Tuvalu Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0

2015. SIDS DOCK represents 32 small islands and low-lying developing states across the globe and is so named because it is designed as a DOCKing station. DWM Department of Waste Management EEZ exclusive economic zone ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program EU European Union FASNETT Facilitation of the Achievement of Sustainable National Energy Targets of Tuvalu GCF Green Climate Fund GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility Gg gigagram GHG greenhouse gas GNI gross national income IDA International Development Association INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU industrial processes and product use J-PRISM Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management in Pacific Island Countries kL kilolitre km kilometre km2 kilometre squared KSA Key Strategic Actions kVA kilo Volt Ampere kW kilowatt LDC Least Developed Country L-TAP Tuvalu Long-term Adaptation Plan m metre MFAT Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MTET Ministry of Transport, Energy, and Tourism MW megawatt MWh megawatt-hour N2O nitrous oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compound NO National Outcomes NOx nitrous oxide v NSAP National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management o degree PV photovoltaic SIDS Small Island Developing State SNC Second National Communication SO2 sulphur dioxide SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme Te Kaniva Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2012–2021 Te Kete National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021–2030 TISIP Tuvalu Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016–2025 UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States dollar vi Foreword For Tuvalu, climate change is not a distant threat; it is a relentless reality that erodes our cultural heritage and threatens to silence our sovereignty beneath the rising waves. From the shores of our nine islands, we issue this document not merely as a national plan, but as a profound statement of resilience. This Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) of Tuvalu is our updated pledge in the global fight against climate change. This enhanced commitment is the product of our collective national vision, guided by the principles of Te Kete: National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021–2030 and the actionable framework of the Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2021–2030. These foundational documents steer our path, ensuring that our climate actions are inextricably linked to our sustainable development, the preservation of our culture, and the wellbeing of our people. In line with this integrated approach, we are pioneering adaptation strategies to secure our land and water, and we are steadfast in our transition to 100% renewable energy, demonstrating that even the smallest nations can lead with ambition. However, our efforts, though unwavering, are fundamentally insufficient against a challenge we did not create. Our survival is contingent on the ambitious actions of major emitters and the fulfilment of promises made by the international community. Access to adequate and predictable climate finance is not a negotiation point; it is a lifeline essential for implementing the vision of Te Kete and Te Vaka. This NDC 3.0 is therefore both a blueprint and a testament. It outlines our path to a more resilient and sustainable future, affirming our deep connection to our land and ocean. We call upon every nation to match our ambition with unprecedented global action. The fate of Tuvalu is a test for all of humanity. Let history record that we did not fail it. Hon. Maina Vakafua Talia, PhD Minister of Home Affairs, Climate Change and Environment (MHACCE) vii Acknowledgements The Government of Tuvalu would like to acknowledge and thank the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, and the implementing partner, the Pacific Community (SPC) for their technical support to develop Tuvalu’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) – NDC 3.0. Special recognition is accorded to the Governments of Australia, the European Union, Germany, and New Zealand for their funding to the Regional Pacific NDC Hub which has made this work possible. The development of Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0 has been led by the Climate Change Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Climate Change and Environment under the guidance of the Director of Climate Change Department, Mr Jamie Ovia, and supported by the Third National Communication/Biennial Transparency Report Coordinator, Ms Joanna Latasi. Special thanks to the SPC team, Mr Sagaitu Konusi, Dr Noim Uddin and Mr Amit Singh. Sincere thanks are also conferred upon all the national stakeholders and experts who contributed their time to the workshops and consultations and provided valuable insights and expertise into preparing Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0. viii Introduction The Government of Tuvalu developed its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and submitted it to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016. When the Paris Agreement came into force on 04 November 2016, Tuvalu’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tuvalu’s First NDC. Tuvalu submitted its Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on 16 November 2022. The Government of Tuvalu is committed to the full, effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement in accordance with its provisions and the relevant Decision of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC serving as the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, Tuvalu communicates its NDC 3.0 under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In its NDC 3.0, Tuvalu communicates to the UNFCCC: ▪ Tuvalu commits to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the electricity (power) sector by 100%, i.e., almost zero emissions by 2035 ▪ Increase energy efficiency in Funafuti by 30%. ▪ Tuvalu’s indicative quantified economy-wide target to reduce total GHG emissions from the entire energy sector to 80% below 2014 levels by 2035. ▪ Zero carbon development pathway by 2050. Tuvalu’s mitigation targets outlined in its Updated NDC 2022 reflect a high level of ambition, which Tuvalu remains committed to maintaining in its NDC 3.0. Tuvalu’s GHG emissions will be further reduced from the other key sectors, agriculture, and waste, conditional upon necessary technology and finance. The Government of Tuvalu submits its NDC 3.0 which is the country’s highest level of climate communication informed by people, communities, and government stakeholders.1 All commitments as communicated by Tuvalu through its NDC 3.0 are fully guided by human rights obligations, principles and standards in its development process and will continue the approach throughout its implementation. Tuvalu maintains its renewable energy targets for electricity generation on the basis that when the renewable energy contribution exceeds 98% or so, the cost of energy becomes a lot flatter, meaning that the increase in renewable energy at this point has marginal benefit and becomes more expensive. Tuvalu looks to maintain these electricity generation, energy efficiency and GHG reduction targets as part of its NDC 3.0. Overall, GHG emissions reduction from the energy sector takes into account the increasing demand for imported fuels for transportation. Since 1996, the total import of diesel has tripled and only in 2015, a total of 1,402 kL of fuel was used for electricity generation.2 The increase in demand for imported fuel is directly proportional to economic growth. However, with the addition of renewables to the generation mix, consumption of fuel has steadied to approximately 2,976 kL in 2024.3 With additional renewable energy for electricity, imported fuels will be freed up for transportation. However, unless there are alternative fuels for transportation, fuel demand for transportation will increase especially for people living on outer islands and as urbanisation continues. 1 As part of the NDC 3.0 development, 2 Government of Tuvalu, 2023, Third National Communication to the UNFCCC 3 Consultations with TEC 1 Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0 also aligns with the Global Stocktake by accelerating renewable energy for electricity generation, advancing towards zero-emission electricity sector by 2030, increasing energy efficiency, and zero-carbon development pathway by 2050. Tuvalu also recognises the principle of a just and equitable transition as essential to the fair, equitable and effective implementation of NDC 3.0. Tuvalu maintains that the focus of its NDC 3.0 should primarily be mitigation. Tuvalu also recognises the importance of adaptation and loss and damage to combat the existing alarming effects of climate change. In terms of adaptation, Tuvalu’s adaptation actions are comprehensively articulated in the Environmental and Social Management Plan 2021, the Third National Communication 2023, the National Climate Change Policy 2021-2030, the National Adaptation Plan4 and Tuvalu’s Long-term Adaptation Plan (L-TAP).5 The specific actions being communicated in the NAP are also included under the adaptation section of NDC 3.0 as narratives under the key focus areas of the NAP. Despite Tuvalu’s unique national circumstances, Tuvalu has committed to ambitious targets within capacity aligned with principles of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. Tuvalu’s national circumstances Tuvalu’s archipelago comprises of nine small islands scattered over 500,000 km2 of the western Pacific Ocean between 5 o to 11 o South and 176 o to 180 o West. Six out of nine of these small islands are atoll6 islands (with ponding lagoons) namely Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae. The remaining three islands, Nanumaga, Niutao and Niulakita are raised limestone reef islands. Funafuti atoll is the capital of Tuvalu and consists of two main islands – Fongafale and Amatuku. All the islands are less than five metres above sea level, with the biggest island, Vaitupu, having a land area of just over 560 hectares. The total land area is approximately 26 kilometre square (km2) with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 719,174 km2.7 Tuvalu’s land reclamation initiative has added a targeted 7 hectares, which has increased the area of Fongafale – the principal islands of Funafuti atoll by 5%.8 These land reclamation activities are ongoing. The islands are made up of infertile sandy or gravel coralline soil, which limits agricultural development and food security in most places. The island is less than 75 m wide in certain areas, which provides limited space for development. Climate change poses the most serious threat to the security and survival of Tuvalu. Tuvalu is the world’s second lowest-lying country9 with most areas barely exceeding 3 metres above sea-level, sea- level rise poses a fundamental risk to its very existence. Tuvalu’s geography makes it susceptible to the impacts of climate change, given that the highest elevation is less than 4.6 metres above sea level and may vary across the nine atolls depending on local socio-economic and cultural context. Storm surges, king tides, and floods are common occurrences and have intensified due to changes in weather patterns and sea-level rise (estimated at about 5 millimetres/year and estimated to be up to 0.97 m in next 100 years). Sea level rise has generated particular concern since all human settlements and development of Tuvalu is effectively coastal and is thereby vulnerable to coastal inundation and erosion. Furthermore, 4 In partnership with SPREP, Department of Climate Change is developing Tuvalu’s National Adaptation Plan (2022-2025). Tuvalu NAP will include medium to long-term adaptation plans and findings from Tuvalu’s Climate Impact, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment (CIVRA). https://www.sprep.org/news/development-of-tuvalu-national-adaptation-plan-progresses-to-next-steps 5 L-TAP is the first technically feasible, national adaptation plan founded in science and consistent with known sea level rise. The plan is designed to accommodate the national population from across all islands into the capital, safely beyond 2100. https://ocean- climate.org/en/l-tap-tuvalu-long-term-adaptation-plan/ 6 An atoll is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon. 7 Government of Tuvalu, 2025, Biennial Transparency Report 8 https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/pacific/tuvalu-seeks-1-billion-for-land-reclamation-12122023032813.html 9 Government of Tuvalu, 2023 Third National Communication to the UNFCCC 2 sustainable supply of freshwater is at risk due to changes in rainfall patterns, lack of rainwater storage capacity as well as potential salinization of ground water due to high sea-level rise. The groundwater table is just 1 to 1.3 m below the surface and is even shallower in some parts of Funafuti. Tuvalu’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change characterizes it as a ‘sinking’ nation. Tuvalu has high levels of exposure to both local and abstract climate change stressors. Tuvalu is one of the Pacific Islands countries (PICs) which provided submissions to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ delivered its first-ever advisory opinion on the obligations of states in respect of climate change.10 Considering Tuvalu’s geophysical setting with socio-economic contexts, Tuvalu faces development challenges with its small population size, remoteness, and vulnerability to external shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by natural disasters such as the Category 3 tropical cyclone which hit Tuvalu in January 2020, as well as king tides which happen annually in Tuvalu, usually flooding low-lying areas. The 2024 king tide flooded and damaged parts of the main road of the islands, pushed rocks on the land, inundated homes and crops. To safeguard communities from severe climate and natural disasters, Tuvalu and Australia have signed the Falepili Union.11 Tuvalu’s socio-economic context Tuvalu faces numerous vulnerabilities across various sectors due to its unique geographic and socio- economic characteristics. Fongafale Islet – a sliver of land 12 km long and between 10 m and 400 m wide, hosts the capital of Tuvalu, and is home to over 50% of Tuvalu’s population of 9,748 as of 2025.12 The other islands are sparely populated, and some reefs are inaccessible to large boats. Fongafale is also the location of Tuvalu’s hospital, primary school, a branch campus of the University of the South Pacific, radio station, main port, international airport, power and water utilities, and most businesses. Tuvalu’s Maritime Training Institute is located in Amatuku, the other island of Funafuti. Social life in Tuvalu is dominated by the family, island community and church. Tuvalu’s guiding social principles include fakalogo (obedience), ava (respect), fakamaoni (integrity), and alofa (love, caring and the sharing of resources). Tuvalu is a Least Developed Country (LDC) as well as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS). Tuvalu faces unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. However, since the publication of Tuvalu’s First NDC, the Committee for Development Policy (CDP) of the UN Economic and Social Council recommended deferring Tuvalu’s graduation from LDC status to developing country status in 2024.13 This is due to unprecedented socio-economic impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted Tuvalu’s economy due to closure of borders and restrictions in the movement of goods and people as well as immediate threat of climate change and natural disasters. Tuvalu has a narrow economic base with the fisheries sector contributing up to 60% of the Government’s revenue. Other significant revenue sources include sovereign wealth contracts and donor aid. Tuvalu’s economy has expanded over the last seven years. As of 2023, Tuvalu has a gross national income (GNI) per capita of approximately USD 8,320.14 Tuvalu’s gross domestic product (GDP) has also increased from USD 38.6 million in 2013 to USD 62.3 million in 2023.15 Tuvalu’s GDP is 10 https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf 11 https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tuvalu/australia-tuvalu-falepili-union 12 https://pacificdata.org/population-dashboard 13 N2114960.pdf (un.org) https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/149/60/PDF/N2114960.pdf?OpenElement 14 GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) - Tuvalu | Data 15 GDP (current US$) - Tuvalu | Data 3 dependent on fishing and internet domain licensing fees, remittances and trust fund returns. Tuvalu’s exports in 2022 equated to USD 52,128.16 Tuvalu remains extremely reliant on imports, particularly food, fuel, and skilled services. Tuvalu’s economic diversification is minimal due to Tuvalu’s small population and lack of land area and resources. This economic landscape is shaped by the interplay of environmental vulnerabilities, development and climate finance flow, and the persistent challenge of decoupling economic progress and environmental impact. Tuvalu remains heavily reliant on imports. Tuvalu’s annual imports totalled approximately USD 33 million in 2022.17 However, Tuvalu’s economy is expected to rebound as growth is expected to increase to 3.3% in 2024.18 Tuvalu is highly dependent on imported energy resources, primarily petroleum products. This is due to Tuvalu not having any conventional energy resources. Despite increasing use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation, Tuvalu is heavily reliant on imported fuels for transport (including domestic maritime) as well as household use. High petroleum product prices, fluctuations and supply disruptions have a destabilising effect on business and households, limiting growth and reducing food security, especially in the most isolated outer islands. Tuvalu’s national development priorities Tuvalu has outlined its overarching national development priorities in Te Kete: National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021–2030 (Te Kete). Tuvalu’s National Strategy for Sustainable Development Plan is a 10-year plan that focuses on the national vision of ‘a peaceful, resilient and prosperous Tuvalu’, which is firmly grounded in traditional cultural values and strong Christian faith. Te Kete is a high-level planning and result oriented (seai ko pati kae ko faiga – not words but deeds) strategic plan. Te Kete includes five strategic priority areas: the enabling environment for sustainable development; economic development; social development and inclusion; islands and culture; and infrastructure development. These five strategic areas include 20 national outcomes (NOs) and 89 key strategic actions (KSAs). The planning framework that underpins Te Kete requires Government departments to submit annual work plans and budgets that are aligned with the strategic priority areas. Out of 20 national outcomes, the following outcomes are identified as they appear linked to the increase of GHG emissions over the short term. ▪ National Outcome 7 – increasing fisheries contribution to socio-economic development and quality of life is likely to increase GHG emissions from Tuvalu’s maritime sub-sector. ▪ National Outcome 8 – increasing agricultural productivity, particularly through increasing local food production, including crops and livestock, may increase GHG emission from Tuvalu’s agriculture sector. ▪ National Outcome 17 – developing and implementing resilient housing and upgrading national building facilities may increase GHG emissions from Tuvalu’s energy sector temporarily. ▪ National Outcome 18 – improving shipping, networking, and harbour facilities may increase GHG emissions across the energy sector and sub-sectors. 16 https://stats.pacificdata.org/vis?lc=en&df%5bds%5d=SPC2&df%5bid%5d=DF_IMTS&df%5bag%5d=SPC&df%5bvs%5d=4.0&dq=A..AMT.T B%2BX%2BM._T._T._T.USD&pd=2015%2C&to%5bTIME_PERIOD%5d=false&ly%5bcl%5d=TIME_PERIOD&ly%5brw%5d=TRADE_FLOW% 2CUNIT%2CGEO_PICT 17https://stats.pacificdata.org/vis?lc=en&df%5bds%5d=SPC2&df%5bid%5d=DF_IMTS&df%5bag%5d=SPC&df%5bvs%5d=4.0&dq=A..AMT.T B%2BX%2BM._T._T._T.USD&pd=2015%2C&to%5bTIME_PERIOD%5d=false&ly%5bcl%5d=TIME_PERIOD&ly%5brw%5d=TRADE_FLOW% 2CUNIT%2CGEO_PICT 18 Tuvalu: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2025 Article IV Mission 4 ▪ National Outcome 20 – access to clean water and sanitation may require additional energy as well, which could also be associated with increase in GHG emissions. Tuvalu has several national guidelines, strategies, plans and policies which also forms part of the national development strategy and have been taken into consideration when developing NDC 3.0: ▪ Tuvalu Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016–2025 (TISIP) The TISIP plan provides a country-led and prioritized investment plan for Tuvalu’s economic infrastructure between 2016-2025. It identifies the investment needs and priorities for economic infrastructure and assess the financial resources essential to support implementation. It covers multiple sectors, including maritime transport, land transport, water and sanitation, waste management, energy, and coastal protection. ▪ Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2017–2026 This policy and action plan aims to minimize waste being transferred to the landfills and enhance management of hazardous waste while ensuring compliance with Tuvalu’s international obligations such as the Basel Convention. ▪ Tuvalu’s NDC Implementation and Investment Plan 2022 Sectors include renewable energy, energy efficiency, transport and other sectors; agriculture, waste and resilient infrastructure. ▪ Third National Communication to the UNFCCC (TNC) 2023 The TNC provides information on the policies, action and progress on climate change made by Tuvalu and includes the national inventory of anthropogenic GHG emissions. ▪ Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) 2025 (to be completed in 2025) The BTR provides an overview of Tuvalu’s efforts towards tackling climate change, including progress in achieving the targets set within Tuvalu’s NDC. ▪ National Adaptation Plan (NAP) (to be completed in 2025) The NAP outlines the short- and long-term adaptation priorities for Tuvalu, including its priority sectors and planned projects for implementation. The NAPs objective is to reduce Tuvalu’s vulnerability to climate change with a key component being to integrate climate change adaptation considerations into all levels of national planning and development. ▪ Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2021–2030 Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu has been developed to respond to the needs of Tuvalu’s people. The policy advances Tuvalu’s national priorities set out in the National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021–2030 Te Kete, some of which contribute towards addressing regional and international commitments on climate change. • L-TAP: Tuvalu’s Long-term Adaptation Plan (2022–) In response to the pressing challenges incurred by the sea-level rise, the Government of Tuvalu with the support of UNDP, has developed L-TAP: Tuvalu’s Long-term Adaptation Plan. L-TAP is designed to accommodate the national population from across all islands into the capital safely beyond 2100. It involves the provision of raised land to accommodate staged relocation of people and infrastructure, new and upgraded housing and transport facilities, as well as improved water supply. An estimated USD 1.3 billion is needed to finish it and Tuvalu’s chance of avoiding full submergence by mid-century at current emission levels.19 Mitigation Tuvalu, as one of the most vulnerable countries to the climate change, have committed to a zero- carbon development pathway by 2050. Tuvalu’s position is that a climate-resilient and low- to zero- carbon development pathway can be achieved without causing negative impacts on communities, 19 https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20240814-wri-08-00-en.pdf 5 nature and the economy. Accordingly, just transition principles are embedded in all of Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0 commitments. However, without inclusive planning and careful consideration of socio-economic risks – tailored to the Tuvalu’s unique local, national and regional circumstances and development priorities, the rapid transition to low- to zero- carbon future could worsen existing challenges as faced by Tuvaluan communities. While progress is being made in implementing renewable energy, scaling up and accelerating these efforts (for example, ocean thermal energy conversion, grid integrated solar PV and waste-to-energy) is key to achieving Tuvalu’s net zero-emission in the electricity sector. Enhancing energy efficiency for grid stabilisation, along with the introduction of energy efficient appliances, also supports aligning Tuvalu’s mitigation ambition with the Global Stocktake. Greenhouse gas emissions Tuvalu’s latest comprehensive national GHG inventory was prepared in 2025. Data on electricity sector GHG emissions has been updated until 2023. According to Tuvalu's first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), Tuvalu's total GHG emissions in 2023, excluding removals, were 25.89 kt CO2e. Of this total, 15.81 kt CO2e came from the energy sector (61% of total GHG emissions). Within the energy sector, electricity generation is the largest source of GHG emissions included in Tuvalu’s BTR, contributing 7.13 kt CO2e (45% of the total energy sector GHG emissions). Road transport produced the second-largest share of energy sector GHG emissions, contributing 4.09 kt CO2e (16% of emissions), while maritime transport contributed only 11% of Tuvalu's energy sector GHG emissions. AFOLU sector GHG emissions include 7.69 kt CO2e from livestock and 1.14 kt CO2e from solid waste disposal under the Waste sector. No emissions from the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector have been calculated. Energy Tuvalu will continue to accelerate renewable energy for electricity generation, which will reduce the demand for fuels to generate electricity. Besides solar PV, other options will also be explored, for example, solar PV with battery storage, wind, ocean tidal energy conversion (once these become available and affordable) and biogas. Alternative transports such as solar-powered e-bikes as well as relevant decarbonisation options in the domestic maritime sector will also be explored. Large scale energy efficiency improvements will also help reduce electricity demand or fuel use. Combining implementation of renewable energy for electricity generation and improved energy efficiency will not only be cost effective but will ensure that affordable electricity is available to the people of Tuvalu. Industrial processes and product use GHG emissions from the IPPU sector represent a small share of Tuvalu’s total GHG emissions and insufficient information and data prevents the establishment of an accurate mitigation approach. Agriculture, forestry and other land use The AFOLU sector contributes around onethird of Tuvalu’s GHG emissions. GHG emissions mitigation pathway and GHG emission reduction opportunities could be identified based on AFOLU sectoral and 6 sub-sectoral GHG emission reduction potential and considering Tuvalu’s national circumstances and relevant national strategies, including Te Kete and any subsequent work. Tuvalu has early experience in biogas projects which not only produces energy for cooking but also reduces methane emissions from livestock. Waste The waste sector contributes 6% of Tuvalu’s GHG emissions. On the basis of waste sector’s GHG emission reduction potential and taking into account national strategies, including Tuvalu’s Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2017-2026, Tuvalu’s Infrastructure Investment Plan 2020-2025, and subsequent work, GHG emissions mitigation pathway and GHG emissions reduction opportunities could be identified. In addition, Tuvalu could initiate ocean-based carbon sequestrations activities especially for nearshore ecosystems such as blue carbon. Current and planned mitigation actions Renewable energy Tuvalu is making steady progress towards its national energy target of achieving 100% renewable energy across all nine islands by 2030. As of 2023, the country is on track with significant integration of solar energy in both Funafuti and outer islands. In the outer islands, 41% of electricity generation is solar-based, while Funafuti has achieved 6%. The total installed solar-based electricity generation capacity in Funafuti is 1.010 kW20 supplemented by three diesel-based generators (capacity 750 kVA each) with a combined capacity of 2,250 kVA. In four outer islands, diesel-based generator capacity totals 1,585 kVA, complementing 1,299 kW of installed solar PV capacity. Solar PV systems in three outer islands are currently non-operational. This is because electricity demand is high and solar PV panels alone cannot meet the demand, so diesel generators are being used as standby – especially during the peak demand. However, these non- operational solar PV systems are due to be replaced in 2026. Tuvalu’s renewable energy target is supported by multiple renewable energy projects. However, three out of the 10 solar PV installations in Fongafale are non-operational due to technical issues, including inverter faults, panel cable failures, and underground cable damage (Tofua Pond Floating Solar). Additionally, one solar PV installation has been decommissioned in Fongafale. To strengthen Tuvalu’s energy resilience, three new solar PV projects with integrated battery storage are in the project pipeline with support from development partners. These efforts reflect Tuvalu’s commitment to reducing diesel fuel reliance and enhancing energy security in line with its NDCs and national development priorities. All solar PV electricity generations are grid connected. However, challenges remain. Three of the seven outer islands solar PV systems are non-operational due to battery issues. For the outer islands, there is no plans to increase the size of mini grids at the moment, but urgent maintenance is required for aging solar panels and obsolete battery systems. Tuvalu is focusing on grid’s capacity to integrate 20 Consultation and information shared by TEC on 29 August 2025. 7 variable solar energy. Technical assessments, including rooftop solar case studies, are being undertaken to address potential integration challenges and inform future infrastructure (transmission, distribution) planning. In addition to this, capacity development on island through existing vocational and tertiary institutions are being considered to ensure continued maintenance of solar PV systems throughout Tuvalu. Energy efficiency Tuvalu does not provide specific targets or actions for commercial, institutional, and residential energy use. Despite this, Tuvalu has implemented some energy efficiency projects to support energy sector targets. The Development Bank of Tuvalu started a subsidy scheme for energy-efficient appliances and housing retrofits in 2016. In November 2020, the bank was given financial assistance of USD 38,600 to buffer the bank’s existing energy efficiency program. The programme be enhanced and implemented as part of the FASNETT project.21 The Department of Energy has also been running a quarterly education programme, broadcast on public radio, covering household energy efficiency. The project was completed by the end of 2022. Tuvalu also passed the Energy Efficiency Act in 2016. The Act promotes energy efficiency and legislates control of the import, use, and sale of inefficient electrical appliances. Priority Action Conditionality High Accelerating and scaling up deployment of solar Conditional upon access to electricity generation and battery storage systems finance, capacity and across all islands in Tuvalu technology High Enhancing operations and maintenance of existing Conditional upon access to solar electricity generation and battery storage finance, capacity and systems across all islands in Tuvalu technology High Development of local expertise in installation, Conditional upon access to operations, management and maintenance of finance, capacity and renewable and emerging technologies technology Medium Exploring ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) Conditional upon access to technology for electricity generation finance, capacity and technology High Enhancing energy efficiency across energy sector Conditional upon access to through generation, transmission and distribution finance, capacity and network upgrades, load despatch systems technology Medium Procuring energy efficient electrical appliances, Conditional upon access to enhancing sustainable procurement practices and finance and technology in alignment of Tuvalu’s government procurement requirements 21 GEF and UNDP (n.d.), FASNETT. https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/TUV/PIMS%205613%20TUV%20FASNETT%20Project%20Document%20Final.pdf; 8 Transport Tuvalu's Ministry of Transport, Energy and Tourism (MTET) is implementing an outer islands maritime infrastructure project which involves building and rehabilitating boat harbours on the island of Nukulaelae, Niutao, and Nui, building better maritime facilities to expedite cargo handling and improve the safety and security of vessel and passenger traffic, building capacity to maintain maritime infrastructure, and developing a master plan for future harbour developments.22 The project is expected to cost USD 13.3 million. An ADB grant funded USD 11.3 million of the project, a GEF grant funded USD 0.5 million, and the remaining USD 1.5 million was provided by the Government of Tuvalu.23 Tuvalu has a pilot e-bike program with 12 e-bikes are currently being procured in the country. The total project cost is USD 35,000 including spare parts and training. While this initiative has been partially successful, it faced several challenges, including limitations of solar-powered energy and the lack of standalone charging ports and more effective business model. Regarding transport sector institutional arrangement, Tuvalu currently lacks a designated land authority, and relevant land policies. Hence, future efforts in this sector may focus on the formulation of appropriate policy and frameworks. Priority Action Conditionality High Upgrading boat harbour infrastructure for Conditional upon access to maritime vessels finance, capacity and technology High Enhancement and improvement of existing e-bike Conditional upon access to programme by ensuring end-of life management of finance and technology e-bikes Medium Low-carbon shipping in Tuvalu Conditional upon access to finance, capacity and technology Medium Exploring alternative fuels for diesel powered land Conditional upon access to and maritime vessels finance, capacity and technology Medium Development of a policy for land and maritime Conditional upon access to transport finance, capacity and technology High Transition from two-stroke to four-stroke engines Conditional upon access to for community fishing vessels, public-private- finance, capacity and community partnerships when addressing technology transition in maritime transport 22 ADB (2020), Proposed Grant for Second Additional Financing Tuvalu: Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/48484/48484-005-rrp-en.pdf; 23 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/318864/improved-maritime-facilities-for-tuvalu-outer-islands 9 Medium Development of strategy to effectively, equitably Conditional upon access to and sustainably minimise imports of land transport finance, capacity and vehicles by ensuring sustainable management of technology end-of-life of vehicles Waste Tuvalu is currently facing challenges in terms of collection, classification, recycling and reuse of waste. Wastes are pilling in current dumpsite including organic, inorganic as well as construction and e- wastes (white goods) and vehicles that have broken down. Waste collection is currently dependent on garbage trucks as collection trucks are not working. In the absence of shredding machines, bulk organic wastes are also piling up at the dumpsite. Besides challenges due to inefficient machines at the dumpsite, Tuvalu lacks maintenance and would require skillsets in the country and challenges in regard to access to required spare parts. Tuvalu’s Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2017–2026 outlines strategic goals and actions to support waste management in Tuvalu. These included introducing waste reduction and resource recovery programmes, improving waste collection services on the outer islands, and creating, amending, and updating laws, regulations, and policies to support waste reduction.24 The Plan also includes an activity to undertake a baseline survey of existing waste conditions and services and regular collection of data. Work undertaken by Tuvalu’s Department of Waste Management (DWM), SPREP, and the J-PRISM project has improved solid waste collection and the capture of sector data, such as the amount of solid waste sent to the landfill daily.25 Priority Action Conditionality High Exploring opportunities for waste-to-energy Conditional upon access to through small scale biogas production finance, capacity and technology High Development and maintenance of ongoing Conditional upon access to composting programmes for organic waste finance, capacity and technology High Enhancing data collection methods of solid waste Conditional upon access to and maintenance of data collection equipment finance, capacity and technology High Exploring opportunities to deal with e-waste Conditional upon access to finance, capacity and technology High Improvement and enhancement of hazardous Conditional upon access to waste management finance, capacity and technology 24 Tuvalu Integrated Waste Policy and Action Plan 2016 https://tuvalu- data.sprep.org/system/files/Tuvalu%20Integrated%20Waste%20Policy%20%26%20Action%20Plan.pdf 25 PRIF (2019), Tuvalu: Waste Audit Report. https://tuvalu- data.sprep.org/system/files/Tuvalu%20Waste%20Audit%20Report_2019_Final%20v1.1.pdf; SPREP (2019), Tuvalu Waste Audit. https://tuvalu-data.sprep.org/data-dashboard/tuvalu-waste-audit-october-2019 10 High Circular economy concepts and implementation – Conditional upon access to separation, recycling, reuse and reduce of waste by finance, capacity building processing scrap materials and producing and technology appropriate building materials in Funafuti Agriculture, forestry and other land use Currently no chemical fertilizer is being used in Tuvalu. The agriculture department is working on several initiatives that align with adaptation in crop sector, for example, agroforestry upscaling in outer islands, and coconut, dalo, breadfruit and banana rehabilitation programs. Additionally, the agriculture department is working on a sector plan and investment plan to guide and finance different activities. As of 2019, there were 40 biogas digesters in Niulakita, Nukulaelae, Nukufetau, Vaitupu, Nui, Niutao and Funafuti under the EU initiative of Adaptation to Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Community-based Schemes – Tuvalu.26 In addition to this, a donation from the Israeli government consisting of 20 biogas systems, is currently being tested by the Department of Agriculture. Priority Action Conditionality High Scaling up and accelerating financing for existing Conditional upon access to domestic biogas systems programme finance, capacity and technology High Exploring opportunities to utilise manure from Conditional upon access to piggery waste to support biogas production finance, capacity and technology High Appropriate species plantations in reclaimed lands Conditional upon access to finance, capacity and technology High Scaling up agroforestry sites in outer islands Conditional upon access to finance, capacity and technology Adaptation Current and planned adaptation actions Tuvalu’s adaptation actions are articulated in national documents, such as the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2007, Third National Communications, National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2012–2016, and the National Climate Change Policy 2021–2030. These are then consolidated under Tuvalu’s NAP. Tuvalu's NAP outlines priority sectors that are aligned to the Te Vaka Fenua o Tuvalu: National Climate Change Policy 2021–2030. These priority sectors are listed below: • Coastal protection and human settlements 26 https://www.spc.int/updates/news/2019/05/forty-biogas-digesters-installed-in-the-islands-of-tuvalu-bring-community 11 • Critical infrastructure • Food security • Human health and wellbeing • Water security • Disaster risk reduction and management Tuvalu’s NAP document outlines the specific actions for each of these priority sectors. The NAP identifies 101 adaptation activities, including 66 which are currently underway and 35 new or pending actions. An additional 22 enabling activities focus on institutional strengthening, capacity building, and policy reform. In this NDC 3.0 document, narrative information for the priority sectors will be provided whereas all specific actions can be found under Tuvalu’s NAP. In addition to these priority sectors under the NAP, Tuvalu further communicates new sectors under its NDC 3.0 including education, oceans and loss and damage, the actions and information for these sectors will be articulated in the sections below. Coastal protection and human settlements “Coastal protection and human settlements - Tuvalu's coastal environments are protected from rising sea levels and the impacts of climate change” Tuvalu’s coastal zones and human settlements are a key priority due to the severe impacts of climate change that Tuvalu faces through rising sea levels. The systematic protection of Tuvalu’s coastal communities is vital in ensuring ancestral homes to local communities and coastal maritime ecosystems are safeguarded. Active community involvement in managing coastal resources, exploring nature-based solutions and implementing ecosystem-based adaptation to protect settlements from inundation are key factors in ensuring these safeguards. The long-term objective is to implement a managed adaptive pathway that secures existing land, protects cultural heritage sites, and ensures safe, planned living environments for all communities. Critical infrastructure “All Tuvaluans have access to safe, reliable and climate-resilient critical infrastructure.” Tuvalu's NAP strategy also centres on fortifying the nation's critical infrastructure to ensure continuous service delivery under climate stress. Fortifying essential services, ensuring airports, hospitals, and government buildings can withstand intensifying storms and king tides is essential to ensuring day to day life for Tuvalu and its people continue unhindered. The goal is to guarantee all Tuvaluans undisrupted access to clean energy, reliable transportation, and modern communications, even during extreme weather events. Food security “Tuvalu's household food security is enhanced through climate-resilient agricultural practice and Tuvalu's marine biodiversity is protected and ocean resources sustainably managed” 12 Rising salinity in the soil and warming ocean currents challenge the traditional ways of feeding local communities. Promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices, such as salt-tolerant crops and hydroponic gardens, to enhance household nutrition can help enhance food security for the country. Similarly, strengthening the sustainable management of ocean resources to protect marine biodiversity is just as critical. Elevating food security as a key priority area under the NAP ensures that Tuvalu will address this issue through a climate lens. Human health and wellbeing “Existing health sector planning and response to climate-induced health risks are enhanced” A changing climate brings new health risks, from waterborne diseases after floods to heat stress and malnutrition. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the national health sector to mitigate emerging climate-induced health risks and enhancing public health capacity for disaster response are under this key focus area. The planned outcome is a resilient health system capable of protecting population health and ensuring the psychosocial wellbeing of Tuvalu’s people. Water security “All Tuvaluans have access to safe, clean and undisrupted water supply from climate-resilient water sources” Freshwater becomes increasingly scarce as droughts lengthen, and saltwater contaminates Tuvalu’s underground water lenses. Addressing water security requires a strategic shift towards integrated water resource management to guarantee a reliable supply. Every family, on every island, must have access to a safe, clean, and reliable water supply with an end goal of ensuring a climate-proof water supply network that provides equitable safe water across all the islands. Disaster risk reduction and management “Tuvalu’s disaster preparedness, response and recovery systems are strengthened to minimize impacts to human lives and livelihoods from climate-related disasters” Tuvalu is looking to develop a proactive, whole-of-society disaster risk management framework focused on preparedness and resilience. Ensuring communities are well versed on early warning systems and evacuation procedures are essential to developing this responsiveness. Strengthening Tuvalu’s national systems for preparedness, response, and recovery ensure local communities can bounce back immediately from sudden and onset climate events. Education In Tuvalu, the current focus is on integrating climate change into school curricula and national education framework, along with incorporating traditional knowledge into community-based education and awareness initiatives, for example, climate change and its relationship with biology and oceans. There is ongoing capacity development under the Tuvalu-Australia cooperation program, in which teachers undergo technical training on different climate change thematics. Current work includes cooperation with University of the South Pacific centre in Tonga with emphasis on traditional knowledge and ocean literacy. 13 There is a need to develop local capacity building and skillsets in renewable energy as well as overall mitigation and adaptation strategies. Additional education focus areas are – biodiversity, early warning systems, disaster risk reduction; sustainable development, vulnerability and adaptation; and engineering aspects of renewable energy into the broader curriculum. Tuvalu’s Environment Protection Act 2022 refers to educational campaign – especially on pollution control. Under the Falepili Union, Australia’s development cooperation program in Tuvalu addresses education among others.27 Priority Action Conditionality High Integrate climate change education into school Conditional on finance, curricula at all levels, from primary to secondary capacity and technology education. Develop age-appropriate materials and teaching resources to raise awareness and promote climate-conscious behaviours among young people. High Conduct community-based education and Conditional on finance and awareness campaigns by integrating local capacity government and administrative units such as councils, to raise awareness about climate change impacts and adaptation measures – in the local language. Use local languages and culturally appropriate methods to ensure effective communication and engagement with a focus on traditional knowledge. High Develop and deliver targeted training programs Conditional on finance, for schoolteachers, government officials, capacity and technology community leaders, and local NGOs on climate change impacts, vulnerability assessments, adaptation planning, and project implementation (also in local language) Medium Establish a knowledge platform for sharing best Conditional on finance, practices, lessons learned, and innovative capacity and technology approaches to climate change adaptation among stakeholders including recording of these items. Organise workshops, conferences, and webinars to facilitate knowledge exchange and networking. Medium Integration of traditional and local knowledge Conditional on finance into national policies. Oceans Oceans is a priority area for the government of Tuvalu. The ocean is the lifeblood of the economy, and it defines Tuvalu’s culture and heritage. Tuvalu is part of High Seas Alliance and in the process of finalising its National Ocean Policy in 2025. The Office of the Prime Minister has an Ocean Unit, who 27 Climate adaptation, health, telecommunications, connectivity, and economic resilience. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tuvalu/development-assistance/development-assistance-in-tuvalu 14 is currently overseeing ocean activities in the country. Tuvalu’s ocean space has a vast EEZ (719,174km2) and building resilience (and adaptability) of Tuvalu’s coastlines against the impact of sea-level rise is the country’s top adaptation priorities. Priority Action Conditionality High Scale-up new generation of ocean stewards Conditional on finance, with knowledge, skills, and tools – overarching capacity and technology architecture Medium Ocean-based carbon sequestration – potential Conditional on finance, and opportunities for Tuvalu capacity and technology Medium Wave energy generation potential from ocean Conditional on finance, for Tuvalu’s energy mix – pilot capacity and technology High Protection of coastal ecosystems and Conditional on finance, establishment of additional marine protected capacity and technology areas Medium Ocean conservation credits – piloting in Tuvalu Conditional on finance, ocean space capacity and technology High Enhancing capacity of department of oceans Conditional on finance and under the Office of the Prime Minister capacity Loss and damage As a nation of atoll islands, most of the Tuvalu’s population lives on land less than two metres above the sea level. The threat of coastal hazards such as sea-level rise, storm wave and king tides impacts pose challenges to people living across nation’s islands. Some of the impacts caused by extreme climate events result to irreversible losses and damages, including both economic and non-economic losses. Tuvalu Climate Change and Disaster Survival Fund, commonly referred to as TSF, was established in 2015 and came into effect on 2 January 2016. The objectives of the TSF are to:28 • Provide immediate vital services to the people of Tuvalu in combating the devastating impact of climate change and natural disasters; and • Allow the government and the people of Tuvalu to respond to future climate change impacts and natural disasters in a coordinated, effective and timely manner. MFAT is looking to strengthen the TSF during 2025–2026 with over NZD 1.9 million. Major components of this support include – implementing TSF covering recovery, rehabilitation and adaptation. Funds are allocated up to 50% for recovery, 30% for rehabilitation and 20% for adaptation activities. 28 https://www.tuvaluclimatechange.gov.tv/tuvalu-survival-fund-tsf 15 TSF has updated the Act in 2024, and communities can now apply for small scale grants. This work program has been adopted by the Cabinet in 2024. The next step will be to consult with communities to access small scale grants and training the communities on project criteria to access the TSF. One of the key aspects of loss and damage is defining the concept of the loss and damage in the context of Tuvalu. In addition to activities identified in NAP, Tuvalu communicates following additional loss and damage actions. Priority Action Conditionality Medium Institutional arrangement in loss and damage Conditional on finance governance at the national scale. Developing loss and damage taxonomy in the context of Tuvalu High Ensuring maintenance and operations of early Conditional on finance, warning systems across Tuvalu capacity and technology High Exploring opportunities to integrate the early Conditional on finance, warning systems via mobile phone application capacity and technology High Development of procedures, guidelines and Conditional on finance and measures to inform potentially impacted capacity communities Medium Research on risks associated with permanent Conditional on finance loss and damage due to climate impacts including economic and non-economic loss and damage High Safeguarding loss and damage from climate Conditional on finance, impacts by designing risk insurance facilities, capacity and technology climate risk proofing, and other insurance solution High Awareness building on irreversible loss and Conditional on finance damage from severe impacts of climate change including non-economic losses High Support and financing for Tuvalu’s Survival Fund Conditional on finance and capacity High Development of holistic strategy for local Conditional on finance and communities on climate mobility and capacity permanent relocation Means of implementation Climate change is a cross-cutting development issue as it affects every aspect of the Tuvaluan way of life and livelihoods. Climate change impacts exacerbate existing cultural and socio-economic vulnerabilities. These impacts threaten the security of the nation and cannot be implemented without considering just transition principles. To this end, the people of Tuvalu are collectively building and strengthening the nation’s resilience to combat climate change. However, this cannot be done alone 16 and in isolation; regional and global cooperation is imperative to put Tuvalu on a pathway to climate change resilience and sustainable development. Tuvalu is of the view that the scientific underpinnings of the discussions on climate change are clear in defining impact thresholds. Therefore, continuous, and long-term international cooperation is required. Considering Tuvalu’s national circumstances, the significant costs of imported fossil fuels are a major factor in Tuvalu’s balance of payments. While Tuvalu continues to take actions to reduce its fossil fuel import expenses, thereby reducing its GHG emissions, there is a need for support to assist its ambition to transform the energy sector to zero emissions through use of renewable energy for electricity generation and the transport sector decarbonization strategy. This, however, warrants consideration of just transitions. Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0 includes unconditional, conditional, and aspirational contributions to reduce emissions. The unconditional contribution includes actions that Tuvalu has already undertaken through renewable energy programs to significantly reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels for electricity generation. It will continue to push for energy conservation, through other measures such as conservation, education and energy efficiency and other measures, recognising its extreme vulnerability to the impacts of fossil fuel prices. The implementation costs (investment needs) for Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0 will be determined through estimations based on a bottom-up approach and available information. Financing needs will be assessed by reviewing preferred financing sources, identifying potential financing instruments, and adopting an appropriate approach to estimate overall investment requirements. Tuvalu’s unique national circumstances make it challenging to implement its ambitious NDC measures. Tuvalu has also very limited technical and financial capacity to act upon climate change on its own. International support is crucial to enable Tuvalu to implement further actions outlined in its policies and plans, including at sector level. For example, the growing emissions in the transport sector needs to be addressed through technological innovations and transport sector decarbonisation strategy. Public-private and community partners are thus important in the context of Tuvalu considering Tuvalu’s national circumstances. The goal to pursue a zero-carbon development pathway by 2050 is dependent on availability of finance and technology. 17 Appendix: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of Tuvalu’s NDC 3.0

1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) 2014 or other starting point(s) b) Quantifiable information on the reference Base year emissions for 2014 were 11.21 GgCO2e. indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Tuvalu's latest comprehensive national GHG inventory has been prepared in 2023 covering 2010–2023 period. Energy: 15.81 kt CO2e (61 % of total GHG emissions) AFOLU: 7.69 kt CO2e (from livestock) Waste: 1.14 kt CO2e (solid was disposal) Electricity: 7.13 kt CO2e (45% of total energy sector GHG emissions) Road transport: 4.09 kt CO2e (30% of total energy sector GHG emissions) Marine transport: (11% to total energy sector GHG emissions) c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in ▪ National Strategy for Sustainable Development Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or 2021–2030 (Te Kete) polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) ▪ Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016– above is not applicable, Parties to provide other 2025 relevant information ▪ Third National Communication to the UNFCCC (TNC) 2023 ▪ Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction Plan 2015 ▪ Tuvalu National Climate Change Policy 2021–2030 ▪ The National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) 2012–2016 d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed ▪ Tuvalu commits to reduction of emissions of GHGs numerically, for example in percentage or amount of from the electricity generation (power) sector, by reduction 100%, i.e., almost zero emissions by 2035 ▪ Increase energy efficiency in Funafuti by 30%. ▪ Tuvalu’s indicative quantified economy-wide target for a reduction in total GHGs emissions from the entire energy sector 60% below 2010 levels by 2030. ▪ Zero-carbon development pathway by 2050. e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying ▪ Third National Communication to the UNFCCC (TNC) the reference point(s) 2023 ▪ First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) 2025 18 f) Information on the circumstances under which the ▪ The reference indicators for national and sectoral Party may update the values of the reference emissions are in accordance with Tuvalu’s first BTR. indicators

2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, Start: 2025 End: 2035 including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as Multi-year applicable

3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the target ▪ Electricity – zero emissions by 2035 ▪ Zero-carbon development pathway by 2050 b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the Sectors: NDC, including, as applicable, consistent with Electricity, land transport, maritime transport, AFOLU Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Gases: ▪ Targets will apply to all gases: Carbon dioxide (CO 2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) ▪ All targets will be expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e) c) How the country has taken into consideration Tuvalu has considered all categories of anthropogenic paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: emissions or removals into its NDC 3.0. (c) Parties strive to include all categories of A target of GHG emissions reduction for the IPPU sector anthropogenic emissions or removals in was not developed due to negligible impact on Tuvalu’s their NDCs and, once a source, sink or NDC 3.0. activity is included, continue to include it (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ Not applicable. adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans

4. Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the country undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the country’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public Tuvalu has developed an NDC Implementation participation and engagement with local communities Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan 2022 including and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive Project Pipeline. This includes six projects: manner ▪ E-bike initiative 19 ▪ Electrification of Tuvalu’s light vehicle fleet ▪ Outboard motor transition from two-stroke petrol outboards to four-stroke ▪ Shore side electrical supply for at berth vessels ▪ Retrofitting of major hotels and commercial and governmental buildings ▪ Cold storage energy efficiency ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, Considering Tuvalu’s geo-physical setting with socio- economy, sustainable development, and poverty economic contexts, Tuvalu faces development eradication challenges with its small population size, remoteness, and vulnerability to external shocks such as COVID-19 pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by natural disasters such as Category 3 tropical cyclone which hit Tuvalu in January 2020 as well as impacts from king tides. b. Best practices and experience related to the Coordination and consultation of all relevant preparation of the nationally determined stakeholders and alignment with existing policies and contributions strategies. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities Not applicable. acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including Not applicable. regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18 of the Paris Agreement; c) How the country’s preparation of its NDC has been The outcome of global stocktake in 2023 will inform informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in Tuvalu in updating and enhancing future NDC. accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement d) Each Party with a nationally determined Not applicable. contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution. ii) Specific projects, measures, and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits

5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: 20 a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in removals corresponding to the country’s NDC, Third National Communication in 2023 and in first consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) 2025 in accordance accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse ▪ 31a. Parties account for anthropogenic emissions Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 and removals in accordance with methodologies Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National and common metrics assessed by the GHG Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. ▪ 31b. Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, between the communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions” b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s for accounting for the implementation of policies and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in measures or strategies in the nationally determined Third National Communication in 2023 and first Biennial contribution Transparency Report (BTR) in 2025 in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s into account existing methods and guidance under the GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions Third National Communication in 2023 and first Biennial and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph Transparency Report (BTR) in 2025in accordance with 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in removals Third National Communication in 2023 and first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) in 2025 in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent The anthropogenic removals in Tuvalu’s GHG inventory removals from natural disturbances on managed lands were prepared and communicated in Third National Communication in 2023 and first Biennial Transparency ii) Approach used to account for emissions and Report (BTR) in 2025 in accordance with the removals from harvested wood products methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 structure in forests Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National iv) Treatment of land sector GHG Inventories. 21 f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s), and/or The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Tuvalu’s reference level(s)—including, where applicable, GHG inventory were prepared and communicated in sector-, category- or activity-specific reference Third National Communication in 2023 and first Biennial levels—are constructed, including, for example, key Transparency Report (BTR) in 2025 in accordance with parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, the methodologies and common metrics described in data sources, and models used the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) and 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. ii) Whether the baseline scenario is static (will be fixed The baseline scenario target is static. over the period) or dynamic iii) For Parties with NDCs that contain non- Not applicable. greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iv) For climate forcers included in NDCs not covered by Not applicable. IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; v) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under None. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable

6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally Considering Tuvalu’s geo-physical setting with socio- determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the economic contexts, Tuvalu faces development light of its national circumstances; challenges with its small population size, remoteness, and vulnerability to external shocks such as COVID-19 b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on pandemic and accelerating economic hardship by equity natural disasters such as Category 3 tropical cyclone which hit Tuvalu in January 2020 as well as impacts from king tides. Tuvalu recognizes the potential reduction of GHG emissions to support global efforts to address climate change issues and to support improving quality of life, integrating just transition principles in implementing NDC 3.0 actions. On the basis of Tuvalu’s national circumstances, Tuvalu considers its NDC 3.0 is fair and ambitious. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, Tuvalu has set a clear pathway to decarbonize of the Paris Agreement electricity sector by 100% renewable energy sources for electricity generation and setting GHG emissions reduction pathway in transport sector. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, Tuvalu’s GHG emissions reduction targets as set out in of the Paris Agreement; NDC 3.0 covers both sector-specific and economy-wide. 22 e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, Tuvalu has ambition to zero-carbon development of the Paris Agreement pathway by 2050. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution As part of its NDC 3.0, Tuvalu has identified a clear and contributes towards achieving the objective of the transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions. Convention as set out in its Article 2 ▪ Anticipated national emissions in the target year or period if the contribution is achieved, the quantified GHG impact of the contribution, b) How the NDC contributes toward Article 2, As part of its NDC 3.0, Tuvalu has identified a clear and paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions. Agreement 23 24 Photo Credit: Government of Tuvalu 25