) and moral development. Hazards could also drive from excessive workload, physical conditions of work, and/or work intensity in terms of the duration of hours of work even where the activity or occupation is known to be non-hazardous or “safe”. The list of such type of work must be determined at the national level after tripartite consultation. 1 The Sexual Offenses Special Provisions Act that considers sex with a female person below the age of 18 years as rape has the rider that it is allowed if the man is legally married to the child. The Penal Code states that a child has criminal capacity at the age of 12 years. For example the Criminal Procedure Act defines as child as a person who has not attained the age of 16 years, while the Employment Ordinance defines a child as a person less than 15 years. The Marriage Act of 1971 sets a different marriage age limit for girls and boys. Boys must wait until they reach 18 years while the age limit for girls is 15 years. 2 Hazardous Child labor Keeps Children out of school 3

2.1.3 Incidence of Child Labor Exploitation through child labor exists in the country. Child labor in Tanzania is a problem that is found at the household level, community level and in all sectors of the national economy both in rural and urban areas. The most common area where children are engaged in child labor in the country includes the following: Households: Working in subsistence agriculture Household Chores Domestic Workers Working in family enterprises Commercial Agriculture: Working in commercial agriculture, especially in the tea, coffee and Tobacco plantations Urban area: (Most of the illicit activities and informal sector business) Working in Commercial Sex Hawkers and street vending Bagging Drug Trafficking Industries Mining Areas and in the Fishing industry The Integrated Labor Force Survey, 2006, shows that (18.4%) or 2 out 10 children aged 5-17 years in Tanzania were in hazardous child labor. Boys are more likely (20.7%) than girls to be engaged in hazardous child labor. Boys aged 14-17 years are more likely (29.5%) than girls (24.6%) to be engaged in hazardous child labor. Children in rural areas are more likely to be engaged in hazardous labor than those in urban areas (22.7% and 5.6%) respectively. Most children are engage in some economic and housekeeping work. Domestic chores, caring for younger children agriculture, contribute to the household economy and are considered by adults to be part of growing up, but are not employment in the standard definition of the term2. Girls (90%) do more housework, than boys (82%.) Rates are similar for boys and girls in agriculture, at around 62% and this can become child labor when the housekeeping hours are added to the ‘economic’ hours. Child labor is more common among the rural children (24.8%,) compared to urban children (7.6%). Farming and domestic work can be hazardous: 38.3% of working girls in Tanzania frequently or sometimes carry heavy loads, compared to 36.4% of working boys. The gender profile for Tanzania shows that girls are particularly vulnerable as commercial sex worker and domestic workers.3 Rural children are enticed to go to work in urban areas with the promises of a better life, but end up as domestic workers or sex workers. Due to impact of poverty and HIV and AIDS a girl child faces increased risks for entering into the trans- generational vicious cycles of poverty—HIV and AIDS—Child Abuse, Violence and Exploitation. 2 NBS 2007 3 Tanzania Gender Networking Programme and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2006, Gender Profile of Tanzania: Enhancing Gender Equity 4 3 Causes of Child labor in the Country: An Analysis of Problem Areas

3.1 Poverty and Inadequacies in Social Protection Measures

3.1.1 Poverty and Economic Capacity Building Child labor in Tanzania is partly driven by higher incidence of poverty coupled with low or inadequate social protection measures. Tanzania has achieved significant successes in universal education, gender equality in primary and secondary education and reduction in child mortality. Encouraging progress has been made in attaining targets for safe water for drinking and sanitation. Improved network and performance of health facilities and water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the country has contributed to the positive results in addressing generalized social insecurity and vulnerability and associated risks. The 2007 Poverty and Human Development Report show growth has increased steadily since 1993. Consistent with the overall growth trend, sectoral growth rates have been slow with only slight fluctuations indicating modest structural change. Besides, the incidence of poverty has slightly but smoothly declined since 2000/01. Trends show fluctuation in per capita household consumption and an overall lower decline in poverty to about 25% by 2007.4

3.1.2 Employment Generation and Social Inclusion Adult unemployment is also one of the major determinants of child labor in the country. The Tanzania government is committed to reduce unemployment rate, which was 13% in Tanzania Mainland as per data of 2000/01. The Tanzanian Millennium Development Goals Implementation Report December 2006 indicated that unemployment rate declined from 12.9 percent in 2005 to 11 percent in year 2006. The development of the society also depends on equal participation of both young men and women, and the disadvantaged people. Though youth unemployment is one of the identified social problems for policy response, however, at the practical level, little is done to meet this challenge by the central government apart from development of policies. Some efforts to provide loans and to build capacities for the establishment of economic cooperatives are undertaken in almost all local governments albeit at a small scale. Strategic interventions to reach the youth and the disadvantaged people are crucial in the elimination of WFCL. In addition, the Government is in the process of establishing Women Development Bank in order to empower women access to affordable credit for establishing micro-economic activities. Extension of such a facility to serve the employment needs of youth will be an important step towards addressing youth unemployment.

3.2.3 Measures to improve employment Tanzania has introduced an employment creation program, which has four program components: i. stimulating and facilitating private investment in the private sector enterprises of all sizes -micro, small, medium and large enterprises; 4These results are from a simulation exercise and should be viewed as tentative only and data from the HBS 2007 must be analyzed before drawing any conclusions 5 ii. public investments in the form of public investment programs on their own or in partnership with the private sector; iii. human resource development in the form of knowledge and skill development; and iv. Institutional capacity development that is appropriate for managing a functioning labor market. v. Tanzania encourages local government authorities (LGAs) to attract investors and employment in their localities by creating an enabling environment for investors. LGAs are encouraged to allocate land for investors, construct service roads and provide basic service for investors to operate smoothly. Other measures include the Mini Tiger 2020 Plan with the aim to increasing the rate of economic growth and the per capita income including job opportunities. In addition, the Government of Tanzania has developed a policy of empowerment of Tanzanians to enable them participate in various economic activities. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are being guaranteed by the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) when they seek loans from financial institutions as part of the programs to promote entrepreneurship.

3.1.4 Weak Capacity in the Implementation of Social Policy The incidence of child labor is also determined by inadequacies in the existing measures for prevention and response to child labor driven by poverty and vulnerabilities to impoverishment. National policies in Tanzania are categorized into three tiers, viz. long-term national development strategy (Vision 2025), medium-term national poverty reduction strategy and specific sector or cross sector policies. Vision 2025 aims at transforming Tanzania from a least developed country to a middle-income country with a high level of human development, free from abject poverty by 2025. It further aims at transforming a predominantly low productivity agricultural economy to a semi-industrial economy with modernized and high productivity agriculture. Child poverty, which is the deprivation of a range of both material and social supports and services that are considered essential to ensure children’s well-being is inadequately addressed in the implementation of the existing policies. In essence, social protection measures, must take into consideration the multi-dimensional and interrelated nature of child poverty and vulnerability. This includes addressing issues of social exclusion, which are currently not adequately addressed by the existing social insurance measures through the provision of the unconditional cash and in- kind transfers to the Most Vulnerable Children (MVC) and their caregivers. Social policy and provisioning in Tanzania does not address inequalities and enhance access to basic services of all children and adolescents; mitigation of poverty on families; strengthening of families in their child care role; and providing special services to children who live outside a family environment. This is mainly due to the fact social provisioning is not statutory guaranteed. Another important constraints in the implementation of the implied social policy in the Vision 2025, the MKUKUTA, and the sectoral policies is weak capacity of the public sector in addressing social insecurity, mainly due to inadequate human and financial resources. 6

3.2 Weak Enforcement of the Existing Labor Laws Inadequate enforcement of the Labor Laws is another critical factor. There are two types of labor laws in Tanzania. One is the labor law and work relationship and the second is the law establishing instruments, organs for dealing with labor related issues. According to the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 (Part Two, Sub Part A Section 5), child labor is prohibited as follows: 1) No person may employ a child under the age of 14 years 2) A child of 14 years of age may only be employed to do light work 3) A child under 18 years of age shall not be employed in a mine, a factory or as a crew in the ship. For the purpose of this subsection, “Ship” includes a vessel of any description used for navigation. 4) No person shall employ a child in employment: a) That is inappropriate for a person of that age b) That places at risk the child’s-wellbeing, education, physical or mental health, or spiritual, moral or social development 5) Not withstanding subsection (3), any written law regulating training may permit a child under the age of 18 to work: a) On board of a training ship as part of the child’s training b) In a factory or a mine if that work is part of the child’s training 6) The Minister may make regulations to prohibit, or place conditions on, the employment of children under 18 years of age. 7) It is an offense for any person: a) To employ a child in contravention of this section b) To procure a child for employment in contravention of this section 8) In any proceedings under this section, if the age of the child is an in issue, it is for the person employing or procuring the child for employment to prove that it was reasonable to believe, after investigation, that the child was not underage for the purpose of this section. The inadequate enforcement of this law is due to the following factors: Inadequate human resources especially the quantity of labor officers both at National and District or Local Government levels. Weak capacity to investigate, and prosecute cases of child labor due to the fraudulent nature of the process, and due to inadequacy among the labor officers in understanding their responsibilities. In practice, it is often than note that the responsibility to investigate and prosecute child labor issues, are left to the police department Inadequate awareness of the provisions in the law with regard to child labor among the law enforcers, policy makers and other civil servants in the different government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) Inadequate awareness and understanding at the community level, about the existence of the law in the first place, and about the specific provision in the law with regard to child labor, in the second place. 7

3.3 Inadequate Implementation of the Relevant Policies related to Child Protection The policies with important implications to child labor includes the two i.e. 1996 and 2008 Child Development Policies and the Education and Training Policy 1) The 1996 Child development policy recognizes the rights of the child to nutrition, health and shelter, education, safety and protection against discrimination. Shortcomings with regard to addressing child labor issues includes the following: Child Labor issues in this policy were not very specifically mainstreamed though they were implied in the provisions. This weakened the effect of the policy in addressing child labor issues Inadequate awareness of the policy among the practitioners in the various Ministries, Departments and Agencies at the National level as well as the various actors in the local government departments and among the councilors and the general citizenly. 2) The 2008 Child Development provides for the elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) and it gives other provisions that have indirect implication for the elimination of child labor. With regard to the elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labor the policy provides the following: To have in place procedures that will ensure that children the worst forms of child labor are prevented and ultimately eradicated in accordance with the International Labor Organization (ILO) conversion. The government to put in place processes and procedures that will ensure that the law pertaining to child labor are made known to the citizens and are effectively enforced The local governments to design and implement Bylaws geared towards eradication of child labor at all levels of the local government authority Other provision in the 2008 Child labor with indirect implication on the elimination of child labor includes: Provisions related to right to life constitutes: o The right to survival provision requires raising awareness among the citizens on prenatal and antenatal health care; including involving men and prevention of abortion o Early Childhood Development provision requires raising awareness among citizens on issues of child nutrition and proper child up-bringing for good child development The right for being developed includes provisions for o Protecting children against the influence of the information communication technology and globalization, which are considered as main causes of immoral decay among the children. Policy interventions includes: o Identifying and developing children with special talents. Specific provision in this area includes government to collaborate with stakeholders to institute a procedure for identification of special talents and developing them. In collaboration with no-state actors, enabling children to undertake skills development training o Addressing the existing gap between urban and rural areas in 8 terms of provision and quality of essential services. The policy requires addressing this problem through government collaborating with stakeholders to strengthen provision of essential services in the communities. Furthermore, the central and local governments to ensure special sports grounds for children in both urban and rural areas are provided Issues with regard to the implementation of the new Child Development Policy includes the following: The policy provides adequate treatment of the worst forms of child labor but inadequately deals with issues of child labor. There is inadequate distinction between child labor and west forms of child labor Inadequate mainstreaming of the new child policy into the government (both at the central and local government level) strategic plans and budget guidelines due to the following reasons: This is a new policy and it has not yet been widely disseminated within the relevant government MDAs at the central and local government levels The policy is coming at a time when all MDAs have already developed their strategic plans inline with the implementation of the MKUKUTA targets Weak mainstreaming of the child policy issues generally and specifically child labor issues in the budget guidelines provided by the government to the relevant sectors. Consequently child labor interventions are not adequately included in the budgets of the relevant sectoral ministries. The policy is also not widely disseminated to the non-state actors including the private sector and the non-profit organization i.e. civil society organization (CSOs) and faith based organizations (FBOs). Because of this, the contribution of these stakeholders to the realization of the policy objectives is still weak. 3) Issues with regard to the implementation of the Education policy includes the following: Inadequate provisions to guarantee access to education by the most vulnerable children and children from the disadvantaged groups. The policy states: “Despite all efforts to make education accessible, certain groups of individuals and communities in society have not had equitable access to education. Some have not had access to this right due to their style of living, for example, hunters, gatherers, fishermen and pastoralists; others on account of marginalization e.g. orphans and street children, still others on account of their physical and mental disabilities, such as the blind, the deaf, the crippled and the mentally retarded. Therefore 3.2.3 Government shall promote and facilitate access to education to disadvantaged social and cultural groups” (ETP page 18) The statement does not guarantee such interventions to be undertaken. As such, issues of child labor intervention through the education sector are lacking in the policy. The policy provides “Education for All” with emphasis on comprehensive provision for the vast majority of children but has minimal 9 consideration for the ‘hard to reach’, whether that is due to poverty or other marginalization/ vulnerability. Inadequate funding and mainstreaming of responses for the disadvantaged and vulnerable children in the education sector. Development partners currently support the education sector through the Sector Wide Approach that includes pooled funding and funds from budget support. The approach seeks to ensure accountability, participation and transparency in budgetary processes to meet the policy objectives. However, the power and influence of the stakeholders to ensure the rights of the poor and vulnerable children are met is still very week. Accountability through the legislative systems at the parliamentary level and the local councils is still fragile at present. Weak capacity at the local government level to design and deliver different kinds of interventions or responses to meet the needs of a diverse range of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Despite the Local Government Reform, and the pubic sector reforms, the central government and local authorities still suffer from severe capacity limitations in providing performance-oriented public service including education.

3.4 Availability and Access to Quality and Relevant Education Gross Enrolment Ratio and Net Enrolment Ratio of both boys and girls show that universal primary education has been achieved with gender parity achieved. Net enrolment at pre-primary level of 5 to 6 years old children increased from 24.6 percent in 2004 to 33.1 percent in June 2007. Gross Enrolment Ratio and Net Enrolment Ratio of both boys and girls including children with disabilities at primary schools have also increased from 112.7 percent and 96.1 percent in 2006 to 114.4 percent and 97.3 percent in 2007, respectively. There is near gender parity with regard to enrolment of girls and boys at the primary school level. Primary School retention rates (proportion of children enrolled in Standard I who complete Standard VII) have improved from 71 per cent in 1997 to 79 percent in 2004 in the Mainland. Retention of girls is slightly better than that of boys. There is still concern about the performance of girls in Standard VII (Primary School Leaving) Examinations. Transition rates indicate that Secondary School enrolment is up with a near gender balance at entry. For instance, in year 2006, out of 243,359 students enrolled in Form I, 116,709 (47.96 per cent) were females while 126,650 (52.04 per cent) were males, a near gender balance at entry. However, enrolment or retention of girls drops substantially after Form IV, with a ratio of 2 boys to 1 girl when they reach Form VI. Adult illiteracy remains high. According to the 2002 Population census data, literacy rate among age 15+ is 70 per cent (78 per cent for men and 62 per cent for women). Overall, about 28.6 per cent of Tanzanians cannot read and write in any language. There is more illiteracy among women (36 per cent) than men (20.4 per cent). Implementation of the Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP) and the removal of school fees at primary school level played a critical role in raising the enrolment rates in the country. Despite these noble achievements in the education sector, there are still a number of challenges that have implication to child labor prevention and response efforts. These challenges and weaknesses includes the following: 10 i. The target of eliminating illiteracy by 2015 remains challenging, particularly for rural women. ii. Safeguarding education standards and quality at all levels by ensuring that an adequate number of teachers are trained and the working facilities are made available to cope with the high enrolment rates. iii. Ensuring that children from poor families have guaranteed access to basic primary education by allowing their children to attend school free of charge or any contributions. Management of this provision has remained a challenge, as children in primary schools are still demanded to make contributions in one way or another. iv. Limited relevance of education to the local needs in the respective communities. The main challenges in this respect relates to having a better curriculum that provides children attending school with capacity to solve both personal and collective development challenges. v. Involvement of the civil society and the private sector more effectively in enhancing their contribution to education. vi. The government is in a bid to address gender imbalance in accessing secondary education. That is, the government is on track in attaining gender parity with regard to enrolment of girls and boys at the primary school level while retention rate is also recording remarkable achievements. Also, it continued to implement the Girls Secondary Education Support Project (GSESP), which has been mainstreamed into the PEDP and aims at assisting the education costs for girls from poor families. Also, the girls are provided with scholarships by the SEDP. However, there is lack of transparency in the criteria to access to the resources as it could be followed through councilors at the ward levels.

3.5 Social Cultural Practices These include the cultural practices that influence gender-biased households’ investment decisions against girls. Households’ investment decisions, especially in rural areas, favors boys than girls. This leads to weak capability creation on girls, as they are denied education, which is a critical element in capability creation in addition to health. Girls are forced to remain at home early in their tender ages to help their mothers in household chores and in taking care of their siblings. They eventually end up into child labor as domestic workers. In addition to that, girls and specifically MVC girls are trafficked to urban areas to work in the households of the extended members of the family. Some of these children end up in prostitution as they are often subjected to hardships including long-hours of work, denied food and payment for their work, sexually and physically abused. Drug trafficking has become a social problem in the country. Increasingly, children from all social classes are being used for drug trafficking. This problem is currently still an urban problem especially in the big cities and municipalities. Measures are still inadequate to address the problem and it is affecting many children especially the disadvantaged and most vulnerable children in the urban areas. Other problems include Unsupportive or un-protective families due to dysfunctional families. Children such families are forced to engage in child labor due to support themselves and sometimes their siblings. Common causes of a dysfunctional family in Tanzania include households, in which the head or members of the households’ are plagued by alcohol or drug 11 abuse, violence, or sexual abuse.

3.6 Child Trafficking Trafficking of children refers to recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation includes forcing children into prostitution, or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the removal of organs. For children exploitation may also include, illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, recruitment as child soldiers, for begging or as athletes or football players, or for recruitment for cults Child trafficking in Tanzania is the results of economic hardships and extreme poverty. Parents and relatives send out children to be employed in towns and urban centers. Child trafficking is both internal and external in nature. The little information available suggests that Tanzania is a source and possibly a transit country for children trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation to Kenya, South Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Furthermore, trafficking of children is a result of an unmet demand for cheap, malleable labor in general and, in some specific instances, a demand for young children, especially girls, such as in the fast-growing commercial sex sector. i. Main Features of Human Trafficking in Tanzania: the prevalent type of trafficking in Tanzania is internal, for exploitation of children in domestic servitude and prostitution. Most of the victims are young children from the rural areas. Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar are the man destination areas for trafficking. These children are usually recruited in rural villages with promises of education and job in domestic work by relatives or people respected by their parents. These children are most likely to come from families practicing fostering. The main factors for being a trafficking victim are being a fostered child; attraction for education in urban areas (education in major cities attracts parents from rural areas to send their children to urban areas); being a school drop out or never attended school in the village; and loss of both parents and therefore having to depend upon guardian (whom often have less interest in the provision of the best care to the child) Inter-country adoption is currently discouraged in Tanzania mainland, since there are no mechanism for screening and legally monitoring the adoption process and, without these in place, children may be at risk of trafficking, sexual exploitation and pornography. There is also very limited data on the nature and extent of commercial sexual exploitation of children in Tanzania. ILO's Rapid Assessments of 2001 and 2003 revealed that most of the children involved in prostitution in the country were girls aged between 9 and 17 years old; over half of the children (five or 55.6 per cent) engaged in prostitution were orphans; and two (22.2 per cent) were living in female-headed households. In terms of protection of child victims, for trials involving sexual offences (e.g. child pornography and prostitution), in camera proceedings are mandatory. The law also prohibits the publication of evidence or details of witnesses. With regard to child trafficking, there are two main problems that needs to be addressed: i. Under the laws of Tanzania, the trafficking of all persons is prohibited, as are child prostitution and pornography. However, current provisions lack precise definitions and do not cover all of the elements and forms of trafficking, prostitution and pornography detailed 12 either in the Optional Protocol or in other international Protocols. The Government of Tanzania is in the process of reviewing all laws related to the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, including acts on marriage and adoption. Tanzania prohibited the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography under the Mainland Penal Code, as amended. A national coordination committee has been set up already to ensure the harmonization of domestic laws with international conventions and protocols to which Tanzania was a party and to ensure domestication of the treaties. The committee had already started working on various children's laws. This process needs to be speeded up ii. Legal redress is lacking: despite the fact that the trafficking of all persons has been a criminal offence since 1998, no case of trafficking has been brought before the courts to date. However, Tanzania mainland already has an Anti-Trafficking legislation since 2008. Government efforts to curb trafficking had included advocacy and awareness creation on trafficking issues. The Government, with the support of the International Organization for Migration, had established a support project to combat trafficking, which served to enhance institutional capacity and training for relevant non-governmental organizations, law enforcers, prosecutors and justice service providers. 13 4 National Responses to Child Labor

4.1 Ratification of Conventions Tanzania has ratified the UNICEF’s CRC, the ILO convention No. 182 on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor on September and Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age for Employment. Ratification of these conventions has helped in the mobilization of international support, mainstreaming of child labor in the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 in 2004 and the 2004 Child Development Policy as well as in the MKUKUTA and other policy documents and strategies. This has also enabled to generate a wave of actions against child labor from both local and international stakeholders to support the government efforts to tackle hazardous labor in the country.

4.2 Launching Implementation of the Time Bound Programme (TBP) Tanzania was among the first countries to launch the implementation of the IPEC Time Bound Programme (TBP). Implementation of the TBP has contributed to the creation of an enabling environment for the elimination of hazardous child labor in the country. This includes the following: i. Formulation and promotion of a strategic programme framework (national child labor strategies) on the WFCL, ii. Providing child labor relevant technical inputs in the review and development of relevant national policies and legislations. iii. Producing the list of “Hazardous Work” iv. Providing technical inputs in the review of PRSP I and in the formulation of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA). The Programmes inputs included technical supports to consultations with social partners, partner agencies in the Government and NGOs and UN organizations regarding major issues related to child labor, particularly its worst forms. The NSGRP is considered a very important document that is inclusive of key outcomes and strategies (cluster II) relevant to elimination of worst forms of child labor v. Establishing structures regarding management and operationalization of the child labour programme issues and activities at the national and district level. The structures include the National Intersectoral Coordinating Committee (NISCC) and its sub-committees and the district child labor sub-committees. In addition, implementation of the programme provided technical inputs to strengthen the existing capacity on child labor. vi. Development of Tools: The project has already developed tools for monitoring and evaluation of its activities in the target districts that are part of the monitoring tools in the TBP districts. In addition, it has initiated piloting tracking and tracing methodologies in Child Domestic Workers in a few districts. Similarly development of Child Labor Monitoring System (CLMS), as part of the local government structure, has made good progress in terms of completing several important phases of its development (consultation, development of CLMS tools and participation in its piloting in one of TBP districts). vii. Development of knowledge base and information materials: This includes the completion of the baseline study and attitude survey in 11 TBP districts, technical inputs to the integrated labor force and child labor survey (2001/02) and 2006. In addition to that, 14 translation of several important documents into Kiswahli and their dissemination at national and district levels. The information is widely used by development partners and research institutes, in Tanzania, USA and several countries in Europe. The translated documents include simplified version of Convention 182, labor law reforms, summary of baseline survey and hazardous list of tasks/jobs for children. Also, substantial number of posters, T-shirts, caps and information materials for advocacy works has been produced for various occasions to raise awareness on child labor and its worst forms at national, district and sub-district levels viii. Supporting the national response through three projects implemented in 22 Districts, i.e. 16 districts through ILO support, five districts through WINROCK Tanzania Education Alternative for Children TEACH support and one district through the Urambo Tobacco Sector Project (UTSP).

4.2 Other Initiatives The Department of Social Welfare (DSW), with support from the UNICEF, in the year 2000, started implementing the MVC program as a pilot program in response to the realization that the number of MVC was increasing. Much of the impetus for the Programme came from the realization that the impact of HIV/AIDS and impoverishment were exacerbating the vulnerability of children and their caregivers. Furthermore the capacity of communities, state actors (Local Government Authorities and Central Government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies MDAs) and other stakeholders (Civil Society Organizations and Faith Based Organization) were inadequate to provide the requisite MVC responses. The program is being scaled up to cover all the districts in the country. The terminology “most vulnerable children” (MVC) was adopted in recognition that substantial numbers of children in Tanzania are living in desperate conditions, and many of them are not orphaned – though the loss of a parent, and especially a mother, inevitably increases the toll of vulnerability. The Programme is community-based, where communities identified the most vulnerable children in their communities and mobilize the needed support. External support is provided through the Global Fund, PEPFAR, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Faith Based Organizations (FBOs) and the Local Government Authorities (LGAs). The programme plays an important role in addressing the issue of child labor generally and worst forms of child labor (WFCL) in particular, as it strives to keep disadvantaged children in school, and in providing social security to address impoverishment among the disadvantaged households at the community level. The DSW in collaboration with partners is extending social welfare services down to the communities using Para-Social-Workers. The Para-Social Work training program was established in 2007, it is a collaborative venture between donors and social work training agencies in USA and Tanzania. A Para- Social Worker according to the (PSW) program is a staff or volunteer of non-governmental, governmental and/or community organizations who have received training to assist in the delivery of social welfare services. Para-Social Workers may perform a variety of functions, such as: outreach and identification, assessment of needs, provision of on going support and referral of clients to needed services. The pilot stage was completed in 8 districts training 45 district social welfare officers, 520 Para-Social Workers (PSW) and 50 master trainers. Of the PSWs, 70% came from NGO/FBO/CBOs and 30% from government agencies; 45% were MVCC members. The training stresses family based care, community support, and 15 includes a case management model for orphans and vulnerable children, especially those infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS. Government efforts to curb trafficking had included advocacy and awareness creation on trafficking issues. The Government, with the support of the International Organization for Migration, had established a support project to combat trafficking, which served to enhance institutional capacity and training for relevant non-governmental organizations, law enforcers, prosecutors and justice service providers. Other responses with indirect implications to child labor include the ongoing development of the strategy for vocational skills development in agriculture (SVSDA) by the Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA). The strategy is being developed with the purpose of improving the standard of living of rural communities through increased agricultural productivity, off farm employment creation and enhanced environmental conservation and food safety. The goal is to contribute to the achievement of better life for every Tanzanian as inspired by the Tanzania Development Vision 2025. Implementation of the strategy is also in keeping with Millennium Development Goals. The strategy is intended to achieve three main strategic objectives i.e. increased agricultural productivity, enhanced off farm employment creation and enhanced environmental conservation and food safety. The strategy however is still in draft form pending finalization and approval by the relevant authorized competent government organs. 5 Process Followed in Developing the NPA This NPA was developed through a consultative process that involved all stakeholders i.e. the government (central and local); the non-profit sector (Civil society organization (CSOs, Faith Based Organizations (FBOs); Trade Unions (TUs) and the Tanzania TUCTA and the private sector through the Association of Tanzania Employers (ATE). The process started with the establishment of Task Force Committee with representatives from key stakeholders, which developed the ‘zero draft of the NAP based on the available information from the desk reviews and national child labor strategies document. The zero draft was then expanded through additional information and technical inputs from a consultative process that with the stakeholders and three workshops in which stakeholders provided their inputs. A second desk review of key documents obtained from stakeholders, policies and statutes was undertaken to complement the information obtained through the consultative process and to obtain the required statistical data. The final NAP was then submitted to the stakeholders for final validation. 6 Key Issues Addressed, Objectives and Agreed Actions The national Plan of Action for the Elimination of Child labor is expected to contribute to the achievement of the goals and targets for MDGs, MKUKUTA and the existing international and national conversions and frameworks and statutes concerning prevention and response to the problem of child labor. 16

6.1 Overall Objectives To reduce the incidence of child labor and Worst Forms of Child Labor at the household and community level and in all sectors of the national economy both in rural and urban areas in the short-run, and putting in place the requisite economic, social, policy and institutional foundations for elimination of all forms of child labor in the longer-term The overall objective will be realized through the pursuit of the following specific objectives: Objective 1.1: Poverty incidence reduced through implementation of consolidated anti-poverty response and child-sensitive social protection systems including legislative and policy frameworks, institutional capacity and resource allocation to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. Objective 1.2 Economic capability strengthening of the disadvantaged and chronically poor households undertaken to reduce the need to supply child labor in the labor market Objective 2 Strengthening protections and response against child abuse, violence and exploitation by building national capacity to enforce legislative measures and implementation of relevant child protection policy interventions and Programs Objective 3.1: Policies, legislation, and programs in the area of social protection are in place to reach all children and families, in particular the most vulnerable or excluded, and do not inadvertently expose them to protection risks Objective 3.2 Adequate resources allocated for Social Provisioning (Social insurance) generally and specifically to Prevention and Response to WFCL Objective 4.1 Mechanisms for ensuring availability, access and adherence, improved quality and relevance of basic education strengthened Objective 4.2 Children aged 15 and above in all parts of the country, particularly in deprived communities, have access to quality post-basic education and training Objective 4.3 Alternative forms of education are available to all out-of-school children, particularly in the most deprived areas, and children withdrawn from the WFCL are able to access the available services Objective 5.1 Clear institutional arrangements are in place to identify, withdraw, rehabilitate and socially integrate children engaged in unconditional WFCL and prevent others from becoming involved Objective 5.2 Public Awareness raised and Social Mobilization Campaigns Against Child Labor (CL) and Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) enhanced to address social-cultural related determinants of child labor 17 Objective 6 Mechanisms for prevention and responding to child trafficking are available and strengthened Objective 7 Monitoring and Evaluating the Child labor Elimination Interventions processes or Responses as well as outputs from main activities and outcomes of prevention and responses to WFCL Objective 8 Ensuring that stakeholders are committed to implement the Plan of Action and the needed resources are allocated by identifying the actor for each set of activities 18 Key Issue 1: Poverty Alleviation Tanzania is unlikely to achieve the MDGs in the areas of poverty reduction, malnutrition, maternal health, improving life in slums, environment and decent employment, especially among the youth, unless new initiatives are taken to change the current trends. Hunger and malnutrition challenges have been aggravated by the current global food price increase. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and related diseases and efforts to attain environmental sustainability is still a major challenge. Responses need to be stepped up above current trends if the targets are to be achieved by 2015. Objective 1.1 Poverty incidence reduced through implementation of consolidated anti-poverty response and including legislative and policy frameworks, institutional capacity and resource allocation to support prevention and response to protection-related risks especially at the local government level. Issue 1.1: Poverty Alleviation Efforts and their implications and Economic Capacity Building and Equity and Elimination of Child labor Challenges Inadequate interventions to address the challenges of poverty eradication manifested in the following four main areas: i. First, the challenge of raising the level of growth to 8-10 percent and ensuring that investments by the local people contributes significantly to this growth. ii. Second, to recognize that translating growth into poverty reduction is not automatic. The outcome is influenced by the quality of growth and the distribution of the growth benefits. The challenge has been on how to stimulate economic growth and on making growth broadly shared through measures to create employment and ensure equity. iii. Third, equity is an important ingredient for growth and for addressing impoverishment and associated protection-related risks including child labor. In order to ensure equity, the large income disparities between rural and urban areas as well as between regions and between households have to be addressed through legislative and policy frameworks, strengthening institutional capacity and increasing resource allocation to support prevention and response to protection-related risks due to poverty iv. There have been inadequate responses to building the economic capability of the disadvantaged and chronically poor households. Interventions in this area have shown to be effective in reducing the need to supply child labor to the labor market and to enhance equity in economic participation of both young men and women. Action to be undertaken Provide market incentives at the local government level (tax relief and tax exception schemes, and subsidies, especially for activities with comparative advantage in the district) and access to land to the local investors to improve the visibility and increased role of private sector, to widen the presence of local participants in the national economic and social activities; 19 Local governments develop dynamic priority areas for allocation of its resources and for supporting local private activities and investments Central government to design and implement measures to address disparities in socio- economic development, income disparities between rural and urban areas as well as between regions and between households In the next phase of Poverty Reduction Strategy Formulation of strategic plans at the local government level (LGAs) for effective implementation of the government Mini Tiger 2020 Plan with the aim to increasing the rate of economic growth and the per capita income including job opportunities at that level. LGA supporting local investors to access the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) facility for guaranteeing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) when seeking loans from financial institutions as part of the policy of empowerment of Tanzanians to enable them participate in various economic activities and promotion of entrepreneurship Public investments in the form of public investment programs on their own or in partnership with the private sector; Human resource development in the form of knowledge and skill development for the disadvantaged and poor people; Institutional capacity development (through training) that is appropriate for managing a functioning labor market at the local government level Speeding up the planned establishment by the government, of the Women Development Bank in order to empower women access to affordable credit for establishing micro-economic activities and extending services of such a facility to serve the employment needs of youth will be an important step towards addressing youth unemployment. This includes establishment of branches of this bank in each of the districts Establishing and expanding credit provision to economic cooperative societies for the disadvantaged people including the youth through central government financial subventions and increased LGAs budget allocation to the same Lead: Ministry responsible for planning Collaborating Agencies: Ministry Responsible for Local Governments, the LGAs, Other Ministries, the Private Sector, CSOs and FBOS and Development partners 20 Objective 1.2 Economic capability strengthening of the disadvantaged and chronically poor households undertaken to reduce the need to supply child labor in the labor market Issue 1.2: Employment Generation and Economic Capacity Building Main Activities Central government in collaboration with the local governments provide “GRANTS” i.e. old age pension to old people and child support grant to the MVC and or households caring for MVC Establish and income generation fund at the local authority to facilitate access to credit by the economic groups Identify MVC caregivers, chronically poor households, and very poor communities and facilitate formation of economic groups Provide the groups with GRANTS and or CREDIT for establishing income generating activities Subsidizing farm implements and agricultural inputs through the local authorities Enforcing implementation of minimum wage schemes and labor standards at all levels i.e. household, community, and enterprises Lead Agency: Ministry Responsible for Local Governments Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Finance, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), Banks, CSOs and FBOs Key Issue 2: Legal Framework Objective 2 Strengthening protection and response against child abuse, violence and exploitation by building national capacity to enforce legislative measures and implementation of relevant child protection policy interventions and Programs Issue 2: Child Protection Legislative Environment Main Activities Finalizing and approving the Child Bill Employing and deploying adequate human resources i.e. labor officers both at National and District or Local Government levels Mentoring the labor officers to increase the capacity to investigate, and prosecute cases of child labor Establish a department of labor in the local government system 21 Establishment of a child protection unit in the department of social welfare (DSW) and in the LGA systems Allocating sufficient financial resources for enforcement of child protection at the LGA level Sensitization of the law enforcement organs on Child Labor Legislation, agency role and responsibility, and mechanisms for dealing with Child labor issues including investigation and prosecution of child labor issues Developing and adopting training materials and programs for law enforcement agencies to increase their competence to seek and prosecute adults using children or benefiting from children's illegal activities Extending the role and mandate of Labor officers to investigate and prosecute Human Trafficking that involves children Organizing periodic reviews of Child Labor related legislations to enable Minister make regulations to prohibit, or place new conditions on, the employment of children under 18 years of age the as provided in the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 Printing and widely distributing the simplified Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004, in Swahili version as well as English version Mainstreaming child protection (protection against abuse, violence and exploitation) into the Most Vulnerable Children programme at the District and Community levels, including the identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration of children engaged in Child labor and in Worst Forms of Child Labor Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners Key Issue 3: Social Protection and Related Child Labor Policy Issues and Resource Allocation Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) has been partly driven by weak capacity in the implementation of social policy and child-sensitive social protection strategies enshrined in the MKUKUTA and relevant provisions in the sectoral social policies and statutes. Consequently, poverty driven child protection issues such as dropping out of school, child abandonment and neglect by biological parents, and subsequent risks of early pregnancies, child abuse, violence and exploitation, and other problems such as risk to the effect and impact of HIV and AIDS, and dug abuse, are yet to be adequately addressed and have contributed to the increase of (WFCL). Objective 3.1 Policies, legislation, and programs in the area of social protection are in place to reach all children and families, in particular the most vulnerable or excluded, and do not inadvertently expose them to protection risks. 22 Issue 3.1: Inadequate capacity of Social Protection responses to address the problem of Worst Forms of Child labor Child labor in Tanzania is closely associated with the failure and or weak capacity to provide comprehensive social protection. If implemented well, social protection prevents and responds to protection risks faced by children. Social protection systems should be designed to: address inequalities and enhance access to basic services of all children and adolescents; mitigate poverty on families; strengthen families in their child care role; and provide special services to children who live outside a family environment. Action to be undertaken Review/develop child-sensitive social protection systems including legislative and policy frameworks, institutional capacity and resource allocation to implement: Social Policies: legislation, policies and regulations that protect families' access to resources and employment and support them in their child care role, including maternity and paternity leave, inheritance rights and anti-discrimination legislation. Statutory Social Transfers: regular, contributory and non-contributory disbursements (cash or in-kind) from governments or NGOs to individuals or households that are proven to live in destitution and or are likely to be impoverished. Social Welfare Services: family and community services to support families and promote youth and adult employment; alternative care for children outside family environments; and additional measures to enable all children to access basic services and entitlements. Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners Objective 3.2 Adequate resources allocated for social provisioning (Social insurance) generally and specifically to Prevention and Response to WFCL. Issue 3.2: Inadequate resources allocated for social provisioning (Social insurance) generally and specifically to Prevention and Response to WFCL. The ILO (2008)5 study shows that the non-contributory social assistance programs are severely under-funded with less than 0.5 percent of the GDP contributed by the government and another 0.5 per cent contributed by national and international NGOs. 5 Tanzania mainland Social Protection Expenditure and Performance Review and Social Budget Report (2008) 23 Action to be undertaken: Mainstreaming Child labor in the central government and local government budget guidelines, Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEF) and sectoral and LGAs strategic plans Government in collaboration with stakeholders, design and implement a minimum package of universally acceptable benefits – targeted social assistance, a universal old age pension, and a child benefit scheme. Lead Agency: President’s Office, Planning and Privatization Collaborating Agencies: Ministry responsible for Labor, Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners Key Issue 4: Availability, Access, Quality and Relevance of Education Increased availability of schools providing basic education have generally improved gross and net enrollment but have inadequately addressed the non-fee cost related access constraints among the disadvantaged groups; the quality of basic education and its relevance Objective 4.1 Mechanisms for ensuring availability, access and adherence, improved quality and relevance of basic education strengthened Issue 4.1: Despite noble achievements in the education sector in terms of availability of basic education schools, and increased gross and net enrollment rates, there are still a number of challenges that have implication to child labor prevention and response efforts. These challenges and weaknesses include constrained access due to none-fee related costs, poor quality and negatively perceived relevance of basic education. The 2007 dropout statistics shows that the main cause for dropout in basic education is truancy (76%); followed by other factors (15.6), and pregnancy (5.5%) and lack of school needs (3.8%). Main Activities to be undertaken Central government in collaboration with local governments and local communities to provide basic and complementary inputs and resources to the primary schools, community secondary schools and COBET classes Enforcing the compulsory schooling enrolment and attendance requirement by prosecuting/punishing parents whose children are not enrolled, have dropped out of school, or are not regularly attending school Implement school feeding programs in all primary schools in the food insecure areas or during periods of the year with food insecurity to encourage enrolment, and attendance Eliminating unnecessary costs that deter attendance e.g. school contributions, etc. etc. 24 Develop/Adapt/Undertake periodic curriculum review to improve the quality and relevance of education Banishing work at school unrelated to learning (Helping teachers, generating income for the school, contributing towards building the school etc) by passing bylaws at a local authority level Provide adequate funding for school maintenance of school buildings, municipal services and utilities, and learner support materials Training and recruiting more teachers in primary schools to increase the Pupil teachers level from the current 54% Lead Agency: Ministry of Education and Vocational Training Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners Objective 4.2 Children aged 16 and above in all parts of the country, particularly in deprived communities, have access to quality post-basic education and training Issue 4.2: The number of primary school leavers selected for secondary education from both public and private schools has increased from 15.4% in 1990 to 57.5 in 2007. Vocational skills training are therefore needed for those who do not get the opportunity for continuing with post primary school education. Actions to be undertaken Expanding opportunities for vocational education in both urban and rural areas through the establishment of community vocational education centers Finalizing and approving the strategy for vocational skills development in agriculture (SVSDA) being developed by the Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA) Continued expansion of the community secondary schools to hold more students as a transition towards making secondary education compulsory for all children Lead Agency: Ministry of Education and Vocational Training Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners 25 Objective 4.3 Alternative forms of education are available to all out-of-school children, particularly in the most deprived areas, and children withdrawn from the WFCL are able to access the available services Issue 4.3: The number of school dropouts has increased by 63% in the last six years from 6,073 in 2003 to 16,212 in 2007. These children are more likely to be engaged in the WFCL. The alarming increase in the number of school dropout calls for among other things interventions to prevent, withdrawal and rehabilitation and social integration of those engaged in WFCL. Action to be undertaken: Same actions as 4.2 above Key Issue 5: Withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration Objective 5.1 Clear institutional arrangements are in place to identify, withdraw, rehabilitate and socially integrate children engaged in unconditional WFCL and prevent others from becoming involved Issue 5.1: Available evidence shows that due to the impact of poverty and HIV and AIDS a girl child faces special problems of commercial sex exploitation (CSEW) and as child domestic workers (CDW). Children are enticed to go to work in urban areas with the promises of a better life than the rural life but end up as CDW or CSEW. WFCL also are common in commercial agriculture, in mining, fishing industry and in the informal activities in urban areas. Actions to be undertaken Develop/Adapt/Periodic Review – standard protocols, procedures, and guidelines for dealing with child domestic workers, child sex workers, children working in mines, fishing industry and in subsistence and commercial agriculture. Reporting prevention and progress to established forums such as the MVCC and the implementing partner group at the National level as well as the MVC steering and technical committees at the national level Social Partners and Stakeholders i.e. Employers &Worker Organizations, Non Governmental & Faith Based Organizations, carrying out, identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration activities Providing alternative support for alternative income opportunities Lead Agency: Ministry responsible for labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners 26 Objective 5.2 Public Awareness raised and Social Mobilization Campaigns Against Child Labor (CL) and Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) enhanced to address social-cultural related determinants of child labor Issue 5.2: Incidence of WFCL is also influenced by traditions and cultural practices that promote the contribution of children to the household’s earnings. Main Activities to be undertaken Developing a national awareness-raising campaign to promote understanding and implementation of measures against Child Labor (CL) and Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) and Child Rights Sustainable implementation of the awareness rising campaign national-wide reaching households, communities, enterprises, FBOs and CSOs Establishing a national-wide, community-based, community-owned monitoring system for Child Rights that includes mandatory registration of child movement at the place of origin and at final destination. The information should include reasons for traveling and identity of the person accompanying the child (This practice is already practiced in Iringa to address trafficking of Child Domestic Workers) Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners Key Issue 6: Child Trafficking Objective 6 Mechanisms for prevention and responding to child trafficking are available and strengthened Main Activities to be undertaken Develop/adopt/review legislation for prevention and responding to child trafficking and providing precise definitions to cover all of the elements and forms of trafficking, prostitution and pornography as detailed in the Human Trafficking Optional Protocol or in other international Protocols Lead Agency: Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 27 Key Issue 7: Monitoring and Evaluation Objective 7 Monitoring and Evaluating the Child labor Elimination Interventions processes or Responses as well as outputs from main activities and outcomes of prevention and responses to WFCL Issues: TBP Impact Assessment and Documentation of best Practices: Useful methods, approaches and good practices in tackling and eliminating worst form of child labor, demonstrated by the TBP program, needs to be documented. This is important for replication in other districts in the country in the process the scaling up as the TBP comes to an end in 2010. The TBP used the district model or framework where the district was used as a point of intervention. The Ministry of Labor and Youth Development could use that model as a tool for scaling up coordination and Monitoring and evaluation of WFCL interventions. An effective monitoring and evaluation system to monitor the implementation of activities, evaluate the impacts of the programme, and keep track of progress in tackling WFCL is critical in ensuring intervention outputs, outcomes and impacts are realized and sustained Main Activities to be undertaken Documenting the useful methods, approaches and good practices in tackling and eliminating worst form of child labor, demonstrated by the TBP program Implementing the Designed Child labor Monitoring and Evaluation System developed by Department of Labor in collaboration with stakeholders Linking the Monitoring and Evaluation indicators to the Poverty Monitoring Systems in the country by harmonizing the indicators from the two monitoring and evaluation systems Lead Agency: Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare 28 Key Issue 8: Securing Stakeholder Commitment and Ensuring the NAP is implemented Objective 8 Ensuring that stakeholders are committed to implement the NPA and the needed resources are allocated Main Activities to be undertaken Conducting a buy in process through dialoguing with government MDAs, the CSOs and the development partners to secure their commitment to implement the activities and allocate the needed resources Costing the NPA Piloting NPA implementation in selected six districts where the Child labor Monitoring System will be piloted Designing a Role-Out-Plan to meet the 2015 Targets Lead Agency: Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, ILO and other development partners and the Civil Society Organizations (CSOS) 29 Logical framework MATRIX Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions GOAL: To eliminate all forms of Achievement of the MKUKUTA target of reducing child labor Integrated Labor Force Survey Sound Macroeconomic policies and child labor and Worst Forms of from 25% (2001/2002) to less than 10% in 2010 their effective implementation Child labor in the country Poverty Monitoring Indicators Commitment of various stakeholders to support the national development efforts and poverty reduction strategies 30 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions PURPOSE: To eliminate child Increase enrollment rates in primary schools and 1. District Education Reports Availability of resources (Financial labor and Worst Forms of Child decreased drop-out rations in Primary schools, 2. Basic Education Statistics and Human) to address the systemic Labor at the household level, Increased learning achievement (proportion of girls and 3. District Annual problems in the education sector; community level and in all sectors boys passing exams; selection for secondary education) Development Reports improve labor inspectorate of the national economy both in Increased proportion of primary school leavers who are department) rural and urban areas provided with economic capacity building alternatives Availability of resources and immediately after leaving primary education commitment of stakeholders to The proportion of children that are identified working in provide economic capacity building child labor or worst forms of child labor and withdraw alternatives for primary school The proportion of children withdrawn from CL and from leavers and children rehabilitated WFCL that have been rehabilitated and provided with from child labor and from the alternatives including integration in the school system and Worst Forms of Child Labor) or vocation education and economic capacity strengthening OUTPUTS/Expected Results

1.1 Poverty incidence reduced The MKUKUTA Costed Activities in each sector Budget Guidelines Consistent Government commitment through implementation of financed and implemented and political will to pursue and Sector and Local consolidated anti-poverty implement policies geared towards Gradual increment in the central and local governments government Medium Term response and including economic growth and alleviation of development budgets Expenditure Reviews legislative and policy poverty Labor saving agricultural implements provided by the (MTEFs) frameworks, institutional capacity and resource local governments in collaboration with the local Poverty Monitoring allocation to support governments Indicators prevention and response to Market incentives at the local government level (tax relief Public Expenditure protection-related risks and tax exception schemes, and subsidies provided; Reviews especially at the local government level. Local governments’ development priority identified 31 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Measures to address disparities in socio-economic development, income disparities between rural and urban areas as well as between regions and between households included in the next Poverty Reduction Strategy Strategic plans the implementation of the government Mini Tiger 2020 Plan formulated by the LGAs. Local investors accessing the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) facility for guaranteeing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Public investments in partnership with the private sector undertaken Skill development programs for the disadvantaged and poor people implemented by the LGAs; The Women Development Bank established with branches in all districts Credit/Grants provided to economic cooperative societies for the disadvantaged people including the youth through central government financial subventions and increased LGAs budget allocation to the same Main Activities Provide market incentives at the local government level (tax relief and tax exception schemes, and subsidies, especially for activities with comparative advantage in the district) and access to land to the local investors to improve the visibility and increased role of private sector, to widen the presence of local participants in the national economic and social activities; Local governments develop dynamic priority areas for allocation of its resources and for supporting local private activities and investments Central government to design and implement measures to address disparities in socio-economic development, income disparities between rural and urban areas as well as between 32 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions regions and between households In the next phase of Poverty Reduction Strategy Formulation of strategic plans at the local government level (LGAs) for effective implementation of the government Mini Tiger 2020 Plan with the aim to increasing the rate of economic growth and the per capita income including job opportunities at that level. LGA supporting local investors to access the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) facility for guaranteeing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) when seeking loans from financial institutions as part of the policy of empowerment of Tanzanians to enable them participate in various economic activities and promotion of entrepreneurship Public investments in the form of public investment programs on their own or in partnership with the private sector; Human resource development in the form of knowledge and skill development for the disadvantaged and poor people; Institutional capacity development (through training) that is appropriate for managing a functioning labor market at the local government level Speeding up the planned establishment by the government, of the Women Development Bank in order to empower women access to affordable credit for establishing micro- economic activities and extending services of such a facility to serve the employment needs of youth will be an important step towards addressing youth unemployment. This includes establishment of branches of this bank in each of the districts Establishing and expanding credit provision to economic cooperative societies for the disadvantaged people including the youth through central government financial subventions and increased LGAs budget allocation to the same Lead: Ministry responsible for planning Collaborating Agencies: Ministry Responsible for Local Governments, the LGAs, Other Ministries, the Private Sector, CSOs and FBOS and Development Partners

1.2 Economic capability % of old people, disadvantaged people including the Annual local governments’ 1. Funds availability strengthening of the MVC receiving social grants budget reports 2. Consistent Government disadvantaged and commitment and political will to Number of economic groups receiving grants and soft Local Authorities’ budgets chronically poor households pursue and implement policies loans from local authorities for investing in income National Budget undertaken to reduce the geared towards economic growth generating activities guidelines need to supply child labor in and alleviation of poverty Labor saving farm implements subsidized Poverty monitoring the labor market Minimum wage scheme observed at all levels i.e. indicators household, community, and enterprises 33 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Main Activities Central government in collaboration with the local governments provide “GRANTS” i.e. old age pension to old people and child support grant to the MVC and or households caring for MVC Establish and income generation fund at the local authority to facilitate access to credit by the economic groups Identify MVC caregivers, chronically poor households, and very poor communities and facilitate formation of economic groups Provide the groups with GRANTS and or CREDIT for establishing income generating activities Subsidizing farm implements and agricultural inputs through the local authorities Enforcing implementation of minimum wage schemes and labor standards at all levels i.e. household, community, and enterprises Lead Agency: Ministry Responsible for Local Governments, Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Finance, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), Banks, CSOs and FBOs, 2 Strengthening protection and Child Bill Finalized and Child Act in place Child Labor Monitoring Government continued commitment to response against child abuse, Reports implement the international conventions Adequate number of labor officers available both at violence and exploitation by National and District or Local Government levels Ministerial Performance building national capacity to Reports enforce legislative measures Labor officers mentoring activities undertaken and implementation of Department of labor in the local government system relevant child protection established as one of the statutory departments policy interventions and A child protection unit in the department of social welfare Programs (DSW) and in the LGA systems established Budget estimates for enforcement of child protection at the LGA level fully financed Capacity building training programs for law enforcement officers on Child Labor Legislation, agency role and responsibility, and mechanisms for dealing with Child labor issues including investigation and prosecution of child labor issues undertaken Training materials and programs for law enforcement agencies to increase their competence to seek and 34 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions prosecute adults using children or benefiting from children's illegal activities developing and adopted Statutes providing labor officers the mandate to investigate and prosecute Human Trafficking that involves children Child Labor related legislations periodically reviewed Simplified Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004, in Swahili version as well as English version printed and widely distributed Child protection (protection against abuse, violence and exploitation) mainstreamed into the Most Vulnerable Children programme at the District and Community levels, including the identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration of children engaged in Child labor and in Worst Forms of Child Labor Main Activities Finalizing and approving the Child Bill Employing and deploying adequate human resources i.e. labor officers both at National and District or Local Government levels Mentoring the labor officers to increase the capacity to investigate, and prosecute cases of child labor Establish a department of labor in the local government system Establishment of a child protection unit in the department of social welfare (DSW) and in the LGA systems Allocating sufficient financial resources for enforcement of child protection at the LGA level Sensitization of the law enforcement organs on Child Labor Legislation, agency role and responsibility, and mechanisms for dealing with Child labor issues including investigation and prosecution of child labor issues Developing and adopting training materials and programs for law enforcement agencies to increase their competence to seek and prosecute adults using children or benefiting from children's illegal activities 35 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Extending the role and mandate of Labor officers to investigate and prosecute Human Trafficking that involves children Organizing periodic reviews of Child Labor related legislations to enable Minister make regulations to prohibit, or place new conditions on, the employment of children under 18 years of age the as provided in the Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 Printing and widely distributing the simplified Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004, in Swahili version as well as English version Mainstreaming child protection (protection against abuse, violence and exploitation) into the Most Vulnerable Children programme at the District and Community levels, including the identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration of children engaged in Child labor and in Worst Forms of Child Labor Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners

3.1 Policies, legislation, and Social Provisions for the disadvantaged statutory 1. Ministerial Reports Consistent Government commitment programs in the area of social guaranteed 2. National and Local and political will to pursue and protection are in place to Governments Budget implement policies geared towards Budget guidelines aligned to MKUKUTA Social provision reach all children and guidelines social protection priorities priorities in each of the Sectoral Ministries and LGAS families, in particular the 3. MDAs and Local Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEFs) and governments’ Medium most vulnerable or excluded, annual budgets reflecting social provision priorities Term Expenditure and do not inadvertently expose them to protection Number of MDAs and local government authorities Frameworks (MTEFs) and risks undertaking public resource tracking studies every year annual budgets and reports produced and made public 4. MDAs and Local Governments Public Expenditure review reports Main Activities Review/develop child-sensitive social protection systems including legislative and policy frameworks, institutional capacity and resource allocation to implement: Social Policies: legislation, policies and regulations that protect families' access to resources and employment and support them in their child care role, including maternity and paternity leave, inheritance rights and anti-discrimination legislation. 36 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Statutory Social Transfers: regular, contributory and non-contributory disbursements (cash or in-kind) from governments or NGOs to individuals or households that are proven to live in destitution and or are likely to be impoverished. Social Welfare Services: family and community services to support families and promote youth and adult employment; alternative care for children outside family environments; and additional measures to enable all children to access basic services and entitlements. Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners

3.2 Adequate resources Social Provisioning mainstreamed in the national and Public Expenditure Reviews, Government and stakeholders allocated for social LGAs budget guidelines, MTEFs, and strategic plans a MTEFs and Sectoral and LGAs commitment to the implementation of provisioning (Social strategic plans social protection measures in the minimum package of universally acceptable country insurance) generally and benefits – targeted social assistance, a universal old specifically to Prevention age pension, and a child benefit scheme. and Response to WFCL. Action to be undertaken: Mainstreaming Child labor in the central government and local government budget guidelines, Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEF) and sectoral and LGAs strategic plans Government in collaboration with stakeholders, design and implement a minimum package of universally acceptable benefits – targeted social assistance, a universal old age pension, and a child benefit scheme. Lead Agency: President’s Office, Planning and Privatization Collaborating Agencies: Ministry responsible for Labor, Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health 37 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions

4.3 Mechanisms for ensuring Adequate basic and complementary inputs and resources Basic Education Statistics Consistent Government availability, access and available in all the primary schools, community secondary (BEST) commitment and political will to adherence, improved quality schools and COBET classes Child labor monitoring build human capabilities in the and relevance of basic Parents whose children are not enrolled, have dropped out reports country through provision of education strengthened of school, or are not regularly attending school education and skill training Poverty Monitoring prosecuting/punishing indicators School feeding in all primary schools in the food insecure Partners commitment and continued Department of Labor areas or during periods of the year with food insecurity support of the government efforts in annual implementation provided this area reports Unnecessary costs that deter attendance e.g. school Child labor law reviews contributions, completely eliminated Curriculum developed/adapted and periodically review to improve the quality and relevance of education Work at school that unrelated to learning completely banished Adequate funding for maintenance of school buildings, municipal services and utilities, and learner support materials provided Pupil teachers ration improved from the current (54%) level 38 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Main Activities: Central government in collaboration with local governments and local communities to provide basic and complementary inputs and resources to the primary schools, community secondary schools and COBET classes Enforcing the compulsory schooling enrolment and attendance requirement by prosecuting/punishing parents whose children are not enrolled, have dropped out of school, or are not regularly attending school Implement school feeding programs in all primary schools in the food insecure areas or during periods of the year with food insecurity to encourage enrolment, and attendance Eliminating unnecessary costs that deter attendance e.g. school contributions, etc. etc. Develop/Adapt/Undertake periodic curriculum review to improve the quality and relevance of education Banishing work at school unrelated to learning (Helping teachers, generating income for the school, contributing towards building the school etc) by passing bylaws at a local authority level Provide adequate funding for school maintenance of school buildings, municipal services and utilities, and learner support materials Training and recruiting more teachers in primary schools to increase the Pupil teachers level from the current 54% Lead Agency: Ministry of Education and Vocational Training Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners

4.3 Children aged 16 and above Number of community vocational education centers Basic Education Statistics Continued commitment of the in all parts of the country, established in each District (BEST) government and education stakeholders particularly in deprived to increase the availability of schools The strategy for vocational skills development in Child labor monitoring communities, have access to providing basic and secondary education agriculture (SVSDA) being developed by the reports as well as vocational education and quality post-basic education Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA), Poverty Monitoring dedication to improvement of the quality and training approved and operational indicators of education offered in the country Increased capacity of community secondary schools Department of Labor to hold more students annual implementation reports Child labor law reviews 39 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Main Activities Expanding opportunities for vocational education in both urban and rural areas through the establishment of community vocational education centers Finalizing and approving the strategy for vocational skills development in agriculture (SVSDA) being developed by the Vocational Education Training Authority (VETA) Continued expansion of the community secondary schools to hold more students as a transition towards making secondary education compulsory for all children Lead Agency: Ministry of Education and Vocational Training Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners

4.3 Alternative forms of Same as under 3.2 above Basic Education Statistics Stakeholder sustained efforts to education are available to all (BEST) prevent and respond to WFCL out-of-school children, Child labor monitoring Consistent Government particularly in the most reports commitment and political will to deprived areas, and children build human capabilities in the Poverty Monitoring withdrawn from the WFCL country through provision of indicators are able to access the education and skill training available services and their Department of Labor movements monitored annual implementation reports Partners commitment and continued support of the government efforts in Child labor law reviews this area Actions to be undertaken Same as under 3.2

5.1 Clear institutional Standard protocols, procedures, and guidelines for dealing Basic Education Statistics Consistent Government arrangements are in place to with child domestic workers, child sex workers, children (BEST) commitment and political will to identify, withdraw, rehabilitate working in mines, fishing industry and in subsistence and Child labor monitoring build human capabilities in the and socially integrate children commercial agriculture developed adapted and periodically reports country through provision of engaged in unconditional Review education and skill training Poverty Monitoring WFCL and prevent others Progress reported to established forums such as the MVCC indicators from becoming 40 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions involved District/Ward/Community levels and the MVC Department of Labor Partners commitment and continued implementing partner group (IPG) at the National level as annual implementation support of the government efforts in well as the MVC steering and technical committees at the reports this area national level Child labor law reviews Identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration activities undertaken by social partners and stakeholders, alternative support for alternative income opportunities provided Develop/Adapt/Periodic Review – standard protocols, procedures, and guidelines for dealing with child domestic workers, child sex workers, children working in mines, fishing industry and in subsistence and commercial agriculture. Reporting prevention and progress to established forums such as the MVCC and the implementing partner group at the National level as well as the MVC steering and technical committees at the national level Social Partners and Stakeholders i.e. Employers &Worker Organizations, Non Governmental & Faith Based Organizations, carrying out, identification, withdrawal, rehabilitation and social integration activities Providing alternative support for alternative income opportunities Lead Agency: Ministry responsible for labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO-RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners 41 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions

5.2 Public Awareness raised and National awareness-raising campaign to promote As under 4.1 As under 4.1 Social Mobilization understanding and implementation of measures against Campaigns Against Child Child Labor (CL) and Worst Forms of Child Labor Labor (CL) and Worst Forms (WFCL) and Child Rights undertaken of Child Labor (WFCL) Implementation of awareness rising campaign national- enhanced to address social- wide reaching households, communities, enterprises, cultural related determinants FBOs and CSOs sustained over the medium and longer of child labor term A National-wide, community-based, community-owned monitoring system for Child Rights that includes mandatory registration of child movement at the place of origin and at final destination established Developing a national awareness-raising campaign to promote understanding and implementation of measures against Child Labor (CL) and Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) and Child Rights Sustainable implementation of the awareness rising campaign national-wide reaching households, communities, enterprises, FBOs and CSOs Establishing a national-wide, community-based, community-owned monitoring system for Child Rights that includes mandatory registration of child movement at the place of origin and at final destination. The information should include reasons for traveling and identity of the person accompanying the child (This practice is already practiced in Iringa to address trafficking of Child Domestic Workers) Lead Agency: Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PMO- RALG, CSOs and FBOs and Development Partners 6 Mechanisms for prevention Legislation for prevention and responding to child trafficking Reports from Ministry of Government and partners commitment and responding to child developed, adapted and periodically reviewed Justice and Constitutional to prevent and respond to human trafficking are available and affairs, Ministry of Community trafficking in Tanzania strengthened Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and 42 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions Social Welfare, Main Activities to be undertaken Develop/adapt/review and providing precise definitions to cover all of the elements and forms of trafficking, prostitution and pornography as detailed in the Human Trafficking Optional Protocol or in other international Protocols Lead Agency: Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs, Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 7 Monitoring and Evaluating WFCL Monitoring and Evaluation system in place and WFCL monitoring and the Child labor Elimination working evaluation report Interventions processes or WFCL monitoring system linked to the poverty monitoring Responses as well as outputs system W from main activities and outcomes of prevention and responses to WFCL Main Activities too be undertaken: Implementing the Designed Child labor Monitoring and Evaluation System developed by Department of Labor in collaboration with stakeholders Linking the Monitoring and Evaluation indicators to the Poverty Monitoring Systems in the country by harmonizing the indicators from the two monitoring and evaluation systems Lead Agency: Reports from Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs, Collaborating agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 8 Stakeholders are committed Buy in process conducted WFCL monitoring and evaluation Continued commitment and to implementing the Plan of report accountability of stakeholders Costing for the NPA for the elimination of WFCL Action and the needed undertaken resources are allocated by Actors in each set of 43 Intervention logic Objectively Verifiable indicators Means of verification Important Assumptions activities Conducting a buy in process through dialoguing with government MDAs, the CSOs and the development partners to secure their commitment to implement the activities and allocate the needed resources Costing the NPA Piloting NPA implementation in selected six districts where the Child labor Monitoring System will be piloted Designing a Role-Out-Plan to meet the 2015 Targets Lead Agency: Ministry responsible for Labor Collaborating Agencies: Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), Department of Labor, Ministry responsible for Labor and Department of Social Welfare (DSW), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, ILO and other development partners and the Civil Society Organizations (CSOS) 44 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework a) Indicators at National Level Process and output indictors will be monitored through the reports from the Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). Monitoring and reporting processes in Government include annual performance reporting by MDAs and LGAs, which provide information on outputs from activities and programs. These results are reported in quarterly, mid-year and annual Performance Reports, as well as in Sector Reviews and PERs. The MKUKUTA Monitoring System that produces reports, some on an annual basis and others intermittently will be used for Monitoring outcome and impact indicators. These reports draw on data and information from Government systems such as Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs), Sector Reviews and Budget Guidelines, national surveys such as the Tanzania HIV Indicator Survey (THIS) – so far conducted twice (in 200/04 and 2007/08), Tanzania Health and Demographic Survey (TDHS) last conducted in 2004/05 and the Integrated Labor Force Survey and the Household Budget Surveys both last conducted in 2006. The web-based Tanzania Social and Economic Database (TSED), which incorporates key national indicators, and which has been adopted as a key tool for monitoring MKUKUTA and the MDGs, will also be used in reporting progress on the status of poverty in the country over time, including tracking geographical disparities. b) District and Community Indicators The Local Government Monitoring Database (LGMD) and the Tanzania Output Monitoring System for HIV/AIDS (TOMSHA) will be used in the Monitoring and Evaluation of processes, outputs, outcomes and impact at the District, Ward, and Community levels. 45