Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution of Tuvalu

1 Government of Tuvalu, 2015, Second National Communication to the UNFCCC 5 6 5 6 are atoll islands (with ponding lagoons) namely Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, restrictions in the movement of goods and people as well as immediate threat of climate change and Nukulaelae. The remaining three islands, Nanumaga, Niutao, and Niulakita are raised and natural disasters. limestone reef islands. Funafuti Atoll is the capital of Tuvalu and consists of two main islands – Fongafale and Amatuku. All the islands are less than five meters above sea level, with the biggest Tuvalu has a narrow economic base with the fisheries sector contributing up to 60% of the island, Vaitupu, having a land area of just over 524 hectares. The total land area is approximately Government’s revenue. Other significant revenue sources include sovereign wealth contracts 26km2 with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 719,174km2. The islands are made up of and donor aid. Tuvalu’s economy has expanded over the last seven years. As of 2021, Tuvalu has infertile sandy or gravel coralline soil, which limits agricultural development and food security a gross national income (GNI) per capita of approximately US$6,600. Tuvalu’s gross domestic in most places. The island is less than 75m wide, which provides limited space for development. product (GDP) has also increased from US$39.7 million in 2013 to US$44.7 million in 2020. Tuvalu’s GDP is dependent on fishing and internet domain licensing fees, remittances, and trust Tuvalu is the world’s second lowest-lying country 2 and sea level rise poses a fundamental risk to fund returns. Tuvalu’s exports in 2020 equated to US$12.7 million, mainly from non-fillet frozen its very existence. Tuvalu’s geography makes it susceptible to the impacts of climate change, fish and x-ray equipment. given that the highest elevation is less than 5m above sea level and may vary across the nine atolls depending on local socio-economic and cultural context. Storm surges, king tides, and Tuvalu remains extremely reliant on imports, particularly food, fuel, and skilled services. floods are common occurrences and have intensified due to changes in weather patterns and Tuvalu’s economic diversification is minimal due to Tuvalu’s small population and lack of land sea-level rise (estimated at about 5 millimeters/year and estimated to be up to 0.97 meters in area and resources. Tuvalu remains heavily reliant on imports. Tuvalu’s annual imports totaled next 100 years). approximately US$60 million in 2020. However, Tuvalu’s economy is expected to rebound as growth is expected to increase to 3.5 percent in 2022 4. Sea level rise has generated particular concern since all human settlements and development of Tuvalu is effectively coastal and is thereby vulnerable to coastal inundation and erosion. Tuvalu is highly dependent on imported energy resources, primarily petroleum products. This is Furthermore, sustainable supply of freshwater is at risk due to changes in rainfall patterns, lack due to Tuvalu not having any conventional energy resources. Despite increasing use of of rainwater storage capacity as well as potential salinization of ground water due to high sea renewable energy sources for electricity generation, Tuvalu is heavily reliant on imported fuels level rise. for transport (including domestic maritime) as well as household use. High fuel prices, fluctuations and supply disruptions have a destabilizing effect on business and households, Tuvalu’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change characterizes it as a ‘sinking’ nation. limiting growth and reducing food security, especially in the most isolated outer islands. Tuvalu has high levels of exposure to both local and abstract climate change stressors. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened Tuvalu’s reliance on imports. Despite low case Considering Tuvalu’s geo-physical setting with socio-economic contexts, Tuvalu faces numbers, global lockdowns, supply chain disruptions, and economic instability have impacted development challenges with its small population size, remoteness, and vulnerability to external Tuvalu. In particular, the frequency of essential goods including food, medicine, and fuel being shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by natural transported to (and within) Tuvalu has reduced. In addition, health services in Tuvalu are already disasters such as the Category 3 tropical cyclone which hit Tuvalu in January 2020. stretched. A COVID-19 outbreak (or another infectious disease outbreak), would be extremely detrimental to the country. Tuvalu’s Socio-Economic Context Fongafale Islet – a sliver of land 12km long and between 10m and 400m wide, hosts the capital Tuvalu’s National Development Priorities of Tuvalu, and is home to over 50% of Tuvalu’s population of 10,507 (in 2017). The other islands Tuvalu has outlined its overarching national development priorities in Te Kete: National are sparely populated, and some reefs are inaccessible to large boats. Fongafale is also the Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021-2030 (Te Kete). The planning framework that location of Tuvalu’s hospital, primary school, a branch campus of the University of the South underpins Te Kete requires Government departments to submit annual work plans and budgets Pacific, radio station, main port, international airport, power and water utilities, and most that are aligned with the strategic priority areas. businesses. Tuvalu’s Maritime Training Institute is located in Amatuku, the other island of Funafuti. The National Strategy for Sustainable Development Plan is a 10-year plan that focuses on the national vision of ‘a peaceful, resilient and prosperous Tuvalu’, which is firmly grounded in Social life in Tuvalu is dominated by the family, island community, and church. Tuvalu’s guiding traditional cultural values and strong Christian faith. Te Kete is a high-level planning and result social principles includes fakalogo (obedience), ava (respect), fakamaoni (integrity), and alofa oriented (seai ko pati kae ko faiga – not words but deeds) strategic plan. Te Kete includes five (love, caring and the sharing of resources). strategic priority areas: the enabling environment for sustainable development; economic development; social development and inclusion; islands and culture; and infrastructure Tuvalu is a Least Developed County (LDC) as well as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS). development. These five strategic areas include 20 national outcomes (NOs) and 89 key Tuvalu faces unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. However, since the strategic actions (KSAs). All programs will be aligned to the national vision, goals, and policy publication of Tuvalu’s First NDC, the Committee for Development Policy (CDP) of the UN objectives in order to realize noble results. Economic and Social Council recommended deferring Tuvalu’s graduation from LDC status to developing country status in 2024 3. This is due to unprecedented socio-economic impacts of the Out of 20 national outcomes, the following outcomes are identified as they appear linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has impacted Tuvalu’s economy due to closure of borders and increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the short term. 2 Government of Tuvalu, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. 4 Tuvalu: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2021 Article IV Mission (imf.org)

3 N2114960.pdf (un.org) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/149/60/PDF/N2114960.pdf?OpenElement https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/26/mcs042621-tuvalu-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2021-article-iv-mission 7 8 7 8  National Outcome 7 – increasing fisheries contribution to socio-economic development Maritime transport produced the second-largest share of energy sector GHG emissions, and quality of life is likely to increase GHG emissions from Tuvalu’s maritime sub-sector. contributing 3.35 Gg CO2e (30% of emissions), while road transport contributed only 5% of  National Outcome 8 – increasing agricultural productivity, particularly through Tuvalu's energy sector GHG emissions. AFOLU sector GHG emissions include 4.62 Gg CO2e increasing local food production, including crops and livestock, may increase GHG from agriculture and -0.03 Gg CO2e from land use change and forestry. emission from Tuvalu’s agriculture sector.  National Outcome 17 – developing and implementing resilient housing and upgrading Energy national building facilities may increase GHG emissions from Tuvalu’s energy sector Tuvalu will continue to accelerate renewable energy for electricity generation, which will temporarily.  National Outcome 18 – improving shipping, networking, and harbor facilities may reduce the demand for fuels to generate electricity. Besides solar PV, other options will also be increase GHG emissions across the energy sector and sub-sectors. explored, for example, solar PV with battery storage, wind, ocean tidal energy conversion (once  National Outcome 20 – access to clean water and sanitation may require additional these become available and affordable). Alternative transports such as solar-powered e-bikes energy as well, which could also be associated with increase in emissions. as well as relevant decarbonization options in the domestic maritime sector will also be explored. Tuvalu has several national guidelines, strategies, plans and policies which also forms part of the national development strategy and have been taken into consideration when updating the NDC: Large scale energy efficiency improvements will also help reduce electricity demand or fuel use. Combining implementation of renewable energy for electricity generation and improved energy  Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016–2025 (TISIP) efficiency will not only be cost effective but will ensure that affordable electricity is available to The TISIP plan provides a country-led and prioritized investment plan for Tuvalu’s the people of Tuvalu. economic infrastructure between 2016-2025. It identifies the investment needs and priorities for economic infrastructure and asses the financial resources essential to IPPU support implementation. It covers multiple sectors, including maritime transport, land transport, water and sanitation, waste management, energy, and coastal protection. GHG emissions from IPPU sector represent a small share of Tuvalu’s total GHG emissions and  Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (SNC) 2015 insufficient information and data prevents the establishment of an accurate mitigation The Second National Communication provides information on the progress made by approach. Tuvalu and includes the national inventory of anthropogenic GHG emissions.  Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction Plan 2015 AFOLU This Plan addresses the investment needs to recover from Tropical Cyclone Pam and AFOLU sector contributes nearly one-quarter of Tuvalu’s GHG emissions. GHG emissions outlines long-term infrastructure rehabilitation needs. mitigation pathway and GHG emission reduction opportunities could be identified based on  Te Kaniva: Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2012-2021 AFOLU sectoral and sub-sectoral GHG emission reduction potential and taking into account Te Kaniva prescribes the Government of Tuvalu’s strategic policies for responding to Tuvalu’s national circumstances and relevant national strategies, including Te Kete and any climate change impacts and related disaster risks over the next 10 years (2012-2021). subsequent work. Tuvalu has early experience in biogas projects which not only produces The Policy is directly linked to the National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (NSAP). energy for cooking but also reduces methane emissions from livestock.  The National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) 2012-2016 Waste NSAP provides a prioritized program of action for the Government of Tuvalu to implement, in collaboration with the private sector and wider society, between 2012- Waste sectors contribute 14% of Tuvalu’s GHG emissions. On the basis of waste sector’s GHG 2016. emission reduction potential and taking into account national strategies, including Tuvalu’s  Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2021-2030 Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2017-2026, Tuvalu’s Infrastructure Investment Plan Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu has been developed to respond to the needs of Tuvalu’s people. 2020-2025, and subsequent work, GHG emissions mitigation pathway and GHG emissions The policy advances Tuvalu’s national priorities set out in the National Strategy for reduction opportunities could be identified. Sustainable Development 2021-2030 Te Kete, some of which contribute towards addressing regional and international commitments on climate change. In addition, Tuvalu could initiate ocean-based carbon sequestrations activities especially for nearshore ecosystems such as blue carbon. Mitigation Current and Planned Mitigation Actions Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1. Renewable Energy Tuvalu's last comprehensive national GHG inventory was prepared in 2002. Data on electricity sector GHG emissions was updated in 2014. According to Tuvalu's Second National To meet electricity sector objectives, electricity will be generated using renewable energy in all Communication (SNC), Tuvalu's total GHG emissions in 2014 were 18.47 Gg CO2e. nine islands in Tuvalu. As of 2020, the total installed generation capacity in Funafuti is 2,550 kW, of which 1,800 kW (74%) is diesel. Off-grid generators and solar PV installations make up the Of this total, 11.16 Gg CO2e came from the energy sector (60% of total GHG emissions). Within additional electricity capacity. The outer islands of Tuvalu are already generating 80% to 90% the energy sector, electricity generation was the largest source of GHG emissions included in of their electricity from renewable sources. Diesel is used for the remaining 10% to 20% of Tuvalu’s SNC, contributing 5.43 Gg CO2e (49% of the total energy sector GHG emissions). 9 10 9 10 generation on these outer islands 5. This is because demand is high so solar PV panels alone Following the completion of these projects, Funafuti is expected to achieve a renewable energy cannot meet the demand, so diesel generators are being used. contribution of approximately 90%. This will mean that nationwide, Tuvalu will generate approximately 90% of its electricity through renewable sources. These projects will reduce Tuvalu has currently achieved approximately 20% of its 100% renewable energy target. This has GHG emissions from the electricity generation (power) sector by approximately 87% and will been achieved through several actions. contribute to reducing overall GHG emissions from the energy sector. New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) funded a US$1.3 million The solar power for all islands is connected to the main grid (no standalone systems). For the installation of rooftop solar panels on the government building and media centre on Funafuti, outer islands, there is no plans to increase the size of mini grids at the moment, but there is completed in 2015 6. MFAT also funded a US$11 million installation of hybrid mini-grid systems maintenance needed for solar panels as well as battery systems that have become obsolete. on Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao, and Vaitupu. Construction started in February 2014 and was completed in December 2015 7. Funding from the European Union (EU) developed three further 2. Energy Efficiency mini-grid systems on Nukulaelae, Nukufetau, and Nui 8. Tuvalu does not provide specific targets or actions for commercial, institutional, and residential New solar PV installations are set to further increase the renewable share in Tuvalu’s electricity energy use. Despite this, Tuvalu has implemented some energy efficiency projects to support sector. In 2014, the World Bank approved a US$7 million grant from the International energy sector targets. The Development Bank of Tuvalu started a subsidy scheme for energy- Development Association (IDA), which was supported by a US$2.1 million grant from Energy efficient appliances and housing retrofits in 2016. In November 2020, the bank was given Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Small Islands Development States (SIDS) financial assistance of US$38,600 to buffer the bank's existing energy efficiency program. The DOCK Support Program, to implement solar PVs, wind power infrastructure, battery storage, programme will now be enhanced and implemented as part of the FASNETT project 13. The and grid communication systems in Tuvalu. As of October 2020, 60% of the equipment to build Department of Energy has also been running a quarterly education programme, broadcast on the solar installation has been delivered and stored in Tuvalu. Installation is set to commence public radio, covering household energy efficiency. The project is set to be completed by the end when borders reopen, with construction completion planned in September 2022 9. of 2022. Tuvalu also passed the Energy Efficiency Act in 2016. The Act promotes energy efficiency and legislates control of the import, use, and sale of inefficient electrical appliances. Two large renewable energy projects, funded by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), will see the installation of an additional 2MW of solar PV, 2MWh of battery storage, 3. Transport and a small, 200kW wind turbine on Funafuti. These projects have been delayed due to COVID- Tuvalu's Ministry of Transport, Energy and Tourism (MTET) is implementing an outer islands 19 and are set to resume when borders reopen 10. MFAT is also developing a new solar PV plant maritime infrastructure project which involves building and rehabilitating boat harbours on the (with battery storage) in Funafuti. The US$6 million project will include 770 kW of Solar PV and island of Nukulaelae, Niutao, and Nui, building better maritime facilities to expedite cargo at least 1 MWh of battery storage. The plant will help replace diesel on the island, where about handling and improve the safety and security of vessel and passenger traffic, building capacity 85% of electricity is currently generated from diesel. The plant was expected to be completed to maintain maritime infrastructure, and developing a master plan for future harbour by the end of 2020 but has been delayed due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. Construction is developments 14. The project is expected to cost US$13.3 million. An ADB grant will fund set to resume when borders reopen11. US$11.3 million of the project, a GEF grant will fund US$500,000, and the remaining US$1.5 The Facilitation of the Achievement of Sustainable National Energy Targets of Tuvalu million will be provided by the Government of Tuvalu 15. Construction of the boat harbour in (FASNETT), funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), seeks to facilitate the Nukulaelae is 90% complete, and the civil works contract for the Niutao project was awarded in development and use of feasible renewable energy resources and the application of energy November 2020, with the contract for Nui scheduled to be awarded in late 2022. efficiency technologies for achieving Tuvalu's 100% renewable energy targets. The project was Tuvalu has a pilot e-bike program with 12 e-bikes are currently being procured in the country. approved for implementation in 2017 but has a revised completion date of the end of 2022 12. The total project cost is USD35,000 including spare parts and training. 4. Waste Tuvalu's Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2017-2026 outlines strategic goals and 5 ADB (2019), Tuvalu: Funafuti Road Map. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/49450-015-sd-04.pdf 6 actions to support waste management in Tuvalu. These include introducing waste reduction and Allen and Clark (2017)., Evaluation of New Zealand’s Development Cooperation in Tuvalu. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Aid-Prog- docs/Evaluations/2017/Aid-Tuvalu-evaluation-report-l70717.pdf resource recovery programmes, improving waste collection services on the outer islands, and

7 Allen and Clark (2017)., Evaluation of New Zealand’s Development Cooperation in Tuvalu. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Aid-Prog- creating, amending, and updating laws, regulations, and policies to support waste reduction 16. docs/Evaluations/2017/Aid-Tuvalu-evaluation-report-l70717.pdf

8 New Zealand (2014), New Zealand and EU Support RE in Tuvalu. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-and-eu-support-renewable- energy-tuvalu 13 GEF and UNDP (n.d.), FASNETT.

9 World Bank (2020), Supporting Tuvalu’s Move Toward 100% RE. https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/TUV/PIMS%205613%20TUV%20FASNETT%20Project%20Document%20Final.pdf; https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/778441609911205874/pdf/Supporting-Tuvalu-Move-Toward-100-Percent-Renewable- 14 ADB (2020), Proposed Grant for Second Additional Financing Tuvalu: Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project. Energy.pdf https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/48484/48484-005-rrp-en.pdf;

10 ADB (2019), Tuvalu: Increasing Access to RE. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/49450/49450-015-iee-en.pdf 15 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/318864/improved-maritime-facilities-for-tuvalu-outer-islands

11 Infratech (n.d.), First Solar-Battery Project completed for Tuvalu. https://www.infratec.co.nz/projects/first-solar-battery-project- 16 Tuvalu Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2016 https://tuvalu- completed-for-tuvalu data.sprep.org/system/files/Tuvalu%20Integrated%20Waste%20Policy%20%26%20Action%20Plan.pdf

12 GEF (2015), FASNETT. https://www.thegef.org/project/facilitation-achievement-sustainable-national-energy-targets-tuvalu-fasnett 11 12 11 12 The Plan also includes an activity to undertake a baseline survey of existing waste conditions Tuvalu is currently developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) under GCF Readiness to and services and regular collection of data. advance medium and long-term adaptation planning. Work undertaken by Tuvalu's Department of Waste Management (DWM), SPREP, and the J- PRISM project has improved solid waste collection and the capture of sector data, such as the Means of Implementation amount of solid waste sent to the landfill daily 17. Climate change is a cross-cutting development issue as it affects every aspect of the Tuvaluan way of life and livelihoods. Climate change impacts exacerbate existing cultural and socio- 5. AFOLU economic vulnerabilities. These impacts threaten the security of the nation. To this end, the As of 2019, there were 40 biogas digesters in Niulakita, Nukulaelae, Nukufetau, Vaitupu, Nui, people of Tuvalu are collectively building and strengthening the nation’s resilience to combat Niutao and Funafuti under the EU initiative of Adaptation to Climate Change and Sustainable climate change. However, this cannot be done alone and in isolation; regional and global Energy Community-based Schemes – Tuvalu 18. In addition, there is a donation from the Israeli cooperation is imperative to put Tuvalu on a pathway to climate change resilience and Government consisting of 20 biogas systems currently being tested by the Department of sustainable development. Agriculture. Tuvalu is of the view that the scientific underpinnings of the discussions on climate change are clear in defining impact thresholds. Therefore, continuous, and long-term international Adaptation cooperation is required. Tuvalu's adaptation actions are articulated in national documents, such as the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2007, National Communications, National Strategic Considering Tuvalu’s national circumstances, the significant costs of imported fossil fuels are a Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2012-2016, and the National major factor in Tuvalu’s balance of payments. Whilst Tuvalu continues to take actions to reduce Climate Change Policy 2021-2030. its fossil fuel import expenses, thereby reducing its GHG emissions, there is a need for support to assist its ambition to transform the energy sector to zero emissions through use of renewable Tuvalu's NAPA outlines urgent and immediate adaptation needs and specific adaptation energy for electricity generation and the transport sector decarbonization strategy. projects: Tuvalu’s Updated NDC includes unconditional, conditional, and aspirational contributions to  Coastal: increase resilience of coastal areas and settlements to climate change. reduce emissions. The unconditional contribution includes actions that Tuvalu has already  Agriculture: increasing subsistence pit grown pulaka productivity through undertaken through renewable energy programs to significantly reduce its reliance on imported introduction of a salt tolerant pulaka species. fossil fuels for electricity generation. It will continue to push for energy conservation, through  Water: adaptation to frequent water shortages through increasing household other measures such as conservation, education and energy efficiency and other measures, water capacity, water collection accessories, and water conservation techniques. recognizing its extreme vulnerability to the impacts of fossil fuel prices.  Health: protecting community health through control of vector borne/climate sensitive diseases and promotion of community access to quality potable water. International support is crucial to enable Tuvalu to implement further actions outlined in its  Fisheries: strengthening of community-based conservation programmes on highly policies and plans, including at sector level. For example, the growing emissions in the transport vulnerable near-shore marine ecosystems. sector needs to be addressed through technological innovations and transport sector  Disaster: strengthening community disaster preparedness and response decarbonization strategy. The goal to pursue a zero-carbon development pathway by 2050 is potential. dependent on availability of finance and technology.  Fisheries: adaptation to near-shore coastal shellfish fisheries resources and coral reef ecosystem productivity. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is providing Tuvalu with US$36 million of funding, along with US$2.9 million co-financing from the Government of Tuvalu, for a seven-year Coastal Adaptation Project. The project is building coastal resilience and management in three of Tuvalu's islands and aims to catalyse other sources of adaptation finance. The most recent GCF grant (US$7.5 million) was disbursed in 2022 19. This project builds on existing infrastructure to protect coastal areas, including sea walls.

17 PRIF (2019), Tuvalu: Waste Audit Report. https://tuvalu- data.sprep.org/system/files/Tuvalu%20Waste%20Audit%20Report_2019_Final%20v1.1.pdf; SPREP (2019), Tuvalu Waste Audit. https://tuvalu-data.sprep.org/data-dashboard/tuvalu-waste-audit-october-2019 18 https://www.spc.int/updates/news/2019/05/forty-biogas-digesters-installed-in-the-islands-of-tuvalu-bring-community

19 GCF (2022), Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (TCAP). Available at: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp015; Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (n.d.). Available at: https://tcap.tv/ 13 14 13 14 f) Information on the circumstances under which the ▪ The reference indicators for national and sectoral Party may update the values of the reference emissions may be updated to reflect the most recent indicators information once the next GHG inventory is Appendix: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and published. understanding of Tuvalu’s Updated NDC 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, Start: 2022 End: 2030 a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) 2010 including start and end date, consistent with any or other starting point(s) further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to b) Quantifiable information on the reference Tuvalu's last comprehensive national GHG inventory the Paris Agreement (CMA) indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base was prepared in 2002. Data on electricity sector GHG year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as Multi-year and, as applicable, in the target year emissions was updated in 2014. According to Tuvalu's applicable Second National Communication (SNC), Tuvalu's total GHG emissions in 2014 were 18.47 Gg CO2e. 3. Scope and coverage Energy: 11.16 GgCO2e (60.40 % of total GHG emissions) a) General description of the target ▪ Electricity – zero emissions by 2030 AFOLU: 4.58 GgCO2e (24.80% of total GHG emissions) ▪ Zero-carbon development pathway by 2050 Waste: 2.64 GgCO2e (14.30 % of total GHG emissions) Electricity: 5.43 GgCO2e (49% of total energy sector b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the Sectors: GHG emissions) nationally determined contribution, including, as Electricity, land transport, maritime transport, AFOLU Marine transport: 3.35 GgCO2e (30% of total energy applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Gases: sector GHG emissions) ▪ Targets will apply to all gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Road transport: 0.57 GgCO2e (5% to total energy sector Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Carbon GHG emissions) monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in ▪ National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021- ▪ All targets will be expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e) Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or 2030 (Te Kete) polices and measures as components of nationally ▪ Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016– c) How the country has taken into consideration Tuvalu aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) 2025 paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: emissions or removals into its Updated NDC. above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information (c) Parties strive to include all categories of A target of GHG emissions reduction for the IPPU sector ▪ Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (SNC) 2015 anthropogenic emissions or removals in was not developed due to negligible impact on Tuvalu’s their nationally determined contributions Updated NDC. ▪ Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction Plan 2015 and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it ▪ Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2021-2030 (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of ▪ The National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) 2012-2016 why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed ▪ Tuvalu commits to reduction of emissions of GHGs numerically, for example in percentage or amount of from the electricity generation (power) sector, by d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ Not applicable. reduction 100%, i.e., almost zero emissions by 2030. adaptation actions and/or economic diversification ▪ Increase energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30%. plans, including description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation ▪ Tuvalu’s indicative quantified economy-wide target actions and/or economic diversification plans for a reduction in total GHGs emissions from the entire energy sector 60% below 2010 levels by 2030. 4. Planning processes ▪ Zero carbon development pathway by 2050. a) Information on the planning processes that the country undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the country’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying ▪ Second National Communication to the UNFCCC the reference point(s) (SNC) 2015 i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public Tuvalu has developed an NDC Implementation participation and engagement with local communities Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan including Project Pipeline. This includes six projects: 15 16 15 16 and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive ▪ E-bike initiative manner ▪ Electrification of Tuvalu’s light vehicle fleet ▪ Outboard motor transition from 2-stroke petrol 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for outboards to 4-stroke anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: ▪ Shore side electrical supply for at berth vessels a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s ▪ Retrofitting of major hotels and commercial and for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in governmental buildings removals corresponding to the country’s NDC, Second National Communication in 2015 in accordance ▪ Cold storage energy efficiency consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and with the methodologies and common metrics described accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as ▪ 31a. Parties account for anthropogenic emissions Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National appropriate: and removals in accordance with methodologies GHG Inventories. and common metrics assessed by the a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, Considering Tuvalu’s geo-physical setting with socio- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and economy, sustainable development, and poverty economic contexts, Tuvalu faces development adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as eradication challenges with its small population size, remoteness, the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. and vulnerability to external shocks such as COVID-19 ▪ 31b. Parties ensure methodological consistency, pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by including on baselines, between the communication natural disasters such as Category 3 tropical cyclone and implementation of nationally determined which hit Tuvalu in January 2020. contributions” b. Best practices and experience related to the Coordination and consultation of all relevant b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s preparation of the nationally determined stakeholders and alignment with existing policies and for accounting for the implementation of policies and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in contributions strategies. measures or strategies in the nationally determined Second National Communication in 2015 in accordance contribution with the methodologies and common metrics described c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities Not applicable. in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including Not applicable. GHG Inventories. regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris into account existing methods and guidance under the GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions Second National Communication in 2015 in accordance jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph with the methodologies and common metrics described with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18 of the Paris 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Agreement; Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National c) How the country’s preparation of its NDC has been The outcome of global stock take in 2023 will inform GHG Inventories. informed by the outcomes of the global stock-take, in Tuvalu in updating and enhancing future NDC. accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s Agreement anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in removals Second National Communication in 2015 in accordance d) Each Party with a nationally determined Not applicable. with the methodologies and common metrics described contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse that consists of adaptation action and/or economic Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris GHG Inventories. Agreement to submit information on: e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC i) How the economic and social consequences of guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution. ii) Specific projects, measures, and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits 17 18 17 18 i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent The anthropogenic removals in Tuvalu’s GHG inventory c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, Tuvalu has set a clear pathway to decarbonize removals from natural disturbances on managed lands were prepared and communicated in Second National of the Paris Agreement electricity sector by 100% renewable energy sources for Communication in 2015 in accordance with the electricity generation and setting GHG emissions ii) Approach used to account for emissions and methodologies and common metrics described in the reduction pathway in transport sector. removals from harvested wood products 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, Tuvalu’s GHG emissions reduction targets as set out in iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National of the Paris Agreement; Updated NDC covers both sector-specific and economy structure in forests GHG Inventories. wide. iv) Treatment of land sector e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, Tuvalu has ambition to zero carbon development f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, of the Paris Agreement pathway by 2050. estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s), and/or The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s set out in its Article 2 reference level(s)—including, where applicable, GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels— Second National Communication in 2015 in accordance a) How the nationally determined contribution As part of its Updated NDC, Tuvalu has identified a clear are constructed, including, for example, key with the methodologies and common metrics described contributes towards achieving the objective of the and transparent target to reduce overall GHG parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Convention as set out in its Article 2 emissions. data sources, and models used Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National  Anticipated national emissions in the target GHG Inventories. year or period if the contribution is achieved, the quantified GHG impact of the ii) Whether the baseline scenario is static (will be fixed The baseline scenario target is static. contribution, over the period) or dynamic b) How the NDC contributes toward Article 2, As part of its Updated NDC, Tuvalu has identified a clear iii) For Parties with nationally determined Not applicable. paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris and transparent target to reduce overall GHG contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas Agreement emissions. components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iv) For climate forcers included in nationally Not applicable. determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; v) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under None. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally Considering Tuvalu’s geo-physical setting with socio- determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the economic contexts, Tuvalu faces development light of its national circumstances; challenges with its small population size, remoteness, and vulnerability to external shocks such as COVID-19 b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by equity natural disasters such as Category 3 tropical cyclone which hit Tuvalu in January 2020. Tuvalu recognizes the potential reduction of GHG emissions to support global efforts to address climate change issues and to support improving quality of life. On the basis of Tuvalu’s national circumstances, Tuvalu considers its Updated NDC is fair and ambitious. 19 20 19 20