Twelfth Development Plan (2024-2028)

2.1 — GLOBAL TRENDS AND INTERACTION WITH TÜRKİYE ........................................................................ 5

2.1. GLOBAL TRENDS AND INTERACTION WITH TÜRKİYE ........................................................................ 5

2.2 — MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY ......................27

2.2. MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY ......................27 3. PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE ...............................................31 CHAPTER TWO LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) AND THE MAIN OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES OF THE TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 1. LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) ............................................................................45

1.1 — WORLD OUTLOOK IN 2053 ............................................................................................................45

1.1. WORLD OUTLOOK IN 2053 ............................................................................................................45

1.2

1.2. TÜRKİYE IN 2053 ..........................................................................................................................48 2. THE VISION, MAIN OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF THE TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN ......................53 3. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN ...............................................................................................55

3.1 — STABLE GROWTH, STRONG ECONOMY ...........................................................................................55

3.1. STABLE GROWTH, STRONG ECONOMY ...........................................................................................55

3.1.1 — Macroeconomic Policy Framework .......................................................................................................... 57

3.1.1. Macroeconomic Policy Framework .......................................................................................................... 57

3.1.2

3.1.2. Domestic Savings ........................................................................................................................................ 64

3.1.3

3.1.3. Balance of Payments ................................................................................................................................... 65

3.1.4

3.1.4. Inflation and Monetary Policy .................................................................................................................. 70

3.1.5

3.1.5. Financial Markets ......................................................................................................................................... 72

3.1.6

3.1.6. Fiscal Policy ................................................................................................................................................... 75

3.1.7

3.1.7. Social Security System and Finance ........................................................................................................ 79

3.1.8

3.1.8. Public Enterprises and Privatization ....................................................................................................... 82

3.2 — COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION WITH GREEN AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ..................................84

3.2. COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION WITH GREEN AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ..................................84

3.2.1

3.2.1. Manufacturing Industry.............................................................................................................................. 85

3.2.1.1

3.2.1.1. Priority Sectors ................................................................................................................................... 89 3.2.1.1.1. Chemicals ................................................................................................................................... 89 3.2.1.1.2. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices ................................................................................. 90 3.2.1.1.3. Electronics .................................................................................................................................. 93 3.2.1.1.4. Machinery ................................................................................................................................... 95 3.2.1.1.5. Electrical Equipment ................................................................................................................ 96 iii CONTENTS 3.2.1.1.6. Automotive ................................................................................................................................. 98 3.2.1.1.7. Rail System Vehicles ..............................................................................................................100

3.2.1.2 — Other Manufacturing Industries ...................................................................................................101

3.2.1.2. Other Manufacturing Industries ...................................................................................................101 3.2.1.2.1. Textile-Clothing-Leather Industry .......................................................................................101 3.2.1.2.2. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Industry ............................................................................101 3.2.1.2.3. Basic Metal Industry ...............................................................................................................101 3.2.1.2.4. Furniture Industry ...................................................................................................................102

3.2.2

3.2.2. Priority Development Areas ....................................................................................................................102

3.2.2.1

3.2.2.1. Agriculture and Food .......................................................................................................................102

3.2.2.2

3.2.2.2. Energy .................................................................................................................................................109

3.2.2.3

3.2.2.3. Defense Industry ..............................................................................................................................112

3.2.2.4

3.2.2.4. Tourism ...............................................................................................................................................113

3.2.3

3.2.3. Sectoral Policies .........................................................................................................................................116

3.2.3.1 — Public Investment Policies .............................................................................................................116

3.2.3.1. Public Investment Policies .............................................................................................................116

3.2.3.2 — Business and Investment Environment .......................................................................................118

3.2.3.2. Business and Investment Environment .......................................................................................118

3.2.3.3 — Science, Technology and Innovation ...........................................................................................121

3.2.3.3. Science, Technology and Innovation ...........................................................................................121

3.2.3.4 — Entrepreneurship and SMEs ...........................................................................................................126

3.2.3.4. Entrepreneurship and SMEs ...........................................................................................................126

3.2.3.5 — Intellectual Property Rights ...........................................................................................................129

3.2.3.5. Intellectual Property Rights ...........................................................................................................129

3.2.3.6 — Information and Communication Technologies ........................................................................133

3.2.3.6. Information and Communication Technologies ........................................................................133

3.2.3.7

3.2.3.7. Mining .................................................................................................................................................138

3.2.3.8 — Logistics and Transportation .........................................................................................................141

3.2.3.8. Logistics and Transportation .........................................................................................................141

3.2.3.9 — Services for the Promotion of Trade and Consumer Protection ............................................147

3.2.3.9. Services for the Promotion of Trade and Consumer Protection ............................................147

3.2.3.10

3.2.3.10. Customs Services ...........................................................................................................................150

3.2.3.11 — Construction, Engineering-Architectural, Technical Consultancy, and Contracting

3.2.3.11. Construction, Engineering-Architectural, Technical Consultancy, and Contracting Services ............................................................................................................................................152

3.2.4

3.2.4. State Aid ......................................................................................................................................................155

3.3 — QUALIFIED PEOPLE, STRONG FAMILY, HEALTHY SOCIETY ..................................................................157

3.3. QUALIFIED PEOPLE, STRONG FAMILY, HEALTHY SOCIETY ..................................................................157

3.3.1

3.3.1. Education .....................................................................................................................................................158

3.3.2

3.3.2. Employment and Working Life ...............................................................................................................168

3.3.3

3.3.3. Health ...........................................................................................................................................................171

3.3.4

3.3.4. Family ...........................................................................................................................................................177

3.3.5

3.3.5. Woman .........................................................................................................................................................178

3.3.6

3.3.6. Child ..............................................................................................................................................................180

3.3.7

3.3.7. Youth .............................................................................................................................................................185

3.3.8

3.3.8. Services For People With Disability ......................................................................................................188

3.3.9 — Social Services, Social Assistance and Combating Poverty .............................................................191

3.3.9. Social Services, Social Assistance and Combating Poverty .............................................................191

3.3.10

3.3.10. Income Distribution ................................................................................................................................193

3.3.11

3.3.11. Culture and Art .........................................................................................................................................194 iv CONTENTS

3.3.12

3.3.12. Sports .........................................................................................................................................................199

3.3.13

3.3.13. Population and Aging .............................................................................................................................202

3.3.14

3.3.14. International Migration ..........................................................................................................................205

3.3.15

3.3.15. Turks Living Abroad ................................................................................................................................205

3.4 — DISASTER RESILIENT LIVING AREAS, SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................208

3.4. DISASTER RESILIENT LIVING AREAS, SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................208

3.4.1

3.4.1. Disaster Management ...............................................................................................................................208

3.4.2

3.4.2. Urban Transformation ...............................................................................................................................213

3.4.3

3.4.3. Urbanization ...............................................................................................................................................214

3.4.4

3.4.4. Housing ........................................................................................................................................................217

3.4.5

3.4.5. Environmental Protection ........................................................................................................................218

3.4.6

3.4.6. Urban Infrastructure .................................................................................................................................221

3.4.7

3.4.7. Regional Development .............................................................................................................................225

3.4.8

3.4.8. Rural Development ...................................................................................................................................227

3.5 — DEMOCRATIC GOOD GOVERNANCE BASED ON JUSTICE ....................................................................230

3.5. DEMOCRATIC GOOD GOVERNANCE BASED ON JUSTICE ....................................................................230

3.5.1

3.5.1. Justice Services ..........................................................................................................................................131

3.5.2

3.5.2. Security Services ....................................................................................................................................... 234

3.5.3

3.5.3. Civil Society ................................................................................................................................................238

3.5.4 — Strategic Management in Public Sector ...............................................................................................239

3.5.4. Strategic Management in Public Sector ...............................................................................................239

3.5.5 — Regulatory Impact Analysis in the Public Sector ...............................................................................240

3.5.5. Regulatory Impact Analysis in the Public Sector ...............................................................................240

3.5.6

3.5.6. Local Administrations ...............................................................................................................................241

3.5.7 — Human Resources in the Public Sector .................................................................................................242

3.5.7. Human Resources in the Public Sector .................................................................................................242

3.5.8

3.5.8. Digital Government ...................................................................................................................................243

3.5.9 — International Cooperation for Development ......................................................................................246

3.5.9. International Cooperation for Development ......................................................................................246

3.5.9.1 — Technical Cooperation and Development Assistance .............................................................246

3.5.9.1. Technical Cooperation and Development Assistance .............................................................246

3.5.9.2 — Multilateral Development Cooperation ...................................................................................... 248

3.5.9.2. Multilateral Development Cooperation ...................................................................................... 248

3.5.10 — Sustainable Development Goals .........................................................................................................251

3.5.10. Sustainable Development Goals .........................................................................................................251 v TABLES Table 1: Main Global Macroeconomic Indicators of World Economy ..................................................................... 30 Table 2: Growth and Employment Realizations and Targets .................................................................................... 62 Table 3: Developments and Targets of Resources of Growth ................................................................................... 62 Table 4: General Balance of the Economy ..................................................................................................................... 63 Table 5: Targets for Domestic Saving ............................................................................................................................. 65 Table 6: Targets for Balance of Payments ..................................................................................................................... 70 Table 7: Inflation Forecasts ............................................................................................................................................... 72 Table 8: Targets for Financial Markets ............................................................................................................................ 75 Table 9: Targets for Public Finance ................................................................................................................................. 79 Table 10: Targets for the Social Security System ........................................................................................................ 82 Table 11: Targets for SOEs ................................................................................................................................................ 83 Table 12: Targets for Manufacturing Industry .............................................................................................................. 89 Table 13: Targets for Chemical Industry ........................................................................................................................ 90 Table 14: Targets for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Industry ................................................................... 93 Table 15: Targets for Electronics Industry ..................................................................................................................... 95 Table 16: Targets for Machinery Industry ...................................................................................................................... 96 Table 17: Targets for Electrical Equipment Industry ................................................................................................... 98 Table 18: Targets for Automotive Industry .................................................................................................................100 Table 19: Targets for Rail System Vehicles Industry .................................................................................................101 Table 20: Targets for Agriculture Sector ......................................................................................................................108 Table 21: Targets for Energy Sector ..............................................................................................................................112 Table 22: Targets for Defense Industry ........................................................................................................................113 Table 23: Targets for Tourism Sector ............................................................................................................................116 Table 24: Targets for Business and Investment Climate ..........................................................................................121 Table 25: Targets for Science, Technology and Innovation .....................................................................................126 Table 26: Targets for Entrepreneurship and SMEs ....................................................................................................129 Table 27: Targets for Intellectual Property Rights ....................................................................................................133 Table 28: Targets for Information and Communication Technology .....................................................................138 Table 29: Targets for Mining Sector ..............................................................................................................................141 Table 30: Targets for Logistics and Transportation Sector ...................................................................................... 146 Table 31: Targets for Trade and Consumer Protection Services .............................................................................149 Table 32: Targets for Customs Services .......................................................................................................................152 Table 33: Targets for Technical Consultancy and Contracting Services ...............................................................155 Table 34: Targets for State Aid .......................................................................................................................................156 Table 35: Targets for Education .....................................................................................................................................168 Table 36: Targets for Employment and Working Life ................................................................................................171 Table 37: Targets for Health ...........................................................................................................................................177 Table 38: Targets, Woman ...............................................................................................................................................180 vi TABLES Table 39: Targets, Child ...................................................................................................................................................185 Table 40: Targets, Youth ..................................................................................................................................................188 Table 41: Targets for Social Services, Social Assistance and Combating Poverty ..............................................192 Table 42: Targets for Income Distribution ...................................................................................................................194 Table 43: Targets for Culture and Arts ..........................................................................................................................199 Table 44: Targets for Sports ............................................................................................................................................202 Table 45: Targets for Population and Aging ................................................................................................................204 Table 46: Targets for Disaster Management ...............................................................................................................212 Table 47: Targets for Urban Transformation ...............................................................................................................214 Table 48: Targets for Urbanization ................................................................................................................................217 Table 49: Targets for Housing ........................................................................................................................................218 Table 50: Targets for Environmental Protection ........................................................................................................221 Table 51: Targets for Urban Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................224 Table 52: Targets for Regional Development .............................................................................................................227 Table 53: Targets for Rural Development ....................................................................................................................229 Table 54: Targets for Digital Government ...................................................................................................................246 vii ABBREVIATIONS 5G Fifth Generation ABİDE Monitoring and Evaluation of Academic Skills AFAD Disaster and Emergency Management Authority ASDEP Family Social Support Program BDDK Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CBRT The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye ÇEMATEM Treatment and Education Center for Child and Adolescent CIF Cost Insurance and Freight CİMER Presidential Communication Center CO2 Carbon dioxide COMCA Computerized Customs Activities COMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation CPI Consumer Price Index D-8 Developing Eight Countries DAP Eastern Anatolia Project DMO State Supply Office DOKAP Eastern Black Sea Project DSİ General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works DWT Deadweight Long Tons ECO Economic Cooperation Organization EIN Education Information Network ESG Environmental, Social and Governance ETS Emission Trading System EU European Union FATSI Physical Gold Participation Account FDI Foreign Direct Investment Fintech Financial Technology FOB Free on Board FTAs Free Trade Agreements FTE Full Time Equivalent G20 International Forum, made of 19 countries and the EU GAP Southeastern Anatolia Project GDP Gross Domestic Product GETAT Traditional and Complementary Medicine GRT Gross Register Tonnage HAK Halal Accreditation Agency viii ABBREVIATIONS HEPP Hydroelectric Power Plants HMA Hot Mix Asphalt ICT Information and Communication Technologies IFC İstanbul Financial Center IPARD Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development İŞKUR Turkish Employment Agency ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems ITU International Telecommunication IXP Internet Exchange Point IZ Industrial Zones KIRDES Rural Infrastructure Projects of Metropolitan Cities Km Kilometer KOP Konya Plain Project KOSGEB Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization KÖYDES Village Infrastructure Support Project kWh Kilowatt-hour LEADER Local Development Strategies MEB Ministry of National Education MIKTA Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Türkiye, and Australia MW Megawatt NGO Non Governmental Organization NPP Nuclear Power Plant OECD The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OIC The Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIZ Organized Industrial Zone OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OTS Organization of Turkic States PERBİS Retail Information System PPP Purchasing Power Parity PPPs Public-Private Partnerships PPS Private Pension System R&D Research and Development RTÜK Radio and Television Supreme Council SAMS State Aid Monitoring System SDG Sustainable Development Goals SESCC Security and Emergency Situations Coordination Center SME Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises SMR Small Modular Reactor SOEs State-Owned Enterprises SPK Capital Markets Board of Türkiye ix ABBREVIATIONS SSI Social Security Institution TAE Turkish Antarctic Expeditions TANAP Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline TASE Turkish Arctic Scientific Expeditions TDZ Technology Development Zones TEİAŞ Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation TENMAK Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency TEU Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit TFP Total Factor Productivity TIN Teacher Information Network TL Turkish Lira TOE Tone of Oil Equivalent TOKİ Housing Development Administration TPS-OIC Trade Preferential System among the Member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TSPB Turkish Capital Markets Association TTO Technology Transfer Office TÜBİTAK The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye Türk Eximbank Türkiye Export Credit Bank TÜRKSOY International Organization of Turkic Culture TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute TÜSEB Health Institutes of Türkiye TWh Terawatt Hours UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USA United States of America USD United States Dollars UYAP National Judicial Network Project WTO World Trade Organization YEKA Renewable Energy Resource Areas YÖK Council of Higher Education 5G Fifth Generation (Beşinci Nesil Ağ) x CHAPTER ONE PRE-PLAN PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WORLD AND IN TÜRKİYE 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Throughout the past century, the planning 2. In recent times, geopolitical tensions and approach widely utilized as a tool for deve- economic fluctuations at the global and regio- lopment in the economic and social spheres nal levels, disruptions in the global supply cha- has maintained its significance, despite the in, the pandemic (COVID-19), disasters, as well strengthening trend of liberalization since the as water, food, and energy crises have brought 1990s. With the global financial crisis, there along new risks and uncertainties, affecting has been an increasing recognition of the role Türkiye’s development process and societal of the public sector, even within market eco- well-being from various perspectives. These nomies, leading to a further reinforcement of changing conditions have increased the need the importance of planning. In this context, se- for a dynamic and flexible planning approach ctoral and thematic planning studies continue that adapts to the evolving circumstances. This to maintain their importance increasingly both process also presents significant opportuni- at the international and national levels. Many ties for Türkiye, leveraging its potential more countries and international organizations are effectively, particularly with its young and dy- setting ambitious goals and establishing upda- namic population and its strategic position at ted main roadmaps to adapt to changing condi- the intersection of energy corridors and major tions. In Türkiye, development plans continue routes. to maintain their status as main policy docu- ments, incorporating the country’s 60 years of 3. In this context, the Twelfth Development planning experience along with global trends, Plan (2024-2028), designed with a long-term risks, and uncertainties. These plans aim to le- perspective within the framework of the 2053 verage Türkiye’s potential to higher levels by vision in the new century of the Republic, will utilizing its resources effectively, and they inc- be a comprehensive roadmap that will ensu- lude objectives of becoming an influential ac- re to achieve our developmental objectives tor at the global level in the medium and long based on the core values and expectations of term. Turkish nation. The main objective will con- 1 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) tinue to be raising Türkiye above the level of “democratic good governance based on justi- contemporary civilizations. ce”. 4. The Twelfth Development Plan is prepared 8. Under the axis of “stable growth, robust eco- with the vision of positioning “Türkiye as an nomy”, the fundamental framework, policies, environmentally friendly, disaster-resilient, and principles pertaining to monetary, fiscal, high value-added production based on advan- and income policies, alongside macroecono- ced technology, fair distribution of income, mic targets aimed at reinforcing these policies stable, robust, and prosperous nation within are included. the Century of Türkiye.” Aligned with this vi- sion, a stable growth model will be implemen- 9. Under the axis of “competitive production ted that focuses on green and digital trans- through green and digital transformation”, formation, where the industrial sector plays there are policies that will contribute to wel- a leading role integrated with the agriculture fare growth by increasing competitiveness and and services sectors, strengthening Türkiye’s productivity in the economy through green position in global trade, providing quality fi- and digital transformation in production, par- nancing opportunities, and creating maximum ticularly in priority sectors and development employment. areas. 10. Under the axis of “qualified people, strong 5. The Twelfth Development Plan will serve as family, healthy society”, policies aimed at a guiding compass to manage the sustainable strengthening human capital and spreading development trajectory of our nation through prosperity to all segments of society are add- a strategic approach, ensuring the efficient ressed within the framework of the inclusive utilization of existing resources, their enhan- growth approach. cement in the medium to long term, and di- recting them towards fields that yielding the 11. Under the axis of “disaster-resilient habi- highest economic and societal value. tats, sustainable environment”, policies are included to increase the resilience of settle- 6. The Development Plan will serve to provi- ments and society against disasters, to protect de a long-term perspective and unified goal the environment, to improve the quality of life framework across all segments of society. A in cities and rural areas, and to reduce deve- holistic approach based on human-centricity, lopment gaps between regions. participation, inclusivity, accountability, and transparency will be pursued in the develop- 12. Under the axis of “democratic good go- ment endeavor. vernance anchored in justice”, policies aimed at activating justice and security services in 7. The Twelfth Development Plan consists of accordance with the principles of the rule of five pivotal axes: “stable growth, robust eco- law and the supremacy of law, strengthening nomy”, “competitive production through green civil society, and increasing the capacities of and digital transformation”, “qualified people, strategic management and evidence-based strong family, healthy society”, “disaster-resi- policy making in the public sector within the lient habitats, sustainable environment”, and framework of good governance are addressed. 2 INTRODUCTION 13. The Twelfth Development Plan was pre- and measures within their areas of responsibi- pared with a participatory approach under the lity, in accordance with the Plan’s goals, objec- coordination of the Presidency of Strategy and tives, principles, and policies. Budget, with contributions from the public sector, private sector, civil society represen- 15. The Twelfth Development Plan provides a tatives, and academia. Under the Presidential set of policies designed to guide public insti- Circular dated September 6, 2022, and numbe- tutions in establishing their priorities. To en- red 2022/10, within the framework of the Plan sure the effective implementation of the po- preparation efforts, 60 specialized commissi- licies and measures envisioned in the Plan, ons and 27 working groups were established. medium-term programs, Presidential annual Approximately 8,500 stakeholders actively programs, regional and sectoral strategies, and participated in the meetings conducted in this institutional strategic plans will be prepared context. Opinions and suggestions regarding based on the Development Plan. The Deve- the priorities of the Plan were gathered from lopment Plan will establish the fundamental over 43,000 participants through an online “ci- framework for resource allocation in the bud- tizen survey”. Furthermore, in the formulation get process for medium-term programs; public of the Plan text, the results of consultation me- institutions will realize their investment spen- etings with non-governmental organizations ding and current expenditures, and instituti- (NGOs), academics, representatives from the onal and legal arrangements, considering the private sector, as well as ministries and other goals and policies outlined in the Plan. public institutions and organizations, drawing on over 60 years of planning experience, have 16. Monitoring and evaluation of the Develop- been benefited from. ment Plan will be carried out through the Pre- sidential annual programs, under the coordina- 14. The efficient implementation of the Twel- tion of the Presidency of Strategy and Budget fth Development Plan will be ensured throu- and in cooperation with all relevant public gh the executive’s effective and rapid decisi- agencies, and the realizations of the Plan tar- on-making mechanisms. Public institutions gets will be reported to the President annually. will be responsible for implementing policies 3 CHAPTER ONE PRE-PLAN PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WORLD AND IN TÜRKİYE 2. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 2.1.GLOBAL TRENDS AND nancial crises, there has been a strengthening INTERACTION WITH TÜRKİYE of protectionist tendencies with steps taken back from liberalization in many areas, parti- Protectionism, Increasing Uncertainties, cularly in trade. Shifts in Economic Centers of Gravity and New Quests 18. In a period where protectionist tendencies and an inward-looking approach are gaining 17. With the end of the bipolar world order, the momentum, the pandemic, which has affec- liberalization approach has gained strength in ted the entire world, has had adverse effects the last 30 years, and globalization has emer- on countries not only as a health crisis but also ged as a dominant phenomenon economically, from humanitarian, economic, and social pers- commercially, culturally, and politically. Th- pectives. The pandemic has led to a reevaluati- roughout this process, the center of gravity in on of globalization process that, in many ways, production and trade started to shift from west blur national boundaries and the concept of to east as a result of the enhancing the compe- the welfare state, while emphasizing the pro- titiveness of developing economies, especial- minence of self-sufficient strong nation-sta- ly East Asian economies, with the combination tes. Additionally, the inadequacy of many de- of lower-cost labor-intensive production with veloped countries in effectively combating the technology transfer. A period of prosperity ba- pandemic has underlined the importance of sed on cheap labor has been experienced glo- social policies and practices. bally, particularly in free-market economies. However, amid trends towards transitioning to 19. Uncertainties regarding the course of the a multipolar world order due to shifting power pandemic have increased volatility in interna- dynamics, globalization has come under scru- tional markets, highlighting new risks for glo- tiny, and with the impact of economic and fi- bal growth, prompting countries to implement 5 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to developments are limiting potential growth mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic. of economies, while income and opportunity Disruptions to production and supply proces- inequalities are increasing worldwide. ses caused by the pandemic have led to im- balances in supply and demand, resulting in a 24. The axis of production and trade is shif- global inflationary environment. ting from developed countries to developing countries, especially Asian countries. While 20. The pandemic has increased awareness of global trade volume growth has been losing the necessity to be prepared for potential glo- momentum recently, increased protectionist bal shocks and risks associated with climate approaches due to the pandemic and geopo- change, highlighting the importance of green litical tensions have led to a departure from transformation. Additionally, it has accelerated rule-based trade principles. digital transformation with new production and work models and an increasing volume of 25. Countries, particularly advanced econo- e-commerce. mies, continue to mitigate the negative effe- cts of globalization in international trade and 21. As a significant reflection of the polarizati- regulate their trade through regionalization on during the transition to a multipolar order, efforts via Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Ef- the Russia-Ukraine war has emerged as anot- forts to expand countries’ trade networks th- her development causing uncertainty in the rough corridor projects such as the Belt and global economy, which was experiencing a Road Initiative persist, with expectations of rapid recovery due to widespread vaccination faster growth in trade corridors between Af- and gradual lifting of restrictions. The conflicts rican and Asian countries compared to those that began in the early months of 2022 dis- among advanced economies, and the increa- rupted the global recovery, while increases in sing importance of regions housing new logis- energy and commodity prices have exacerba- tics networks and transit passages. ted inflation trends worldwide. 26. During a period where global cooperation 22. The Russia-Ukraine war, trade tensions cen- is increasingly needed in the green and digital tered around the United States (US) and China, transformation process, economic risks have escalating regional and geopolitical risks, the become widespread due to rising prices fol- acceleration of the transition from globalizati- lowing the rise of protectionist approaches le- on to a multipolar world order, access to and ading to trade restrictions, trade and currency pricing of energy resources, and the effects wars, and decreased competition. Therefore, of climate change are intertwined factors that countries are emphasizing self-sufficiency in stand out as significant contributors to increa- production and support for domestic indust- sing uncertainty in the global economy. ries to transform and protect production and employment. 23. In addition to successive global shocks, the slowdown in international trade, the loss 27. Increasing market failures, exacerbated by of momentum in investment and total factor globalization, are spreading among countries, productivity (TFP) growth, and demographic making national economies more vulnerable 6 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS and increasing long-term investment needs in 31. The Paris Agreement, which forms the in- strategic sectors. This situation is prompting a ternational framework of the climate change reconsideration of a more active role for the regime after 2020, provides guidance in com- public sector in economies worldwide. bating climate change. In this regard, many countries have set net-zero emission targets Green Transformation and incorporated measures such as carbon pricing mechanisms, green incentives, and re- 28. The frequency and severity of natural di- gulations into their policies. However, the fact sasters are increasing due to climate change. that strong gains have not yet been achieved Disasters such as drought, floods, forest fires in the reduction targets strengthens the possi- and extreme weather events make the effects bility of taking more comprehensive measures of climate change more evident. In addition to in the future. climate change, the pressure on the environ- ment and natural resources continues to incre- 32. In the fight against climate change, various ase due to rising population, urbanization, eco- steps are being taken regarding mitigation, nomic activities and changing and diversifying adaptation, compensation for loss and dama- consumption habits, and efforts at national, ge, financing, technology development and regional and international scales are intensif- transfer, and capacity building. Investments ying to achieve the conservation-use balance. are expected to accelerate in areas such as cle- an energy production and energy efficiency, 29. In these efforts, in addition to environ- green transformation in industry, sustainable mental sensitivities, new protectionist ten- transportation, circular economy, green inf- dencies come to the fore; low-carbon growth, rastructure and urban planning, and sustainab- green economy and sustainable management le agriculture and food production. of natural resources activities are becoming widespread with the transformative effect on 33. The financing needs of countries exposed production methods of technologies in which to the adverse effects of climate change are developed economies are highly competitive. gradually increasing to improve their adapta- In the coming period, it is expected that espe- tion and resilience capabilities and to increase cially developed countries’ efforts to gain a their emission reduction capacities. Since the competitive advantage in their economies th- green transformation requires a significant rough green transformation will increase furt- amount of financing, it is necessary to sup- her. port the transformation of the real sector by channeling resources towards investments in 30. Climate change adaptation and emission this direction. Although it has not yet reached reduction policies present a significant oppor- a sufficient level, a significant increase in cli- tunity for transformation, as they are necessary mate finance has been observed in the last 10 to build resilient socio-economic and ecologi- years. Moreover, financing opportunities for cal systems. In addition, the green transforma- countries that take effective steps in comba- tion contributes not only to reducing the risks ting climate change are noted to be increasing. such as global warming faced worldwide, but also to prosperous lives in a more livable en- 34. The European Union (EU) has published the vironment. European Green Deal as a new growth strategy 7 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) with the aim of achieving a fundamental chan- and transformation of digital technologies ge in the economy, realizing the goal of climate by businesses. The utilization of digital tech- neutrality, and achieving a net zero emission, nologies such as big data analytics, Internet resource efficient and competitive economy of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) by 2050. Many strategies and legislative regu- has become a critical factor for competitive- lations are being implemented in line with the ness, offering opportunities for businesses to objectives of the European Green Deal, which provide reliable information, make quick and is a framework policy document. This situati- accurate decisions, and optimize processes. on increases the need for harmonization with Significant transformations are occurring in the EU regulations for countries with intensive areas such as data management, digital busi- economic and trade relations with the EU. ness processes and automation, new business models, data security and privacy, digital skills 35. “Circular economy” practices, which are development, logistics and supply chain ma- based on the evaluation and reuse of wastes nagement, and public services. generated while consuming resources, are be- ing adopted and widespread on an internatio- 38. The development in the field of artificial nal scale. The focus is on adapting production intelligence continues to accelerate. While AI processes and product design to circular prin- offers significant opportunities by comple- ciples, and measures are being taken to ensu- menting human abilities, it also poses risks of re that products can be recycled, repaired and increasing unemployment and further worse- reused. ning income distribution as it evolves to po- tentially replace human labor. Challenges such 36. Climate change deepens injustices, especi- as the rapid and uncontrolled development ally against low-income countries and groups of AI technologies outside of regulatory me- requiring special policies, and the importance chanisms, and the necessity for international of addressing climate policies on a global sca- cooperation in implementing measures, make le in a way that takes into account the princip- it difficult to address issues in this field. The les of social justice and equality with common magnitude of opportunities and threats that but differentiated responsibilities and relative AI could bring necessitates regulations at both national and international levels. capabilities in the light of the national condi- tions of countries is increasing. Accordingly, 39. As the need for electronic communicati- policies related to climate justice come to the on infrastructure increases, policies focusing fore on the international agenda to protect and on the widespread adoption of next-gene- support the people living in the regions most ration network infrastructures have come to affected by climate change. the forefront. The proliferation and increased usage of Fifth Generation (5G) networks open Digital Transformation the door for new-generation applications that require high connectivity quality and increa- 37. The demand for technological solutions se data loads. This situation emphasizes the such as digital infrastructure, marketing tools, integration of fixed and mobile infrastructu- cloud services, and cybersecurity has increa- res and increases the importance of mobile sed with the pandemic, accelerating the use networks. 8 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 40. Awareness regarding the importance of Production Structure and Service cybersecurity as a crucial element of national Delivery Forms Transformed by security is increasing. Countries are allocating Technological Developments a significant portion of their defense budgets to cybersecurity and highlighting investments 44. Developments in science and technology, in human resources in this field. The integra- particularly advanced and disruptive tech- tion of artificial intelligence and big data te- nologies, are rapidly changing production, chnologies is fundamentally changing cyber- consumption, economic and social structure, security approaches, with the development making it important to turn to the right tech- of domestic technologies expected to play a nologies in the process of competition and decisive role in inter-country cybersecurity transformation, and to harmonize the econo- power balances. mic policies implemented. 41. The blockchain technology, which enables 45. Research and development (R&D) and distributed data to be presented in a more se- innovation activities are of critical importan- cure and transparent manner, is expected to be ce in the face of many global challenges such more widely used in many areas, especially in as diversifying supply chains, strengthening data protection. energy supply security, increasing resilience against new shocks that may emerge, and ac- 42. With the development of technology and hieving net zero emission targets. Countries the acceleration of communication tools, the that embrace developments in these areas to- efficiency of services in financial markets is day and actively manage the process by alloca- increasing at a high rate. The digitalization pro- ting more resources are expected to be ahead cess and the business practices of financial te- in shaping the world of the future. chnology (fintech) companies are transforming financial markets by increasing efficiency. It 46. Increasing university-industry-public co- is expected that the use of digital currencies, operation in R&D and innovation processes, especially based on blockchain technology by developing infrastructures and innovative fi- central banks will become widespread. nancing models that support open science and innovation, strengthening access to qualified 43. The disparity between those who have ac- human resources, combating problems such cess to digital tools and can utilize them and as brain drain, focusing on society, co-deve- those who do not have access is increasing. lopment and increasing participation remain The disproportionate increase in the size of important. the technological and economic power of di- gital platform companies and their ability to 47. In global technology trends, artificial intel- influence individual and social behavior incre- ligence, Internet of Things, big data, blockcha- ases the need for public regulations regarding in, 5G and 6G, 3D printing, robotics, unmanned digital technologies. aerial vehicle and electric vehicle techno- logies, green hydrogen and renewable energy technologies, genome editing, biotechnology and nanotechnology stand out as the frontier 9 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) technologies supporting green and digital 51. Despite the recovery in the tourism sector transformation. In addition, space, quantum, after the pandemic, economic and geopolitical augmented and virtual reality, cyber security, challenges continue to create new uncertain- advanced materials, semiconductors, next-ge- ties. Due to rising transport and accommodati- neration nuclear reactors, energy storage, on costs, individuals are cutting back on their technologies for next-generation trans-rail tourism expenditures and prefer closer distan- systems, and carbon capture, utilization and ces. The tendency of tourists towards local storage remain important. culture and experiences rather than traditio- nal destinations is increasing; consumer pre- 48. Advanced countries aim to restructure glo- ferences continue to evolve with the needs of bal supply chains to reduce dependencies on the aging population, the expectations of the other countries, particularly China and Russia, new generation, and the increasing tendency and ensure supply security in production and to participate in tourism activities in smal- supply structures. In this context, approaches ler groups or individually rather than in large such as sourcing domestically, neighboring groups. countries, and friendly nations are expected to become even more important in the coming Searching for Solutions in Energy Supply period to prevent disruptions in the supply Security chain. 52. After the Paris Agreement, net zero emis- 49. Digitalization and technological develop- sion targets have been set by many countries ments such as the Internet of Things, artificial with a long-term perspective to reduce the intelligence, advanced robotics and three-di- impacts of climate change. Considering that mensional printing have an impact on inter- approximately three quarters of global green- national companies’ choice of production lo- house gas emissions are energy-related, the cation and firms’ competitiveness. Moreover, transformation in this area will be crucial in in the context of combating climate change, achieving the targets. the understanding of structuring production in line with environmental and social sustainabi- 53. The replacement of fossil resources by re- lity is strengthening at the global level. newable resources lies at the basis of energy transition. It is estimated that renewable re- 50. Within the framework of the strengthening sources will overtake coal and become the lar- of platform economies and the trend towards gest source of global electricity generation in intermediary-free trade, there is a tendency to 2025. Besides, with the widespread use of re- merge the roles of wholesaler, retailer and ma- newable energy sources, which have an inter- nufacturer. The need for both online and phy- mittent structure, it is critical to increase grid sical stores with the development of e-Com- flexibility and in this context, energy storage merce has necessitated the development of systems come to the fore. multi-channel marketing strategies, and holis- tic applications where more advanced soluti- 54. The importance of energy efficiency has ons and experiences can be brought together increased even more with the Russia-Ukraine with consumers have been adopted. war. Focusing on energy efficiency appears to 10 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS have a high potential for reducing energy de- duction, increases the risk of hunger affecting mand, cost effectiveness, supply security and broader populations. climate goals. 59. International measures taken against cli- 55. Trends in nuclear energy investments tend mate change, along with efforts to conserve to increase again. Within the scope of the water, fertilizer and agrochemical usage and policy of supporting renewable energy sour- the development of modern agricultural tech- ces with nuclear energy, many countries are nologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissi- making decisions to reactivate their existing ons and increase productivity, as well as new power plants and build new ones. In this con- generation practices like soilless farming and text, the development of micro, small and new urban agriculture, could significantly contribu- generation reactors become prominent. te to establishing food security. 56. Hydrogen technologies have emerged as 60. One third of the world’s population lives another important component in the energy in arid and semi-arid climate zones with wa- transition. It is predicted that the use of hyd- ter stress. Considering food security, energy rogen, which is mostly obtained from fossil re- supply and water requirements of ecosystems, sources today, will become widespread in vari- adequate water quantity and quality are cru- ous fields such as transportation, heat demand cial for sustainable development and prospe- and electricity generation, and green hydrogen rity. Accessible freshwater resources, which production will become more important, espe- account for less than 1.2 percent of the world’s cially within the framework of net zero emissi- total water availability, face problems such as on targets. pollution, drought, climate change, rapid po- pulation growth, water losses and unsustai- Food Security and Efficient Use of Water nable overuse. In addition, situations such as the release of used water into the receiving 57. The pandemic, along with increasing oc- environment without adequate treatment due currences of extreme weather events such as to disasters such as floods and spate have a ne- droughts and the Russia-Ukraine war, has led gative impact on the water cycle. This situati- to significant increases in agricultural input on may deepen multidimensional problems by and commodity prices, supply disruptions, and preventing or making it difficult for millions of serious issues regarding food security, neces- people around the world to access clean water. sitating global measures. Change in Demographic Structure and 58. The United Nations goal to end hunger, Increased Human Mobility food shortages, and malnutrition in all its for- ms worldwide by 2030 is increasingly drifting 61. The global population, which reached 8 away. The number of people affected by hun- billion by the end of 2022, is expected to inc- ger globally has increased even more after the rease to approximately 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 pandemic. In addition to population growth, billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100, accor- ongoing developments, particularly climate ding to the latest estimates made by the UN. change that adversely affects agricultural pro- Although the world population continues to 11 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) increase, the population growth rate is slowing 66. On the other hand, increasing irregular down due to decreasing fertility, life expectan- migration due to reasons such as war, climate cy at birth is increasing globally, and the share change, regional instability, deterioration in in- of the elderly population is increasing. come distribution and the desire to reach bet- ter living conditions increasingly affects the 62. Demographic transformation due to aging domestic politics, national security policies, is variedly accelerating around the world due regional and interstate relations of countries. to increased prosperity, developments in me- Immigrants’ search for rights and belonging dicine and technology, improvements in he- in the country they live in leads to debates alth services and urbanization. The aging of and tensions, and the perception that migrati- the population and the increase in the median on poses a threat to the economic, social and age increase the importance of external mig- cultural structure as well as national security ration on the demographic structure for some is increasing. Border controls and border ma- countries. nagement and security are becoming more im- portant in the fight against irregular migration. 63. The elderly dependency ratio has been increasing globally since 1990 with the aging Economic and Social Transformation in of the population. While on average there the Labor Market were 16 elderly people for every 100 people of working age in the world in 2019, it is esti- 67. Global transformations are taking place in mated that this number will reach 28 in 2050. today’s jobs due to the impact of digital and These changes in the demographic structures green transformation, in labor supply with de- of countries are expected to continue to create mographic and migration dimensions, in emp- more burden on labor markets, social security loyment relations due to changes in the nature systems, public finances, public services and of work, and in areas of social consensus rela- financing. ted to income distribution and security. Desig- ns for future jobs are diversifying. 64. In the process of demographic change, tra- ditional family ties are weakening, intergene- 68. The increasingly complex technology-ba- rational interaction is decreasing and elderly sed production structure increases the de- loneliness is increasing. This situation also inc- mand for qualified labor and reduces the de- reases the need for elderly and palliative care mand for medium and low-skilled labor in jobs services and creates additional costs for the dependent on automation. While this process public. deepens skill and opportunity inequalities in the labor market, the share of middle-level qu- 65. Human mobility is gaining momentum due alified jobs and their wages in employment is to the need for high and low-skilled labor force declining, especially in developed countries. arising from the aging of the population and the decrease in fertility in developed count- 69. Definitions for professions are changing, ries. There is a tendency to facilitate the mig- interprofessional mobility is increasing, and ration of qualified workers, investors and in- in this context, skills and qualifications, not ternational students, with policies diversifying the profession itself, come to the fore. New and increasing to encourage regular migration. 12 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS professions are emerging with the impact of Deterioration in Income Distribution and the pandemic and developments in digital te- Increasing Inequalities chnologies; new generation flexible working models such as remote, hybrid, part-time and 74. Income and wealth inequality is increasing temporary work and platform work are beco- worldwide as a result of the complex interacti- ming widespread. on of economic growth processes, technologi- cal changes, globalization and socioeconomic 70. The development process of new busines- policy choices. On the other hand, while there ses for growing sectors and companies within are high increases in income and wealth inequ- the framework of digital transformation is de- ality in the USA, Russia and India, there are re- veloping to the disadvantage of the experien- latively lower increases in European countries ced older generations, as they are more distant and China. from new technologies than the younger gene- ration. 75. Increasing debt rates of countries, especi- ally developed countries, weakens the public’s 71. Uncontrolled immigrant concentration in ability to develop policies to combat inequa- low-skilled jobs, which has become an impor- lity due to tight fiscal policies, causes upper tant element of labor supply, causes deteriora- income groups to get a greater share of eco- tion of working conditions, especially the spre- nomic growth, and negatively affects low and ad of informal employment, and downward middle income segments. pressure on wages. 76. In terms of improving income distributi- 72. Inequalities in the labor market are beco- on, increasing new income sources such as ming evident and real wages are lagging be- property tax, progressive wealth taxation and hind productivity gains in many parts of the digital taxation are becoming more prominent world. At the same time, business revenues as policy options. In addition, practices such as increase more than labor costs and the share increasing global cooperation and collecting of labor in income decreases. Although the minimum taxes on multinational company pro- financial support programs implemented by fits, cross-border tax for the highest income countries in the post-pandemic period have group or global carbon tax are on the agenda. provided a limited improvement, the purcha- sing power of those working in low-earning 77. The pandemic, climate crisis, increase in jobs tends to decline. food and energy prices and increasing regio- nal security problems have caused the poverty 73. While today climate change and environ- rate to increase at the global level. Universal mental degradation are seen as significant income practices are increasingly on the agen- threats to economic growth and employment, da as a solution to the increase in job and inco- with the green transition, if these risks are ap- me insecurity due to changing working styles propriately managed through just transition with technological developments in labor mar- programs, new jobs are expected to be created kets on a global scale, deterioration in wealth while existing employees are secured. and income distribution, and other socioeco- nomic instabilities. Recently, in many develo- 13 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) ped countries, instead of standard programs ining importance in education systems, and that everyone can benefit from, regardless of the opportunity to provide education services need, programs that provide minimum income to wider student masses through ICT is incre- support based on a certain income threshold asing. However, there is limited evidence that and income test have come to the fore. the use of ICT in education increases teachers’ productivity and academic achievement and is 78. As a result of increased automation and cost-effective. technological developments, labor-intensi- ve sectors are increasingly being replaced by 82. Due to the economic contraction and the capital-intensive sectors, which reduces labor global epidemic, the demand for a faster tran- demand, puts downward pressure on wages sition to the employment market has incre- and negatively affects income distribution. ased, and in this context, apprenticeship tra- ining and vocational higher education have 79. While prices for basic services such as gained importance. The importance of digital, health, education and housing increase more analytical and social skills has increased in vo- than inflation, the income growth of the midd- cational and technical education, and the need le class lags behind. In particular, on the one to update the professional skills of adults wit- hand, the cost of health services increases due hin the scope of lifelong learning has become to aging and new medical technologies, while evident. on the other hand, competition in education further increases the expenditures on educa- 83. The use of artificial intelligence techno- tion and the cost of educational services. At logy, which is becoming increasingly widespre- the same time, housing costs increase in cities ad in the field of education, offers important where the population is concentrated with opportunities, but also leads to ethical issues more job opportunities. This situation further as well as problems such as security, addiction limits the relative purchasing power of the and inhibition of learning. middle class. Digitalized and Shock-Resilient Healthcare Evolution of Educational Approaches Services 80. On an international scale, the necessity of 84. The pandemic has caused the deaths of ne- equal access to quality education and skills tra- arly seven million people worldwide, with the ining at all levels of education from pre-scho- negative effects of the pandemic being felt ol onwards comes to the forefront. While the more acutely by the vulnerable segments of activities of international organizations in the society. The pandemic has shown that despite field of education are increasing, the unders- all the advances in the field of health, infec- tanding of restructuring education policies on tious diseases can still be a serious problem, the basis of national values is strengthening. and demonstrated the importance of health systems to be prepared for immediate health 81. The use of information and communicati- shocks and emergencies. on technologies (ICT) such as artificial intel- ligence, augmented reality and the IoT is ga- 14 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 85. The health infrastructure of countries, es- 90. Approximately 80 percent of the global pecially developed countries, enables the use product is produced in cities that cover 2 per- of digital health applications based on the ser- cent of the world’s total land. 78 percent of vice users and their preferences, in addition to global energy consumption and more than 60 the hospital and doctor-oriented structure. As percent of greenhouse gas emissions and was- part of this, the massive use of remote health te originate from cities. services and wearable technologies is expec- ted to become widespread. 91. At the global level, approaches such as smart, sustainable, climate-friendly, calm and 86. Thanks to advances in genetic science, the resilient cities remain important. In line with use of biotechnological products and individu- these approaches, which aim to ensure growth alized medicines is anticipated to become wi- of cities in a healthy manner, with increasing despread, and access to and financing of these quality of life, and harmonization with nature, relatively expensive treatments are gaining efforts are made to reduce automobile depen- importance. dency and encourage public transportation and walking in order to reduce carbon footp- 87. The aging of the population, advances in rint, and traditional and modern urban plan- health technologies, expanding quality and ning principles are combined with sustainabi- scope of health services, and the increasing lity approach. proportion of non-communicable and chronic diseases in the total burden of disease have 92. Issues such as renewable energy invest- caused increasing pressure on the fiscal susta- ments, urban agriculture, entrepreneurship in- inability of healthcare systems worldwide. As vestments, child-friendly urban practices, cir- a result, it is expected that the share of count- cular economy, integrated waste management, ries’ healthcare expenditures within national green and digital transformation in emission income will increase in the coming period. reduction come to the fore in the field of urba- nization. Building the capacities of local admi- 88. In the framework of adopting healthy li- nistrations in these areas is becoming impor- festyles, combating non-communicable dise- tant. ases caused by common risk factors such as malnutrition, lack of physical activity, tobacco Effectiveness in Disaster Risk Management and drug use will remain an important agenda item. 93. It is observed that the number, frequency and damage caused by disaster events has inc- Sustainable Cities and Megacities reased globally in the past 20 years as a result of rapid and unplanned urbanization, populati- 89. While the number of cities with a popula- on density in cities, environmental degradati- tion of over 10 million was only two in 1950, on and climate change. Disasters cause loss of approximately worldwide 630 million pe- life, injuries and material damage. In addition, ople are expected to live in 40 megacities in disasters disrupt development processes by the 2025-2030 period. It is projected that by causing consequences such as halting produ- 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population will ction, increasing investment needs, deteriora- live in urban areas. 15 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) ting the budget balance, slowing down econo- cial cohesion, social inclusion, cultural diver- mic growth, and decreasing welfare. sity and human capital, and is consolidating its place on the national and international agen- 94. To ensure sustainability of development, da. Digitalization brings opportunities as well it is important to understand disaster risks, to as threats and inequalities of opportunity for take risk mitigation measures, increase pre- all stages of the cultural economy from design paredness capacity against multiple hazards to consumption. and reduce vulnerabilities. Increasing disas- ter awareness, considering multiple disaster 98. The pandemic has negatively affected the risks in zoning plans, increasing the resilience sectors serving the cultural economy, leading of buildings and critical infrastructure and su- to significant declines in sectoral key magnitu- perstructures, scaling up early warning and fo- des due to cancellations and closures. In addi- recast systems as well as the implementation tion, in the medium term, it is assessed that the of disaster insurance stand out as measures to general economic contraction caused by the reduce risk. pandemic may further deepen the problems by reducing state aid, investments, donations 95. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Re- and sponsorships and general demand for the duction adopted under the leadership of the sector. UN in 2015, determines the targets and prio- rities for creating disaster-resilient societies The Growing Importance of Protecting and reducing disaster risks, and guides disas- and Strengthening the Family ter risk reduction policies at the global level. 99. Rising living costs, recurring economic Rapid Sociocultural Changes crises and disasters, advancements in com- munication technologies, urbanization issues, 96. Globalization creates an environment threats targeting the institution of family, and where both local and universal dimensions of increasing individualization have negative ef- culture are strengthened simultaneously. On fects on family unity, welfare, and structure. the one hand, the development of new media Against these developments, the responsibili- tools and increased awareness of the world ties of states are increasing regarding the pro- bring about both a convergence and closeness tection of the family, which is the fundamental in favor of the dominant culture, while on the building block of nations. other hand, it leads to the ability of national cultural industries to express themselves on a 100. The homogenization and gender-neutra- world scale and to an increase in the demand lization trends worldwide, utilizing media plat- for uniqueness and differentiation. forms and civil society organizations, pose a threat to the institution of family and societal 97. In addition to its contributions to national values under the guise of individual freedoms income, employment and trade, the cultural in an imposing manner, leading to an increased economy is differentiating itself from other need for protection of family members, parti- economic areas due to its contributions to so- cularly children and youth. 16 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS 101. The more widespread use of communica- on and stability, efforts to rebuild the diminis- tion technologies, the increasing opportunities hing trust of citizens in public administration for family members to communicate via the in- are intensifying. ternet, and the rise in remote working options make it possible for family members to spend 105. Global financial crises, pandemics, clima- more time together. On the other hand, cons- te change, environmental problems, rapid te- tant access to the work environment can lead chnological advancements, along with the de- to challenges in maintaining a balance betwe- vastating effects of digital transformation, are en work and family life. The heavy use of onli- increasingly highlighting the importance of ne platforms and social networks can result in the regulatory and supervisory roles of states. decreased interaction among family members and weaken family bonds. 106. The technological advancements facilita- ting the collection, storage, and processing of 102. The difficulty in accessing affordable and large amounts of data, along with the process reliable housing options, as well as spaces like of digitization, necessitate the secure, reliable, sports facilities and libraries for the develop- and ethical management of data applications. ment of children and youth along with the dec- This underscores the need for comprehensive reasing availability of green areas, emerges as and innovative public policies to be developed significant urbanization problems affecting and legal regulations to be established on to- families. Increased human mobility, migration, pics such as personal data security and priva- and urban growth make it difficult to participa- cy, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, digital te in social life, emphasizing the transportati- competition, and digital ethics. on, health, and safety needs of families. 107. Disinformation or misinformation, sprea- 103. Although increased life expectancy al- ds quickly and easily through social media and lows for more time together, small families are digital platforms; pose threats at national and becoming more common, and the number of global levels by adversely impacting democra- extended families where different generations tic processes, economic stability, public health live together is declining. This trend disrupts and safety, and the peace and welfare of the the transfer of experience, emotions, values, society. In combating disinformation or misin- and culture between generations, weakening formation the necessity for states to establish family ties and leading to isolation. The we- an effective legal and regulatory framework, akening of the family institution also dimi- along with enhancing cooperation and coordi- nishes individuals’ sense of belonging to the nation at the international level, becomes inc- community they live in, eroding the essence of reasingly clear. societies as nations. 108. Considering the international develop- Regulatory, Supervisory and Trustworthy ments and trends in public administration, the- Public Management re is a tendency for the digitalization of public service delivery, which has internalized digital 104. To enhance the legitimacy and efficiency transformation with its institutional structure of public policies, and to ensure social cohesi- and personnel regime, positioned the e-Gover- 17 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) nment backbone infrastructure at the center ternational cooperation are highlighted as pri- of socio-economic development and carry out ority areas. the process in cooperation with its stakehol- ders. Interaction of Global Developments with Türkiye 109. e-Government initiatives have been on the agenda of countries and international or- 112. In the face of global uncertainties, geo- ganizations for nearly a quarter of a century, political tensions, climate change and disas- and priorities have been updated over time. ter-related risks, and tendencies towards tra- Today, the international community’s e-Go- de protectionism, the need for international vernment approach has expanded from the cooperation and effective policy coordination initial framework defined as ‘effective use of is increasing. Following the pandemic where information and communication technologies geopolitical tensions persist, and with the aim in public service delivery’ to an understanding of establishing a healthy and sustainable fra- that includes user experience and participati- mework for Türkiye’s development dynamics, on among its priorities. it is important for Türkiye to effectively utilize diplomatic channels to turn risks into opportu- Sustainable Development Goals Agenda nities by addressing the observed shortcomin- gs in international policymaking. Türkiye plays 110. The Sustainable Development Goals a constructive role in reforming international (SDGs) have assumed a decisive role in the institutions and policy making in a supporti- development agendas of all countries by fo- ve and pioneering manner for the promotion cusing in a balanced manner on the social, of peace and stability in its region and worl- economic, and environmental dimensions of dwide, the enhancement of shared prosperity, development, emphasizing equality and justi- and the fight against increasing inequalities, ce within and among countries, and adopting within the framework of seeking a fairer inter- the principle of leaving no one behind. Howe- national order. ver, the achievement of these goals has been hindered by global challenges such as the pan- 113. While protectionist tendencies are inc- demic, successive geopolitical tensions, disas- reasing globally, there is a simultaneous pro- ters, refugee crises, economic fluctuations, and motion of a rules-based approach under the the lack of adequate financing. leadership of international organizations. Responding rapidly and effectively to these 111. The international community is making global and regional developments by strengt- efforts to inject new momentum into achieving hening institutional capacity to actively par- the SDGs and expects countries to strengthen ticipate in solution processes will further en- their implementation commitments. Ensuring hance Türkiye’s position at the international adequate and well-directed financing in line level. with the principle of leaving no one behind, expanding implementation at the national le- 114. It is important to enhance resilience aga- vel, establishing policy coherence at all levels, inst global risks, support self-sufficiency, and strengthening institutions, and enhancing in- continue to develop and effectively imple- 18 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ment long-term policies focusing on priority digital transformation, strengthening science sectors with a strategic perspective. and research infrastructures, increasing the number of graduates in basic sciences and en- 115. It is important for Türkiye, which is a tran- gineering, developing social and digital skills, sit country on major trade corridors and has and establishing more effective implementa- close economic and trade relations with the tion, monitoring-evaluation and coordination EU, to take maximum advantage of the new systems are gaining importance for Türkiye. opportunities arising from the green and di- gital transformation processes and manage 119. Recently, activities aiming at the creati- potential risks related to it, especially in the on of sustainable and green-themed financial post-pandemic period when global value cha- products have come to the fore in international ins are restructured. financial markets, in Türkiye, studies gained pace for financing of green transformation es- 116. With the acceleration of the global green pecially in the fields of the legislative infrast- transformation process through the Europe- ructure, taxonomy, measurement, verification an Green Deal, there is a need for Türkiye to and reporting, as well as on risk management comply with international regulations in are- and data production. These developments are as such as sectoral capacity building, financi- important to have the international financial al support, and carbon pricing mechanisms. resources flowing into the Turkish economy. Türkiye, after becoming a party to the Paris Agreement in 2021, set its target for net zero 120. The Zero Waste Project initiated by Tür- emissions by 2053 and submitted its updated kiye within the scope of sustainable develop- Nationally Determined Contribution to the UN ment efforts has turned into a global move- in 2022. ment, and the UN General Assembly adopted the “zero waste” resolution in December 2022 117. The green transformation process, which and declared March 30 as International Zero has gained momentum at an international le- Waste Day. This resolution encourages mem- vel, has started to have an impact on the tra- ber states, as well as the UN and other interna- de and production processes of developing tional and regional organizations to promote countries, like Türkiye, and underdeveloped initiatives related to zero waste. countries, where green technologies has not yet been sufficiently developed. The need to 121. Digital economy regulations implemen- comply with the rules and standards introdu- ted in the international arena, particularly in ced for green transformation in international the EU, reveal the need for harmonization in trade under the leadership of the EU creates Türkiye on the one hand, and offer opportuni- competitive pressure on our production and ties to accelerate the digitalization process on employment structure, and offers new oppor- the other. tunities for Türkiye in the context of sustainab- le production forms and green jobs. 122. New digital technologies such as the use of artificial intelligence and big data in produ- 118. Policies such as designing new financing ction processes, digital twins, three-dimensi- and incentive models to support green and onal printers, Internet of Things applications, 19 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) machine learning and robotics are becoming term and substitution potential in the medium essential elements of competition. It is im- to long term, are being emphasized, including portant to increase the interaction between opportunities for localization in this field. The producers and consumers by developing and use of cloud computing in the public sector is disseminating the use of new digital techno- becoming increasingly common, and with the logies in the most effective way, and to ensure Public Cloud Strategy and Action Plan, proces- and support digital transformation in the in- ses and rules will be clarified for public institu- dustry, particularly in small and medium-sized tions. Encouraging the use of cloud computing enterprises (SMEs). resources by businesses, particularly SMEs, up- dating support mechanisms for digital trans- 123. Improving Türkiye’s R&D and innovation formation accordingly will contribute to effec- capabilities in new digital technology areas tiveness in the use of limited human resources by considering domestic and nationality will and saving on software, hardware, and infrast- make a significant contribution to increasing ructure expenses where we run a trade deficit. Türkiye’s competitiveness permanently in the digital transformation process. Considering the 125. The rapid changes and transformations strategic importance and rapid development in the field of artificial intelligence necessita- of these technologies, prioritization of the de- te the systematic monitoring of their positive velopment of indigenous digital technologies and negative impacts on other sectors. The will be a driving force for Türkiye to achieve its National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2021- development objectives in the coming period 2025) lays the groundwork for prioritizing and by controlling its dependence on technology accelerating efforts in this area. imports, realizing technology adaptation ra- pidly and effectively, and contributing to be- 126. Emphasis on awareness campaigns re- coming an exporter in these technologies. To garding cybersecurity, which has become a develop holistic policies for the effective use significant component of national security, of new digital technologies by analyzing their increasing military-civil interaction in proje- economic and social benefits and risks, it has cts conducted at the national level, meeting become essential for the public sector to play localization needs, ensuring knowledge trans- a strong coordination and guiding role among ferability, and integrating policies on artificial the actors in the ecosystem by increasing its intelligence, big data, and cybersecurity into a competence. comprehensive framework have become a top priority. 124. The widespread deployment of alter- native narrowband and broadband infrast- 127. It is necessary to take the required me- ructures and strengthening access to digital asures in line with EU digital regulations to infrastructure through the use of cloud com- ensure the creation of a competitive environ- puting resources are crucial for the digital ment enabling the growth and development transformation process. Additionally, in the of domestic digital platforms and to protect telecommunications sector, policies focusing users’ rights regarding their personal data, rep- on low-earth orbit satellite technology, whi- resented by data sovereignty. Considering that ch has complementary potential in the short the public sector is a leading data provider, 20 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS initiatives for sharing public data that do not However, it is important to strengthen service compromise privacy are deemed important for provision in a way to respond to differentia- domestic and national solutions in the field of ted demands such as the aging population, the artificial intelligence while ensuring complian- wishes of the new generation and personali- ce with EU digital regulations. zed service expectations. 128. Enriching qualified R&D human resour- 132. In the process of restructuring global ces in priority sectors and areas to ensure supply chains, creating geographical diversity adaptation to green and digital transforma- in input supply and establishing domestic al- tion, improving the organization and innova- ternatives will contribute to mitigating supply tion capabilities of the private sector for this disruption risks. On the other hand, ensuring transformation, and establishing effective me- uninterrupted, fast, flexible and high-quality chanisms and alternative financing sources for product delivery in production and service financing R&D and innovation are of critical networks with its strategic location and logis- importance in terms of increasing the compe- tics experience will strengthen Türkiye’s posi- titiveness of Türkiye. tion as a reliable supplier, particularly in the nearby geography. 129. Expanding product and technology plat- forms that include solutions for social needs 133. Although Türkiye’s dependence on im- and where the guiding-facilitating role of the ported energy has been decreasing as a result public sector is effective, supporting techno- of increased investments especially in the last logies from basic research to commerciali- decade, it still remains important, and energy zation without interruption and creating ad- supply security has re-emerged as an impor- ded-value for Türkiye are crucial. tant policy area after the impact of the acce- lerated transformation at the global level with 130. It is important to accelerate green trans- the Paris Agreement and the energy crisis due formation in the manufacturing industry, es- to the Russia-Ukraine war. pecially in emission-intensive sectors, and di- gital transformation, mainly in service sectors, 134. Considering that about 70 percent of through innovative, efficient and sustainable greenhouse gas emissions in Türkiye are ener- production methods. gy-related, accelerating the use of alternative clean energy technologies such as green hyd- 131. In the digitalization process, with the di- rogen, increasing energy efficiency and acce- versification of service delivery channels such lerating policies and practices towards nuclear as electronic commerce, platform economies energy as well as renewable resources, especi- and sharing economies accelerated by the ally for electricity generation, will contribute pandemic, Türkiye is also experiencing a pro- to increasing our competitiveness in the green cess in which traditional marketplaces, trade and digital transformation process as well as networks and shopping formats undergo a ra- supply security against global shocks. pid transformation, successful practices deve- lop on a global scale, and producer and con- 135. In today’s world, where ensuring supply sumer behaviors adapt quickly to new trends. security in the food sector alongside energy 21 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) sector has become increasingly important, ef- in the past, is one of the countries where for- forts to mitigate the effects of climate change, cibly displaced people take shelter the most. as well as sustainable use of soil and water While international contributions to meet the resources, preserving agricultural population high social and economic costs caused by glo- in place, enhancing productivity through new bal irregular migration movements in Türkiye, technology and input usage in agriculture are which have a high potential to put pressure on priorities for Türkiye. developed countries, especially the EU, rema- in limited, Türkiye has undertaken significant 136. Despite growing concerns over global costs in this process, demonstrating a valuab- food security, through active diplomacy efforts le humanitarian approach. In this context, it is such as the Black Sea Grain Corridor Agree- important to share the costs of global irregular ment, Türkiye strengthens its role as an inter- migration more fairly within the framework of national actor by preventing global price flu- international cooperation, to make migration ctuations, contributing to continued access to policies more compatible with social and eco- food for low-income countries, and sustaining nomic life with approaches in line with Türki- the supply of raw materials for middle-income ye’s development goals and priorities, and to and high-income countries. This reinforces ex- combat irregular migration effectively. pectations from Türkiye as a mediator while enhancing its importance on the international 139. The labor market in Türkiye has seen stage. significant changes in recent years with new models of work and technological develop- 137. A trend similar to the demographic chan- ments. Remote and blended working models, ge process at the global level is observed, es- which became more common during the pan- pecially the slowing down of the population demic, have begun to be preferred especially growth rate in Türkiye. In Türkiye, where the by large-scale companies due to their advan- fertility rate is below the world average of 1.62, tages such as increasing employee producti- the population is gradually aging due to the vity, reducing problems for instance traffic and fact that it has fallen below the renewal capa- transportation, and ensuring work-family-life city, life expectancy at birth is increasing, and balance. In addition, the trends of freelancing the elderly dependency ratio and the average and doing business through digital platforms age of marriage are increasing. The importance are also getting stronger, and demand for sec- of maintaining a healthy and dynamic popula- tors that offer fixed or temporary work oppor- tion structure is increasing in order not to slow tunities is increasing. down the pace of development and to mainta- in a more economically and socially vigorous 140. In Türkiye, as in many countries, new job and resilient social structure. opportunities and green employment oppor- tunities arise in areas such as circular eco- 138. Türkiye, which is not indifferent to the nomy, green technology, renewable energy, developments requiring humanitarian inter- energy efficiency, water and waste manage- vention at the global level and in its region and ment, recycling and sustainable agriculture. extends a helping hand to people under inter- In this context, the demand for qualified labor national and temporary protection status, as force specialized in fields such as engineering, 22 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS information technologies and environmental 144. While it becomes difficult to meet the sciences is increasing. needs of the labor market in all qualificati- ons domestically due to increasing prosperity 141. Within the framework of the twin trans- and changing perception of work, a balanced formation, the importance of lifelong learning harmonization of migration and employment continues to increase, especially considering policies may make it easier to overcome this the low education level of the adult populati- difficulty. on. Similarly, the need to update curricula and programs compatible with digital and green 145. The ongoing low growth performance transformation at all levels of education, espe- around the world after the global financial cially vocational education and higher educati- crisis, rising cost pressure on production, glo- on, remains important. Addressing both trans- bal inflation, increasing geopolitical risks and formations together, both in education and in macroeconomic developments have negati- the labor market, will facilitate adaptation to vely affected the labor market in Türkiye, ca- the transformation. using labor income share in gross value-added to decline and the income distribution to wor- 142. The convergence of average wages to sen. base wages disrupts the skill-productivity-wa- ge balance and tends to cause negative con- 146. The increase in Türkiye’s participation in sequences in the medium and long term, such global value chains has facilitated access to ca- as decreasing the importance of education and pital and technology, contributed to increase skills and disrupting the supply-demand ba- in living standards by improving productivity lance in the labor market. This situation does and growth and played a significant role in po- increasingly necessitate taking the skill-pro- verty reduction. ductivity-wage balance into account in the transformation of models of work. 147. In addition to the new income support programs launched to mitigate the impact of 143. Declining fertility and aging phenomena economic shocks due to the pandemic, aug- limit further benefiting from the demographic menting disasters and price increases, especi- window of opportunity in labor markets, putt ally on the poor, increasing the effectiveness pressure on Türkiye’s development potential of social assistance programs and the share and long-term prosperity. In this framework, of direct taxes will contribute to the improve- it remains important to sustain the progress ment of income distribution. achieved in women labor force participation, informality and education levels in the upco- 148. Türkiye’s education system, where the ming period. Moreover, updating vocational average duration of education has increased and technical education and higher educati- to 9.2 years, the expectation of staying in on processes in line with the needs of labor education has swelled to 18.3 years and the markets in cooperation with the private sector access problem has decreased, is affected by stands out as an important requirement. new approaches at the global level, where di- gitalization is an important factor, and the spa- 23 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) ce, curriculum, educational technologies and ces and biotechnological products into the he- educational acquis areas of the system are un- althcare system is among the important policy dergoing transformation. However, traditional areas. education methods remain important and the teacher continues to stand out as the domi- 151. Because of the increasing quality and ex- nant element of education. panding scope of health services, to ensure the financial sustainability of the health system in 149. Taking into account the changing world Türkiye, it is important to increase the effec- and developing opportunities, the priorities tiveness and efficiency in health expenditures of education in the coming period include ac- and service delivery and to increase the effec- cess to quality pre-school education services tiveness of the reimbursement system based in Türkiye, provision of educational services in on evidence-based approaches. a flexible and durable structure that will enab- le them to respond to possible crises, vocatio- 152. In Türkiye, alongside the phenomena of nal technical education and higher education internal and external migration and increasing to offer students a curriculum that will make urban population, driven by rapid economic it easier to acquire skills and a profession af- and sociological transformations, contribute to ter graduation, and raising each individual as the growth of urban economies mainly throu- a responsible individual towards society from gh various sectors within the service industry. the first stage of education. This increases the need for ensuring environ- mental, economic and social sustainability. 150. As a result of the reforms made in the he- alth system, Türkiye, where access to quality 153. Increasing urban resilience is becoming health services was provided by strengthening gradually important, taking into account cli- the physical and human infrastructure, over- mate change and disaster-related risks. To come successfully the pandemic. The fact that improve the quality of life, it is important to the capacity, which has up to date qualification implement policies to improve welfare in an in terms of preparation and response to infe- inclusive manner, ensure effective service de- ctious diseases, health shocks, disasters and livery and participation in planning processes emergencies has enabled our health system to that take into account urban identity and be- diverge positively from the health systems of longing. many developed countries. On the other hand, due to the aging of the population, financial 154. As an important step towards smart ci- burden on the health system and the proporti- ties, the use of digital technologies in urban on of non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the planning and service delivery is becoming disease burden are increasing. In addition to widespread, and significant progress is being NCDs, struggling with risk factors such as un- made in the development of geographic data balanced nutrition, lack of physical activity, to- infrastructure and modernization of cadastral bacco, alcohol and drug use and strengthening infrastructure. protective and preventive services are among 155. In metropolitan cities, transportation-re- the main priorities in the field of health. In ad- lated problems such as noise and carbon emis- dition, the integration of digital health servi- sions that threaten human health and environ- 24 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ment, time and economic losses due to traffic Türkiye thanks to its rapid growth performan- congestion, and loss of life and property due ce, high added-value, employment of qualified to traffic accidents remain important. In this labor force, and contribution to the reproduc- framework, the demand for intermodal integ- tion and enrichment of culture. Inclusive and ration, low-emission, electric or autonomous systematic management, monitoring and sup- vehicles in urban transportation is increasing, port of this field is important for the realizati- and sustainable urban transportation planning on of this potential. including public transportation, micro mobi- lity and pedestrian mobility is coming to the 160. Due to the pandemic, there has been a forefront. decline in cultural economy indicators, especi- ally in cultural and artistic activities that invol- 156. After Kahramanmaraş and Hatay earthqu- ve face-to-face interaction. However, with the akes, approaches to reduce disaster risks have support provided, there has been a recovery intensified in the dimension of social resilien- towards pre-pandemic levels in cultural eco- ce. Given Türkiye’s susceptibility to disasters nomy indicators. due to its geographical features and exposure to the effects of climate change, there is a pres- 161. In Türkiye, the proportion of single-per- sing need for holistic disaster management son households and single-nuclear families prioritizing risk reduction to minimize loss of is increasing, while the proportion of at least life and property in disaster-prone areas. one nuclear family and extended families con- sisting of other individuals is decreasing. It is 157. With the new approaches shifting from anticipated that this trend will continue in the post-disaster response to pre-disaster risk coming years. Factors such as increased life management, the issue of risk reduction that expectancy, declining fertility rates, and insuf- takes disaster hazards into account is given ficient provision of institutional care services more place in national policies in Türkiye. In are changing the family profile. this framework, rapid steps are being taken to improve human, administrative and financial 162. The globally increasing trends of gen- capacity and to strengthen the scope of disas- der-neutralization have an impact in Türkiye ter management legislation. through various media channels, posing a thre- at to the institution of family, with an authori- 158. Türkiye has the potential to become a tarian approach particularly targeting children regional and global center of influence and and youth. attraction thanks to its cultural richness and historical depth. There is an ongoing need for 163. The need persists for the development of more effective cultural diplomacy to promote effective policies, implemented through edu- Turkish culture and to ensure that the national cation, culture, and media channels, to strengt- cultural industry reaches international mar- hen the institution of the family, ensuring the kets and is internationally competitive. continuity of society through conscious and healthy generations, penetrating into every 159. The cultural economy offers an important aspect of work and social life. opportunity for sustainable development in 25 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 164. In the face of the trust-degrading effects which is one of the important tools for the of global trends and developments, it is impor- development of public administration within tant to develop public policies based on data the framework of good governance principles, driven and participatory methods to strengt- onto other development policies is crucial. Ad- hen public trust, ensuring that public services ditionally, cooperation and coordination at the are delivered in a high-quality, fair, and inclusi- international level are necessary in areas such ve manner, and transforming public administ- as cross-border services, combating the spre- ration into an accountable, transparent, and ad of misinformation, cybersecurity, personal citizen-centric structure. data security, and privacy. 165. Türkiye has successfully implemented 166. The Sustainable Development Goals the early-stage applications of e-Government (SDGs) have served as a comprehensive and by adopting the right approach and policies. holistic reference for Türkiye’s human-cen- Preserving the gains in this field and achieving tered development efforts, aligning with the a higher ranking on an international scale de- international community around this inclusive pend on the adoption and decisive implemen- global agenda. The Twelfth Development Plan tation of right policies, setting priorities, stren- offers a significant opportunity to reinforce gthening institutional capacity, and ensuring Türkiye’s efforts towards achieving the SDGs the effective and efficient use of resources. in their economic, social, and environmental Reflecting the concept of digital government, dimensions as a whole. 26 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS

2.2 — MACROECONOMIC 169. During this period, portfolio investments

2.2. MACROECONOMIC 169. During this period, portfolio investments DEVELOPMENTS AND were adversely affected by the pandemic, re- aching alarming levels and a decrease in glo- EXPECTATIONS IN THE WORLD bal risk appetite, resulting in historically high ECONOMY outflows from emerging economies to advan- ced economies in pursuit of safer yet lower 167. In recent years, the world economy has returns. Consequently, the risk premiums of faced significant challenges due to protectio- emerging economies experienced substantial nist tendencies in international trade as a re- increases. Furthermore, the exit from assets sult of the pursuit of multipolarity, geopolitical denominated in reserve currencies resulted in tensions, particularly the Russia-Ukraine war, record-high prices for gold and other alternati- and pandemics and disasters such as the pan- ve precious metals. However, in the following demic, as well as climate change-driven prob- period, both the slowdown in global economic lems. In particular, the pandemic has raised the activity and the disputes among oil-exporting possibility of a real and financial collapse in countries led to sharp declines in commo- the world economy and turned into one of the dity prices, particularly in oil. Oil prices have most serious health crises of the last century. subsequently recovered amid reconciliation The economic and social lockdown measures efforts among producers and disruptions in imposed in all countries in response to the supply. pandemic have sharply limited global produ- ction capabilities. In the first half of 2020, dis- 170. Although the measures taken prevented ruptions and breakdowns in supply chains, im- a global economic catastrophe, the world eco- balances in supply and demand, fluctuations in nomy contracted sharply by 2.8 percent and commodity prices, a shift towards safe havens the global trade volume in goods and services in financial markets, and significant decreases by 7.8 percent in 2020. In the same period, in risk appetite compelled policymakers to de- global inflation increased relatively modestly velop new and rapid measures. by 3.2 percent. 168. In such an environment, global fiscal and 171. In 2021, a V-type recovery was observed monetary stimulus has been applied with unp- in the world economy as vaccination practices recedented scope to avert a possible sudden became widespread, pandemic measures were stop and financial collapse, and to mitigate the relaxed and macroeconomic stimulus measu- long-term impacts of the pandemic on employ- res implemented during the pandemic started ment, supply chains, and production capacity. to yield results. 2021 was also a year in whi- In this endeavor, central banks in many count- ch the divergence between developed econo- ries have cut interest rates, and countries, inc- mies and emerging and developing economies luding emerging ones, have implemented unp- became more pronounced. Economies with recedented employment and income support better access to vaccines and macro financi- programs for pandemic-affected sectors and al balances recovered relatively more easily. households through asset purchases, liquidity However, as a side effect of supply problems support and credit programs. and policies implemented, global commodity prices started to rise sharply. In that year, with 27 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) global growth reaching 6.3 percent, a 10.9 per- 175. The world economy, which grew by an cent increase in global trade, and global infla- average annual rate of 3.5 percent in the tion climbing to 4.7 percent, combating inflati- 2014-2018 period, is expected to grow by on rose to the forefront of the global agenda. only 2.5 percent in the 2019-2023 period. The slowdown of about 1.0 percentage point in the 172. In 2022, escalating inflationary pressures average growth rate over five-year periods is stemming from the heightened significance of attributed to the 1.3 percentage point decline global commodity prices, exacerbated by the in the growth rate of emerging economies in Russia-Ukraine conflict, prompted major cent- particular. Global growth is projected to realize ral banks to increase policy rates. The conti- at 3.0 percent in 2023. nued recovery in economic activity, albeit at a slower pace, made it easier for central banks 176. Advanced economies, which are expec- to maintain their tightening stance. However, ted to grow by an annual average of 1.4 per- the pricing of the possibility of a recession in cent in the 2019-2023 period, and emerging financial markets brought the possibility of a markets and developing economies, which are slowdown in rate hikes or rate cuts to the fore. projected to grow by 3.3 percent, are expected to grow by 1.4 percent and 4.0 percent, respe- 173. 2022 was a year in which, on the one hand, ctively, in 2024. the recovery continued, on the other hand, inflation became the most pressing problem 177. In the 2024-2028 period, emerging mar- worldwide, foreign trade volume weakened kets and developing economies are projected and unemployment rates remained flat. In this to grow by an average annual rate of 4.0 per- year, the global economy grew by 3.5 percent, cent on the back of a relative recovery in emer- global inflation rose to 8.7 percent, and fore- ging markets and developing economies amid ign trade volume increased by 5.1 percent. As easing global inflationary pressures. In this pe- labor market problems persisted, the unemp- riod, the deceleration in economic activity in loyment rate stood at 5.8 percent. advanced economies is expected to slow down and growth is expected to realize at 1.7 per- 174. The lingering effects of global shocks cent. and new risks continue to shape the growth of economies. In 2023, global inflation, fueled by 178. Economic and political uncertainties and supply disruptions and high commodity pri- high inflation across the world have a negati- ces, turned into a persistent problem. Despite ve impact on growth prospects in many count- some moderation in commodity prices, they ries. Growing by 5.6 percent and 3.3 percent remain elevated compared to pre-pandemic in 2021 and 2022, respectively, the Eurozone levels. While the pace of monetary tightening is expected to lose momentum and grow by in advanced economies has decelerated, it 0.7 percent in 2023. In the 2024-2028 period, continues to constrain global growth. The on- the Eurozone is expected to grow by an annual going monetary tightening and banking sec- average of 1.5 percent. tor problems in these countries worsen credit conditions, and accordingly, global growth is 179. Trade tensions between the US and Chi- expected to slow down in 2023. na as well as pandemics and geopolitical ris- 28 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ks significantly limited the rate of increase in As of the third quarter of 2023, core inflation world trade volume in the 2019-2023 period. shows signs of improvement, yet global inflati- However, the annual average increase in wor- onary expectations do not display a significant ld trade volume, which was 1.9 percent in the improvement. said period, is projected to realize at an avera- ge annual rate of 3.5 percent in the 2024-2028 182. Debt stock has recently increased subs- period despite the ongoing regional tensions. tantially, especially in emerging markets and developing economies. High levels of indeb- 180. In advanced economies, the unemploy- tedness reduce the effectiveness of fiscal poli- ment rate, which was 6.2 percent on average cy in both advanced and emerging economies. in the 2014-2018 period, is expected to decli- This borrowing trend is expected to continue ne to 5.2 percent on average in the 2019-2023 in the upcoming period and the ratio of ge- period due to the ongoing impact of growth neral government gross debt stock to GDP is and employment-oriented policies implemen- expected to rise to 113.1 percent in advanced ted after the global crisis. The unemployment economies and 68.5 percent in emerging mar- rate in these economies is projected to avera- kets and developing economies in the 2024- ge 4.5 percent in the 2024-2028 period. 2028 period. 181. Annual average inflation in advanced 183. The global economy continues to be sha- economies is expected to rise from 1.2 percent ped by financial sector vulnerabilities, regio- in 2014-2018 to 3.4 percent in 2019-2023. In nal and global tensions, particularly the Rus- emerging markets and developing economies, sia-Ukraine war as a result of the quest for annual average inflation, which was 4.7 per- multipolarity, as well as the lingering effects cent in the 2014-2018 period, is projected to of protectionism, high inflation and the long- rise to 6.9 percent in the 2019-2023 period. term damage of the pandemic. 29 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 1: Main Global Macroeconomic Indicators of World Economy (Percentage) 2014-20181 2019-20231 2024-20281 World GDP Change 3.5 2.5 3.1 Advanced Economies 2.2 1.4 1.7 Eurozone 1.9 0.9 1.5 USA 2.4 1.9 1.9 Japan 1.0 0.1 0.6 Emerging Markets and Developing Economies 4.6 3.3 4.0 China 7.0 4.9 3.9 India 7.4 4.0 6.3 Brazil -0.7 1.7 1.9 Russia 0.7 1.0 1.0 Türkiye 2 5.0 4.7 5.0 ASEAN-53 4.8 2.6 4.5 Middle East 2.7 1.9 3.0 North Africa 3.5 2.9 4.6 World Trade Volume 3.7 1.9 3.5 World Inflation Rate 3.1 5.4 4.5 Advanced Economies 1.2 3.4 2.2 Emerging Markets and Developing Economies 4.7 6.9 6.0 General Government Budget Balance/GDP Advanced Economies -1.1 -4.4 -2.0 Emerging Markets and Developing Economies -2.0 -3.8 -2.7 General Government Gross Debt Stock/GDP 104.5 110.1 113.1 113,1 41.5 57.5 68.5 68,5 World Unemployment Rate4 Advanced Economies 6.2 5.2 4.5 Eurozone 10.0 7.3 6.4 Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, October 2023 (1) Period average (2) Türkiye figures refer to national data and estimates. (3) ASEAN-5 countries are Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. (4) International Labor Organization, World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2023. 30 CHAPTER ONE PRE-PLAN PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WORLD AND IN TÜRKİYE 3.PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE 184. At the beginning of the Eleventh Deve- pandemic negatively affected production, the lopment Plan period, when risks and uncer- Turkish economy has experienced a strong re- tainties in the global economy continued, the covery through normalization steps. In 2020, growth outlook for the Turkish economy wea- amidst the pandemic, while many economies kened slightly due to the negative impact of contracted, the Turkish economy distinguished exchange rate attacks, widespread protectio- itself with a growth performance of 1.9 per- nist tendencies and geopolitical tensions. The cent, standing out positively from other count- loss of economic momentum was replaced by ries. In 2021, bolstered by the widespread vac- a moderate recovery in the first half of 2019, cination rollout, the Turkish economy, fueled improving financial conditions and the decline by the strengthening of both domestic and fo- in risk premium and uncertainties due to the reign demand, expanded by 11.4 percent. fall in inflation supported the upsurge in do- mestic demand. 186. The war that started between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022 following the pande- 185. The pandemic that emerged in 2020 ad- mic caused disruption in regional value chains, versely affected many sectors, primarily throu- leading to higher commodity prices, particular- gh supply chains, production, employment and ly food and energy, and increasing uncertainty trade channels, and a supply and demand sho- and risks on a global scale. Türkiye, whose po- ck has been experienced throughout the eco- tential as an alternative production base incre- nomy. Although the suspension of economic ased with the pandemic, came to the forefront activities or slower capacity utilization due to in compensating for regional losses in exports measures restricting social mobility and parti- after the Russia-Ukraine war and increased its al lockdowns depending on the course of the export performance with the contribution of 31 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) external demand. With the contribution of net 190. While fixed capital investments increa- exports and domestic demand, growth rate of sed by a limited 0.5 percent on average in the 5.5 percent was recorded in 2022. In line with 2019-2022 period, the increase in fixed capi- these developments, annual average growth tal investment rose to 5.2 percent excluding exceeded the 4.3 percent target of the Ele- 2019. In this period, while machinery and equ- venth Development Plan, reaching 4.8 percent ipment investments grew consecutively and for the period of 2019-2022. exhibited a stable structure, it was observed that the high rate of contraction in construc- 187. Continuing its convergence process with tion investments limited investments. Invest- advanced economies, Türkiye’s national inco- ments in machinery and equipment, which me per capita in terms of purchasing power are crucial for high value-added production, parity (PPP), which is generally on the rise, re- competitiveness, and sustainability, serve as ached 69 percent of the EU average in 2022. drivers of potential growth. To enhance the National income per capita in OECD-defined economy’s potential growth rate and elevate PPP terms also increased from 28,299 USD in Türkiye’s position in global value chains, the 2018 to 37,445 USD in 2022. need for increased investment in productive areas persists. 188. While the share of the industrial sector in GDP increased over the years in the 2019- 191. In the 2019-2022 period, all sub-com- 2022 period, the share of the services sector ponents made a positive contribution to GDP decreased. As of 2022, the shares of agricul- growth in terms of expenditures. While private ture, industry and services sectors in nominal consumption contributed 5.9 percentage po- GDP were 6.5 percent, 26.4 percent and 56.6 ints to the average growth rate of 4.8 percent, percent, respectively. With the leading role of fixed capital investments contributed 0.1 per- the industrial sector in productivity increases, centage points and net exports of goods and its share in national income is expected to ma- services contributed 0.7 percentage points. In intain its upward trend in the upcoming period. the coming period, reducing the weight of con- sumption in growth and increasing the cont- 189. In the first four years of the Eleventh ribution of net exports of goods and services Development Plan period, private sector con- with a balanced economic structure is impor- sumption expenditures maintained their im- tant for enhancing the quality of growth. portance in economic activity and increased by 9.5 percent annually on average throughout 192. Productivity gains remain important for the period. In this period, net exports of goods a sustainable growth. In the 2019-2022 peri- and services, which are among the drivers of od, capital stock and employment contributed sustainable growth, contributed 0.7 percen- 42.1 percent and 21.9 percent to growth res- tage points to growth on average. In addition, pectively, while total factor productivity cont- net exports of goods and services contributed ributed 36 percent. by 5.0 percentage points to the 11.4 percent growth in 2021, the highest contribution of 193. The earthquakes that occurred in Kahra- the last decade. manmaraş and Hatay in February 2023, one of the biggest disasters of the last century, not 32 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE only caused a large number of casualties but time following the rapid recovery from the also negatively affected economic activity. In pandemic and the benefits gained from chan- addition to the weak outlook for the industry ges in global value chains. Although internati- and services sectors, which are driving the re- onal tourism revenues were negatively affec- gional economy, there has also been a weake- ted by the pandemic, they quickly rebounded ning in export and cultural tourism revenues, in subsequent periods, contributing positively which are prominent in the region. In order to to the current account balance. Imports sur- mitigate the negative effects of the earthqua- passed projected levels due to the high traje- ke, human and economic resources have been ctory of energy and commodity prices, which urgently directed to the region, whose contri- fluctuated depending on global conditions. bution to GDP is approximately 10 percent, and The current account balance, which exhibited efforts are continuing to revitalize the regional volatility during the 2019-2022 period, avera- economy. Although the devastating earthqua- ged a deficit of 2.3 percent relative to GDP. ke was expected to put downward pressure on growth, the Turkish economy grew by 3.9 per- 196. Amidst pandemic, various measures have cent in the first quarter and 3.8 percent in the been taken for financial markets in Türkiye, as second quarter thanks to the strong course of well as all over the world. During this period, demand conditions and the measures taken in financial markets were supported by measu- 2023. res to keep credit channels open and post- pone the financial obligations of households 194. During the Eleventh Development Plan and companies. Measures have been taken to period, the supply-demand mismatch in the ensure that the real sector’s access to credit is markets caused by the pandemic and the sub- not interrupted and that credit costs remain at sequent expansionary monetary and fiscal po- reasonable levels. licies implemented to stimulate economic acti- vity pushed inflation higher at the global level. 197. As a result of the regulations continuing Additionally, factors such as climate change to encourage real sector companies to go pub- and the Russia-Ukraine war have further aggra- lic, 40 transactions were carried out in primary vated the global inflationary wave, particularly public offerings in 2022, which increased the affecting food and energy prices. The negative depth of the capital market, and approximately global outlook, compounded by fluctuations in 19.3 billion TL of funds were raised. In 2023, domestic exchange rates, has caused the Con- interest in public offerings continues to acce- sumer Price Index (CPI) to surpass the projec- lerate. Regulations pertaining to sustainable ted levels. The annual average consumer price finance have been implemented in banking inflation rate stood at 29.8 percent during the and capital markets. Besides, in April 2023, the period of 2019-2022. Ministry of Treasury and Finance issued the first green bond in the international Environ- 195. During the Eleventh Development Plan mental, Social and Governance (ESG) markets period, trade wars, the pandemic, and geopoli- within the framework of the 2023 external fi- tical tensions weighed on the growth of global nancing program. As an alternative financing trade volume. Türkiye’s share in global merc- tool, crowdfunding has been formulated to handise trade exceeded 1 percent for the first include borrowing. 33 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 198. According to international comparisons, 201. The domestic savings rate, which increa- in terms of debt ratios Türkiye has managed to sed to 30 percent of GDP in 2022, has conver- keep financial risks low and diverged positively ged to the 2023 Plan target. In 2022, corporate from the rest of the World. In the first quarter savings, which reached 20.6 percent of GDP, of 2023, the ratio of general government debt constituted the majority of the total domestic to GDP was 109.1 percent in developed count- savings. ries and 67.4 percent in developing countries, whereas it was 31.1 percent in Türkiye. While 202. It is observed that the total domestic sa- the ratio of household debt to national inco- vings rate is above the averages of the OECD, me was 48.4 percent on average in developing EU, and High-Income Countries, but below the countries, this ratio was 11.4 percent in Türki- averages of Middle-Income and Upper-Midd- ye in the same period. The same situation was le-Income Countries. In terms of financing in- also observed at the ratio of real sector debt to vestments, domestic savings maintain their national income as the average of developed importance for being less vulnerable and more countries was 90.9 percent and the average sustainable against external shocks such as of developing countries excluding China was pandemics and geopolitical tensions. 62.3 percent, whereas the same rate in Türkiye was 51.9 percent. 203. During the Plan period, public fiscal ba- lances were adversely affected by various fa- 199. As of 2022, the labor force participation ctors including the pandemic, the increases in rate in Türkiye was 53.1 percent, with 35.1 exchange rates and inflation, the Russia-Ukra- percent for women and 71.4 percent for men. ine war, rises in global commodity prices and During the period of 2019-2022, employment expenditures related to the repair of damages level reached its historical high level with caused by Kahramanmaraş and Hatay earthqu- 30,752 thousand while total net additional akes, as well as regulations regarding person- employment was 2,061 thousand. During the nel expenses and pensions. In line with these pandemic period, employment losses were developments, the central government bud- contained with the measures implemented, get deficit ratio to GDP realized as 2.5 percent and a rapid recovery was recorded afterwards. annually on average between 2019 and 2022 After the earthquake disaster in the first quar- while public sector borrowing requirement ter of 2023, the measures implemented in the averaged 3.0 percent. During the same peri- labor markets ensured that employment los- od, the ratio of general government deficit to ses remained limited. GDP, excluding interest expenses, realized as 0.1 percent annually on average. The share of 200. Improving qualifications, notably the di- the EU-defined general government debt stock gital skills, of the labor force in the areas nee- in GDP, which is well below the developed and ded by the market, expanding the active labor developing country averages and the Maastri- force programs and increasing their effective- cht criteria, realized as 31.7 percent in 2022. ness, ensuring that wider groups benefit from flexible working styles, increasing the partici- 204. During the Plan period, public fixed ca- pation of groups requiring special policies in pital investments averaged around 3.4 per- labor force and employment remain to be im- cent of GDP. The sectors that received the portant. 34 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE highest shares of public investments were ctares in registered consolidation areas have transport-communication, education, mining, been achieved. Additionally, investments have energy, agriculture and health. been intensified for the improvement of irriga- tion infrastructure, resulting in the opening of 205. The need to strengthen the public invest- a net 420,000 hectares of agricultural land for ment management process, which encompas- irrigation during the Plan period. ses the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of public investment projects, 207. The Plan target of achieving 30 percent persists to ensure more efficient utilization of forest coverage of the country’s total land area existing resources and their redirection towar- was met. Although forest fires, which have re- ds more effective projects. As the increase in cently manifested themselves on a large sca- fixed capital stock occurs, the need for main- le in various parts of the world due to climate tenance and repair of depreciating assets and change, have significantly affected Türkiye as investment requirements aimed at preserving well in 2021, efforts to protect and develop the existing capital stock also increases. The forest assets have been effective in achieving earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş and this target. In this period, projects to increase Hatay have necessitated the allocation of more the capacity to fight fires were put into practi- resources to public investments due to the inc- ce and the land and air vehicle fleet was stren- reased need for addressing damages and en- gthened. hancing infrastructure resilience against po- tential disasters. 208. During the Plan period, efforts have been made towards infrastructure investments, fa- 206. In the agricultural sector, legal regulati- cility construction and the implementation of ons have been made on production planning sustainable water management policies aimed and contract farming during the Plan period to at conserving water resources, distributing ensure supply and demand balance. Various water efficiently and fairly, increasing water efforts have been made for structural transfor- efficiency and improving wastewater manage- mation in the sector, focusing on modernizati- ment. on of agricultural enterprises, preservation of plant and animal health, breeding studies for 209. Improving agricultural information sys- the development of new breeds and varieties, tems remains crucial for ensuring the effecti- improvement of R&D infrastructure, conser- ve monitoring of the agricultural sector based vation and effective use of agricultural land, on data, enabling the development of efficient among others. Identification and demarcation policy measures. studies for grasslands and pastures have been completed on a settlement basis, and a total 210. The manufacturing industry continued of 611,000 hectares of grassland and pasture to maintain its global competitiveness, and an areas have been improved. Investments have upward trend was observed in key indicators been accelerated to increase the number of or- such as production, employment and exports ganized agricultural zones. Exceeding the Plan in the manufacturing industry. The share of period targets, a total of 8.5 million hectares in the value-added of Türkiye’s manufacturing land consolidation efforts and 6.3 million he- industry in GDP has entered an upward trend 35 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) and this share, which was 18.4 percent in June 2023 it rose to 47th place. Foreign dire- 2019, reached 22.1 percent in 2022. The ma- ct investment (FDI) inflows to Türkiye increa- nufacturing industry exports, which was USD sed from USD 9.5 billion in 2019 to USD 13.4 171.2 billion in 2019, increased to USD 240.4 billion in 2022. While Türkiye’s of global FDI billion in 2022. During the Plan period, resour- was 0.6 percent in 2019, this share increased ces allocated to planned industrial zones were to approximately 1 percent in 2022. However, significantly increased. In this period, althou- it remains important to increase predictability gh there was an increase in productivity in the and attract qualified FDI to Türkiye. manufacturing industry sub-sectors, producti- vity growth in small-scale firms did not reach 213. During the Plan period, wholesale and re- the desired levels. Medium-low and low tech- tail trade has significantly developed and ele- nology sub-sectors have a significant share in ctronic commerce increased its weight in the the manufacturing industry and technology sector. In 2022, while total e-commerce volu- and innovation-oriented development of the me was 801 billion TL, retail e-commerce vo- industry is important. lume reached 458 billion TL. In the same year, the ratio of e-commerce to general trade was 211. The Turkish economy has an SME-do- 18.6 percent. minated structure. As of 2021, there are ap- proximately 3 million 568 thousand SMEs in 214. In the construction sector, the negative Türkiye. SMEs constitute 99.7 percent of total effects of the pandemic and global economic enterprises in terms of the number of emplo- and political developments were felt intensely yees; 71 percent of employment, 35.5 percent in the 2019-2022 period. During this period, of value-added, 30.4 percent of exports and employment in the sector decreased by 166 27.1 percent of R&D expenditures are made thousand people, and the sector’s share in to- by SMEs. As of June 2023, 28 percent of bank tal employment decreased from 7 percent to 6 loans were used by SMEs. Productivity, scale percent. and institutionalization remain important for SMEs in terms of competitiveness, innovation 215. In order to accelerate and simplify cus- and employment. toms services, a great number of projects were implemented through further use of informa- 212. During the Plan period, activities to im- tion technologies, infrastructure was impro- prove the business and investment environ- ved, and the number of export declarations ment, encourage foreign capital and invest- processed at customs offices increased by 5.6 ment supports were continued in order to percent compared to the same period of the increase private sector investments and direct previous year and exceeded 4 million as of Oc- them to productive areas. According to the Glo- tober 2022. bal Innovation Index Report prepared by the World Intellectual Property Organization, Tür- 216. In 2019, when the effects of the pande- kiye, which ranked 49th out of 131 countries mic were not yet observed, the number of visi- in 2019, rose to 37th place among 132 count- tors to Türkiye reached to 51.8 million, and the ries in 2022. In the World Competitiveness tourism revenue was recorded as 38.9 billion ranking, Türkiye ranked 51st in 2019, but as of USD. Türkiye’s tourism sector, negatively affec- 36 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE ted by the pandemic, entered a recovery phase and related services exports have increased as of 2021; and in 2022, the number of visitors significantly. During the planning period, there to Türkiye increased by 75 percent compared was an increase in the prevalence of communi- to the previous year, reaching 51.4 million pe- cation infrastructure and the usage of commu- ople and tourism revenues increased by 54 nication services. The length of fiber cables in percent to 46.5 billion USD. Türkiye’s communication infrastructure incre- ased from 355,000 km in 2018 to 517,000 km 217. Progress has been achieved in promo- by 2022. During this period, broadband subsc- ting R&D and innovation ecosystem over the riber density increased from 90.8 percent to course of Eleventh Development Plan period, 106.3 percent. Notable increases include fiber and the share of R&D expenditures in GDP connections reaching 5.7 million households reached 1.40 percent in 2021, up from 1.18 with a 104 percent increase and 4.5G services percent in 2017. R&D and innovation subsidy reaching 64 million subscribers. Despite rapid programs have strengthened, the amount of developments in infrastructure investments in private sector R&D expenditures and number the ICT sector, there continues to be a need for of research staff have increased, research inf- qualified workforce. rastructures have been expanded and mecha- nisms have been developed to increase their 219. The basic information systems and com- effectiveness. Support for research infrastruc- mon infrastructures required for e-Govern- tures that were granted competency decisions ment service delivery have been largely es- under Law No. 6550 on Support for Research tablished. Application projects have been Infrastructures will continue. Various studies implemented in many areas such as public have been carried out to increase the global financial management, social security, justi- competitiveness of universities, especially re- ce, education, health, transportation, security, search universities, and to increase efficiency environment, culture, sports, and municipal and performance. However, there is still a need services, which are widely used by public ins- to increase R&D and innovation capacity, to titutions, citizens, and businesses. As of July develop entrepreneurship and commercializa- 2023, the number of public services offered tion activities, especially knowledge and tech- through the e-Government Gateway reached nology transfer which would transforms R&D 7,177, while the number of mobile services re- results into economic and social benefit, and ached 4,136. There has been an increase in the to increase the interaction of stakeholders in number of integrated services offered around the ecosystem. topics such as employment, residence, and ve- hicles. As of the same period, 63.5 million re- 218. During the planning period, the ICT sector gistered users benefit from these services, and continued to grow, reaching 11 billion USD. For according to data from the Turkish Statistical the first time in 2021, the share of information Institute (TURKSTAT), the proportion of indi- technologies within the sector surpassed com- viduals using e-Government services reached munication technologies. Significant progress 68.7 percent in 2022. has been made in e-commerce and the digital gaming sector, with two domestic gaming com- 220. During the Plan period, efforts were panies becoming Türkiye’s first billion-dol- made to increase efficiency and productivity in lar-valued ventures. Additionally, software transportation and logistics, reduce costs and 37 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) ensure inter-modal integration. Within this taking advantage of its geostrategic position framework, metro lines such as Kağıthane-Is- between producer and consumer regions. On tanbul Airport, Sabiha Gökçen Airport-Kay- the other hand, Türkiye’s energy demand has narca were put into service, increasing the been increasing in line with economic de- length of urban rail system lines to 880 km as velopment. While Türkiye’s primary energy of October 2023. The infrastructure of Filyos consumption increased by an average of 3.5 Port was completed and Tokat and Rize-Artvin percent annually during 2018-2021, electri- Airports were put into service. With the comp- city demand increased by an average of 2.1 letion of Ankara-Sivas and Konya-Karaman ra- percent annually during 2018-2022. With the ilway lines, the length of high speed train li- liberalization process in the electricity market, nes reached 2,251 km. The ratio of electrified the share of the private sector in electricity ge- and signalized lines in railways increased to neration has approached 86 percent. 52 percent and 58 percent, respectively, and significant modernization works are currently 223. While the share of electricity generation underway. As of September 2023, important from domestic coal in total electricity gene- projects such as the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge, ration, which was 16.5 percent in 2018, was Zigana Tunnel and Eyiste Viaduct have been realized as 15.7 percent in 2022, in the same completed, and with the commissioning of hi- period the share of renewable energy in to- ghway projects such as Ankara-Niğde, the in- tal electricity generation increased from 32.4 complete sections of the Northern Marmara percent to 42.4 percent. In order to utilize re- Motorway and İstanbul-İzmir, the total length newable energy resources efficiently, the ten- of highways reached 3,633 km and the length der processes for Renewable Energy Resource of divided roads including highways reached Areas (YEKA) based on solar and wind energy 29,139 km. Geometric and physical standards with a total capacity of 5,850 MW were comp- on highways were raised and sectoral targets leted. In order to increase energy supply se- were achieved to a great extent. curity, efforts have been continued to support renewable energy generation, utilize domestic 221. During the Plan period, the road-domina- coal resources in electricity generation and ted system in freight and passenger transpor- increase underground natural gas storage ca- tation continued. There is still a need to priori- pacity. The construction of four units at the Ak- tize transport investments focusing on freight kuyu Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), the foundati- transport in order to increase road traffic sa- on of which was laid in 2018, is underway and fety, reduce environmental impacts and ensu- efforts have been made to build new nuclear re transition to rail-linked multimodal systems. power plants. Moreover, the need to clarify authorities and responsibilities among institutions, improve 224. In 2022, exports in the mining sector inc- legislation and upgrade physical infrastructu- reased to 4.6 billion USD while imports rose to re persists. 75.3 billion USD, with the share of the sector’s imports in total imports reaching 21 percent. 222. During the Plan period, studies were car- During the Plan period, imports of energy raw ried out to make Türkiye an important actor materials, especially oil, natural gas and hard at the regional level in the energy sector by coal, continued to account more than 80 per- 38 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE cent of the sector’s imports. The share of valu- continued and steps were taken to strengthen e-added by the mining sector to the Türkiye’s cooperation with the private sector. Public ex- economy has increased steadily, rising from penditures on education increased at all levels 1.0 percent in 2018 to 1.4 percent in 2022. of education. 225. During the Plan period, oil and natural 227. Despite the improvements in the educa- gas exploration activities in the seas were in- tion system, achievement gaps between regi- tensified. In this context, the total number of ons and schools remained significant. There is drilling ships was increased to four with the still a need to improve the quality of learning two drilling ships procured in 2020 and 2021. environments within the framework of equa- As a result of intensified exploration activities, lity and equity, to develop the teacher training 710 billion m3 natural gas reserves were dis- and development system based on qualifica- covered in the Sakarya Gas Field in the Black tions, to increase the effectiveness of monito- Sea. Investments in the Sakarya Natural Gas ring and evaluation of educational activities, Field Development Project continue in order to improve the integration of information and to bring the discovered natural gas reserves communication technologies into education in into the economy. In addition, rich oil reserves a way to increase quality, to increase the digi- were discovered in Gabar Mountain and started tal competencies of students and trainers, to to be brought into the economy. Mineral pro- increase the responsiveness of the education cessing facility installation conditional license system to possible crises and to design the tenders that started during the Plan period and measurement and evaluation system flexibly. the incentives given to these facilities, as well as the production projects of industrial raw 228. In the Plan period, the quantity and physi- materials, especially phosphate, gold, non-fer- cal capacities of higher education institutions rous metals, hard coal, that large-scale compa- were increased, women’s access to higher edu- nies have recently started, have also positively cation was improved and the number of un- affected the mining sector investments. It is dergraduate graduates was increased in order evaluated that the 2053 net zero emission tar- to ensure equal opportunities in access to the get will affect the future of Türkiye’s energy higher education system. There are a total of balance and coal policies. 208 higher education institutions in Türkiye, 129 of which are public universities, 75 foun- 226. Throughout the Plan period, physical in- dation universities and 4 foundation vocatio- frastructure was strengthened to increase ac- nal schools. The Mission Differentiation and cess and quality in education. Law on Teaching Specialization in Higher Education Program, Profession was enacted and career steps of the which highlights their strengths and unique teaching profession were defined. Curricula missions, enables universities to specialize in and teaching programs were updated, infor- different fields and contribute to education, mation and technology infrastructure of scho- research and regional development with the- ols was strengthened and distance education se specializations. However, considering the opportunities were developed. The practice of number of students with master’s and doctoral providing education and training support to degrees, it is important to promote graduate private vocational and technical schools was education. 39 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 229. In the process of globalization in higher 7 million people worldwide, strong physical education, the number of international stu- infrastructure, rapid adaptation capacity and dents has increased with efforts to ensure the process management were supported, and international integration of the higher educa- vaccination activities were carried out suc- tion system. With the registration of the Hig- cessfully. Following the earthquakes centered her Education Quality Council as a European in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay, medical equip- Higher Education Quality Assurance Registry, ment, material and personnel were dispatched the Turkish higher education system has been to meet the need for healthcare services in the harmonized with the quality definitions of the region immediately, many field hospitals and European Higher Education Area, and quality pharmacies were commissioned in the region, qualifications in the higher education system patients were transferred out of the region and have been improved by closely following glo- emergency case hospital model has been es- bal trends and technological developments. In tablished and put in the service for the recons- addition, investments for the qualitative trans- truction of damaged healthcare facilities in the formation of universities, especially research region. infrastructures, were accelerated by giving special importance to research-oriented speci- 232. During the planning period, effective po- alization. In 2018, the number of international licies were developed to strengthen the groups students increased from 125 thousand to 302 of society requiring special policies, and a thousand. more inclusive social security system was es- tablished along with a more effective and wi- 230. During the Plan period, progress has been despread social assistance and service system. made towards combating non-communicable Additional cash assistance has been provided diseases and addiction, developing a healthy to families in need, especially in response to lifestyle, increasing the quality of service de- the pandemic and earthquakes centered in livery and strengthening health tourism, in or- Kahramanmaraş and Hatay. der to ensure that individuals are in a state of complete physical and mental well-being, ac- 233. During the Plan period, the pandemic and tively participating in economic and social life. disasters such as fires, earthquakes, and floo- Significant advancements have been achieved ds had different effects on various segments in both physical infrastructure and human re- of society. Particularly, the lives of children sources. The number of beds per ten thousand and young people have been deeply affected, people, which was 28.3 in 2018, increased to leading to significant changes in their daily 30.7 in 2022. The ratio of qualified beds in Mi- routines, ranging from education to social life. nistry of Health hospitals increased from 67.4 Thanks to policies developed to adapt to chan- percent to 79.6 percent. The number of physi- ge along with the strong family structure and cians per hundred thousand people increased culture of social solidarity in Türkiye, the ne- from 187 to 228 while the number of nurses gative effects of disasters have been minimi- and midwives per hundred thousand people zed. Efforts have been made through various increased from 232 to 356. programs and projects to ensure that children are raised in nurturing family environments, 231. Within the scope of combating the pan- fostering their mental and physical well-being demic, causing the death of approximately and contributing to the formation of dynamic 40 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE generations within society. Efforts have been under international protection and temporary made to support children and young people protection has been offered the opportunity to in realizing their potentials. The goal has been benefit from public services such as education to create an environment where children can and health following humanitarian and emer- start life under equal and healthy conditions, gency aid support. have access to quality education opportunities from an early age, and have the most suitable 236. The pandemic, along with natural disas- environment for nutrition, shelter, and deve- ters and economic fluctuations, has once again lopment. highlighted the importance of a strong, plan- ned, coordinated, and systematic civil society 234. Improving the balance between work and in increasing societal resilience. The total num- family life, ensuring the healthy continuation ber of employees in the civil society sector has of marriages and generations, and strengthe- reached 40,000, and the total income has ex- ning family bonds were among the important ceeded 40 billion TL. During the planning peri- policies emphasized during the planning peri- od, activities focusing on developing active ci- od. Efforts were made during the planning pe- tizenship awareness, promoting volunteerism, riod to empower women in society and to ac- ensuring effective participation of NGOs in de- hieve equality between men and women. Care cision-making processes, increasing collabo- activities based on the concept of active aging ration between civil society, government, and and aiming to facilitate the interaction of the the private sector, and enhancing the instituti- elderly with the social environment were de- onal, human, financial, and digital capacities of veloped, and efforts were made towards a NGOs have been emphasized. Leveraging the more effective, widespread, and diversified dynamic and flexible structures of NGOs to a social assistance and service model. Social ser- greater extent to respond to national and local vices provided to people with disabilities were needs and issues remains crucial for strengt- diversified and expanded, and policies were hening democratic participation and enhan- continued to promote independent participa- cing efficiency and quality in public services. tion of people with disabilities in education, social life, and the labor market. 237. Necessary steps are being taken to ensu- re green growth in Türkiye, to limit the upward 235. Türkiye, which has a complex migration trend in emissions, and to improve the adapta- dynamic due to its critical position in terms of tion capability towards climate change. In this migration movements, migration management framework, one of the most important deve- has been restructured under the Presidency of lopments in the late planning period is the ra- Migration Management. Institutional capacity tification of the Paris Agreement and its mec- has been strengthened and efforts have been hanisms, with the declaration that they will be made to enhance coordination and internatio- implemented without compromising Türkiye’s nal cooperation, to produce reliable and com- economic and social development rights. The prehensive data and to develop evidence-ba- Green Deal Action Plan, which is the roadmap sed policies. Removal centers needed within aiming to ensure Türkiye’s compliance with the scope of combating irregular migration policies to combat climate change and support have become operational, and the population green transformation, was published in July 41 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 2021. During this process, Türkiye’s need for need to increase awareness on recycling and investments that contribute to mitigation and recovery, raise environmental awareness, de- adaptation action has increased. velop standards for recovered secondary pro- ducts, and improve the incentive and guidance 238. With the aim of sustainable development, system. It remains crucial to focus on reducing environmental legislation and standards have packaging waste, promoting reuse, recycling, been developed, and institutional and tech- and recovery, as well as separating, transpor- nical infrastructure have been improved, and ting, and sorting waste at the source. projects aimed at strengthening environmen- tal management have been implemented. In 241. In local governments, increasing the order to conserve the rich biological diversity alignment between strategic planning and re- and genetic resources of Türkiye, the number source allocation, developing mechanisms to of protected areas with various statuses has ensure service standardization and supervisi- been increased. Additionally a national bio- on of compliance with these standards, incre- logical diversity inventory has been developed asing the level of specialization and capacity by determining the biological diversity based of human resources, strengthening the partici- on provinces. pation and supervision role of citizens in de- cision-making processes, improving the capa- 239. Significant progress has been achieved in city to combat disasters, strengthening urban collection, transportation and disposal of solid well-being and security, and supporting local waste management by municipalities, and ef- entrepreneurship remain important. forts have been continued to ensure that these facilities are properly operated and regularly 242. During the Plan period, prominent sectors inspected to prevent environmental problems. in Level-2 regions continued to be supported. The number of sanitary landfills is increasing, The Eastern Anatolia Project (DAP), Eastern Bla- additional landfill lots are being built to inc- ck Sea Project (DOKAP), Southeastern Anatolia rease the capacity of the facilities in opera- Project (GAP) and Konya Plain Project (KOP) tion and the construction of pre-treatment development programs covering the 2021- facilities continues. In addition, work is being 2023 period were put into effect. Implementa- carried out on the rehabilitation of irregular tion of the Attraction Centers Support Program solid waste disposal sites and solid waste ma- and the Social Development Support Program nagement in rural areas. In solid waste mana- continued. Urban transformation studies con- gement, effective implementation of the local tinued in order to ensure the transformation of administration union model is considered im- areas and buildings under disaster hazard and portant for municipalities to use their time and financial resources more efficiently. Although risk in our cities in a way to ensure healthy and the number of solid waste management pro- safe living. Efforts were made to expand the jects carried out through this method is incre- use of information systems in urban planning asing, there is a need to ensure the effective and service delivery. Significant progress was operation of constructed facilities. made in the development of geographic data infrastructure and modernization of cadastral 240. In terms of economic and environmental infrastructure. benefits in waste management, there is still a 42 PRE-PLAN PERIOD ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TÜRKİYE 243. The housing stock continued to increase the progress made. Extensive efforts in plan- during the Plan period. As of end-September ning, preparation, coordination, implemen- 2023, the total number of housing units in tation, and monitoring processes have been Türkiye was 41.3 million. In the 2019-2022 conducted among central government, local period, 153,198 housing units were comple- governments, civil society, the private sector, ted and delivered to their right owners by the and universities to ensure the advancement of Housing Development Administration (TOKI). the SDGs. Of the housing units produced by TOKI, 88.75 percent are social housing units. 246. The National Sustainable Development Coordination Council has been established to 244. Following the earthquakes centered in review and coordinate the implementation of Kahramanmaraş and Hatay, the total number the SDGs at the national level. TURKSTAT has of houses categorized as urgent demolition, developed a portal for the effective tracking of demolished, heavily damaged or moderately SDG indicators and their dissemination throu- damaged was determined as 680 thousand gh a user-friendly presentation. Furthermore, and approximately 2.4 million people faced di- bilateral and multilateral efforts are being un- rect shelter problems. In addition to providing dertaken to enhance international cooperation emergency and temporary shelter services to and share experiences regarding the SDGs. those citizens affected by the earthquakes, permanent disaster housing construction has 247. In today’s rapidly changing technologi- promptly commenced within the framework cal landscape, where global political, eco- of the planning, and legislative amendments nomic, and health crises are becoming more regulating settlement and construction were widespread and frequent, predictability beco- implemented. mes increasingly challenging, the function of plans in determining the direction in order to 245. Türkiye submitted its first Voluntary Na- increase resilience against crises by providing tional Review Report detailing the planned the necessary transformations increases and steps for implementing the Sustainable Deve- the guidance of vision, objectives and policies lopment Goals (SDGs) in 2016, followed by a gains more importance. second report in 2019 to the UN, highlighting 43 CHAPTER LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT TWO STRATEGY (2024-2053) AND THE MAIN OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES OF THE TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 1. LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) 1.1.WORLD OUTLOOK IN 2053 shift may present a facade of fairness and con- ciliation, it also harbors the risks of increased 248. The future landscape anticipates a quest confrontations, as efforts to establish superio- for new balance amidst growing economic, so- rity gain momentum. cial, and environmental imbalances, coupled with escalating geopolitical tensions, leading 250. Today’s artificial intelligence applications to profound changes and transformations. The have the potential to usher in a new era of te- 2053 projection, shaped by the evolving glo- chnology, fundamentally shaping the future of bal order, encompasses a spectrum of possi- humanity and civilization. This could lead to an bilities, ranging from an entirely optimistic to exponential development of knowledge and an entirely pessimistic vision within the same technology, driven by a fresh scientific wave. realm of potential outcomes. As innovative technologies rapidly flourishes, it is foreseeable that by the mid-21st century, 249. In the future world, the influence of power the mass production and consumption struc- centers forged by developed economies is set ture will be largely replaced by personalized, to diminish, leading to a reshaping of the glo- on-site production and consumption methods bal order into a more inclusive and multipolar utilizing advanced types of three-dimensional framework. This transformation will involve printing, machine learning, robotics, and aug- the participation of new players in the interna- mented reality technologies. tional system and the formation of strategic al- liances. African and Asian countries, bolstered 251. Concurrently with technological advan- by their economic size and burgeoning youth cements, the significance of the data economy populations, will gain prominence, fostering and the mobility of human and intellectual a more balanced global landscape. While this capital will rise, reducing spatial dependence. 45 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Additionally, the traditional dominance of goo- new professions whose names are not even ds trade in overall trade will decline in favor of known today will emerge, while the demand services which are called invisible trade. Yet, for low-skilled jobs will decrease sharply, con- sustaining power in the emerging global tra- tinuous education and skill development will de landscape hinges on a country’s ability to become more important. compete effectively in both realms and attract international capital to these sectors. 254. In light of these developments, educa- tion is shifting away from merely imparting 252. With the development of innovative te- specific knowledge and skills, placing greater chnologies, it is expected that central banks’ emphasis on equipping individuals with the digital currencies will become the major medi- ability to acquire information effectively. It is um of exchange throughout the economy, and anticipated that competencies like analytical different currencies and financial instruments thinking, systematic problem-solving, critical will be more commonly used. Full digitalizati- thinking, decision-making, effective communi- on will enable the targeted use of money, and cation, environmental adaptation, and leader- thus programmable money can only be used as ship will be of paramount importance in the allowed by states and financial institutions on future. As digital technologies, personalized a targeted basis thus preventing any misuse. learning experiences, virtual and augmented Within the framework of the security of per- reality, and artificial intelligence become pre- sonal data and privacy of private life, digital valent in education, there will be a simultane- currencies will provide transparency by enab- ous recognition of the enduring significance of ling to track economic activity fully and thus comprehensive teaching, guidance, and social become an important instrument in reducing interaction in shaping individual education. informality. The education of the future will prioritize ac- cessibility, diversification, and personalizati- 253. With green and digital transformation, it on, with curricula geared toward fostering the is likely that new ways of doing business and development of novel knowledge and skills. various professions will emerge, and remote, independent and flexible working will become 255. The role of energy in current production the norm. With the advancements in digital structures, often reliant on limited and cost- technologies such as robotics and artificial in- ly resources, may diminish in the production telligence, the labor market will undergo a his- and consumption due to emerging techno- torical change; by the middle of this century, it logical transformations and access to diverse, will become clear that some professions and independent, and clean energy sources. While jobs will gain and some will lose, and some complete cessation of oil dependence may not occupational groups will disappear. It is expe- be imminent, the utilization of clean energy, cted that the jobs that will survive in the fu- such as solar, wind, and nuclear power, is an- ture will mostly be jobs that require intuitive, ticipated to become more widespread. Simul- emotional and social intelligence, social inte- taneously, technological advancements like raction, common sense or prevision, which are carbon capture, utilization, and storage, green characteristics that people can maintain their hydrogen, and batteries will gain prominence. superiority in. As professions transform, many This could potentially lead to a world marked 46 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) by sustainability and environmentally friendly 258. By 2050, the share of the population aged practices, with a significant reduction in global 65 and over is expected to reach 16 percent emissions. However, the accelerating shift to globally and 27.8 percent in developed count- clean energy is expected to drive a substanti- ries. Moreover, it is estimated that the popu- al increase in the demand for critical minerals lation aged 80 and over will grow even faster, in the energy sector, underscoring the growing approaching 460 million by 2050. In countries importance of securing a cost-effective and where the elderly population will increase, so- sustainable supply of these minerals. cial security and retirement systems, universal healthcare services, and smart care methods 256. By 2053, as urbanization increases and ci- will be of critical importance, and public prog- ties with populations exceeding 10 million are rams will need to be adapted to accommodate expected to rise, transportation in eco-friendly the increasing elderly population. and smart cities will be facilitated by autono- mous vehicles. Food requirements will be met 259. In the emerging global order where through practices such as waterless farming, science and technology take the lead, transfor- vertical farming, soilless farming, and urban mations across various sectors may not unfold agriculture. Technological solutions have the simultaneously or uniformly worldwide. The potential to greatly alleviate the global popu- pace and nature of change will be influenced lation’s access constraints to clean water and by the development levels, natural resources, food. Furthermore, with the contribution of and preparedness of individual countries and technologies like artificial intelligence, effec- regions, shaping the transition process and du- tive management of disasters and pandemics, ration. Success in the future will be attributed as well as biotechnological revolutions such as to nations that can anticipate these changes, artificial organs, could lead to an extension in recognize the opportunities they offer, and le- the average lifespan of the population verage them to their fullest potential. 257. The regional distribution of the world po- 260. Technological advancements that enable pulation, which is expected to reach 10 billion new socio-technical changes in terms of hu- by the middle of the 21st century, will differ man, social, and spatial aspects can also bring significantly from today. According to current significant benefits for Türkiye. To effectively take advantage of the emerging window of op- projections, Central and South Asia will be the portunity, it will be critically important to, on world’s most populous region by 2037, and one hand, create a strong education system more than half of the global population growth that will maximize human capital in future mo- will occur in Africa in the period until 2050, des of production and service delivery, and on with the population of Sub-Saharan Africa the other hand, to make the right investments doubling. Demographic imbalances between that will equip the existing production structu- regions and countries will also suppress labor re with next-generation technologies. supply, and global and regional migration mo- vements may accelerate due to extreme weat- her events and natural disasters caused by cli- mate change, as well as geopolitical tensions. 47 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

1.2 — TÜRKİYE IN 2053 economy that achieves a surplus in current ac

1.2. 261. A long-term roadmap has been created to make the most of the opportunities that the radical change and transformation process taking place in the world can offer to Türkiye. The main purpose of our long-term develop- ment strategy covering the period 2024-2053; In line with the aim of raising Türkiye above the level of contemporary civilizations, Türki- ye to become one of the main centers of scien- ce, technology, production, trade, culture and art in the world, contributing to humanity and directing global developments for the peace, tranquility and prosperity of its region and the world by protecting its national and spiritual values and to become an effective, strong and prosperous country. 262. Türkiye has the potential power to achie- ve this goal with its strong human and physical infrastructure, young, dynamic, and entrepre- neurial population, historical and cultural he- ritage, spirit of social solidarity, rich natural resources and natural beauties, unique geo- political position as a intercontinental junc- tion, internationally competitive and flexible production and trade structure, as well as wi- despread transportation and logistic networks. 263. To attain our long-term objective, it is paramount to establish a knowledge and tech- nology-intensive, high value-added, export-o- riented production structure that mobilizes cal resources, and adheres to global standards. Through structural transformations facilitated by green and digital technologies across all sectors, including agriculture, industry, energy, and services, Türkiye aims to position itself as a global center of gravity in production and tra- de by 2053. Ensuring supply security in food and energy, along with the sustainability of its natural resources, Türkiye will develop into an LONG-TERM products, and services, built upon a transfor- mative approach. The objective is for Türkiye to assert dominance in global value chains, to ensure supply security by cultivating relati- onships with friendly neighboring countries, and to emerge as a global hub in various ser- vice sectors, including tourism, health, edu- cation, logistics, consultancy, software, and finance through diversified service exports. To achieve these aims, it is crucial to focus on developing economies and distant markets, expected to represent a substantial portion of global GDP in the 2050s, rather than relying solely on traditional trade partners. With the emergence of new markets and an increase in technology-intensive products, it is anticipa- ted that Türkiye’s share in global merchandise trade will exceed 2 percent by 2053, and when services trade is included, this percentage is also expected to rise. 267. The main element of the 2053 vision is to prioritize justice that functions hout compromising the principles of the rule of law and supremacy of law, is reliable, prio- ritizes people, provides full protection of fun- damental rights and freedoms, and maximizes the use of digital opportunities. Additionally, it aims for Türkiye to become one of the pre- ferred countries for direct investment by es- tablishing bureaucratic improvements and le- gal predictability in investment, employment, production, and export processes. 268. Within the framework of Türkiye’s long- term development strategy, it is expected that the weight of the services sector in the sectoral distribution will continue to increase with the fundamental changes in the structure of emp- loyment and will exceed 70 percent at the end of the period. In the 2053 horizon, the labor market’s adaptation to green and digital trans- formation will be ensured, and human capital TWELFTH its knowledge and technology production, and become one of the competitive countries in in- vention and innovation. In this framework, it is important to increase the quantity and quality of researchers, especially those with doctoral degree, by paying special attention to basic sciences. It is significant for Türkiye to become an attraction center for scientists in its region and around the world in critical fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology, quantum and space research. Türkiye’s 2053 vision is to become a hub of advanced techno- logies by strengthening an ecosystem that le- aves no one behind in the field of science and technology and encourages technology initi- atives and R&D investments by internalizing innovation. In the 2053 vision, it is aimed for at least 5 of our universities to be among the top 100 in the world, to be among the top 10 countries in the global innovation index, and to increase the share of R&D expenditures to 4 percent of the national income. 271. In line with the vision of becoming one of the leading countries in the field of space by 2053, international cooperation will be incre- ased, young generations will be encouraged to work in the field of space, space research will be expanded, and infrastructure and techno- logical competencies will be developed for sa- tellite technologies, observation systems and exploration programs. These initiatives aim to enable Türkiye achieve a competitive position in producing and commercializing space tech- nologies. 272. In line with the goal of increasing the qu- ality at all levels of education and the increase in schooling rates, our human capital will be equipped with social and emotional compe- tencies and skills required by common sense and the culture of doing business together, as well as new competencies that meet the de- LONG-TERM ctions in energy imports, fossil fuel-related air pollution, harvest losses in agriculture, as well as traffic congestion and accidents. 275. Investments in renewable energy, elect- rification, energy efficiency, green hydrogen and energy storage will play a critical role for the 2053 net zero emission target. In additi- on, the use of nuclear energy in Türkiye will become widespread by increasing electricity generation with new nuclear power plants and domestic small modular reactors (SMR) in ad- dition to Akkuyu NPP. Türkiye will become a country that ensures supply security with its domestic and renewable resources. 276. By 2053, the natural resources we have in agriculture, especially gene resources, will be effectively protected, productivity and pro- duction increase in agriculture and food pro- ducts, self-sufficiency and supply security will be ensured. Alternative water resources such as rainwater and gray water will be utilized th- rough sustainable and effective use of water resources, all irrigable agricultural lands will be irrigated, carbon sink areas will be increa- sed by improving the adaptation capability of our forests to climate change. Stronger, conne- cted, flexible and prosperous rural areas where the quality of life is maximized will be created, eliminating the disparity in prosperity betwe- en rural and urban areas. In 2053, Türkiye will continue to be the largest country in Europe in terms of agricultural national income and will rank 7th among the world countries. 277. Türkiye, located on important trade cor- ridors on the East-West and North-South axes, will utilize its significant potential across all modes of transportation, with its production and market size, to reach its 2053 targets as a global logistics power. With a safe, comfortab- le, integrated, disaster-resistant, environmen- TWELFTH 279. The digital Turkish Lira, to be introduced alongside physical currency in 2028, will be developed in all economic, social, and societal aspects and will become the single currency in circulation, and the financial sector will be in a position to export technology in the period leading up to 2053. Green technological in- vestments for zeroing carbon footprint will be financed and Türkiye will become one of the pioneering countries in global green finance. By ensuring the development of financial te- chnologies under the leadership of İstanbul Fi- nancial Center (IFC), Türkiye will be among the leading countries in the world in terms of the scale and effectiveness of fintech activities. In Türkiye of 2053, capital markets will play a sig- nificant role in funding private sector invest- ments, with crowdfunding platforms becoming widespread and deepened, and priority will be given to equity-based financing. With the deepening of capital markets, publicly traded companies will reach a market value above the national income level. 280. By 2053, Türkiye will have completely transformed its building stock and urban inf- rastructure, be resilient and well prepared for disasters, and become a world leader in effe- ctive disaster management with a sustainable economic and social structure and a high level of adaptation to the effects of climate 281. Our cities, shaped with an architectural understanding that carries the thousands of years of original values of our immemorial ci- vilization into the future, will be sustainable settlements that are resilient to climate chan- ge and disasters, that use green and innovative technologies with smart energy and transpor- tation infrastructure, that offer qualified and inclusive services, and where the quality of life for all is improved. The urban culture, consci- ousness and spirit of our civilization will be CHAPTER TWO 2. THE VISION, MAIN OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN 285. The vision of the Twelfth Development Plan is “A stable, strong and prosperous Tür- kiye, that is ecofriendly, resilient produces high added-value based on advan- ced technology, and shares income fairly Century of Türkiye.” 286. The Twelfth Development Plan, which will cover the first five-year period of the long- term development strategy, aims at raising the international position of Türkiye and increa- sing welfare by ensuring economic and social development grounded on the core values and expectations of our nation. 287. In this framework, in line with the obje- ctives of placing Türkiye among high-income countries and countries with the highest level of human development, in the Plan; • Strengthening the rule of law, fundamental rights and freedoms, • Reinforcing and institutionalizing the un- derstanding of good governance, TWELFTH 288. Accordingly, while ensuring a balanced growth with macroeconomic and financial sta- bility, permanent improvement in the current account balance and strong public financial ba- lances will be prioritized. Transition to a green and digital economy will be realized through a well-functioning R&D and innovation ecosys- tem for competitive production, the business and investment environment will be improved through highly predictable public policies, and institutional and physical infrastructure will be strengthened. Efficient SMEs with strong capital structures and strong value chains with sustainable and secure input supply will be es- tablished by means of effective state aid. 289. Aligned with a human-centered and inc- lusive approach to development alongside economic prosperity, our vision is founded on the pillars of qualified individuals, strong intergenerational bonds, and resilient family structures. During the Plan period, it is aimed to elevate both individual and social qualities and competencies by optimizing demographic opportunities. To achieve this, inclusive and hi- gh-quality healthcare and education services, as well as citizen-focused and efficient public services, ensuring equitable access for all, will be provided. Furthermore, improving income distribution through increased employment opportunities and fostering inclusive social protection to build resilient communities has been committed to. 290. Making the most of Türkiye’s progress in both economic and social spheres, our top priorities will include creating resilient habi- tats and fostering sustainable environments to address various risks, notably natural disasters. CHAPTER TWO 3. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN TÜRKİYE IN 2053 economy that achieves a surplus in current ac- count balance through stable growth driven by high value-added production, and establishes price stability permanently. 264. Türkiye aspires to secure a position among the top 10 economies globally and wit- hin the top 5 economies based on purchasing power parity as a country in the upper-income group by implementing structural transforma- tions that foster competitiveness and innovati- on on a global scale by 2053. 265. By 2053, Türkiye aims for its manufactu- ring industry to lead in digital transformation, producing sustainably, competitively, and effi- ciently, surpassing OECD averages in high-tech production and exports. By the end of the peri- od, with the manufacturing industry’s share in GDP exceeding 30 percent, our goal is to rank among the top 10 countries globally in manu- facturing industry production. Additionally, we aim to elevate the share of high-tech indust- ries in manufacturing exports from around 3 percent to 17 percent, and rank among the top 5 countries in defense industry exports. Our vision is to become a country with robust and qualified production capacity. Alongside culti- vating a high value-added production structu- re, it is also aimed to have at least 5 Turkish brands ranked among the world’s 100 most va- luable brands by actively supporting branding efforts. lo- 266. Türkiye’s export vision towards 2053, aligned with prevailing global trends empha- sizing technological advancements and envi- ronmental considerations, seeks to establish a structure that generates a sustainable surplus in international goods and services trade. This will be achieved through the production of in- formation and technology-intensive, environ- mentally friendly, branded, high value-added 48 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) will be strengthened to meet the skill needs arising from the transformation. A just transi- tion will be ensured by implementing policies that will minimize the costs of job loss during the green and digital transformation process, especially those who are active in the labor market and groups that require special poli- cies. Throughout this process, new generation job opportunities will be supported and new job skills needed by the business world will be provided in line with emerging trends. While the labor force participation rate will exceed the average of high-income economies, the unemployment rate will gradually decline with the strong increase in employment and fall be- low the average of high-income economies by 2053. At the end of the thirty-year period, the quality of the labor force will be brought to the level of developed countries, it will be ensured to benefit from the productivity of each indi- vidual of working age, and the unemployment rate will be reduced below 5 percent. quickly wit- 269. To attain a Türkiye that is set as an examp- le in the world with the effective functioning of social security systems, where equality of opportunity in employment, wages and pro- fessional development is fully ensured, where work-life balance is established for all indi- viduals in the active labor force is among our main goals. With a comprehensive transfor- mation that will facilitate women’s entry into working life, the women labor force participa- tion rate will exceed 60 percent. The share of higher education graduates which will reach 55 percent by 2053, will make the labor force more qualified. Additionally the share of indi- viduals in the 15-24 age group who are not in employment, education or training will be re- duced to single digits. 270. In the upcoming period, Türkiye will stren- gthen its science and research base, increase 49 DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) mand of the workforce. One of our main goals will be to increase qualified workforce in all areas needed by Türkiye, raising individuals who are capable of critical thinking, providing sustainable solutions to problems, constantly renewing themselves in personal and profes- sional fields, being aware of social responsi- bilities sensitive to national and global issu- es, upholding moral values, and committed to contributing to the development of society. 273. Türkiye aims to be among the top 20 countries in the Human Development Index by 2053. Over the next thirty years, it is expected that poverty will be completely eliminated, de- veloped country level of welfare reached will be distributed fairly across the country and the Gini coefficient will fall to 0.30. 274. By taking decisive steps in areas such as sustainable management of natural resources, energy transformation, green infrastructure and circular economy investments, environ- mental protection and dissemination of green technologies with domestic production oppor- tunities, the net zero emission target will be achieved by 2053, without compromising our development priorities as an effective player on a global scale. In this context, the additio- nal investments that need to be made in the energy, buildings, industry, transportation, agriculture and forestry sectors, compared to the current scenario where pre-Plan trends continue, should be at least an annual average of 1.7 percent of the national income, of which approximately 1 percentage point is expected to come from the private sector and 0.7 per- centage point sourced from the public sector. However, the green transformation facilitated through these investments has the potential to yield economic and environmental benefits equivalent to an annual average of up to 7.8 percent of the national income through redu- 50 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) tally friendly and accessible system, the share of railways in intercity freight and passenger transportation will be increased over 21 per- cent and 6 percent, respectively, while air car- go traffic in air transportation will be increased to 7.2 million tons and the number of passen- gers carried by airways will be increased to approximately 600 million passengers. As an important transit hub for container transporta- tion in the world, total containers handled at ports will be increased to 49 million TEU, and the Turkish maritime trade fleet will be deve- loped and the number of green ports will be increased on the basis of digitalization and energy efficiency. Over the next thirty ye- ars, roads will be further developed with new smart roads suitable for electric vehicles, intel- ligent transportation systems and autonomous systems. 278. With an advanced green infrastructu- re and a sustainable approach, our vision for tourism towards 2053 is to be among the top three countries worldwide in terms of tourism revenues by utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced digital technologies at the highest level. Turkish tourism, prioritizing quality and tourism income rather than the number of tou- rists and protecting its natural resources and unique tourism assets, will become an excep- tional international brand with its qualified workforce, technological and physical infrast- ructure, innovative service offerings targeting tourism fields of the future. Türkiye will be among the leading countries in international sports organizations by ensuring the deve- lopment of sports tourism with its sports inf- rastructure and the major organizations it will host. In 2053, when Türkiye will be the health tourism capital of the world, it is aimed to dis- seminate location-independent robotic health services with advanced network technologies to the world pioneered by Türkiye. 51 DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) preserved while competing with world cities with brand cities that have become centers of attraction for sports, arts, science and business people in 2053 with their strong health and education infrastructure and cultural heritage. 282. Inspired by the vision of 2053, our im- memorial city of İstanbul, which brings toget- her two continents and civilizations, holds a unique position in world history in terms of science, culture and art. Its central location on important transit routes, along with its superi- or economic and commercial power, makes it an unparalleled settlement in the world. İstan- bul, the heir of civilizations, will become the center where the global agenda is set in the fields of science, technology, culture, arts, tra- de, tourism and finance in the horizon of 2053 with its unique historical and cultural richness as well as its strong infrastructure and service capacity. 283. By utilizing advanced technologies, our cultural heritage will be transferred to future generations through healthy and reliable me- ans, and communication efforts promoting all elements that conserve, develop and reinvent our culture will be conducted on a global sca- le, positioning Türkiye as one of the leading countries in the world’s cultural economy. change. 284. In the period leading up to 2053, Türkiye, with its leading position in advanced capabili- ties, hardware and security technologies, will follow a foresighted approach against the glo- bal diversifying and increasing security risks and threats, and will play a stable and concilia- tory role in establishing an environment of pe- ace, tranquility, and trust in its region and the world, and will continue to stand by oppressed nations with its historical responsibility for a fairer world. 52 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) AND THE MAIN OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES OF THE TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) OF THE • Strengthening the family, human and soci- al structure, to disasters, • Disaster-resilient habitats and civilizati- on-based, smart, sustainable cities, in the • Stability and sustainability in macro eco- nomy, • Green and digital transformation-oriented competitiveness in all areas, • Productivity-based, industry and export-o- riented qualitative growth, • Active industrial policies, technology-o- riented structural transformation in manu- facturing industry, sectoral prioritization, • Security of supply and self-sufficiency in energy and food, • Strengthening international cooperation democracy, and strategic partnerships will be provided. 53 DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) During the Plan period, disaster resilient living areas, urban transformation, and housing with basic infrastructure services will be provided while promoting the sustainable utilization of our environmental resources. Additional- ly, we aim to achieve regional convergence in development levels, thereby enhancing social well-being by improving living standards in rural areas, creating more livable and econo- mically vibrant urban centers, and fostering balanced regional development overall. 291. During the Plan period, principles of justi- ce underpinned by democratic values and good governance will be prioritized. This entails sa- feguarding fundamental rights and freedoms through a fair and efficient legal system, fos- tering strong institutional structures based on merit, and promoting the active engagement of civil society in decision-making processes. Additionally, the importance of transparent and financially stable local governments will be emphasized. During the Plan period, Türki- ye will strive to strengthen its global standing through effective public diplomacy, while also contributing to international cooperation for development and addressing global and regio- nal challenges through constructive and colla- borative policies. 292. The Twelfth Development Plan will priori- tize principles such as human-centricity, parti- cipation, inclusivity, accountability, predictabi- lity, transparency, efficiency, and effectiveness to realize its vision. During the Plan period, concerted efforts will be made to ensure that all segments of society embrace the outlined goals and objectives, and necessary steps will be taken to achieve them. 54 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2024-2053) AND THE MAIN OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES OF THE TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.1 — STABLE GROWTH, STRONG 295. Fiscal policy will support monetary policy

3.1. STABLE GROWTH, STRONG 295. Fiscal policy will support monetary policy ECONOMY in the fight against inflation by adopting an ap- proach based on fiscal discipline and preven- 293. During the Plan period, one of the main ting wasteful spending. Apart from the finan- priorities will be to increase the potential cial burdens brought by emergencies such as growth of the Turkish economy by utilizing its pandemics and disasters, income-expenditure existing resources in the most efficient man- balance of the budget will be maintained in a ner. In this context, with a production structure healthy structure. that focuses on productivity and competitive- ness, a stable growth based on exports, in whi- 296. The functioning of a rule-based free mar- ch the industrial sector plays a leading role by ket economy will be supported prioritizing the increasing its interaction with agriculture and elimination of market failures and the business services sectors, and the fair sharing of increa- and investment environment will be improved. sed welfare are aimed. 297. In line with net zero emission targets, 294. Economic policies will continue to be regulations will be implemented to minimize conducted on a rule-based and predictable ba- the costs of combating climate change to the sis, while strengthening the coordination and economy and to maximize the opportunities harmony among monetary, fiscal and revenue brought by green transformation with digital policies. In this context, all policy instruments transformation. will be used decisively to achieve single-digit inflation, one of the main macroeconomic tar- 298. Large-scale and innovative investments gets. focusing on technology, green and digital 55 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) transformation that will reduce import depen- 305. New instruments for increasing domes- dency, increase productivity and lead to more tic savings will be developed in line with do- competitive production capacity, especially in mestic demand, and increased savings will be priority sectors in industry, will be supported. channeled into investment in productive areas. 299. In the agricultural sector, a production 306. Programs aimed at promoting labor force structure that ensures food supply security, participation, particularly among women and increases productivity and is resilient to risks youth, will be implemented to activate the eco- will be established within a structure with a hi- nomically inactive population. These programs gher level of interaction with industry. will also focus on acquiring professional skills required for green and digital transformation 300. Investments that will ensure maximum and on making the labor market more flexible. utilization of natural resources in the energy Policies will be put into practice to ensure that and mining sector will be implemented by ta- every working-age individual can acquire skills king green transformation into account. It will to generate income and professions that foster be ensured that Türkiye’s natural wealth and a sense of belonging. energy resources are not left idle and brought into the economy. 307. During the Plan period, an annual 5.0 per- cent average growth rate is aimed. By the end 301. Foreign exchange earning areas in the of the Plan period, the per capita income is services sector will be increased by diversifi- expected to reach 17 thousand 554 USD whi- cation and it will be ensured that Türkiye beco- le the national income per capita in PPP terms mes a world brand and ranks third in terms of will exceed 58 thousand USD. It is anticipated tourism revenues in the international market. that 5 million additional jobs will be created during the Plan period and the unemployment 302. Efforts will be accelerated to increase in- rate will decrease to 7.5 percent at the end of vestments in Türkiye through international ca- the period. pital, particularly direct investments. 308. With the policies and measures to be 303. Financial markets will be transformed implemented during the Plan period, exports into a structure that provides the real sector and imports are expected to reach 375.4 bil- with cost-effective financing and various types lion USD and 481.4 billion USD, respectively, of financial instruments. and with the targeted increase in tourism re- venues, current account deficit to GDP ratio is 304. In line with the aim of making Türkiye a expected to be 0.2 percent at the end of the global financial center and a safe haven for in- period. ternational capital, steps will be taken to de- velop capital markets, strengthen the fintech 309. Public finance instruments will be used ecosystem, the institutional structure of par- to support a growth environment compatible ticipation finance and improve the regulatory with the inflation target and current account infrastructure as well. balance. In this context, rationalization of ex- 56 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN penditures will be continued through expendi- duction structure focusing on productivity and ture reviews, reforms will be made to strengt- competitiveness, in which the industrial sector hen tax justice and expand the tax base, and plays a leading role in growth by increasing its the share of healthy and sustainable resources interaction with agriculture and services sec- in financing expenditures will be increased. At tors, creates employment by making maximum the end of the Plan period, public sector bor- use of the demographic window of opportu- rowing requirement, general government defi- nity, and provides quality financing opportuni- cit and the central government budget deficit ties through a healthy structure in balance of ratio to GDP are targeted to be 1.8, 1.8 and 2 payments. percent respectively. 313. Türkiye’s growth perspective is to furt- 310. Long-term financial sustainability of pen- her increase the limits of potential growth by sion and health expenditures will be strengt- utilizing all physical, financial and natural re- hened by taking into account the actuarial ba- sources, especially human capital, in economic lance in the social security system. Premium activity effectively and efficiently. collections will be increased by effectively combating informal employment and undecla- 314. In line with the objective of becoming a red wages. The social security coverage will be regional base and center of attraction in the expanded and the system will be made simp- world trade, policies to support the functio- ler, more effective and fair through policies in ning of rule-based free market economy will line with the changing labor market and de- be maintained and predictable, transparent mographic structure. and facilitating market conditions will be es- tablished. 311. Public enterprises will continue to carry out their activities in an effective and produ- 315. Against the disruptive effects of external ctive manner with a corporate governance ap- economic developments on free market condi- proach. In this context, the institutional and tions, regulations and implementations facili- financial structures of public enterprises will tating market entries and exits, strengthening be strengthened, their co-ordination with each competition and eliminating market failures other will be improved and employment policy will be strengthened. will be implemented in line with the need for qualified personnel. On the other hand, priva- 316. Investment, production and trade inf- tization practices will continue in line with the rastructures will be developed to contribute objective of establishing of an effective mar- to competitiveness with a focus on green and ket mechanism in the economy. digital transformation.

3.1.1 — Macroeconomic Policy Framework 317. Sustainable, low-emission, integrated

3.1.1. Macroeconomic Policy Framework 317. Sustainable, low-emission, integrated with digital production techniques and envi- 312. In line with the objectives of the Twelfth ronmentally friendly policies will be adopted, Development Plan, Türkiye will pursue a stable especially in the energy, transport, industry growth approach based on exports, with a pro- and agriculture sectors, and necessary regula- 57 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) tions for green transformation will be imple- and practices will be implemented to make mented in line with net zero emission targets. Türkiye an international attraction center and a world brand. The sector will become an im- 318. State aid will be maintained so as to be portant destination in the international market selective, limited to a certain period of time, and its contribution to the current account ba- and to be effective in the entrepreneur’s in- lance will be increased. vestment and/or production decision-making at the same time. 323. Investments that will maximize the utili- zation of natural resources in the energy and 319. Sectoral prioritization to ensure structu- mining sectors will be implemented by taking ral transformation in production will be ma- green transformation into account. Utilization intained through active industrial policies. of our natural resources in the production pro- Large-scale, innovative, green and techno- cesses of industry and agriculture sectors will logy-oriented investments that will reduce be increased with a comprehensive perspecti- import dependency, increase productivity and ve. lead to more competitive production capacity will continue to be supported. Physical, human 324. The Central Bank of the Republic of Türki- and technological infrastructure will be stren- ye (CBRT) will continue to use all instruments gthened in line with this. decisively to achieve the single-digit inflation target. The floating exchange rate regime will 320. The industrial sector and the services and be maintained and financial stability will be agricultural sectors supporting the industrial ensured to support the economy in a way to sector will be guided with a comprehensive favor price stability. In this framework, the har- approach and productivity increases based on mony between monetary, fiscal and revenue R&D, investment, labor force and institutio- policies will be maintained to ensure the per- nalization will be extended to the whole eco- manence of macroeconomic stability. nomy. 325. In line with the principle of liberalization 321. In the agricultural sector, a production of capital movements to attract international structure that ensures food supply security, capital to Türkiye, implementations will be increases productivity and being resilient to continued. Through strengthening sound fi- risks will be established in interaction with the nancing channels, the amount and diversity of industrial sector. Strategies will be developed medium and long-term sources for financing for the conscious use and sustainable manage- the current account deficit will be increased. ment of resources in agriculture and policies Thus, an acceleration will be achieved in brin- for utilizing new technologies will be put into ging foreign savings into the economy in order practice. to increase Türkiye’s potential growth limits. 322. The quality and diversity of services will 326. Fiscal policy will be implemented wit- be increased and the gains in the tourism sec- hin the framework of an approach based on tor will be further enhanced. New approaches fiscal discipline, rationalizing expenditures, 58 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN supporting quality growth and sustainability 332. New instruments for increasing domestic of resources, effectiveness and productivity. savings, an important source of financing for In order to strengthen fairness in income dist- stable and strong growth, will be developed ribution and increase sustainable revenues, in a way to be compatible with domestic de- policies will be developed taking into account mand, which is an important stabilizer of eco- the objective of spreading taxation to the ma- nomic activity against external shocks. instream. 333. In order to reduce skill mismatch and en- 327. Governance processes in local administ- sure supply-demand balance in the labor mar- rations will be improved, the quality of human ket, factors that may disrupt the skill-produc- resources will be increased, legislation and tivity-wage balance in the public and private practices regarding expenditure responsibili- sectors will be reduced. ties, revenue capacities and borrowing will be reviewed within the framework of sustainabi- 334. Qualified human capital will be one of lity. the main elements of the stable growth envi- saged in the Plan period. Increasing the quali- 328. State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) will con- fications of the labor force, directing them to tinue their activities in a way to increase the more productive sectors and areas, ensuring competitiveness of the economy and support harmony between education and employment, the sustainability of public finance. and including women and young people in employment by equipping them with the pro- 329. Borrowing policy will be carried out ba- fessional skills needed in the labor market are sed on strategic criteria that are based on the among the main priorities. most cost-effective financing in the medium and long term, taking into account domestic 335. Steps to be taken towards secured flexi- and external market conditions and cost fac- bilization of the labor market through practi- tors, within a reasonable risk level. ces that will benefit both wage earners and employers will contribute to growth by incre- 330. In the allocation of public investments, asing labor force participation on the one hand priority will be given to areas affected by di- and by making matching mechanisms between sasters, especially earthquakes, and areas for jobs and job seekers more effective on the ot- green and digital transformation, and physical her. and social capital investments will be develo- 336. Working conditions will be improved in a ped in a complementary manner to private se- way to encourage participation in labor mar- ctor investments. kets, productivity increase, registration, quali- 331. Public-Private Partnership (PPPs) method fication improvement and vocational training. will be implemented in line with macroecono- Increase in employment and quality job op- mic policies, sectoral priorities and budgetary portunities that enable every working-age in- dividual to earn income by producing will be principles, and ensuring effective and approp- the primary means of combating poverty and riate risk sharing between the private and pub- improving income distribution. lic sector. 59 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 337. Regulations improving the flexibility of production sectors and expenditure compo- the labor market, increased childcare servi- nents. In the Plan period, productivity has ces and training opportunities, and employ- been prioritized in terms of factors of produ- ment-oriented policies will improve women’s ction, industry in terms of production sectors labor market competencies and support their and investments and exports in terms of ex- more intensive participation in business life. penditures. In this period, it is envisaged that Higher participation of women in the labor the contribution of TFP among the supply-side force with better jobs will increase household sources of growth and the contribution of in- incomes and contribute to social welfare. vestment and net exports among the demand components will accelerate relatively, and the 338. Policies will be put in place to increase share of industrial value-added in GDP will the share of labor compatible with green tran- increase significantly. sition in total employment, and just transition mechanisms will be established to ensure that 342. Thanks to the additional steps to be taken employees are not adversely affected by the to increase competitiveness and productivity green transition process. with a focus on the manufacturing industry and to improve technological capacity, the in- 339. As a result of the productivity and compe- dustry is targeted to grow by 5.9 percent an- titiveness-oriented policies to be implemen- nually on average and the share of industry in ted during the Plan period, real GDP is targeted GDP is expected to increase to 26.9 percent by to increase by 5.0 percent annually on average. the end of the Plan period, with a significant Following the rebalancing process foreseen for change in the sectoral composition of produ- the first year of the Plan, the level of producti- ction. The agricultural sector is expected to on is expected to converge to its potential and grow at an average annual rate of 3.1 percent the growth potential is estimated to increase and its share in GDP is expected to be 6.2 per- as a result of productivity gains. cent, while the share of the services sector in GDP is expected to be 57.0 percent. 340. By the end of the Plan period, current GDP is expected to reach 1,589 billion USD 343. Net exports of goods and services are and per capita income is projected to reach projected to contribute positively to growth by 17,554 USD, placing Türkiye in the class of hi- 0.4 percentage points on average throughout gh-income countries. OECD-defined PPP-de- the period due to the diversification in export nominated GDP per capita is anticipated to markets on the back of technology-intensive exceed 58,000 USD, continuing the trend of production with high domestic innovation ca- convergence to the economies of developed pacity in industry sector, which adapts to the countries and rising to 79.8 percent of the EU transformation in global trade, and the expe- average. cted increase in services revenues, especially tourism. Türkiye’s 1 percent share in world go- 341. Growth is targeted to be realized on a ods exports in 2022 is expected to increase to balanced path in terms of production factors, 1.3 percent at the end of the period. 60 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 344. With the positive impact of policies fo- 346. Within the framework of steps to increa- cusing on high value-added production in the se technological capacity, strengthen instituti- industrial sector, fixed capital investments are onal capacity and improve human capital, TFP projected to increase by 5.5 percent on ave- is expected to increase by 1.1 percent annually rage during the Plan period. Both private and on average during the Plan period and contri- public sector investments are anticipated to bute approximately 22.5 percent to growth. contribute to this increase in investments. It is estimated that the share of private sector 347. In the upcoming period, ensuring a more fixed capital investments in GDP will be 28.2 balanced growth structure, reducing the cont- percent and the share of public sector fixed ca- ribution of consumption and increasing the pital investments in GDP will reach 4.3 percent contribution of fixed capital investment and by the end of the Plan period. net exports of goods and services are impor- tant for the quality of growth. In this context, 345. During the Plan period, it is envisaged by the end of the Plan period, the share of con- that 5 million new jobs will be created with sumption in GDP growth in terms of expendi- an average annual increase of 3.0 percent. In tures is expected to decline to 66.7 percent, addition to the rapid increase in employment while the share of fixed capital investments is due to the economic growth to be achieved, expected to increase to 32.5 percent and the the labor force participation rate is estimated share of exports of goods and services to 34.1 to rise to 56.7 percent with the support of po- percent. licies especially for women. In line with these developments, the unemployment rate is pro- jected to decline to 7.5 percent by the end of the Plan period. 61 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 2: Growth and Employment Realizations and Targets 2022 2023 2028 Main Indicators GDP (2009=100 Chain Linked Volume Index, Billion TL) 2,122 2,215 2,820 GDP (Current Prices, Billion TL) 15,012 25,483 78,875 GDP (Current Prices, Billion USD) 906 1,067 1,589 Population (Midyear, Thousand People) 84,980 85,917 90,538 GDP Per Capita (Current Prices, USD) 10,659 12,415 17,554 GDP Per Capita (PPP, USD) 37,445 41,354 58,555 Sectoral Breakdown of Value-Added1 (Ratio to Current GDP, Percent) Agriculture 6.5 6.9 6.2 Industry 26.4 24.7 26.9 Services 56.6 57.7 57.0 Labor Market Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 53.1 53.7 56.7 Labor Force (Thousand People) 34,334 35,196 39,621 Employment (Thousand People) 30,752 31,654 36,638 Employment Rate (%) 47.5 48.3 52.5 Unemployment Rate (%) 10.4 10.1 7.5 Source: Data for 2023 are realization estimates and data for 2028 are targets of the Twelfth Development Plan. (1) Tax-subsidy item is not included. Table 3: Developments and Targets of Resources of Growth 2019-20231 2024-20281 Growth (%) 4.7 5.0 Growth of Production Factors (%) Capital Stock2 4.8 5.0 Employment 2.0 3.0 TFP 1.6 1.1 Source: The 2019-2023 period average is the realization estimate and the 2024-2028 period data are targets of the Twelfth Development Plan. (1) Refers to period average (2) Adjusted with capacity utilization rate. 62 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 4: General Balance of the Economy (Current Prices, as a share of GDP, Percent) 2022 2023 2028 TOTAL CONSUMPTION 69.0 70.2 66.7 Public 8.2 9.7 9.4 Private 60.8 60.5 57.3 TOTAL INVESTMENT 35.0 33.0 32.6 Public 3.9 4.1 4.3 Private 31.1 29.0 28.2 FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT 29.2 31.5 32.5 Public 3.6 3.8 4.3 Private 25.6 27.7 28.2 CHANGE IN STOCK 5.9 1.5 0.0 Public 0.3 0.3 0.0 Private 5.6 1.3 0.0 TOTAL DOMESTIC DEMAND (TOTAL SOURCES) 104.0 103.2 99.2 Net Goods and Services Export -4.0 -3.2 0.8 Goods and Services Export 38.6 33.8 34.1 Goods and Services Import 42.6 37.0 33.4 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Net Factor Income + Net Current -1.0 -0.7 -1.0 Transfers from Abroad 0.0 0.0 0.1 GROSS NATIONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME (GNDI) 99.0 99.3 99.1 PUBLIC DISPOSABLE INCOME 10.2 9.8 11.7 Public Consumption 8.2 9.7 9.4 Public Saving 2.0 0.1 2.3 Public Investment 3.9 4.1 4.3 Public Saving-Investment Gap -1.9 -4.0 -2.0 PRIVATE DISPOSABLE INCOME 88.8 89.6 87.4 Private Consumption 60.8 60.5 57.3 Private Saving 28.0 29.1 30.1 Private Investment 31.1 29.0 28.2 Private Saving-Investment Gap -3.1 0.1 1.9 Total Domestic Saving 30.0 29.2 32.4 Source: Data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. Note: Figures are rounded to single decimal digit. Total values may differ from the sum of sub-components. 63 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.1.2 — Domestic Savings from the PPS will be encouraged to receive

3.1.2. Domestic Savings from the PPS will be encouraged to receive their accumulations through scheduled repay- a. Objective ments or as an annuity insurance instead of a lump-sum withdrawal. 348. The main objective is to increase domes- tic savings during the Plan period and to direct 350. Promoting responsible production and increased savings to the financing of invest- consumption behaviors (SDG 12), which are ments in priority sectors and productive areas. among the Sustainable Development Goals, will be encouraged in society. b. Policies and Measures 350.1. Consumption behaviors aimed at sa- 349. The Private Pension System (PPS) will be ving energy and water, reducing waste, using made more attractive, thereby increasing the durable and sustainable products, recycling, fund amount and the number of participants, purchasing second-hand products, repairing the Auto Enrollment System (AES) will be im- them, and increasing the use of walking, cyc- proved to include employer contributions, and ling and public transportation, which are the fund diversity will be ensured. elements of responsible consumption, will be promoted. 349.1. A complementary pension system, whi- ch will transform the AES into a second-tier 350.2. Training for the acquisition of sustai- pension system that includes employer cont- nable production and consumption behaviors ributions, will be established. will be incorporated into curricula, as well as into programs within public institutions and 349.2. The diversity of funds in the AES will the private sector. be increased to take into account participants’ different risk perceptions and preferences. 351. Saving before spending behavior will be supported, and regulations for targeted savin- 349.3. The cuts in the PPS will be simplified gs accounts will be implemented. and reduced in number. 351.1. A framework for targeted savings ac- 349.4. Funds of PPS participants who meet the counts will be determined, and relevant regu- age and year requirements will be optionally lations will be established. converted into long-term care coverage within the scope of an insurance product to be estab- 352. To increase financial literacy and expand lished during the Plan period. financial inclusion, awareness of saving among households and firms will be fostered, and le- 349.5. Practices will be implemented to en- vel of knowledge on financial saving instru- courage the participation and stay of students ments, family budgets, and risk management under 25 years of age who are registered in hi- will be enhanced using also digital platforms. gher education institutions in the PPS. 352.1. Consulting and training services will 349.6. Similar to the AES, individuals retiring be provided on family budget management, 64 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN saving and investment instruments, and risk 352.3. Financial literacy content will be integ- management. rated into primary and secondary education curricula. 352.2. Financial education content will be of- fered for free in electronic form to reach indi- 352.4. Communication tools, including soci- viduals of all educational backgrounds, ages, al media, and role models will be utilized to and income levels, thereby developing the sa- increase the awareness of young people and ving awareness of households and firms. children regarding saving and investing. Table 5: Targets for Domestic Saving 2022 2023 2028 Rate of Domestic Savings (% of GDP) 30.0 29.2 32.4 Public Sector Savings Rate (% of GDP) 2.0 0.1 2.3 Private Sector Savings Rate (% of GDP) 28.0 29.1 30.1 The Number of PPS Participants (Million People)1 14.5 16.0 19.5 PPS Funds1/GDP (%) 2.9 3.1 4.5 Source: The data for the year 2022 are based on calculations by the Presidency of Strategy and Budget and data from the Pension Monitoring Center. Data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Total of voluntary and automatic participation systems. Year-end values.

3.1.3 — Balance of Payments Türkiye is a party in line with the interests of

3.1.3. Balance of Payments Türkiye is a party in line with the interests of Türkiye, regional connectivity will be increa- a. Objective sed. In addition, efforts to ensure energy and food supply security will continue, and bilate- 353. Taking into account the conditions sha- ral, regional and multilateral trade diplomacy ped by the focus on green transformation and activities will be carried out. digitalization in global trade, the main objecti- ve is to achieve a sustainable improvement in 354.1. In exports of goods and services, poli- the current account balance by increasing the cies to ensure market diversification, particu- potential for high value-added exports by im- larly the “Far Countries Strategy”, will continue proving our position in value chains, reducing to be implemented, regional and bilateral coo- import dependency in energy and manufac- peration with neighboring, close and friendly turing industry to low levels, and diversifying countries will be developed, and efforts to in- and increasing service revenues in areas such tensify trade relations will be continued effec- as software as well as tourism. tively through the most effective utilization of regional and multilateral cooperation platfor- b. Policies and Measures ms. 354. Strategic economic and trade relations 354.2. In the preferential trade agreements will be improved, necessary arrangements will that Türkiye will sign or expand, it will be en- be realized in the trade agreements to which sured that issues regarding the integration of 65 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Turkish companies into regional and global va- 356.2. Negotiations on updating the Customs lue chains and increasing their position will be Union will be carried out and preparatory work included. for national negotiations will be completed by taking the views of the public, private sector, 354.3. Economic and trade relations with rele- NGOs and academics. vant countries will be strengthened within the framework of Joint Economic Commission and 356.3. Within the scope of updating the Cus- Joint Economic and Trade Commissions. toms Union, relevant NGOs will be consulted and the effects of the update on Türkiye’s ser- 354.4. Inter-country dialogue will be strengt- vice sectors and service exports will be analy- hened on bilateral platforms in order to impro- zed. ve companies’ access to markets and ensure that they work in a fair competitive environ- 357. In order to maintain competitiveness in ment. domestic and foreign markets, necessary mea- sures will be taken to ensure compliance with 354.5. Preferential trade network of Türkiye the production and trade standards emerging will be strengthened, new free trade agree- within the scope of green transformation. ments will be negotiated and efforts will be carried out to expand the scope of existing 357.1. In order to increase competitiveness in free trade agreements. export markets, particularly in the EU, and to enhance Türkiye’s position in supply chains, 354.6. Within the framework of the African ini- sectoral transformation steps for production tiative, diplomatic, commercial and economic and trade will be implemented in line with the relations with African countries will be further EU Green Deal. strengthened and the foreign trade volume between Türkiye and the countries in the regi- 357.2. National carbon pricing mechanisms on will be increased. will be established to maintain and improve competitiveness in foreign trade, and an Emis- 355. Domestic production will be protected by sions Trading System (ETS) in line with the EU taking into account our international obligati- will be put into practice as a priority. ons against the damage and threats caused by imports on domestic production. 357.3. Efforts to reduce emissions at the lowest cost will be supported for sectors that 356. Efforts will be carried out with the Euro- will be affected by the EU’s Carbon Border Ad- pean Union institutions and member states to justment Mechanism regulation. update the Customs Union, taking into account the national rights and interests of Türkiye. 357.4. A comprehensive consultancy model will be developed to address the on the issu- 356.1. Türkiye-EU competitiveness analysis es that our companies may need to achieve will be conducted within the scope of the Cus- export-oriented green transformation. toms Union update. 66 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 357.5. Guidance activities will be carried out 359.4. In the field of electronic commerce, on monitoring and reporting of emissions of e-export will be supported by improving the sectors related to the carbon border adjust- digital infrastructure and strengthening the ment mechanism. payment and logistics infrastructure, and more exporter companies will be enabled to operate 358. The financing needs of green transforma- effectively in the electronic commerce market. tion investments in priority sectors with high import dependency, high employment contri- 360. Production, branding, promotion and mar- bution rate and foreign currency income po- keting processes of goods and services based tential will be met through diversified finan- on R&D and innovation and compatible with cing products. green and circular economy will be supported to ensure sustainable export growth. 358.1. State aid will be reviewed and impro- ved to facilitate the financing of green trans- 360.1. Support schemes will be designed to formation, ensuring a holistic approach. enhance advanced participation in global va- lue chains, and collaborative partnerships 358.2. Updated guidance documents on in- among companies facilitating technology and ternational financing opportunities for green knowledge transfer will be strengthened. transformation will be prepared. 360.2. It will be ensured that companies with 359. Preparations for the necessary legislation, the potential to export goods and services and support policies and international agreements to increase exports of products that will provi- will be completed to maintain and increase de high added-value will benefit more effecti- competitiveness in the field of digitalization vely from state aid. with aspects affecting the export of goods and services. 360.3. International promotional activities to be carried out by all institutions and organiza- 359.1. The effects of the digital regulations tions to increase exports of goods and services introduced by the EU on our exports of goods will be carried out effectively by using the and services will be analyzed and a roadmap “Turkey Discover the Potential” logo. will be prepared to determine the steps to be taken. 360.4. Particular attention will be devoted to support and activities that will ensure the con- 359.2. Efforts to harmonize the Law on the tinuity of exports of firms in the process of es- Protection of Personal Data with the EU acquis, tablishing a foothold in international markets. in particular the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), will be comple- 361. In order to increase the domestic valu- ted. e-added in exports and the technological level of the output, arrangement will be made regar- 359.3. Efforts will be carried out to ensure that ding the scope of priority target products and Türkiye, as a connection point, is among the sectors of the Inward Processing Regime. participating countries of GAIA-X, the EU cloud system. 67 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 362. Practices to ensure supply security and 363.4. Required steps will be taken to take sustainability of inputs that are strategic for measures to facilitate exports to neighboring production and trade will be launched. countries and to improve railway transportati- on infrastructure. 362.1. National critical raw materials strategy will be prepared to reduce import dependency 363.5. Support will be provided for the ex- and ensure supply security, particularly in the pansion and effective operation of overseas areas of digital and green transformation. logistics distribution networks in regions and countries with favorable logistics conditions. 362.2. Strategic sectors and inputs will be sup- ported by identifying, and import dependency 364. Efforts for foreign currency earning ser- will be reduced. vices trade that based on efficiency and com- petitiveness will be carried out in the fields of 362.3. Production-Export-Import Consolidati- particularly tourism, transportation, financial on Program will be prepared and implemented services and consultancy, IT, education, health, in each sub-sector of agriculture where supply fair organization, cultural industries especially shocks can be observed for domestic produc- TV series and films, overseas contracting and tion and economic procurement by revealing technical consultancy. supply risks on a product basis. 364.1. Promotional activities of alternative 363. Logistics capabilities will be strengthe- tourism products will be carried out in order to ned to increase Türkiye’s participation in the diversify tourism and spread it to 12 months global supply chain. and the whole country. In this context, the fo- cus will be on emerging markets and countries 363.1. Within the Logistics Master Plan, logis- in distant markets such as America and the Far tics infrastructures will be strengthened and East, and primarily on the upper income group, transportation networks will be expanded in and quality tourism activities will be carried line with Türkiye’s objective of becoming an out to increase the income per visitor. effective logistics base in its neighboring ge- ography and region. 364.2. In order to increase the service quality in tourism, qualified employment opportuni- 363.2. Logistics, railway and port connections ties of the personnel working in the sector will for foreign trade of industrial zones, organized be extended throughout the year, and skill le- industrial zones (OIZ), free zones and special vel will be increased by actively implementing investment areas will be strengthened in ac- vocational and technical training and on-the- cordance with the supply chain, environmen- job programs. tally sensitive and sustainable manner. 364.3. Service capacity in the field of health 363.3. Türkiye’s national and regional logisti- tourism will be improved in terms of quality cs capabilities will be improved by making the and quantity, accreditation activities will be best use of international corridors, and new carried out, and promotion and marketing ac- corridors will be established in line with Tür- tivities will be increased. kiye’s priorities. 68 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 364.4. Activities to increase service revenues 365.2. The supports of the Türk Eximbank will will be implemented using sports diplomacy be utilized to finance high-tech and value-ad- tools by regional and multilateral sports orga- ded exports. nizations. 366. Free zones will contribute more effecti- 364.5. New sub-sectors will be identified and vely to the attraction of foreign direct invest- state aid will be reviewed to increase exports ments based on high technology, and to the of cultural industries. competitiveness and productivity of the in- dustry by improving the services and informa- 364.6. International productions to be carried tion infrastructure provided in these zones. out within the country will be supported to transform Türkiye into a significant film pro- 366.1. Business processes will be accelerated duction center. and free zone activities will be monitored by increasing the use of information technologies 364.7. Firms undertaking procurement of goo- in free zone administration and operations. ds and services and construction works throu- gh overseas development cooperation proje- 366.2. The brand value and recognition of free cts and activities will be encouraged to expand zones will be increased through advertising their markets. activities to be carried out in Türkiye and abro- ad for foreign direct investments. 364.8. A competitive financial ecosystem will be established with the focus on the İstanbul 366.3. Value-added export production activi- Financial Center regarding changes of global ties will be expanded in free trade zones. and regional needs to increase the volume of financial services exports. 366.4. In order to realize green transformation in free zones, the use of renewable energy will 364.9. The quality and coverage of exports of be increased. services account statistics included in the ba- lance of payments will be improved. 367. In order to increase share of international halal product and service markets, halal qua- 365. The business model and institutional in- lity infrastructure will be developed to ensure frastructure of Türk Eximbank will be impro- safe product supply in the markets and techni- ved by taking best international practices into cal barriers in trade will be reduced. account, and Türk Eximbank supports will be used to finance high-tech and value-added 367.1. Initiatives will be maintained to increa- exports by prioritizing green and digital trans- se the international recognition of halal certi- formation. ficates organized by institutions accredited by the Halal Accreditation Agency (HAK). 365.1. Türk Eximbank will have its own law, as is the case with other public banks, in order to 367.2. National and international halal confor- strengthen its legislative infrastructure. mity assessment institutions will be accredi- ted. 69 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 367.3. Accreditation, training, cooperation and 367.4. Trainings will be organized to strengt- promotion activities will be increased to eli- hen the human capital to work in the halal qua- minate technical barriers in the trade of halal lity infrastructure and to increase institutional certified products and services. capacity. Table 6: Targets for Balance of Payments 2022 2023 2028 Exports Fob (Billion USD) 254.2 255.0 375.4 Imports Cif (Billion USD) 363.7 367.0 481.4 Current Accounts Balance (Billion USD) -48.9 -42.5 -2.8 Current Accounts Balance/GDP (%) -5.4 -4.0 -0.2 Travel Revenues (Billion USD) 41.4 49.0 82.8 Proportion of Imports Covered by Exports (%) 69.9 69.5 78.0 Foreign Direct Investment Inflow (Billion USD) 13.4 12.8 27.0 Source: The data for 2022 is from TURKSTAT and CBRT. The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.1.4 — Inflation and Monetary Policy 369.2. In order to maintain fiscal discipline,

3.1.4. Inflation and Monetary Policy 369.2. In order to maintain fiscal discipline, managed and administered prices and tax re- a. Objective gulations will be determined to help reduce the indexation behavior of past inflation. 368. In the framework of a comprehensive un- derstanding, the decisive continuation of the 369.3. Policies aimed at fostering a structure combat against inflation through the effective that supports potential growth without crea- use of monetary and fiscal policy instruments ting inflationary pressures through increased with the aim of reducing inflation to single productive investments in the economy will be digits in the medium term and ensuring price directed to steer the momentum of economic stability is the main objective. activity. b. Policies and Measures 369.4. Measures to prevent consumption inc- reases that disrupt economic balances and ca- 369. Monetary policy instruments will conti- use inflation will be implemented. nue to be used robustly to reduce the inflation rate, fiscal and income policies will be carried 369.5. In line with growth policies based on out in coordination with monetary policy. investment, employment, production, and exports for price stability, targeted financing 369.1. In line with the inflation target, the opportunities with appropriate costs will be Central Bank will effectively utilize all policy provided to the real sector. instruments, while ensuring coordination of fiscal and income policies with monetary po- 370. The Central Bank will continue to utilize licy. all its instruments decisively and indepen- 70 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN dently for the effective functioning of the mo- ly increased, new social housing projects will netary transmission mechanism in line with be developed to compensate for the losses in the fundamental objective of ensuring price the housing stock caused by earthquakes, and stability. access to housing for low-income citizens will be facilitated. 370.1. Monetary policy decisions will be for- mulated taking into account developments in 373.2. Government-provided housing lans un- all factors affecting inflation, especially inflati- der favorable conditions will support first-time on expectations and pricing behaviors. home acquisition and will be directed towards new projects meeting certain standards and 370.2. As part of the communication of policy within an appropriate price range for low and decisions, developments in pricing behaviors middle-income citizens. and factors affecting inflation, as well as the impact of these developments on decisions, 373.3. The effectiveness of measures such as will continue to be transparently communica- credit restrictions on the number of housing ted to the public. ownership above a certain threshold will be enhanced. 370.3. In order to maintain financial stability, reserve-enhancing measures and tools will be 374. A decrease in service prices, which inc- diversified and strengthened, while ensuring rease production costs and negatively affect that the accumulation of reserves does not economic growth potential, will be achieved, lead to additional monetary expansion. and measures will be taken to prevent rigidity in service prices. 371. The floating exchange rate regime will be maintained, ensuring that financial stability 375. Awareness regarding the adverse effects supports the economy in preserving price sta- of inflation on economic and social life will be bility. increased, and societal consensus on comba- ting inflation will be strengthened. 372. The fundamental asset for value storage in the financial system being assets denomi- 375.1. A more understandable, clear, and nated in Turkish lira, and increasing the wei- transparent communication strategy will be ghts of Turkish lira-denominated items in the pursued regarding the fight against inflation, assets and liabilities of households, firms, and ensuring more effective management of expe- banking sectors, will be encouraged. ctations. 373. Policies aimed at increasing housing 375.2. Market structures and behaviors that supply and facilitating access to housing will disrupt competition will be closely monito- be implemented to mitigate the adverse effe- red, ensuring the preservation of international cts of price increases in housing rents and sa- competition law standards. les on inflation. 376. The statistical infrastructure will be stren- 373.1. Taking into account developments in gthened to enable more detailed analysis of rental and housing prices, the constrained hou- inflation dynamics. sing supply during the pandemic will be rapid- 71 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 376.1. Administrative recording deficiencies 378.3. The real sector’s access to investment related to rental housing, commercial proper- financing will be facilitated. ties, and second-hand vehicle sales will be re- medied. 378.4. The diversity of financial products and services in capital markets will be improved 376.2. The registration of services that cannot and the investor base will be expanded by ta- be included in inflation calculations due to in- king into consideration the rights of small in- formality will be increased, and data infrastru- vestors. cture will be improved. 378.5. It will be ensured that companies shall benefit more from the opportunities offered Table 7: Inflation Forecasts by capital markets at every stage of their life 2022 2023 2028 cycles, and necessary steps will be taken to increase public offerings. CPI (End of Year, %) 64.3 65.0 4.7 Source: The data for 2022 is from TURKSTAT. Data for the year 378.6. The Physical Gold Participation Account 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets (FATSI) practice that aims to deliver the gold under mattress to the economy will be expan-

3.1.5 — Financial Markets ded

3.1.5. Financial Markets ded. a. Objective 378.7. The development of the insurance se- ctor will be supported, and “Supplementary 377. The main objective is to establish a finan- Long-Term Care Insurance” will be established cial sector, particularly sustainable and digital, to cover care services for elderly. that is highly efficient with a robust instituti- 378.8. The product and service diversity pro- onal structure which contributes to the de- vided by the mercantile exchanges will be im- velopment process with affordable costs and proved, and their role in risk management in conditions, globally compatible, and highly commodity markets will be increased. competitive, spanning all areas of finance. 378.9. Economic and financial relations with b. Policies and Measures third countries will be developed, and the use of local currencies in bilateral trade will be inc- 378. Efficiency and product diversity in the fi- reased. nancial sector will be increased. 378.10. A centralized alternative dispute reso- 378.1. Investment banking activities will be lution center will be established where appli- developed. cations regarding disputes between individual and corporate customers regarding financial 378.2. Development and investment banking transactions and financial products and servi- will be developed to become more effective in ces with financial institutions shall be evalua- financing investment projects by focusing on ted and resolved quickly. strategic products and priority sectors. 72 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 378.11. Financial literacy activities will be ex- frastructure and communization of various panded. operations, and necessary measures will be ta- ken to ensure that banks and non-bank financi- 379. Fintech and digital finance infrastructure al institutions shall access to the infrastructure will be strengthened. they need on equal conditions. 379.1. Data definitions and access methods 380. The financial sector sustainability studies will be determined and databases will be cre- will be supported, and new products and ser- ated. vices in sustainable finance will be developed by raising awareness on Environmental, Social 379.2. Human resources will be trained to and Governance (ESG) criteria. work in the software field in the Fintech sector. 380.1. The presentation of sustainability and 379.3. The development of domestic financial emission data will be standardized and the technologies will be supported. data will be accessible. 379.4. Rule sets to be applied by domestic 380.2. A national taxonomy and related legis- financial actors in their relations with fintech lation will be prepared to define sustainable institutions will be strengthened by regulatory economic activities. and supervisory authorities. 380.3. Arrangements will be made in banking 379.5. Efforts to develop and expand the wi- sector regarding sustainable banking, manage- despread use of digital Turkish lira will be car- ment of climate risks and transition plans. ried out. 380.4. The institutional capacity of financial 379.6. Efforts will be carried out regarding cle- authorities on sustainable finance will be en- aring securities with the Central Bank Digital hanced. Currency. 380.5. Sustainable financial products will be 379.7. Steps will continue to be taken to sup- developed and specialized staff in these areas port efficiency and interoperability in the field will be trained. of payments, the institutional level and secu- rity level of all organizations operating in the 380.6. Efforts will be made to increase the sector will be increased, and measures will be awareness and knowledge of the real sector taken to prevent the formation of anti-compe- on sustainable finance. titive practices between banks and non-bank payment service providers. 380.7. Markets for carbon emission allowan- ces will be developed and their use by firms 379.8. Digital authentication and account ma- will be encouraged. nagement processes will be developed. 380.8. “Impact investing” instruments such as 379.9. In the financial sector, costs will be re- social impact bonds and blue bonds will be int- duced through the use of common digital in- 73 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) roduced to generate social and environmental 382.5. The legislative infrastructure and benefits in addition to economic benefits. ecosystem of participation insurance will be developed. 380.9. A responsible governance framework will be established and put into practice to 382.6. The inclusiveness of participation insu- strengthen institutional investor demand for rance and participation pension plans will be sustainable finance instruments. enhanced. 381. In order to strengthen financial stability, 383. It will be provided that İstanbul Financial institutional infrastructure will be improved Center shall contribute more effectively to the and interventions that may disrupt the opera- deepening of financial markets. tion of the free market will be avoided. 383.1. Integration of İstanbul Financial Center 381.1. The banking sector regulations on ca- into the international financial system will be pital adequacy will comply with the Basel III strengthened. Final regulations. 383.2. Participation-based fintech institutions 381.2. Any regulatory arbitrage which may oc- aimed at creating an innovative, inclusive, and cur among financial sectors and instruments dynamic participation finance ecosystem wit- will be prevented. hin the İstanbul Financial Center will be sup- ported. 381.3. Compliance with international coope- rations, integrations and standards will be en- 384. The legal infrastructure of non-bank fi- sured. nancial institutions will be strengthened. 381.4. Combat against financial crimes will be 384.1. Arrangements will be made to protect strengthened. the reputation of non-bank financial instituti- ons. 382. Practices and legislative infrastructure re- garding participation finance will be improved. 384.2. Intermediation costs will be reduced. 382.1. The transformation to further strengt- 384.3. Regulations will be made to improve hen the institutional structure of the participa- the activities of asset management companies. tion finance system will be ensured. 384.4. Savings financing services will be ex- 382.2. Supportive mechanisms for participati- tended. on finance will be established. 384.5. Regulations will be made to encourage 382.3. A comprehensive Islamic governance digitalization for non-bank financial instituti- structure for the participation finance system ons. will be established. 385. Practices regarding the protection of fi- 382.4. The human capital capacity of partici- nancial consumers will be strengthened. pation finance institutions will be enhanced. 74 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 385.1. An infrastructure will be established to 386.1. Participation financing methods will effectively provide all data on capital markets also be used in the financing of large-sca- to investors and public and private sector sta- le projects in sectors such as transportation, keholders. energy, manufacturing industry and health. 385.2. Consolidation of dematerialized cus- 386.2. Long-term financing opportunities, es- tody data in the central registry institution will pecially the credit guarantee mechanism, will be ensured. be developed for renewable energy and ener- gy efficiency projects. 385.3. A capital markets risk center will be es- tablished and an investor monitoring system 387. Standards will be established on cyber will be established. security for financial markets. 385.4. Protective practices for beneficiaries of 387.1. The cyber resilience and security matu- financial products and services will be stren- rity level against cyber security threats to fi- gthened. nancial markets will be increased. 386. Financing opportunities for long-term in- 387.2. Mechanisms to ensure the privacy of vestments will be strengthened. personal information in the provision of digital services will be strengthened. Table 8: Targets for Financial Markets (Percent) 2022 2023 2028 Market Capitalization of Publicly Traded Companies/GDP 41.4 48.8 70 Share of Capital Market Instruments in Financial Asset Preferences1 44.4 45.5 50 Financial Services Exports/Total Exports 0.3 0.4 2 Total Assets of Participation Banks/GDP 7.9 8.2 15 Source: The Data for 2023 are realization estimates calculated by the Presidency of Strategy and Budget using data from the Capital Markets Board (SPK), CBRT, Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BDDK), TURKSTAT and Turkish Capital Markets Association (TSPB). The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets (1) The share of capital market products is calculated by subtracting TL deposits, foreign currency deposit accounts and precious metals deposit account items from total financial assets. Capital market products are as follows: Government Domestic Debt Securities, Eurobond, Shares, Private Sector Debt Instruments, Lease Certificate, Asset-Backed Securities, Asset Guaranteed Securities, Warrant and Certificate.

3.1.6 — Fiscal Policy tainable structure of public finance with a pre

3.1.6. Fiscal Policy tainable structure of public finance with a pre- dictable approach. a. Objective b. The Framework of Public Finance 388. The main objective is to maintain fiscal discipline and strengthen the stable and sus- 389. The strong and sustainable structure of public finance will be maintained in the Plan 75 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) period. In this framework, the central gover- 394. Pension and health expenditures will be nment budget deficit, which was 1.0 percent kept under control, premium collections will of GDP in 2022, is projected to be 6.4 percent be increased by effectively combating infor- in 2023 and 2.0 percent at the end of the Plan mal employment and undeclared wages, and period, mainly due to earthquake-related ex- the actuarial balance of the social security sys- penditures. The program-defined central go- tem will be strengthened. vernment budget balance, which posted a de- ficit of 0.1 percent of GDP in 2022, is expected 395. Expenditure principles of revolving funds to move to a surplus of 0.7 percentage points and extra-budgetary funds will be determined, by the end of the Plan period, while the public and special revenues, special appropriations, sector borrowing requirement, which was 2.4 intra-budgetary funds and similar practices percent, is targeted to be 1.8 percent. will be reviewed in order to strengthen the implementation of the principles of unity, de- 390. Public deficit, excluding expenditures for centralization and non-expenditure of the bu- post-disaster recovery and risk mitigation, will dget. be kept under control through fiscal consoli- dation and public financial indicators will be 396. By increasing efficiency and productivity, improved. Fiscal discipline will remain an im- SOEs will be able to generate more equity and portant anchor of macroeconomic stability in thus cover a larger portion of their investments the Plan period. from their internal resources 391. In 2022, public consumption, which stood c. Policies and Measures at 8.2 percent of GDP, is projected to rise to 9.4 percent by the end of the Plan period, while 397. Through expenditure reviews, inefficient public saving is projected to increase from 2.0 expenditure areas will be eliminated and re- percent to 2.3 percent. sources will be used efficiently, effectively and economically. Efficiency in the implementati- 392. Public finance will continue to be used on processes of expenditure programs will be as an effective tool to ensure price stability in increased. harmony with monetary policy, to establish a sustainable development and growth envi- 397.1. The performance-based program bud- ronment that captures green and digital trans- get system put into practice will be developed. formation, to keep the current account deficit under control and to ensure fairness in income 397.2. Methods and tools will be developed to distribution. ensure effective expenditure reviews. 393. In order to increase the long-term pro- 397.3. Expenditure reviews will be systema- ductivity and efficiency of the economy, the tized, inefficient expenditure areas will be resources required for the targets determined eliminated and new expenditure areas will be in priority sectors and development areas will limited. be met from the fiscal space to be created as a result of the measures to be taken in public 397.4. Duplication in social assistance will be revenues and expenditures. prevented, information systems will be harmo- 76 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN nized, and the resources of the Social Assistan- technology-oriented transformation, increa- ce and Solidarity Encouragement Fund will be sing strategic production and thus ensuring used more effectively. food supply security, and ineffective practices will be terminated. 397.5. Digital applications will be widespread in public services, the information infrastruc- 398. Fiscal policy tools will be used to realize ture of accounting and expenditure systems international commitments to reduce emissi- will be strengthened, the execution of new ons within the scope of green transformation. services will be provided by existing public administrations, and thus efficiency in public 398.1. Taxes that qualify as carbon taxes will expenditures will be increased. be reviewed and the economic and social im- pacts of carbon pricing instruments, including 397.6. Public procurement legislation will be complementary carbon taxes, on the deve- updated with a purchasing approach that sup- lopment and investment environment will be ports and prioritizes digitalization, innovation analyzed. and sustainability, in line with international norms and standards, and sectoral public pro- 398.2. Tax practices will continue to increase curement regulation will be implemented. efficiency in energy consumption and combat climate change and environmental pollution. 397.7. With the understanding of rationa- lizing expenditures on public procurement, 399. Tax services will be developed within savings-oriented central public procurement the framework of the principles of voluntary policies will be continued by expanding their compliance, predictability and transparency scope. by taking into account tax sociology. 397.8. The use of public vehicles will be sys- 399.1. A mechanism will be established where tematically reviewed within the framework of various tax statistics and analyzes will be pub- needs analysis, vehicle needs will be met pri- lished in detail and regularly in order to public marily by temporary allocation or by transfer- and stakeholder institutions can benefit more. ring surplus vehicles, and priority will be given to domestic production and environmentally 400. The tax system will be developed in a way that complying with international norms and friendly vehicles, considering the economy in protects the country’s interests to the maxi- new vehicle acquisitions. mum extent, contributing to the development and deepening of the digital economy, unders- 397.9. The scope of the Single Treasury Ins- tanding the informality in digital activities and titutions Account will be further expanded to increasing the attractiveness of the investment strengthen the Treasury cash reserve and use environment. it more effectively. 400.1. The physical, human and technological 397.10. Agricultural supports will continue to infrastructure needed to ensure faster adap- be implemented in line with reducing input tation to digital transformation in the tax sys- costs, easing the financial burden, accelerating tem will be developed in order to benefit more 77 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) from the opportunities and conveniences pro- 401.2. Regulations will be implemented to vided by the transformation and to quickly create a simple and easily applicable structu- take the necessary measures against risks. re that supports the expansion of the tax base and increased voluntary compliance, based on 400.2. By taking advantage of technological the principles of justice, equality, predictabi- developments, the digital capacity of the tax lity and transparency in taxation in the inco- administration will be increased and the co- me, corporate and value-added tax laws and ordination between public institutions will be the tax procedure law. strengthened. 401.3. The collection performance of public 400.3. Contactless and paperless tax offices revenues will be increased and tax penalties will be implemented. will be reviewed to strengthen deterrence. 400.4. The effectiveness of the services and 401.4. The fight against informality will be applications offered to taxpayers will be inc- carried out with risk analysis activities suppor- reased, and 24/7 real-time service will be pro- ted by technological opportunities such as ar- vided to taxpayers by using new generation tificial intelligence and big data, and with the communication channels covering the latest active participation of all parties. technological developments. 402. More efficient use of resources will be en- 400.5. Legislative studies will continue regar- sured and financial sustainability will be stren- ding transactions made using virtual assets gthened in local governments. that represent a digital value that can be bou- ght, sold and transferred digitally. 402.1. Fiscal relations between central and lo- cal administrations will be reorganized by con- 400.6. During the accession process to the sidering the balance of authority and respon- European Union, efforts to comply with the sibility. acquis and the standards determined in the tax field by other international organizations 402.2. Local governments will be ensured to of which we are members will be continued. increase the share of own revenues in their to- tal revenues. 401. By considering the balanced distribution of income, tax justice will be strengthened, the 402.3. Local governments will be provided tax base will be expanded and tax collection with the opportunity to borrow in a way that will be increased. will not hinder their services, and the legislati- on will be strengthened to support the sustai- 401.1. Tax expenditures will be reviewed and nability of the debt-revenue relationship. ineffective exceptions, exemptions and dis- counts will be removed. 78 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 9: Targets for Public Finance (Share of GDP, Percent) 2022 2023 2028 Public Sector Public Expenditures 8.2 9.7 9.4 Public Savings 2.0 0.1 2.3 Public Fixed Capital Investments 3.6 3.8 4.3 Public Sector Borrowing Requirement1 2.4 6.4 1.8 Public Sector Program Defined Balance2 -1.7 -4.9 0.9 General Government General Government Revenues 27.8 30.2 32.6 General Government Expenditures 28.6 36.7 34.4 General Government Balance -0.8 -6.5 -1.8 Central Government Budget Central Government Budget Revenues 18.7 19.3 21.2 Central Government Budget Expenditures 19.6 25.8 23.2 Central Government Budget Balance -1.0 -6.4 -2.0 Central Government Budget Primary Balance 1.1 -3.9 1.4 Central Government Budget Program Defined Balance2 -0.1 -4.8 0.7 Source: Data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets Note: Public sector consists of central government budget, local governments, social security institutions and general health insurance funds, extra budgetary funds, revolving funds, Unemployment Insurance Fund and SOEs. When obtaining the total general government expenditure and revenue, SOEs are excluded. (1) (-) refers to surplus. (2) Interest expenditures and revenues, privatization revenues, public bank dividends and other one-off revenues are excluded.

3.1.7 — Social Security System and Finance 404.1. New instruments will be developed for

3.1.7. Social Security System and Finance 404.1. New instruments will be developed for different professions and income groups to fa- a. Objective cilitate entry into the system. 403. The main objective is to expand the cove- 404.2. Easy employership practices will be ex- rage of the social security system, ensuring a tended. more fair and effective structure, and strengt- hen its long-term fiscal sustainability. 404.3. Special social insurance programs will be created for groups such as low-income tra- b. Policies and Measures desmen, artisans, farmers and seasonal wor- kers. 404. Premium base will be strengthened by expanding the social security coverage. 79 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 405. Social security legislation and practices 407. Elderly care insurance and vocational re- will be harmonized with changing labor mar- habilitation practices will be implemented to ket conditions and new and flexible working reduce the impact of population aging on the models. social security system. 405.1. Work will be carried out to strengthen 407.1. Elderly care insurance will established the technical and legal infrastructure in order for finance of elderly care services. to harmonize the social security system with new working models that emerge beyond the 407.2. Vocational rehabilitation programs will traditional workplace concept through digita- be implemented to facilitate the return of in- lization. dividuals receiving permanent disability bene- fits or disability pensions to the labor market. 405.2. The conformity of social security prac- tices with flexible working models, especially 408. Social security premium collections will part time work will be enhanced. be increased. 406. The fiscal sustainability of the social se- 408.1. The processes of tracking and collec- curity system will be strengthened by imple- ting contribution debts will be made efficient. menting regulations that encourage employe- es to remain in the employment and prioritize 408.2. The efficiency of the social security sys- fairness and actuarial balance. tem will be improved through audits. 406.1. Reforms to strengthen fairness and ac- 408.3. Premium base will be expanded by en- tuarial balance of the social security systems hancing risk-focused audit activities based on will be implemented. data analysis in fighting against informal emp- loyment and undeclared wages. 406.2. The pension allocation system will be reorganized in a way that encourages emplo- 409. In order to bring social security system yees to stay more in employment without im- into a simple and effective structure, employ- posing a financial burden. ment incentives will be reviewed and the qua- lity of service delivery will be enhanced. 406.3. In order to ensure the fiscal sustainabi- lity of the social security system, studies will 409.1. In order to enhance effectiveness of be carried out to set automatic adjustment the employment incentive system, inefficient mechanisms in determining retirement crite- employment incentives will be terminated ria in line with the increase in life expectancy while the emphasis on employment incentives at birth. for women, youth, and people with disabilities will be increased. 406.4. Indicators related with the long-term fiscal sustainability of the social security sys- 409.2. Information technology capacity of the tem will be monitored regularly and reports Social Security Institution (SSI) will be enhan- will be prepared accordingly. 80 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN ced to ensure effective social security service 411.3. Value-based reimbursement methods delivery. will be used in the financing of health services, and the effectiveness of reimbursement lists 409.3. In order to reduce bureaucracy and pro- will be increased by performing retrospective vide more effective services, data sharing car- analyses on reimbursed pharmaceuticals and ried out by SSI with the other institutions and treatments at regular intervals. organizations will be increased. 411.4. Expenditures in rapidly growing groups 410. The social security system will be sup- such as pharmaceuticals procured from abroad ported by complementary pension and health will be optimized. insurance systems in order to increase retiree welfare and provide additional health insuran- 411.5. Rational use of drugs will be promoted ce to individuals. and measures to rationalize pharmaceutical and health-care expenditures will be taken. 410.1. Complementary health insurance will be encouraged to strengthen the sustainabi- 411.6. In collaboration with the State Supply lity of the General Health Insurance system, Office, the scope of the ‘Health Market’ appli- to provide individuals with alternative health cation will be expanded and the pharmaceuti- insurance and to use the capacity in health ser- cal and medical equipment supply chain will vice provision effectively. be further strengthened. 411. Pharmaceutical and health-care expen- 411.7. Regulations will be implemented to ditures will be made more effective by taking prevent unnecessary and ineffective utilizati- into account predictability and sustainability on of healthcare services. in health services. 411.8. Demand control will be more effecti- 411.1. More effective pricing mechanisms will vely ensured in health products and services. be established in pharmaceutical and healt- h-care services. 411.9. Audit models that take into account risk analysis and the behavior of service providers 411.2. Alternative models will be used in the in the reimbursement of health services will reimbursement system for pharmaceutical be developed. products. 81 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 10: Targets for the Social Security System 2022 2023 2028 Ratio of Budget Transfers to SSI to GDP (%) 2.6 3.6 3.0 File Based Active-Passive Ratio1 1.9 1.6 1.7 Total Contribution Collection Ratio (%) 85 85 90 Social Insurance Coverage (%) 89 89 92 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Excluding interns, trainees and apprentices, based on the number of files rather than the number of individuals and those subject to social security support premiums are included in the active insured coverage.

3.1.8 — Public Enterprises and Privatization 414.1. Human resources management of SOEs

3.1.8. Public Enterprises and Privatization 414.1. Human resources management of SOEs will be implemented in a way to ensure conti- a. Objective nuity in their operations and preserve corpora- te memory. 412. The main objective is to ensure that pub- lic enterprises carry out their activities effe- 414.2. Employment of qualified personnel in ctively and efficiently in line with macroeco- SOEs will be ensured. nomic, sectoral and social policies and with an understanding that supports sustainability in 414.3. Expertise capacity based on knowledge public finances. and merit will be developed in SOEs. b. Policies and Measures 415. Organizational structures of public en- terprises will be strengthened and coordinati- 413. Regulations to reform the governance of on among them will be enhanced. state-owned enterprises (SOEs) will be imple- mented and corporate governance practices 415.1. Efficiency in the use of public resources will be strengthened to improve the effecti- will be ensured by merging units or enterpri- veness and efficiency of SOEs on the basis of ses performing similar functions. best practices. 415.2. In case of new service areas emerge, 413.1. The principles of corporate governance priority will be given to existing enterprises will be strengthened in the top management rather than the new foundation of public en- of SOEs. terprises. 413.2. The status and position of SOEs will be 415.3. Mechanisms and structures will be es- redefined in order to increase the accountabi- tablished to ensure coordination among public lity of public enterprises and their boards of enterprises that interact with each other in se- directors. ctoral, administrative and financial areas due to their activities. 414. Employment policy in SOEs will be imp- lemented in a way to improve human resource 416. In order to strengthen public financial quality and institutional capacity. discipline, public enterprises under different 82 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN status will be monitored, the efficiency of ac- ciples of profitability and efficiency, within the counting systems of SOEs will be increased framework of market conditions, in a way that and their financial structures will be strengt- will place less burden on public finance. hened. 417.1. Sectoral public procurement arrange- 416.1. In order to ensure financial discipline ments will be put into practice in order to en- and monitor financial risk in public enterpri- sure fast, economic, quality and competitive ses operating outside the scope of the Decree procurement of inputs for SOEs’ activities and Law No. 233, a framework arrangement will be investments. made for monitoring financial and non-finan- cial information of the institutions. 417.2. The prices and tariffs of SOEs will be de- termined according to commercial principles. 416.2. An effective cost accounting system will be introduced to ensure the separation of 418. Privatization practices will continue in public and commercial activities of SOEs. line with the objective of establishing an effe- ctive market mechanism. 416.3. Depending on the financial situation of SOEs and the increase in financing expenses, 418.1. New and alternative models, including SOE borrowing policy that provides the Trea- initial public offers, will be used for privatizati- sury borrowing cost under the best conditions on applications, within the framework of long- will be followed. term sectoral priorities and within a defined program. 416.4. Existing information system infrastru- cture of SOEs will be improved with a digital 418.2. During the Plan period, privatization of transformation perspective. companies and assets in the privatization port- folio will be continued, and new companies 417. The procurement and sales activities of and assets with privatization potential will be SOEs will be carried out according to the prin- included in the portfolio. Table 11: Targets for SOEs (Ratio to GDP, Percent) 2022 2023 2028 Total Value-Added 0.6 0.6 0.9 Gross Sales 5.7 3.7 3.4 Total Budget and Fund Transfers 1.4 1.8 0.2 Dividends and Treasury Levy 0.2 0.1 0.4 Investments 0.7 0.6 0.5 Borrowing Requirement 1 3.0 1.7 0.2 Source: The data in the table includes SOEs within the scope of Decree Law No. 233 and enterprises in the privatization program with more than 50 percent public share. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Deve- lopment Plan targets. (1) Excluding Transfers from Budget and Fund. 83 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.2 — COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION has high added-value, uses local resources at

3.2. COMPETITIVE PRODUCTION has high added-value, uses local resources at the maximum level, and focuses on green and WITH GREEN AND DIGITAL digital transformation. In this regard, the Plan TRANSFORMATION prioritizes policies aimed at increasing invest- ment, production, employment and exports in 419. The search for new equilibrium in the the manufacturing industry. global economy, acceleration of technologi- cal developments, particularly ICT, alternative 422. Despite the 5.4 percent real average formations in production centers and supp- growth rate of Turkish national income in the ly chains, inflationary pressure and security 2003-2022 period, the manufacturing industry of supply problems arising from rising com- contributed more to prosperity by growing by modity prices, particularly energy and food, 6.1 percent in the same period. Moreover, du- climate change, new ways of doing business ring the last decade is analyzed, Türkiye’s ma- and working models, changes in production nufacturing industry recorded a higher growth and consumption patterns bring new risks and rate than the average of upper-middle income opportunities. Considering the current global group countries. Changes in global supply cha- trends, policies focused on digitalization and ins and proximity to major markets have inc- green transformation to create more compe- reased the importance of industrial policies in titive and higher added-value in production achieving growth targets. processes are important. Türkiye’s adaptation to changing competitive conditions requires 423. Manufacturing industry is of great im- enhancing qualified human resources, valu- portance for the development and sustainab- e-added production and export capacity with le growth of countries due to its critical role a focus on digitalization and green transforma- in productivity growth. Besides, its export tion. potential enables foreign exchange earnings and technology transfer. The outward oriented 420. In establishing a sustainable and strong competitive production structure in the ma- growth dynamic in line with green and digital nufacturing industry, shapes the labor market, transformation, it remains important to sup- and a significant portion of R&D activities ta- port the technology and infrastructure invest- kes place in the manufacturing industry. The ments needed by the energy, manufacturing positive externalities of the manufacturing in- industry, transport and agriculture sectors in dustry contribute to the creation of production line with the 2053 net zero emission targets, and employment in its own sub-sectors as well to ensure the development of green and digi- as in the services and construction sectors and tal skills, and to establish financing and incen- to the reduction of the current account deficit. tive mechanisms. 424. In this context, with a sectoral prioritiza- 421. During the Plan period, it is aimed for tion approach, active industrial policies will be Türkiye to become one of the most important implemented in the following identified prio- production centers with a production structure rity sectors, aimed at accelerated technologi- that is export-oriented, technology-intensive, cal renewal that will make productivity growth 84 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN dynamic, and ensured structural transformati- b. Policies and Measures on in the manufacturing industry, which is con- sidered as the driver of stable growth. 427. Green transformation in the manufactu- ring industry will be supported, circular and • Chemicals sustainable production practices will be incre- • Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices ased. • Electronics 427.1. R&D activities and technology transfer • Machinery will be supported for the adoption, develop- • Electrical equipment ment and dissemination of sustainable produ- ction and green transformation technologies. • Automotive • Rail System Vehicles 427.2. Green transformation projects for com- mon use will be designed in existing OIZs, in- 425. During the Plan period, particularly in dustrial zones (IZ) and small industrial zones priority sectors, it is aimed to increase techno- (SIZ), and Green OIZs and Green IZs will be ex- logy, innovation, product quality, productivity panded. and export capacity, to transform industrial capacity, to improve the business and invest- 427.3. Production and usage of clean energy ment environment and to increase competi- will be promoted. tiveness in industry. With policies to support green and digital transformation, a dynamic 427.4. Industrial use of waste and circular eco- production structure that is more attractive nomy practices will be expanded. for international direct investments and whe- re R&D and technology transfer is ensured will 427.5. Awareness of SMEs on green transfor- be created and the opportunities arising at the mation will be raised and sectoral transforma- global level will be utilized to the maximum tion profiles will be created. extent. Effective monitoring and coordination of the policies and measures to be formulated 427.6. Sectoral assessments regarding green and implemented in this framework will be en- transformation, especially the green deal, will sured. be carried out and transformation strategies will be implemented.

3.2.1 — Manufacturing Industry

3.2.1. Manufacturing Industry 427.7. Support for energy efficiency practices a. Objective of enterprises will be increased, and techno- logical investments with high energy effi- 426. The main objective in the manufacturing ciency and saving potential that contribute to industry is to ensure transition to a high va- facility and process optimization will be sup- lue-added production structure by increasing ported. competitiveness and productivity on the axis of green and digital transformation in all sec- 427.8. Standardized national practices in car- tors, especially in priority sectors. bon and water footprint calculation and verifi- cation will be developed. 85 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 427.9. Competent transformation consultants 428.3. Digitalization applications commonly of green industrial enterprises will be certified needed in SMEs will be met through a central and supported. infrastructure and supporting software tools. 427.10. Infrastructure will be established for 428.4. “Model factories” established to incre- monitoring and evaluating developments re- ase productivity will be designed to provide garding the green transformation of industry. new services on a regional basis and for digital transformation, and their effectiveness will be 427.11. Manufacturing facilities reporting increased. energy and resource efficient production by reduced emissions towards the zero-pollution 428.5. The necessary infrastructure for 5G target will be certified to show that they are and new generation technologies it will bring engaged in clean production. about will be created, and a suitable environ- ment will be prepared for the use of these te- 427.12. Waste generated as a result of indust- chnologies in the manufacturing industry. rial activities will be collected separately at the source. 429. Institutional capacity and data infrastruc- ture will be used effectively in order to deve- 427.13. Within the scope of green transforma- lop and strengthen the manufacturing industry tion, the development and commercialization and reduce external dependency in producti- of components, equipment and systems with on. domestic and national means will be suppor- ted, especially regarding the production, stora- 429.1. Industrial inventory will be created by ge, transportation and industrial use processes improving the industrial registry system, in- within the hydrogen value chain. dustrial master plan will be prepared, invest- ment decisions will be made more soundly 428. Progress of digital transformation in the and resources will be used efficiently through manufacturing industry will be supported. data-based industrial policies. 428.1. By conducting sectoral analyses in the 429.2. Product-based studies will be conduc- manufacturing industry, integration of digital ted and investment roadmaps will be prepared technologies such as artificial intelligence, big for intermediate goods, strategic products and data analytics, advanced automation, etc. into technologies. manufacturing processes and digital transfor- mation in the manufacturing industry will be 429.3. All state aid, particularly project-based promoted. incentives, will be implemented within the fra- mework of product-based studies, projects in 428.2. SMEs in the manufacturing industry will selected areas will be monitored and guided, be informed about and supported to use digi- and product and technology development pro- tal technologies more effectively. cesses will be improved. 86 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 430. Investment locations suitable for the ma- lopment and production of critical products nufacturing industry will be developed and and technologies with domestic capabilities. increased by considering accessibility to living spaces, humanitarian and social facilities, and 431.3. Similar state aid provided by different allocation processes will be facilitated. institutions will be merged and simplified. 430.1. An investment location inventory lis- 431.4. New investments needed by the in- ting suitable locations will be created for the dustry, especially in fertilizer and petrochemi- benefit of investors. cals, will be implemented by the Türkiye We- alth Fund and the private sector. 430.2. Alternative methods will be developed in order to create sustainable industrial zones, 432. The qualified human capital required by organized industrial zones, small industrial the manufacturing industry’s twin transforma- zones regarding the supply chain particulars tion framework will be developed. in terms of access to raw materials, logistics, energy, railway, port connection and environ- 432.1. Public-private sector cooperation in mental dimension. vocational education will be increased and the private sector will play a more active role 430.3. Arrangements will be made for cost-ef- in the management of vocational high schools fective utilization of land ownership in OIZs and vocational schools. in a way that will not allow value increases by changing hands, and efforts will be made to 432.2. A skills inventory will be prepared on provide investors in OIZs with leasable land the basis of manufacturing industry sub-sec- and ready factory buildings. tors. 430.4. Industrial zones and facilities resistant 432.3. Improvement of skills of the existing la- to disasters, especially earthquakes, will be bor force will be supported, and those who are established, and activities will be carried out not in the labor force will be equipped with the to increase the resilience of existing zones and skills required by the industry through publi- facilities. c-private cooperation. 431. State aid will be reviewed in order to pro- 432.4. Institutional capacity of the public and vide effective support in line with the needs of private sectors on the green transformation of the manufacturing industry. industry will be improved and awareness will be raised. 431.1. The effectiveness of state aid provided to strategic sectors and critical products will 433. Infrastructure for improving the interna- be reviewed. tional competitiveness of the manufacturing industry will be strengthened. 431.2. The Technology Oriented Industry Move Program will be used effectively for the deve- 433.1. Diplomatic activities and technical stu- dies will be carried out to overcome the sca- 87 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) le problem through international cooperation 435. Effective market surveillance will be car- and agreements. ried out in order to prevent unfair competition and increase quality, and the infrastructure for 433.2. The share of railway freight transport in standardization will be improved. logistics of manufacturing industry will be inc- reased, and interconnection lines will be es- 435.1. A Market Surveillance and Inspection tablished between production sites and ports Agency will be established in order to conso- and logistics centers. lidate market surveillance and inspection acti- vities carried out by different administrations, 433.3. The registration system for investment to ensure uniformity of implementation and to machinery will be improved, enabling the use prevent duplication. of machinery as a stronger collateral instru- ment. 435.2. Measures such as administrative fi- nes, public announcement, and termination of 433.4. An active role will be taken in the deter- commercial activities will be carried out toget- mination of international standards and tech- her with sectoral organizations to prevent the nical regulations to which our companies will supply of non-standard and counterfeit produ- be subject, following necessary analyses car- cts to the market. ried out regarding opportunities and threats, and human resources and institutional capa- 435.3. Participation of industry representati- city for these purposes will be strengthened. ves in international standardization committe- es will be supported through sectoral organi- 434. Manufacturing industry supply chain will zations. be strengthened. 435.4. Effective functioning of standard wor- 434.1. Sectoral and international market king groups and mirror committees will be en- analyses will be conducted to strengthen the sured. supply chain. 435.5. Access to certification and documenta- 434.2. Clustering of SMEs around large-scale tion services at fair prices will be facilitated. firms will be encouraged in order to strengt- hen the domestic supply chain. 435.6. Initiatives and efforts will be continued to ensure that the certificates and documents 434.3. Awareness and consultancy support issued by the Turkish Standards Institute are will be increased for decarburization of the also valid in other countries and regions. supply chain and green transformation. 88 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 12: Targets for Manufacturing Industry 2022 2023 2028 Manufacturing Industry/GDP (Current, %) 22.1 20.5 22.8 Manufacturing Industry Exports (Billion USD) 240.4 241.0 356.0 Share of Priority Sectors in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 35.0 38.0 46.0 Share of Medium-High Technology Industries in Manufacturing Industry 33.8 37.0 44.0 Exports (%) Share of High Technology Industries in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 3.1 3.7 5.5 Share of Medium-High and High Technology Sectors in Total Loans (%) 10 6.11 9.82 Share of Manufacturing Industry in KOSGEB Supports (%) 69.2 75 77.5 Share of High and Medium-High Technology Exports in Türk Eximbank 38.5 40.0 45.5 Credit Volume (%) Index of Production per Hour Worked in the Manufacturing Industry 123.4 123.7 126 (2015=100) Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.1.1 — Priority Sectors operation with the public, private sector and

3.2.1.1. Priority Sectors operation with the public, private sector and universities. 3.2.1.1.1. Chemicals 437.2. Establishment of large-scale integrated a. Objective facilities that will reduce raw material depen- dency, which comply with the cluster model, 436. The main objective is to reduce the im- and have port and railway connections will be port dependency of Türkiye and to increase supported. the sector’s share in the world production and exports by producing high value-added, com- 437.3. Large-scale investments will be comp- petitive and sustainable products, and making leted in Ceyhan Energy Specialized Industrial integrated investments compatible with green Zone and an integrated production structure and digital transformation. will be established. b. Policies and Measures 438. The green and digital transformation of the sector will be promoted. 437. Clustering and large-scale investment opportunities will be developed within the 438.1. Sectoral needs for green and digital framework of a strategy to be prepared for the transformation will be determined and the ne- sector. cessary investments will be supported. 437.1. Investment roadmaps needed in the 438.2. Especially hydrogen and ammonia, in- chemical industry will be determined in co- vestments in the production of fuels and che- 89 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) micals with green technologies will be suppor- that will produce urea using Black Sea natural ted. gas as input. 438.3. Compliance will be ensured with The 439.2. Reference (certified) materials used to Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), increase the quality of chemical analyses will the Emission Trading System (ETS) and the up- be produced with national resources. dates in the EU REACH Regulation. 439.3. Valuable chemicals will be produced 438.4. Within the scope of the transition to a from coal and biomass. circular economy, the product life cycle met- hod will be expanded. 439.4. Legislative arrangements will be made for the production and use in the sector of pro- 438.5. An accredited laboratory for measuring ducts that can be produced from natural pro- volatile organic compounds will be establis- ducts such as hemp and that are completely hed. biodegradable. 438.6. Starting from the separation at source 439.5. The production and exports of high stage the waste management process will be value-added boron and boron derivative pro- improved to prevent pollution. ducts will be increased, and R&D capacity and competence will be strengthened. 439. The use of domestic raw materials in the chemical industry will be increased. 439.6. Rare earth elements and lithium pro- duction technologies will be developed and a 439.1. The added-value of domestic natural large-scale production facility will be put into gas will be increased by establishing a facility operation. Table 13: Targets for Chemical Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 7.7 7.2 9.0 Exports (Billion USD) 18.4 17.4 32.1 Imports (Billion USD) 46.5 40.7 46.4 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 5.2 4.7 7.5 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 3.2.1.1.2. Pharmaceuticals and Medical rity by taking advantage of the leverage effect Devices of public procurements in the pharmaceutical and medical device sector. a. Objective b. Policies and Measures 440. The main objective is to increase our com- petitiveness in the global market, reduce our 441. Production, R&D and export infrastructu- import dependency and ensure supply secu- re in the pharmaceutical and medical devices 90 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN sector, especially in vaccines, will be suppor- 441.9. Pharmaceuticals and medical devices ted and supply security will be strengthened. produced in Türkiye will be supplied to Turkish health institutions established abroad. 441.1. Clinical research will be supported to effectively ensure supply security in the se- 441.10. Export strategies will be formulated ctor for critically important products such as specific to pharmaceutical and medical device vaccines. product groups and target markets. 441.2. It will be ensured that vaccines inclu- 441.11. In order to ensure the sustainability ded in the immunization program can be pro- of healthcare services in possible disaster and duced in Türkiye. outbreak situations, necessary precautions will be taken for pharmaceutical and medical devi- 441.3. Physical and human capacity specific ce production facilities to continue domestic to vaccine and drug technology will be develo- production. ped to support the production of new vaccines and drugs and to ensure self-sufficiency. 441.12. Clinical research will be included among the performance, academic appoint- 441.4. Vaccines, pharmaceuticals, medical de- ment and promotion criteria. vices and diagnostic molecules will be develo- ped and pilot-scale production will be carried 441.13. Medicinal aromatic plant resources out. that can be used as pharmaceutical raw ma- terials will be identified, and studies will be 441.5. Entrepreneurial activities will be sup- carried out to evaluate them in the production ported by establishing cooperation with the process of the pharmaceutical industry. private sector for the development of vacci- nes, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, refe- 441.14. Opening and sustainability of bioava- rence materials, diagnostic kits and artificial ilability, bioequivalence, clinical/bioanalytical intelligence-based health technologies. centers will be encouraged. 441.6. Within the framework of updating the 442. Institutional structure will be strengthe- Customs Union, removal of restrictions on our ned in order to increase high value-added do- pharmaceutical exports and implementation mestic production and exports in the pharma- of mutual recognition agreements with the EU ceutical and medical devices sector. will be ensured. 442.1. The domestic production process in the 441.7. Mutual recognition agreements will be pharmaceutical and medical devices sector made with non-EU countries within the fra- will be reconsidered, taking into account in- mework of good production practices and in- ternational obligations, and inter-institutional ternational cooperation. coordination will be effectively ensured to inc- rease investment, production and exports and 441.8. Acquisition of companies in target phar- to develop technology. maceutical export markets will be encouraged. 91 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 442.2. In order to increase the international 443.4. Regulations will be made regarding the recognition of the Turkish Medicines and Me- integration of digital health applications into dical Devices Agency, an active role will be pla- Türkiye’s health system. yed in international memberships and collabo- rations, and new collaborations will be formed. 443.5. The conditions for obtaining domestic goods certificates for the medical devices in- 442.3. The use of domestically produced raw dustry will be rearranged to include additional materials and intermediate goods in the pro- criteria such as R&D, certification, testing and duction of pharmaceuticals and medical devi- clinical research. ces sector will be encouraged and a national raw material and intermediate goods producti- 443.6. Public procurements will be used effe- on plan will be established. ctively to facilitate the commercialization of innovative medical device products developed 442.4. An internet-based system will be deve- with public support. loped to create laboratory, test and equipment inventory. 443.7. Projects that provide technology trans- fer from other sectors, especially the defense 442.5. Foreign trade data infrastructure for industry, to the medical device sector will be the pharmaceuticals and medical devices sec- supported. tor will be developed by ensuring coordination between public institutions. 443.8. Public procurement guarantees will be given to high-tech domestic products with 443. Investment, production, and export ca- high added-value and impact on the foreign pacity in products meeting international stan- trade deficit, taking into account global com- dards will be increased in the medical devices petitiveness factors. sector. 443.9. It will be ensured that testing and analy- 443.1. Compliance of medical device manufa- sis procedures, which are the basis for certifi- cturers with the EU Medical Devices Regulati- cation and currently cannot be performed, can on will be supported. be provided in Türkiye. 443.2. The legislative infrastructure regarding 444. Licensing, pricing and reimbursement, medical devices will be rearranged and stren- as well as state aid for R&D, investment and gthened in line with national needs. exports, will be reviewed in a way that will contribute to Türkiye’s goal of becoming a pro- 443.3. An accredited center of excellence will ducer and exporter of biotechnological drugs. be established that can perform analysis, ve- rification, testing and measurement activities 444.1. An internationally accredited testing for R&D, prototype development, production and analysis infrastructure will be established and post-production processes in medical de- in the field of testing, certification and licen- vices. sing for pharmaceuticals, medical devices and biotechnological products. 92 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 444.2. The clinical research capacity of public 445.1. The plans of long-term needs will be hospitals will be used in the production of bio- prepared by processing anonymized data re- technological drugs. garding health services and expenses. 444.3. Biosimilar drugs will be developed and 445.2. Public data used in post-market clinical produced as well as active substances that are studies will be shared in a way that will not vi- used or needed for the treatment of common olate privacy. diseases in Türkiye. 446. By implementing the Health Valley, an in- 444.4. License applications for biotechnologi- tegrated health ecosystem will be created, inc- cal drugs developed in Türkiye will be conside- luding R&D, clinical research and production red on a preferential basis, taking into account preparation stages in the field of pharmaceu- the market supply processes. ticals and medical technologies. 444.5. In order to increase access to medicine, 446.1. An accredited testing and analysis cen- financial and infrastructure support mechanis- ter and a big data processing center will be es- ms will be created for the production of bio- tablished. technological drugs in Türkiye, whose patents have just expired or will expire soon, taking 446.2. A technology development zone will into account patent rules. be established where start-up companies can also operate. 445. Health service delivery data will be used in product development and demand planning. Table 14: Targets for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 0.8 0.9 1.6 Exports (Billion USD) 1.9 2.2 5.8 Imports (Billion USD) 5.0 5.3 6.2 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 3.9 3.9 6.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. Note: Includes manufacturing of basic pharmaceutical products. 3.2.1.1.3. Electronics b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 448. Necessary investments will be implemen- ted to increase international competitiveness 447. The main objective is to increase the pro- in the sector. duction and exports of R&D-based, competiti- ve, high value-added and high-tech products. 448.1. Measures will be taken to encourage the export of high technology intensive pro- ducts. 93 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 448.2. Support will be provided for the trans- 451.1. Design and production infrastructure in fer to civilian applications and commercializa- the field of microelectronics will be strengthe- tion of domestically designed and produced ned. technologies in defense electronics. 451.2. Cooperation between universities, 449. Domestic production of intermediate go- public and private sectors on semiconductor ods with high import dependency in the elect- chip design and production will be supported. ronics sector will be supported. 452. Adaptation to innovations in areas such 449.1. The number of SMEs operating in the as artificial intelligence, cyber security, quan- manufacturing of electronic components, com- tum computing and the Internet of Things will munication equipment and test equipment be ensured and competence in these areas will will be increased and growth of the existing be increased. SMEs will be enabled. 452.1. Domestic production of hardware and 449.2. Production of subcomponents contai- software products used in artificial intelligen- ning critical technologies used in the field of ce and Internet of Things ecosystems will be medical imaging devices will be supported. supported. 450. R&D and production activities of domes- 452.2. The design and production of artifici- tic electronic communication network and in- al intelligence chips in the field of “advanced frastructure components, particularly 5G and navigation support systems” used in defense, beyond technologies, will be supported. aviation and space systems will be ensured. 450.1. In 5G and beyond technologies, de- 452.3. Harmonization with international stan- vices and applications will be developed to dards in the field of cyber security and partici- meet the end-to-end needs of vertical sectors pation of Türkiye in international joint projects such as industry, agriculture, transportation will be supported. and energy. 453. Efforts involving advanced and innovati- 450.2. Domestic production of 5G base stati- ve technologies that increase efficiency in va- ons will be supported, and infrastructure defi- rious sectors such as health, defense, energy, ciencies will be eliminated by expanding their logistics, transportation and agriculture, whe- installation. re sensor technologies find application areas, will be encouraged. 450.3. R&D and investment efforts will be car- ried out for 6G technologies. 453.1. Efforts that will end import dependen- cy in the fields of air pressure sensors and bi- 451. Development of semiconductors and o-sensors will be supported. components technologies will be ensured and investments in this field will be supported. 454. Investments in energy storage and power electronics will be increased. 94 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 454.1. R&D activities will be supported to and electronic components required for re- increase energy storage capacity and develop newable energy sources will be encouraged. more economical technologies. 454.3. Production of supply critical compo- 454.2. Efforts on the design and production nents such as permanent magnets, a sub-com- of semiconductors required for power circuits ponent of electric motors, will be supported. Table 15: Targets for Electronics Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 1.2 1.4 2.0 Exports (Billion USD) 3.0 3.5 7.2 Imports (Billion USD) 16.2 20.0 24.0 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 3.4 4.0 6.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 3.2.1.1.4. Machinery 457.1. The effectiveness of market surveillan- ce and inspection activities in the machinery a. Objective sector will be increased through collaboration with sectoral organizations. 455. The main objective in the machinery se- ctor is to develop a competitive and techno- 457.2. The expansion of “Machinery Quality logically advanced production infrastructure Certificate” implementation will be supported by increasing productivity and resilience, en- with incentives. suring dual transformation, promoting product localization, and increasing the share from the 458. The R&D and innovation capacity of the global market. machinery sector will be enhanced. 458.1. Joint engineering and R&D activities of b. Policies and Measures machinery manufacturers will be supported. 456. Global competitiveness will be improved 458.2. A service inventory of existing techno- by increasing the efficiency and resilience of logy and research institutes supported by uni- enterprises in the machinery sector. versities and the public sector will be prepa- red. 456.1. Activities of machinery sector compa- nies that measure, certify, and enhance the 458.3. An academic and sectoral expert data- productivity levels will be supported. base will be created for the machinery sector. 457. The scale structure of the machinery sec- 458.4. An inventory of intermediate goods ne- tor will be improved. eded by the machinery sector will be prepared for use in localization programs. 95 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 458.5. Programs will be designed to improve 459.3. Domestic products will be primarily the qualifications of the Ministry of Industry preferred for machines subject to state aid. and Technology supported R&D and design centers of the machinery sector. 459.4. Practices regarding domestic bidders and preference for domestic products in the 458.6. Programs will be created for industrial Public Procurement Law will be activated, and designers and software developers needed by statistics determined in cooperation with sec- the machinery sector. tor organizations will be shared. 459. The contribution of public procurements 459.5. Regulations promoting the use of do- and state aid to the development of the sector mestic products in PPPs projects will be estab- will be increased. lished. 459.1. Machinery sector supports will be focu- 459.6. The digital and green transformations sed on medium and large-sized companies. of enterprises will be supported through the development and use of domestic technology 459.2. State aid programs enabling the use of and equipment. domestic machinery for critical technologies in the sector will be created. Table 16: Targets for Machinery Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 6.6 7.7 8.3 Exports (Billion USD) 15.8 18.5 29.5 Imports (Billion USD) 25.9 30.7 33.9 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 6.9 7.5 8.5 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 3.2.1.1.5. Electrical Equipment b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 461. Technological, sectoral and institutional cooperation in the production of electrical 460. The main objective is to increase localiza- equipment will be increased. tion by producing high value-added products in the electrical equipment sector, to ensure 461.1. Roadmaps will be prepared with sector sustainability, to create international brands stakeholders for the domestic production of and to participate in the preparation of inter- products and equipment used in electricity ge- national product standards. neration, transmission and distribution, which are subject to foreign trade deficit. 96 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 461.2. Cooperation models will be developed 464.3. Cooperation between the main and su- in the field of technology development and b-industries will be supported. production between the electrical equipment sector and the software and electronics sec- 465. Establishment of the necessary infrastru- tors for smart grids and smart objects. cture for the production of strategic products and main raw materials used in manufacturing 462. Legislation on the sector will be reviewed will be ensured. by relevant public institutions and organizati- ons and necessary updates will be made. 465.1. Strategic products that the sector has a foreign trade deficit will be identified and the 462.1. Legislation on public procurement will necessary infrastructure will be established to be revised according to the needs of the sec- produce these products. tor, taking into account efficiency and sustai- nability. 465.2. Infrastructure will be established for the production of wind electrogen groups. 462.2. Technical regulations on electricity equipment will be prepared and updated with 465.3. The necessary infrastructure will be the participation of experts and stakeholder established for the domestic production of institutions. orientated silicone steel sheet. 462.3. Türkiye Electricity Transmission Sys- 465.4. R&D studies and investments for the tems and Communication Facilities Earthquake domestic production of cable insulators will Regulation will be examined and updated in a be supported. holistic manner within the framework of sector needs. 465.5. The lighting equipment industry will be encouraged to become a regional production 462.4. Legislative work will be carried out for and logistics center and the sector’s light sour- seismic protection and limitation of electrical ce and separate control equipment supplies equipment to be used in buildings. will be met through domestic production. 463. Seismic resilience of the electricity inf- 466. Harmonization of electrical household rastructure will be increased. appliances sector with EU standards and prac- tices will be ensured. 464. Development of qualified sub-industry required by the sector will be ensured. 466.1. Inclusion in the “European Energy La- belling Product Database” will be ensured. 464.1. An inventory of electrical equipment sub-industry organizations will be established. 467. The sector’s roadmap for circular eco- nomy will be determined. 464.2. Support and incentives will be provi- ded to increase the quality of the electrical 467.1. Implementation of eco-design require- equipment sub-industry in line with the crite- ments in electrical and electronic goods and ria to be determined. components will be ensured. 97 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 467.2. Recovery of lead, which is the main raw red in order to improve the capacity for collec- material of accumulators, will be handled with tion and recycling of batteries. an integrated approach. 467.4. The “TEVMOT Project”, which is imple- 467.3. Harmonization with the EU Regulation mented to replace inefficient electric motors on Batteries and Waste Batteries will be ensu- used in industry with efficient ones, will be continued by expanding its scope. Table 17: Targets for Electrical Equipment Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports (%) 6.7 7.1 7.3 Exports (Billion USD) 16.1 17.1 26.0 Imports (Billion USD) 12.0 15.5 17.0 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 4.4 4.7 6.5 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 3.2.1.1.6. Automotive 469.3. Transition to vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems will be supported. a. Objective 469.4. Minimum requirements for vehicle 468. Within the framework of the evolving charging station technology will be determi- global mobility vision, the main objective is to ned in line with EU practices. increase the share of the sector in internatio- nal markets by adapting to the green and digi- 469.5. A roadmap for the establishment of tal transformation process, realizing domestic charging infrastructure covering all vehicle procurement and technological development groups will be determined and state aid will at all stages from design to production, increa- be established. sing value-added and ensuring branding. 469.6. The use of electric buses will be expan- b. Policies and Measures ded. 469. New generation production technologies 470. Green transformation will be realized in that affect the competitiveness of the automo- the automotive sector through transition to tive main and supply industries will be develo- circular economy and transformation of the ped. market. 469.1. The Mobility Vehicle and Technologies 470.1. For the 2053 net zero emission target, Roadmap study will be updated in line with all needs in the areas of energy network, infrast- vehicle groups and developments. ructure technologies and charging station ac- cess will be determined according to vehicle 469.2. Efforts will be directed towards in- groups. vestment and technology development for hydrogen fuel cells and components, and hyd- rogen-based engines. 98 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 470.2. A system will be established for battery 472.The testing and certification system in the recycling, secondary use and disposal. automotive industry will be strengthened. 470.3. Awareness will be raised, consultancy 472.1. A roadmap will be prepared for a tes- and information support will be provided for ting and certification system that will meet the the green transformation of the supply in- global needs of the automotive industry. dustry, and pre-competitive programs of main producers leading and guiding in this field will 472.2. In order to ensure the use of smart and be supported. autonomous transportation vehicles and the development of the ecosystem, the technical 470.4. A vehicle park rejuvenation program, knowledge and experience of various universi- considering all vehicle types, will be designed ties will be brought together in a complemen- to remove old, highly polluting vehicles from tary manner. traffic and replace them with environmentally friendly and safe vehicles. 472.3. Developing the necessary competence in Türkiye to ensure that system approvals of 471. Increasing domestic procurement and va- vehicles with advanced driver assistance sys- lue-added at all stages from design to produ- tems are carried out in Türkiye will be suppor- ction in the automotive industry supply chain ted. will be supported. 473. The quality of labor force for the automo- 471.1. A roadmap will be developed for the tive industry will be improved. domestic procurement of critical raw materials used in new generation energy vehicles. 473.1. Curricula and training methods will be updated in line with today’s technological 471.2. Technology and production capabilities requirements, and programs to be carried out will be developed in areas such as batteries, by the private sector to support the competiti- sensors, electronic control units, electronic veness of the country will be promoted. displays, electric motor systems and automo- tive software. 474. International direct investments in the automotive industry will be increased. 471.3. Domestic production of sheet metal and materials for vehicle lightening in the qu- 474.1. Merger and acquisition activities will ality and quantity required by the automotive be encouraged in order to increase the scale industry will be ensured. of companies, particularly in the automotive supplier industry, and to enhance capital op- 471.4. The establishment of global brands in portunities. the automotive supply industry will be sup- ported. 474.2. Efforts will be undertaken to reorgani- ze the tax system in a way to support climate 471.5. The number of specialized OIZs for the targets and contribute positively to the expan- automotive supply industry will be increased sion of the market by considering all alternati- in line with demand. ve fuel vehicle groups. 99 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 18: Targets for Automotive Industry 2022 2023 2028 Share in Manufacturing Industry Exports 11.7 13.5 16.2 Exports (Billion USD) 28.0 32.6 57.8 Imports (Billion USD) 21.4 33.6 41.3 Share in Industrial Value-Added, Real (%) 6.3 7.9 10.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 3.2.1.1.7. Rail System Vehicles 476.4. A financial model and tender legislati- on study will be carried out to reduce the ex- a. Objective change rate risk that domestic producers may face in the procurement of rail system vehicles 475. The main objective is to design and ma- and components. nufacture rail system vehicles needed in rail and urban transportation with domestic ca- 476.5. Financial support mechanisms will be pabilities and to increase the local content in provided and promotional activities will be critical components, to improve R&D, design supported to increase the export opportuni- and production capabilities of the domestic ties of domestically produced rail system ve- industry, and to manufacture, maintain and hicles. repair all kinds of rail system vehicles and su- b-components. 476.6. An inventory study will be carried out on the existing design, R&D and production b. Policies and Measures capabilities in the domestic production of rail system vehicles, and necessary arrangements 476. Public procurements will be used more and financial measures will be put in place for effectively to support domestic production in the procurements of domestic rail system ve- rail systems, and design and R&D will be en- hicles, including local administrations, by de- couraged. termining the expected demand and needs in the medium term. 476.1. A framework specification for rail sys- 476.7. The rail system vehicle needs of the ra- tem vehicle procurements, including procure- ilway sector will be met by completing the on- ments by local administrations, will be estab- going domestic design and prototype studies lished to support domestic production. within TÜRASAŞ. 476.2. Legislative arrangements will be pre- 477. Efforts will be carried out in order to eli- pared to reduce foreign dependency in the minate foreign dependency on certification of production of rail system vehicles. rail system vehicles and components produ- ced in Türkiye. 476.3. R&D activities will be supported, and priority will be given to projects that increase 477.1. Efforts will be completed in order to security and reduce environmental negativity. reduce dependency on foreign test centers 100 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN and notified bodies, and work on the establis- 477.2. National rules will be determined for hment of existing domestic test systems and vehicles to be operated on domestic routes the appointment of domestic notified bodies where the Technical Specification for Intero- will be completed. perability is not applicable. Table 19: Targets for Rail System Vehicles Industry 2022 2023 2028 The Number of TÜRASAŞ Brand Traction Locomotives and Train 0 3 260 Sets Put into Service1 The Ratio of Number of Electric Traction (Mainline Locomotive + 32 32 40 Train Set) Vehicles to Total Number of Traction Vehicles (%)2 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The Number of locomotives and train sets delivered to TCDD Taşımacılık A.Ş. and municipalities by TÜRASAŞ. (2) The Ratio of the number of electric towing vehicles in TCDD Taşımacılık A.Ş. inventory.

3.2.1.2 — Other Manufacturing Industries 3.2.1.2.2. Non-Metallic Mineral Products

3.2.1.2. Other Manufacturing Industries 3.2.1.2.2. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Industry 3.2.1.2.1. Textile-Clothing-Leather Industry 481. The main objective in the non-metallic mineral products sector is to ensure sustai- 478. The main objective is to increase compe- nable production, to secure input supplies, to titiveness and raise social responsibility awa- achieve compliance with green transformati- reness by producing high value-added produ- on, to enhance the range of high value-added cts with innovation-oriented business models products and competitiveness, and to increase in the textile, leather and clothing sectors. efficiency. 479. In order to increase raw material security, 482. Increasing the production and use of do- alternative raw material research and produ- mestic raw materials and intermediate inputs, ction and investment in natural and synthetic reducing energy costs, and expanding domes- fiber raw materials will be encouraged. tic production technology will be ensured. 480. The technology level of technical textile 3.2.1.2.3. Basic Metal Industry production methods will be increased, the es- 483. The main objective is increasing the va- tablishment and use of technical textile stan- riety of high value-added products in the ba- dards will be ensured, and the use of technical sic metal industry without causing idle capa- textile and composite materials in new buil- city, ensuring input supply, conducting green dings and in strengthening existing buildings production adaptation efforts, implementing against earthquakes will be expanded. advanced technology-focused investments, increasing the sector’s exports, diversifying export markets, and contributing to the estab- lishment of fair competition conditions with international markets. 101 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 484. Preventing imports of non-standard, operational in a way to ensure that all proces- low-quality products, and the production of ses of agricultural production are properly re- basic metal industry products required by the corded and monitored. domestic industry and not produced in Türkiye will be ensured. 488.1. Agricultural Producer Registration Sys- tem will be improved by integrating with ot- 485. Efforts will be made regarding the in- her registration systems and a comprehensive tegration of steel and aluminum production agricultural inventory will be established th- facilities to the rail network, the recycling of rough an agricultural census. sector wastes into the economy, and ensuring the supply security of copper and aluminum 488.2. Feasibility reports will be prepared to metals. improve agricultural statistics and information systems. 3.2.1.2.4. Furniture Industry 488.3. Arrangements will be made to compile, 486. In the furniture industry, production and process, analyze and control agricultural sta- use of environmentally friendly furniture, tistics in an efficient way. augmented reality and e-commerce applica- tions will be expanded, and added-value and 488.4. Registration and information systems exports will be increased through innovative will be designed with an integrated approach designs, production methods and branding. to provide early warning, market controls, pro- duction planning and stock management, and

3.2.2 — Priority Development Areas software and hardware infrastructure will be

3.2.2. Priority Development Areas software and hardware infrastructure will be improved.

3.2.2.1 — Agriculture and Food

3.2.2.1. Agriculture and Food 488.5. Minimum and maximum production are- a. Objective as will be determined on the basis of product and agriculture parcels and the framework for 487. The main objective is to create an agricul- farmer applications, production permits and tural sector that embraces integrally the eco- cultivation controls will be laid out. nomic, social and environmental dimensions of production; has a high level of technology 489. Smart agricultural practices will be ex- use and productivity; has an organized and panded through digitalization, artificial intel- competitive structure; with planned producti- ligence and data-based business models. on regarding supply-demand balance; uses na- tural resources in an effective and sustainable 489.1. Development of human and technical manner; and ensures adequate and balanced infrastructure of agricultural enterprises and nutrition of the society. producer organizations on smart agricultural practices will be supported. b. Policies and Measures 489.2. Domestic production of software and 488. Agricultural statistics will be developed equipment for smart agriculture applications in line with international standards and agri- will be supported. cultural information systems will be made 102 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 490. Protection, sustainable use and effective 491.2. Production and use of certified seeds management of agricultural lands will be en- will continue to be supported. sured. 491.3. Special importance will be given to the 490.1. Preparation of agricultural land use development of urban agriculture on perip- plans will be completed. heries of cities which are major consumption centers to ensure that consumers have access 490.2. Arrangement will be made for the es- to agricultural products at reasonable prices tablishment of a land banking system in order by reducing product losses and logistical costs. to ensure the development of agricultural land markets and the efficient use of agricultural 491.4. Investment and operational financial lands. support will be provided for the modernizati- on of existing greenhouses and the establis- 490.3. Use of agricultural lands will be cons- hment of new modern greenhouses, and the tantly monitored and unused lands will be number of ‘geothermal greenhouse organized brought into production. agricultural zones’ will be increased. 490.4. Inspections for non-agricultural use of 491.5. Industrial cannabis production will be agricultural lands will be intensified. increased by using domestically developed varieties. 490.5. Land consolidation activities will con- tinue in an integrated manner with irrigation 492. Yield and quality in animal production investments. will be increased, pasture rehabilitation activi- ties will be accelerated to reduce costs of feed 490.6. In agricultural lands, practices to incre- which is the most important animal production ase organic matter content of the soil, and to input, and product and market diversity will be prevent soil erosion and pollution will be sup- increased. ported. 492.1. Sheep and goat breeding will be sup- 491. Planned production will be started in crop ported in order to increase the rate of sheep production, and production will be increased and goat meat in red meat production by incre- through the increase of productivity by using asing the number of maternal animals. quality genetic material and the development of greenhouse cultivation, particularly in den- 492.2. It will be ensured that milk prices rema- sely populated metropolitan areas. in stable by taking into account the costs and incomes of large and small ruminant breeders, 491.1. Production planning will be carried out as well as the balance of meat and milk produ- in order to ensure the supply and demand ba- ction. lance of plant products, the use of agricultural lands in accordance with their capability clas- 492.3. Pasture improvement works will be car- ses, and self-sufficiency in the production of ried out with an integrated approach including strategic products. the establishment of structures helping gra- 103 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) zing, and effective implementation of mana- 493.4. New aquaculture zones will be planned, gement plans will be ensured. capacity utilization rates and production effi- ciency of aquaculture facilities will be increa- 492.4. Arrangements will be made to let pas- sed. tures, which are not sufficiently utilized as a result of demographic transition and rural 494. Investments for enhancing infrastructu- migration, be used by medium and large-scale re to ensure food safety will continue, and the livestock and dairy cattle enterprises, exclusi- efficiency of food inspection, the services for vely for the production of forage crops, throu- combating plant and animal disease and pests gh leasing and similar methods. will be improved. 492.5. Product and market diversity will be 494.1. Single health policy for human and ani- increased in the exports of poultry products. mal health will be implemented through En- terprise-Oriented Preventive Veterinary Sys- 492.6. Product variety and production will be tem. increased in beekeeping. 494.2. A Veterinary Medical Product Control 492.7. In order to increase product quality and Center will be established to conduct all tests production in silkworm breeding, support for and analyses for veterinary medical products fresh cocoons, silkworm seeds and modern fa- offered to the market in Türkiye. cility establishments will continue. 494.3. A vaccine production center with a 493. In order to ensure sustainability in aqua- strong R&D infrastructure and a vaccine strain culture production, inspections will be activa- bank will be established for the production of ted, production and exports will be increased veterinary vaccines and diagnostic kits. through new investments to be made by pro- tecting natural resources, and biodiversity in 494.4. Logistics infrastructure for the ship- aquaculture production. ment of veterinary vaccines will be improved to establish a cold chain from production to 493.1. Control, inspection and monitoring ac- application. tivities for the protection and development of aquaculture resources, the prevention of ille- 494.5. Inspection and training activities will gal fishing, and spread of invasive and alien be increased to combat unconscious pesticide species will be carried out effectively. use in plant production, and alternative bio- logical and biotechnical methods to chemical 493.2. Export revenues will be increased by applications will be supported. enhancing international competitiveness th- rough diversification of products and branding. 494.6. In order to carry out food control ser- vices effectively, laboratory infrastructure will 493.3. Small-scale fisheries enterprises will be strengthened within the scope of the needs be supported to ensure their economic susta- analysis to be prepared. inability and minimize their negative impacts on the environment. 104 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 495. In order to ensure food safety, infrastruc- be supported and promoted to reduce green- ture and practices for preventing waste, effec- house gas emissions in the agricultural sector. tive stock management and marketing will be developed. 497.1. Use of chemical fertilizers according to the results of soil analyses, and increase of 495.1. Efforts will continue to improve cold production and use of organic and organomi- chain logistics infrastructure for agricultural neral fertilizers will be ensured. products. 497.2. Efforts to reduce fallow areas will be 495.2. Contract farming will be supported and continued and rotation practices involving le- expanded to strengthen the interaction betwe- gumes will be encouraged. en agriculture and industry. 497.3. Development and use of alternative 495.3. Awareness raising activities will be car- products to pesticides and antimicrobials will ried out to prevent food loss and waste. be supported. 495.4. Efforts for the promotion of local and 497.4. Good agricultural practices and organic geographically marked products will be incre- agriculture will be supported to increase pro- ased. duct safety and contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources. 496. By strengthening the human and insti- tutional structures of agricultural producer 497.5. The widespread adoption of direct se- organizations, they will be enabled to take an eding and reduced tillage methods will be en- active role in all processes from production to sured. marketing. 497.6. In order to reduce methane emissions 496.1. In order to improve producer organiza- from livestock, along with animal breeding tions, employment of professional managers studies, R&D studies will be carried out on the and personnel specialized in agricultural ex- determination of alternative feed sources that tension will be supported and their organizati- suppress methane production and the addition onal infrastructures will be improved. of appropriate additives to feed rations. 496.2. Arrangements will be made in order to 497.7. Infrastructure will be supported and facilitate the commercial activities of producer developed to ensure that animal waste is sto- unions. red under appropriate conditions and proces- sed in biogas plants. 496.3. Improvement of the physical infrastru- ctures of agricultural cooperatives and produ- 498. Efficiency will be increased in agricultu- cer unions will be supported. ral research, training and extension activities by ensuring coordination among institutions, 497. In the context of environmental conser- and the link between agricultural R&D and ex- vation and combating climate change, envi- tension will be strengthened. ronmentally friendly agricultural practices will 105 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 498.1. The number of members of the existing 500. Considering the Sustainable Develop- committees for the selection and finalization ment Goals, UN Global Forest Goals, Rio Con- of agricultural research projects will be expan- ventions, and relevant international agree- ded in a way to ensure adequate and balanced ments, along with our national commitments, representation of the relevant sectors. our forests will be managed in accordance with sustainable forest management criteria and in- 498.2. Within the framework of public, uni- dicators, and forest areas will be expanded. versity and private sector cooperation; R&D will be supported, with priority given to ani- 500.1. Forests resilient to climate change will mal and plant breeding, precision agriculture, be established and management plans will be biotechnology, protection of biodiversity and developed to increase the sink functions of fo- development of climate-friendly products and rests. practices. 500.2. The contribution of forests to the he- 498.3. In order to encourage qualified person- alth, food, tourism and energy sectors will be nel to work in agricultural R&D, regulation will increased by combating disasters, drought and be made to support researchers according to desertification, improving ecosystem services performance criteria. and balancing land degradation. 498.4. R&D results will be published in order 500.3. Landslide, flood and avalanche control to put them into practice, the quality of trai- projects will be carried out in the upper basins ning and extension programs will be increased to protect the soil, and combat erosion. with the participation of research personnel, and cooperation will be ensured among insti- 500.4. The longest possible use of forest pro- tutions responsible for training and extension. ducts within the framework of the circular eco- nomy will be promoted, and reuse and recyc- 498.5. Training and extension activities related ling will be encouraged. to ensuring food safety and security, especial- ly on input use in agriculture, plant and animal 500.5. Voluntary carbon market and green cer- health, organization, marketing and irrigation, tification practices related to forestry will be will be increased through effective use of in- developed. formation and communication technologies, including social media. 500.6. Turkish companies will be supported to operate internationally in the forestry sector. 499. Practices for protecting farmers from risks and guaranteeing their incomes will be 500.7. Forestry statistics will be compatible made more effective by expanding its scope. with international standards. 499.1. The scope of agricultural insurance will 501. Forest-based products and services will be expanded on product and risk basis. be diversified with an export focus within the framework of sustainable forest management 499.2. Income protection insurance will be ex- principles, and the share of the sector in the tended throughout Türkiye. economy will be increased. 106 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 501.1. Specialized Organized Industrial Zones 502.2. In order to increase the capacity to fi- (OIZs) for forest products will be established in ght fires, fire-fighting helicopters produced regions with dense forest cover, and clustering domestically will be used. in the sector will be ensured. 502.3. Buffer zones will be established betwe- 501.2. Certification applications will be expan- en forest areas and settlements and agricultu- ded to facilitate the trade of forest products. ral areas by using fire-resistant species. 501.3. The use of wood in housing and workp- 503. Investments for the expansion of irrigati- laces will be promoted. on areas will be prioritized and financing op- portunities will be increased through new mo- 501.4. Industrial afforestation practices by dels. the private sector using genetically improved and fast-growing species will be supported. 503.1. Public irrigation investments will be prioritized based on criteria such as the sus- 501.5. In order to increase social welfare and tainability of the existing project stock, prog- prevent migration from forest villages, forest ress percentage, status of storage facilities, villagers will be employed and prospered in possession of a gravity irrigation system, high situ. comparative irrigation rates, the potential for rapid economic integration, and the necessity 501.6. Price stability will be ensured in forest of being implemented concurrently with other products by making necessary arrangements, projects. particularly regarding input costs. 503.2. New internal and external financing 501.7. The increased use of forest products in models that encourage private sector partici- sectors providing more employment and ad- pation in financing irrigation investments will ded-value will be encouraged. be developed. 501.8. Ecological tourism areas will be expan- 504. Rehabilitation of existing irrigation sys- ded with an environmentally sensitive appro- tems will continue, and priority will be given ach by facilitating access to forest ecosystem to preserving water in terms of quality and qu- services. antity and ensuring its efficient use. 502. The measures to prevent forest fires will 504.1. In investments for rehabilitation and be augmented, and the capacity to intervene modernization of irrigation systems, criteria in fires will be strengthened. such as irrigation rate, reasons for non-irrigati- on, projected agricultural income increase and 502.1. Effective measures, prioritizing mainte- benefit cost ratio will be taken into considera- nance interventions for all forest stands, parti- tion. cularly young forests, will be implemented to combat forest fires, enhance biodiversity, and 504.2. Modern irrigation systems such as ensure carbon sequestration. sprinkler and drip irrigation, which provide 107 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) water saving for efficient use of water in agri- 505. The use of information and communicati- culture, will be expanded. on technologies in irrigation management will be expanded. 504.3. Water will be priced according to met- hods based on the amount of use. 505.1. R&D activities will be carried out for the use of remote sensing technology and ge- 504.4. Practices to prevent water pollution ographic information system-based techniqu- from agricultural sources will be intensified. es in the development of irrigation programs. 504.5. In order to increase the use of alterna- 505.2. Automation and decision support sys- tive water resources in agricultural irrigation, tems will be put into operation in existing ir- R&D activities will be carried out for harves- rigation facilities for efficient use of irrigation ting rainwater, bringing treated wastewater to water. irrigation water quality and desalinizing se- awater for use in irrigation. Table 20: Targets for Agriculture Sector 2022 2023 2028 Land Consolidation Activity Area (Million Hectares, Cumulative)1 8.78 9.20 11.70 Land Consolidation Area for which Registration Procedures are 6.78 7.30 10.0 Completed (Million Hectares, Cumulative)1 Ratio of Agricultural Supports Provided from Central Government 4.1 4.3 5.0 Budget to Agricultural Value-Added (%) Oil Seed Production (Million Tons) 4.75 4.50 4.95 Grain Cultivation area (Million Hectares) 11.2 11.4 11.7 Ratio of Culture Breeds in Cattle Presence (%) 49.2 49.0 56.0 Pasture Reclamation and Management Area (Thousand Hectares, 1,553 2,000 3,000 Cumulative) The Number of Bovine Animals (Million Head) 17.0 16.8 18.0 The Number of Sheep and Goat (Million Head) 56.3 56.4 63.4 The Ratio of Forest Areas to the Area of the Country (%) 29.8 30.0 30.3 Industrial Afforestation (Thousand Hectare, Annual) 17 5 15 The Number of Ecotourism Areas (Number, Cumulative) 74 98 200 Expanded Gross Irrigation Area (Million Hectares, Cumulative) 6.96 7.10 7.85 Irrigation Ratio (%) 69 68 72 Gross Irrigation Area Rehabilitated (Thousand Hectares, 39 66 303 Cumulative) Source: The data for 2022 is from the estimates of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) and General Directorate of Forestry, and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Based on the activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and DSİ. 108 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.2.2.2 — Energy dings supported by renewable energy will be

3.2.2.2. Energy dings supported by renewable energy will be widespread and relevant regulations will be a. Objective developed. 506. The main objective is to achieve a compe- 508.3. Alternative methods such as energy titive structure that maximizes self-sufficiency performance contracts, energy service compa- in energy by utilizing domestic and renewab- nies model and use of credit guarantee fund le energy resources, uses nuclear technology will be expanded in the field of energy effi- in electricity generation, increases energy ef- ciency, especially in buildings. ficiency, prioritizes localization in energy te- chnologies, integrates new technologies, and 508.4. Studies on heat market legislation will strengthens our strategic position in internati- be completed, the use of district heating/coo- onal energy trade, based on the uninterrupted, ling systems and heat pumps will be expanded high-quality, sustainable, reliable and affor- in technically and economically suitable pla- dable supply of energy, source diversification ces, and studies will be carried out to increase in energy supply and the 2053 net zero emis- geothermal sourced heating. sion target. 508.5. Energy efficiency investments with pri- b. Policies and Measures ority given to energy-intensive sectors will be supported by taking into account competitive- 507. A competitive investment environment ness and domestic production. will be developed in the energy sector and the continuity of an energy market that is finan- 508.6. Activities such as awareness-raising, cially strong, stable, transparent, predictable, promotion and training will be carried out in protecting consumers and that considers sus- order to improve public awareness on energy tainability will be ensured. efficiency. 507.1. Cost-based pricing practices will be 508.7. The institutional structure and human adopted in the electricity and natural gas mar- resources in the field of energy efficiency will kets, and support for consumer groups below be strengthened. certain income levels will be implemented. 509. Within the scope of ensuring energy 507.2. Legislation to ensure demand side par- supply security, the use of domestic coal will ticipation will be developed and demand side continue, taking into account environmental participation will be encouraged. impacts to the maximum extent. 508. Studies on the efficient use of energy in 509.1. Improvements in terms of environmen- all areas will continue. tal impact and efficiency will be achieved by making the necessary rehabilitations in the 508.1. Implementations to make public buil- existing coal-fired power plants. dings more efficient will continue. 509.2. R&D activities will be carried out to use 508.2. In order to accelerate the energy trans- coal in more environmentally friendly ways formation of buildings, energy efficient buil- such as hydrogen, methanol and ammonia pro- 109 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) duction, and studies will be carried out to uti- resource areas and the pace of development of lize our reserves with clean coal technologies. renewable energy and electric vehicles. 510. Nuclear energy will be included in the 511.4. Institutional capacity will be develo- electricity generation portfolio, and efforts ped for the most accurate estimation of the will be carried out on the installation and loca- electricity to be generated from intermittent lization of nuclear technologies. renewable energy resources in order to ensure cost-effective and high efficiency of this gene- 510.1. Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) will ration. start electricity generation with all its units. 512. The flexibility of electricity grids will be 510.2. Efforts to increase the installed capa- increased to reduce the negative impacts of city of nuclear power plants will continue. intermittent renewable energy generation on the grid. 510.3. Efforts will be carried out on new te- chnologies such as small modular reactors, 512.1. Energy storage systems, including pum- fusion technologies, and advanced generation ped storage HEPPs, will be established. reactors. 512.2. International electricity interconnecti- 510.4. Efforts will be carried out to establish a on capacity will be increased. waste facility for the safe disposal of nuclear waste. 512.3. In order to strengthen the smart grid infrastructure, smart meters will be made wi- 511. Within the scope of the 2053 net zero despread and SCADA systems will be develo- emission target, renewable energy-based ele- ped. ctricity generation will be increased and integ- rated into the grid in order to meet the increa- 513. Natural gas supply security will be stren- sing electrification with cleaner sources. gthened, and efforts will continue to bring do- mestic natural gas into the economy. 511.1. New Renewable Energy Resource Areas (YEKA) tenders with local component require- 513.1. In order to bring the natural gas reser- ment will be held, and efforts will be made to ves discovered in the Sakarya Gas Field in the develop offshore YEKA projects. Black Sea to the economy, activities to develop the field and increase its production capacity 511.2. The potential for increasing the use of will be continued. renewable energy resources in residential bu- ildings will be identified, a roadmap will be 513.2. In the Tuz Gölü Natural Gas Underground developed to determine the steps to be taken Storage Project, the storage capacity will be including cost-benefit effectiveness and will increased to 8.8 billion m3 and the withdrawal be implemented. capacity to 80 million m3/day. 511.3. Planning and investment studies will be 513.3. Existing natural gas transmission and carried out for the development of electricity distribution infrastructure will be strengthe- grids taking into account potential renewable ned, and access to natural gas will be provided 110 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN in areas where district heating/cooling systems borations will be supported in the necessary based on renewable resources and waste heat areas. are not technically and economically feasible. 516.1. Sectoral analyses will be conducted re- 514. Activities will be continued to make Türki- garding the technical and economical usability ye an energy trade center by effectively using of hydrogen. its geostrategic position between energy pro- ducer and consumer regions. 516.2. Efforts will be made to develop domes- tic electrolyser in order to ensure green hyd- 514.1. In order to make Türkiye a trade cen- rogen production. ter where energy producing and consuming 516.3. R&D studies on the transportation and countries meet, studies will be carried out to storage of hydrogen will be continued. develop the market and technical infrastructu- re to ensure that the energy resources in our 517. Efforts will be made to enhance the supp- nearby geography are delivered to the market. ly security of raw materials used in energy te- chnologies and to minimize the negative impa- 514.2. The capacity of the Trans Anatolian Na- cts of these raw materials on the environment. tural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) will be doubled to 32 billion m3/year, and the infrastructure for 517.1. Recycling plants will be expanded in gas transmission from the Caspian basin to order to reduce the negative impacts of end- Europe will be strengthened. of-life equipment such as solar panels and bat- teries on the environment and to ensure the 515. Türkiye’s capabilities and competitive- transition to a circular economy. ness in the field of energy technologies will be increased and its export potential will be 517.2. Comprehensive regulations regarding strengthened. the recycling of raw materials used in energy technologies will be made, and awareness and 515.1. An inventory study will be conducted reward mechanisms will be established for regarding our current domestic production ca- manufacturing companies and consumers. pability in renewable, nuclear, energy storage, and hydrogen technologies and a roadmap will 518. Efforts will be carried out to increase the be determined. number of qualified personnel needed in the energy sector. 515.2. Domestic production of critical and va- lue-added equipment will be supported, R&D 518.1. Harmonization of higher education and P&D activities related to the development programs with newly developing technologies of domestic products will be carried out and will be ensured, and employment of personnel pilot facilities will be adopted. with postgraduate degrees in these fields will be increased. 516. Efforts will be carried out to develop hyd- rogen technologies and infrastructure, especi- 518.2. The quality of education, training and ally green hydrogen, and international colla- internships in the field of energy will be inc- reased. 111 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 21: Targets for Energy Sector 2022 2023 2028 Primary Energy Demand (kTOE) 159,5001 165,350 190,000 Primary Energy Consumption Per Capita (TOE/Person) 1.871 1.90 2.0 Electrical Energy Demand (TWh) 331 325 430 Electrical Energy Consumption Per Capita (kWh/Person) 3,883 3,780 4,700 Installed Power Capacity (MW) 103,809 106,800 136,000 Installed Wind Power Capacity (MW) 11,396 11,700 18,000 Installed Solar Power Capacity (MW) 9,425 11,350 30,000 Amount of Electricity Generated from Domestic Sources (TWh) 190.4 176.0 270.0 Share of Renewable Resources in Electricity Generation (%) 42.4 40 50 Share of Natural Gas in Electricity Generation (%) 22.9 23 15 Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity (Billion m3) 5.8 5.8 13 Amount of Savings from Energy Efficiency2 (kTOE) - - 4,500 Battery Storage Capacity (MW) 0 0 5,000 Source: The data for 2022 is from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEİAŞ). The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. Note: TOE: Tone of Oil Equivalent, kTOE: Thousand TOE, kWh: Kilowatt-hour, TWh: Billion Kilowatt-hour, MW: Megawatt. (1) The data for the year 2022 are estimates. (2) Data represents the total amount of savings to be achieved during the Plan period.

3.2.2.3 — Defense Industry mestic defense and security needs and the de

3.2.2.3. Defense Industry mestic defense and security needs and the de- mands of friendly and allied countries in this a. Objective field with domestic means. 519. The main objective is to meet the defense 520.1. Domestic production competencies, and security needs of Türkiye by ensuring the especially sub-components, will be developed maximum use of national technologies and ca- in order to eliminate foreign dependency to pabilities, to increase the competitiveness of the maximum extent in Türkiye’s defense and the defense and aerospace industry on a glo- security needs. bal scale, and to bring the skills acquired in the defense industry to a level that produces signi- 520.2. R&D and P&D activities for military ficant economic value for Türkiye by ensuring and civilian use will be supported in deep and the spread of the acquired skills to the civilian groundbreaking technologies such as quan- sector. tum technologies, artificial intelligence, auto- nomous systems and hypersonic technologies. b. Policies and Measures 520.3. In order to meet the sector’s increasing 520. The Turkish defense industry will be en- need for qualified human resources, the edu- sured to be capable of meeting both the do- cational infrastructure will be strengthened, 112 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN and interest in the defense industry will be 521. Defense industry exports will be incre- increased through technology competitions ased and international cooperation will be and programs. strengthened. By supporting interaction with the civilian market within the framework of 520.4. The number of innovation-based ent- acquiring and utilizing capabilities in high-te- repreneurial companies that develop high ch fields, contribution will be made to Türki- technology in the defense industry will be ye’s industrialization goals, trade balance, and increased, and large-scale defense industry the sustainability of the sector. companies will develop domestic supply ecosystems and support entrepreneurship. 521.1. Efforts will be carried out to bring the Turkish defense industry to a competitive po- 520.5. In order for the sector to lead the digi- sition on a global scale. tal transformation of Türkiye, the digital trans- formation maturity of defense industry com- 521.2. The capabilities gained for techno- panies will be increased, and the effective use logy-intensive products and services in the mi- and security of data will be ensured. litary field will be effectively used in the civi- lian field in line with industrialization targets. 520.6. Awareness in the field of green trans- formation will be increased throughout the 521.3. Platforms will be created to strengthen sector, and informative activities regarding cooperation among sector stakeholders. green transformation obligations will be orga- nized to ensure that the export potential of the 521.4. Cyber security needs in both defen- sector is not affected by the regulatory steps se and security, and civilian areas will be met taken on a global scale. by domestic and competent solutions to the maximum extent. Table 22: Targets for Defense Industry 2022 2023 2028 Defense and Aerospace Industry Turnover (Billion USD) 12.2 15.0 26.0 Defense and Aerospace Industry Exports (Billion USD) 4.4 6.0 11.0 Defense and Aerospace Industry Employment (Thousand People) 81.1 90.0 158.0 Defense Industry Domestic Rate (%) 73.4 80.0 85.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.2.4 — Tourism trends, to extend the duration of tourism se

3.2.2.4. Tourism trends, to extend the duration of tourism se- ason, to improve service quality and increase a. Objective tourism revenue per visitor by attracting tou- rists with a higher propensity to spend more, 522. The main objective is to diversify and de- to improve competitiveness by realizing green velop tourism in line with changing consumer and digital transformation in the sector with 113 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) the destination management approach, and 524.The tourism sector will be supported to to contribute to economic and social develop- adapt to digital transformation in order to ac- ment while maintaining the balance between hieve a competitive structure that can meet ra- conservation and use. pidly changing demand. b. Policies and Measures 524.1. Effective use of digital technologies in the tourism sector will be ensured, and a “se- 523. Within the framework of sustainability amless end-to-end travel” approach will be principles, the tourism sector will be ensured introduced to the sector by connecting all sta- to protect and improve the natural, historical keholders in the tourism value chain in digital and social environment and green transforma- environment. tion in the sector will be accelerated. 524.2. Support will be provided to enhance 523.1. The potential negative impacts of tou- the technological infrastructure and improve rism activities on the environment will be mi- digital skills of employees, particularly in mic- nimized by considering water and waste ma- ro and small enterprises within the tourism in- nagement as well as energy efficiency. dustry. 523.2. Capacity of the tourism sector to adapt 524.3. Efforts will be made to deliver approp- to climate change will be increased. riate content to visitors through the right chan- nels and the user experience will be improved 523.3. Within the scope of the “Sustainable through innovative solutions. Tourism Program”, efforts will be made to en- sure green transformation in tourism. 525. Service quality will be improved for a competitive tourism sector that can meet ra- 523.4. Innovative financing models for the pidly changing demand. tourism sector will be developed to ensure green transformation. 525.1. In order to create a more competitive tourism sector by improving service quality, 523.5. Effective management of protected efforts will be made to have staff to improve areas will be carried out through planning and existing skills besides acquiring new skills. practices aimed at ensuring the protection and sustainable use of the ecosystem. 525.2. Working conditions in the tourism sec- tor will be improved and measures will be ta- 523.6. An inclusive tourism sector will be cre- ken to ensure year-round employment. ated by supporting local economies. 525.3. Vocational education curricula will be 523.7. Awareness activities will be carried out reorganized in line with the needs of the se- to ensure that visitors have a “responsible tou- ctor. rism understanding” in order to minimize the potential negative impacts of tourism on the 525.4. Applied training programs will be de- environment, as well as social and cultural fab- veloped and maintained to meet the need for ric. qualified intermediate staff required by the tourism sector. 114 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 525.5. In order to increase service quality and 527.5. Culture and tourism routes will be de- tourist satisfaction, legislative arrangements veloped to increase the length of stay and ex- will be made to improve physical conditions in penditures of visitors. tourism facilities and inspection activities will be increased. 528. Promotional activities will be carried out in order to increase tourism revenues, strengt- 526. Destination management organizations hen existing markets, create new markets and will be established to ensure consistent and reach visitors with high spending tendency. holistic tourism development, create unique identities of destinations, and strengthen the 528.1. Effective promotional activities under local economic cycle. the brand of Türkiye will be continued in a fo- cused manner. 526.1. A legal framework for destination ma- nagement organizations will be established. 528.2. New promotion strategies will be de- termined in line with changing consumer tren- 526.2. Pilot implementations regarding desti- ds and technological developments. nation management will be carried out. 528.3. In order to create new markets, promo- 526.3. The human resource capacity needed tional activities will be carried out in count- in the destination management organizations ries with high tourist potential, particularly in will be established. America and Far East countries. 527. In order to increase tourism revenue per 529. In order to analyze the tourism sector visitor, tourism types that generate more inco- more effectively, the necessary data infrastru- me will be developed. cture will be established and existing tourism statistics will be improved. 527.1. Legislative efforts will be carried out to support investments and operations for the di- 529.1. A tourism decision support platform versification of tourism products. will be established by utilizing digital tools to collect, analyze and report data on the tourism 527.2. Master plans and strategy studies will sector. be conducted to ensure planned development of various types of tourism. 529.2. Measurement tools will be developed and new data sets will be created to measure 527.3. Studies will be carried out on the fea- the sustainability of tourism in line with the in- sibility of implementing mixed-use models in ternational statistical framework. tourism areas to be determined. 529.3. The tourism satellite accounts study, 527.4. Planning and land allocation efforts will which consider the economic impacts of tou- be continued with a sustainable approach for rism in terms of supply and demand sides, will tourism investments and tourism infrastructu- be completed. re investments will be made. 115 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 23: Targets for Tourism Sector 2022 2023 2028 Tourism Revenue (Billion USD) 46.5 55.6 100 The Number of Visitors (Million) 51.4 56.7 82.3 Tourism Revenue's Share in GDP (%) 5.1 5.2 6.3 Average Expenditure per Visitor (USD) 905 980 1,215 Average Length of Stay (Overnight) 10.3 9.8 9.4 Overnight Revenue per Visitor (USD) 88 100 129 Source: The data for 2022 is from TURKSTAT and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.3 — Sectoral Policies institutional investors’ sources in financing in

3.2.3. Sectoral Policies institutional investors’ sources in financing in- frastructure investments through alternative

3.2.3.1 — Public Investment Policies and innovative financing methods, including

3.2.3.1. Public Investment Policies and innovative financing methods, including PPPs, and these methods will be disseminated. a. Objective 531.3. A new financial product model will be 530. The main objective through public in- developed for financing income-generating vestments is to enhance the competitiveness public infrastructure investments through the and efficiency of the economy, to improve the issuance of lease certificates based on risk living standards and welfare of all segments sharing. of society by delivering public services more effectively, to ensure environmental sustai- 531.4. Investments aimed at increasing resi- nability, to support digital transformation, to lience against disasters and potential risks, in- reduce regional development disparities, to vestments related to planned industrial areas, provide the infrastructure needed for private as well as investments in environmental prote- sector investments, and to increase resilience ction, technological research, ICT, railway, and to disasters and global risks. maritime transportation sectors will be priori- tized. b. Policies and Measures 532. Efforts will be made to ensure more ef- 531. The resources allocated to public invest- fective use of resources allocated to public in- ments will be increased. vestments. 531.1. Public resources allocated to economi- 532.1. By prioritizing maintenance, repair and cally feasible projects will be increased within rehabilitation investments, the benefit from budgetary capacities, and efforts will be made existing capital stock will be maximized, and to shorten the average completion time. activities will be carried out to increase awa- reness of asset management and preventive 531.2. An enabling environment will be crea- maintenance. ted for the effective utilization of private and 116 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 532.2. PPPs projects will be planned and imp- 532.8. Standard guidelines will be prepared lemented ensuring socio-economic feasibility, for project preparation, implementation, mo- cost-effectiveness, adherence to budget prin- nitoring and evaluation of public investments, ciples, and balanced risk sharing, taking into and training programs will be organized. account macroeconomic policies, sectoral pri- orities, public obligations, and budget balan- 532.9. The connection of public procurements ces. and auditing processes with the investment planning will be strengthened. 532.3. Activities related to monitoring and 533. Productive capacity will be increased by evaluation of investments will be focused on ensuring effective complementarity between and the information obtained from these acti- public and private sector investments. vities will be used in the project preparation process. 533.1. Public investments will be planned in coordination with private sector investments 532.4. To enforce public investment planning, that create high value-added and increase institutional structures will be strengthened employment, aiming to reduce the current ac- and human capacity will be increased to en- count deficit, taking feasibility into account. sure that all investment projects, including PPPs, are prepared, financed, implemented, 533.2. The needs of priority sectors in terms of monitored, and evaluated in accordance with public investments will be evaluated. international standards across all institutions, including local governments-. 533.3. To prioritize the use of domestic pro- ducts and technologies in public investments, 532.5. Rationalization efforts will be made in the domesticity ratio will be monitored on a the public investment program to prioritize product and technology basis and steps towar- investments that will generate economic and ds localization will be initiated, starting with social benefits quickly. commonly used products and technologies. 532.6. Additional criteria will be established 534. Public investments will be implemented for new project proposals in the public invest- to reduce regional development disparities. ment program, taking into account the project inventory, predictability and transparency will 534.1. Investments that will activate regional be strengthed, and the quality of feasibility development potential and projects focused on sustainable urban development will be pri- reports for proposed projects will be further oritized. enhanced. 534.2. Cooperation and coordination between 532.7. The use of additional funds in projects central and local governments will be enhan- included in the public investment program will ced, and mechanisms that increase participa- be limited to necessary cases, and annual work tion will be utilized to ensure more active in- programs will be prepared by organizations volvement of local actors in public investment within the framework of the budget allocati- planning, and the capacity to produce projects ons at the beginning of the year. will be strengthened. 117 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.2.3.2 — Business and Investment 536.5. The impact of taxes, duties, fees and

3.2.3.2. Business and Investment 536.5. The impact of taxes, duties, fees and Environment other financial obligations on investments will be evaluated by taking into account internati- a. Objective onal best practices and implementation will be simplified. 535. The main objective is to make the eco- nomy more competitive by carrying out transa- 537. The amount of public property allocated ctions in the business and investment environ- for investments will be increased and land al- ment with the minimum number of documents, location processes will be improved by increa- in the shortest time and at the lowest cost, to sing inter-institutional coordination. further strengthen bureaucratic and legal pre- dictability, to increase investment, production, 537.1. Public properties that can be allocated employment and exports by making more use for investments will be determined on a regio- of qualified FDI, and to become a supply and nal and sectoral basis, taking into account en- production center for domestic and internatio- vironmental and social impacts and logistical nal markets. requirements within the framework of Türki- ye’s long-term investment needs. b. Policies and Measures 537.2. An effective coordination mechanism 536. Investments will be accelerated by faci- will be established in investment land allo- litating bureaucratic processes and reducing cation processes and new allocation models costs. will be developed to ensure faster processes, especially for strategic and large-scale invest- 536.1. Institutions responsible for imple- ments. mentation will be ensured to minimize the time-consuming procedures identified in the 537.3. It will be ensured that allocation of in- Investment Processes Guide. vestment site is realized in line with upper sca- le plans and regional development. 536.2. Processes related to investments such as permits, approvals, licenses and document 537.4. Digital environments will be created to updates will be transferred to the online plat- enable investors to access alternative invest- form. ment location information more easily. 536.3. Business and investment processes will 537.5. Studies enabling the evaluation of al- be minimized through sectoral one-stop offi- ternative scenarios in Türkiye’s investment lo- ces to be established. cation selection for FDI will be developed. 536.4. By establishing the Financial Markets 538. Investor confidence, predictability and Common Registry Database, the process will stability will be enhanced by improving the re- be accelerated and facilitated in transactions gulatory framework in the business and invest- subject to authorization. ment environment. 118 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 538.1. Efforts will be carried out to ensure the 539.1. Structural measures will be taken to adaptation of the development of high-tech overcome the difficulties encountered by eva- and innovative products and services to the luating the practices encouraging return from country’s conditions, and to make eviden- abroad, and the working environment and con- ce-based regulation by monitoring the imple- ditions will be improved by determining in- mentation of innovative solutions in the mar- centives for scientists and experienced people ket and real-life conditions. returning from abroad. 538.2. Alternative settlement procedures will 539.2. A visa model for start up investors will be developed to ensure that investment dispu- be established and support and arrangements tes arising between investors and public ins- will be made to attract entrepreneurs from titutions are finalized in the fastest and least abroad to come to Türkiye. costly manner through reconciliation of the parties. 539.3. Priority and convenience shall be pro- vided in granting residence and work permits 538.3. Efficiency of the execution and bank- to citizens of other countries and their families ruptcy system will be increased by observing who will come to Türkiye for carrying out R&D the delicate balance between debtors and cre- or P&D activities, making, managing or opera- ditors. ting the investment. 538.4. Within the scope of improving experti- 540. In order to increase investments and att- se in the judiciary, efforts will be made to im- ract qualified FDI, the digital and green trans- prove the quality and quantity of judges and formation process will be utilized to the maxi- prosecutors, experts and mediators, and speci- mum extent. alized courts will be strengthened. 540.1. National standards based on the prin- 538.5. By analyzing the effects of digital regu- ciples of interoperability, safety, protection of lations implemented or planned to be imple- personal data, inclusiveness, sustainability and mented in the EU on the business and invest- international cooperation will be determined ment environment and exports, a roadmap will by taking into account international standards be prepared to determine the steps to be ta- in the digital transformation of the business ken by Türkiye in this field. and investment environment. 538.6. The legislation on the protection of 540.2. Physical and virtual environments will competition will be updated to combat market be created for sharing experience and know- failures and unfair practices in digital markets ledge among entrepreneurs, SMEs, large-scale and to harmonize with the European Union firms and ecosystem institutions. acquis in this field. 540.3. Türkiye’s potential to become a hub in 539. Regulations will be made to make it attra- areas such as manufacturing, specialized ser- ctive for researchers and entrepreneurs living vices, financial services and logistics, where in foreign countries to operate in Türkiye. it can become more competitive in the green 119 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) and digital transformation process, will be ac- 541.4. Within the framework of Türkiye’s po- tivated. sition in global value chains and its develop- ment potential, strategies to shorten supply 540.4. A portal of source information and good chains through domestic production will be practice examples for digital transformation determined and industrial clusters will be and green transformation will be established strengthened. to facilitate enterprises’ access to documents such as training materials, standards, guidance 542. The effectiveness of governance and risk documents and self-assessment tools. management in business and investment envi- ronment will be increased. 540.5. The R&D and innovation support sys- tem will be restructured in line with the needs 542.1. By strengthening the dialogue between and development potential of firms and sec- the public and private sectors, more effective tors, with strategies for advancing in critical decision-making of the Coordination Board for value chains in the digital and green transfor- Improvement of Investment Environment will mation process. be ensured. 541. Benefiting from Türkiye’s strong geopoli- 542.2. Türkiye’s capacity to guide and facilita- tical position, a supply chain that can respond te outward FDI in other countries will be im- quickly to changes in demand, meet domestic proved. and international demands on time, and have a flexible and resilient structure in the face of 542.3. In order to ensure proper decision-ma- potential problems will be established. king processes and reduce information asym- metry, non-confidential data obtained by pub- 541.1. In line with the geographical position of lic institutions will be shared regularly and in Türkiye, it will be ensured that Türkiye plays a accordance with standards through a common more effective role in the global supply chain, digital platform. and a supply chains strategy will be prepared. 542.4. National and local disaster resilience 541.2. The supply of raw materials and inter- strategies will be developed to cover industry, mediate goods, which are essential and critical technology and R&D activities, tourism and for the Turkish economy, will be secured and agricultural production. facilitated. 542.5. Mechanisms will be established to faci- 541.3. Measures will be taken to harmoni- litate firms’ financing management and access ze the business and investment environment to finance during periods of increased financi- with the countries in our near geography and al risks. Turkic Republics by evaluating procurement approaches from friendly countries and near- by countries. 120 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 24: Targets for Business and Investment Climate 2022 2023 2028 Türkiye's Share in Global FDI (%) 1.0 1.0 1.5 The Ratio of Planned Industrial Areas (IZ, OIZ, SIZ) to Total 0.17 0.18 0.50 Surface Area of Türkiye (%) Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.3.3 — Science, Technology and will continue to be supported with special

3.2.3.3. Science, Technology and will continue to be supported with special Innovation programs. a. Objective 544.4. The training of doctoral level qualified human resources needed in the industry will 543. The main objective is to create a scien- be ensured through university-industry colla- ce, technology, and innovation ecosystem that boration, and employment of doctoral researc- spreads the systematics of inquiry, research, le- hers will be encouraged. arning, development desire, and thought at all 544.5. State aid provided to private sector levels, increases the capacity to develop high R&D centers will be introduced conditions that value-added products and services, produces require a differentiated rate of doctoral resear- solutions to societal challenges, supports twin cher employment. transformation, and is human-centric, agile, collaborative, and operates efficiently. 544.6. Full or part-time employment opportu- nities for competent academicians and resear- b. Policies and Measures chers abroad in Türkiye will be diversified, and the development of joint projects through col- 544. The capacity and quality of R&D human laborations will be facilitated. resources will be strengthened, and the attrac- tiveness and sustainability of research careers 545. Scientific research capacity of universi- will be enhanced. ties will be increased and their role in R&D and innovation activities will be strengthened. 544.1. Work and research opportunities for doctoral and post-doctoral researchers will be 545.1. The Research University Program will improved. be strengthened in order to carry out R&D and innovation activities that support high valu- 544.2. To increase the number of qualified hu- e-added production. The capacities of univer- man resources with research experience, more sities included in this program will be increa- undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral scholar- sed with special support. ship students will be involved in publicly sup- ported R&D projects. 545.2. In mission-oriented specialization ef- forts of universities, data-driven analyses will 544.3. Qualified researchers conducting hi- be conducted to enhance the outputs and im- gh-level scientific and technological studies pacts in their focus areas. 121 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 545.3. The administrative and financial pro- ople who are interested and talented in scien- cesses in the projects of researchers carrying ce and technology. out R&D projects within the universities will be facilitated. 547.2. Fairs, competitions, festivals, exhibi- tions, events, and workshops in the field of 545.4. Employment of doctoral and post-doc- science and technology will continue to be toral researchers will be increased, particularly supported to increase technology awareness. in research universities. 548. Increasing the activities of research inf- 545.5. Efforts will be made to increase the ef- rastructures in R&D and innovation ecosystem fectiveness of scientific research projects. with a structure that conducts frontier rese- arch, employs qualified human resource and 546. Qualified researcher human resource ca- works in cooperation with the private sector pacity and research activities in basic sciences will be ensured. will be increased in line with the needs in pri- 548.1. The efforts aimed at strengthening R&D ority sectors and technology areas. capacities of research infrastructures, parti- cularly in priority sectors and critical techno- 546.1. The amount of postgraduate scholars- logies will be continued. hips for basic sciences and the number of be- neficiaries will be increased. 548.2. The supports provided within the scope of the Law No. 6550 on Support of Research 546.2. Frontier research projects with the po- Infrastructures will be increased regarding the tential to create high impact in terms of ad- performances of the infrastructures. ded-value in both basic and applied fields will be supported. 548.3. Research and application centers es- tablished in higher education institutions wit- 546.3. In order to support qualified studies, hin the scope of the Higher Education Law No. frontier and groundbreaking research in the 2547 will be restructured by taking into ac- fields of science, and to increase the researcher count the differentiating qualities and needs human resource capacity, mentorship support of technological research centers. will be provided to young researchers. Natio- nal and international education and research 548.4. R&D platforms will be established to themed scientific activities will be organized. enable research infrastructures to cooperate among themselves and with the industry at 547. The spread of science, technology, inno- national and regional level according to their vation culture throughout the society, raising fields. awareness, promoting curiosity about science and technology, and developing qualified hu- 548.5. The database prepared to increase the man resources from an early age will be encou- accessibility of research infrastructures will be raged. reviewed and efforts will be carried out to inc- rease its efficiency and benefits and to ensu- 547.1. Free trainings and activities will be pro- re that research infrastructures meet national vided in technology workshops for young pe- needs. 122 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 548.6. A roadmap will be prepared for frontier ated to develop required technologies, prima- research infrastructures operating in critical rily for green transformation, using domestic research areas in Türkiye. capabilities. 549. The R&D and innovation support system 550.2. Support models covering the process will be activated into an oriented form, per- from basic research to the final product will formance-based structure, covering the whole be developed for platforms enhanced in coo- process from research to commercialization peration with universities, private sector and and taking into account the needs and deve- public. lopment potentials of the sectors, especially the priority sectors. 551. Support mechanisms will be implemen- ted to increase knowledge and technology 549.1. Output and impact-oriented monito- transfer through collaborations between uni- ring and evaluation systems will be activated versities, research infrastructures and the pri- and impact analyses will be conducted regar- vate sector, and the effectiveness of the inter- ding R&D and innovation support programs. face structures will be increased by improving their institutional capacities. 549.2. The R&D and innovation supports will 551.1. Support provided to research projects focus on the intersection of priority sectors with high commercialization potential of high and deep and critical technology areas, perfor- technology platforms created by research inf- mance-based applications will be expanded rastructures in cooperation with private sector and complementary supports covering the en- R&D centers and public R&D centers will be tire process for commercialization will be pro- expanded. vided. 551.2. Projects will be carried out to develop 549.3. Coordination between public instituti- new technologies and products by increasing ons and organizations in R&D and innovation the effectiveness of research centers within supports will be increased and legislative alig- public institutions, especially in TÜBİTAK, TÜ- nment will be achieved. SEB and TENMAK, and their cooperation with each other and other stakeholders in the 549.4. Alternative financing mechanisms for ecosystem. R&D, innovation and entrepreneurship activi- ties will be established. 551.3. By analyzing the institutional structures of Technology Transfer Offices (TTO), efforts 550. With the guiding and facilitating effective will be carried out to improve their effective- role of the public, the dissemination and en- ness, efficiency and human resource capacity, hancement of product and technology platfor- and performance-based supports will be pro- ms supporting twin transformation and gene- vided. rating solutions for societal challenges will be ensured. 551.4. The supports provided in private sector R&D, design centers, and Technology Develop- 550.1. Target-oriented, platform-based, tech- ment Zones (TDZ) will be continued with a per- nology-driven national initiatives will be initi- formance-oriented manner. 123 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 551.5. Mechanisms will be developed to pro- 552.4. Legislation and practices will be deve- vide financial support to private sector com- loped for the commercialization of inventions panies receiving R&D and innovation project made in higher education institutions. services from research infrastructures or coo- perating with research infrastructures. 552.5. The critical components, devices and materials required in the priority sectors will 551.6. By analyzing the effectiveness of exis- be developed with the co-financing of the ting databases for university, industry and public authorities in need and public procure- public cooperation, databases and platforms ment will be used as an effective tool. containing information such as research areas, patents, publications and company competen- 553. Innovative entrepreneurship will be sup- cies will be developed. ported and R&D cooperation between large enterprises and entrepreneurs will be incre- 551.7. The academic incentive system will be ased. It will be ensured that large companies reviewed to prioritize knowledge and techno- support new enterprises in their sectors du- logy transfer activities. ring their establishment and growth phases. 552. The amount and diversity of support to 553.1. Support will be provided for the estab- accelerate the development and commerciali- lishment and scaling of early stage firms that zation of new and deep technological products can develop innovative, high-tech products will be increased, legislation will be improved and services, and venture capital funding sour- and complementarity of supports with public ces will be diversified. procurement mechanisms will be ensured. 553.2. The establishment and development of 552.1. The Industrial Innovation Network Me- technology enterprises that are candidates for chanism Program, in which company business becoming companies with a valuation of one partnerships, high-tech P&D and commerciali- billion USD or more and that have high inter- zation are supported, especially in priority se- national competitiveness will be encouraged. ctors, will be expanded. 553.3. Within the framework of TDZ legislati- 552.2. Technology application centers will be on, the practices regarding the funds provided expanded in universities and TDZs to carry out by large companies to entrepreneurs and ven- prototype development, scaling and techno- ture capital investment partnerships will be logy verification studies for the commerciali- analyzed and their effectiveness will be incre- zation of R&D results. ased. 552.3. Support provided for the transfer of pa- 553.4. The support aiming the large compa- tent-protected technologies that emerge as a nies to guide and co-finance the R&D projects result of R&D and innovation projects to com- of SMEs which are working as their suppliers panies established in Türkiye through licen- will be expanded. sing or transfer will be expanded. 553.5. Early stage firms developing innova- tive and high-tech products and services will 124 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN be supported within a phased program fra- and participation in these partnerships will be mework, including mentoring support. increased. 554. Frontier research and technologies that 555.4. Bilateral and multilateral R&D and in- will support high value-added production will novation collaborations with strategic count- be encouraged. ries will be supported. 554.1. R&D laboratories to be established in 556. Research and innovation activities in stra- Türkiye by national or international firms pro- tegic areas such as health technologies, space ducing frontier scientific and technological technologies, semiconductor technologies, knowledge will be supported. rare earth elements, and polar research will be developed and sustained. 554.2. Support for the development of produ- cts with high value-added, medium-high and 556.1. R&D projects in health technologies high technology levels, and products whose such as vaccines, drugs, medical devices, and raw materials are found in Türkiye, will be inc- diagnostic kits will be supported to develop reased with domestic opportunities and capa- products that can create added-value. bilities. 556.2. Türkiye’s capability to produce techno- 555. Bilateral, regional and multilateral colla- logy in the space sector will be increased, par- borations will be developed, especially with ticularly through the Moon Research Project EU countries, in terms of R&D activities, rese- and local and national satellite development arch infrastructures and researcher human re- projects. sources. 556.3. R&D, design, manufacturing, and com- 555.1. Global and regional joint research prog- mercialization capabilities in the chip industry rams in the field of science, technology and will be developed. innovation will be effectively utilized and a strong representation of Türkiye in internatio- 556.4. In line with the National Polar Scien- nal decision-making mechanisms will be ensu- ce Strategy targets covering the years 2023- red. 2035, scientific activities in the field of polar sciences, along with education and awareness 555.2. Promotion, information and capacity activities, will be organized every year with building activities, as well as support and National Polar Science Expeditions (TAE and reward programs will be carried out to ensu- TASE), aiming to increase human resources in re participation in the EU Framework Programs polar research specifically, and institutional for Research and Innovation through qualified infrastructure will be developed to strengthen projects and to increase the return rate of the Türkiye’s international position in both polar programs. regions. 555.3. Legislation and current practices re- 557. The necessary R&D infrastructure for garding participation in international research artificial intelligence, the internet of things, infrastructure partnerships will be improved augmented reality, big data, cybersecurity, 125 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) advanced materials, robotics, micro/nano/op- and other critical technologies needed will be to-electronics, biotechnology, hydrogen te- prepared. chnologies, renewable energy technologies, battery technologies, genome editing, carbon 557.3. Regulatory test environments will be capture, utilization, and storage technologies, created to allow researchers and entrepre- next-generation nuclear reactors, fusion, qu- neurs engaged in innovation activities in cri- antum, sensor technologies, and additive ma- tical technology areas to test their innovative nufacturing technologies will be established, products and technologies in cooperation with projects will be executed, and the needed qu- regulatory authorities. alified human resources will be trained to rea- lize the National Technology Initiative in Türki- 557.4. Coordination between social sciences, ye. humanities and engineering sciences will be ensured to highlight the social impacts of te- 557.1. Projects will be supported to develop chnological advances. Türkiye’s technology production capacity in critical technology areas. 557.5. Social sciences and humanities resear- ch and development activities will be suppor- 557.2. Roadmaps for headings of techno- ted to create science-based research reports logy-based national initiatives to be determi- for use in the development of public policies ned within the 2053 net-zero emission target on strategic issues for Türkiye. Table 25: Targets for Science, Technology and Innovation 2022 2023 2028 Ratio of R&D Expenditures to GDP (%) 1.401 1.55 2.05 Share of Private Sector in R&D Expenditures (%) 61.31 62.0 67.0 The Number of R&D Personnel in Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) 221,811 1 266,471 440,000 The Number of Researcher in Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) 168,8791 200,857 335,000 The Number of Full Time Equivalent (FTE) R&D Personnel with 40,5911 47,965 85,000 Doctoral or Equivalent Education The Number of Publications in Peer-Reviewed Journals 71,4432 76,000 110,000 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The data for 2021 are from TURKSTAT. (2) The data for 2022 are from Scimago Journal and Country Rank.

3.2.3.4 — Entrepreneurship and SMEs cities and scales, ensure stronger presence in

3.2.3.4. Entrepreneurship and SMEs cities and scales, ensure stronger presence in supply chains, elevate export, innovation, and a. Objective competitiveness levels, and to contribute more effectively and efficiently to growth and emp- 558. The main objective is to enhance access loyment through focused policies considering to finance, corporate development, and produ- the characteristics of Small and Medium-sized ctivity, as well as to increase innovation capa- Enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurs. 126 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN b. Policies and Measures 560.2. Enterprises, especially large ones, will be encouraged to mentor entrepreneurs and 559. Human capital for SMEs will be strengthe- SMEs in the high-tech areas requiring techni- ned. cal guidance. 559.1. A pool of qualified accredited consul- 560.3. Projects to be prepared jointly by SMEs tant and mentors will be established and its and universities will be supported. active use will be ensured, and one-on-one consultancy mechanisms will be developed 560.4. Mechanisms will be established to en- through consultancy centers and platforms, sure the dissemination of good practices of especially in priority sectors. high productivity firms on a sectoral basis. 559.2. Entrepreneurship curricula in formal 560.5. By forming Türkiye’s inventory of over- education will be reviewed by taking into ac- seas techno-entrepreneurs, a mechanism will count the needs in financial literacy, legislative be developed to interact them with potential knowledge, digital technologies, e-commerce, entrepreneurs in Türkiye. marketing, etc., and applied entrepreneurship trainings enabling suitability assessment will 561. SMEs will be supported to expand their be made widespread. scale, achieve a sustainable structure and gain a more competitive position at the global le- 559.3. OIZs will be considered as a priority in vel. the location selection of vocational training centers and vocational high schools to be built 561.1. SMEs and entrepreneurs will be sup- by the Ministry of National Education (MEB). ported with a focused approach within the framework of criteria such as rapid growth, 559.4. Visa applications for talents with cri- technology-oriented exports, operating in the tical expertise in technology and foreign ent- field of high technology and increasing produ- repreneurs with innovative business models ctivity. and high-tech businesses will be facilitated in line with the principle of reciprocity. 561.2. Matching will be facilitated for SMEs to join the supply chains of main industry ma- 559.5. Mechanisms will be developed to dis- nufacturers and large enterprises, and neces- seminate intrapreneurship, in which the part- sary quality, efficiency, capacity increases and nership of employees is ensured. product development (P&D) activities will be supported within the scope of supplier deve- 560. The culture of cooperation will be disse- lopment processes. minated in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. 561.3. An inclusive monitoring system will be 560.1. The use of interfaces in supporting or- established and impact analyses will be con- ganizations for SMEs and entrepreneurs will ducted for state aid provided to SMEs and ent- be made widespread. repreneurs. 127 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 561.4. In order to increase the number of ent- 562.3. The credit guarantee system will be repreneurs and SMEs that can stand on their developed and its use in financing innovative own feet, preference will be given to reimbur- business models of enterprises and R&D and sable support. innovation projects will be expanded. 561.5. In order to ensure more effective mat- 562.4. New scoring systems using additional ching of supply and demand, an inventory of data to financial data will be developed to re- the products produced and technologies deve- duce information asymmetry problems when loped in industrial and technology zones will evaluating SMEs and entrepreneurs. be prepared. 563.The competitiveness and capacity of tra- 561.6. By integrating the products created desmen, craftsmen and cooperatives will be by techno-entrepreneurs with tools such as improved to adapt to changing economic and the Techno Catalog platform within the State social conditions, their transparency and reli- Supply Office (DMO), the commercialization ability will be increased through control sys- and branding processes of these products will tems, and the culture of cooperation and joint be accelerated. work will be made widespread. 561.7. One-to-one SME trainings, consultancy 563.1. Within the unions of chambers of tra- and information activities will be carried out desmen and craftsmen, training, consultancy to inform and protect SMEs against possible and information support will be provided to disasters and pandemics. tradesmen and craftsmen on export processes, entrepreneurship, R&D and innovation, and 561.8. Guidelines will be prepared with the state aid. contribution of relevant institutions and orga- 563.2. Diversity in financial supports for tra- nizations to guide SMEs in preparing business desmen and craftsmen will be increased, se- continuity plans and risk management practi- ctoral differentiation will be completed, and ces will be made widespread. loan supports with favorable conditions will be continued taking into account the economic 562. Access to finance will be facilitated and contribution. alternative and innovative financing methods will be disseminated. 563.3. The effectiveness of state aid provided to tradesmen and craftsmen who focus on the 562.1. Alternative and innovative financing manufacturing sector, exports, branding and opportunities such as investment banking, e-commerce will be enhanced in treasury-sup- corporate and individual venture capital, crow- ported loans. dfunding, impact investing and angel investing will be strengthened and their use will be ex- 563.4. Financial support tools for cooperatives panded. will be developed, and the purchase of machi- nery and equipment, employment of qualified 562.2. The Turkish Financial Reporting Stan- personnel and acquisition of fixed assets of dard will be disseminated among SMEs. cooperatives will be supported. 128 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 563.5. Cooperatives operating in priority se- craftsmen and cooperatives, less costly produ- ctors, particularly agricultural sales coope- ction will be ensured. ratives, women’s cooperatives and socially oriented cooperatives will be provided with 563.7. Awareness about cooperatives will be supports. raised in the public and universities, and stu- dies will be carried out to implement coopera- 563.6. By encouraging the establishment of tives more effectively. common machine use areas for tradesmen, Table 26: Targets for Entrepreneurship and SMEs 2022 2023 2028 Exports of SMEs (Billion USD) 67.61 70 120.0 The Share of High Technology in Exports of SMEs Operating in 1.31 1.5 3.0 Manufacturing Industry (%) The Number of Fast Growing SMEs by Turnover2 32,5541 33,000 40,000 The Share of SMEs in R&D Expenditure of Financial and Non- 27.11 30.0 37.0 Financial Companies (%) Annual Venture Investment Size (Billion USD) 1.63 1.63 4.0 The Number of Companies Exceeding One Billion Dollar Value 63 103 25 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) TURKSTAT, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Statistics, 2021. (2) Enterprises with more than 10 paid employees and an annual average growth of more than 10 percent in a three-year period (3) Ministry of Industry and Technology

3.2.3.5 — Intellectual Property Rights target-oriented training and awareness-raising

3.2.3.5. Intellectual Property Rights target-oriented training and awareness-raising activities will be carried out. a. Objective 565.1. In order to raise awareness in the field 564. The main objective is to develop an en- of intellectual property rights, training and vironment of innovative ideas in the field of awareness-raising activities will be carried out intellectual property rights, to effectively pro- for the public, users and rights holders. tect the rights of rights holders at home and abroad, to enable innovation and the creation 565.2. Certified training programs at various of a value-added global brand with the sup- levels will be prepared and put into operation port to be implemented, and to effectively fi- by the Intellectual Property Academy, Industri- ght against rights violations. al Property Rights Training Center and Copyri- ght Training Center. b. Policies and Measures 565.3. In order to contribute to cases related 565. Increasing and spreading intellectual pro- to intellectual and artistic works, training ac- perty awareness in society will be ensured, and tivities will be organized for all stakeholders 129 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) in the judicial process, primarily for judges tiveness of the works and transactions carried and prosecutors who will serve in specialized out in the protection of plant breeders’ rights courts. and to raise public awareness. 565.4. Academic studies on copyrights will be 566. Copyright revenues will be increased by encouraged and training activities will be or- developing a collective rights management ganized for TTOs. system in copyrights and establishing a fair and widespread licensing system throughout 565.5. Content regarding copyrights will be the country. added to the primary and secondary education curricula to raise copyright awareness in child- 566.1. In order to increase the institutional ca- ren and young people. pacities of the collecting societies, including professional management and human resour- 565.6. Cartoons and computer games with ces, periodic training will be provided for the educational content will be developed to im- compulsory body members and staff of the prove children’s innovative thinking skills at collecting societies. an early age. 566.2. In order to establish a widespread li- 565.7. Activities will be carried out to increase censing system throughout the country, pub- the intellectual property knowledge level of lic awareness activities will be carried out on administrators and teachers working in scho- collective rights management and collecting ols and institutions affiliated with the Ministry societies. of National Education. 566.3. Efforts will be carried out to strengt- 565.8. Activities will be carried out to increase hen the digital infrastructure of collecting so- the knowledge and skills of students studying cieties in order to carry out their transactions in the field of engineering and basic sciences more effectively and quickly. regarding patent research. 567. The transformation of Türkiye’s intellec- 565.9. University students will be encouraged tual property assets into economic value will to do internships in the field of intellectual be accelerated, and economic value will be property. measured on a sectoral basis. 565.10. Thematic industrial property training 567.1. In order to measure the contribution of programs will be carried out for Technology copyright-based industries and sub-sectors to Development Zones, R&D Centers and Design the country’s economy, studies will be carried Centers. out to measure the contribution to basic eco- nomic indicators and employment and will be 565.11. An academic thesis database will be shared with the public at regular intervals. created in the field of copyright. 567.2. A current situation analysis will be con- 565.12. Training activities will be organized ducted to obtain accurate data regarding ro- for stakeholders in order to increase the effec- yalty revenues and royalty payments in Türkiye. 130 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 567.3. Successful country examples in copyri- 569. Legislation and practices will be impro- ght-based innovative industries will be exami- ved in line with technological developments ned. and needs. 567.4. Efforts will be carried out to measure 570. The effectiveness of the plant breeders’ the income obtained from industrial property rights system will be increased and Türkiye’s rights. breeding varieties will be brought to the inter- national arena. 567.5. Service capacity regarding the valuati- on of intellectual property assets will be inc- 570.1. The institutional structure regarding reased. plant breeders’ rights will be improved, and personnel and service quality will be increa- 567.6. The interaction of industrialists and in- sed. vestors with intellectual property owners will be increased. 570.2. Cooperation with international orga- nizations operating in the field of plant bree- 567.7. Activities will be carried out to promote ders’ rights will be developed. patents with high commercialization potential at national and international levels. 571. The support system for intellectual pro- perty rights will be restructured. 567.8. Market research tools will be develo- ped to be used in the commercialization pro- 571.1. Support and strategies will be develo- cess of patents. ped to increase the industrial property output of industrial organizations. 567.9. By simplifying processes related to le- gal transactions such as transfer, license, gua- 571.2. Patent supports will be evaluated and rantee and pledge regarding intellectual pro- renewed according to current requirements. perty, expansion of these transactions will be ensured. 571.3. Support within the scope of TÜBİTAK 1702 program will be improved. 567.10. International branding strategies will be developed for Türkiye’s products of geog- 571.4. Support for standard essential patent raphical indications with high export potential. processes will be provided. 568. Mechanisms will be established to com- 571.5. Special support programs will be crea- bat counterfeiting and piracy. ted to enhance the institutional capacities of culture industries based on copyright and col- 568.1. By creating a strategy to combat coun- lective rights management organizations. terfeiting and piracy, measuring informality and economic loss numerically will be ensu- 571.6. State aid for the valuation and commer- red. cialization of intellectual property assets will be reviewed and its use will be expanded. 131 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 571.7. International branding of trademarks 573.1. A needs analysis will be made regar- with Turkish phrases will be encouraged. ding the expansion of Intellectual and Indust- rial Property Rights Specialized Courts. 572. Qualified human resources will be deve- loped at all levels in the field of intellectual 573.2. Studies will be carried out to ensure property. continuity in the duties of judges and prose- cutors in specialized courts and to reduce trial 572.1. The personnel capacity and quality of periods. the Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Specialized Courts will be improved. 573.3. Mediation and arbitration practices will be expanded in resolving intellectual property 572.2. Academic studies in the field of intelle- disputes. ctual property law will be increased. 573.4. Reporting and sharing of data, statisti- 572.3. The current practice regarding the use cs, and content regarding industrial property industrial property in academic appointment will be provided. and promotion criteria will be evaluated and updated. 573.5. Industrial property registration proces- ses will be accelerated by using artificial intel- 572.4. Support will be provided to increase ligence technologies, decision quality will be the number and quality of employees in the increased and successful international practi- field of intellectual property rights at univer- ces will be adapted to Türkiye. sities and TTOs. 573.6. Efforts will be carried out to make the 572.5. The awareness and competence of cus- decisions of regional courts of justice and in- toms personnel regarding the protection of in- tellectual and industrial rights specialized tellectual property rights will be increased. courts regarding copyright law accessible. 572.6. Activities will be carried out to increase 574. Effective protection and commercializa- the knowledge and experience of experts, me- tion of domestic and national technologies to diators, and patent and trademark attorneys be developed in the field of green and digital working in the field of intellectual property. transformation will be ensured at the interna- tional level. 572.7. Efforts will be carried out to increase the number of intellectual property professi- 574.1. Technology trend reports based on pa- onals and European Patent Attorneys who will tent data in the field of green and digital trans- provide services at an international level to formation will be prepared and made available natural persons and legal entities resident in to researchers and entrepreneurs. Türkiye. 574.2. “Fast examining processes” will be de- 573. Institutional capacity will be improved veloped for patent applications in the field of and cooperation platforms will be created. green and digital transformation. 132 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 574.3. The intellectual property management 574.5. An Automatic Patent Tracking System capacities of startups operating in the field of will be developed for academicians and re- green and digital transformation will be incre- searchers to effectively monitor the techno- ased. logies developed in the field of green and di- gital transformation. 574.4. Information and awareness activities will be carried out for the IT sector regarding computer-applied inventions. Table 27: Targets for Intellectual Property Rights 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Registered and Valid Patents Related to Green 2,520 3,000 10,000 and Digital Transformation The Number of International Patent Applications Originating in 1,771 1,850 5,000 Türkiye The Number of Registered Geographical Indications in the 8 16 100 European Union The Royalty Income of Collecting Societies (Million TL) 496 850 2,750 Source: Turkish Patent and Trademark Office, General Directorate of Copyrights, World Intellectual Property Organization. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.3.6 — Information and Communication 576.1. A National Broadband Strategy and Ac

3.2.3.6. Information and Communication 576.1. A National Broadband Strategy and Ac- Technologies tion Plan will be prepared and put into effect. a. Objective 576.2. Electronic communication companies owned by the public will be reevaluated con- 575. The main objective is to increase domes- sidering new service and business models to tic value-added in information and commu- ensure competition in the sector and compre- nication technologies, to ensure productivity hensive management of the infrastructure. and competitiveness in the economy through 576.3. Regulations will be made in collabora- effective and widespread use of these techno- tion with stakeholders to strengthen competi- logies and to reduce Türkiye’s dependence on tion. foreign technology in the medium term. 577. Fixed and mobile broadband infrastruc- b. Policies and Measures tures offering high speed, high quality, secure and cost-effective access will be expanded. 576. In the light of technological develop- ments, competitiveness and sustainability of 577.1. To strengthen competition in the elect- electronic communication infrastructures ope- ronic communication sector, permissions and rated by the public and private sectors will be transition rights related to infrastructure dep- ensured. loyment, as well as processes for infrastructure sharing and facility sharing, will be improved. 133 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 577.2. Public burdens on electronic communi- 579.2. The dissemination of software develop- cation operators will be alleviated. ment and service delivery standards in the ICT sector will be supported. 577.3. Procedures and principles for the es- tablishment of Internet Exchange Point (IXP) 579.3. Through the dissemination of innovati- will be determined, and IXP establishment will ve software technologies in the ICT sector, ef- be realized. fective use of human resources, competitive- ness and sustainability will be increased. 577.4. The rapid establishment of telecom- munications infrastructure in accordance with 579.4. ICT procurement processes of the pub- new urban plans will be supported in disas- lic sector will be improved in a holistic manner, ter-affected areas. and related procedures and principles will be determined. 577.5. Efforts will be made to provide unin- terrupted electronic communication services 579.5. Competition in domestic production to enable communication in case of possible will be strengthened and it will be ensured disaster situations. that domestic products have the same quality of global equivalents and competitive prices. 578. Broadband infrastructures will be bu- ilt and operated with government support in 579.6. In the electronic communications se- commercially unviable areas. ctor, domestic production and R&D supports covering all processes from research to com- 578.1. Taking into account regional differen- mercialization will be provided in line with se- ces, the establishment of broadband infrast- ctoral needs, particularly for new generation ructure will be encouraged in regions where mobile technologies. infrastructures cannot be developed. 579.7. In authorizations in the electronic com- 578.2. Mobile communication infrastructure munication sector, the localization rate criteria installations will be continued in settlements will be determined in a way that increases do- without infrastructure. mestic value-added, and the localization rate of operator infrastructures will be monitored 579. Localization rates will be increased by based on technology. supporting the development of domestic pro- ducts and services in the ICT sector. 580. Effective management of the transition to new generation mobile communication te- 579.1. A sectoral data infrastructure will be chnologies will be ensured. established encompassing the working areas, workforce qualifications, and maturity levels 580.1. During the transition to new generation of domestically operating companies in the mobile services, old generation mobile com- information and communication technologies munication infrastructures and frequencies sector. used will be reviewed by taking into account the needs of the public and private sectors. 134 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 580.2. Taking into account the experience gai- veloping applications of artificial intelligence ned from past authorizations, authorization ef- and big data analytics. Efforts will be made for forts for 5G will be completed with a focus on early detection and prevention of elements th- the establishment of domestic communication reatening national cybersecurity. infrastructure in line with international deve- lopments, considering user needs and sectoral 581.5. The national cyber security technical developments. Furthermore, national and in- infrastructure will be strengthened and intera- ternational efforts for 6G will be followed. ction between all elements of the infrastructu- re will be increased. 580.3. Activities will be conducted to ensure the provision of broadband services, particu- 581.6. Procedures and principles for the es- larly those provided via satellites, across the tablishment of information security manage- entire country within the framework of regula- ment systems in critical infrastructures will be tions to be made. Efforts for localization initia- determined and put into practice. tives will be initiated. 581.7. Cyber security standards will be estab- 581. Strategic, regulatory and technological lished in areas of need. efforts will be carried out to ensure national cyber security and institutional structuring 582. The development of the domestic cyber will be strengthened. security ecosystem, the dissemination of nati- onal solutions and the increase of internatio- 581.1. The Cyber Security Strategy and Action nal competitiveness will be ensured. Plan will be updated in line with new genera- tion cyber threats and technological develop- 582.1. Support will be provided for the deve- ments. lopment of domestic products to enable their competitive positioning in the international 581.2. Regulations will be enacted to ensu- market. re national cybersecurity, taking into account the EU’s Network and Information Security Di- 582.2. Cyber security test infrastructures will rective (NIS2) and new initiatives in the field be developed. of cybersecurity, as well as international best practices. 582.3. The use of domestic cyber security pro- ducts, especially in public institutions, will be 581.3. The highest level of coordination of na- increased. tional cyber security activities will be ensured, and an effective coordination and administra- 583. Cyber security awareness and qualified tion structure will be established to facilitate human resource will be developed. inter-agency cooperation within this scope. 583.1. Programs will be developed to train qu- 581.4. The processes of acquiring and sharing alified workforce and improve career opportu- cyber threat intelligence will be strengthened nities in the field of cyber security. through increasing source diversity and de- 135 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 583.2. New business models will be created 586.1. “Türkiye Open Source Platform” will be in order to maintain a competent workforce in transformed into a sustainable and effective the field of cyber security. form. 583.3. Training contents, training quality and 586.2. By introducing open source techno- training environment will be improved in or- logies and providing training resources, citi- der to train workforce needed by the sector. zens will be enabled to take a more active role both as users and developers. 583.4. Efforts will be made to raise public awa- reness on cyber security. 586.3. Open Source Software Cluster will be established. 584. A national data governance framework will be determined and the necessary techni- 587. Effective use of information and commu- cal, institutional and legislative infrastructure nication technologies will be ensured in the will be developed. digital transformation of SMEs. 584.1. National Data Strategy and Action Plan 587.1. SMEs will be supported to meet their will be prepared and put into practice. software needs primarily through open source solutions. 584.2. Efforts will be carried out to estab- lish the basic approaches and rules regarding 587.2. The common requirements of SMEs will cross-border data transfers. be met through centralized solutions and data sharing platforms. 584.3. Efforts on the use of digital data to cre- ate higher added-value will be supported. 588. Programs to increase human resources and quality in the ICT sector will be establis- 585. Türkiye’s foreign dependency in data sto- hed in cooperation with the public sector, uni- rage, processing and communication activities versities and NGOs. will be reduced and necessary measures will be taken to turn it into a regional data center 588.1. The human resources gap in the softwa- base. re sector will be analyzed in detail and this gap will be closed through training, re-skilling and 585.1. Mechanisms will be established to en- more effective use of the existing workforce. courage the development of domestic com- panies providing data center services and to 588.2. Measures will be taken to ensure that enable competition. software developers working remotely or on-site abroad can be employed in a way that 585.2. Security and service delivery standards will increase the added-value of the domestic for data centers will be developed. IT sector. 586. Open source software ecosystem will be 588.3. National Occupational Standards and developed. National Qualifications in the field of informa- 136 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN tion and communication technologies will be Audiovisual Services published. 592. In public-private sector cooperation 589. Digital literacy rate in society will be inc- and in a competitive environment, measures reased. will be taken to increase the production and exports of high quality audiovisual content, to 589.1. Activities will be carried out to improve ensure branding, to increase sector’s value-ad- digital skills in different segments of society. ded and contribution to the economy. 590. Mechanisms will be designed to support 592.1. Effective mechanisms will be estab- the development and dissemination of advan- lished in public-private sector cooperation to ced digital technologies and the training of the protect intellectual property rights of audiovi- workforce that will use these technologies. sual content in national and international bro- adcasting environments. 590.1. The ecosystem where public instituti- ons and the private sector will develop joint 592.2. Along with the impact assessment the solutions in the field of digital technologies state aid in the sector, the aid provided for dif- will be strengthened. ferent activities at the production and proces- ses stages will be effectively and coordinately 590.2. Environments will be formed that pro- utilized, and the inclusion of new sub-sectors vide testing, experimentation, consultancy, ac- within the scope of state aid in service exports cess to finance and training services to public will be evaluated. institutions and industrial organizations in the 592.3. With the cooperation of all stakehol- field of advanced digital technologies. ders, a statistical infrastructure will be es- 591. The development of key technologies in tablished in the field of audiovisual content; production and export data will be compiled; the field of artificial intelligence will be sup- sectoral data will be regularly generated and ported and their use will be expanded. shared by the Radio and Television Supreme 591.1. In the field of artificial intelligence, the Council (RTÜK); and sectoral developments will be reported and shared with the public. collaboration among the public sector, univer- sities and the private sector will be strengthe- 592.4. A strategy document will be prepared ned. for the effective use of product placement ac- tivities to support branding and promotion. 591.2. International cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence will be increased. 592.5. The increase of domestic productions in the content libraries of online broadcasting 591.3. Necessary legal regulations will be platforms will be supported. made to meet the needs arising from artificial intelligence technologies. 592.6. Diplomatic initiatives will be carried out to establish a Union of Broadcasting Regulatory Organizations of Turkic Speaking Countries. 137 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 592.7. Efforts will be carried out to determine 593.1. A strategy document will be prepared the positioning of Türkiye in the field of emer- with the participation of all stakeholders to ging media technologies. ensure the development of the audiovisual se- ctor and the generation of revenue from every 592.8. Activities will be carried out to improve stage of the production and marketing ecosys- media literacy. tem. 593. The education system will be strengthe- 593.2. The functionality of design centers will ned to create a qualified workforce in the au- be enhanced, opportunities for competent diovisual sector, and sector-specific supports workforce to be employed remotely both at will be designed in coordination to facilitate universities and post-graduation will be provi- income generation from every stage of the ded. production and marketing ecosystem. Table 28: Targets for Information and Communication Technology 2022 2023 2028 Mobile Broadband Penetration (%) 1 84 87 2 100 Fiber Broadband Penetration (%) 1 6.7 7.4 2 11.0 Türkiye's Rank in UN-ITU Global Cyber Security Index 11 3 11 3 9 Internet Usage Rate (%) 85.0 87.1 96.5 Rate of Internet Use Among Women (%) 80.9 83.3 95.0 Rate of Internet Use Among Men (%) 89.1 90.9 98.0 Source: 2023 data are realization estimates of the Information and Communication Technologies Authority, TURKSTAT and the Interna- tional Telecommunication Union; the data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The ratio of number of subscribers to the population. (2) Data for the 2nd quarter of 2023. (3) Data for 2020.

3.2.3.7 — Mining b. Policies and Measures

3.2.3.7. Mining b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 595. Investment assurance will be increased and the investment environment will be im- 594. The main objective of the mining sector is proved by conducting a comprehensive study to improve the investment environment in the on the legislation affecting the mining sector, sector by carrying out mining activities within within the framework of current needs. the framework of an integrated management system and sustainable development princip- 595.1. A new mining law will be prepared to les, to determine Türkiye’s mineral, geother- take into account the characteristics and needs mal resource, oil and natural gas potential by of each mining group and exploration activi- increasing domestic exploration, to increase ties will be defined as activities for the public added-value by processing minerals and con- benefit. verting them into intermediate and end pro- ducts, to increase raw material supply security, 595.2. In order to ensure that all natural re- and to reduce foreign dependency. source management systems have a compatib- 138 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN le institutional structure, a high-level instituti- the valuable elements and minerals contained onal mechanism will be established to manage in them will be determined and projects will permission processes in natural resource areas be developed for their usage. such as forest, water, mine, geothermal, oil and natural gas by a single management mecha- 597.4. Scientific studies will be carried out to nism and to reduce bureaucratic processes. determine environmental parameters and pre- vent possible problems before and after mi- 596. In order to reduce foreign dependency in ning activities. energy and the current account deficit, explo- ration, production and R&D activities for do- 597.5. The National Mine Rehabilitation Infor- mestic resources with high potential such as mation System will be established, successful lignite, geothermal and shale gas, will be inc- rehabilitation and social responsibility proje- reased. cts will be promoted, and the effectiveness of rehabilitation practices will be increased. 596.1. Research activities will be carried out for non-conventional resources such as shale 598. Bureaucracy in permission processes will gas and methane gas, and studies on the pro- be reduced and investment assurance will be duction of synthetic oil from bituminous shale increased. will continue. 598.1. Current electronic infrastructure for 596.2. Activities for exploration and exploita- permissions and licenses in mining activities tion of our geothermal resources will be inc- will be improved and developed by adding ot- reased. her related permissions processes. 596.3. Efficiency increase, digitalization and 598.2. Investment processes will be accelera- autonomous production projects in mining en- ted by simplifying the permission processes to terprises will be supported and generalized. ensure investment assurance, and administra- tive and financial burdens on investors will be 597. In the context of sustainable develop- reduced. ment principles, the mining sector’s complian- ce with environmental and occupational safety 599. A strategy will be created for the identifi- legislation will be improved. cation and management of strategic and criti- cal raw materials in Türkiye. 597.1. Awareness of compliance with environ- mental and occupational safety legislation will 599.1. A roadmap will be prepared for the safe be increased. supply of strategic and critical minerals. 597.2. Training and certification studies will 599.2. Legal regulations will be made on mana- continue, and a mining-specific institutional gement, strategic reserves, stocks and export infrastructure will be established for the effe- restrictions for strategic and critical minerals. ctive management of occupational health and safety. 599.3. In order to ensure the security of supp- 597.3. An inventory of mine waste, residue ly of raw materials such as nickel, lithium, co- balt and rare earth elements used in areas such and refuse will be prepared, the potential of 139 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) as renewable energy, batteries and electric ve- 601.5. Türkiye will be an important producer hicles, studies will be carried out to cooperate throughout the world in the production of rare with countries that have rich reserves in these earth elements and lithium. mines. 602. Exploration efforts at home and abro- 600. Enlarging the scale of companies and bu- ad will be increased in order to meet the raw sinesses will be encouraged. material demands of the energy and industrial sectors, and within the framework of the prio- 600.1. Measures will be taken to strengthen ritization, priority will be given to the explora- the technical and financial structures of com- tion of strategic and critical minerals with high panies in the sector. economic potential. 600.2. Legislative changes will be made to 602.1. Exploration activities at home and abro- impose the requirement of having sufficient ad will be increased to meet the raw material financial and technical capacity to obtain mi- demands of the energy and industrial sectors. ning licenses that will be included in Türkiye’s list of critical and strategic minerals. 602.2. Seismic and drilling activities will be intensified within the scope of oil and natural 601. In order to increase the added-value in gas exploration activities on land and at sea, mining sector, priority will be given to the do- including the TRNC’s marine license areas. mestic processing of mining products and pro- duction of end products, and also the domestic 602.3. Projects will be developed for the se- production of machinery and equipment used arch and research of strategic and critical raw in mining activities will be supported. materials and rare earth elements determined by countries and country groups. 601.1. The application of facility installation requirement for the production of high valu- 602.4. By identifying suitable investment and e-added intermediate and end products in ten- production opportunities abroad, projects ders of mining license areas will be expanded. will be developed in cooperation with other country organizations on issues of mining, oil 601.2. Domestic production of machinery and and natural gas exploration and investment. equipment used in mining activities will be de- veloped. 603. Efforts will be carried out to reduce finan- cial risks in order to increase the exploration 601.3. The production of end and intermedia- activities of the private sector. te products with high added-value will be sup- ported. 603.1. Standards of Mineral Properties Code (UMVAL Code) will be developed by the Nati- 601.4. The production and diversity of high onal Resources and Reserves Reporting Com- value-added and advanced technology produ- mittee and will be used in capital markets. cts, especially boron-based products, will be increased. 603.2. Financing mechanisms such as minerals exchange and mining sector bank will be deve- loped for mineral exploration activities. 140 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 29: Targets for Mining Sector 2022 2023 2028 The Ratio of Mining Value-Added to GDP (At Current Prices, %) 1.4 1.3 2.0 Mining Exports (Billion USD, At Current Prices) 4.6 3.6 10.0 The Number of Mine Site Tenders with Intermediate and End Product 45 56 100 Production Conditions (Cumulative) Natural Gas Production (Billion m3/Year) 0.4 1.1 15.5 Crude Oil Production (Barrel/Day) 68,330 75,000 210,000 Source: The data for 2022 from TURKSTAT and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.3.8 — Logistics and Transportation transportation plans are made in line with the

3.2.3.8. Logistics and Transportation transportation plans are made in line with the decisions regarding the spatial configuration a. Objective of cities. 604. The main objective is to develop in- 605.3. Design standards for emergency ter-modal and multimodal transportation pra- transportation and evacuation routes will be ctices; to establish a safe, accessible, holis- determined for each province, and emergency tic, environment-friendly, and cost-effective access plans will be determined in case of a transportation system; and to maximize the disaster. utilization of our potential to become a regio- nal hub in transportation and logistics by cre- 605.4. In order to make urban and intercity ating infrastructure that supports competitive transportation facilities and infrastructures production and exports. safe against disasters, risk analyses will be conducted and necessary retrofitting and mo- b. Policies and Measures dification projects will be completed. 605. Legislative arrangements and infrastru- 605.5. Freight and logistics centers close to cture works for the establishment of disas- airports and ports will also be used as disaster ter-resilient transportation infrastructure will logistics centers. be completed. 605.6. Infrastructure information system will 605.1. For transportation infrastructure proje- be developed to mitigate the impacts of cli- cts, differentiated design principles will be de- mate change and natural disasters on railway termined according to the disaster risk of the transportation. region where the project will be realized. 606. In order to minimize environmental impa- 605.2. In order to create a disaster-resilient cts and costs and increase energy efficiency in urban planning, especially in regions with the transportation and logistics sector, priority high earthquake risk, it will be ensured that will be given to rail and maritime transportati- 141 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) on, alternative financing methods will be en- 607.2. Türkiye’s international effectiveness hanced, a safe, uninterrupted, efficient, integ- will be increased by demonstrating its achieve- rated and sustainable transportation network ments in the field of transportation and logis- and logistics centers will be established. tics, and steps will be taken to make Türkiye more effective in the decision-making mecha- 606.1. Innovative, green and sustainable nisms of sectoral international organizations. methods will be enhanced to effectively use cost-effective international financing resour- 607.3. Standards will be determined for ces in transportation investments. transportation and logistics services trainings, and qualified personnel will be trained to be 606.2. The number of electric traction vehicles employed in the sector through university-in- will be increased in line with the ongoing ele- dustry cooperation. ctrification works on railways. 608. The effectiveness of the existing infrast- 606.3. Green port practices will continue to ructure will be increased by reviewing ongoing be supported by encouraging the use of low investments in the transportation sector with emission/non-emission producing machinery a focus on feasibility, sustainability, effective- and equipment in order to increase energy ef- ness, accessibility, safety, and efficiency. ficiency in port operations and minimize envi- ronmental impacts. 608.1. Transport investments will be rationa- lized on the basis of feasibility, efficiency and 606.4. Research and Development activities sustainability. will be encouraged for dissemination of envi- ronment-friendly, new generation naval and 608.2. Within the compliance framework, ef- air vehicles. ficiency, and capacity analyses, airports will be encouraged to be used more effectively for 606.5. In line with the net zero emission target, activities such as fighting forest fires, training, efforts to produce and use sustainable aviati- demonstration, aircraft storage, maintenan- on fuels in the airline sector will be supported. ce-repair, dismantling and recycling, amateur aviation, fairs, festivals, and exam centers. 607. Public, university and industry cooperati- on activities will be carried out to improve the 608.3. Airline enterprises will be supported in quality of human resources in the transpor- order to develop regional airline transportation. tation and logistics sector, and efforts will be made to increase Türkiye’s representation 608.4. Improvements for efficient use of the power at medium and high level in relevant in- existing highway infrastructure will be priori- ternational organizations. tized and cost-effective routes requiring mini- mum engineering structures will be preferred 607.1. Advanced training and consultancy for new projects. services will be provided to other countries in order to promote the adoption of Turkish stan- 608.5. Coordination and cooperation among dards in the field of transportation and logisti- investor institutions will be ensured in order cs on a regional and global scale. 142 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN to complete the ongoing railway investments duction using domestic resources, R&D studies within the deadline and bring them into the and the use of mobility data will be supported. economy, and it will be ensured that the pro- ductions are completed according to the work 609.4. By completing the work to create a digi- schedule. tal inventory of railway infrastructure and ve- hicles, maintenance-repair and line demands 608.6. Improvements will be made in railway will be monitored and the efficiency of opera- construction, maintenance-repair and safety tional activities will be increased. standards, and R&D studies for modernization will be supported. 609.5. In order to make transportation on conventional railway lines safe, environ- 608.7. Realizations of the Transportation and ment-friendly, economical and efficient, ele- Logistics Master Plan will be periodically re- ctrification, signaling and communication inf- ported. rastructure will be prioritized and completed with a focus on freight potential. 609. In the transportation and logistics sector, the use of digital applications and new tech- 610. In order to increase the share of railways nologies, especially information and commu- in freight and passenger transportation and to nication technologies, will be made widespre- improve combined transportation opportuni- ad, and more effective and efficient use of the ties, ongoing railway projects will be comple- existing infrastructure in transportation sys- ted and railway connections will be provided tems will be ensured. to important freight centers such as OIZs, ports and mines. 609.1. Infrastructure and technology invest- ments will be made for the use of electric or 610.1. Ongoing high speed train projects will other alternative fuel vehicles in all modes of be completed, line capacity will be increased transportation, and harmonization and legisla- in bottleneck regions and regions with high tive arrangements for new generation, sustai- freight transportation potential will be conne- nable and integrated mobility services will be cted to the railway network. completed. 610.2. In order to ensure the sustainability of 609.2. The use of structures that increase the global supply chain, efforts to increase the travel safety, security and transportation effi- efficiency and diversity of the transportation ciency through technological solutions such corridors in which Türkiye is located will con- as smart roads, connected and autonomous tinue. driving systems, intelligent transportation sys- tems, energy absorbing guardrails will be ex- 610.3. Priority will be given to the construc- panded. tion of railway branch line projects for which surveys have been completed, and capacity 609.3. The use of digital applications and sys- will be increased in railway corridors with high tems in the transportation sector will be made freight demand through applications such as widespread, and their development and pro- double track and sidings. 143 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 610.4. In order to increase operational ef- 611.4. The number of low tonnage vessels, ficiency, railway branch line standards and which are effective elements of short distance logistics center operation and management maritime transport, will be increased and ap- models will be determined. propriate financing models will be implemen- ted for the development of the Turkish mariti- 610.5. The cargo handling capacity and stan- me trade fleet. dards of existing and under-construction logis- tics centers will be increased, and new logisti- 612. The Turkish aviation sector will achieve cs centers will be planned in freight corridors economic, environmental and social sustaina- suitable for multimodal transportation. bility, and aviation legislation will be updated in line with operational requirements and glo- 610.6. High speed train services will be plan- bal developments. ned considering the passenger potential, and travel times will be shortened by increasing 612.1. Legislation will be revised to adapt to the number of express services. the developing and changing business model in civil aviation. 611. In order to ensure that Türkiye becomes a regional and continental maritime transship- 612.2. Cargo capacity will be utilized more ef- ment hub, coastal facilities will be developed fectively and efficiently to ensure that Istanbul and the Turkish maritime trade fleet will be im- becomes an international air cargo and transs- proved. hipment center. 612.3. A national strategy document and road- 611.1. Preparations for the establishment of a map will be prepared to increase the number new shipyard for ship maintenance and repa- of flights of airline companies to other count- ir in the Eastern Mediterranean, with priority ries and to obtain new flight permits more ea- given to strategically important drillships and sily. military vessels, will be completed. 612.4. Business models including new activi- 611.2. A main port will be built in the Eas- ties in and around airports will be developed tern Mediterranean region, which will be the to increase the contribution of transit passen- gateway to the Middle East and Central Asian gers to the national economy. countries, focusing on transit cargo and cont- ributing to the development of the region and 612.5. Regulatory deficiencies in air cargo increasing exports. processes will be examined and possible im- provements will be implemented. 611.3. The back areas of coastal facilities will be developed, ports will be constructed in ac- 613. Maintenance-repair services on highways cordance with holistic coastal planning in a will be provided on time and at an adequate way to make maximum use of economies of level; necessary measures will be taken to ma- scale, and their connections with international intain transportation at an adequate service le- inter-modal transport corridors will be stren- vel by eliminating traffic flow bottlenecks that gthened. may occur on the existing highway network. 144 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 613.1. Preventive maintenance concept will 614.1. A road classification system will be es- be taken as a basis to reduce vehicle operating tablished according to road functions and traf- costs and heavy maintenance costs on the hi- fic volume, and speed limits will be determi- ghway network. ned for the entire road network based on this system. 613.2. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement cons- truction will be emphasized on highway rou- 614.2. Information collection, evaluation, tes with an annual average daily traffic of over analysis and data dissemination activities will 1,000 heavy vehicles. be strengthened and common databases will be used in accident prevention activities. 613.3. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which aim to reduce travel times on hi- 614.3. Infrastructure and safety standards on ghways, increase traffic safety and ensure ef- the road network will be raised through “sel- ficient use of existing road capacities, will be f-expressing roads”, where all road users can made widespread. understand the standards of road sections th- rough markings, signs and lights, and “forgi- 614. In order to reduce the loss of life due to ving roadsides”, which prevent crashes or mi- road traffic accidents, a “safe system appro- nimize damage caused by crashes. ach” which recognizes that road users may 614.4. In order to increase the effectiveness of make mistakes and sees road safety as a sha- traffic controls, efforts will be made to prevent red responsibility of all actors in the traffic sys- traffic violations that increase the severity and tem will be adopted. number of accidents and to strengthen the perceived risk of being caught. 145 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 30: Targets for Logistics and Transportation Sector 2022 2023 2028 High Speed Train Line Length (Km, Cumulative) 1,460 2,251 5,343 Share of Railways in Land Passenger Transportation (%) 5.37 5.76 7.60 Cargo Handled on Cabotage Line (Million Tones) 67.5 63.1 76.4 Airport Total Passengers (Including Direct Transit) (Million) 182 210 246 Length of Divided Road (Including Motorway) (km, Cumulative) 28,986 29,378 31,250 Motorway Length (km, Cumulative) 3,633 3,726 4,330 HMA Pavement Road Network (km, Cumulative) 30,026 30,861 35,500 The Number of People Died in Traffic Accidents 5,229 5,2001 3,500 Türkiye’s Ranking in Logistics Performance Index2 38 38 25 The Share of Railways in Land Freight Transportation (%) 4.77 5.43 9.0 Railway Line Efficiency (Passenger-Km+Ton-Km)/(Outline Length) 2.41 2.77 7.0 Freight Transported by Railways (Billion Net Tons-Km) 16.6 19.4 40.0 Electric Line Ratio (%) 48 52 72 Signalized Line Ratio (%) 55 58 80 Length of Railway Branch Line (Km, Cumulative) 439 439 608 Total Container Handling (Million TEUs) 12.4 12.3 17.4 Maritime Transit Cargo Handling (Million Tones) 81.0 70.4 89.5 1000 GRT and Above Turkish Owned Merchant Fleet (Million DWT) 39.1 41.7 57.5 Airline International Cargo Traffic (Thousand Tons) 1,573 1,325 3,800 Source: The data for 2023 are realization estimates of from the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and the General Directo- rate of Security. The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Estimates of the Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2) World Bank data; 2023 data refers to the targeted rank in the report to be published in 2022. Postal Services Sector b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 616. It will be ensured that the universal servi- ce obligation is effectively maintained accor- 615. The main objective is to contribute to sus- ding to changing conditions. tainable growth and employment in the postal sector and to provide citizens with fast, high 616.1. The scope and financing of universal quality, accessible, diverse and reliable postal postal service will be reviewed by taking into services. account changing technology and market con- ditions. 146 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 617. Measures will be taken to provide fast, 619.1. The Retail Information System (PERBİS) high quality, reliable and sustainable servi- will be implemented, which will ensure that ces by adapting the postal sector to evolving necessary applications and other transactions e-commerce conditions. for the establishment, operation and closure of retail businesses are carried out and finali- 617.1. Legislative work will be carried out in zed from a single center. line with the requirements of new business models. 619.2. In order to improve wholesale trade practices, legislative works will be completed 617.2. Obligations regarding the issuance of to ensure the modernization of wholesale food printed documents will be reviewed to enable markets and similar structures the share of the the sector to provide faster and more efficient wholesale markets in trade will be increased. services with the help of digitalization. 619.3. Regulations to protect the rights and 617.3. Statistical infrastructure will be estab- interests of producers in the vegetable and lished in the sector and regular data producti- fruit trade will be put into practice. on and publication will be ensured. 619.4. A system will be established to ensure

3.2.3.9 — Services for the Promotion of instant monitoring of the prices of the produ

3.2.3.9. Services for the Promotion of instant monitoring of the prices of the produ- Trade and Consumer Protection cts supplied to the market. a. Objective 619.5. Legislation and system infrastructure will be established to keep commercial books 618. The main objective is to provide a qua- electronically. lity-oriented, easy and low transaction cost trade environment where buyers and sellers 619.6. All processes, including payments in are effectively brought together by using new trade registry transactions, will be carried out trade marketplaces and tools safely, prices are electronically. determined under well-functioning market conditions, producer and consumer rights are 619.7. Marketplace Registration System and protected within the framework of green and Marketplace Registration System Mobile App- digital transformation in Türkiye. lication will be updated to meet the needs of users. b. Policies and Measures 619.8. In order to develop and disseminate the 619. Competitiveness will be increased and licensed warehousing system, works will be the disruptions that may be encountered in carried out to increase the number of licensed market functioning will be eliminated in the storages, storage capacity and product diver- wholesale and retail trade sector by taking sity. into consideration the benefits of producers 619.9. Efforts will be made to increase the ex- and consumers. tensity of “renewed products” re-introduced to the market throughout the country. 147 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 619.10. Efforts will be carried out to increase 620.2. Training, promotion and awareness ac- the adaptation capacity of the wholesale and tivities will be carried out for provinces with retail trade sector to digital transformation. low e-commerce volume. 619.11. Current legislation and practices will 620.3. In order to increase e-export, Türkiye be improved in line with evolving needs, espe- e-Export Platform and e-Export Consortiums cially green and digital transformation with a will be activated, companies, marketplaces participatory approach. and retail e-commerce sites will be supported to trade in overseas electronic markets and 619.12. In order to prevent informality and marketplaces. obviate counterfeit and adulterated products, controls and inspections will be made more 620.4. In order to increase e-export, target effective. regions and sectors in the nearby geography will be determined, field research and needs 619.13. Combating unfair commercial prac- analyses revealing product-based production tices will be made more effective, sanctions and trade will be carried out. imposed on companies engaging in exorbitant price increases and stockpiling will be aggra- 620.5. With the recognition of alternative vated. and flexible working models in e-commerce logistics, the required human resources and 619.14. The reasons underlying the price inc- storage capacity will be increased, the use of reases will be investigated in detail by the Un- eco-friendly vehicles will be promoted inclu- fair Price Assessment Board and transparently ding sustainability and environmental policies shared with the public. in fast delivery. 619.15. Efforts will be executed to strengthen 620.6. In regions where Türkiye has a competi- the perception of profession in the sector in tive advantage, e-commerce market share will order to ensure qualified labor force to prefer be raised through bilateral and multilateral ag- the sector. reements. 619.16. Awareness on the importance of bran- 620.7. The Electronic Commerce Information ding will be increased, branding activities, par- System will be developed with detailed produ- ticularly domain names of e-commerce busi- ct-based data to meet the needs of businesses nesses, will be supported. and consumers, including foreign markets. 620. Works to boost confidence in e-commer- 620.8. Audit and investigation activities will ce will be carried out, Türkiye’s market share be carried out for unfair commercial practices will be increased, especially in countries and in electronic commerce. regions where Türkiye has geographic and cul- tural proximity. 620.9. Legislative arrangements will be made and implementation will be improved 620.1. e-Commerce legislation will be upda- to facilitate the return process of products in ted to adapt to new business models. cross-border e-commerce. 148 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 620.10. A system will be established to enable 621.4. With the “Digital Consumer Protection” market surveillance and inspection in e-com- approach, studies will be carried out against merce and necessary legal regulations will be deceptive and misleading practices, especially made. advertisements in digital media. 620.11. e-Export customs transactions will be 621.5. Consumer arbitration committees will simplified. be restructured in 81 provincial centers, the- ir institutional and human resource capacities 621. The legislation on consumer protection will be improved. will be reviewed, special measures for sensi- tive consumer groups will be introduced and 621.6. Consumer Complaint Platform will be practices will be improved. established in order to resolve consumer dis- putes electronically. 621.1. The legislation on consumer protection will be reviewed in line with current develop- 621.7. A needs analysis will be conducted to ments. strengthen the existing institutional structure by examining country practices on consumer 621.2. Promotion and awareness raising acti- protection. vities will be conducted to ensure the aware- 621.8. A course named conscious consumer ness of producers and consumers, especially will be included in the primary education cur- on green transformation, environmental im- ricula to ensure that students are aware of con- pacts of products, sustainable production and sumer rights at an early age. consumption. 621.9. Innovation and improvement works will 621.3. In order to increase the effectiveness of be perpetrated in the Consumer Information market surveillance and inspection activities, System. current institutional structure and legislation will be reviewed, coordination of relevant ins- 621.10. Special precautions will be taken for titutions will be ensured and their capacities sensitive consumer groups, primarily children will be increased. and the elderly. Table 31: Targets for Trade and Consumer Protection Services 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Licensed Storage 167 185 210 The Ratio of Online Shoppers (%)1 46.2 49.5 63 Distrust Rate in Consumer Products (%) 1.7 1.7 1.3 The Share of e-Export in Exports (%) 0.86 2.05 10 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The rate of ordering or purchasing goods or services over the Internet by individuals for personal use. 149 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.2.3.10 — Customs Services ronic environment and the submission of the

3.2.3.10. Customs Services ronic environment and the submission of the documents in paper form will be terminated. a. Objective 624.4. Duplicate data entries will be preven- 622. The main objective is to facilitate trade ted by ensuring data sharing among instituti- and combat smuggling effectively by taking ons responsible for foreign trade transactions. transparency and predictability as a basis in line with international standards and our obli- 624.5. In order to reduce the increasing costs gations. due to long waiting times at customs gates, the legislative and infrastructural factors causing b. Policies and Measures the delays will be improved. 623. Bilateral, regional and multilateral com- 625. Fees charged for customs services will be mercial and economic relations and cooperati- reviewed and harmonized with international on in the field of customs will be developed by standards. safeguarding the national rights and interests of Türkiye. 625.1. Fees and deductions levied in import and export processes will be reviewed by con- 623.1. Taking into account the economic deve- sidering their direct relationship with the ser- lopments in Türkiye and world trade, efforts to vice. update the Customs Union will be carried out. 626. Customs services will be transformed 623.2. Cooperation between customs agencies into a structure compatible with green and di- will be raised and works will be put through to gital transformation. conclude various international documents. 626.1. Foreign trade and customs legislation 624. Control, permit and approval processes designed with traditional foreign trade models conducted by various agencies will be simpli- will be revised in line with twin transforma- fied and the documents required in these pro- tion taking into account the requirements of cesses will be reduced. e-export. 624.1. The number of documents will be redu- 626.2. Artificial intelligence-supported tra- ced by reviewing their appropriateness. ining platforms where exporters can learn e-export steps and a new generation national 624.2. Paperless customs practices will be ex- business-to-business platform that will make tended by using innovative technologies such exporters accessible to global buyers and sup- as blockchain and optical character recogniti- port their digital infrastructure will be imple- on (OCR) in foreign trade transactions. mented. 624.3. All the documents submitted to the 627. Legislation will be made clear and easy delivery offices for the allocation of clearan- to understand, and participation in legislation ce documents will be transferred to the elect- drafting will be increased. 150 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 627.1. While drafting legislation, the views of tatively and quantitatively, and professionali- relevant parties will be maximally taken into zation will be enhanced. account and a reasonable period of time will be ensured between its publication and imp- 629.1. Necessary regulations will be imple- lementation. mented to enable Ministry of Trade to carry out the coordination of customs gates. 627.2. Duties, authorities, rights and obligati- ons will be stated clearly and comprehensibly 629.2. In-service training activities will be or- in the new legislation. ganized for the provincial customs staff and supporting guidelines will be published. 628. In order to increase efficiency and produ- ctivity in customs operations, information and 630. Regulations will be made to increase communication technologies will be benefited e-exports in compliance with our international to the maximum extent and infrastructure nee- obligations. ds will be met. 630.1. The simplified customs declaration 628.1. The information processing infrastruc- process, mainly in the e-export, will be hand- ture of customs agencies will be improved in led with QR code applications. line with needs by taking the opinions of sta- keholders. 630.2. Efforts will be made to ensure the effe- ctive and efficient establishment of the logis- 628.2. The works carried out on the use of tics network for e-export. blockchain technology in export transactions will be developed including the Computerized 630.3. Necessary arrangements will be put Customs Activities (COMCA) System. into effect to accelerate e-export and to facili- tate the customs clearance abroad by facilita- 628.3. Advanced technological systems and ting shipping processes in e-commerce. applications in goods, vehicle and passenger controls will be made widespread and softwa- 631. Logistics activities will be improved and re will be developed. customs procedures will be facilitated. 628.4. Efforts will be executed to extend the 631.1. Customs zones and waiting places wit- on-site customs clearance in exports by pro- hin the city will be relocated outside residen- viding additional facilities to companies with tial areas, the need for customs zones will be Authorized Economic Operator Status. reduced through on-site customs clearance, and the working hours and infrastructures of 629. In order to ensure uniformity in practice, all kinds of facilities such as factory sites, fruit the authorities and responsibilities in working and vegetable markets and storage areas will processes will be further clarified, human re- be made suitable for night logistics. sources capacity will be increased both quali- 151 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 32: Targets for Customs Services 2022 2023 2028 Total Number of Authorized Economic Operator Firms 600 675 770 Average Time, an Export Shipment Waits under the Surveillance of 2.0 2.1 2.0 the Customs at Ports (Days) Average Time, an Export Shipment Waits under the Surveillance of 4.0 3.6 3.4 the Customs at Land Border Posts (Hours) The Rate of Export Declarations Cleared within the First 4 Hours (%) 88 90 91 Source: The data for 2022 are from Ministry of Trade. The data for 2023 are estimates of Ministry of Trade and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.3.11 — Construction, Engineering- 633.3. Necessary legislative work will be car

3.2.3.11. Construction, Engineering- 633.3. Necessary legislative work will be car- Architectural, Technical Consultancy, and ried out by conducting a needs analysis to en- Contracting Services sure sustainability in the construction sector. a. Objective 633.4. Regulations will be made to encourage and expand the use of recyclable building ma- 632. The main objective is to create sustai- terials and environment-friendly construction nable and secure environment that utilizes technologies. renewable sources towards net zero carbon emission target; to create a construction sector 633.5. Financial and technical incentive inst- that has strong and integrated supply chains, ruments will be developed to improve energy capable of producing low-carbon building ma- performance of the existing building stock. terials at competitive costs and with high tech- nological capability and make Türkiye a global 633.6. Pilot implementations will be carried brand abroad. out to create sustainable built environment in risky area transformations. b. Policies and Measures 633.7. Smart building designs that allow ow- 633. Green transformation of the construction ners to monitor building performance inclu- sector will be ensured. ding energy efficiency will be disseminated. 633.1. Strong and integrated supply chains 633.8. Buildings with high energy efficiency will be established to produce low-carbon bu- will be made widespread by increasing usage ilding materials at competitive costs. rate of renewable energy in buildings. 633.2. The production and use of sustainable 633.9. Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) cri- construction material with reduced embedded teria will be improved and developed. carbon level and carbon footprint will be ex- panded. 633.10. Public awareness will be created on nZEB applications. 152 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 633.11. National Green Certificate System for 637.1. Digital design principles such as buil- certification of green buildings and green sett- ding information modelling, life cycle analysis lements will be expanded. will be gradually made mandatory principally in public procurement. 633.12. National Green Certificate System (Yes-TR) will be adapted for international use. 637.2. Legal infrastructure will be set up for the use of tools such as digital project delivery, 634. The use of climate sensitive, energy ef- autonomous project control. ficient, sustainable wooden buildings will be expanded in Türkiye. 637.3. Integration of technologies using inter- net of things into construction will be promo- 634.1. Legislative work will be carried out on ted. the design principles of wooden buildings, a manual will be prepared. 638. The building inspection system will be strengthened. 635. Products and construction techniques ba- sed on sustainable built environment will be 638.1. The building inspection legislation will developed. be updated by taking the opinions of all sta- keholders in the sector. 635.1. The development of the software in- dustry suitable for digital transformation in 638.2. A competent/expert engineering sys- life cycle analysis and sustainability will be tem considering field experience and continu- supported. ous on-the-job training will be created to pro- vide engineering services with the necessary 635.2. Capacity will be created to use sustai- technical knowledge and equipment in the bu- nable building design methods based on life ilding inspection process. cycle analysis. 638.3. Studies will be carried out to make le- 636. Architecture-engineering education will gislation on periodic inspection of buildings be reviewed in accordance with current deve- according to their performance levels and to lopments and its quality will be enhanced. determine the performance level of buildings by simplified methods in specified areas as a 636.1. The architecture-engineering educati- result of structural inspection. on curricula at universities will be reorganized to train foreign language-speaking workforce 639. Competence based on experience and that is qualified in areas such as building in- education in the construction sector will be formation modeling, circular economy, energy certified and encouraged. efficiency and managerial subjects such as law, contract management, project management 639.1. Special education and training prog- and risk management. rams such as road engineering, traffic enginee- ring, geotechnical engineering will be develo- 637. Digitalization in construction ecosystem ped to train sector specific personnel. will be increased. 153 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 639.2. The knowledge and skills of constructi- 641.2. Control mechanisms will be establis- on sector employees in new areas such as di- hed for the appropriate use of negotiated pro- gitalization, circular economy and energy effi- cedures in public procurement limited only to ciency will be improved with lifelong learning urgent and unforeseen circumstances, authori- approach. ties will be ensured to use competitive procu- rement procedures and efforts will be carried 640. The quality of occupational health and out to develop new procurement procedures. safety services will be raised in line with tech- nological developments and current trends. 641.3. Processes for the evaluation of abnor- mally low tenders in public procurement will 640.1. Training curriculum for occupational be improved. health and safety professionals will be ameli- orated considering the sector, activities, work 641.4. A certification system will be establis- equipment and occupational accidents. hed for the individuals who want to participate in public procurement. 640.2. Information activities, technical gui- dance and support will be expanded to raise 641.5. The system will be updated to ensure awareness on working safely at height and that all public procurement is conducted on a work equipment to prevent occupational acci- single platform in a fast, efficient and transpa- dents. rent way. 640.3. Construction, installation and electri- 641.6. A central platform will be created to di- city unit prices, analysis and tariffs will be im- gitalize public procurement contract process, proved by considering basic occupational he- all public institutions will be ensured to carry alth and safety requirements, and obligations out their transactions through this platform. regarding occupational health and safety will be developed in public tender documents. 642. Technical consultancy services will be supported. 641. Public procurement legislation and prac- tices will be updated in line with international 643. International competitiveness of contra- cting and technical consultancy firms will be norms and standards, public procurement pro- augmented. cedures and selection criteria for construction and service contractors will be redefined to 643.1. Continued support will be provided for ensure competition. positioning, strengthening, and branding of companies in international markets to enab- 641.1. The determination of non-price fac- le foreign construction services to enter new tors in public procurement, transactions such markets, deepen existing ones, and contribute as rate and weighting will be made more spe- to the export of Turkish construction products. cific and clear models will be created, use of non-price factors will also be made a selection 643.2. Türkiye’s position in existing markets criterion. will be strengthened via bilateral agreements, efforts to enter new markets will be continued. 154 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 644. Innovation and R&D activities in the cons- 644.2. Programs will be created for R&D acti- truction sector will be promoted in line with vities to develop technical legislation. Türkiye’s priorities and needs, and instruments will be developed to increase academic contri- 644.3. Financial incentives will be developed bution to R&D activities. to promote innovation and R&D activities in the construction sector. 644.1. R&D activities for digital design will be supported in cooperation with academia and research institutions. Table 33: Targets for Technical Consultancy and Contracting Services 2022 2023 2028 Overseas Technical Consultancy Services Annual Total Project Value 236 200 240 (Million USD) Overseas Contracting Services Contract Value (Billion USD) 19.1 20.0 30.0 Source: The data for 2022 are from the Ministry of Trade. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates of Ministry of Trade and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.2.4 — State Aid 646.3. Taking into account the results of the

3.2.4. State Aid 646.3. Taking into account the results of the impact evaluation, priority will be given to a. Objective new state aid in areas that are needed and of particular importance, especially green and di- 645. The main objective is to enhance social gital transformation. welfare by increasing investment, production and employment through sectoral guidance 646.4. Simplification and harmony will be ac- and encouragement, to develop long-term in- hieved by combining similar state aid provided ternational competitiveness, to accelerate the by different institutions. development process, to reduce regional de- velopment inequality, to address market failu- 647. A monitoring mechanism regarding state res in order to improve the functionality of the aid will be established and coordination will market economy. be ensured among relevant public institutions and organizations. b. Policies and Measures 647.1. State Aid Monitoring System (SAMS) 646. The effectiveness of state aid will be inc- will be established. reased. 647.2. Integration of public institutions and 646.1. Impact evaluation capacity will be de- organizations applying state aid into the SAMS veloped in public institutions and organizati- will be ensured. ons providing state aid. 647.3. International aid standards and rules 646.2. Implemented state aid will be reviewed will be followed and research will be conduc- within the scope of impact evaluation results, ted on best practices and needs. especially its consistency with its purpose. 155 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 34: Targets for State Aid 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Public Institutions and Organizations Personnel Given Impact - 125 150 Evaluation Training The Ratio of Public Institutions and Organizations Applying Integrated State - - 100 Aid to SAMS (%) Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 156 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.3 — QUALIFIED PEOPLE, STRONG pation of women, young people and disabled

3.3. QUALIFIED PEOPLE, STRONG pation of women, young people and disabled FAMILY, HEALTHY SOCIETY people in the labor market will be supported, and measures will be taken to protect and ra- 648. In the axis of “Qualified People, Strong ise awareness of employees in the field of oc- Family, Healthy Society” of the Development cupational health and safety. Plan, it is aimed to carry a resilient family and society structure and educated, cultured, pro- 651. It is aimed to increase the quality and ductive and healthy generations with national duration of life of individuals and to ensure and human values to the future by adopting a financially sustainable health service delivery people-oriented, inclusive development ap- based on quality, reliable, effective, high pre- proach. In this direction, policies and measures paredness/adaptation capacity, evidence-ba- have been determined to improve the quality sed processes and digital health technologies of individuals by increasing their knowledge for generations in a state of complete physical and skills, to ensure the protection and stren- and mental well-being. It is important to stren- gthening of the family, to establish a peaceful gthen preventive health services by promoting and healthy social structure where no one is healthy lifestyles and improving the human ca- left out and left behind, where welfare is sha- pacity and physical infrastructure in the health red fairly, and where the spirit of unity, solida- sector in terms of quality and quantity, taking rity and solidarity prevails. into account the balance of distribution among regions. 649. In ensuring sustainable development, it is important that all individuals have access to 652. As a necessity of sustainable develop- qualified education and lifelong learning op- ment, one of the primary objectives of the portunities on the basis of equality of oppor- Plan is to reduce poverty by ensuring that the tunity and that they grow up as citizens who wealth generated by economic growth is fair- have internalized our nation’s values and are ly distributed among all segments of society. useful to society. It is aimed to provide the la- This involves developing and fully utilizing bor force with the skills needed to make hu- human capital potential, improving income man resources qualified through vocational distribution, addressing the needs of special education and higher education, and to impro- groups such as children, youth, women, people ve vocational education in line with changing with disability, and the elderly through tailo- technology, production structure and service red policies, and enhancing and expanding so- delivery forms, taking into account the balance cial assistance and services to raise the overall of supply and demand in labor markets. quality of life. 650. Within the framework of the twin trans- 653. In every aspect related to the societal formation in employment and working life, structure aimed at the protection and em- measures will be taken to keep the employ- powerment of families, inclusive, comprehen- ment creation capacity of the labor market at sive, and participatory family-friendly policies the maximum level. Active labor force policies will be developed and implemented. During will be enriched in content and used more ef- the planning period, efforts will be made to fectively. During the plan period, the partici- maximize the welfare and quality of life within 157 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) families, enhance intergenerational solidarity 656. In the framework of active aging, it is ai- and cooperation, increase the quality, quantity, med to protect elderly individuals mentally and effectiveness of services provided to fami- and physically from diseases by supporting lies, and implement policies and measures ai- healthy lifestyles and improving their access med at zero tolerance for domestic violence. to healthcare services, enabling them to bene- fit from lifelong learning opportunities, stren- 654. In order to accelerate Türkiye’s sustainab- gthening intergenerational relationships to le development, the main priorities are to en- ensure effective participation in societal, cul- sure that women and girls have the knowledge tural, and economic life, and enhancing their and skills to meet the requirements of digital quality of life by preserving their physical and and green transformation, to ensure their inc- economic independence. lusion and continuity at all levels of education in line with the requirements of the age, and to 657. Türkiye, which faces intense irregular support their well-being by improving social migration due to its geographical location and services. It is important to take concrete steps socioeconomic development level, has beco- to ensure women’s full and effective participa- me the country with the highest number of tion in employment, their greater involvement asylum seekers in the world since 2015. Du- in decision-making mechanisms in the public ring the Plan period, policies and measures and private sectors as well as in politics, and will be implemented to ensure effective mig- the establishment of a work-life balance. ration management in order to prevent irregu- lar migration. 655. Despite a significant decrease in the po- pulation growth rate, leveraging the high pro- 3.3.1. Education portion of children and youth in Türkiye rema- ins one of the most important objectives of the a.Objective Plan. It aims to ensure that children and youth embody national, spiritual, and moral values, 658. The main objective is to ensure that all are sensitive to global and national issues, and individuals have equal access to quality edu- play an active role in the country’s develop- cation and lifelong learning opportunities on ment. In this context, it is considered impor- the basis of the principle of inclusiveness, to tant to implement policies that will maximize develop their academic, social and professi- the potential of children, starting from early onal skills in accordance with international childhood, especially in the fields of health, standards, to ensure that they have compe- education, culture and sports, and ensure that tence in analytical thinking, financial literacy, young people become an important driving collaborative work and leadership, to interna- force of sustainable development as individu- lize national, moral, ethical, humanitarian and als with high life skills, self-confidence, equip- social values, and to grow up as responsible ped with the requirements of digital and green members of their families and society. transformation, and actively participating in social, political and economic life in line with 659. It is aimed to discover the talents and their talents, education and preferences. capacities of individuals at an early age and direct them to fields where they can develop 158 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN appropriate skills in the fields of science, tech- 662. Educational environments that safeguard nology and professional careers, and to ensure the mental and physical development of child- that they take part in the social division of la- ren, support child safety and well-being will be bor as productive and social citizens who have provided, and preventive mechanisms will be skills in certain fields at a young age by gaining established for students at risk of dropping out cultural, artistic, sports and language compe- of education and dropping out of school. tencies by taking into account their personal interests. 662.1. Human and physical facilities for the education of individuals in need of special 660. With a quality and result-oriented ma- education will be increased. nagement approach, it is aimed to create an innovative and competitive higher education 662.2. Mechanisms and standards to support system that will make our universities a cen- child well-being will be established and scho- ter of attraction for international students and ols will be monitored according to these stan- academicians who are successful in their fiel- dards. ds, aiming to train academic staff and qualified manpower with the competence to contribute 662.3. Science, culture, arts, sports and social to universal knowledge production in line with activities will be increased in schools. the needs of Türkiye. 662.4. In order to ensure that children who are b. Policies and Measures at risk of dropping out of school remain in the education system and to ensure that children 661. Equality of opportunity will be ensured in who drop out of education are returned to the children’s access to quality, universal, free and education system, a monitoring mechanism pre-primary education. that tracks the social and academic skills of students will be established, and through this 661.1. Necessary physical and human infrast- monitoring mechanism preventive measures ructure will be provided to increase access to will be taken in cooperation with families and preschool education. schools. 661.2. In order to facilitate access to quality 663. The achievement gap between students preschool education, studies will be conduc- and the quality gap between schools will be ted on different models for the needs of pri- reduced, quality and inclusive education servi- ority regions and families, taking into account ces will be provided in all schools, the quality their economic and social development levels. of human resources will be increased for this purpose, and training activities will be expan- 661.3. Support from philanthropists and the ded to ensure that families, who are an impor- private sector will be encouraged to be direc- tant part of the education process, contribute ted primarily to preschool education. more in this context. 661.4. Quality standards for preschool educa- 663.1. A school-based performance evaluati- tion will be determined and a monitoring and on system will be introduced and the reasons evaluation system will be developed. 159 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) for the low level of school development of lanthropists in regions lacking physical space schools with low level of development will be will be directed to current expenditures such analyzed and necessary measures will be ta- as educational support and teaching materials. ken. 665.A measurement and evaluation system 663.2. An effective monitoring and evaluation will be created based on the development of system will be established for compensatory the individual and includes the long-term lear- and supportive education programs, and the- ning process. se programs will be restructured to take into account student needs. 665.1. The measurement and evaluation sys- tem will be structured on a competency-based 663.3. An e-student file will be created for basis at all levels of education. each student, in which records of academic and social activities will be kept and the lear- 665.2. Information and communication tech- ning process will be monitored across levels. nologies will be actively used in measurement and evaluation. 663.4. Student referrals to support programs will be made more effective, and students’ 665.3. Legislative infrastructure will be crea- emotional and social development areas will ted for national monitoring research. be taken into account in these referrals, sup- port programs will be implemented at an early 665.4. In order to improve the correct and be- age too. autiful use of Turkish, measurement tools will be developed to evaluate four basic skills. 664. Equality of opportunity will be ensured in access to quality education. 666. The education system will be made more durable and flexible against extraordinary si- 664.1. Educational supports and scholarships tuations. provided to eliminate the effects of differen- ces arising from environmental factors outsi- 666.1. The individualized learning system will de the school on access to quality education be made effective and the distance education will be implemented as targeted programs, infrastructure will be improved. and the effect of these supports on access to quality education will be analyzed. 666.2. Efforts will be made to compensate for the impact of the interruption of education in 664.2. By analyzing the factors that prevent extraordinary situations on learning losses. girls’ participation in education, their atten- dance and completion of their education, 666.3. In order to ensure that measurement programs, projects and practices will be deve- and evaluation in applied training are susta- loped to prevent school dropouts and increase inable in extraordinary situations, methods school enrollment, attendance and completi- will be diversified, and on-the-job training and on rates. practice-based exams will be carried out in a digital environment. 664.3. Financial contributions made by phi- 160 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 667. Correct use of technology in education will be further increased in appropriate perio- will be ensured, technological literacy will be ds and levels. increased and inequalities arising from tech- nology use will be reduced. 668.3. In order to meet the need for teachers in the fields of vocational and technical educa- 667.1. The use of fiber infrastructure and in- tion, vocational and technical teacher training teractive boards will be expanded in schools. programs will be opened in cooperation with universities. 667.2. Digital skills of students and teachers will be improved, and training will be provided 668.4. University and school collaborations on digital platforms such as Education Infor- will be strengthened, and cooperation will be mation Network (EIN) and Teacher Information made with the education faculties of universi- Network (TIN) for the correct use of techno- ties in pre-service and in-service training for logy. local teachers. 668.5. Educational administration will be regu- 667.3. Digital content used in teacher training lated as a professional profession, an instituti- will be enriched. onal structure will be created and administra- tor certificate programs will be implemented 668. The process of teacher training and de- to train teachers who will be school administ- velopment, including all stages from pre-ser- rators. vice education to recruitment, professional development, and career advancement, will be 669. Curriculum will be updated in accordance restructured according to needs, thus the qua- with global developments and needs, based on lity and social status of the teaching professi- national, spiritual, moral and universal values, on will be strengthened. and the quality and quantity of digital content will be improved. 668.1. In order to increase the quality and qu- antity of teachers’ professional development, 669.1. Curriculum specific to Science and Art a model that is collaborative, planned, acces- Centers will be developed. sible, sustainable, traceable and integrated with professional practices will be developed, 669.2. Digital education contents will be de- including new approaches such as professio- veloped in line with the priority achievements nal development communities, school-based to be determined in all curriculums, including professional development, teacher-manager non-formal education. mobility programs. 670. By improving the school management 668.2. The content of the training programs system, it will be possible to involve all sta- prepared for the transition to specialist teac- keholders in the decision-making process in hing and head teaching in the teaching career schools, and the quality of education will be stages will be developed to include internati- improved with participation in school manage- onal developments as well as professional de- ment. velopments, and the competencies of teachers 161 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 670.1. Participation of the private sector and 672.2. In order to save money on current ex- families in decision-making processes inclu- penditures in schools, transformation will be ding course selection in vocational education ensured in areas such as heating and purifica- will be ensured. tion systems. 670.2. School revenues and expenditures 673. Effective monitoring and evaluation stu- will be regularly monitored through the “Bu- dies will be carried out to increase the quality dget-Investment Monitoring and Tracking Sys- in private education. tem” by improving the information and com- munication infrastructure, transparency will 673.1. A system will be developed to effecti- be ensured, and these data will be taken into vely monitor and supervise the training pro- account in the decision-making processes of vided to individuals with special education schools. needs in special education and rehabilitation centers. 671. By increasing the quality of educational venues, it will be ensured that they are compa- 673.2. By developing new models in private tible with technology, the environment and so- education and the supervisory role of the pub- cial life, safe, disaster-resistant, aesthetic and lic in this area will be strengthened. accessible. 673.3. State support for private vocational and 671.1. The construction of new classrooms technical education institutions will be provi- will be carried out by taking into account the ded in line with quality standards. future potential of the number of students per classroom, the transfer movement of students, 674. Access to special education will be impro- and the age population by considering alterna- ved, the quality and quantity of education will tives such as merging schools and institutions, be increased and guidance service standards changing school types, exchanging buildings will be raised. and joint use in order to ensure the full utili- zation of the capacities of existing schools and 674.1. The cooperation between private edu- classrooms in the context of classroom capa- cational institutions and private educational city utilization specific to regions and school and application research centers of universi- types. ties will be increased. 672. Awareness of sustainable development, 674.2. The number and qualifications of sup- especially combating climate change, will be port staff in schools providing integration edu- raised among all students, and educational cation will be increased. spaces will be designed to ensure green trans- formation. 675. Participation in lifelong learning and di- versity of documents will be increased, certi- 672.1. With a transdisciplinary approach, cli- fication of achievements will be encouraged mate change and sustainable development and lifelong learning system will be ensured to will be included in all educational programs. provide the skills demanded by the labor mar- 162 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN ket and effective use of these skills in business 677. Data production, collection, processing, and social life. reporting and evaluation mechanisms will be strengthened, and these data will be used at 675.1. Distance education opportunities will every stage from schools to the central admi- be increased in lifelong learning, digital con- nistration. tent development studies will be carried out. 677.1. It will be ensured that data-based poli- 675.2. An accreditation system will be estab- cy will be produced. lished to ensure standardization of trainings provided in lifelong learning. 677.2. Qualitative and quantitative research will be carried out with the data produced. 675.3. Public awareness will be raised on life- long learning and lifelong learning activities 678. Cooperation with the private sector in vo- will be encouraged for the long-term unemp- cational and technical education will be incre- loyed and passive labor force who are in the ased. labor force but have stopped looking for a job. 678.1. A vocational education management 675.4. Cooperation between employers and model will be developed in which the roles lifelong learning center service providers will and responsibilities of all stakeholders will be be improved and they will be enabled to offer defined. joint programs. 678.2. Between the private sector and vocati- 676. Access to education for individuals under onal and technical education institutions will temporary protection will be increased. be provided for long-term cooperation, inclu- ding financing. 676.1. The Turkish language skills of students under temporary protection will be improved, 678.3. It will be ensured that vocational and and the rate of absenteeism, school dropouts technical education students benefit from the and those who leave formal education will be training center infrastructure in companies reduced. operating in priority sectors within the in- dustry of Türkiye. 676.2. Students who are under temporary pro- tection will be provided with long-term com- 678.4. In order to increase the quality of in- pensatory trainings if necessary, and the lear- ternship and vocational training practices in ning losses of these students will be reduced. enterprises, projects will be developed for in-vocational training of master instructors 676.3. Targeted awareness-raising campaigns and training personnel in enterprises and mo- will be implemented for students under tem- nitoring of these trainings will be ensured. porary protection and their access to vocatio- nal and technical education will be increased. 678.5. Alternative sources of financing for vo- cational and technical education will be crea- 676.4. Access of individuals under temporary ted and the use of these resources will be inc- protection to non-formal education activities reased. will be increased. 163 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 679. Vocational, academic, digital and social orientation towards vocational and technical skills acquisition will be improved in vocatio- education in priority sectors. nal and technical education, and commitment to professional values will be strengthened 680.2. In cooperation with the private sector, along with Ahi culture. a regional and sectoral skills needs map will be prepared by planning needs on the basis of 679.1. There will be a national skills definiti- departments and fields in vocational and tech- on, including academic and vocational skills. nical education. 679.2. An inclusive assessment and evaluation 680.3. In order to meet the need for a qua- system will be developed to include academic, lified workforce, vocational high schools, es- vocational, digital, social and emotional skills. pecially those located in organized industrial zones, and higher education institutions will 679.3. The process of opening and closing fiel- be matched and coordinated in terms of prog- ds and branches in vocational and technical se- rams, management, human resources, finan- condary education will be carried out in accor- cing and physical infrastructure on the basis of dance with local needs and sector demands. program integrity. 680.4. Vocational and technical education 679.4. By ensuring the intensive use of tech- process will be planned holistically and comp- nology in vocational education, digital skills lementary programs will be developed among of students and trainers will be developed in education levels. addition to professional knowledge, in-service trainings for teachers and administrators will 681. The education system aimed at improving be organized, teaching tools and contents will foreign language skills will be strengthened, be prepared. focusing particularly on curricula and teacher competence. 679.5. Within the scope of cooperation pro- tocols, in-service trainings and on-the-job tra- 681.1. By providing education in foreign lan- inings for vocational and technical education guages at international standards, students workshop and laboratory teachers will be em- will acquire advanced reading, comprehensi- phasized. on, speaking and writing skills. 680. The transition of individuals receiving vo- 681.2. Vocational foreign language education cational and technical education to the labor will be emphasized in vocational and technical market will be facilitated. education. 680.1. In order to improve the alignment 682. The qualitative development of universi- between the labor market and vocational and ties will be monitored and guided. technical education, it will be ensured that young people make choices in line with the ne- 682.1. The use of data-driven policy develop- eds of the labor market, and various incentive ment processes and big data will be expanded mechanisms such as scholarships and educa- at the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) and tional support will be implemented to ensure universities, up-to-date data of universities 164 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN within the scope of performance indicators 683.2. Flexible employment models based on will be monitored and performance evaluation the projects will be developed for academics. reports will be shared periodically. 683.3. Guest lecturer practice for academici- 682.2. Models will be developed to increase ans between domestic and foreign universities cooperation among higher education instituti- will be expanded. ons through field-based matching. 684. The vocational competencies of univer- 682.3. Higher education quotas will be de- sity students and graduates will be enhanced. termined in accordance with the capacities of universities, in line with the current situation 684.1. Programs will be created with the parti- and projections of sectoral labor supply and cipation of sector representatives, competen- demand, and taking into account regional ne- cies will be identified, and applied training will eds. be conducted in collaboration with the sector. 682.4. Governance of universities will be im- 684.2. The capacities of career centers in proved, and in this context, university - private universities will be enhanced, and career gu- sector - local administration - NGO cooperati- idance and counseling activities for university on will be strengthened by establishing local students and graduates will be expanded, sup- boards of trustees or consultative mechanis- porting the accessibility of these activities. ms. 684.3. The performance of graduates in the la- 682.5. The effectiveness of the “Regional De- bor market will be regularly monitored to en- velopment Oriented Mission Differentiation sure tracking the development of universities and Specialization Project” will be increased. in relevant indicators. 682.6. Programs in the open education system 684.4. Efforts will be made to establish in- will be reviewed within the framework of sec- dustry collaborations and joint educational toral needs and the weight of open education models aimed at enhancing students’ vocatio- in the higher education system will be redu- nal and technical knowledge and experiences ced. in areas where universities are competent. 682.7. Open education will be restructured 685. The level of internationalization in higher with a focus on adult education and lifelong education will be increased, and Türkiye will learning. be made a center of attraction for qualified in- ternational students and academics. 683. The quality of academic staff will be im- proved. 685.1. The quality of programs providing edu- cation in foreign language will be improved. 683.1. The lower limit of the assignment and promotion criteria of universities will be de- 685.2. The number of qualified international termined centrally. students will be increased. 165 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 685.3. International collaborations among hi- 687. Support will be provided to transform gher education institutions will be enhanced. university campuses into sustainable and cli- mate-friendly campuses. 685.4. The international recognition of the hi- gher education system will be ensured throu- 687.1. Sustainable and climate-friendly cam- gh international graduates and effective pro- pus transformation projects will be prepared motional activities. by determining the status of selected universi- ties as pilot projects in the areas of zero waste, 685.5. Efforts will be made to encourage and clean environment, energy efficiency, and re- facilitate the employment of qualified foreign newable energy sources. doctoral researchers and academics. 687.2. Access to alternative financing instru- 686. The quantity and quality of human resour- ments will be provided to achieve the goal of ces with doctoral degrees will be increased. sustainable and climate-friendly campuses. 686.1. Doctoral programs focused on priority 688. Digital transformation in higher educati- sectors and development areas will be carried on will be ensured. out in cooperation with the relevant sectors. 688.1. The establishment of a digital maturity 686.2. Universities will be encouraged to es- model in higher education will be supported. tablish joint doctoral programs with compe- tent universities abroad. 688.2. Access to software, tools, and equip- ment that can be used for research and edu- 686.3. Doctoral programs and student admis- cation purposes in information and commu- sion criteria will be reviewed to ensure the nication technologies, including artificial creation of doctoral programs suitable for the intelligence, robotics, and augmented reality, competence analysis and specialization area will be supported by providing corporate cloud of universities. services at universities. 686.4. The qualifications of advisors who will 688.3. Work on ensuring the digital infrastru- supervise doctoral theses will be defined by cture and information security of universities, legislation. focusing on the Information and Communicati- on Security Guide, will be completed. 686.5. Academic and professional doctoral distinctions will be made, and professional 688.4. Cloud-based applications prioritizing doctoral programs such as industrial doctoral domestic and national software aiming at programs will be supported, focusing on the cost-effectiveness will be used in the digital expected outcomes of each in the context of transformation of universities and in digital the Turkish Qualifications Framework. publication acquisitions. 686.6. Efforts will be made to increase the 688.5. The capacity of administrative staff in diversity of scholarships for doctoral and universities regarding information and com- post-doctoral research. munication security will be improved. 166 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 688.6. Priority will be given to efforts aiming established, and institutional capacity will be to develop skilled workforce in emerging tech- developed. nology areas such as 5G and beyond new-ge- neration communication technologies, softwa- 690.2. The deployment of highly qualified te- re, hardware, and infrastructure, internet of chnical personnel in research infrastructures things, artificial intelligence, big data, quan- will be ensured. tum, cybersecurity, smart transportation, and augmented reality. 691. The Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) in universities will be strengthened. 689. The financial sustainability of universi- ties will be strengthened by increasing their 691.1. TTOs will be structured in line with re- own revenues. gional priorities and thematic vertical axes. 689.1. Increasing the interaction with the real 691.2. Additional support will be provided for sector as a solution partner, as well as incre- activities conducted in TTOs. asing their own revenues and diversifying fi- nancing, will provide more resources for the 692. Vocational and technical education at the development of universities. higher education level will be strengthened. 689.2. Donations and contributions to univer- 692.1. The curricula of vocational colleges will sities will be encouraged. be updated in accordance with the standards and qualifications published by the Vocational 689.3. In order to develop a competitive envi- Qualifications Authority. ronment in higher education, the budget allo- 693. A culture of quality assurance will be cated to public universities from central admi- disseminated and strengthened in the higher nistration will be linked to their performance education system. to a certain extent. 693.1. Institutional accreditation and program 690. The quality of administrative and techni- accreditation in higher education will be im- cal personnel in universities will be improved. proved. 690.1. Different employment statuses that 693.2. Integration of quality assurance, strate- reduce efficiency in universities will be re- gic planning, performance, and data manage- viewed, and a new personnel regime will be ment systems will be ensured. 167 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 35: Targets for Education 2022 2023 2028 Net Enrollment Rate for 4-5 years old (%) 56.71 64.72 85.0 Net Enrollment Rate of Girls Aged 14-17 (%) 91.6 1 94.2 2 100 Monitoring and Evaluation of Academic Skills (ABİDE) Share of Students Below Basic and Basic Competency Levels in 10th Grade3 Reading Skills - 25 15 Mathematics - 40 25 Science - 30 20 Student Repetition Rate (9th Grade)2 - 7.12 4.0 Participation Rate in Lifelong Learning (%)4 - 6.7 8.0 The Number of Doctoral Graduates 10,726 12,419 25,000 The Number of Universities Ranked in the Top 500 in Global 1 3 10 Academic Achievement Rankings5 The Number of Universities Ranked in the Top 100 in Global Green 4 56 10 Campus Rankings5 Source: Ministry of National Education (MEB) and Council of Higher Education (YÖK). The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) MEB 2021-2022 formal education statistics. (2) MEB 2022-2023 formal education statistics. (3) The first field application of the Monitoring and Evaluation of Academic Skills (ABİDE) 10 survey was conducted in 2022, and the results of the field application are expected to be completed by December 2023. (4) Eurostat data, the proportion of adults aged 25-64 participating in any education program in the last four weeks. (5) Internationally recognized and valid rankings will be taken into account. (6) Estimated achievement.

3.3.2 — Employment and Working Life b. Policies and Measures

3.3.2. Employment and Working Life b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 695. Existing and new professional fields and the skill levels required by these fields will be 694. The main goal is to create a labor market determined and strengthened. that provides job opportunities to all segments of the society, especially groups that require 695.1. Within the framework of the transfor- special policies, with a sufficient income, un- mation in the labor market, skill development der conditions where occupational health and activities will be carried out to meet the need safety is ensured, turning the effects of the for an intermediate and qualified workforce. twin transformation process into opportuni- ties, employing the working age population 695.2. Low and high automation areas will be at the maximum rate, increasing the quality of determined in a sectoral context, and the effe- human resources and using them effectively in cts of automation processes on the labor mar- a productive environment. ket will be analyzed. 168 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 695.3. Public-university-private sector coope- 697.2. The effectiveness of special education ration programs will be implemented to train programs for the disabled will be increased on qualified workforce in strategic areas such as the basis of employment. defense industry, artificial intelligence, cyber security, clean and sustainable energy and 697.3. Job and vocational consultancy servi- space technologies. ces for the employment of disabled people will be expanded. 696. Adaptation of the labor market to the twin transformation process will be ensured. 697.4. Participation in lifelong learning will be increased and collaborations with sectors 696.1. State aid for employment will be imp- will be strengthened to ensure that individu- lemented to support twin transformation on a als in groups requiring special policies remain sectoral basis. in employment and to adapt their skills to to- day’s needs. 696.2. The content of formal and non-formal education programs will be developed based 697.5. Economic and physical accessibility of on skills and competence in line with the twin institutional care opportunities will be increa- transformation process. sed to increase women’s employment. 696.3. Within the scope of twin transformati- 697.6. Flexible working models such as remo- on, active labor market policies will be analy- te working will be implemented and dissemi- zed and rearranged. nated in a registered and secure manner. 696.4. Within the scope of the twin transfor- 697.7. Micro credit projects will be expanded mation process, a just transition strategy will by strengthening their impact on women’s be prepared with the participation of all rele- employment. vant parties. 698. The employment of young people will be 696.5. In order to realize a just transition pro- increased and their working conditions will be cess, a needs analysis will be conducted for improved. those employed in regions and occupatio- nal groups that may be affected by the green 698.1. Talent management practices for young transformation. people will be developed in the field of human resources. 697. Participation of groups requiring special policies in the labor market will be ensured, 698.2. Grant supports that direct young ent- with a sufficient income and under conditions repreneurs to innovative inventions and proje- where occupational health and safety is ensu- cts will be increased. red. 698.3. Social security awareness will be deve- 697.1. Conditions for benefiting from passive loped to support the registered employment labor programs will be facilitated. of young workforce. 169 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 698.4. The effectiveness of programs to sup- 700.2. The data infrastructure for determining port access to employment for young people the country, sector and professions of our citi- who are not in education or employment will zens living abroad will be strengthened. be increased. 701. The employment of qualified foreign 698.5. Activities will be carried out to increase workforce will be increased in the areas nee- young people’s career awareness and facilita- ded by the country. te their access to employment opportunities. 701.1. In cases where there is difficulty in ob- 699. Public employment services will be deve- taining domestic resources, a balanced harmo- loped on a household basis in order to support nization of migration and employment policies poor households in reaching sustainable inco- will be ensured in order to meet the needs of me sources, and these households will be pri- the labor market in different qualifications. oritized to benefit from Turkish Employment Agency services. 701.2. Processes regarding diploma equiva- lences required for work permit applications 699.1. SSI, Turkish Employment Agency and will be improved. General Directorate of Social Assistance data will be integrated and priority will be given to 702. Studies will be carried out to combat irre- the provision of Turkish Employment Agency gular labor migration and increase the registe- services to low-income households that can- red employment of the international workfor- not benefit from Turkish Employment Agency ce. services and public services and assistance. 702.1. Legislative and technical infrastruc- 699.2. Within the scope of the household-ba- tures facilitating the transition to registered sed service delivery policy, the number of employment will be improved. people benefiting from Turkish Employment Agency services will be increased, and mea- 702.2. Integration between work permits and sures will be taken to ensure that there is at social security records will be improved. least one employee in every family, especially young people. 703.Studies will be carried out to reduce infor- mal employment. 700. Loss of qualified workforce will be pre- vented and the ties of our qualified citizens 703.1. Awareness raising and inspection acti- working abroad with Türkiye will be strengt- vities to reduce informality will be increased. hened and mechanisms will be developed to ensure the transfer of professional knowledge 703.2. Inspection mechanisms will be stren- and experience. gthened by conducting sector-based analyzes for informally employed groups that require 700.1. Steps will be taken to prevent mass la- particular policies. bor loss on a sectoral basis by revealing the reasons for migration of qualified labor force 704. Occupational health and safety services associated with the labor market. will be made more effective and efficient. 170 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 704.1. The detection and notification proces- 704.3. The service quality of the responsible ses of work accidents and occupational disea- institutions in the field of occupational health ses will be improved. and safety and the competencies of the human resources will be increased. 704.2. Protective and preventive activities in the field of occupational health and safety will 704.4. Domestic production and digital and te- be increased. chnological solutions in the field of occupatio- nal health and safety will be encouraged and disseminated. Table 36: Targets for Employment and Working Life 2022 2023 2028 Labor Force Participation Rate, Total (%) 53.1 53.7 56.7 Labor Force Participation Rate, Women (%) 35.1 35.9 40.1 Employment Rate (%) 47.5 48.3 52.5 Unemployment Rate (%) 10.4 10.1 7.5 Unemployment Rate, Young Population (%) 19.4 18.5 16.6 Part-Time Employee Ratio (%) 9.7 10.0 12.3 Informal Employment Rate (%) 26.8 26.5 23.4 Fatal Occupational Accident Rate (Per Hundred Thousand) 6.6 6.6 6.2 Source: The data are from TURKSTAT. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.3.3 — Health 706.1. In order to encourage healthy life style,

3.3.3. Health 706.1. In order to encourage healthy life style, habits such as healthy nutrition and increasing a. Objective physical activity will be turned into social atti- tudes, awareness raising activities will be car- 705. The main objective is to ensure that in- ried out, and individual responsibility will be dividuals maintain a healthy life in a state of enhanced by promoting health literacy. complete physical and mental well-being, and in case of necessity, provide the healthcare 706.2. Institutional capacity will be strengthe- services with the quality, reliable, effective, ned and cooperation between institutions will supported by data-based processes, with high be enhanced to identify and mitigate the im- preparedness and adaptation capacity. pact of climate change on health. b. Policies and Measures 706.3. The multi-stakeholder health respon- sibility model for improving health responsi- 706. Preventive health services will be stren- bility will be strengthened, cooperation and gthened against the risks of non-communicab- coordination between sectors and institutions le diseases by encouraging healthy life style. will be ensured. 171 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 706.4. In order to mitigate risk factors for 708. Preparedness and response capacity for non-communicable diseases, diversified sc- infectious diseases, sudden health shocks, di- reening programs, including cancer screening sasters and emergencies will be strengthened. programs, will be expanded and early diagno- sis rates will be increased. 708.1. Existing diagnosis, monitoring and ear- ly warning systems for infectious diseases will 706.5. Children, women and reproductive he- be improved. alth services will be strengthened, premarital and newborn screening programs will be ex- 708.2. Centers will be established for the pro- panded, and maternal and infant mortality ra- duction of biological products at the national tes will be reduced. level and for strengthening vaccine production capacity. 706.6. Adolescent health services will be strengthened. 708.3. Social awareness will be raised by strengthening immunization programs, and 706.7. Traditional and Complementary Medi- vaccination programs will be expanded to inc- cine (GETAT) practices will be standardized in lude all risk groups. evidence-based and their safe usage will be expanded through national and international 708.4. In extraordinary situations such as pan- studies. demics and disasters, roadmaps including the roles and responsibilities of health service 706.8. New mechanisms will be developed to providers will be determined, and plans for the provide safe supply of food supplements and flow of materials and personnel will be made herbal products to the market. effectively. 707. The capacity of health services provided 708.5. Infrastructure and capacity to ensure to individuals with special needs and rare di- reliable information flow and coordination in seases will be strengthened. emergency situations will be strengthened. 707.1. Screening programs will be developed 709. The role of primary health care facilities and expanded for early diagnosis of rare dise- in protecting and improving health will be ases. strengthened, it will be used primarily within the service levels, and interaction between le- 707.2. The number of treatment and research vels will be improved. centers for rare diseases will be increased. 709.1. Primary health care facilities will be 707.3. It will be facilitated for individuals with improved in terms of quality and quantity to mental special needs and their families to ac- ensure that people applying to these units can cess effective health service provision. receive protective, preventive and curative health services in a holistic manner, thus redu- 707.4. Home health services will be strengt- cing the number of applications to secondary hened and a monitoring and follow-up system and tertiary health centers. will be developed. 172 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 709.2. With the support of digital applicati- ved, accessibility will be increased and supp- ons, the responsibilities of family health cen- lementary services will be provided. ters will be increased in processes such as sc- reening and diagnosis of diseases, especially 710.1. The quality of counseling, treatment, non-infectious diseases, and treatment fol- social cohesion and rehabilitation services low-up of chronic patients. provided in a holistic manner will be improved and cooperation and coordination among ins- 709.3. The number of family health centers titutions and organizations will be ensured. will be increased and in-service trainings for family physicians will be provided to improve 710.2. Within the scope of awareness-raising the efficiency and satisfaction with the service. activities for different population groups for the prevention of addiction, examples of good 709.4. Interaction between service levels will practices and intervention programs will be be strengthened by establishing a system that continued by strengthening, and public awa- will provide feedback on the results of exami- reness of the mechanisms implemented in the nations and treatment of patients referred by fight against addiction will be increased. family physicians to higher levels. 710.3. An information infrastructure for coor- 709.5. The number of healthy life centers will dination among relevant units will be estab- be increased, the quality of service delivery lished for follow-up of individuals receiving will be improved and their interaction with fa- counselling, treatment and recovery servi- mily health centers will be ensured. ces, counselling services will be provided fa- ce-to-face and through call centers, prevention 709.6. Incentive mechanisms will be created and psychosocial support services will be ex- to increase the preference of primary health panded in primary health care facilities. care facilities. 710.4. Smoking cessation clinics, addiction 709.7. Family dentistry practice will be expan- counselling and detoxification centers, cen- ded throughout the country, and a referral cha- ters where compulsory treatment decisions in will be established to ensure that the tre- are implemented and Rehabilitation Center for atment needs of individuals whose preventive Addicted Patients (BAHAR) where counselling, treatments are completed in family dentistry treatment, recovery and social cohesion pro- units are met with priority in secondary health cesses will be provided in an integrated man- care institutions. ner will be expanded in a way to facilitate ser- vice provision for different population groups. 709.8. Migration health services will be provi- ded in an integrated manner with the national 710.5. The quality and quantity of health care health system to improve their sustainability staff working in the field of addiction will be and effectiveness. improved in line with the requirements. 710. The capacity and quality of services pro- 710.6. The use of clinical protocols to improve vided for combating addiction will be impro- clinical quality in the diagnosis, treatment and 173 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) follow-up process of addiction will be expan- 711.5. A balanced distribution of physical in- ded. frastructure will be ensured and utilization efficiency of existing hospital beds will be en- 710.7. Periodic research will be conducted on hanced. substance use behaviors in order to design evi- dence-based activities for combating addicti- 711.6. Disaster resilience of health care fa- on, and data sharing will be ensured between cilities will be improved in order to maintain institutions and organizations by respecting uninterrupted health service delivery in case data privacy. of possible disasters. 711. Human resources and physical infrastruc- 711.7. Policies will be developed regarding ture in health sector will be improved in terms the management of human resource mobility of quantity and quality and the balance will be in international health. ensured in interregional distribution. 711.8. The capacity of specialized health ser- 711.1. The quality of education in health pro- vices will be increased especially tissue, organ, fessional groups, especially medicine, den- bone marrow and stem cell transplantation tistry and pharmacy will be improved and procedures and accessibility to these services the curriculum in specialty education will be will be enhanced at national and international supported by informatics infrastructure to en- levels. sure the standardization across the country, and sufficient and qualified workforce will be 712. The capacity of preventive and therapeu- created in the health field, in accordance with tic health services for active ageing will be im- the needs and conditions of the future and the proved and increased. country. 712.1. A new model will be created with the 711.2. Performance-based additional payment perspective that combines health and social system will be updated in order to include he- services in elderly care and in this context, co- alth outcomes, patient and health care workers ordination between institutions will be ensu- satisfaction and quality indicators. red. 711.3. Provision in sufficient numbers and 712.2. Preventive and therapeutic care servi- balanced distribution of health care staff, es- ces for the elderly will be strengthened. pecially physicians, nurses and midwives will be ensured among the health facilities and the 712.3. The number of centers providing elder- regions throughout the country in line with the ly health (geriatrics) and palliative care ser- needs. vices will be increased, their integration with home health care services will be ensured and 711.4. Macro plans will be developed with ob- the elderly’s access to health services will be jective criteria for health facility investment facilitated. planning at the national level. 174 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 713. Service capacity of health tourism will be 714.3. Legal and administrative regulations enhanced in terms of quality and quantity, and will be enacted to enhance patient safety. the preferability of Türkiye in the international arena will be increased. 714.4. Awareness raising and encouraging ac- tivities for natural birth will be extended. 713.1. Promotion and marketing activities will be carried out in order to make “Health Türki- 714.5. Accreditation infrastructure will be im- ye” a global brand in the field of health tou- proved and the number of accredited health rism. facilities will be increased. 713.2. The system for inspecting licensed he- 715. Effective and efficient use of digital he- alth institutions and intermediary institutions alth solutions within the health system will be operating in the field of health tourism will be ensured, and the use of digital health techno- strengthened. logies will be spread. 713.3. Accreditation of health facilities in the 715.1. Digital health solutions will be effecti- field of health tourism will be encouraged. vely integrated to the health system, and the digitalization infrastructure of hospitals will 713.4. Practices to expand health tourism to be supported. areas with high added-value will be develo- ped. 715.2. “Tele health” systems, will be develo- ped particularly for monitoring of chronic di- 713.5. The infrastructure will be established seases, and their use will be expanded by en- for remote monitoring of health tourism bene- suring interoperability with related system. ficiaries. 715.3. Legislations will be enacted regarding 714. Health care quality and clinical quality the use of digital technologies, reimbursement will be measured, evaluated and improved, the of digital health services and personnel remu- accreditation system in health services will be neration. developed and patient safety will be ensured. 715.4. Awareness will be enhanced throu- 714.1. Clinical quality in health services will ghout society regarding the use of digital te- be measured and improved. chnologies in the field of health, and digital health literacy will be improved. 714.2. Clinical guidelines will be produced and updated with a multi-stakeholder appro- 716. It will be provided to produce data that ach, the usage of clinical guidelines will be can be used as input in data and evidence-ba- spread, clinical quality systems will be develo- sed policy making, that are suitable for use in ped in order to accurately and effectively me- scientific researches and analyses, and that asure the level of success in clinical processes meet the quality and detail levels required for and results. making international comparisons. 175 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 716.1. International comparison opportunities 717.3. The management model of university will be detailed and quality data production hospitals will be transformed into an effective will be ensured, standardization of health data and sustainable structure in terms of educati- in accordance with national/international nor- on, research, and service delivery functions. ms will be carried out, data quality and relia- bility will be increased, and cyber security of 717.4. Awareness on rational drug use will be health data will be strengthened. increased, support and supervision of physici- ans will be ensured, and the system infrastruc- 716.2. Cooperation and coordination will be ture related to rational drug use will be stren- improved in the field of inter-agency data sha- gthened. ring. 717.5. Efforts related to a value-based health 716.3. Health data will be anonymized and the care service approach in preserving and impro- necessary legal and administrative infrastruc- ving health will be supported. ture will be established for the secondary use to transform them into economic value, prima- 717.6. Producing healthy and reliable infor- rily in R&D. mation with individualized medicine will be ensured, thereby innovative products will be 717. Financial sustainability of the health sys- supported. tem will be ensured. 718. Facilitating access to drugs and medical 717.1. Implementation of evidence-based mo- devices will be ensured. dels will be ensured in the reimbursement sys- tem, the audit infrastructure related to health 718.1. Facilitating access to safe drugs and care expenditures will be strengthened, and medical devices will be ensured through effe- effective cost evaluations of service delivery ctive supply chain tracking. and drug prices will be conducted. 718.2. Strengthening the infrastructure for ra- 717.2. Rational laboratory and medical ima- tional supply management in drugs will be en- ging applications will be carried out, control sured and supported by artificial intelligence mechanisms will be established and strengt- applications. hened to reduce unnecessary tests, analyses, 718.3. The national control laboratory infrast- and other procedures. ructure will be improved to ensure access to safe products. 176 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 37: Targets for Health 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Hospital Beds per 10,000 Population 30.71 32.02 36.0 The Number of Physicians per 100,000 Population 2281 2402 315 The Number of Nurses and Midwives per 100,000 Population 356 370 2 500 Population per Family Medicine Unit 3,064 3,0402 2,700 The Proportion of Qualified Beds Among Total Beds 79,6 80,22 90,0 (Ministry of Health, %) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Live Births, All Weeks) 9.11 9.32 8.5 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 Live Births) 12.61 12.62 12.0 Obesity Among Population Aged 15 and Over (%, Measured) 31.53 29.12 27.0 Diabetes Prevalence Among Population Aged 15 and Over 12.53 12.12 11.0 (%, Measured) The Frequency of Tobacco Products Use of Population Aged 15 and 32 324 27 Over (Daily and Occasional Smokers, %) The Balanced Distribution Rate of Physical Infrastructure5 1.601 1.422 1.38 The Balanced Distribution Rate of Physicians6 2.291 2.382 2.0 Cesarean Section Rate (Per 1,000 Live Births) 5847 5802 350 Source: The data for year 2023 are realization estimates of Ministry of Health, data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets (1) Preliminary results of Health Statistics Yearbook 2022. (2) Realization estimate of the year 2023. (3) Türkiye Nutrition and Health Survey 2017. (4) TURKSTAT, Türkiye Health Survey 2022. (5) Ratio of the values of the regions with the highest and lowest number of beds per 10 thousand people, according to NUTS Level 1. (6) Ratio of the values of the regions with highest and lowest number of physicians per 100 thousand people, according to NUTS Level 1. (7) 2021 data.

3.3.4 — Family b. Policies and Measures

3.3.4. Family b. Policies and Measures a. Objective 720. Quality and quantity of services targeting the family will be improved. 719. The main objective is to strengthen the fa- mily that found through marriage bond betwe- 720.1. The content of education and consul- en woman and man and the carrier of national tancy services for families will be diversified and spiritual values, to protect it from all kinds and expanded through collaboration with of harmful tendencies, ensuring the upbrin- public institutions, universities, and NGOs and ging of healthy generations, maintaining a dy- specialization will be provided in education, namic population structure and development guidance, and consultancy services. in a stable manner. 177 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 720.2. Efforts will be made to ensure the con- 722. Studies will be conducted to reduce di- tinuation of healthy generations while consi- vorces by examining the underlying root cau- dering our national and moral values, and to ses of divorces. reduce the impact of harmful habits, addicti- ons, and detrimental trends that negatively af- 723. It will be combated against all types of fect family structure. domestic violence. 720.3. Education programs will be expanded 723.1. Public institutions, universities, and in order to increase awareness of conscious NGOs will collaborate to conduct comprehen- media usage for the protection of family mem- sive studies aimed at identifying the funda- bers from the negative effects of technology mental factors contributing to domestic vio- and digitalization. lence and enhancing preventive mechanisms. 720.4. A model for the family-oriented educa- 723.2. In the process of divorce, families will tion and counseling services will be establis- be closely monitored and studies will be made hed in order to include every individual in the to minimize the financial and emotional losses family who is in need, harmonized with wor- of family members. king hours, and incorporating preventive and protective measures at its core, including pre- 723.3. Surveys on domestic violence and abu- marital education. se will be expanded to include children, peop- le with disability and the elderly. 720.5. Social research aiming to examine the changes/transformations occurring or potenti- 724. Efforts will be made to strengthen fami- ally occurring in family structure will be con- lies economically, socially, and psychological- ducted by measuring families’ demographic ly in times of disaster and crisis. and sociocultural structures. 724.1. The quality of personnel providing ps- 721. Efforts on harmonizing work and family ychosocial support will be enhanced through life will be accelerated. in-service training. 721.1. In order to reconcile work and family 724.2. Research will be conducted on the life, increase women’s employment and pre- problems encountered by families during di- serve the dynamic population structure, inclu- sasters and crises, and service models will be ding alternative working methods and working diversified accordingly. hours, efforts on secondary legislation will be carried out in collaboration with public institu- 3.3.5. Woman tions and private sector. a. Objective 721.2. The quality and quantity of childcare, elderly care, and disability services will be im- 725. The main objective is to guarantee that proved and expanded. women are treated with the respect they me- rit because of their central roles in families, 178 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN that they equally benefit from opportunities 728. In addition to having equal participation to advance human development in all spheres in economic, social, and cultural life, women of life, particularly in work and education, that will have more employment opportunities un- they are free from all forms of discrimination der the terms where the equal pay for equal and violence, and that their representation labor principle is accepted. and participation in all spheres of life are inc- reased. 728.1. In collaboration with the central gover- nment, local governments, private sector, and b. Policies and Measures NGOs, alternative models for quality, economi- cal, and accessible care services will be deve- 726. Ensuring equitable opportunities for men loped and shared following pilot practices to and women, as well as women’s empowerment, boost women’s employment. will be given priority in all plans, programs, po- licy creation, and implementation procedures. 728.2. Programs in areas such as entrepre- neurship, financial and digital literacy, and co- 726.1. The institutions will generate data operatives that will increase women’s partici- based on specific criteria, including gender, pation in the workforce will be expanded and age, immigrant status, disability, and location. disseminated with widened scopes. Analyses will be conducted in accordance with these parameters. 728.3. Programs will be developed to ensu- re women’s full, equitable, safe, and effecti- 726.2. By disseminating the budgeting efforts ve participation in the labor market, which is that are sensitive to equality of opportunity changing due to twin transformation, and to for women and men will be integrated into the equip women with new skills and talents that budgeting processes. will emerge in this context. 726.3. Indicators will be developed that will 728.4. Efforts will be carried out to transform serve as a basis for initiatives aiming at boos- the public and private sectors on the basis of ting the representation of women in sports. equality and inclusion to increase women’s education and employment in mathematics, 727. To improve women’s involvement and science, technology, and engineering fields representation in work, education, and decisi- where female representation is low. on-making processes, “temporary special mea- sures” like quotas and other assistance will be 728.5. Programs and projects, including pro- developed and put into place. duction, innovative technologies, cooperation, and psychological empowerment, will be imp- 727.1. Efforts will be carried out for a gradual lemented to ensure that female producers and transition, to increase the representation and entrepreneurs affected by the earthquakes participation of women, who constitute half of centered in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay rejoin the population, in all decision-making mecha- and hold on to life. nisms, including the public, private sector, and politics, and at all levels of management. 179 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 728.6. Efforts will be carried out to increase 729.2. As part of the efforts to combat violence women’s entrepreneurship and technological against women, the institutional capacity for literacy in rural areas, create social spaces for providing effective protective and preventive women, provide quality, affordable, and ac- services will be enhanced. Service standards cessible care services, and ensure that women will be implemented, and systematic, reliable, working as agricultural workers are employed and comparable data will be collected. on a paid and registered basis. 729.3. Efforts to increase social awareness 729. Violence against women and early and and sensitivity will continue within the scope forced marriages will be combated with the of the all-out fight against all kinds of violence principle of zero tolerance, and violence will against women and girls. be prevented and victims of violence will be empowered. 729.4. All efforts in the media, including all communication channels and new techno- 729.1. Implementation of legal regulations to logies, will be supported to create positive at- combat violence against women and girls and titudes and behaviors toward women. Fighting prevent early marriages will be more effective against content that negatively reflects their through a zero-tolerance approach to violence. societal perception will continue Table 38: Targets, Woman 2022 2023 2028 Schooling Rate, Female (Secondary Education, %)1 89.3 89.3 100.0 Schooling Rate, Female (Higher Education, %) 1 49.2 49.2 60.0 Women Employment Rate (%) 30.4 31.4 36.2 Women Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 35.1 35.9 40.1 Rate of Women in Mayors (%) 2 2 5 Women Representation Rate in National Parliament (%) 17.8 19.8 25.0 Source: The data for year 2023 are from TURKSTAT, Social Structure and Gender Statistics, data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) MEB 2021-2022 formal education statistics.

3.3.6 — Child create the most appropriate environment for

3.3.6. Child create the most appropriate environment for their healthy nutrition, shelter and develop- a. Objective ment, and to increase the opportunities to ac- hieve their potential. 730. The main objective is to support the well-being of our children, who are the guaran- b. Policies and Measures tee of our future, based on their best interests, to enable them to start life in equal and healt- 731. Starting from the prenatal period, the hy conditions, to have equal access to quality accessibility and quality of policies and mea- education opportunities from an early age, to sures will be increased and improved through 180 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN the provision of services for children’s health, 732.1. Practices will be developed to promo- nutrition, early learning, responsive care, safe te children’s orientation towards culture, arts, environment and social protection policies. science and sports activities, and efforts will be carried out to ensure that every child acqu- 731.1. Starting from the prenatal period, qua- ires skills in a sport and a field of culture and lity, sustainable, accessible and behavior chan- arts. ge-oriented parenting trainings will be incre- ased. 732.2. The mechanisms that enable children to participate in decision-making processes 731.2. Tools and materials with educational will be increased and strengthened. and playing content and guides will be prepa- red for parents to increase the holistic deve- 732.3. To ensure contribution to the creati- lopment and learning capacity of children in on of a generation that builds its own future, accordance with their age and development children’s participation in activities related to levels. climate change and sustainability will be ensu- red, awareness will be raised among children, 731.3. A joint regulation will be established families, and teachers about volunteering acti- for institutions that provide early childhood vities, and intra-familial and intergenerational care and education services, and the criteria communication of children with the elderly for the opening and operating of these insti- and disabled will be strengthened. tutions will be determined in a way that allows for a diversity of services. 732.4. Arrangements and practices will be implemented to facilitate children’s access to 731.4. The number of institutions that provide youth centers, sports halls, cultural centers early childhood care and education services and libraries. will be increased, service delivery models will be diversified and inspections will be activa- 732.5. In terms of more efficient use of school ted. gardens by children, activities will be carried out in line with the game guides and visu- 731.5. The capacity of personnel working in als prepared within the scope of “traditional institutions providing services for early child children’s games” to encourage traditional care and development will be increased. children’s games. 731.6. A family-based national early interven- 733. To reduce the intergenerational transmis- tion program will be developed for children sion of poverty and increase equality of oppor- at risk of developmental retardation, children tunity, practices targeting the individual needs with disabilities and gifted children. of children will be implemented. 732. Cultural, artistic, scientific and sportive 733.1. Starting from early childhood, new and activities that support children’s physical, so- flexible practices will be developed to meet cial and mental development and enable them the individual needs of children by conside- to spend quality time with their parents will be ring their deprivations in their educational li- promoted, expanded and made accessible. ves. 181 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 733.2. Considering the existing ones, support 734.5. Working children will be trained on systems will be developed for children who children’s rights, Labor Law, first aid and occu- are successful and talented in different fields pational health and safety, and employers will but cannot progress in these fields because of be trained on “Child Rights and Business Prin- financial difficulties. ciples” and awareness-raising activities will be conducted on their responsibilities in the con- 733.3. Efforts will be made to increase the rate text of child labor. of use of free quotas reserved for children in need in private education institutions. 734.6. It will be ensured that Türkiye’s efforts to fight against child labor will be included in 733.4. Efforts will be conducted to increase international platforms. access to education, culture, sports activities and protective and preventive services and 735. The structuring of the juvenile justice to ensure equal opportunities for children in system will continue with the principle of the rural areas as well as those who have shelter best interest of the child and the restorative problems because of disasters. justice approach. 734. Combating child labor will be continued 735.1. Psychological support programs for decisively. children at risk will be expanded and the qu- ality and quantity of personnel working in the 734.1. Activities in the field of combating child field will be increased. labor will be activated and awareness will be raised in the public, private and public sectors. 735.2. Mechanisms will be developed for the implementation of child-specific measures 734.2. In combating child labor, the applicabi- under the Child Protection Law and monitoring lity and monitoring of policies formulated by of cautionary decisions, and child-friendly pra- central government will be increased at the ctices will be increased. local level. 735.3. New models will be developed by con- 734.3. The capacity of units for combating ducting impact analyses for structuring the ju- child labor will be increased and cooperation venile justice system with a restorative justice and coordination among local institutions, or- approach. ganizations, universities, NGOs and the private sector working in this field will be developed. 735.4. Protection mechanisms specific to children in the judicial process will be stren- 734.4. The activities that will contribute to the gthened, child-friendly interview procedures development of children of families working in will be supported and judicial interview rooms seasonal mobile agriculture will be made regu- will be expanded. lar, continuous and accessible, and efforts will be made to ensure that they are not separated 735.5. The capacity of institutions for preven- from education and supported in this regard. ting children from being exposed to crime will be increased. 182 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 735.6. Efforts will be conducted to solve the be increased, and training, awareness-raising problems of children whose parents are in and promotion activities will be conducted to prisons and detention centers and to improve diversify, strengthen and expand foster family their well-being. service models. 735.7. Training and activities will be organi- 737.2. The effectiveness and social support zed and support will be provided for children aspect of the “Social and Economic Support in prison to spend this period effectively and Service” will be strengthened. efficiently and to improve their psychosocial situation. 737.3. Specialized areas of organizations will be organized in accordance with the needs of 735.8. Children in prison will be encouraged children. to acquire a profession. 737.4. Implementation of counselling measu- 736. Starting from early childhood, efforts to res will be strengthened. increase the educational level of children un- der protection and care, to accelerate their so- 737.5. The capacity of the labor force working cial and individual development will be incre- in the field of social services will be improved. ased, and their adaptation to social life in the post-care period will be supported. 738. Programs and practices will be developed to prevent neglect, abuse and violence against 736.1. The effectiveness of the Child Support children, and services and psychosocial sup- Development and Education Program will be port programs for children at risk and their fa- improved. milies will be expanded. 736.2. The process starting with the departure 738.1. Scientific research will be conducted of children under protection from institutional to identify the causes and current situation of care will be evaluated by analyzing the effi- neglect, abuse and violence against children. ciency and effectiveness of current practices, and guidance and support services provided to 738.2. Awareness-raising trainings on neglect, support the participation of these children in abuse and violence will be provided to child- education, employment and social life will be ren and their parents starting from early chil- diversified and improved. dhood, and children’s life skills will be stren- gthened. 737. Qualified services will be provided to children in need of protection in line with their 738.3. Programs will be organized to increa- individual needs and characteristics, and fa- se the capacity of professionals working with mily-oriented services will be developed and children to identify neglect, abuse and violen- expanded. ce and to make necessary referrals. 737.1. The ratio of children under protection 738.4. The number and efficiency of Child Mo- benefiting from family-oriented services will nitoring Centers will be increased. 183 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 738.5. Efforts will be made to strengthen and 740. Measures will be taken to protect child- increase the effectiveness of child protection ren from games and digital applications, books first intervention and evaluation units. and social media content that will negatively affect their healthy development, and they will 738.6. The capacities of Children are Safe Te- be informed about cybercrimes. ams, which conduct screening, identification and monitoring activities across the country, 740.1. Studies on protecting children from will be increased. digital risks and the harms of print and visual media will be increased. 738.7. Directorates of Judicial Support and Vi- ctim Services, which provide qualified support 740.2. An independent game rating system to children, will be expanded in courthouses. that is culturally appropriate and informative for users and parents regarding age and con- 739. Psychosocial support services for child- tent will be developed. ren will be expanded, information, monitoring and referrals will be carried out and appropria- 740.3. Child-friendly publications will be sup- te developmental interventions will be enhan- ported. ced for children with risky or atypical develop- ment. 740.4. Awareness of children about cybercri- mes and cyberbullying will be raised. 739.1. Guidance services of guidance research centers and schools will be strengthened. 741. Programs to increase life skills and inter- cultural interaction will be continued to impro- 739.2. The holistic development of children ve the integration of children under internati- who have experienced parental loss will be onal or temporary protection into society and supported and the capacity of the personnel their communication with their peers. working in this field will be increased. 741.1. Social cohesion programs for children 739.3. Studies will be conducted on parental under international or temporary protection guidance in education and health institutions. will be expanded. 739.4. Programs will be implemented in scho- ols and social service centers to strengthen 741.2. The relevant institutions will be ensu- skills in health, first aid, nutrition, financial li- red to work more effectively in the provision of teracy, technology, law and social media lite- services for unaccompanied minors. racy. 742. Children will be protected from addictive 739.5. The number of child life centers will be behaviors and substances. increased to expand the scope of counseling and support services for children. 742.1. Children will be kept away from envi- ronments that enable them to meet and pro- 739.6. Efforts will be maintained to end chil- cure addictive substances, and inspections of dhood obesity and to increase healthy nutriti- these environments will be increased. on and physical activity. 184 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 742.2. The number of Treatment and Educati- working with children will be maintained to fi- on Center for Child and Adolescent (ÇEMATEM) ght against addiction. and qualified personnel employed in these centers will be increased. 743. Data that will form the basis for deter- mining and monitoring policy priorities in the 742.3. The number of professionals working field of children will be provided. with children in the field of fight against addi- ction will be increased. 744. Pre-disaster awareness-raising and di- saster preparedness activities will be expan- 742.4. Awareness-raising activities and trai- ded through projects aiming to eliminate the nings for children, families and professionals adversities that children will be exposed to in case of disasters and to protect their rights. Table 39: Targets, Child 2022 2023 2028 Net Schooling Rate for 3-5 Years (%)1 44.7 52.2 60.0 The Number of Children Benefiting From Foster Care Service 9,011 9,500 12,000 (0-18 years-old)2 The Number of Children Benefiting From Social and Economic 157,248 170,000 230,000 Support (0-18 years-old)2 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The data for year 2022 are from the MEB. Data for 2023 are the realization estimate of the Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2) The data for year 2022 are from the Ministry of Family and Social Services. Data for 2023 are the realization estimate of the Ministry of Family and Social Services.

3.3.7 — Youth 746.1. Programs will be developed to ensure

3.3.7. Youth 746.1. Programs will be developed to ensure that young people are oriented towards sports, a. Objective culture and arts activities and especially mat- hematics, science, technology and enginee- 745. The main objective is to ensure that young ring. people are raised with strong life skills, educa- tion and employment opportunities, humani- 746.2. Programs will be developed to help tarian and national values, and are engaged in youth gain the necessary skills to adapt to the active participation in economic and social life impacts of green and digital transformation and decision-making mechanisms. and the needs of the future and to support the- ir productivity. b. Policies and Measures 746.3. The number of youth centers and youth 746. Young people will be encouraged to par- offices will be increased according to need and ticipate in science, arts, culture and sports ac- partnerships will be developed with organiza- tivities that support their physical, social and tions conducting similar activities. judgmental development as well as their inno- 746.4. The number and quality of environ- vative and entrepreneurial qualities. ments that improve young people’s reading, 185 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) comprehension and thinking skills and enab- 746.13. The institutional structures, commu- le them to express themselves verbally and in nication capabilities and project implementa- writing will be increased. tion capacities of NGOs active in the field of youth will be improved. 746.5. Activities aimed at increasing the parti- cipation of young people in projects and acti- 747. Psychological counselling and guidan- vities and developing their responsibility and ce services tailored to the characteristics and leadership skills will be expanded. problem areas of young people and parents will be expanded, and competency building 746.6. The physical facilities and human re- and informative trainings will be increased. sources of schools will be made suitable for the use of young people for social, cultural and 747.1. Awareness-raising activities and prog- sports activities during extracurricular time. rams to strengthen skills on health, first aid, technology, social media, financial and legal 746.7. The number and quality of mechanis- literacy will be conducted in schools, higher ms to ensure the active participation of young education student dormitories and youth cen- people in decision-making processes will be ters. increased. 747.2. Youth and parents will be informed 746.8. Mobility programs will be expanded about risks in digital environments. and diversified, especially considering the de- mands and special circumstances of disadvan- 747.3. The employment of experts in the fiel- taged young people. ds of psychological counseling and guidance will be expanded in youth centers and services 746.9. The number and quality of programs for young people and parents will be provided. and activities contributing to the personal and social development of young people, especi- 748. Fight against addictive substances will be ally programs conducted in youth centers and carried out effectively and social rehabilitati- youth camps, will be increased. on and adaptation services will be developed. 746.10. Efforts to operationalize the “National 748.1. The harms of addictive substances such Youth Council of Türkiye” will be completed. as tobacco and alcohol will be highlighted and their accessibility for young people will be 746.11. Efforts will be conducted to raise awa- made difficult. reness of young people on volunteering activi- 748.2. Efforts will be maintained to inform and ties and increase their participation. raise awareness of young people and professi- 746.12. Governance models that gather re- onals in the field of youth on the fight against levant public institutions and organizations, addiction. NGOs, universities, private sector and young 748.3. The number of professionals working people will be developed to conduct studies in with young people in the fight against addicti- areas that can be developed in Türkiye. on will be increased. 186 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 748.4. The quality and quantity of social co- 750. Within the framework of the analyses con- hesion services will be increased, and services ducted for young people who are not in educa- will be expanded through legal arrangements tion and employment, programs and projects needed for the activation of post-treatment re- that support their participation in education or habilitation and follow-up services. employment will be developed with a holistic approach focused on the individual, family and 748.5. Academic studies will be supported to society. design evidence-based policies for the fight against behavioral addictions, and eviden- 750.1. Incentive programs will be implemen- ce-based measures will be considered in the ted to increase the participation of young design of protective and preventive policies people in the labor force and employment and the shaping of treatment services. according to the reasons why they are not in education and employment. 748.6. Training and guidance efforts will be carried out to enable children and young pe- 750.2. The leadership skills of young people ople to use technology more consciously and will be developed and activities will be condu- for their development. cted to support their entrepreneurship. 749. To minimize the social cohesion problems 750.3. Young people who are not in education of the youth under international or temporary and employment will be directed to open jobs protection; awareness, intercultural interacti- and professions. on and skill of coping with difficulties will be increased. 750.4. Short-term certification and diploma programs will be arranged related to the yout- 749.1. Sports, cultural and educational acti- h’s skills and abilities, especially in innovative vities and programs will be implemented for areas such as software. young people under international or tempo- rary protection. 750.5. Young people will be referred to the occupational referral, entrepreneurship, and 749.2. Vocational guidance will be provided vocational training services of KOSGEB (Small for young people under international or tem- and Medium Enterprises Development Organi- porary protection. zation) and İŞKUR. 749.3. The number of programs that promote 750.6. Cooperation activities will be conduc- inclusion and interaction among young people ted with NGOs for young people who are not in will be increased. education and employment. 749.4. Activities aiming to ensure that young 750.7. Programs will be implemented to cont- people under international or temporary pro- ribute to the personal and social development tection in Türkiye harmonize with the values of young people and their career planning, inc- of the society they live in and contribute to the luding the professions of the future. development of the country will be increased. 187 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 750.8. Young people, especially young women 751. The number and quality of regularly col- living in rural areas, will be supported to enter lected data on youth allowing international the labor force and projects will be developed comparisons will be increased. to ensure reverse migration to rural areas and revitalize economic and social life. 751.1. Surveys will be carried out and research will be conducted to measure the needs and 750.9. Studies will be conducted to improve expectations of young people. the life skills of young women who are not in education and employment and to ensure the- 751.2. The number and quality of data showing ir participation in employment. the current situation of young people and al- lowing comparison with other countries will be increased. Table 40: Targets, Youth 2022 2023 2028 Youth Employment Rate (15-24 years-old, %) 1 35.3 37.9 41.7 The Rate of Youth not in Employment, Education or Training1 24.2 23.6 20.3 (15-24 years-old, %) The Number of Youth Centers2 432 468 560 The Number of Young Offices2 359 370 500 Source: The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) TURKSTAT data for 2022 and realization estimates for 2023 based on TURKSTAT data. (2) The data for year 2022 are from the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Data for 2023 is the realization estimate of the Ministry of Youth and Sports.

3.3.8 — Services for People with Disability ality of health services for people with disabi

3.3.8. Services for People with Disability ality of health services for people with disabi- lity will be enhanced. a. Objective 753.1. Early diagnosis and intervention prog- 752. The main objective is to prevent disability, rams will be expanded. intervene with early diagnosis and treatment to eliminate or minimize it, to improve services 753.2. The quality and quantity of community provided to disabled individuals, especially in mental health centers will be increased. terms of care, education, and employment and 753.3. Awareness-raising activities for the to ensure the participation and accessibility of health professionals who provide care and disabled individuals in all areas of social life services to the people with disability will be without feeling limitations. conducted in order to develop effective com- munication between them. b. Policies and Measures 753.4. Efforts will be made to facilitate access 753. Protective and preventive measures re- to medical supplies needed by individuals garding disability will be enabled and the qu- with disabilities due to their disability status. 188 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 754. Quality and quantity of social services for 756.2. Efforts will be made to include indivi- people with disability will be increased. duals providing home care services to disab- led individuals, who do not have access to any 754.1. Daytime care services for people with social security or employment opportunities, disability will be activated and expanded na- into the social security system in order to sup- tionwide. port employment at home. 754.2. The capacity of temporary guest care 757. The quality and quantity of the human services for people with disability will be inc- resources involved in care services will be en- reased and expanded to support those provi- hanced. ding home care services. 757.1. Professional competence standards for 754.3. Support services for home care will be care personnel in care-providing institutions diversified and expanded. will be determined. 754.4. Coordination will be developed among 757.2. Training programs tailored to the needs relevant institutions, including local govern- of professional groups working in care institu- ments and NGOs, in the sense of participation tions will be diversified to enhance effective- of disabled individuals in social life, enhancing ness. care and rehabilitation services. 758. Education to people with disability will 755. Independent participation of people with be provided at the earliest possible age, in in- disability in social life will be ensured by ta- tegrated environments, in an inclusive and hi- king into consideration of their individual nee- gh-quality manner. ds and support in services provided. 758.1. The legislation regulating education 755.1. Models supporting independent living services for people with disability will be re- and good practice examples will be examined, viewed through an inclusive curriculum. and analyses and studies will be conducted re- garding their applicability in Türkiye. 758.2. An effective monitoring, evaluation and supervision mechanism will be developed at 756. Studies will be conducted in order to de- every level of special education. velop the care financing model to integrate it into the social security system. 758.3. Training will be provided to inform fa- milies with disabled individuals about direc- 756.1. By taking into account the unique con- ting and supporting their children in education ditions of Türkiye, studies will be conducted by starting from early childhood. in order to determine a sustainable long-term care financing model, including current situ- 758.4. Awareness-raising activities will reali- ation analysis, needs analysis, and legislative zed for those who provide services to people regulations for its implementation. with disability in the field of inclusive educa- tion, as well as those who receive education 189 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) alongside individuals with disabilities, along KUR (Turkish Employment Agency), as well as with their families and all segments of society the contribution to employment, and the cont- to increase knowledge and awareness level. rols related to implementation will be increa- sed. 758.5. Special education services’ will be es- tablished in institutions where education is 760.2. Information and awareness-raising ac- provided to people with disability for the effe- tivities will be carried out to ensure effective ctive and efficient implementation of educati- utilization of administrative fines in employ- on through inclusion/integration. ment projects targeting people with disability, thereby enhancing the capacity to generate 758.6. Compulsory educational materials will projects. be provided free of charge for people with di- sability who are needed. 761. Effectiveness and prevalence of consul- tancy, guidance, on-the-job training job and 759. By increasing awareness among emplo- career counseling services will be increased in yers, non-disabled employees, and the general the recruitment and work processes. public, and by eliminating negative stereoty- pes, knowledge and consciousness will be ele- 761.1. At the provincial and sectoral levels, vated, and good practices will be encouraged. needs will be determined, and within this fra- mework, planning will be carried out for con- 759.1. Training sessions will be provided on sultancy, guidance, on-the-job training, and topics such as the rights of disabled indivi- vocational counseling services. duals to work and arrangements that can be made to increase the productivity of disabled 762. Supported employment will be imple- individuals in the workplace. mented as an employment model by estab- lishing the legal infrastructure of supported 759.2. Awareness-raising activities will be employment. conducted through tools such as public service announcements and social media to promote 762.1. Legislation and personnel infrastructu- the right of disabled individuals to participate re will be established for the supported emp- in the workforce, as well as to inform emplo- loyment model, which includes the support of yers and employees about the measures that disabled individuals by a job and vocational can be taken in this regard. counselor before, during, and after employ- ment in disabled employment. 759.3. Opening of protected workplaces will be encouraged and promoted. 762.2. Pilot projects aimed at supported emp- loyment will be expanded. 760. Tools related to the obligation to employ disabled workers will be evaluated and stren- 763. Physical environmental conditions, gthened. transportation services, websites, mobile app- lications, printed, digital, and visual media 760.1. The effectiveness of the quota-penalty publications, as well as public services, will be system and administrative fines applied by İŞ- made accessible for people with disability. 190 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 763.1. Efforts will be made to increase aware- rehabilitation, psychosocial support for com- ness and knowledge about accessibility in all munities in need, to increase the effectiveness segments of society, especially among profes- of social assistance, to minimize the risk of so- sions involved in accessibility-related work. cial exclusion with a family-centered approa- ch, to combat and alleviate poverty in all its as- 763.2. The effectiveness of accessibility audits pects, including access to basic services such will be enhanced, and support mechanisms for as education, health, and housing, and ensure products and services related to accessibility social inclusion. and accessibility regulations will be develo- ped. b. Policies and Measures 764. Efforts will be made to produce national 767. Linkage between social services and as- care needs and disability indicators that are sistance will be strengthened. up-to-date, comprehensive, and of high qua- 767.1. The effectiveness of social services and lity, compatible with international standards assistance programs will be enhanced throu- in the National Disability Database. gh the Family Social Support Program (ASDEP) that designed to prevent social problems be- 764.1. The update efforts aimed at addressing fore they arise and to ensure effective combat the scope deficiency in the National Disability against these problems. Database and improving data quality will be completed. 768. Diversification and widespread dissemi- nation of social service models will be ensu- 764.2. In the collection and analysis of data red, and the quality of these services will be concerning people with disability, disabled improved. women and girls will be taken into account specifically throughout perspective of equa- 768.1. In care services, priority will be given to lity between women and men. home care or care within the family, and sup- port services as well as daytime care services 765. Sports activities will be promoted to will be expanded. contribute to the improvement and develop- ment processes of people with disability. 768.2. Effective monitoring, evaluation, and inspection mechanisms will be established by 765.1. Sports facilities and equipment will be determining standards regarding social servi- made accessible, and their use will be suppor- ces. ted. 768.3. The quality of personnel working in the

3.3.9 — Social Services, Social Assistance field of social services will be enhanced, and

3.3.9. Social Services, Social Assistance field of social services will be enhanced, and and Combating Poverty studies will be made towards their specializa- tion. a. Objective 769. Volunteering will be encouraged by inc- 766. The main objective is to ensure the best reasing awareness to social services and assis- possible access to social services such as care, tance. 191 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 769.1. Promotional and informational activi- 772.1. Connection will be established betwe- ties will be conducted to encourage the parti- en the social assistance system and active and cipation of citizens and civil society in social passive labor force programs. services and assistance. 772.2. Programs such as job search support 769.2. Priority will be given to community-ba- will be expanded for social assistance benefi- sed care services in the field of social services. ciaries. 770. Public services such as education, health, 773. The social assistance will be conducted housing, drinking water and sanitation that with consideration for equal opportunities. aim to decrease the risk of poverty will be en- hancing. 773.1. Effectiveness of education-focused so- 771. Efficiency of social assistance system will cial assistance will be increased. be enhanced. 774. Social assistance and service infrastruc- 771.1. Impact analysis of social assistance sys- ture will be strengthened in the direction of tem will be made. being prepared for extraordinary situations such as disasters, and interagency coordinati- 771.2. The social assistance system will be re- on will be increased. viewed and redesigned in an integrated struc- ture that does not hinder workforce participa- 774.1. The resilience of the entire population tion, focusing on families and guaranteeing a including especially the poor, women, child- minimum income per individual. ren, people with disabilities, and the elderly, will be enhanced against disasters as well as 771.3. A regular monitoring and review mec- economic, social, and environmental issues. hanism will be established for social assistance. 774.2. In rural areas, agricultural activities will 771.4. Integration will be improved between be diversified and effective and efficient use local governments and central government, of agricultural land will be ensured to mitigate and data sharing will be ensured. the impacts of poverty resulting from climate 772. Social assistance employment linkages change and drought. will be strengthened. Table 41: Targets for Social Services, Social Assistance and Combating Poverty 2022 2023 2028 Relative Poverty (%)1 21.32 21.63 20.1 P80/P20 4 7.6 2 7.9 3 6.9 Source: The data are from TURKSTAT. The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) When calculating relative poverty, 60 % of the median disposable income of equivalent households is taken as the poverty line. (2) The data are from TURKSTAT. 2021 Income and Living Conditions Survey. (3) The data are from the 2022 Income and Living Conditions Survey. (4) The ratio of the income of the top 20 % of the population with the highest income to the income of the bottom 20 % of the popu- lation with the lowest income. 192 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.3.10 — Income Distribution 776.3. The poverty line threshold will also be

3.3.10. Income Distribution 776.3. The poverty line threshold will also be taken into account in the application of exemp- a. Objective tions, exceptions and discounts. 775. The main objective is to improve income 777. The scope and adequacy of the social as- distribution by implementing macroeconomic sistance system will be increased, and equality policies to be used in the fight against infla- of opportunity will be increased through social tion, especially income policy, in a way that transfers. improves income distribution; reviewing the tax structure to improve income distribution, 777.1. Social aid and transfers such as scholar- increasing equality of opportunity through so- ships, loans and housing aid will be increased, cial transfers, and distributing all welfare com- especially for young people in need in higher ponents fairly within society through policies education. aimed at increasing the average wage level in the labor market, and increasing the participa- 777.2. The scope of active labor force prog- tion of those at risk of poverty and social exc- rams will be expanded and employment will lusion in economic and social life and preven- be increased in higher paying jobs brought ting inequality of opportunity from spreading about by digitalization and technological de- to future generations. velopment. b.Policies and Measures 777.3. Inspection activities regarding informal employment will be increased. 776. The improving effect of taxation on in- come distribution will be increased by taking 777.4. The effectiveness of premium and wage into account the principles of equity, equality, supports provided within the scope of on-the- ability to pay and progressiveness. job training programs for young people will be increased. 776.1. Infrastructure work will continue to en- sure the accuracy of taxpayers’ declarations by 778. Social awareness will be strengthened integrating bank accounts, population records and an institutional structure will be establis- and other administrative data in public institu- hed to ensure income justice. tions and subjecting them to effective control. 778.1. The Economic and Social Council will be 776.2. For real estate valuation, a database activated in order to establish economic poli- that records the current values of real estate cies in a holistic approach with social policies in coordination with relevant institutions will effective on income distribution. be created and studies will be carried out to implement computer-aided collective valuati- on methods. 193 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 42: Targets for Income Distribution 2022 2023 2028 Gini Coefficient 0.4011 0.4152 0.380 Source: The data are from TURKSTAT. The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The data are from TURKSTAT 2021. Income and Living Conditions Survey and income information refers to 2020. (2) The data are from TURKSTAT 2022. Income and Living Conditions Survey and income information refers to 2021.

3.3.11 — Culture and Art 780.3. Identification and inventory studies

3.3.11. Culture and Art 780.3. Identification and inventory studies carried out for the protection of our immovab- a. Objective le cultural heritage at home and abroad will continue and the data obtained will be digiti- 779. The main objective is to preserve and en- zed. hance the richness and diversity of our cultural and artistic heritage and transfer it to future 780.4. Immovable Waqf cultural assets such generations, to strengthen social cohesion and as fountains, imaret and soup kitchens will be solidarity around the common values of our functionalized in accordance with the conditi- national culture and immemorial civilization, ons of the waqf endowment. and to increase the multidimensional impact of cultural and artistic activities on develop- 780.5. Thematic cultural routes on archaeo- ment by making them widespread throughout logy, literature, history and nature, especially the society. those under UNESCO protection, will be iden- tified and promoted. b. Policies and Measures 780.6. The fundamentals and the richness of 780. Turkish cultural heritage at home and Turkish culture, tale heroes, significant figures abroad will be protected in a way to improve and events of Turkish history will be expressed the cultural, historical and aesthetic aware- through theater, cinema, documentaries, se- ness of the society, to contribute to cultural ries and cartoons. tourism and to take disaster risk into conside- ration, and the Waqf monuments will be made 780.7. Çanakkale martyrdoms and battlefiel- functional in accordance with the conditions ds will be restored and the Historic Site will of their endowments. be transformed into an open-air museum. For the restoration of Turkish martyrdoms abroad, 780.1. Maintenance, repair and renovation ac- necessary studies and arrangements will be tivities for the restoration of our immovable made. cultural heritage in Türkiye and abroad will be improved in quality and quantity. 780.8. The establishment of private museums will be encouraged and the quality and quan- 780.2. Urban design projects will be created tity of museums will be enhanced within the for historic urban fabric and historical urban framework of contemporary modern museo- areas will be rehabilitated with a holistic ap- logy. proach accordingly. 194 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 780.9. Archaeological excavations and scienti- 782.1. Branding practices of local administra- fic research studying different periods of Tur- tions and relevant public institutions for im- kish-Islamic history from a cultural, artistic and portant places that contribute to identity of social perspective will be supported. the city will be encouraged and expanded. 780.10. Manuscripts and rare books, and rela- 783. Access to culture and arts participation ted studies will be published and made ava- opportunities will be increased. ilable to readers through various methods. Transmission of these works to next genera- 783.1. In order to develop culture and art as a tions will be ensured through restoration and habit of life, culture and art education will be digitization work. provided starting from the early years. 780.11. Intangible cultural heritage will be 783.2. Librarianship services will be improved protected and recorded, and opportunities for in order to create and disseminate a reading interaction of living human treasures with the culture, and libraries will be restructured spa- society will be increased. tially and functionally by utilizing new techno- logies and management approaches. 780.12. Facilitating legislation will be made for the protection of civilian architecture. 783.3. Number of mobile libraries and mobile theaters will be increased. 780.13. Legislation on the protection of cultu- ral heritage will be updated in accordance with 783.4. The role of local administrations, priva- new requirements. te sector and civil society in the provision of culture and arts services will be strengthened. 781. In order to ensure more efficient and ef- fective use of cultural infrastructure elements, 783.5. Talent scouting practices will be carried their architecture, operation and management out to identify talented individuals in the field model will be functionalized, and flexible spa- of culture and arts at early years. tial designs that allow for different activities will be developed. 784. Classical and contemporary Turkish arts will be popularized. 781.1. Accessible, widespread and attractive structures will be designed to adopt cultural 784.1. By prioritizing different periods of Tur- buildings as the third place of social life. kish-Islamic art, Turkish cultural heritage will be researched, protected and transferred to 782. Care will be taken to ensure that urban society and future generations. designs, zoning plans, public housing and pub- lic buildings contribute to the landscape, ur- 784.2. Qualified events and exhibitions in are- ban fabric, aesthetics and identity of the cities, as representing classical and contemporary and urban transformation practices will be in Turkish art will be organized by public and pri- accordance with cultural identity and structure. vate sectors and exhibited in the most influen- tial cities of the world. 195 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 784.3. It will be ensured that the teaching of 785.4. The etymological dictionary will be traditional Turkish arts, which can be mainta- completed to record the richness of the Tur- ined through the master-apprentice method kish language. and are under the threat of extinction, will be continued in an institutionalized manner. 785.5. Teaching and promotion of Turkish lan- guage and culture abroad will be enhanced. 784.4. Theater and opera plays that reflect our social and national values and enhance peop- 785.6. The beautiful use of Turkish in all kin- le’s knowledge, manner and aesthetic values ds of press, broadcasting and media will be will be staged and disseminated to all seg- encouraged, and vocabulary richness will be ments of society. promoted in all works of art that convey their message through language. 785. By revealing the richness of Turkish lan- guage, it will become a widespread and valid 785.7. Reference texts on Turkish culture and language in the world and its correct use in all civilization will be published by academically areas of life will be ensured. qualified universities, publishing houses and relevant public institutions within a specific 785.1. Publications and productions that program. strengthen the transmission of language and cultural elements such as lullabies, nursery rh- 785.8. A Turkish Language Council will be con- ymes, tales, stories, prayers and poems will be vened with the participation of all relevant supported and reflected in all formal educati- segments to evaluate the developments in on curricula in order to ensure that the Turkish Turkish, and an action plan will be prepared for language is learned and spoken from an early the protection and development of the Turkish age with a rich vocabulary in a way that ensu- language and its correct and widespread use. res the transmission of cultural values betwe- en generations. 786. Information and data infrastructure in the cultural field will be strengthened. 785.2. In order to use Turkish language corre- ctly and competently in all areas of life, all kin- 786.1. Cultural statistics will be developed in ds of tools, especially formal education, will be accordance with international standards and used effectively. will be collected in a single database and made available to users. 785.3. The correct and proper use of Turkish language will be ensured in all written, audi- 786.2. Existing records, data and national sta- o-visual and audiovisual publications of public tistics on cultural economy will be diversified. institutions and organizations, especially le- gislation, official correspondence and reports, 787. Impact assessment of existing state aid and in all academic publications prepared in for cultural industries and cultural initiatives Turkish language, especially master’s and do- will be carried out, inclusive, objective and ea- ctoral theses of higher education institutions. sily accessible state aid will be developed, and intellectual property rights will be protected. 196 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 787.1. Measures will be taken to prevent mo- 788.3. For more effective management of cul- nopolization in the production, screening and tural and artistic institutions and expansion of distribution of cultural products. Branding, their areas of expertise, qualified culture and marketing and financing support programs will arts employees will be raised, departments of be developed for products specific to Turkish arts and cultural management will be expan- culture. ded in higher education, and the efficiency of existing departments will be improved. 787.2. Research on the cultural economy will be supported. Regular analyses and reports on 789. Qualified religious services will contribu- this field will be published. te to the spiritual integrity of society in unity, solidarity, peace and tranquility, and non-for- 787.3. Small enterprises and initiatives will be mal religious education will be provided to all supported to increase diversity in the cultural segments of society. sector. 789.1. The quality of religious culture and et- 787.4. Support for cultural industries will be hics education in primary and secondary edu- diversified, and training, certification, R&D ac- cation institutions will be improved. tivities will be prioritized, and support decisi- ons will be based on benchmarking. 789.2. Demands for religious education and training, one of the fundamental rights of fa- 787.5. Support for private theaters will be inc- milies over their children, will be met through reased. qualified religious services supported by rich visual and content-rich educational tools. 787.6. Cultural entrepreneurship ecosystem will be strengthened and disseminated. 789.3. An effective information opportunity will be provided through written, audio-visual 788. In order for Turkish cinema to become a channels in order to meet the current needs of globally recognized brand, international com- the society and to ensure accurate and healthy petitiveness will be increased by ensuring the access to basic religious information by dis- enhancement of the cinema industry. tinguishing deliberate, false and superstitious approaches. 788.1. Arrangements will be made to prevent monopolization in cinema production, distri- 789.4. Spiritual support programs and trainin- bution and screening activities, and the use of gs for the protection of the family will be inc- cultural centers and similar buildings as movie reased. theaters will be encouraged. 789.5. Awareness-raising activities will be car- 788.2. Effective promotion and support activi- ried out to reduce the effects of actions that ties will be carried out to ensure that Turkish will create negative perceptions through ver- films meet with more audiences in Türkiye and bal, written or visual means aimed at eroding abroad. the national and spiritual values of the society. 197 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 790. Turkish culture will be promoted abroad, 791.4. The initial literary work support, which cultural diplomacy activities carried out by the is implemented to encourage literary producti- public and NGOs will be improved and coordi- on and to ensure the dissemination of high qu- nation will be enhanced, and the constructive ality literary productions that have not found role of culture in international relations will be publishing opportunities, will be expanded. utilized. 791.5. Activities for the promotion of Turkish 790.1. Administrative and service delivery ca- literature and publishing abroad and the infor- pacities of organizations operating in the field mative content used in these activities will be of cultural diplomacy abroad will be improved. made available online. 790.2. Türkiye’s scientific and academic accu- 791.6. A special support scheme will be estab- mulation will be promoted abroad. lished for children’s literature products, parti- cularly introducing Turkish culture and art, sig- 790.3. Bilateral agreements and action plans nificant figures and historic events. will be prepared with the governments of va- rious countries in line with Türkiye’s foreign 792. In repairing the damage caused by the policy in the field of culture, and cultural years earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay the and cultural days will be organized. return of indigenous people to their settle- ments will be ensured. The historic and cultu- 790.4. The economic, social and cultural ties of ral fabric will be restored in a holistic manner, cognates and related communities and “Türki- and connections between new urban settle- ye Graduates” with our country will be impro- ments and old urban area with historic fabric ved, and the ties of our citizens living abroad will be established and strongly sustained. with the motherland will be strengthened. 792.1. New urban settlements will be equ- 791. Activities for the growth of book and peri- ipped with cultural infrastructure, including odical publishing sector will be supported. libraries, museums, cultural centers, and city parks, which will facilitate social and cultural 791.1. Efforts to improve publishing activities, interaction thus supporting social welfare. The including electronic publications, will be sup- new city squares will be designed with monu- ported. ments that will serve to perpetuate the me- mory of the disaster and form an urban culture. 791.2. The number of public publications in e-book format will be increased to ensure that 792.2. In order to prevent the historical fabric more readers have access to qualified cultural from being damaged again in possible disas- publications. ters, the potential restoration techniques using modern materials and construction techniqu- 791.3. Promotional activities will be carried es will be investigated and regulations will be out and the content of existing support prog- made by legislation and authorized boards. rams will be enhanced in order to increase the global recognition of Turkish literature and fo- 792.3. In all resettlements, it will be ensured reign copyright revenue. that the relationship with the old city areas will 198 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN be taken into consideration in urban planning 793.1. Digital cultural economy statistics will in order to maintain urban culture and site ma- be produced and monitored in line with inter- nagement models will be implemented. national statistics. 792.4. Efforts will be made to protect and re- 793.2. Programs for the development of digi- vitalize the intangible cultural heritage in the tal skills and digital culture and arts will be inc- region. luded in formal education curricula. 792.5. Documentation of cultural assets in all 793.3. Specialized trainings will be supported provinces, starting with provinces exposed to to improve the digital skills of stakeholders in earthquake risk, will be completed. Blueprint the cultural economy value chain, and certifi- archives will be created to ensure that struc- cation will be provided. tures damaged in possible future disasters be repaired reflecting the original structure. 793.4. Cooperation and coordination mecha- nisms will be developed between R&D, design 793. A digital cultural economy roadmap will and technology centers and zones and cultural be determined by evaluating the opportuni- industries. ties and threats posed by the digitalization process for all stages of the cultural economy 793.5. Support for the digital cultural eco- value chain. nomy will be improved. Table 43: Targets for Culture and Arts 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Immovable Cultural Assets Repaired and Restored (Cumulative)1 210 444 1,414 The Number of Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements Registered in Türkiye 326 340 450 National Inventory Government Expenditure on Cultural and Natural Heritage (PPP) (USD per capita) 292 35 60 Source: The data for year 2022 are from TURKSTAT and Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Includes immovable cultural assets under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and foundation cultural assets under the General Directorate of Foundations. (2) Data for 2021.

3.3.12 — Sports leads to success in international competitions,

3.3.12. Sports leads to success in international competitions, and to transform sports into a widespread li- a. Objective festyle for society as a whole. 794. The main objective is to include indivi- b. Policies and Measures duals with sporting abilities in talent pools at an early age, to enhance the quality of sports 795. Regular participation in sporting activi- professionals, to achieve a level of global com- ties will be encouraged among citizens of all petitiveness across all sports disciplines that ages. 199 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 795.1. Sports facilities will be developed at measures will be taken to meet the need for the local level to provide sports education sports physicians. from an early age, and regular participation in sporting activities will be encouraged among 797.1. Sports health centers providing health citizens of all ages. and performance support to Olympic, Paraly- mpic athletes, national teams, and Turkish Oly- 795.2. In collaboration with all stakeholders, mpic Preparation Centers and Athlete Training particularly local governments, citizens’ inte- Centers will be expanded to regions where ne- rest in sports will be increased, and projects eded. and campaigns focused on sports and recrea- tion for health will be developed. 797.2. Collaboration will be established with relevant units, institutions, and organizations 795.3. Access to sports will be facilitated for to train health care professionals specialized citizens requiring special policies, especially in athlete health. for individuals with disabilities, and their par- ticipation in sporting activities will be encou- 798. Measures will be taken to increase the in- raged. ternational success of professional athletes. 795.4. Courses and seminars will be organized 798.1. A data infrastructure containing statis- to increase the quantity and quality of coaches. tical information on sports performance in in- ternational organizations will be established. 796. Collaboration with sports clubs will be established to enable primary school students 798.2. The development of all sports discip- to become familiar with sports disciplines and lines, particularly traditional and Olympic engage in regular sports activities throughout sports, and the promotion of new sports will their lives. be ensured through monitoring. 796.1. Students at the primary, middle, and 798.3. Regulations will be enacted to facilitate high school levels will be encouraged to enga- the transition of national athletes into secon- ge in specific sports and game types and parti- dary and higher education levels. cipate in competitions. 798.4. Successful athletes, along with their af- 796.2. The quality of physical education and filiated federations and amateur sports clubs, sports lessons in formal education will be en- will be supported to further develop sports hanced. and strengthen sports infrastructure. 796.3. The monitoring and evaluation of scho- 798.5. Legislative work related to the imple- ol and neighborhood sports clubs will be faci- mentation of the Sports Clubs and Sports Fe- litated through digital integration. derations Law will be completed. 797. Sports health centers will be expanded 798.6. Support will be provided to athletes by enhancing service quality and diversity, and in the Olympic and Paralympic pool to ensure 200 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN their success in Olympic and Paralympic Ga- rism potential of regions and promotional acti- mes. vities will be carried out. 799. Talented children at the starting age of 800.4. Collaboration with public and private sports will be identified and directed to rele- sector stakeholders will be established to ef- vant sports disciplines to be trained as elite fectively carry out promotional and marketing athletes in order to promote sports culture and activities, and strategies will be developed. expand sports to wider audiences. 800.5. Awareness will be raised for sports tou- 799.1. Students identified as having special rism exports, regional efforts will be made to talents for sports will be encouraged to start increase Türkiye’s sports tourism exports, and sports training within the Athlete Education statistical data will be obtained in this field. and Development Program. 801. Utilization of international project sup- 799.2. Students who qualify for a sports certi- port in youth and sports investments and ficate under the Sports Talent Screening Prog- acquisition of new external financing sources ram will be directed to relevant sports discip- will be ensured. lines. 801.1. Efforts will be made to strengthen soci- 799.3. The participation of disabled students al integration of youth, especially those requi- included in the Türkiye Sports Talent Scree- ring special policies, by increasing the number ning Program in sports activities will be en- and strengthening the existing structures of couraged to contribute to their socialization youth camps, youth centers, dormitories, and and rehabilitation processes, supporting the sports facilities and acquiring more internati- development of individuals who could be Pa- onal funding. ralympic athletes. 802. International sports diplomacy will be 800. Türkiye’s share of the global sports tou- utilized as a public diplomacy tool and soft rism market will be increased. power element. 800.1. New marketing strategies will be deve- 802.1. A sports diplomacy strategy specific to loped and promotional activities will be car- Türkiye will be prepared by closely monitoring ried out to promote sports tourism in countries best practices and strategies. with high demand for sports tourism. 802.2. Efforts will be intensified to increase Türkiye’s representation power within the de- 800.2. By hosting international sports events, cision-making bodies of international sports Türkiye will be turned into a global sports tou- organizations. rism brand. 802.3. Successful athletes, especially at the 800.3. Brand cities for sports tourism will be Olympics, will be appointed as brand ambas- identified considering the unique sports tou- sadors. 201 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 44: Targets for Sports 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Students Participating in Sports Branch Education in 281 326 800 Primary Schools (Thousand) Total Number of Students Participating in School Sports (Thousand) 1,958 2,300 2,900 The Number of Participants Benefiting from National Sports 600 620 1,000 Projects (Thousand) The Number of Participants in the Ministry of Youth and Sports Schools and the Ministry of Youth and Sports Inclusive Sports 4,205 4,400 5,400 Schools (Thousand) The Number of Students Tested and Measured under the Sports 1,459.0 733,4 1,200 Talent Screening Program1 The Number of Students Identified with Specific Sports Talents and Initiated into Sports under the Sports Talent Screening Program 95.9 83.9 100 (Thousand) The Number of Students Directed to Sports Disciplines under the - 36.8 40 Sports Talent Screening Program (Thousand)2 The Number of Sports Clubs Serving People with Disabilities 3,207 2,278 3,500 The Number of Disabled Athletes 48,265 49,262 100,000 The Number of Medals Won in International Competitions 6,492 5,776 10,000 The Number of Licensed Athletes (Thousand) 13,313 14,796 20,000 Source: Ministry of Youth and Sports. The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) and (2) The Sports Talent Screening Program was only implemented for third-grade primary school students, but due to the pandemic, it could not be implemented in 2020 and 2021, hence no students were directed to sports disciplines in 2022. The program was exceptionally implemented for students in grades 3, 4, and 5 in 2023.

3.3.13 — Population and Aging to sustain active and independent lives, ensu

3.3.13. Population and Aging to sustain active and independent lives, ensu- re their participation in economic and social a. Objective life, and enable them to benefit from quality care and health services. 803. The main objective is to maintain a healt- hy and dynamic population structure by kee- b. Policies and Measures ping fertility levels above the replacement le- vel, strengthening the institution of the family, 804. Demographic window opportunities will incentivizing marriages at younger ages throu- be utilized to the maximum extent. gh the reduction of the rising average age of marriage, and supporting having more than 804.1. Efforts will be made to increase the par- two children. This is to preserve the physical ticipation of the young population in educati- and mental health and quality of life of the on, employment, and productive life. aging population, enhance their functionality 202 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 804.2. Measures will be implemented to raise 806.1. Standards will be established for el- fertility levels to the replacement level of the derly-friendly and accessible housing, and population. housing designs will be made compliant with these standards. 804.3. Legislation and state aid regarding day- care centers and nurseries provided by the pri- 806.2. The existing housing stock will be adap- vate sector for their employees will be enhan- ted to meet the needs of the elderly populati- ced. on. 804.4. Activities aimed at preserving a healthy 806.3. Elderly-friendly and accessible cities and dynamic population structure conducted will be designed. by NGOs, research centers, and private sector organizations will be supported. 806.4. Efforts will be made to consolidate ac- cessibility legislation and standards under a 805.The effectiveness and quality of health single legal framework. and care services provided to the elderly for active and healthy aging will be enhanced. 806.5. Elements within the public transporta- tion network that do not comply with accessi- 805.1. Preventive, promotive and curative he- bility standards will be identified and rectified. alth services will be improved. 806.6. Orange desk services will be extended 805.2. Human capacity for elderly health ser- to other service sectors. vices will be strengthened. 807. Measures will be taken to prevent the so- 805.3. Health technologies for the elderly will cial exclusion of the elderly. be developed. 807.1. Local governments will be encouraged 805.4. The effectiveness and quality of home to open centers where healthy elderly indivi- health services will be increased. duals can engage in social activities. 805.5. To facilitate access to care and health 807.2. Local governments will ensure monito- services from home in cases such as regular ring and provision of support services, especi- monitoring that do not require elderly indivi- ally for elderly individuals living alone. duals to visit health care facilities, the use of “telecare” and “telehealth” applications will 808. Family and intergenerational relations- be expanded. hips will be strengthened and volunteer acti- vities will be increased. 805.6. The effectiveness of daytime care and long-term care services will be increased. 808.1. Programs and projects that encourage cooperation between the young and the old, 806. The design and creation of elderly-friend- allowing the elderly to share their experiences ly, accessible, and safe housing/cities will be with the youth, will be implemented. ensured. 203 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 808.2. Awareness campaigns will be condu- ditions for impoverished elderly individuals, cted to develop a culture of volunteerism with a particular focus on elderly women. among the elderly. 811. Elderly individuals’ use of information 809. Educational and lifelong learning oppor- and communication technologies and digital tunities for the elderly will be enhanced. skills will be improved. 809.1. Action plans will be developed to im- 811.1. Public and private institutions’ websi- prove adults’ basic skills, and course programs tes and digital applications will be developed for enhancing these skills will be updated. with accessible designs. 809.2. Third-age university programs, aimed at 811.2. Efforts will be made to adapt digital de- supporting active aging through a lifelong le- vices and applications to the physical abilities arning approach for older individuals, will be of the elderly. increased. 811.3. Training and initiatives will be conduc- 809.3. Education on health literacy, financial ted to ensure safe and effective usage of fun- literacy, digital literacy, and technology usage damental public administration services such for the elderly will be expanded. as e-Government and e-Pulse by the elderly population. 809.4. Awareness campaigns will be conduc- ted to enable individuals to plan for their own 812.The protection, enhancement of elderly aging. rights, and prevention of discrimination aga- inst the elderly will be ensured. 810. Improvements will be made to enhance the economic conditions of the elderly indivi- 812.1. Services and policies for the aging po- duals. pulation will be developed based on data. 810.1. Mechanisms will be developed specifi- 813. Measures will be taken to protect the el- cally targeting the improvement of living con- derly during disasters and emergencies. Table 45: Targets for Population and Aging 2022 2023 2028 Total Fertility Rate (The Number of Children per Woman) 1.62 1.7 2.1 Life Expectancy at Age 65 (Years) 1 17.1 17.5 18.4 Women1 18.8 19.2 20.1 Men1 15.3 15.7 16.6 Labor Force Participation Rate for the Population Aged 65 and Over (%) 12,1 12,3 12,7 Source: The data for year 2022 are from TURKSTAT. The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) Data for the year 2022 belong to the period of 2020-2022. 204 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.3.14 — International Migration 816. The adaptation of foreigners living in Tür

3.3.14. International Migration 816. The adaptation of foreigners living in Tür- kiye to social, economic and cultural life will a. Objective be supported. 814. The main objective is to prevent irregular 816.1. In order to ensure the adaptation of im- migration by providing an evidence-based, ho- migrants to social and cultural life, non-formal listic, original, effective and sustainable migra- education programs such as Turkish language tion management that covers different sectors education will be organized, and communica- of public and private institutions, and that can tion and awareness-raising activities will be be renewed according to changing needs and carried out. conditions. 817. Irregular migration will be combated ef- b. Policies and Measures fectively and voluntary repatriation of foreig- ners will be ensured. 815. Institutional capacity regarding migration management will be strengthened. 817.1. In order to minimize individual and mass irregular migration movements, coopera- 815.1. In order to increase efficiency in mig- tion with countries of origin and transit in the ration management, an advisory board will be fields of development, law, diplomacy and se- formed with the participation of public institu- curity will be increased, and relevant programs tions and organizations, universities, the priva- will be implemented in a proactive manner. te sector and NGOs. 817.2. Preventive practices will be increased 815.2. Regular reporting on the country of in countries of origin and at our borders in the origin will be ensured to support the data and fight against irregular migration. information-based decision-making process in migration management. 817.3. Deportation procedures will continue to be carried out effectively. 815.3. Detailed statistics on migration will be regularly shared with the public. 817.4. Voluntary, safe and dignified return mechanisms will be expanded and implemen- 815.4. Training and application programs will ted effectively. be developed to ensure that employees in the field of migration management gain the neces- 3.3.15. Turks Living Abroad sary knowledge and experience. a. Objective 815.5. Visa and residence applications will be carried out in a planned, foreseen and effec- 818. The main objective is to ensure that Turks tive manner in order to manage regular mig- living abroad, who preserve their cultural ration in a healthy way and prevent irregular identity, maintain their ties to the homeland, migration. protect their individual and social rights in the country they live in, and participate in socio- 205 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) economic life, make a positive contribution 820.2. The capacity of local religious institu- to the political, economic, social, cultural and tions of Turks living abroad will be strengthe- scientific relations between Türkiye and the ned. country they live in, and secure their future. 820.3. Efforts will be made to facilitate the b. Policies and Measures employment of Turks living abroad in the countries where they live. 819. In order to ensure that Turks living abro- ad preserve and develop their native language, 820.4. Information and awareness-raising ac- formal and non-formal education supports will tivities regarding the labor and social security be increased, and curriculum, educational to- rights of Turks living abroad will be carried out ols and equipment and human resources will effectively. be improved. 820.5. Bilateral and multilateral social security 819.1. Efforts will be carried out to increase agreements will be expanded to protect and the interest of young generations of Turks li- develop the social security rights and interests ving abroad in Turkish and their initiatives to of Turkish citizens in other countries. include Turkish among the optional languages in the countries where they live will be encou- 820.6. The existing infrastructure will be im- raged. proved and processes will be accelerated to ensure the labor and social security rights of 819.2. Curriculum, educational tools and equ- Turkish citizens who have returned to Türkiye ipment, and instructor support will be provided and those who remain behind in the countries and institutional capacity will be strengthened where they live. to disseminate bilingual educational instituti- ons and programs at pre-school, primary and 820.7. Activities will be carried out to ensu- secondary education levels, where Turkish is re that Turks living abroad, with a priority on one of the languages of education. young people and women, benefit from voca- tional training opportunities in the countries 819.3. The mobility of Turks living abroad will they live in. be made effective, widespread and permanent by carrying out short-term mobility programs 820.8. Support will be given to develop the and exchange programs at secondary and hig- cultural and artistic capacity of Turks living her education levels. abroad, taking into account their talents and needs. 820. The development of the economic, soci- al, cultural and institutional capacity of Turks 820.9. Consultancy services will be provided living abroad will be supported. to Turkish families living abroad to support them in protecting their individual and social 820.1. A coordination board will be establis- rights and to benefit from the social services hed to ensure the effectiveness of services of their countries of residence easily and wit- provided by public institutions to Turks living hout discrimination. abroad. 206 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 821. Turks living abroad will be supported to 821.2. It will be ensured that hate attacks aga- develop their capacity to combat discriminati- inst the living spaces of Turks living abroad, on and assimilation in their countries of resi- religious places and structures belonging to dence. Turkish culture are detected and reported, and preventive measures are taken against the at- 821.1. The capacity of NGOs to fight against tacks. rising discrimination and Islamophobia will be increased and the public will be informed. Wit- 821.3. Efforts will be made to include Islamop- hin this context, the collection and reporting of hobia within the scope of hate crimes in natio- data, and the conduct of national and interna- nal and international law. tional legal follow-ups will be supported. 207 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.4 — DISASTER RESILIENT proach centered on combating climate change

3.4. DISASTER RESILIENT proach centered on combating climate change. LIVING AREAS, SUSTAINABLE Priority is given to adaptation, technology de- velopment and transfer, capacity building, and ENVIRONMENT climate finance. Strengthening the zero waste management system, supporting green trans- 822. Global temperatures have increased by formation, transitioning to circular economy an average of 1°C due to rising greenhouse gas and ensuring sustainable management of soil emissions caused by the use of fossil fuels. If and water resources are areas of interest in the global warming trends continue in a similar current planning period. manner, large-scale and irreversible environ- mental damages are expected to occur towar- 826. In order to improve the quality of life in ds the end of the 21st century, and economy cities, it is prioritized to ensure sustainable de- and welfare of countries are expected to be velopment in line with geographical characte- adversely affected by it. Factors such as ra- ristics, cultural and natural values, to increase pid and unplanned urbanization, population resilience, and to provide quality urban servi- growth, changing production and consumption ces that meet the needs of the society. habits, and increase in pollutants cause envi- ronmental degradation and loss of biodiver- 827. Reducing development disparities betwe- sity. These factors also increase the frequency en regions by mobilizing the potential of the of disasters and the extent of the impacts of regions in order to create resilient living spa- these disasters. ces by taking into account climate change and disaster risks constitutes one of the important 823. As a country located on active fault lines, elements of national development. Emphasis Türkiye has historically been exposed to vari- is placed on making investments and provi- ous hazards due to its geographical location, ding support to ensure economic and social especially high intensity earthquakes. There- development by taking into account regional fore, in order to ensure the resilience of living dynamics. Improving the welfare and quality spaces, it is important to take disaster risks of life of the rural population also stands out in into account in spatial planning, construction terms of balanced and inclusive development. of infrastructure and housing production.

3.4.1 — Disaster Management

3.4.1. Disaster Management 824. An integrated disaster management ap- proach which includes disaster risk reduction a. Objective and preparedness before disasters, minimiza- tion of losses and damage through effective 828. The main objective is to increase the re- response during disasters, and recovery and silience of settlements and society against di- improved reconstruction after disasters is sasters, to minimize loss of life and property by adopted. reducing disaster risks and damages, to execu- te effective disaster management at all stages, 825. Steps are taken towards 2053 net zero to raise disaster awareness of the society and emission target with a low-carbon growth ap- all institutions. 208 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN b. Policies and Measures 830.3. The “Türkiye Disaster Management Strategy” will be prepared. 829. Prioritization will be made according to disaster hazard types in line with the socioeco- 830.4. “Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction nomic and physical characteristics of the regi- Plans (IRAP)” will be monitored and updated. ons throughout the country, and efforts will be made to reduce disaster risks and damages. 830.5. The effectiveness of the “Türkiye Disas- ter Risk Reduction Platform” will be increased 829.1. Risk analyses will be conducted for all and its decision-making mechanism will be ac- settlements and disaster hazards, and studies tivated. on the preparation of disaster risk maps will be completed. 830.6. International cooperation in disaster management will be increased. 829.2. Disaster hazards and risks will be ta- ken into consideration as a priority in spatial 830.7. Activities will be carried out to strengt- planning phase and inspection and sanction hen technical and administrative capacities of mechanisms will be strengthened to improve central and local units that are responsible for implementations. disaster management and staff will be given regular training on earthquake regulations and 829.3. Micro-zoning studies will be carried out disaster management. to identify disaster risks and priority will be gi- ven to areas with high disaster risks, and the 831. In order to increase effectiveness in di- legislation will be updated to take disaster ris- saster management, data generation and and ks into account in spatial planning processes. inter-institutional sharing will be improved and IT infrastructure and decision support sys- 830. Disaster management will be strengthe- tems in the area of disaster management will ned in terms of legislation, human, institutio- be continued to be developed. nal and technical capacity. 831.1. Disaster related data will be generated 830.1. Disaster-related legislation will be in sufficient details and will be used in plan- updated with a holistic approach in line with ning processes regarding all stages of integra- scientific, technical norms and international ted disaster management. standards and integrated disaster manage- ment will be ensured. 831.2. Integrated early warning and forecas- ting systems will be established according to 830.2. Authorities and responsibilities of ins- hazard types at national and regional scale and titutions will be rearranged and inter-institu- new technological capabilities will be utilized tional coordination will be strengthened by to ensure analyzing data for early warning taking into account their areas of expertise in purposes, to monitor disasters, to command order to carry out and supervise activities to and dispatch. identify, assess and mitigate disaster risks, and increase the effectiveness of disaster respon- 831.3. A decision support mechanism which se during and after disasters. is based on geographical information system 209 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) that can use all resources effectively in case 833.1. Flood management plans will be comp- of a disaster will be developed and kept up- leted and kept up-to-date. to-date. 833.2. In flood protection and control invest- 831.4. The effective use of remote sensing and ments, seasonal rainfall conditions, popula- imaging systems in disaster hazard and risk re- tion, strategic facilities and agricultural lands duction activities will be ensured. of the regions will be taken into consideration and the number of flood protection and cont- 831.5. Building types that are of critical impor- rol facilities will be increased. tance in disaster preparedness and post-disas- ter response will be monitored and necessary 833.3. Legislation will be prepared to minimi- measures will be taken, and the installation ze the effects of floods, to prevent interventi- of building health monitoring systems will be ons on river beds and to ensure that flood risks scaled up throughout the country. are taken into account at all activities conduc- ted. 832. The resilience of all existing and new inf- rastructure and superstructures against disas- 833.4. A national flood and drought forecas- ters will be ensured. ting and early warning system will be establis- hed in all basins. 832.1. Critical infrastructure and superstruc- tures will be classified according to their types 833.5. Regional differentiated guidelines for at national scale and assessed for risk based on public institutions on disaster hazards and multiple disaster hazards, with necessary rein- measures arising from climate change will be forcements being made. prepared. 832.2. Legislation on disaster resilient const- 833.6. Resilience to climate change will be inc- ruction will be revised, and multiple disaster reased through training and awareness raising hazards will be taken into account in all new activities on extreme weather events, deserti- infrastructure and superstructures. fication, erosion, water and soil protection. 832.3. Regular maintenance and repair will be 833.7. Nature-based solutions and green inf- carried out to protect infrastructures against rastructure opportunities will be assessed and multiple hazards. utilized to the maximum extent within the sco- pe of reducing disaster risks. 832.4. The preparedness of buildings where public services, particularly education and he- 834. A rapid, effective and comprehensive alth, are provided against disasters and emer- response to all kinds of disasters and emer- gencies will be strengthened. gencies will be ensured by increasing disaster and emergency response capacity. 833. Adaptation capacity will be strengthened by increasing social resilience to climate chan- 834.1. The establishment of digital radio inf- ge-related disaster hazards. rastructure in 81 provinces will be completed in order to create an uninterrupted and secure 210 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN communication system that can provide conti- to resume activities without interruption or as nuous service during disasters. soon as possible after a disaster. 834.2. Materials, equipment and vehicles 836. Disaster risk transfer methods and finan- required after a disaster will be acquired and cing opportunities will be improved. stored in logistics warehouses. 836.1. Financial and fiscal instruments for di- 834.3. Assembly areas where those who are saster risk reduction will be diversified and de- affected by disasters and emergencies can be veloped. safely evacuated from the dangerous area will 836.2. A compulsory disaster insurance me- be identified and the number of these areas chanism covering all disaster hazards will be will be increased. developed and made widespread, and the ef- fective monitoring of disaster insurance decla- 834.4. Standards for temporary shelter that ration and payment will be ensured. may be needed after disasters and emergen- cies will be developed. 836.3. Efforts will be made to scale up capital market products related to disaster manage- 834.5. Disaster drills will be conducted to test ment. the skills and to improve capabilities of the te- ams responding to disasters and emergencies 837. Recovery actions will be pursued to alle- of all scales, and measure the applicability of viate the effects of Kahramanmaraş and Hatay response plans and make necessary improve- earthquakes. ments. 837.1. Within the scope of reconstruction ac- 835. Capacity for post-disaster recovery acti- tivities, the resilience of the infrastructure in ons will be improved. the earthquake region against disasters will be increased. While contributing to the formation 835.1. The “Türkiye Post-Disaster Recovery of a healthy and resilient texture of the regi- Plan” will be completed for works aimed at the on, the investments that will encourage green recovery of those affected and improvement transformation and increase energy efficiency of the economic and social life in disaster area will be supported within the framework of re- by potential disasters identified according to construction activities. multiple disaster scenarios. 837.2. Financial resources allocated for the 835.2. The “Türkiye Post-Disaster Recovery improvement of infrastructures in the earthqu- Plan-Implementation Plan” will be prepared ake zones by increasing their resilience against to plan, monitor and evaluate actions to be disasters will be diversified. undertaken at local level for places with high disaster hazard and risks. 837.3. Projects that will restore earthquake damages will be prioritized. 835.3. Business continuity plans will be prepa- red for the public and private sectors in order 838. In order to minimize the loss of life and property in the aftermath of a possible eart- 211 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) hquake, necessary risk mitigation efforts will 839.3. Activities will be pursued to raise disas- be continued in the Marmara Region. ter awareness at all levels of education. 838.1. The resilience of critical infrastructure 840. R&D activities will be intensified to de- facilities in the Marmara Region against disas- velop new techniques and technologies to re- ters will be increased. duce disaster risks and ensure faster and more effective post-disaster response. 838.2. The capacity of temporary shelter areas planned to be used in disasters and emergen- 840.1. R&D will be conducted to develop tech- cies in the Marmara Region will be increased nologies related to disaster management. and the required social facilities will be comp- leted. 841. Differentiated needs of disabled, elderly, women and children will be taken into consi- 838.3. It will be ensured that cultural and natu- deration in disaster management. ral assets in the Marmara Region will be made resilient against disasters. 841.1. Detailed guidelines will be prepared and trainings will be provided for the disabled, 839. Public awareness on disaster and emer- elderly, women, children and their relatives to gencies will be increased and the volunteering demonstrate what needs to be done before, system will be improved. during and after disasters in different disaster situations. 839.1. Awareness raising activities will be car- ried out throughout the country to raise public 841.2. It will be ensured that assembly and awareness on disasters and emergencies. temporary shelter areas meet the differentia- ted needs of the disabled, elderly, women and 839.2. The “AFAD Volunteering System” will children. be enhanced and the qualifications of volunte- ers will be improved. Table 46: Targets for Disaster Management 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Housing Units and Workplaces with Compulsory 10.9 11.7 15.2 Earthquake Insurance (Million)1 The Number of Provinces Included in the Digital Radio System (Units, 33 49 81 Cumulative)2 The Number of AFAD’s Logistics Warehouses (Units)2 81 81 100 The Number of Completed Flood Control Facilities (Units, Cumulative)3 10,413 10,697 11,600 The Number of Completed Basin-Based Flood Early Warning Systems 0 0 25 (Units, Cumulative)3 Source: The data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The data for 2022 and 2023 from the Natural Disaster Insurance Institution. (2) The data for 2022 and 2023 from AFAD. (3) The data for 2022 and 2023 from Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and DSİ. 212 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.4.2 — Urban Transformation 844.2. Priority transformation areas will be

3.4.2. Urban Transformation 844.2. Priority transformation areas will be determined by developing an evaluation sys- a. Objective tem based on factors such as building stock and urban infrastructure quality, disaster risk 842. The main objective is to activate and ex- status in terms of loss of life and property, af- pand the practices for the transformation of fected population size, social difficulties and areas under disaster hazard and risk, and risky financing requirements. buildings outside these areas in a way to ensu- re healthy and safe living. 845. Financing models and instruments will be developed to expand urban transformation. b. Policies and Measures 845.1. The actual values of real estates will be 843. Urban transformation will be carried out determined and value increases will be used with a holistic perspective that includes dif- as a source of financing for urban transforma- ferent types of interventions within the fra- tion. mework of the objective of increasing the qua- lity of life, strengthening urban belonging and 845.2. Awareness and competence will be rai- local ties, with the understanding of on-site sed in central and local institutions to expand transformation in accordance with the urban the use of cross-financing between transfor- fabric, aesthetics and identity. mation areas with high and low value increase. 843.1. Urban transformation practices will be 845.3. Implementations will be accelerated by developed with a holistic approach, taking into developing unique urban transformation mo- account the transformation needs arising from dels in priority areas in line with the expecta- different urban problems and including diffe- tions of the right holders and the dynamics of rent types of interventions. the transformation area. 843.2. Spatial planning and urban transforma- 846. Urban transformation projects will create tion practices will be handled in an integrated disaster-resistant settlement areas in accor- manner. dance with the needs of the social structure and sustainable urbanization characteristics. 843.3. The preparation of urban transformati- on strategy documents will be made manda- 846.1. Principles, standards and essentials tory. regarding settlement areas to be created th- rough urban transformation projects will be 844. An evaluation system regarding the prio- determined. ritization of urban transformation areas will be developed that takes into account disaster and 847. Reconciliation processes in urban trans- climate hazards, social and economic difficul- formation practices will be improved and the ties, building stock quality and risk analysis. process will be accelerated. 844.1. Data infrastructure will be developed to be used in analyzes regarding the prioritiza- 847.1. Participation mechanisms will be im- tion of urban transformation areas. proved in reconciliation processes in urban 213 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) transformation practices, and specialized earthquake will be carried out rapidly and ef- courts will be established to resolve disputes fectively. faster. 849.1. By raising social awareness on urban 848.An information system infrastructure will transformation, the transformation process be developed to enable relevant stakeholders will be accelerated through incentive prog- to monitor project data on urban transformati- rams. on practices at national scale. 849.2. Legislative arrangements will be made 849. Necessary works for the renewal of risky to accelerate the transformation of risky buil- building stock against the possible Marmara ding stock, particularly in Istanbul. Table 47: Targets for Urban Transformation 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Provinces that Prepared Urban Transformation 42 45 81 Strategy Document (Cumulative) Source: The data for year 2022 are from Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. Data of 2023 are the realization estimate of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.4.3 — Urbanization 851.1. Legislation regarding settlement and

3.4.3. Urbanization 851.1. Legislation regarding settlement and construction conditions will be revised by de- a. Objective termining measures and criteria to ensure resi- lience in the preparation and implementation 850. The main objective is to create smart, of spatial plans. safe, sustainable cities and settlements that are resilient to climate change and disasters, 851.2. A data and information system infrast- have qualified residential areas in harmony ructure will be developed for analyzing disas- with their historical and cultural heritage, pro- ter hazards and risks and resilience in the pre- vide accessible urban services for everyone, paration of spatial plans. have high quality of life, and are based on gre- en and digital technologies. 851.3. Prevention and risk reduction studies will be carried out by using analyses to increa- b. Policies and Measures se urban resilience. 851. In urban planning, ensuring resilience 851.4. Fault avoidance zone will be determi- against climate change and disasters, and con- ned within the framework of criteria by prepa- sidering geographical features as well as cul- ring 1/1000 scale active fault maps. tural and natural values will be fundamental. The creation and preservation of public spaces, 851.5. Institutional, technical and human ca- especially green areas, will be ensured within pacity will be developed to improve the spati- the framework of accessibility and inclusivity al planning approach within the framework of principles. sustainability and resilience principles. 214 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 851.6. Technical and social infrastructure area that highlights the original historical archite- standards will be developed in cooperation cture, place-specific meaning and identity of with local administrations in line with the prin- our cities. ciple of inclusiveness and the geographical, demographic, cultural and social characteristi- 853.2. The use of human-oriented, smart, gre- cs and needs of settlements. en, safe, and climate resilient city elements and elements with identity that takes into ac- 851.7. Green areas in cities will be planned count the original character and civilization ac- and increased with a holistic approach within cumulation of each city will be expanded. the framework of the green city vision, taking into account design criteria determined accor- 854. The measurement of urban quality of life ding to city size, population density, accessibi- will be ensured. lity, climate and geography, and Millet Garden works will be continued in all provinces in line 854.1. Criteria for measuring urban quality of with these criteria. life will be developed by taking into account international indicators, and a mechanism for 852. The spatial planning system will be im- measurement and monitoring will be establis- proved by increasing citizen participation th- hed. rough cooperation between central and local institutions and by activating monitoring and 855. Cities affected by the earthquakes cente- supervision processes. red in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay will be rebu- ilt with a climate-friendly, disaster-resilient ur- 852.1. Effective citizen-focused participation banism approach that improves the quality of mechanisms will be established in the plan- life, taking into account their historical, social ning process, monitoring and supervision pro- and cultural texture. cesses will be improved and legislation will be updated accordingly. 855.1. Existing spatial plans will be revised in order to ensure that new settlement areas es- 852.2. New land development implementati- tablish a relationship with the existing urban on methods based on the principles of trans- centers that have been destroyed in terms of parency and equity will be developed with economy, society, history, culture and environ- citizen participation in land development imp- ment. lementation. 855.2. Measures will be taken to protect agri- 853. In cities, architectural construction that cultural and forest areas and ecologically sen- is compatible with topography, historical and sitive areas located in the interaction of new cultural heritage and meets social structure and old settlements. needs will be ensured, and neighborhood cul- ture and urban awareness and a sense of be- 855.3. Historical-cultural heritage with high longing will be developed. symbolic and spiritual value damaged by eart- hquakes in city centers will be protected and 853.1. Legislative work will be carried out to repaired, and areas that keep the urban culture develop a qualified urban design approach 215 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) alive and where the memories of the society 858.2. All deed transaction documents will be accumulate will be rebuilt in accordance with transferred to electronic media and deed tran- the original. sactions will be monitored electronically. 856. In the field of mapping, position accuracy, 858.3. Three dimensional city and building digitalization and the use of new technologies models will be produced in urban areas, and a will be strengthened and co-production and multidimensional cadastral infrastructure will data sharing will be ensured by improving in- be established. ter-institutional coordination and cooperation. 859. In order to contribute to the effective 856.1. Position accuracy infrastructure in ur- functioning of the real estate market, a mecha- ban areas will be improved for map and data nism for monitoring the real value of real esta- production. te will be established. 857. Smart city applications of local govern- 859.1. A technical infrastructure will be deve- ments will be carried out within the framework loped to monitor changes in real estate values of priorities determined according to local ne- and create real estate value maps. eds and standards developed, and the use of domestic products in applications will be ex- 859.2. Legislative studies will be carried out panded. for the accurate determination of real estate value. 857.1. The capacity of local governments to implement smart city applications will be inc- 860. Within the framework of digital transfor- reased. mation, capacities and capabilities on informa- tion systems for urban services will be impro- 857.2. Smart city applications will be made ved. widespread in local governments within the framework of priorities determined according 860.1. Archiving, editing, querying, analyzing to local needs and standards developed, and and presenting data of spatial plan will be the proportion of domestic products and tech- completed. nologies will be taken into account in resource 860.2. The use of information and communi- allocation. cation technologies in urban services will be increased in order to develop disseminable 858. Infrastructure works will be completed to innovative solutions to urban problems, and provide digital, up-to-date and reliable cadast- the National Geographical Information System ral data, and integrated property data will be will be developed by strengthening the spati- provided electronically. al analysis infrastructure, especially for disas- ter-resilient urbanization. 858.1. Modernization of cadastre will be completed by switching into single coordinate 860.3. Human and technical capacity on infor- system. mation systems used in spatial planning will be improved. 216 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 48: Targets for Urbanization 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Parcels Renewed/Digitized within the Scope of 17,650 21,000 29,500 Cadastral Modernization (Thousand) The Number of Cities Monitored within the Framework of - - 16 Monitoring Cities of Türkiye Source: The data for year 2022 are from General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Data of 2023 are the realization estimate of the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.4.4 — Housing the aftermath of disasters will be reviewed in

3.4.4. Housing the aftermath of disasters will be reviewed in line with the principles of sustainable housing a. Objective environment, efficiency in implementation, risk reduction and resilience against disasters, 861. The main objective is to address housing and building back better than before. planning and management holistically for a sustainable urban environment and to ensure 862.4. Data resources needed for supply and access to affordable, energy-efficient, resilient, demand in the housing sector will be impro- safe and healthy housing for all, especially ved, and research studies and projects to de- those with low income, within the framework termine the quality of housing supply and of the right to housing in an effectively functi- demand through data-based analyses will be oning knowledge-based housing market. supported. b. Policies and Measures 862.5. Unlicensed building stock will be iden- tified and measures will be taken to prevent 862. Access to safe, resilient and affordable unlicensed construction. housing for all will be increased by conside- ring the balance between the supply and the 863. Holistic, fair, cost-effective, transparent demand. and accountable solutions will be developed to meet the housing needs arising from disas- 862.1. In order to provide reliable solutions to ters. the housing problem, especially in urban are- as, social housing programs will be implemen- 863.1. Disaster housing units, which are safe, ted for low-income people, women, disabled accessible, disaster-resilient, and include basic and young people. services will be constructed within a holistic plan to meet the basic human needs of people 862.2. The projects on the construction, main- affected by disasters. tenance and reinforcement of public houses in disaster areas will be given priority. 863.2. Legislation on entitlement, repayment and financing methods of post-disaster hou- 862.3. Regulations amending the zoning legis- sing will be revised in order to meet the shelter lation to meet the urgent need for shelter in needs of disaster victims as soon as possible. 217 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 863.3. Models and processes that are stan- 863.4. It will be ensured that disaster housing dardized in meeting the shelter needs of di- units will be produced in sizes in accordance saster victims, that shorten transaction times, with social standards and with designs suitab- and that take into account disaster impact and le for the needs of rural and urban settlements. home ownership in an equitable manner will be developed. 863.5. Human and technical capacity in resi- lient housing production will be increased. Table 49: Targets for Housing 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Houses Produced for Low and Middle Income 60,440 125,000 500,000 Households Source: The data for year 2022 are from TOKİ. Data for 2023 are realization estimate of TOKİ and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.4.5 — Environmental Protection 865.1. The preparation of main legislation that

3.4.5. Environmental Protection 865.1. The preparation of main legislation that addresses climate change-related practices in a. Objective a holistic manner will be finalized. 864. In accordance with the Sustainable Deve- 865.2. In line with the 2053 net zero emission lopment Goals (SDGs), the main objective is to target, a “Long-Term Climate Change Strategy” ensure a climate resilient transition towards a will be prepared by determining interim peri- low-carbon economy, to protect and manage ods and relevant targets, and the “Nationally the environment and natural resources with an Determined Contribution”, which includes understanding of social justice, and to increase greenhouse gas emission reduction and cli- public awareness towards the environment. mate change adaptation targets and commit- ments, will be updated. b. Policies and Measures 865.3. Strategies and action plans will be pre- 865. Sectoral roadmaps against climate ris- pared and implemented to reduce greenhouse ks will be prepared, legislative arrangements gas emissions, to combat and adapt to climate will be made and inter-institutional coordi- change in order to achieve the objectives of nation will be ensured in cooperation with all the “Paris Agreement”. relevant stakeholders to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen climate change 865.4. With the “Green Deal Action Plan”, se- adaptation actions by taking into account nati- ctoral roadmaps will be updated, monitoring onal conditions within the framework of inter- and evaluation systems will be developed, and national climate change negotiations, the Paris legislative work will be carried out. Agreement and Türkiye’s Nationally Determi- ned Contribution. 866. Sustainable production and consumption patterns will be implemented in order to facili- 218 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN tate the transition towards a circular economy 868. Capacity and social awareness of the pub- to ensure efficient use of resources. lic will be enhanced to combat climate change. 866.1. Efforts will be undertaken to dissemi- 868.1. Educational, awareness-raising, and nate existing best environmental practices on capacity-building activities and training that sustainable consumption and production. improve technical capacity and awareness on climate change will be expanded for all sta- 866.2. Legislative work will be completed to keholders. harmonize raw material procurement, produ- ction, consumption and waste management 869. National carbon pricing instruments will processes with international standards. be developed to maintain competitiveness by supporting green transformation processes. 866.3. In order to minimize the harmful effects of all types of waste on human health and the 869.1. Legislation and other infrastructure environment, necessary measures will be ta- preparations for the establishment of the Na- ken regarding their release into air, water and tional Emissions Trading System (ETS) will be soil. finalized and the system will be put into pra- ctice. 866.4. Efforts will be carried out to prevent marine debris at its source and minimize the 869.2. Carbon pricing instruments that are damage caused by the existing debris to the complementary to the carbon price formed by marine environment. the National Emission Trading System will be analyzed, and the economic and social impacts 866.5. The environmental labelling system of these instruments on the development and will be disseminated and the competitiveness investment environment will be evaluated. of environmentally friendly products and ser- vices will be increased. 869.3. Efforts will be carried out for a natio- nal carbon offset program and analyses will 866.6. Green public procurement strategies be made to determine policies regarding the will be developed, alternative procurement conditions for participation in international criteria will be determined to reduce carbon carbon markets. footprint. 870. To combat climate change, access to gre- 867. Effective management of chemicals will en finance will be improved by developing be ensured to minimize their impact on human sustainable financing models for adaptation health and the environment. and mitigation action. 867.1. Through a holistic approach to chemi- 870.1. A national taxonomy will be established cal management, the negative impacts of che- to determine the features an environmentally micals on human health and the environment sustainable economic activity should bear, ta- throughout their life cycle will be minimized. king into account international standards and the specific needs of Türkiye. 219 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 870.2. Financial resources for the transition 872.3. In order to improve protection and ma- towards a low-carbon economy will be diver- nagement capacity in protected areas, plan- sified. ning, project design and implementation pro- cesses will be improved. 870.3. Within the framework of environmen- tal, social and governance criteria, participa- 872.4. Efforts to restore damaged ecosystems tion in international financial markets will be will continue. accelerated, and innovative and sustainable fi- nancing instruments for green transformation 872.5. Inventory and monitoring activities on will be developed. the production of endangered and protected wild animals along with their placement in 871. Environmental data sets and indicators suitable natural areas will be carried out, and will be regularly produced and shared in line sustainable management of game and wildlife with international standards, and monitoring will be ensured. and evaluation systems will be developed. 872.6. Research, monitoring and evaluation 871.1. Considering the obligations imposed activities will continue to determine the impa- by the international conventions to which Tür- cts of climate change on biodiversity, ecosys- kiye is a party of, a data infrastructure will be tem services and land degradation. developed to improve the quality and repor- ting of environmental data in a transparent, 872.7. In order to ensure the collection, stora- comparable and reliable manner. ge and sustainability of genetic resources, the number of plant and seed varieties preserved 871.2. Infrastructure will be developed for the in field and seed gene banks will be increased, evaluation and management of environmental and R&D activities will be carried out. monitoring data in all receiving environments. 873. Air quality management practices will 872. Protection of biological diversity will be continue to be developed to prevent air pollu- improved by conserving, improving and ensu- tion and improve air quality. ring the sustainable use of terrestrial and ma- rine ecosystems and ecosystem services. 873.1. With air quality management practices, emissions will be controlled in order to pre- 872.1. Terrestrial and marine protected areas vent air pollution caused by industry, energy and carbon sinks will be increased. and transport sectors and improve overall air quality. 872.2. In order to protect ecological continu- ity, ecosystem integrity and biological diver- 873.2. Systems for air quality monitoring will sity, ecological corridors that provide connec- be strengthened, capacity for inventory and tions between protected areas and other areas modelling will be improved by using informa- where living organisms can find shelter and tion and communication technologies, and re- nutrition will be identified. search will be conducted. 220 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 50: Targets for Environmental Protection 2022 2023 2028 The Number of Stations in the Air Quality Monitoring Network 365 380 400 (Cumulative) The Ratio of Terrestrial Protected Areas to the Surface Area of the 7.7 7.9 10.0 Country (%) The Number of Product and Service Groups Identified under the 9 12 27 Environmental Labelling System (Cumulative) The Number of Planned Integrated Environmental Audits 2,060 2,165 2,630 Source: The data for year 2022 are from Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The data for the year 2023 are estimates of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and the data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets.

3.4.6 — Urban Infrastructure 875.4. Institutional capacity will be strengt

3.4.6. Urban Infrastructure 875.4. Institutional capacity will be strengt- hened for the implementation of river basin a. Objective management plans. 874. Ensuring access to healthy and reliable 876.Data sets on water resources will be im- drinking and potable water, minimizing the proved qualitatively and quantitatively and impacts of wastewater and solid wastes on data-based planning will be achieved. human and environmental health, establishing sustainable urban transportation systems that 876.1. The effectiveness of the National Water are cost-effective, clean and energy efficient, Information System will be increased by pro- easily accessible for all individuals, with strong viding up-to-date data from all relevant insti- inter-modal connectivity are the main objecti- tutions and organizations, and the legislative ves in urban infrastructure. infrastructure will be strengthened. b. Policies and Measures 876.2. Domestic production of existing infor- mation and decision support systems and equ- 875. Sustainable, holistic, effective and effi- ipment in environmental infrastructure facili- cient management of water resources will be ties will be supported. ensured by considering the balance between protection and utilization. 876.3. To clear up the responsibilities and aut- hority of metropolitan and metropolitan dist- 875.1. The water law will be enacted for effec- rict municipalities, required legislative measu- tive water resources management. res will be adopted. 875.2. Coordination will be ensured in the ad- 877. Impacts of climate change on water re- ministrative structure of water management sources will be determined and activities will and the existing structure will be improved. be carried out to adapt to climate change. 875.3. Water Management Coordination Bo- 877.1. The impacts of environmental factors ard, basin boards and provincial water boards related to climate change on water resources will be made more effective. will be monitored. 221 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 877.2. The impacts of climate change on water 878.8. With regard to the circular economy resources across Türkiye will be determined criteria, design standards and criteria for was- using up-to-date data sets and scenarios. tewater treatment plants specific to Türkiye will be defined, and design software will be 878. Water resources will be protected and developed. improved in terms of quantity, quality and ecosystems. 879. The financing structures of water-related institutions and organizations will be impro- 878.1. Water resources inventory including ved and operational problems will be elimina- quality and total water potential information ted. will be established. 879.1. A regulatory structure will be establis- 878.2. Safety margin will be determined and hed including finance, budget and operational taken into account in water allocation. water tariffs, and a pricing system will be int- roduced to encourage efficient use, taking into 878.3. Clean production techniques will be account the future availability of water. implemented to prevent industrial water pol- lution. 879.2. Activities to reduce energy costs in wa- ter supply systems will be supported. 878.4. Unlicensed water use and unauthorized discharges will be prevented and penal sancti- 880. Efficient use of water will be ensured and ons will be made deterrent. necessary measures will be implemented to minimize non-revenue water use. 878.5. Sectoral allocation planning will be de- signed for the most beneficial use of water by 880.1. Actions defined in the Water Efficiency considering the supply-demand balance in wa- Strategy Document and Action Plan within the ter allocation. Framework of Adaptation to the Changing Cli- mate will be realized. 878.6. Work to address existing barriers to the construction and operation of wastewater tre- 880.2. Water loss rate and non-revenue water atment plants, such as inspection, technical targets will be determined with the real value knowledge, and a lack of capacity, will be ac- of water by using economic leakage indices. celerated, and alternative systems will be de- veloped within the framework of support me- 880.3. Activities of municipalities to combat chanisms for compliant operation and sludge loss and leakage will be supported. disposal. 880.4. Water efficiency will be increased by 878.7. While granting mining site licenses, ne- adopting the best available techniques in in- gative impacts on groundwater will be taken dustry. into consideration, shelterbelts for groundwa- ter wells will be determined, illegal use will be 880.5. Legislative infrastructure will be deve- prevented, and sustainable use of groundwa- loped on issues such as sea water treatment, ter will be ensured. rainwater harvesting and gray water reuse. 222 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 880.6. Local administrations will be enabled waste management projects that local admi- to formulate water budgets, and studies will nistrations have difficulty in financing, will be be carried out to determine water balance and ensured. losses. 884. It will be ensured that spatial plans and 881. Solid waste management will be made transportation plans will be handled in an in- more efficient by considering circular eco- tegrated manner; regional plans and urban nomy principles. transportation master plans will be prepared in coordination, and legislative arrangement 881.1. National Circular Economy Action Plan will be made regarding urban rail system pro- will be prepared. jects. 881.2. A database will be created in all areas 884.1. Legislative arrangements will be made of waste management, a monitoring system to ensure coordination of transportation plans will be developed and compatibility of online with spatial and thematic plans. data entry systems will be ensured. 884.2. In order to reduce fuel consumption in 881.3. Programs will be organized to build hu- transportation, the transit feature and capacity man and technical capacity for waste manage- of rail systems will be utilized in planning the ment within the scope of transition to circular density of new settlement areas in cities, and economy. mixed-use areas and planning decisions for walking or cycling will be encouraged. 881.4. Technical standards for the recovered secondary product will be developed and in- 884.3. Legislation on the examination and centive and steering legislation will be impro- evaluation of urban rail system projects and ved. their takeover by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure will be prepared and statistical 882. Zero waste practices will be made wi- data infrastructure will be established. despread and public awareness will be raised on waste recycling. 885. In order to reduce traffic congestion, acci- dents and air pollution in cities, demand-side 882.1. Within the scope of the “Zero Waste Project”, educational awareness activities will policies will be implemented in urban transpor- be carried out and zero waste practices will be tation, sustainable, environment-friendly, effi- implemented at all levels of education. cient and low-emission public transportation systems and micro-mobility solutions will be 883. Transfer station projects of local admi- encouraged instead of individual vehicle use. nistrations with insufficient financial capacity and recovery and disposal facility projects of 885.1. Considering the developments in traffic municipal solid waste will be supported within density and travel demand, bus, metrobus, trol- a program. leybus and similar systems will be preferred in urban public transportation investments, and 883.1. Expansion of the “Solid Waste Prog- rail system alternatives will be evaluated on ram”, which is implemented to support solid routes where these are insufficient. 223 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 885.2. Rail systems should be planned in cor- transportation system (ITS) architecture will ridors where the peak hour-one-way cross-se- be made widespread, especially in metropoli- ctional travel demand for the year in which tan areas, and dynamic passenger, driver and they are expected to be put into operation is pedestrian information systems and coopera- projected to be at least 7,000 passengers/hour tive national intelligent transportation system for tram systems, at least 10,000 passengers/ (C-ITS) installations will continue. hour for light rail systems and at least 15,000 passengers/hour for metro systems. 886. Resilience of urban transportation sys- tems against disasters will be ensured. 885.3. Standards for pedestrian roads and si- dewalks will be updated to ensure uninterrup- 886.1. It will be ensured that the routes that ted pedestrian traffic, and pedestrian zones are evacuation corridors to be used in disas- free of motor vehicles will continue to be es- ters and emergencies will be reconsidered and tablished in historical and cultural attraction urban transportation systems will be made points and shopping areas in city centers. resilient against disaster risks that may cause unexpected service interruptions. 885.4. In order to ensure more efficient use of the urban transportation network, increase 886.2. Transportation planning and systems traffic safety, manage transportation demand in coastal cities will be reviewed for sea level accurately and plan more effectively, applica- rise, storms and floods. tions compatible with the national intelligent Table 51: Targets for Urban Infrastructure 2022 2023 2028 The Ratio of Municipal Population Served by Drinking and Potable 98.7 99.0 100.0 Water Network to Total Municipal Population (%) The Ratio of Municipal Population Served by Sewerage Network 91.1 95.0 100.0 to Total Municipal Population (%) The Ratio of Municipal Population Served by Waste Water 90 90 100 Treatment Plant to Total Municipal Population (%) Re-use Rate of Treated Wastewater (%) 4.7 5.2 11.0 Potable Water Loss Ratio (%) 33.5 31.0 26.0 Waste Recovery Rate within the Scope of Zero Waste Project (%) 30.1 35.0 42.5 Proportion of Municipality Population Provided with Waste 89.0 90.0 100.0 Management Services (%) Urban Rail System Length (Km, Cumulative) 810 925 1,078 Source: The data for year 2022 are from Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, relevant metropolitan municipalities, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. Data for 2023 are realization estimates of relevant institutions and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 224 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.4.7 — Regional Development the supports provided by the central govern

3.4.7. Regional Development the supports provided by the central govern- ment and duplication will be prevented. a. Objective 889.2. Alternative financing instruments will 887. The main objective is to reduce intra-regi- be developed to ensure funding variety. onal and inter-regional development differen- ces by ensuring maximum contribution to the 890. Regional strategies will be implemented balanced development of Türkiye by activa- in cooperation with institutions at the central ting the potentials of the regions, developing and local level, according to the development their unique opportunities and capabilities on levels of the regions, their opportunities and the basis of innovation, increasing regional re- capabilities and their differing spatial charac- silience and ensuring post-disaster economic teristics. and social recovery. 890.1. “Regional Development National Stra- b. Policies and Measures tegy” and regional plans prepared for 26 NUTS-2 regions will be put into practice. 888. The institutional structure and governan- ce mechanism for regional development will 890.2. In order to achieve the economic and be activated. social development of the relatively low-inco- me regions, strengthening of the production 888.1. By reviewing the institutional capaci- structure, diversification of economic activi- ties and legislation of development agencies ties, increase in employment will be ensured, and regional development administrations the transportation and logistics infrastructure arrangements will be made to increase their and urban infrastructure that will improve the effectiveness; cooperations will be increased connection of the regions with markets will be and interaction and coordination mechanisms strengthened. with the central government will be develo- ped. 890.3. Regional development programs and 888.2. Research and analysis will be carried joint projects will be implemented in order out to strengthen the design and implementa- to strengthen the role of city-regions in regi- tion stages of regional development policies onal development, especially in the fields of and a statistical infrastructure for measuring transportation, industry and logistics. regional differences will be developed. 890.4. In order to increase the competitive- 888.3. International cooperation opportuni- ness of developed regions, high value-added ties in the field of regional development will and knowledge-intensive economic activities be developed. will be increased and R&D and innovation inf- rastructure will be developed. 889. By reviewing financial support mechanis- ms provided at the regional level, their effecti- 891. An integrated development model will be veness will be enhanced. implemented by making the necessary infrast- ructure investments in order to strengthen the 889.1. The supports provided at the regional access of production and load centers to the level will be implemented in coordination with international market, increase the global com- 225 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) petitiveness of Türkiye and establish port and raction, the cities that are industrial centers railway connections for regional industries, will be strengthened to become a global city increase regional prosperity and reduce deve- and the competitiveness of these cities will be lopment disparities. improved and their integration into the global trade network will be ensured. 891.1. In the area including the Ankara-Kon- ya-Mersin axis and other provinces in the Cent- 893. For the development of the regions, inf- ral Anatolia Region, the logistics connection of rastructure for green and digital transformati- the industry especially the defense industry, on will be improved. machinery industry and agriculture-based industry with Mersin Container Port will be 893.1. Awareness studies will be conducted strengthened. based on the green and digital transformation levels of the regions. 891.2. The infrastructure for enhancing the access of processed agricultural products and 893.2. Strategies regarding green and digital agriculture-based industries and manufactu- transformation will be prepared based on the ring industry products, especially textile, we- potential and needs of the regions, and analy- aving, iron-steel and petrochemicals from the sis will be made for the sectors that will be the earthquake affected region to foreign markets most affected by the transformation. via İskenderun Port will be strengthened. 893.3. Regional development programs will be 891.3. The connection of coal and natural gas implemented to develop the production, R&D fields and iron-steel, paper, forestry and agri- and entrepreneurship capacity of the provin- culture-based industry in the Western Black ces that stand out at the global level with their Sea Region to Filyos Port will be established. economic and social advantages, with a digital and green transformation perspective. 891.4. Çandarlı Port and İzmir Port and the logistics infrastructure providing connection 893.4. By taking into account the professions to these ports will be developed to ensure ac- of the future, vocational training programs will cess to foreign markets for textile, weaving, be implemented to develop digital skills and petrochemical and agriculture-based industri- competencies and green job opportunities ac- al products, which are prominent in the provin- cording to the needs and potential of the regi- ces of the Aegean region. ons. 891.5. The access of the production centers in 894. Efforts will be carried out for the socioe- Eastern Anatolia and the Eastern Black Sea to conomic development of the provinces in the international markets will be provided via Ri- region which was affected by the earthquakes ze-İyidere and Trabzon Ports and the access of centered in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay. the provinces in the Central Black Sea will be provided via Samsun Port. 894.1. A regional development strategy, cove- ring short, medium and long-term economic, 892. In order to ensure a more balanced sett- social and institutional recovery actions for the lement layout by creating new centers of att- earthquake-affected region will be prepared. 226 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 52: Targets for Regional Development 2022 2023 2028 The Ratio of Per Capita Income of the Highest Income Region to Per 4.591 4.30 3.85 Capita Income of the Lowest Income Region Labor Force Participation Rate in the Lowest Value Level 2 Region (%) 41.5 41.8 48.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) The data of 2021.

3.4.8 — Rural Development 896.3. Measures will be taken to minimize

3.4.8. Rural Development 896.3. Measures will be taken to minimize public expenditures in settlement selection a. Objective for the settlement of expropriated areas and regulations will be made in the settlement le- 895. The main objective is to stimulate the gislation regarding entitlement. economy by creating a productive workforce in rural areas, ensuring sustainable natural re- 897. In order to prevent population loss in ru- source management and maintaining the po- ral areas and ensure reverse migration, emp- pulation in rural areas by increasing the qua- loyment opportunities will be improved by lity of life. developing human and social capital and the attractiveness of rural areas will be increased b. Policies and Measures by diversifying the economy. 896. By taking into account the characteristics 897.1. Innovative social programs will be imp- specific to the region and place, public service lemented in rural areas for groups that require provision will be improved to increase the qu- special policies, predominantly women and ality of life in rural areas. youth. 896.1. The transportation, communication and 897.2. The rural population’s access to quali- energy infrastructure that enables the interac- fied health services and all educational servi- tion of rural and urban areas will be strengthe- ces especially non-formal educational servi- ned, within the scope of the Village Infrastruc- ces, will be increased. ture Support Project (KÖYDES), transportation, sewage, drinking water and wastewater inf- 897.3. In order to reduce poverty in rural areas, rastructure in the villages will be improved by emphasizing economies of scale and soli- and projects and practices for the effective use darity, producer organizations will be suppor- of water will be continued. ted with training on subjects such as sectoral cooperation, sales and marketing, production 896.2. Safe settlement areas will be created in techniques, financing and legislation. rural areas affected by earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay, taking into account 897.4. Improvements will be made in the rele- geographical, social and cultural conditions. vant legislation in order to strengthen produ- cer organizations and activate cooperatives in rural areas. 227 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 897.5. Support for family businesses will be 899. Efforts will be carried out to improve the developed to create sustainable livelihoods in rural environment and reduce the negative ef- rural neighborhoods, villages and forest villa- fects of climate change and the sustainability ges. of natural resources will be ensured. 897.6. Infrastructure services that will provide 899.1. Sustainable and effective use of soil access to digital services, especially e-govern- and water resources will be ensured and envi- ment, will be developed in rural areas. ronmentally focused rural development proje- cts and programs will be carried out to prevent 897.7. “National Rural Development Strategy” deforestation, biodiversity loss and land dest- will be prepared for the coming period. ruction. 898. Rural development supports will be prog- 899.2. Awareness raising activities will be car- rammed with a focus on farmers and producti- ried out to increase the environmental aware- vity, and in implementations of rural support ness of the rural community. programs complementarity and effectiveness will be increased by ensuring coordination 899.3. Environmental impacts will be taken among different supporting programs. into consideration in all kinds of infrastructure improvement works that will ensure the coor- 898.1. Impact analyses will be carried out in dination of rural and urban areas, and priority order to increase efficiency in rural supports, will be given to emission-reducing alternati- prevent duplicate implementations and ensu- ves and technological innovations. re transparency and implementation procedu- 900. Rural statistical infrastructure will be res will be improved to ensure integrity among improved based on geographical information support programs. system and legislation harmonization will be 898.2. During the IPARD III period, measures of ensured. physical assets of agricultural enterprises, me- 900.1. The definitions of rural and urban will asures of processing and marketing of agricul- be improved in accordance with the administ- tural and measures of fishery products, mea- rative structure, and by taking into account sures of public infrastructure investments and demographic and economic characteristics of diversification of farm activities in rural areas Türkiye, rural statistics will be produced inclu- and measures of agriculture/environment will ding breakdowns on a provincial and district continue to be supported and Local Develop- basis. ment Strategies (LEADER) will be implemented within the scope of IPARD. 900.2. Numerical information regarding the village inventory will continue to be produced 898.3. Non-agricultural sectors that will be and will be transferred to the geographical in- supported for the growth of the rural economy formation system. will be diversified, and entrepreneurship and innovation in rural areas will be encouraged. 900.3. Statistical studies to measure the soci- oeconomic and cultural development level in rural areas will continue. 228 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN Table 53: Targets for Rural Development 2022 2023 2028 The Length of Village Road Built within the Scope of KÖYDES and 135,870 137,080 144,580 KIRDES (km, Cumulative) The Number of Units Installed and Renovated in Villages 74,240 78,040 84,985 (Cumulative) Source: The data for year 2023 are realization estimate of Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. 229 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 3.5.DEMOCRATIC GOOD considered important in the delivery of justice services. GOVERNANCE BASED ON JUSTICE 907. In order to create a safer working and li- 901. Ensuring economic and social develop- ving environment, it is important to pursue the ment is possible when the rule of law domi- balance between freedom and security in ma- nated by an independent, impartial and trans- intaining social order. parent judiciary system, democracy and good governance principles are implemented effec- 908. Strengthening security with a human-o- tively. riented approach based on fundamental righ- ts and freedoms in line with the principles of 902. A fast, predictable, fair, transparent, ac- transparency, accountability, inclusiveness, ci- countable, accessible, reliable and human-o- vilian oversight and supervision, establishing riented management approach that protects an environment of trust and peace, increasing fundamental rights and freedoms, fights effec- the quality, efficiency and use of technology in tively against rights violations will continue to security services and raising social awareness be the basis of the justice system. in the fight against crime continue to be the main priorities. 903. In line with the principle of the suprema- cy of law, further strengthening the understan- 909. Within the scope of strengthening civil ding of the rule of law, in which the administra- society, which has become a dynamic force tion is open to judicial scrutiny, equality before of social progress and development with the the law and effective means of seeking rights impact of the transformation in the world, ac- are ensured, and the principles of protection tive participation of NGOs in policy-making of vested rights, equal treatment, openness, and decision-making processes, strengthening consistency and predictability are adopted, is their capacities, providing a transparent and among the priorities of the Plan period. accountable structure, and improving coope- ration and social dialogue between the public, 904. It is aimed to prepare a more liberal, par- private sector and NGOs provide significant ticipatory and inclusive civilian Constitution benefits. that guarantees the supremacy of law and hu- man rights. 910. Providing public services with a holistic approach — participatory, inclusive, accoun- 905. It is essential that the judicial system fun- table, transparent, fair, fast, and high-quality, ctions more effectively and citizens’ access to based on citizen satisfaction and supportive of justice is facilitated. civil society — and adopting good governance 906. Within the scope of digital transforma- principles and an integrity-oriented approach tion, the use of information and communica- in public administration, with the aim of re- tion technologies and artificial intelligence is dounding to citizens’ trust in public instituti- ons, constitutes one of its main goals. 230 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN

3.5.1 — Justice Services tim-oriented justice approach, chiefly women

3.5.1. Justice Services tim-oriented justice approach, chiefly women and children will be continued. a. Objective 913.7. Constructive cooperation with the hu- 911. In line with the requirements of the rule man rights mechanisms at the UN, the Council of law and the supremacy of law, ensuring that of Europe, the Organization for Security and the trial processes are predictable and functi- Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Euro- on fair, fast and efficiently, facilitating access pean Court of Human Rights will be maintai- to justice and further increasing confidence in ned. the justice system are the main objectives. 913.8. Activities will be carried out to be a b. Policies and Measures co-presenter of decisions to be adopted on issues on the agenda of international human 912. A more liberal, inclusive and democratic rights mechanisms or that would be beneficial Constitution in line with the requirements of to be brought to the agenda. the age, will be prepared. 914. The fight against discrimination and hat- 913. Fundamental rights and freedoms gua- red will be strengthened. ranteed in the Constitution will be strengthe- ned. 914.1. Monitoring and audit mechanisms in the field of combating discrimination and hat- 913.1. A new “Judicial Reform Strategy” and red, will be reinforced. “Human Rights Action Plan” will be prepared through a participatory preparation process. 915. The independence, impartiality and trans- parency of the judiciary will be strengthened. 913.2. In order to strengthen freedom of exp- ression, efforts will be carried out to identify 915.1. A situation analysis will be conducted shortcomings in implementation. to identify the problematic elements in terms of judicial independence and impartiality, and 913.3. The institutional capacities of institu- a report will be prepared by examining good tions working in the field of human rights in practice examples and international standards Türkiye will be improved. in this regard. 913.4. Human rights training provided to pri- 915.2. The disciplinary process for judges and son staff will be increased. prosecutors will be reviewed within the fra- mework of legal predictability, security of the 913.5. Awareness-raising activities will be tenure of judges and right to legal remedies. carried out to ensure that applying to national human rights institutions is recognized as an 916. Access to justice for citizens, particularly efficient means to seek rights. women, children, the elderly and the disabled, will be facilitated. 913.6. In the criminal procedure process, strengthening practices in line with the vic- 231 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 916.1. Legal aid provisions in the legislation 917.6. The use of electronic file systems will will be reviewed in order to strengthen access be increased and all pending physical files in to justice. enforcement offices will be transferred to the National Judicial Network Project (UYAP) sys- 916.2. In order to strengthen access to justice, tem. standards will be established for the assess- ment of legal aid applications. 917.7. The courts organization will be strengt- hened to protect the right to be tried in a rea- 916.3. The deadlines for filing a case and app- sonable time more effectively. lying for legal remedies will be made uniform. 917.8. The number of chambers of the courts 916.4. Digital technologies will be further of appeal will be increased in proportion to the used to facilitate access to justice services. workload and to ensure specialization. 916.5. All the buildings where justice services 917.9. Work will be executed to limit jurisdic- are delivered will be made accessible to the di- tion and final jurisdiction objections to a certa- sabled that they can easily access. in stage in order to prevent extension of trials. 917. The efficiency of the judicial and admi- 917.10. The efficiency of the court expert sys- nistrative trial process will be increased, and tem will be enhanced. the right to be tried in a reasonable time will be strengthened. 918. Alternative dispute resolution methods playing an important role in alleviating the 917.1. Efforts will be performed to ensure that workload of the judiciary and resolving dispu- the preparation period for the hearing is car- tes in a shorter time will be developed. ried out completely and accelerated in civil proceedings. 918.1. Mediation legislation will be reviewed and work will be conducted to remove its de- 917.2. The efficiency of the objection proce- ficiencies. dure in civil courts will be raised. 918.2. Social awareness will be increased re- 917.3. Regulations will be made to simplify garding conciliation in criminal disputes. the procedural rules in trials. 918.3. The practice of resolving disputes th- 917.4. Electronic notification will be expan- rough arbitration will be disseminated. ded and citizens’ awareness on this issue will be increased. 918.4. The efficiency of voluntary mediation will be increased. 917.5. The efficiency of the enforcement and bankruptcy system will be increased by draf- 918.5. Alternative resolution methods will be ting a new legislation. developed with screening tools before investi- gation and prosecution. 232 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 919. The criminal justice system will be re-e- 921.2. As an effective learning method, law valuated from a holistic perspective. clinics will become widespread in faculties of law 919.1. Work will be carried out to extend the discretionary powers of public prosecutors in 921.3. Creating a legal ground and legal met- order to protect the right not to be labelled as hodology will be made compulsory courses in a criminalmore efficiently. all faculties of law. 919.2. Specialization will be provided in the 921.4. The scope and duration of legal educa- public prosecutor’s office according to crime tion will be reviewed. types. 922. The efficiency of forensic medicine servi- 919.3. The judicial registry legislation will be ces will be enhanced. rearranged within the framework of the right not to be labelled as a criminal. 922.1. Depending on emerging technologies, the capacity of the Council of Forensic Medici- 919.4. Penal legislation will be reviewed by ne will be reinforced and new scientific units reckoning with the balance of crime, sanctions and specialized boards will be set up. and execution. 922.2. Communication among judiciary, law 920. Digital transformation in the judiciary enforcement institutions and the Council of will be continued, and the use of artificial in- Forensic Medicine will be strengthened. telligence in justice services will be enhanced. 922.3. Artificial intelligence will be used more 920.1. Decision support systems will be stren- efficiently in forensic medicine services. gthened by taking into consideration the op- portunities brought by artificial intelligence. 923. Specialization in the judiciary will be strengthened. 920.2. The ethical and legal framework of ar- tificial intelligence applications will be consti- 923.1. New areas of need for specialized tuted. courts will be specified by conducting an im- pact analysis. 920.3. Systems that allow participation in he- arings via information technologies will be 923.2. Specialization of judges and prosecu- disseminated. tors in the field of criminal and civil law from the beginning of their profession will be ensu- 921. The quality of legal education will be en- red hanced. 923.3. Trial procedures in cadastral courts will 921.1. The success ranking required for admis- be developed within the framework of the ri- sion to faculties of law will be gradually incre- ght to trial in a reasonable time. ased. 233 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 923.4. When determining the duties of con- 926.2. The outposts, ports, docks, machinery sumer courts, the parties to the case and the and equipment infrastructure required for co- nature of the matter will be taken as a basis. astal border security will be strengthened. 924. As one of the fundamental elements of 926.3. Technological surveillance, detection the trial, the attorneyship profession, will be and identification abilities and capabilities strengthened. will be increased in the Turkish maritime juris- diction areas through the Coast Guard Manage- 924.1. Prepatory work for legislation will be ment System Project. carried out regarding the rights, powers and responsibilities of lawyers. 926.4. Data integrity with stakeholder institu- tions will be ensured by creating a data sharing

3.5.2 — Security Services infrastructure

3.5.2. Security Services infrastructure. a. Objective 926.5. Efficiency of fight against illegal migra- tion will be increased. 925. The main objective is to ensure the susta- inability of trust and peace environment by ta- 927. Necessary measures will be taken against king into consideration all aspects of security security threats and risks with a proactive ap- within the framework of the supremacy of law proach. and rule of law principles; to develop security services in line with the principles of citizen-o- 927.1. Türkiye’s response capacity against rientation, transparency and accountability Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear with a proactive approach; to strengthen sel- (CBRN) hazards and threats will be strengthe- f-sufficiency in security-related products and ned, necessary protection and defense mea- technologies; and to raise the consciousness sures will be developed, the effectiveness of on fight against crime and ensure citizen parti- action plans will be boosted, instruments and cipation. methods of defense will be developed and dis- seminated throughout the country especially b. Policies and Measures in risky regions. 926. The effectiveness of border security will 927.2. Studies will be carried out to raise pub- be enhanced, technological and physical inf- lic awareness on CBRN in formal and non-for- rastructure will be developed, and data colle- mal education programs and in different com- ction capacity will be strengthened in order to munication media. conduct studies on joint analysis and reporting in the field of border management. 927.3. Academic studies and analyses will be conducted in order to combat the currents that 926.1. To ensure land border security, neces- threaten the security of Türkiye with a proacti- sary physical and technological security sys- ve approach. tems based on risk assessment such as secu- rity walls, watchtowers, sensor systems and 927.4. Necessary measures will be taken to security roads will be developed. prevent crime through conducting risk and th- 234 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN reat assessments and crime potential exami- 928.9. Security-related communication inf- nations against all types of crimes. rastructure will be developed and expanded, and faster and more secure communication 928. The quality and the effectiveness in the will be ensured. provision of the security services will be incre- ased. 928.10. Technologies such as artificial intelli- gence, robotics, big data analysis, communica- 928.1. The institutional, legal, technical and tion and space technology will be utilized ef- technological infrastructure and human re- fectively in the provision of security services, source capacity of security institutions will be and domestic technology and production will improved in terms of quality and quantity. be developed in this field. 928.2. Arrangements will be made to improve 928.11. Coordination and cooperation among the specialization of security personnel. all institutions, particularly law enforcement units will be enhanced. 928.3. The local content rate of software, har- dware, equipment and vehicles used in secu- 928.12. The Security and Emergency Situati- rity services will be increased. ons Coordination Center (SESCC) will be used more effectively to ensure peace and security 928.4. Service standards and quality in 112 environment in the society. Emergency Call Centers will be improved and promotion activities will be carried out to raise 928.13. Effective crisis management will be awareness on the single number 112. ensured and integrated systems will be deve- loped, crisis management praxis scenarios will 928.5. Search and rescue capacity at sea will be prepared and implemented at SESCC. be increased by improving the technological capabilities of search and rescue platforms 928.14. International cooperation and coordi- and equipment. nation on security will be improved. 928.6. Urban Security Management System, 929. The capacity of security institutions to in- License Plate Recognition System and Mobile vestigate and elucidate crime will be strengt- License Plate Recognition System will be ex- hened. tended. 929.1. Information and communication tech- 928.7. Construction of the National Ballistic nologies will be used more effectively in the Test Center will be completed. investigation of crime and criminals, examina- tion and clarification of crime. 928.8. Security-related data sharing and com- mon information systems infrastructure will be 929.2. Crime investigation methods and the developed and the security data infrastructure necessary technical infrastructure will be de- will be organized to enable big data analysis. veloped and relevant personnel will be trai- ned. 235 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 929.3. The number of crime scene investigati- Türkiye will be used to the maximum, neces- on teams, crime investigation and crime scene sary steps will continue to be taken to explain investigation capacity will be increased. that terrorism does not only pose a threat to Türkiye. 929.4. Criminal laboratories will be expanded and their institutional, technical and techno- 930.6. Necessary measures will be taken aga- logical infrastructure will be improved. inst foreign terrorists, and national and inter- national cooperation will be increased in the 929.5. It will be ensured that all evidence and fight against foreign terrorists. data related to the crime are stored under ap- propriate conditions for a maximum period of 930.7. Measures to prevent terrorist organiza- time. tions from entering Türkiye by sea will be inc- reased. 930. The fight against terrorism and its finan- cing will continue with a multi-dimensional, 930.8. It will be fighted against propaganda of holistic and proactive approach. terrorist organizations, radicalization leading to terrorism and violent extremism, the public 930.1. With the understanding of eradicating will be regularly informed about the services terrorism at its source and uninterrupted ope- provided by the government and projects to rations, the actions and financing activities of raise public awareness will be implemented. terrorist organizations will be suppressed, the- ir mobility will be restricted, and their material 931. The fight against drugs will keep going and logistical support will be destroyed. with a multi-dimensional, holistic and proacti- ve approach. 930.2. In combating terrorism, trainings en- suring the transformation of crime prevention 931.1. Smuggling, production, distribution, strategies and scientific combat methods put use and street-level sale of all kinds of drugs into practice will continue. and stimulant substances at national and inter- national level will be prevented, and efficiency 930.3. It will be effectively combated the fi- in the control of the production and trade of nancing of terrorism, particularly drug traffic- the chemical intermediates used in their pro- king. duction will be increased. 930.4. Efforts to increase Türkiye’s visibility 931.2. The capacity of security institutions to and effectiveness in the field of combating combat drugs will be increased. terrorism in the UN, Council of Europe, OSCE and other international organizations and to 931.3. Data collection capacity will be reinfor- convey Türkiye’s theses in this field to the in- ced in order to monitor the activities carried terlocutors will be increased. out in the fight against drugs. 930.5. The opportunities provided by NATO 931.4. Drug-related crimes will be evaluated membership on issues that are of priority for and training and awareness-raising activities 236 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN for law enforcement officers and the public will mes and increase social awareness and consci- be increased. ousness. 931.5. Cooperation and coordination with na- 934. Cybercrimes will be effectively combated. tional and international institutions in the fight against drugs will be improved. 934.1. The capacity to combat cybercrimes will be increased by strengthening the technical in- 932. The fight against organized crime and frastructure of security institutions. smuggling will continue with a multi-dimensio- nal, holistic and proactive approach. 934.2. Awareness-raising activities on cyberc- rime will be carried out in formal and non-for- 932.1. The links between organized crime types mal education, and communication tools will be and terrorist organizations will be identified, used effectively in these activities. and work will be performed to prevent crime before it occurs. 935. The effectiveness of protective and pre- ventive security services will be augmented. 932.2. New methods will be developed to inc- rease effectiveness in combating smuggling cri- 935.1. Community supported law enforcement mes. approach will be strengthened in order to im- prove the trust-based relationship between ci- 932.3. The fight against organized crime orga- tizens and law enforcement forces. nizations engaged in migrant smuggling, hu- man/organ/tissue trafficking, arms/ammunition 935.2. Preventive security measures for fight trafficking will proceed with determination. against crime will be increased. 932.4. Cooperation and coordination with na- 935.3. The notice and denunciation system for tional and international organizations will be crime will be improved, and public participation improved. in crime prevention will be elevated. 933. Efficiency in the fight against public order 935.4. Access to security services will be faci- crimes will be increased and contribution will litated. be made to the peace and security environment throughout the country. 935.5. The relationship and cooperation betwe- en general law enforcement and private secu- 933.1. The institutional and technological in- frastructure of security organizations will be rity will be strengthened, and private security strengthened. services will be enhanced. 933.2. Applications regarding public order cri- 935.6. Training programs of private security or- mes will be monitored via e-government. ganizations will be improved, and effectiveness in the supervision of these units will be exalted. 933.3. Activities will be carried out to inform citizens in order to effectively combat fraud cri- 237 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

3.5.3 — Civil Society 938.1. Capacity-building trainings, especial

3.5.3. Civil Society 938.1. Capacity-building trainings, especial- ly in areas such as strategic planning, project a. Objective preparation, and fundraising will be expanded for NGOs. 936. The main objective is to ensure the effec- tive participation of civil society organizations 938.2. It will be ensured that annual budget, (NGOs) in the planning, formulation, monito- activity report, and general assembly informa- ring, and evaluation stages of public policies tion of NGO’s will be published regularly and to establish a democratic, participatory, inc- transparently on their websites. lusive, accountable civil society with a highly collaborative, adaptive and awareness of acti- 938.3. Strengthening the internal audit sys- ve citizenship. tem in NGOs will be encouraged, and guidance will be provided to NGOs on these issues. b. Policies and Measures 938.4. Programs and support will be develo- 937. Legislation will be updated to strengthen ped in order to increase the international orga- civil society. nization and collaboration of NGOs. 937.1. Regulations will be enacted to develop 938.5. Any support provided to NGOs by pub- and strengthen an organized civil society that lic institutions will be linked to transparent, is democratic, participatory, pluralistic, trans- accountable, and predefined concrete and ob- parent, and accountable. jective criteria, and support and programs will be associated with national priorities. 937.2. Processes related to the internal and external audit of NGOs will be rearranged 938.6. Regulatory measures will be imple- within the framework of transparency and ac- mented in administrative and financial areas countability principles. that will contribute to the institutional and fi- nancial sustainability of NGOs. 937.3. Legislative studies will be carried out to ensure the effective participation of NGOs in 938.7. Digitalization will be improved in the decision-making, policy-making, monitoring, activities of NGOs and in services provided to and evaluation processes. NGOs. 937.4. Work will be carried out to prepare a ro- 938.8. Efforts will be made to encourage men- admap for more effective participation of civil toring activities of institutionally advanced society in consultation processes. NGOs towards smaller-scale NGOs. 937.5. Regulations will be prepared regarding 939. The compatibility of data collected by new structures emerging in civil society due to public institutions in the field of civil society digitalization opportunities. with international standards will be ensured, and transparency will be increased. 938. The institutional and financial capacities of NGOs will be strengthened. 238 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 939.1. The diversity of data collected by public 3.5.4. Strategic Management in Public institutions related to NGOs will be increased Sector to demonstrate NGO’s capacities, the data will be included in the Official Statistics Program a. Objective to be comparable and accessible to the public. 941. The main objective is to enhance the 939.2. Working in NGOs will be defined as a implementation efficiency of strategic professional field, and an occupation code re- management in the public sector and to embed lated to this will be determined for official sta- the concept of accountability at all stages tistics. of the management cycle, from planning through to monitoring and evaluation. In line 939.3. Studies will be conducted to measure with this objective, it is aimed to improve the the economic and social impacts of NGOs’ ac- speed and quality of public services and to tivities. ensure participation, transparency and citizen satisfaction. 940. The institutional capacities of institutions serving civil society will be strengthened. b. Policies and Measures 940.1. Institutional capacity will be strengthe- 942. The capacity of strategy development ned to ensure the holistic implementation of units of public administrations will be strengt- public policies, programs, activities, and servi- hened. ces for NGOs. 942.1. Training programs will be designed to 940.2. Effective communication and visibility develop administrative and human capacity activities will be carried out on subjects such for strategic management in public administ- as civil society, public-NGO cooperation, vo- rations. lunteering, aid collecting, and fundraising. 940.3. Primary and secondary education curri- 943. The efficiency of implementation of in- cula will be updated to encourage civil society ternal control systems and internal auditing in studies, participation in NGOs, and voluntee- public administrations will be enhanced. ring. 943.1. Institutional capacity will be improved 940.4. Units dedicated to civil society will be through training and guidance activities to inc- established at universities, and efforts will be rease the effectiveness of internal control sys- made to support these units. tems and implementation of internal audit in public administrations. 940.5. Research support provided by TÜBİTAK will be created for civil society and research in 943.2. Monitoring and evaluation activities of which NGOs can participate. public administrations for strengthening inter- nal control implementation will be extended. 940.6. Efforts will be made to establish a hig- her-level unit to ensure the integrity of public 943.3. The number of internal auditors in pub- services in the field of civil society. lic administrations will be increased. 239 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 943.4. Quality Assurance and Improvement 946.2. Efforts will be made to prepare a nati- Program practices for internal auditing activi- onal action plan within the scope of the basic ties carried out by public administrations will principles of the Open Government Partners- be extended. hip. 943.5. The administrative capacity of Internal 947. It will be ensured that public services are Audit Coordination Board and internal audit provided in a faster, higher quality and more units of public administrations will be impro- reliable manner, that citizens are clearly infor- ved. med about the public services provided and that the principle of participatory democracy 944. Public accountability will be strengthe- is promoted by establishing a dialogue with ci- ned by providing the public with reliable infor- tizens. mation on the efficient, effective and econo- mic use of public resources through the audits 947.1. The level of awareness on public servi- of the Court of Accounts. ces will be raised through effective promotio- nal activities. 944.1. Performance audits will be conducted on the basis of programs and sub-programs 947.2. The quality of Presidential Communica- within the scope of performance-based prog- tion Center (CİMER) services will be enhanced ram budgeting. by improving the system infrastructure. 945. Policy-making processes will be condu- 3.5.5. Regulatory Impact Analysis in the cted in an evidence-based and participatory Public Sector way. a. Objective 945.1. Preparatory work to establish a legal framework for the provision of microdata th- 948. The main objective is to ensure the effec- rough remote access will be completed and tive use of resources by strengthening the evi- the Electronic Data Research Center Project dence-based policy-making process in public (E-VAM) for scientific research will be imple- administration and revealing the possible eco- mented. nomic and social effects of legislative regulati- ons on relevant stakeholders. 945.2. Population statistics at the level of spa- tial grids will be produced in order to ensure b. Policies and Measures that decision-making, planning and monito- ring processes in policy-making are carried out 949. Evidence-based policy-making process in an evidence-based way. will be strengthened, awareness about regu- latory impact analysis will be increased and 946. A framework for open government poli- the link between policy-making and budgeting cies will be established. will be reinforced in Türkiye. 946.1. National Open Government Strategy 949.1. The administrative structure for condu- will be prepared. cting regulatory impact analysis in public ad- 240 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN ministrations will be strengthened and institu- b. Policies and Measures tional capacity will be increased. 951. Standards of local administration servi- 949.2. Legislation, guidance and guiding do- ces will be determined and a mechanism will cuments regarding regulatory impact analysis be developed to monitor compliance with the- will be reviewed and updated with a holistic se standards. approach, taking into account implementation experiences. 951.1. Administrative, financial and technical minimum standards of local administration 949.3. Annual evaluation reports will be pre- services will be determined. pared in order to benefit from the issues that can be improved with practical experience in 951.2. Legislative arrangements will be made regulatory impact analysis. for the implementation and supervision of the standards. 949.4. Efforts will be carried out to raise awa- reness about regulatory impact analysis. 952. Specialization level and capacity of hu- man resources in local administrations will be 949.5. Training programs will be implemented increased. to improve administrative and human capacity regarding regulatory impact analysis. 952.1. Trainings will be provided to improve the quality of personnel working in local ad- 949.6. Within the scope of regulatory impact ministrations. analysis, it will be ensured that stakeholder identification is carried out effectively and re- 952.2. A platform that includes good practices levant parties’ contributions to policy-making in local administrations will be established. processes are received. 953. The participation role of citizens and

3.5.6 — Local Administrations mukhtars in the decision-making processes of

3.5.6. Local Administrations mukhtars in the decision-making processes of municipalities will be strengthened. a. Objective 953.1. City councils will be made more effec- 950. The main objective is to ensure that lo- tive. cal administrations have a structure that con- siders citizen satisfaction, provides effective, 953.2. Participation mechanisms of women, fast and quality services, is prepared for disas- young, elderly and disabled people in repre- ters, is resistant to climate change, prioritizes sentation and decision-making processes in the protection of the environment, adapts to local administrations will be strengthened. technological developments, is participatory, transparent, accountable and ensures financial 953.3. The contribution of mukhtars to the de- sustainability. cision-making processes of city administrati- ons will be increased. 241 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 954. Restructuring of the duties, authorities 957. Practices will be implemented to ensure and service areas of local administrations will that local administrations work more effec- be ensured to make their service delivery more tively so that stray animals do not negatively effective. affect urban life. 954.1. Modeling and regulation studies will be 957.1. Alternative methods, including the uni- carried out regarding the restructuring of local on model, will be developed in the activities administrations by determining the most ap- of local administrations for the health, nutriti- propriate service and geographical area size. on and shelter needs of stray animals in cities, and local administrations’ projects in this fra- 954.2. Efforts will be made to eliminate servi- mework will be supported. ce disruptions caused by lack of coordination between metropolitan municipalities and met- 3.5.7. Human Resources in the Public ropolitan district municipalities. Sector 955. The capacity of local administrations to a. Objective combat disasters and climate change will be improved. 958. The main objective is to establish a pub- lic personnel system that has human resources 955.1. Legislation will be prepared to ensure that provide quality service with high efficien- that disaster risks are taken into account in te- cy, is dominated by objective criteria and merit chnology and location selection and construc- principles, and adapts to changing conditions. tion processes of local administration infrast- ructure facilities. b. Policies and Measures 955.2. Financial support mechanisms will be 959. Strategic human resources management established to enable local administrations to will be developed in the public sector. combat disasters and climate change more ef- 959.1. A central public personnel information fectively. system will be established. 955.3. Efforts will be made to improve the ca- 959.2. The effectiveness of strategic human pacity of fire department and police services resources planning practices in the public sec- to combat disasters. tor will be increased and disseminated. 956. Capacities of local administrations for 959.3. Administrative and technical capacities entrepreneurship development will be increa- will be improved by improving the tools and sed. methods used by personnel units in public ins- titutions. 956.1. Support will be provided for the struc- tures to be established by local administrati- 960. Efforts will be carried out to increase the ons for production and marketing. efficiency of public personnel and good practi- ces will be disseminated. 242 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 960.1. Legislative studies will be carried out sibilities of public personnel in terms of jobs for the implementation of flexible working and duties, especially taking into account job models in the public sector. analysis studies. 960.2. The selection methods used for promo- 961.2. The public personnel wage system will tion will be developed by taking merit-based be simplified and wage levels will be rearran- techniques into consideration. ged based on duty and responsibility. 960.3. For those who will be appointed to 961.3. Legislative work will be carried out re- public positions for the first time, the current gulating issues such as the areas of duty, ap- examination system will be reviewed toget- pointment processes and career promotion of her with its legislative and practical aspects, career professional personnel employed in the and oral examinations will be limited to cases public sector. necessitated by the nature of the task subject to appointment, and regulations will be imp- 3.5.8. Digital Government lemented to protect the impartiality of exami- nation boards and strengthen the principles of a. Objective transparency, justice and equity. 962. The main objective is to expand the pro- 960.4. Training needs analyses will be con- vision of digital public services with a holistic, ducted for public personnel and efforts will user-oriented and participatory approach and be carried out to increase the effectiveness of to increase their use. pre-service and in-service training activities. b. Policies and Measures 960.5. In order to ensure public employees’ adaptation to the twin transformation, the pre- 963. The design and delivery of digital public paration of mixed/applied trainings that will services will be improved by restructuring the increase awareness and ensure skill develop- processes. ment, presentation and reporting processes on relevant platforms will be supported. 963.1. e-Government Gateway will be develo- ped in a way to prioritize integrated services 960.6. Studies on the use of advanced tech- with common payment and authentication nologies such as data analysis and artificial applications, and standardization of municipal intelligence in public human resources mana- services offered through the Gateway will be gement will be continued. ensured. 961. Public personnel legislation will be de- 963.2. Standards, procedures and principles veloped taking into account public personnel regarding usability, confidentiality, integrity statuses and classification criteria. and accessibility for the design and provision of digital services will be set out, and the gui- 961.1. Appropriate methods will be develo- de for public websites will be updated and its ped to determine the authorities and respon- implementation will be disseminated. 243 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 963.3. Process ownership and process ma- 964.4. A corporate digital transformation ma- nagement capacity of public institutions will turity model, compatible with the digital go- be improved through the implementation of vernment architecture, will be developed, and a central process automation platform and a institutional digital transformation roadmaps common process library. will be prepared accordingly. 963.4. Türkiye’s National Geographical Infor- 964.5. Internal control and internal audit will mation System infrastructure will be strengt- be made effective in public information tech- hened and its integration with the e-Govern- nologies auditing processes. ment Gateway will be ensured. 964.6. In order to improve the statistical data 963.5. A digital service scorecard will be deve- infrastructure, a field-specific national index loped, and information such as service-based will be created by determining basic digital performance indicators, data usage, transacti- government indicators. on statistics, and user satisfaction will be pub- licized. 964.7. A research and innovation program will be launched to investigate the effects of digi- 963.6. An e-participation platform will be es- tal technologies on public administration and tablished to receive opinions and suggestions to increase the strategic decision-making ca- on digital public services. pacity for developments in the field. 963.7. A service design workshop bringing 965. Employment of IT personnel in public will together the parties that design, deliver and be improved in terms of quality and quantity in receive digital public services will be establis- line with the requirements. hed. 965.1. A public IT competence framework 964. Management capacity and strategic ma- determining the roles and responsibilities of nagement framework for digital government public IT personnel and identifying their com- activities will be strengthened. petences will be prepared and a dynamic in- ventory will be created. 964.1. The digital government strategy will be prepared to set out Türkiye’s roadmap for the 965.2. The employment regime of public IT upcoming period. personnel will be structured in line with the public IT competency framework to be prepa- 964.2. Arrangements will be made to support red and in a way to encourage qualified techni- the digital transformation of the public sector, cal personnel to work in the public sector. including administrative and technical coordi- nation at inter-agency and institutional level. 965.3. A digital government academy will be established to meet the training and change 964.3. Digital government architecture will be management needs of public institutions in established and interoperability guide will be the field of digital transformation. updated. 244 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 965.4. Networks and a mentoring mechanism 967.1. National data dictionary and institutio- will be established to share experience and nal and thematic data dictionary works will be develop expertise among public IT personnel. completed. 966. Cost effectiveness, security, sustainabi- 967.2. Public data space infrastructure will be lity, innovation and domestic added-value will implemented to increase institutional capacity be increased in ICT product and service procu- through inter-agency advanced data analytics rement of public institutions. and artificial intelligence projects. 966.1. Mechanisms for the secure use of cloud 967.3. An application programming interface computing services by public institutions will will be developed for inter-agency data sha- be developed, and cloud computing migration ring and protocol management. roadmaps will be created. 967.4. Legal arrangements will be made for 966.2. In line with open source software mig- the sharing of public data, and a national open ration analyses, the transition of public insti- data portal will be launched. tutions to open source software will be acce- lerated. 968. Mechanisms for protecting public institu- tions against cyber security threats, ensuring 966.3. Accreditation and standardization me- the privacy of personal information in the pro- chanisms will be developed to ensure compe- vision of digital services and implementing tence in IT companies providing services to the the ethical principles of artificial intelligence public sector; legal and administrative arran- will be strengthened. gements for procurement and auditing will be implemented; and a public technology cluste- 968.1. Mechanisms for the implementation of ring will be established. information and communication security mea- sures in public institutions, and the establish- 966.4. A library of public software products ment, operation and supervision of the infor- and technologies and a Turkish developer and mation security management system will be service design portal will be established for strengthened. resource and experience sharing, and the digi- tal government middleware will be extended 968.2. Reliable artificial intelligence ethical in line with pilot studies. principles will be applied in the development of artificial intelligence applications in public 967. Data governance and advanced data anal- institutions and in the procurement of produ- ytics capacity will be developed in public ins- cts and services. titutions and inter-institutional data sharing mechanisms will be strengthened. 245 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Table 54: Targets for Digital Government 2022 2023 2028 Individuals Using e-Government Services (%)1 68.7 73.9 80.0 The Number of e-Government Gateway Registered Users (Million) 61.7 64.0 70.0 The Number of Services Provided through e-Government Gateway 6,754 7,400 9,000 (Cumulative) The Number of Integrated Services Offered through e-Government 4 5 20 Gateway (Cumulative) The Number of Mobile Services Offered through e-Government Ga- 3,862 4,300 7,000 teway (Cumulative) e-Government Services Satisfaction Rate (%)2 95.3 96.3 98.0 Source: The data for the year 2023 are realization estimates and data for the year 2028 are Twelfth Development Plan targets. (1) TURKSTAT survey data for the years 2022 and 2023, which expresses the ratio of those who benefit from e-Government services among individuals aged 16-74. (2) The ratio of satisfied and moderately satisfied users in total e-Government users.

3.5.9 — International Cooperation for rity, and increased capacity for basic education

3.5.9. International Cooperation for rity, and increased capacity for basic education Development based on programs that are compatible with cultural sensitivities and especially for the de-

3.5.9.1 — Technical Cooperation and velopment of vocational training

3.5.9.1. Technical Cooperation and velopment of vocational training. Development Assistance 970.2. In order to increase efficiency in access a. Objective to public services in target countries, programs will be carried out to share Türkiye’s experien- 969. The main objective is to enhance part- ces in the field of digital transformation. nerships in development cooperation that is in line with foreign policy priorities, provides 970.3. Within the scope of effective manage- fast and lasting solutions to regional and glo- ment of migration, development cooperation bal problems and ensures effective use of re- programs to create employment in countries sources. of origin will be developed. b. Policies and Measures 970.4. Efforts will be intensified to realize the Development Road Project, of which Türkiye is 970. Sectoral and thematic development co- a stakeholder, which aims to connect the Gulf operation programs will be developed within region to Europe and other major markets. the framework of Türkiye’s priorities and the needs of recipient countries. 970.5. Projects and activities will be imple- mented to improve the physical capacities of 970.1. In countries in need, programs will be public institutions and organizations in deve- developed to ensure access to sustainable and loping countries, particularly in the least deve- quality health services, food safety and secu- loped countries. 246 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 970.6. Experience sharing programs will be hancing the effectiveness of development co- organized in areas such as education, health operation activities. and agriculture in order to increase the human capacities of developing countries, especial- 972.1. Planning, implementation, monitoring ly the least developed countries, with a de- and evaluation processes will be strengthened mand-driven approach. to enhance the effectiveness of development cooperation. 971. Regional strategies will be developed for geographies with historical and cultural ties 972.2. Necessary legislative arrangements will within the framework of Türkiye’s priorities. be made in the field of international develop- ment cooperation. 971.1. International development coopera- 972.3. New financing methods will be develo- tion programs, projects and activities will be ped by evaluating the existing instruments for developed in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, financing development cooperation activities. taking into account the preservation and deve- lopment of multicultural structure. 972.4. A development assistance data system will be developed to provide a basis for moni- 971.2. Programs to deepen economic and tra- toring and reporting foreign assistance. de cooperation with the Turkic world will be developed. 972.5. Trilateral cooperation program and pro- ject partnerships will be developed with sta- 971.3. Programs, projects and activities to keholders such as international donors, NGOs transfer Türkiye’s experience in industry, tech- and the private sector. nology and services sectors will be supported, especially in near geography, in order to cont- 972.6. The network of external representation ribute to the development of non-oil fields in in development cooperation will be expanded countries with high-energy supply. and made more effective, the competencies of the personnel working in foreign missions and 971.4. Development cooperation programs foreign relations units of public institutions will be developed with stakeholders such as will be improved and the administrative and NGOs and the private sector by mobilizing the technical capacity of these units will be stren- human, natural and institutional resources of gthened. the target countries, especially on the deman- ds for improving infrastructure in the Middle 973. Public, cultural and educational diploma- East and Africa. cy activities will be deepened and effective studies will be carried out to promote Türki- 971.5. International development cooperation ye in international public opinion in order to programs with Asia-Pacific and Latin American increase Türkiye’s international visibility and countries will be developed. strengthen its image. 972. Tools and models will be developed to 973.1. Efforts will be made to increase the vi- sibility of development aid, including our hu- strengthen the national infrastructure for en- manitarian aid. 247 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) 973.2. Within the scope of promoting Turkish proactively contribute to the initiatives under- culture, the opening of Turkish language and taken by international organizations and plat- literature undergraduate programs in target forms regarding the global development agen- countries will be supported. da. 973.3. Education, internship and scholarship b. Policies and Measures support will be provided for Turkish citizens abroad and Turkish communities of cognates 975. The role, effectiveness, and visibility of and relatives. Within the scope of internatio- Türkiye in the multilateral development sys- nalization of higher education in Türkiye, plan- tem will be enhanced. ning, evaluation and selection processes of international programs such as “Study in Tür- 975.1. A comprehensive strategic framework kiye”, especially Türkiye Scholarships, will be regarding Türkiye’s priorities, objectives, and improved and continued. cooperation methods within the multilateral development system will be developed. 973.4. Efforts will be made to institutionalize the relations with the Türkiye Graduates. 975.2. Program-based supports provided by Türkiye to international organizations will 973.5. Cooperation will be developed with be increased through mechanisms including institutions and organizations, universities, South-South and triangular cooperation, es- NGOs and individuals that have an impact on pecially with organizations hosted by Türkiye, international public opinion and conduct stu- and programs and projects aimed at experien- dies on Türkiye, and efforts will be made to ce sharing with these organizations will be de- promote Türkiye. veloped. 973.6. Public diplomacy activities carried out 975.3. In order to contribute to global deve- through traditional and new media tools in line lopment efforts, diplomatic initiatives aimed with Türkiye’s entrepreneurial and humanita- at hosting regional offices of international or- ganizations will continue, and activities will be rian foreign policy will be continued, partici- carried out to increase the visibility of hosted pation in international organizations that will organizations on international platforms. contribute to Türkiye’s promotion will be en- sured and efforts will be made to increase the 975.4. NGOs and private sector entities with effectiveness of these activities. the capacity to operate internationally will be encouraged to participate in multilateral colla-

3.5.9.2 — Multilateral Development

3.5.9.2. Multilateral Development borations. Cooperation 976. An active role will be undertaken in the a. Objective efforts of international organizations and plat- forms, such as the UN, OECD, WTO, G20, and 974. The main objective is to enhance the role, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), effectiveness, and visibility of Türkiye within to identify global problems and propose solu- the multilateral development system, and to tions. 248 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN 976.1. Efforts will continue to ensure that initiatives will be undertaken to host similar the development issues of the least develo- meetings. ped and developing countries occupy a more prominent place on the agenda of internatio- 977. Türkiye’s relations with the Islamic world nal organizations, and within this framework in economic, social, cultural and scientific fiel- the activities of the UN Technology Bank for ds will be deepened and development efforts the Least Developed Countries, which Türkiye of OIC member countries will be supported host, will be supported. within the scope of COMCEC. 976.2. Active contributions will be made to 977.1. Concrete roadmaps and policy recom- the efforts undertaken by international orga- mendations based on information and data nizations regarding issues on the global deve- will be developed towards common develop- lopment agenda such as climate change, green ment challenges of the OIC member countries. transformation, renewable energy, sustainable food systems, disaster risk reduction, digita- 977.2. Program and project supports in the lization, and sustainable waste management OIC member countries for the implementation within the context of the zero-waste move- of policy recommendations, formulated in the ment led by Türkiye. COMCEC working groups, will be developed and maintained. 976.3. Efforts will continue to ensure that is- sues such as fair burden-sharing in the fight 977.3. Within the scope of “COMCEC High-Le- against irregular migration and the encourage- vel Digital Transformation Forum”, concrete ment of voluntary returns remain on the agen- cooperation programs and projects will be de- da of relevant international organizations, veloped among member countries. primarily the UN, and to develop constructive solution proposals and joint projects. 977.4. The COMCEC SME Program will be imp- lemented towards SMEs in the OIC member 976.4. The effectiveness of Türkiye on interna- countries. tional platforms such as the G20, MIKTA, and BRICS will be enhanced, and the opportunities 977.5. Efforts to institutionalize the OIC Arbit- of these platforms will be utilized more effec- ration Center and increase its international vi- tively in alignment with our priorities. sibility will be supported. 976.5. The visibility of Türkiye in the fields of 977.6. In order to enhance intra-OIC trade, ini- culture, education, science, and communicati- tiatives will be maintained towards effectively on will be increased by effectively reflecting implementing the Preferential Trade System policies in these areas on the activities of in- among OIC Member States (TPS-OIC) in all par- ternational institutions and organizations. ticipating states and increasing the number of states party to the System. 976.6. Active participation in meetings on hu- manitarian aid organized by the UN and other 977.7. The establishment and operationali- international platforms will be ensured, and zation process of the Islamic Forum for Halal 249 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) Accreditation Bodies for the mutual recogniti- 979.2. Efforts to enhance social and cultural on of halal certificates among the OIC member cooperation among the member countries of countries will be actively supported. the International Organization of Turkic Cultu- re (TÜRKSOY) and to promote the recognition 977.8. The support for the activities of “Statis- of Turkic culture at an international level will tical, Economic and Social Research and Trai- be supported. ning Center for Islamic Countries”, “Research Center For Islamic History, Art and Culture”, 979.3. Initiatives will be undertaken to focus “Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic the regional organizations such as the Black Countries” and “Islamic Cooperation Youth Fo- Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), the Econo- rum”, hosted by Türkiye, will be maintained. mic Cooperation Organization (ECO), and the Developing Eight Countries (D-8) on result-o- 978. Policies regarding EU membership, which riented programs and projects. is one of the important strategic goals of Türki- ye, will be implemented decisively, and efforts 979.4. Efforts will be made to enhance trade to harmonize with the EU acquis will be carried within the framework of OTS, D-8, and ECO, out. and efforts to implement existing regional tra- de agreements will be increased. 978.1. High-level dialogue and contacts with the EU will be increased to revitalize Türkiye’s 979.5. Within the scope of Asia Anew Initiati- EU accession negotiations, maintain high-level ve, Türkiye will contribute with an active and dialogues on critical thematic issues between innovative vision to the works of regional or- Türkiye and the EU, achieve progress in the ganizations and multilateral mechanisms in “Visa Liberalization Dialogue”, and start nego- Asia, of which Türkiye is a member or partner. tiations for updating the Customs Union. 979.6. Efforts will be exerted to effectively 978.2. Consultations with the EU Commission implement the decisions taken at the Third will be continued within the framework of har- Türkiye-Africa Partnership Summit and to or- monization with the EU acquis, and Subcom- ganize the fourth summit. mittee Meetings will be held. 979.7. The Opening Policy towards Latin Ame- 978.3. The National Action Plan for the EU Ac- rica and the Caribbean region will be deepe- cession will be updated. ned with a strategic and structural perspective and a partnership approach, and project-based 979. Efforts to benefit more from regional col- contributions will be made to international or- laborations will be increased. ganizations in the region. 979.1. Cooperation in the economic, social, 980. The number and quality of Turkish staff working in regional and international organi- cultural, and scientific fields with the member zations will be increased. countries of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) will be deepened in line with the “Turkic 980.1. The number of public personnel assig- World 2040 Vision”. ned to regional and international organiza- 250 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF THE PLAN tions will be increased, and the positions of assess Türkiye’s progress towards the SDGs expert staff at Türkiye’s permanent represen- within the context of the policies and prog- tations to international organizations will be rams implemented. strengthened. 982.2. The National Sustainable Development 980.2. Awareness-raising programs will be or- Council will regularly conduct assessments of ganized for students at higher education levels the implementation process of the SDGs and regarding career opportunities and application make recommendations. processes in international organizations. 982.3. An interactive SDG mapping will be de-

3.5.10 — Sustainable Development Goals veloped to evaluate the progress levels of the

3.5.10. Sustainable Development Goals veloped to evaluate the progress levels of the SDGs, and it will be ensured that this is taken a. Objective into consideration in decision-making proces- ses. 981. The main objective is to boost the effec- tiveness of coordination, review, and follow-up 982.4. The generation of indicators not yet processes by ensuring practices that imple- available within the national SDG indicator ment the Sustainable Development Goals framework will be provided, with an emphasis (SDGs) through a participatory approach. on enhancing the level of data disaggregation and improving the quality of such data. b. Policies and Measures 983. Collaboration with local authorities will 982. Review and follow-up process of the be established to support the implementation, SDGs will be continued effectively and regu- monitoring and evaluation of the SDGs at the larly, and progress regarding implementation local level. will be tracked. 983.1. The number of voluntary local review 982.1. The Third National Voluntary Review reports prepared by local governments will be Report will be prepared to comprehensively increased. 251 TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028) TWELFTH DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2024-2028)

Twelfth Development Plan (2024-2028)

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